text:
air conditioner outlet
Hello my DIY friends,
I need your help. Is it possible to tap into the back of a 220 v dryer outlet to run a feed to a 220 wall air conditioner? The dryer outlet has 4 wires a black, red, white and ground.:(
Not legally!
Nope. The startup and load drains pulled by those kinds of devices means they both need their own circuit, all the way back to the breaker panel.
Before your friend prices that out, tell him to look into what a mini-split air conditioner setup would cost instead. Those don't usually require 220 and are often much more efficient than a window unit. And just because he might already have a 220 AC unit doesn't mean he should throw good money after bad. Sell it on craigslist (wait until the middle July for the best price) and set up a mini-split instead.
air conditioner outlet
I believe that is what he is going to get, this would only be temporary and the dryer and the window unit would never be on at the same time.:)
Temporary until the house burns down. The answer is still no. 220 like this is nothing to be screwing around with. Really.
But is it safe and to code ?
I doubt it !
Like they already said,
Dont be messing with 240v.
it's doubly dangerous.
That's beyond the point, which as everyone else said, is no way. Although I'm glad you asked here before doing it, it kinda scares me that you thought it was even an option...
No do not do that. Buy a piece of wire and a circuit breaker the correct sizes even if it's temporary /permanent. Wire and circuit breakers are cheaper than life and property.
I hope your friend has insurance if he tries this.
Trouble is, the insurance company will deny the claim due to unsafe wiring.
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text:
recent introduction of the LG Optimus L3 II, LG Optimus L5 II and the LG Optimus L7 II, LG is arming itself to reach its goal of selling 45 million smartphones in 2013. LG is adding some of its popular features to the phones in the series, like the QSlide. This allows you to use two apps at the same time. For example, let's say you want to watch a movie and send email. The email app is translucent so that you can watch the movie. But if you need to send an email, using the QSlide bar on the screen allows you to adjust the settings so that the email becomes solid and the movie is translucent in the background. The slider lets you adjust the translucency of each app. Another feature, QuickMemo, allows you to use your finger to doodle or write a note or memo that you can keep for yourself or send off to your social networking sites.
LG seems to be covering all of the bases. While the L-Series has obviously done quite well, LG is going to have to see if it can have the same success with its high-end models. The LG Optimus G might not have performed as strongly in the U.S. as LG had hoped it would, having to compete with top-shelf models like the Samsung GALAXY Note II and the HTC DROID DNA to name a couple. The big question is whether or not the LG Optimus G Pro has earned itself a stateside launch and if so, will it be able to play with the next generation of big boys like the HTC One and the Samsung GALAXY Note III.
source: TheNextWeb via AndroidAuthority

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We compare the maximal two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPM) imaging depth achieved with 775-nm excitation to that achieved with 1280-nm excitation through in vivo and ex vivo TPM of fluorescently-labeled blood vessels in mouse brain. We achieved high contrast imaging of blood vessels at approximately twice the depth with 1280-nm excitation as with 775-nm excitation. An imaging depth of 1 mm can be achieved in in vivo imaging of adult mouse brains at 1280 nm with approximately 1-nJ pulse energy at the sample surface. Blood flow speed measurements at a depth of 900 µm are performed.
© 2009 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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text:
Egyptian history constitutes an awesome period of time. Including the Ptolemies, it covers at least three thousand years (c.3100-30 BC). By contrast, the Roman Emperor Augustus
To the Egyptians, Egypt was , the "Black Land." Some people think that this referred to the skin color of the Egyptians. However, the Egyptians contrasted themselves with the black skinned people to the south of them. The "Black Land" refers to the color of the earth brought by the Nile and is contrasted with the "Red Land," , i.e. the desert that surrounds Egypt. So, unless Sitting Bull was out in the desert, skin color was not the issue. The Egyptian name for Egypt is still preserved in Coptic, written in its version of the Greek alphabet: , Kême, or , Khême -- this is reflected in Greek itself as . The "t" is a feminine ending which, as in Hebrew and Arabic, is usually not pronounced. "Egypt" itself is from Greek , which looks like it is from Egyptian , the "Soul House of Ptah," i.e. the temple of the god Ptah -- one of the names of the Old Kingdom capital of Memphis, whose patron god was Ptah. The name "Memphis" that we use, from Greek, dervies from the Egyptian name , "Enduring Beauty," which has a pyramid determinative in it because it was originally the name of the pyramid of Pepi I. It thus postdates most of the Old Kingdom.
Basic knowledge of Egyptian history largely comes from Egyptian sources, i.e. in the early days nobody else was telling us about what was going on. Details come from monumental inscriptions, which really only become common in the New Kingdom (there are really none, for instance, from the III or IV Dynasties), but the fundamental structure is from king lists like the "Turin Canon" hieratic papyrus (which dates from the time of Ramesses II), so called because it ended up in Turin, the capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, having been found in Egypt by the consul Drovetti. There are also sources like the "Table of Abydos" or "Abydos King List," carved on the Temple of Osiris at Abydos (begun by Seti I and finished by Ramesses II), and the "Table of Saqqara" -- from the reign of Ramesses II again. A slightly earlier list is the "Table of Karnak," from the reign of Thutmose III. All these epigraphic Egyptian texts, however, when discovered, could be compared with an already existing list from ancient literature, from the history of Egypt written by the priest Manethô in the Hellenistic Period.
Manethô certainly had access to the old king lists like the Turin Canon. With such vast numbers of names to deal with, he divided all of Egyptian history, down to Alexander the Great, into thirty dynasties. This is still a useful and reasonably accurate system. One or two extra dynasties have been suggested by ancient and modern writers, and the whole has, in modern history, been divided into the classic "Old," "Middle," and "New" Kingdoms, with various "Intermediate" Periods and other flourishes. There are some drawbacks to Manethô, however. (1) He was writing in Greek and thus produces versions of the Egyptian names that are sometimes hard to match up with Egyptian originals. (2) His historiography was uncritical and so, among other things, assumes that all dyansties are successive, when at times they appear to be contemporaneous. And (3) the original text of Manethô's history is lost, and we are dependent on fragments that appear in later writers, e.g. the Jewish historian Josephus (c.70 AD) and Christians like Sextus Julius Africanus (early 3rd century AD), Eusebius (early 4th century AD), and George "the Monk" Syncellus (c.800 AD). Each of these introduces his own errors into the text, apart from the kind of errors that creep into any Mediaeval manuscripts that must be periodically recopied.
The fragments of Manethô, in both Greek and translation (by W.G. Waddell), are available in the Loeb Classical Library, No. 350, Manetho [Harvard University Press, 1940, 1980]. A good discussion of all these sources is in Sir Alan Gardiner's Egypt of the Pharaohs [Oxford, 1961, 1966]. As the greatest expert on Egyptian in his age, present, for instance, to read inscriptions as Tutankhamon's tomb was opened, Gardiner had to deal with all the king lists and other evidence first hand.
Actual Greek and Roman writers are almost worthless as sources on Egyptian history. For instance, the Greek historian Herodotus does no more than repeat popular stories, in which the sequence of Ramesses II and the pyramid builders is actually reversed. The king lists were apparently not public knowledge at the time, especially for foreign tourists. Similarly, writers from the Roman period introduced the idea that Egyptian hieroglyphics represented allegorical and mystical meanings rather than the plain Egyptian language. This is the view of Plutarch (c.46-c.120 AD), who must have known nothing about Egyptian, in his Isis and Osiris. Other writers, like Clement of Alexandria (c.200 AD, in Stromateis) were at least aware that some hieroglyphics were phonetic and mundane. A more sensible account might have been expected in the Hieroglyphica of the Egyptian Horapollo (late 5th century AD), but, unfortunately, this was not a systematic grammar book or lexicon. Accurate meanings are combined with allegorical explanations, in a period when use of hieroglyphics themselves had already lapsed.
Surviving ancient literature, then, did not contain accounts of facts that must have been familar to many Greeks and Romans, i.e. that hieroglyphics wrote the Egyptian language and could simply translate, for instance, a Greek text -- as on the Rosetta Stone. This confused picture could then produce grotesque speculations, like the "translation" by Athanasius Kircher (in his Prodromus Coptus sive Aegyptiacus of 1636) of the name of the king Apriês, of the XXVI Dynasty, as "the benefits of the divine Osiris are to be produced by means of sacred ceremonies and of the chain of the Genii, in order that the benefits of the Nile may be obtained." On the other hand, Kircher already had good information about Coptic, the surviving Egyptian language written in the Greek alphabet, which in the fullness of time would be one of the keys for the true decipherment of hieroglyphics.
The timeline of Egyptian history gives some perspective on the proportion of time for each dynasty and each period. In the troubled "Intermediate" Periods, we see overlapping dynasties and foreign rule. The tentative dates for the I and II Dynasties are disproportionately long in comparison to other dynasties, especially of the following Old Kingdom -- raising suspicions. Of the dynasties that lasted more than 200 years with some certainty, including the XII and the XVIII, the prize for duration actually belongs to the foreign Ptolemies, who adapted Hellenism to Egypt and were at some pains to seem Egyptian, to an extent, to the Egyptians.
The timeline of Egyptian history can be compared with that of the Roman Empire, shown at left from Augustus all the way to the Fall of Constantinople. For analysis of this structure, see the "Rome and Romania" topic elsewhere. After 30 BC, the history of Egypt of course continues as part of Roman history, until the Islâmic conquest of Egypt in 640 AD. Afterwards, the gradual Arabization of Egypt produced the most profound break with the Ancient land of the Nile. The Copts, besieged in modern Egypt, represent the last connection to the ancient nation.
The Pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian
The Egyptian Soul
The Earliest Civilizations
Philosophy of History
Home Page
Index of Mesopotamian and Ancient Middle Eastern History
Philosophy of History
Home Page
Kings of Sumer and Akkad
|Dynasty I of Kish
|21 Kings since the Flood
|Etana the Herdsman
Sumer or Sumeria are the names we use for this earliest nation. These words have no apparent connection, however, to the name of Sumer in Sumerian, which was Kiengir, expressed as in cuneiform. In later forms of the signs, down to the Neo-Assyrian Period, this could be written , , or . The name of Sumer that we use now comes from the Akkadian name of the place, Shumer, phonetically written , in Akkadian. As the Sumerian language died out, and Akkadian evolved into Babylonian and Assyrian, their Semitic name eclipsed the original one.
Here dynasties are given for Kish, Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. The early history of all these cities is mythologized in later documents. Thus, Gilgamesh might be regarded as a purely legendary figure if he did not also occur in the ordinary king lists. There is also some trouble, as in Egypt, reading the names, since the pronunciation of the early ideograms is not always certain from later phonetic indications.
|Dynasty I of Uruk
While Sumerian history is apparently older than Egypt, the earliest dates here, around 2900 BC -- with no confidence until around 2700 -- appear to be later that those given for Egypt in the Archaic Period, beginning around 3100 BC. This effect is the result of the fragmentary nature of Sumerian chronology and the overestimation of the length of the Egyptian I and II Dynasties. The "21 Kings since the Flood" of Kish would put us back substantially before 2700, if not before 2900 -- if the numbers bear any relation to reality -- while a more reasonable length for the Archaic Period puts the beginning of Egypt more like around 2900. What is unavoidable is that we have little evidence apart from legend for Sumerian history, despite the archaeological indications that writing may have begun as early as 3400 BC, while in Egypt there are actual tombs for many of the I and II Dynasty Kings, at Saqqara, Abydos, or both. Egypt, as a unified Kingdom, unlike the continuing city states of Sumer, could be focusing its collective efforts on its records and its monuments, as Sumer could not, with the full resources of a large, organized state directed to preserving the past.
|Dynasty I of Ur
|Dynasty II of Ur
|Enannatum I
|Identical to Uruk II in
Roux 1964; "4 kings
(names unknown)" in
Roux 1992
|Enannatum II
|Dynasty II of Uruk
|Dynasty III of Uruk
History begins at Sumer because the Sumerians were undoubtedly the first to have a functioning system of writing. The origins of this are now plausibly explained by Denise Schmandt-Besserat (cf. Before Writing, Volume I, From Counting to Cuneiform [University of Texas Press, 1992]). For purposes of accounting, contracts, shipping, etc., little clay models were made of the kinds of commodities involved. For convenience, these models were then placed in clay wrappers. Then, so that the contents of the wrappers could be known without breaking them, little drawings of the models began to put on the wrappers. Soon it became obvious that the little drawings by themselves made the models superfluous.
|Dynasty II of Kish
|[2 kings]
|Dynasty III of Kish
|Dynasty IV of Kish
|Dynasty V of Kish
At the same time, the student of Egypt will find the visible material achievement of Sumeria disappointing. The pyramidal towers of Sumerian temples, the Ziggurats, are impressive, but not on the scale with the pyramids of Egypt, made only from mud brick, now heavily eroded, and lacking the internal structure that is so rich a source of fantasies about Egypt. Indeed, the Egyptians had ready access to stone, while the Mespotamian civilizations, on the broad, flat plain of the Tigris and Euphrates, never would. Only Assyria at its height would exercise the will and organization necessary to ornament its capitals with stonework, such as the great winged lions familiar from evocative etchings and museums. Yet even these were modest enough in scale that they disappeared from view until excavated in the 19th century. At the same time, the excavation of the buried libraries of the Assyrian Kings revealed a mass of literature and knowledge surviving on clay tablets for which there was no counterpart in Egypt, with its more convenient, but far more perishable, papyrus records. This less dramatic but more substantive historical resource now suffers from the relative disinterest of the public, as gifted Assyriologists are unable to find academic or research positions and may find themselves required to change careers -- while some Egyptologists become kinds of international superstars, in both past (Howard Carter) and present (Zahi Hawass).
|Dynasty of Akkad
|Sharru-kîn, Sargon
Guti invasion, c.2193]
Akkadian is now the first attested Semitic language, with a very different kind of grammar from Sumerian. Nevertheless, with the combination of ideograms and phonetic signs, it was not too difficult to adapt cuneiform writing to the new language. "Akkad" itself could be written with an ideogram, , or phonetically, , , etc. "Old Akkadian" is the language of the time of Sargon. It would subsequently split into Babylonian and Assyrian dialects. But Sumerian would never be forgotten nor lose its cultural prestige.
Sargon's state looks like the first real "Empire" in Mesopotamian history, although its extension all to the way to the "Western Sea" is a bit speculative. It was certainly ephemeral. But its influence was profound. The Akkadian state spelled the coming dominance of Semitic languages in the Fertile Crescent, something occasionally qualified but even today present in full force (whether we think of Arabic or Hebrew). Sargon's name would turn up again in the last triumphant period of the Assyrians. An invasion of the Guti, a non-Semitic people in the Zagros, disrupted the Akkadian state and led to its downfall.
|Dynasty IV of Uruk
|[3 kings]
|Dynasty V of Uruk
|Dynasty III of Ur
|Amorites appear, c.2034
|Elamites sack Ur, c.2004
|Governors of
Lagash for Ur
Sumer was being linguistically overwhelmed. But not forgotten. Sumerian civilization did not vanish; it was simply translated; but even the translators did not forget Sumerian -- it was remembered by scholars, even by Kings of Assyria, centuries after it had last been uttered in ordinary speech. Sumerian became the first Classical Language, preserved as the storehouse of all that was fundamental in the continuing civilization that its speakers had created. Babylon and Assyria became the heirs of it all. But we are too. The process of translation continued, since our own days of the week are translations, through Latin and Greek, of the Babylonian and ultimately Sumerian names of the planets.
The remaining puzzle about the Sumerians is not what happened to their language, which is obvious, but what happened to them. As the spoken language shifted over to Akkadian and its derivatives, there is no evidence that the Sumerian people died out, were killed, left, or were driven away. As with the Kings of Ur, they appear to have just switched languages. We also have little to no information about the movements or presumed influx of the original speakers of Akkadian. In fact, there is no information and no indication at all of any real ethnic differences between Sumerians and Akkadians, or of any other clear distinctions between the communities. Consequently, some historians have considered the proposition that they were actually the same people, who somehow had unaccountably arrived in history speaking two different, and actually (profoundly) unrelated, languages. It is hard to imagine how such a thing would be possible, even while there are later parallels to the conventional picture, as in the assimilation of the Elamites by the Persians who for a while even preserved the old Elamite language -- which consequently is available for inspection by modern scholars. Unless a more intelligible theory is proposed, in continues to look like the Akkadians arrived in a migration familiar from later periods, e.g. with the Amorites, Aramaeans, and Arabs, and that the Sumerians were a distinct people, like the Elamites, Hurrians, Kassites, and other non-Indo-European, non-Semitic speaking communities of the ancient Middle East.
The list and dates here are originally from Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq [Penguin, 1966 edition and revised 1992 edition, pp. 502-504]. However, it now appears that Roux's dates are about 94 years too early. In "Astronomy and the Fall of Babylon," in the July 2000 Sky & Telescope [pp.40-45], Vahe G. Gurzadyan discusses changes that can be made in Babylonian chronology on the basis of analysis of Babylonian astronomical records (the Enûma Anu Enlil) and more accurate modern calculations of ancient eclipses. Three revised dates are given above for Ur III. A key event for this period was a lunar eclipse on 27 June 1954 BC, which was thought at the time to have foretold the death of King Shulgi of Ur. Some kings have now been added to the lists, primarily for Kish I, from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies. I have not attempted to square Gordon's dates either with Roux or with Gurzadyan.
My language sources for Sumerian and Akkadian include A Manual of Akkadian, by David Marcus [University Press of America, 1978], Introduction to Akkadian, by Richard Caplice and Daniel Snell [Fourth Edition, Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, Roma, 2002], the Sumerian Lexicon, by John Alan Halloran [Logogram Publishing, Los Angeles, 2006], and Sumerian Grammar, by Dietz Otto Edzard [Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2003]. To my astonishment, neither the Lexicon nor the Grammar contain a single bit of cuneiform. Initially, all of my actual information on cuneiform was from the Manual and some other resources for Akkadian and Assyrian. There are now on-line resources; but I find those a little difficult to use, in part because of organization that is not transparent and also because what one sees, or doesn't, depends in part on what fonts one has installed. This takes some figuring out. I am happy with one on-line source for Sumerian cuneiform, the Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary. This is especially valuable for finding the original Sumerian ideograms ("logograms") whose use tends to decline as Akkadian is increasingly written phonetically, or the characters are simplified and regularized. Also, the site supplies its own images (as is done here), which means that there is no problem with using the right fonts.
Typical of the problems one encounters would be the Sumerian word for Sumer, "Kiengir," which can be written with a final sign that Halloran identifies as gir15, without (of course!) any hint in his book what this looked like. Marcus or Caplice and Snell are no help either. At Wikipedia, I see a sign for gir15 as in the Old Babylonian font. On the present page, however, I have been using the Neo-Assyrian form of the signs, which is what is used in Marcus and Caplice and Snell, even though their treatment is of the Akkadian language, which antedates the Old Babylonian Period. It is the tradition, from early Assyriology. When saved in a Neo-Assyrian font, gir15 appears in a form identical to the sign read ku, , as listed by Marcus and as seen in the word malku, "king," above -- Marcus gives a Sumerian reading of tukul, "trust," for this, which is unrelated to its meaning or pronunciation in Kiengir. I do not know what to make of this. It makes it look like the sign gir15 only occurs in Sumerian words. But if ku/tukul was also in Sumerian, I don't understand why it would appear for gir15 in the Neo-Assyrian font. I don't see any discussion of this on the cuneiform web pages I've seen -- and this is not too much to ask when Wikipedia has webpages on ki and en, but not on gir15.
Strangely enough, I may have found some answers in an unlikely source, the 1868 Assyrian Dictionary of Edwin Norris, which is available in reprint [Elibron Classics, 2005]. This was published early enough that Assyriologists weren't quite sure what "the ancient and now unknown province of Sumir" was [Part II, p.701]. But the Assyrian Kings knew about it, and they used an expression, , which combines , kur/mâtu, "land," with , lisanu, "language," and . Norris also explains that this could be written phonetically, as , and other ways. If is used as ideogram for "Sumer," then the use of to disambiguate the usage from the word for "language" would seem to rest on the latter being the Neo-Assyrian descendant of as a phonetic part of the original name in Sumerian. And that would explain why ku is returned for gir15 in a modern Neo-Assyrian font. At the same time, there is another mystery here, which is why Marcus does not have in his book, either as a cuneiform sign entry or even as lisanu in the Akkadian glossary. This is very odd, since, not only is lisanu certainly an Akkadian word, but it is also a root quite common in other Semitic languages, like Hebrew, , lâshôn, and Arabic, , lisân, which have the same meaning, "tongue" or "language." It is hard to imagine what severe restrictions on space would lead to this being left out.
Norris gives an example that I have seen in no other sources, which is the formula "Sumer and Akkad," which had been used since the days of Sargon: . The Kings of Assyria were using this when both places as functioning place names were very distant memories.
A curious case of the use of cuneiform is the logo of the Liberty Fund publishers, who present the signs as meaning "liberty." This gets taken up and repeated by the author F. Paul Wilson in a couple of his recent "Repairman Jack" books. Here the nature and meaning of these signs is examined in a footnote.
The paucity of comprehensive print sources is indicative of an alarming situtation in Mesopotamian language scholarship, where the resources are, rather like Sumerian history itself, fragmentary, of peripheral provenance, and/or out of date. The formative texts of 19th scholarship in German or French are accessible to scholars in libraries, but there is little of modern work currently in print and available in thorough treatments for a wider audience. A Manual of Akkadian and the Introduction to Akkadian are a very elementary and introductory texts. Marcus is reproduced from typescript with hand-drawn cuneiform (a very sad artifact next to, for instance, Gardiner's handsome and formidable Egyptian Grammar). The Caplice and Snell volume is properly printed, but the cuneiform is still hand-drawn, in a form sometimes less distinct than in Marcus. Also, the vocabulary and sign list are sigificantly smaller than in Marcus (lisanu is not in their vocabulary either), in a smaller book that disturbingly approaches the look of a pamphlet. Yet these are the best all-round, modern sources I have for Akkadian grammar, vocabulary, and cuneiform writing. Somebody should be embarrassed for this degree of scholarly and publishing neglect, and for the obvious lack of respect and general interest that it betrays for the first literate human civilization -- the very place where history began. The Internet can make up for this, and there is certainly a large volume of material now available there, but I am not finding it very accessible.
I now have two more sources, the Complete Babylonian, by Martin Worthington [Teach Yourself, 2010] and A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, edited by Jeremy Black, Andrew George, and Nicholas Postgate [Harrassowitz Verlag, 2000, 2012]. Each of these is handsomely produced, modern, and comprehensive. However, neither one makes any attempt to provide information on cuneiform, either to read it, in Worthington, or for the lexical items in the Concise Dictionary. Worthington has a chapter (#40) where he shows us what cuneiform looks like, which I can only interpret as a cruel and mocking taunt for all those students who would actually like to know something about it. In a similar space, he could easily have given us the basic list of phonetic signs. Since he expresses no ambition to write a companion volume on cuneiform, despite his obvious enthusiasm for the Babylonian language, we are left with the impression of being tossed out the door on our own. Oh, we could order the Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon [Münster, 2003], which is a sign list recommended by Worthington; but my own perusal of amazon.com and amazon.de do not show this book as either in print or available as used. In the day of print-on-demand publishing, for a nearly unique resource, this is astonishing. But it is no less astonishing that there should be one book after an another that give us no knowledge of the writing system that we would need to read languages in their original written forms. If they published books like this about Egyptian, there would be riots -- everyone knows that "Egyptian" means hieroglyphics (or "hieroglyphic" to the pedants). As it is, apparently you can get away with this neglect for Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian, perhaps because few people are paying attention. I do not understand the attitude of people who could be pleased with books that are so deficient and defective. One might suspect that this reflects an ideological bias against written language, such as I have noted elsewhere.
Cuneiform for "Liberty"
Babylonian Calendar
Mesopotamian Kings Continued
Mesopotamian Index
Philosophy of History
Home Page
The Liberty Fund publisher uses as a company logo the cuneiform signs , which they say is the earliest written expresson for "liberty." Indeed, the word in Sumerian is amagi, which John Alan Halloran's Sumerian Lexicon defines as "freedom, liberation" [op.cit., p.19]. However, there is a little more to it than that. Halloran also says that it means, "manumission" and "exemption from debts or obligations" [ibid.]. In Akkadian, we get the same meanings for the word andurâru(m), "freedom, exemption," "release from (debt) slavery" [A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, edited by Jeremy Black, Andrew George, and Nichols Postgate, Harrassowitz Verlag, Weisbaden, 2000, p.17].
How we get these meanings can be gleaned from the ultimate meaning of the signs, which are "mother" and "return, restore, put back" . "Mother" can also be written with the dative ending -ra, pronounced ama-ar-gi. Thus, the full writing actually means, "restored to mother." This is a particularly vivid way to express the idea of manumission, to be freed from slavery. You go home to mother. The other meanings follow. Thus, we might say that the notion of liberty or freedom begins because of the condition of its opposite, slavery. This is not too surprising.
Return to Text
Mesopotamian Index
The Natural Law, with the Logo of the Liberty Fund
The trouble with the earliest days of Egyptian history is that there isn't much history. We know from pictorial representations, like the Na'rmer Palette, as well as from later sources, that Upper Egypt was conquering Lower Egypt. The details, however, are lost.
Kings of Sumer and Akkad, Note;
Cuneiform for "Liberty,"
The Archaic or
Early Dynastic Period of Egypt
The Liberty Fund publisher uses as a company logo the cuneiform signs , which they say is the earliest written expresson for "liberty." Indeed, the word in Sumerian is amagi, which John Alan Halloran's Sumerian Lexicon defines as "freedom, liberation" [op.cit., p.19]. However, there is a little more to it than that. Halloran also says that it means, "manumission" and "exemption from debts or obligations" [ibid.]. In Akkadian, we get the same meanings for the word andurâru(m), "freedom, exemption," "release from (debt) slavery" [A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, edited by Jeremy Black, Andrew George, and Nichols Postgate, Harrassowitz Verlag, Weisbaden, 2000, p.17].
How we get these meanings can be gleaned from the ultimate meaning of the signs, which are "mother" and "return, restore, put back" . "Mother" can also be written with the dative ending -ra, pronounced ama-ar-gi. Thus, the full writing actually means, "restored to mother." This is a particularly vivid way to express the idea of manumission, to be freed from slavery. You go home to mother. The other meanings follow. Thus, we might say that the notion of liberty or freedom begins because of the condition of its opposite, slavery. This is not too surprising.
Return to Text
Mesopotamian Index
The Natural Law, with the Logo of the Liberty Fund
The trouble with the earliest days of Egyptian history is that there isn't much history. We know from pictorial representations, like the Na'rmer Palette, as well as from later sources, that Upper Egypt was conquering Lower Egypt. The details, however, are lost.
The Archaic Period
|I Dynasty
|"Scorpion" (II?)
|Hor-'Ah,a, Men, "Menes"
|Abydos, Saqqara?
|Djer, Zer
|Abydos, Saqqara?
|Djet, Uadji
|Abydos, Saqqara?
|Den, Udimu
|Abydos, Saqqara?
|Anedjib, Enezib, Adjib
|Abydos, Saqqara?
|Qa'a, Ka'a
|Abydos, Saqqara?
The "Scorpion" King has recently become the subject of fantastic ahistorical movies (e.g. The Mummy Returns, 2001, and The Scorpion King, 2002) and a matter of increasing archaeological interest with some new discoveries. There may even have been more than one Scorpion King, with an earlier Scorpion I as long ago as 3250 BC. With a "Scorpion" tomb at Abydos, it may be that this traditional city of Osiris united Upper Egypt by conquering the power, perhaps of the god Seth, based in the city of Naqâda, across the great bend in the Nile from which the Coptos road leads to the Red Sea. The relationship of this conflict to the later twin capitals of Nekhen and Nekheb (Hieraconpolis and El Kâb), further up the River, is more obscure. That tomb itself has yielded matter that may be of revolutionary importance. Precursors of writing, abundant in Mesopotamia, have hitherto been missing in Egypt. Now the Scorpion King has provided them, with what look like many small pictorial tabs, very unlike in form and material from what existed in Sumer. Hopefully new discoveries will expand on this novel window into Egyptian pre-history. Meanwhile, Kings like the Scorpion and Na'rmer are sometimes assigned to a "Dynasty Zero," probably much the horror of ordinalists everywhere.
All these kings are titled "Horus." The queens, on the other hand, seem to be titled "Neith," after the goddess familiar at Sais in later centuries. This has overtones of a political marriage between an Upper Egyptian king and a Lower Egyptian princess; but this inference is about as far as we can go with it.
The cult symbol of Neith, crossed arrows, occurs later associated with the goddess Athena in Mycenaean Linear B tablets. The identity of the two goddesses is mentioned by Plato, "a goddess whose Egyptian name is Nêith, and in Greek, as they assert, Athênâ" [Timaeus 21e]. Since goddesses such as Athena are, one suspects, pre-Greek, even Minoan, an ancient connection between Crete and the Egyptian Delta is not beyond consideration. How Plato would know, or guess, about this is a good question.
When W.B. Emery excavated the I Dynasty necropolis at Saqqara, just outside the new capital at Memphis (Mn Nfr, "Enduring Beauty"), he though he had found royal tombs of the period. Since I Dynasty royal tombs were also known from Abydos, the sacred city of Osiris, this posed a difficulty. Emery concluded that the Abydos tombs, which often were smaller, were cenotaphs, created out of deference for the sacred and traditional location. The Saqqara tombs are flat and oblong, "mastaba" tombs, with a distinctive, palace-like and Sumerian looking façade -- which we also see in the serekh or the square frame, topped by the hawk of Horus, for the name of the king. Some of the tombs seem to include the burial of retainers, killed to attend the king in the afterlife, like similar practices in contemporary Sumer (and later in Shang China). However, opinion now seems to have swung against the Saqqara tombs being the actual royal burials, or even having been royal tombs at all, and attribution has been made for some of them to specific Court individuals. To me, this seems stranger than the idea that there were cenotaphs at Adydos (or that the Saqqara tombs are cenotaphs). To have people, even royal relatives, building great (for the period) tombs, larger than the royal tombs, within sight of the capital of Egypt, seems wholly bizarre and out of line with all later Egyptian practice. That III Dynasty royal tombs are at Saqqara is unquestioned, and it was always thought that the wall around Djoser's pyramid complex was simply the distinctive façade of the I Dynasty tombs made large. Now this comparison would seem to lapse, unless the I Dynasty tombs represent something upon which everyone has failed to reckon. I await developments.
|II Dynasty
|Raneb, Nebre
|Neteren, Nynetjer, Ninetjer
Seth-Peribsen, Perabsen
|Weneg? &
|Kha'sekhem, Kha'sekhemui
Something serious seems to have happened in the transition from the I to the II Dynasty, but we are at a loss to say what it was. The line of tombs at Saqqara abruptly ends, and the epigraphic sources, miserable as they were, become more so. So there seems to be some kind of compromise to the authority or the power of the kings. Soon another indication emerges. The fourth king, Sekhemib, abandons his name and Horus title and becomes a "Seth" king with a new name (Peribsen). The serekh is now topped by the dog of Seth rather than the hawk of Horus. This could reasonably be taken to indicate some kind of religious conflict or revolution. No contemporary evidence of the next three kings occurs. This can be taken to mean that they never existed, or it could be taken to mean that the country was so disrupted that too little in the kings' names was made to survive.
The Dynasty ends with another interesting turn. Two names occur, "Kha'sekhem," "The Power Arises," and "Kha'sekhemui," "The Two Powers Arise." The serekh of Kha'sekhemui is uniquely topped by both Horus hawk and Seth dog. The inference is irresistable that Kha'sekhem restored the country with a compromise and fusion between the two cults or factions, changing his name to reflect this. The restoration seems to have worked, but not the fusion, since the III Dynasty immediately begins with strong rule but not a hint of Seth again as a royal title. With such mysterious and tantalizing clues, our frustration at the limited evidence is considerable.
The chronology of this period is largely speculative. The figures given, from Clayton, 210 years for each dynasty, add up to about 23 years per reign for the I Dynasty and 26 years per reign for the II Dynasty -- but leaving out the three questionable kings raises that to 42 years per reign. This compares with averages of 18 years per reign for the IV Dynasty, 17 for the V, 26 for the XII, 20 for the XVIII, 14 for the XIX, and only 10 for the XX. The average length of reign in the VI Dynasty is anomalous, 40 years, because of small number of kings and the unusual reign of Pepi II. Thus, 23 years for the I Dynasty is possible, but seems optimistic. On the other hand, 26 years per reign for the II Dynasty sounds suspicious, while 42 years, with the three kings left out (whose reigns must have been short anyway), is really impossible given the unsettled nature of the times and absence of indication, let alone the probablity, of another reign as long as Pepi II. A reasonable device would be to use an average of 20 years for the I Dynasty and 15 years for the II. This would put the beginning of the II Dynasty at 2800 and the I Dynasty at 2980. Lengths of 180 years for the I Dynasty and 120 for the II are in the range of variation for Old Kingdom dynasties.
The treatment here is based on W.B. Emery, Archaic Egypt [Penguin, 1961], Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs [Oxford, 1966], and Peter A. Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs [Thames and Hudson, 1994]. A comparison is of interest with a more recent treatment, Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton in The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt [Thames & Husdon, 2004]. Dodson and Hilton begin the I Dynasty in 3150 and end the II Dynasty in 2584, providing no other dates. The three obscure Kings of the II Dynasty they combine as "Weneg" and "Sened" (as noted in the table) and have Peribsen following rather than preceding them. They assert that Djoser, first King of the III Dynasty, was the son of Kha'sekhemui.
The III Dynasty begins a relatively brief period that has to be one of the most astounding in human history. The small stones that were used in the place of bricks in the elaborate Step Pyramid of Djoser quickly grew into gargantuan blocks weighing many tons, placed with no more apparent difficulty than Lego blocks. In less than two centuries all the really big pyramids were built, during the III but mainly the IV Dynasties. And there is no avoiding or disparaging the fact they they were BIG....big beyond the budgets and will, if not actually the technology, of the modern world.
The Old Kingdom of Egypt
The III Dynasty begins a relatively brief period that has to be one of the most astounding in human history. The small stones that were used in the place of bricks in the elaborate Step Pyramid of Djoser quickly grew into gargantuan blocks weighing many tons, placed with no more apparent difficulty than Lego blocks. In less than two centuries all the really big pyramids were built, during the III but mainly the IV Dynasties. And there is no avoiding or disparaging the fact they they were BIG....big beyond the budgets and will, if not actually the technology, of the modern world.
The Old Kingdom
|Clayton, 1994
|Lehner, 1997
|III Dynasty
|Sanakhte, Nebka
Zawiyet el-Aryan?
Watching documentaries about Egypt on cable television, I've noticed that the narrators have begun talking about the "great pyramids" of Egypt. Formally, there is no such thing as the "great pyramids." The "Great Pyramid," singular, means the pyramid of King Khufu, which is the largest pyramid. Otherwise, it is not clear from the usage what the "great pyramids" is supposed to mean. Are they all the pyramids of Egypt? -- which means what? that they are "greater" than the pyramids of Mexico (or Kush)? -- or are they just some of the pyramids of Egypt? In that case, it is never specified which pyramids are "great" and which are not, although on one show it sounded like the pyramids at Giza, which include Khufu's, were the "great pyramids." To be sure, the pyramids of the III and IV Dynasty are definitely greater than those of the V, VI, or XII; but I have never seen such a distinction in Egyptian history books or books about the pyramids.
Plenty of people still find it hard to believe that the mere Egyptians, at such a time, could have done anything like build the sort of massive and sophisticated structures we see in the pyramids of the IV Dynasty. Something miraculous, or at least extraterrestrial, seems called for. Unfortunately for such theories, the Egyptians, although leaving no contemporary record of their techniques, did leave some of their tools in the limestone quarries and quarry marks from the work gangs on many blocks (from which the organization of the gangs can be reconstructed), and, before too long, the tombs of nobles responsible for later projects begin to show us the means of their realization. Sadly, the III and IV Dynasty tombs do not yet show that, and the whole period is gravely lacking in inscriptions, especially in comparison to the thoroughness with which the Egyptians later covered every surface available. Where at Karnak hardly a square foot goes without the name of the king who had it made, the major pyramids never bothered to officially display the names of their owners. We are reduced to the few remaining quarrymen's marks, given fortunately in regal years, to positively identify several pyramids. Only one such mark survives (on accessible surfaces) to identify the Great Pyramid of Khufu, as only one small figure survives to represent the king himself.
|IV Dynasty
Abu Roash
|Set?ka, Nebkare = Nebka?
|Nebka? Baka?
Zawiyet el-Aryan
The real mystery of the IV Dynasty is not so much how Khufu could have built his pyramid on such a scale but how his father, Seneferu, could, apparently, have done three of them nearly as big, one at Meidum and two at Dahshur, all within sight of each other. The pyramid at Meidum was begun as a step pyramid, perhaps by Huni of the III Dynasty (although evidence of this is missing, Huni is usually credited with a long enough reign to have completed a large pyramid), but was then certainly finished as a true pyramid, with the steps filled in, by Seneferu. Why this was done is a good question, but one thing for certain is that it as not done well. The structure was unstable. At some point the outer parts actually collapsed, leaving the core looking rather like a huge cube -- although some now deny that there was a collapse, with the condition of the structure the result of later quarrying. The first pyramid at Dahshur, the "Bent Pyramid," was then begun as a true pyramid from scratch, but it too had stability problems, and had to be finished with a flattened top. The full mastery of the medium then appears in the third pyramid, with a good foundation, larger blocks, and successful completion. The whole technique of truly large scale construction thus rapidly evolved in just one reign. Seneferu seems to have had money to spend, time to spare (in 24 some years), and a very clear end in mind. A shame he can't tell us about it. Unlike what we find in Herodotus, who repeates stories that all the pyramid builders were tyrants, the stories surviving in Egyptian literature all make out Seneferu as a kind and just king, despite the scale of his building.
One key feature we should note about the pyramid building is that the quarries for the finest limestone were on the opposite side of the Nile from the pyramid sites, and that the quarries for all the granite were far up the Nile at Aswan (rough internal blocks for the pyramids were quarried nearby). This means that the best time to move all that rock to the pyramid sites was during the season of the Flood, when the Nile would be the widest and deepest.
|V Dynasty
|Neferirkare I
|Djedkare Isesi
Another feature we should note is that the Old Kingdom kings of Egypt did not, as far as we know, engage in the scale of foreign military adventures that become familiar in later dynasties. Many countries have impoverished themselves through war -- Louis XIV's gratuitous wars may have ultimately brought on the French Revolution -- but Seneferu through Menkaure focused the whole resources of their state on building their tombs. Not even the Egyptians were long able to keep that up.
The V Dynasty, indeed, ushered in an era of less colossal, but also more articulated, works. The mortuary temples became larger and more elaborate, private tombs began to tell the everyday stories of the time (though without the kind of historical narrative that we would like), and soon the pyramids themselves acquired a voice, as the "Pyramid Texts," starting in the pyramid of Unas, which related the perils of the voyage to the afterlife. The V Dynasty kings also built open air solar temples on the West Bank of the Nile, near the pyramids. These featured stout forms of what later would evolve into pillar-like obelisks. The open air design suggests the later solar temples of Akhenaton. In Egyptian tradition, the Dynasty was founded by priests of Rê. It is unclear how historical this tradition is, or whether the increasing role of the sun god suggested it.
& Hilton,
|VI Dynasty
|Pepi I
Memtyemsaf I
|Pepi II
Memtyemsaf II
The king lists (and Manetho) contain the names of VI Dynasty Kings for whom tombs have never been found and whose existence has evidently been dismissed by many recent historians. Clayton and Lehner here are contrasted with James Henry Breasted, whose History [1905, 1909] accepted two other kings from the king lists -- but not Nitoqerty (from the Turin Canon), Manetho's Nitôcris. Clayer and Lehner do leave a year or two for a minor king (Userkare), but then they don't mention him. Now, a new VI Dynasty cemetery has been uncovered at Saqqara, apparently as part of a search for unfinished tombs of Userkare and others; but so far no dramatic new evidence about the kings has turned up.
The treatment here is based on I.E.S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt [Penguin Books, 1961], Peter A. Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs [Thames and Hudson, 1994], Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids [Thames and Hudson, 1997], Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs [Oxford, 1961, 1966], and James Henry Breasted, A History of Egypt [1905, 1909, Bantam Classic, 1964]. A couple of touches have now been added from Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt [Thames & Husdon, 2004]. Thus, Dodson and Hilton think that Sanakhte followed rather than preceded Djoser. I have placed him there, while leaving the dates from Clayton and Lehner that show him coming first. Dodson and Hilton list a "Set?ka" after Djedefre, which may be the Nebka of Lehner, who follows Khafre. They take no notice of Lehner's Khentkawes at the end of the Dynasty. There are no significant differences in their treatment of the V Dynasty. In the VI Dynasty, I have provided Dodson and Hilton's dates, which they supply for more Kings than the other souces do. They disregard the obscure Nitoqerty at the end. Their chronology for the Old Kingdom begins in 2584 for Djoser, almost eighty years later than the other sources, and ends almost forty years later.
Egyptian History Continued
Index of Egyptian History
Philosophy of History
Home Page
The First Intermediate Period of Egypt
|The First Intermediate Period
|VII Dynasty,
of Memphis
|"70 Kings in 70 days,"
or "5 Kings in 75 days";
No known historical kings
|VIII Dynasty,
of Memphis
Lehner, 2150-2134
|Neferkare I
|Neferkare II Neby
|Djedkare Shemay
|Neferkare III Khendu
|Neferkare IV Tereru
|Neferkauhor I
|Neferkare V Pepysonbe
|Neferkamin Anu
|Qakara Ibi
|Neferkauhor II Khuihapy
|Neferirkare II
The treatment and dates here are based on Peter A. Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs [Thames and Hudson, 1994], Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids [Thames and Hudson, 1997], Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs [Oxford, 1966], and now Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt [Thames & Husdon, 2004]. The 30+ year difference between the dates for the Old Kingdom given by Clayton and Lehner originates in the First Intermediate Period, specifically in the X Dynasty. Since so little is known about the First Intermediate Period, while the XII Dynasty is tied fairly securely with astronomical observations, Old Kingdom chronology has always depended on estimates for the First Intermediate Period -- James Henry Breasted, for instance [A History of Egypt, 1905, Bantam Classic, 1964, p.500], estimated the length of the period at 315 years, as opposed to 141 years for Clayton, 110 years for Lehner, and only 77 years for Dodson and Hilton. Manetho himself, whose figures are often wild exaggerations, only gave 185 years for the X Dynasty -- this implies that he may have had better information about it than for the IX Dynasty, which he put at 409 years (in one version). If five kings are allowed for the X Dynasty, then Clayton has an average of 28.2 years per reign, which is a bit high. Lehner's time for the dynasty only gives an average of 22 years per reign, which is much more in line with the averages previously considered. With only 77 years for both IX (using the attested Kings shown) and X, we only get 7 years each, which could well be reasonable for the period (contrasting with the average of 3 years for Roman Emperors of the Crisis of the Third Century period). However, the real number of kings is conjectural. For the X Dynasty, Manetho said there were 19 Kings, and the Turin Canon gave 18 (cf. Gardiner, p. 438).
|IX Dynasty,
of Heracleopolis
|"4 Kings for 100 years,"
or "19 Kings for 409 years"
|Achthôês, Meryibre Akhtoy I
|Neferkare VI
|Wahkra Akhtoy II
|Neferkare Akhtoy III
|Mery-? Akhtoy IV
|X Dynasty,
of Heracleopolis
Lehner, 2134-2040
|Meryibre Khety?
|Nebkaure Akhtoy V
The traditional view of the First Intermediate Period is that something very bad happened. While that is more than reasonable, the direct evidence for it was thin, and those inclined to scepticism were free to shoot the idea apart. Most easily cited as evidence for bad conditions were texts available from the Middle Kingdom lamenting various obscure calamities, lawlessness, and social upheaval. Among these are the "Admonitions of Ipuwer" and the "Dispute Between a Man and His Ba" (where a man contemplates suicide and argues about it with his ba, one of the parts of the soul). For instance, Ipuwer says [Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms, Miriam Lichtheim, University of California Press, 1973, 1975], "A man goes to plow with his shield...Crime is everywhere...The servant takes what he finds....Lo, women are barren, none conceive...Lo, many dead are buried in the river..." [pp.150-151]. The translator here, Miriam Lichtheim, thinks that this is a genre, not a report or memory of events, and does point out that some statements, e.g. "Lo, nobles lament, the poor rejoice" [p.151], do not seem consistent with simple anarchy or natural disasters. Actually, they could well be consistent with simple anarchy. Similar laments are found in the "Dispute," e.g. "Hearts are greedy, Everyone robs his comrade's goods...He who should enrage men by his crimes -- He makes everyone laugh <at> his evildoing...Men plunder, Everyone robs his comrade...None are righteous, The land is left to evildoers" [p.167]. While it would be strange if none of these texts are related to any actual events, there is the problem about the cause of such events. Traditionally, there wasn't much to go on. About the best historians might say is that the long reign of Pepi II allowed local nobility to take over, and the fragmentation of the state resulted in the referenced calamities. However, increased power to local nobility would not necessarily have resulted in general lawlessness, and such nobility would certainly not "lament" or be tolerant of servants robbing their masters. This would generally give the poor no reasons to "rejoice." Why women should become barren is even more incomprehensible.
A new hypothesis about the problems of the First Intermediate Period comes from climate and rainfall indicators. It looks like there was a serious cooling of the atmosphere and a drought affecting Egypt at the end of the Old Kingdom. The failure of rainfall (and so of the Nile) is dated to 4200 years before the present -- about 2200 BC, right at the end of the reign of Pepi II by Clayton or Lehner's chronology. It also looks like the Faiyum actually dried up as a result of this, so that all the sediments from the Old Kingdom blew away. This has not happened since. The failure of agriculture easily led to the famine, violence, and chaos described in the lamentation texts, confirmed by recent archaeology -- though the rejoicing of the poor still seems a little anomalous if the conditions were those of famine. Nevertheless, the failure of women to conceive can easily be an effect of famine. An extreme distruption is certainly evident in the confused memories and lack of monuments for the (contemporaneous) VII and IX Dynasties. The VIII does slightly better, but the country only begins to recover during the X -- though nothing is like back to normal until the XI Dynasty. This climate evidence contributes here, as it does elsewhere, to an aspect of history that previously might have been disparaged, as in was in geology, as "catastrophism." That drought may have brought down the Maya and the Old Kingdom, and volcanic eruption the Minoan civilization, means that purely internal and institutional explanations, or invasions, do not have to aways bear the burden of explaining the decline of cultures.
Egyptian History Continued
Index of Egyptian History
Philosophy of History
Home Page


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University of Southern Mississippi doctoral student Emily Cohen has parlayed her curiosity about nature and affinity for birds into a research fellowship with the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Migratory Bird Center in Washington, D.C.
University of Southern Mississippi student Lauren Pace wastes no time revealing which Subway sandwich tickles her taste buds' fancy.
"I just love the chicken pizziola," said Pace, a sophomore communications major from College Station, Texas. "Especially, with the new flatbread they have. They are really delicious."
University of Southern Mississippi graduate student Tabitha Ankerson made an interesting discovery while attending the annual Career Fair Fall 2011 on Wednesday, Oct. 26 at the Thad Cochran Center.
Air Force ROTC cadets at The University of Southern Mississippi will perform their annual 24-hour vigil at the Hattiesburg Veterans Memorial Park from 10 a.m., Nov. 10 through 10 a.m. Nov. 11 as part of Veterans Day festivities.
He hasn't faced the challenges getting where he's going that Neal Page and Dell Griffith encountered in the 1987 comedy flick "Planes, Trains and Automobiles" starring Steve Martin and the late John Candy. But James Bueno Da Silva's quest to travel to every University of Southern Mississippi away football game this season hasn't come easy.
A Southern Miss sophomore from Sao Paulo, Brazil, Da Silva is determined to find a way to support the Golden Eagles either in person at M.M. Roberts Stadium or at the unfriendly home confines of their opponents - even if it means a 19-hour road trip to El Paso, Texas.
When University of Southern Mississippi Professor Sabine Heinhorst began mentoring Oak Grove High School distinguished scholar Nickolas Whitehead, she had no idea the tutelage would help him earn a bronze medal from an international competition.
Students in the School of Human Performance and Recreation at The University of Southern Mississippi will conduct their inaugural RecFest 2011 Monday, Oct. 10 from 8 a.m.-noon at Kamper Park in Hattiesburg.
The idea is to allow recreation therapy majors and recreation administration majors to bring what they learn in the classroom into practical action. Seniors in the Recreation Department will lead the juniors in different activities that promote team building and communication in an enjoyable, learning environment.
A new helmet produced by the sporting goods company Rawlings – using technology developed in the laboratories of The University of Southern Mississippi School of Polymers and High Performance Materials – is designed to minimize the impact of collisions on the gridiron.
The Rawlings Neuro Responsive Gear (NRG) helmet includes dual protection inside the helmet combining a layer of foam reinforced by pneumatic cushioning made of pressurized "air bladders" that takes over and absorbs the energy from high-velocity contact, protecting the athlete.
Count University of Southern Mississippi doctoral student Amit Kumar among the legion of scientists, researchers and laboratory assistants working around the clock to defeat Alzheimer's Disease.
Thus far Kumar's research has taken him from his homeland in New Delhi, India to the campus of Southern Miss in Hattiesburg, Miss., and recently to Queensland, Australia as a presenter at the 4th Annual Protein Misfolding and Neurological Disorders Meeting.
In The University of Southern Mississippi's School of Accountancy, the numbers tell the story – more and more graduates are landing jobs with prestigious companies.
Graduates like Analise Counts, of Mobile, Ala., who obtained her undergraduate degree in accounting and Master of Public Accounting from Southern Miss before securing a position with PricewaterhouseCoopers. Just one month after obtaining her MPA, Counts went from student to corporate climber in the frenzied markets of New York and Los Angeles.
While many students at The University of Southern Mississippi were enjoying their summer vacations, the university's food service, Eagle Dining, was hard at work preparing for the upcoming school year and making changes.
To know Nicole Marquez is to witness the resolve of the human spirit, acknowledge the power of modern medicine and realize the authenticity of miracles.
People just don't fall six stories from an apartment rooftop and live to discuss the horrific incident. Let alone, return to the dance floor. This amazing University of Southern Mississippi graduate has accomplished both … and then some.
Whether it's a question about financial aid, directions to an office on campus or assistance with navigating Southern's Online Accessible Records (SOAR), University of Southern Mississippi students can get the help they need to soar at an Eagle Landing.
A University of Southern Mississippi professor and his students hope their inventory of trees on the Hattiesburg campus will reveal their full environmental and economic value and be a key resource for their management and preservation.
Tears flowed down the faces of many who gathered Saturday, Sept. 10 to watch University of Southern Mississippi employee Melissa Carpenter receive the keys to her new Habitat for Humanity Home.
Dr. Joe Paul, vice president for Student Affairs at The University of Southern Mississippi, implores students constantly to remember one basic tenant: "Leave it better than you found it."
Garrett Wright, 21, a senior construction engineering major from Gulfport, Miss., has taken that challenge to heart.
The University of Southern Mississippi will welcome with open arms freshmen and transfer students for Golden Eagle Welcome Week (GEWW) when they arrive on the Hattiesburg campus Friday to make it their new home.
Small towns throughout modest states like Mississippi often produce big dreamers – like University of Southern Mississippi graduate Megan Keyes.
Except in Keyes' case, the Taylorsville, Miss., native learned that she simply had not been dreaming on a large enough scale. A senior capstone project in Sport Coaching Education opened her eyes to that life-changing reality.
Four University of Southern Mississippi students earned valuable hands-on experience in helping children and young adults with disabilities as part of a summer internship at the Institute for Disability Studies (IDS).
Whitney Miller, a University of Southern Mississippi alumna and winner of the first MasterChef title from season one of the Fox television show, will see a dream come true Tuesday, July 5 with the national launch of her new cookbook "Modern Hospitality: Simple Recipes with Southern Charm".
Margaret Buttross-Brinegar gave The University of Southern Mississippi more than 30 years of unfailing service. Along the way, she gave thousands of developmentally challenged children unwavering support and direction. And now she's ready to give retirement a try.
Buttross-Brinegar, longtime director of The Children's Center for Communication and Development at Southern Miss, is retiring at the end of this month noting that "the center and I am ready for a new chapter. This change just feels right."
Some freshmen are prepared to confidently plunge into university life; others cautiously test the water with a toe. Jennie Thomas took the plunge.
Rising high school seniors from across Mississippi have converged on The University of Southern Mississippi campus as part of the American Legion Auxiliary Girls State convention.
The 64th edition of Girls State will run from June 4-11 on the heels of Boys State which just concluded at Southern Miss. Girls State is designed to teach young women about the intricacies of state and local governance, including how judicial branches operate; the finer points of campaigning for elected office and how to craft and promote legislation in the simulated state of "Magnolia."
How many 9-year-olds can truly understand the concept of "diminishing returns?"
After a few minutes of conversation with Fort Lauderdale, Fla., third-grader Peyton Robertson, one ascertains quickly he is anything but the typical elementary school student. Thus, it comes as no surprise to learn Robertson was named one of three nationwide winners in the 3rd annual Kids Science Challenge.
An ocean divides the United States and United Kingdom but scientists and researchers in both countries are discovering new ways to create intellectual bridges.
That was never more apparent than during a recent visit by an 18-person contingent from the U.K. to The University of Southern Mississippi's National Formulation Science Laboratory located in the business and technology incubator known as The Accelerator.
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Youth Olympic Games
US Youth Olympic Games selection procedures, by year:
ISAF will award each country two possible entry slots among the four events: boys and girls singlehanded dinghy, and boys and girls windsurfing. All spots are contingent upon the country qualifying at an ISAF designated event.
2014 Youth Olympic Games will take place August 16-28, in Nanjing, China. Event website www.nanjing2014.org/en
For more information about the 2010 Youth Olympic Games in Singapore, please click here.


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It seems like I face some new, frustrating dilemma almost every day. For a while, I tried to solve each one on my own, but I just can't do it anymore. I'm in over my head, and I need your help, Wooters! So, each week, I'm going to post a problem that I'm facing and you're going to help me solve it. But here's the catch: the solutions need to be puns. That's right: logic is secondary; puns are the primary goal here. I'll choose the best pun and announce it in next week's post.
THIS WEEK'S EPISODE: Booze for Athletes!
Last night, while I was having a few adult beverages to ring in the new year, I got an idea for a business: a boozy sports drink company. Think about it: athletes are under a lot of stress; they deserve to have a drink and relax now and then. But they don't want to get dehydrated, because that could affect their performance on the court or field the next day. So they have on of my... umm... see, there's my problem. I need a name for my new beverage. Here are a few ideas came up with:
- Champ(agne)
- Prognac
India Pale Ade
But those just aren't good enough. Maybe you guys can help. Post your boozy sports drink puns in the comments, and I'll choose my favorites next week!
Christmas's winner (Cat Carols): "Silv-hair Balls" from user bongosolo
Other Favorites: Props to Nparus for "The 12 Strays of Catmas", and to patrice2 and dianepierce33 who wrote their own carols!
Photo by flickr user Dominic's pics, used under a Creative Commons License.


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"Battlestar Galactica" veteran Katee Sackhoff is gearing up for another action-packed battle and this time it'll be on the bigscreen, as she's agreed to join former MMA fighter Gina Carano in an all-female riff on "The Expendables" that 1984 Private Defense Contractors is producing. Adi Shankar will produce for 1984 Private Defense Contractors, which plans to fully finance the "Expendables"-inspired project.
Dutch Southern ("Hoof Harrington's Greatest Hits") was tapped to write the estrogen-powered action pic back in August, and several prominent actresses affiliated with the action genre continue to circle the project.
"If you spend five minutes with Katee it becomes blatantly obvious that she would pwn (sic) most male action stars," said Shankar, who recently co-produced Joe Carnahan's "The Grey," Pete Travis' "Dredd 3D" and Andrew Dominik's upcoming Brad Pitt starrer "Killing Them Softly," which The Weinstein Company will release Nov. 30.


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You are here
Basic Steps in Creating a Bonsai
by Pauline F. Muth
This is designed as a reminder of the process of designing a bonsai. I presume that you have had basic lessons so that the process makes sense!
1.Examine the tree carefully to determine the best rootage and front of the tree. Place your tree on a turntable. Remove the pot or trim the pot down to clearly see the bottom of the trunk. Do not disturb the majority of the root system. During this process, do NOT let the root system dry out.
Using your fingers, chopstick, root hook and other tools locate the true base of the trunk. This is where the roots begin their spread. This is often buried deep in a nursery pot. Sometime you will have to remove a single or too high placed root or low branches that will not work in the design. Check for roots that overlap or wrap around the trunk. These will have to be straightened or removed so that they do not eventually strangle the plant.
Choose the best-looking rootage area for your front and mark it with wire or a stick. Often this is the base that appears the widest. Be sure to check the trunk line. The tree must not bend away from the front. Sometimes this can be corrected by repotting at a different angle. Use wedges under the pot to slant the tree in different directions as you consider the fronts. Also look for a trunk line that will allow you to develop good 1st, 2nd and 3rd branches.
2. Examine the tree to determine which bonsai style you will develop.
Begin by finding the main trunk line. Start at the base and follow it through its best taper (decreasing size of the trunk) to the apex (top point). This apex may be created using a side branch, thus eliminating its natural apex. You may find more than one trunk line. If this is the case, a multiple trunk style or remove all but one trunk to style a single trunk style. The front of the tree should show the best view of the trunk, while the sides and back should have good branches and visual depth. Often it is easier to locate the back. Just look for great depth branching. It is helpful to clean up the tree: that is to take off all branches that cannot be used in good design. (E.g. crossing branches, upward and hanging sub branches, branches at the top which are heavier that those at the bottom)
3. Prune to design your bonsai. (The rules described here are the classic rules of bonsai and will develop a good tree however, after much practice with the rules, experiment, and you may develop a wonderful treatment of your own.) Begin at the bottom of the line and prune for design. The first branch, either on the left or right of at the front, should be the heaviest and longest branch. It should be about one third of the eventual height of the finished tree.
The second branch should be at another height either on the opposite side or at the back of the tree.
The third branch should be at the place not occupied by the second branch (side or back.)
Subsequent branches will decrease in length and girth as you design up the tree. Each branch needs its own place in the sun as you look down on the design. Branches may be in the front when you reach eye level, but never poking straight out at you.
The total design should have a triangular shape with the apex at the top point of the triangle. Each branch must also be shaped to give a flattened plane with an all over-triangular shape. Remember that a tree's branches will stay in the same place you see them…they will only grow in girth.
4. Wire the tree.
Secure the tree to your turntable and begin wiring for shape at the bottom of the tree. Remember to keep the 45-degree angle in your wire and do not cross wires. Use only as heavy a wire as needed for each trunk or branch. If you will be reshaping the trunk, apply that wire first. Remember to carefully place the wires as growth occurs so that you will not harm new buds you will need. Check to wind the wires in the direction needed for changing branch placement.
5. Bend the wires to place the trunk and branches into the wanted positions.
Remember that all branches must be at the same angle since the forces of nature have acted on all of them. Be sure that branches off the trunk are on the outside of angles.
Take care to support the wires as you carefully apply pressure to make your bends. At this point, you may need to modify your trimming of the tree.
6. Select the correct container.
Choose a container that will compliment your tree's foliage, flowers or fruit. The style of the tree will determine the shape of the container. The depth of the container will be determined by the trunk size, the visual weight of the tree and the moisture and root requirements of the tree. The pot must not dominate the tree. Bonsai is a tree in a tray.
7. IF it is the correct time of the year to pot your particular tree, remove the soil; trim the roots and pot the tree. Prepare the pot with screen and the holding wires first.
Put on vinyl or latex gloves at this point because some of the ingredients you will be using can be harmful to your body. Then, using your chopstick or root hook, carefully remove the soil from the root ball. Some species work well with all soil removed, others transplant better if some of the original soil is left. You may trim off the same proportion of root mass as the mass of the foliage you removed from the top of the tree. Be careful not to remove critical root mass supporting the foliage. Learn about the species you are working with first so that you do not damage the tree by root pruning too much. Put the correct bonsai soil in the pot along with organic fertilizer,micronutrients, iron, and mycro-rhyzoids. Sprinkle the root mass with rooting hormone and place the mass in the correct position in the pot. Add more soil and secure the tree with the wires front and back of the trunk. As you add soil, use your chopstick to remove air pockets. Soak the freshly potted tree in a water and transplanting mixture. Keep the newly potted tree in semi shade for one week, and then move to its growing location.
8. Remember to keep your design and develop it further by Trimming the new branches. Giving the bonsai proper light and humidity. Fertilizing and adding appropriate nutrients for the speciesWatering. Transplanting the tree each year when it is young (later it may only need this every few years) including root pruning when transplanting.
Copyright 2013 Pauline F. Muth


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Recipe: Melissa Clark's Fresh Corn Polenta with Roasted Eggplant Ratatouille and Ricotta
Serves 2 as a main dish, 4 as a side
1 1/2 pounds Italian eggplant (about 4), cut into 1-inch chunks
1 small zucchini, cut into 1-inch chunks
1 small red bell pepper, cut into 1-inch chunks
2 large rosemary branches
1/4 cup plus 1 teaspoon extra-virgin olive oil
Kosher salt, for seasoning
Freshly ground black pepper, for seasoning
1 pint cherry tomatoes
2 garlic cloves, unpeeled
Fresh lemon juice, as needed (optional)
For the Polenta:
1 bay leaf
3/4 teaspoon salt
1 cup polenta or coarse cornmeal (see What Else?)
1 1/2 cups fresh corn kernels (from 2 small ears)
Fresh ricotta, for serving
Fresh torn basil leaves, for serving (optional)
1. Preheat the oven to 400° F.
2. In a large bowl, toss the eggplant, zucchini, pepper, and 1 rosemary branch with 3 1/2 tablespoons oil; season generously with salt and pepper. Spread the vegetables on a large baking sheet.
3. In a small bowl, toss the tomatoes, garlic, and remaining rosemary branch with 1/2 tablespoon oil; season with salt and pepper. Spread the mixture on a small baking sheet.
4. Transfer both baking sheets to the oven. Roast, stirring vegetables occasionally, until they are tender and caramelized, about 25 minutes for the tomatoes and garlic; 30 to 35 minutes for the eggplant, zucchini, and peppers.
5. Let the vegetables cool for a few minutes. Slip the garlic from their skins and place the cloves in a small bowl. Add a pinch of salt and mash to a paste; whisk in the remaining 1 teaspoon oil. In a bowl, combine the garlic oil with the tomatoes, eggplant, zucchini, and peppers. Taste and add more salt and a few drop of lemon juice if it needs it.
6. Make the polenta: In a medium saucepan, bring 3 cups water, the bay leaf, and salt to a boil. Slowly whisk in the polenta; simmer it, stirring, until it is thick and almost tender, about 10 minutes. Stir in the corn and simmer 5 minutes more.
6. Spoon the polenta onto individual serving plates. Top with roasted vegetables and a dollop of ricotta and basil if you like.


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Pléiades, New Image QualitySharper products and enhanced geometry: see by yourself.
Now Pléiades imagery features major improvements:
- First class pan-sharpening
- Very accurate RPCs (Rational Polynomial Coefficient) improving ortho-rectification and stereoscopic quality
- Almost perfect focal plane characterization
All these improvements have been brought to the Pléiades Ground Segment. They are linked to the production date: any data, archive or new collect, processed now, automatically features these improvements. They benefit images from Pléiades 1A and 1B, indifferently.
Central Park – New York - USA
Melbourne Harbor - Australia
Pléiades, New Image Quality
Related pages


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AIBU - DS seems to think I am!(121 Posts)
My DS is driving me mad
He's 15 and he used to be my closest friend, but recently he's changed, and won't listen to me anymore
He has got it into his head that he wants to go to College next year - but he wants to go to a college that runs a watersports course, and he'd have to live there in a room during the week because it's so far away.
He's been into watersports as a hobby since he was little, I've driven him everywhere at weekends and he's missed class time for school competitions, but he's not going to be an Olympic champion, so I don't understand why he's got this idea in his head that he can make a job of it. The teachers at school and his clubs aren't helping, they have told him that this particular college is a great place, and that he'd really enjoy it, it's a good idea and have told me how proud I should be of him . I took him to the open day there in the hope it would put him off, but he still wants to go! But he's too young to leave home and live with loads of other teenagers; he can't cook (he's not messing up my kitchen!) I do all his laundry and I buy him everything he needs so he's never had to manage money - how will he cope away from home?
I've told him that he will be going to local 6th form and after a year, we can talk about it again - but I'm hoping that he gets a steady girlfriend or gets a job, so he doesn't want to move. Now he says that wants me to go and look at the 6th form with him at the open day next week, but whats the point? Its the only one locally, so that's where he has to go.
My exH isn't helping - he's told DS that he should "follow his dreams" if that is what he wants to do . He took DS to open a bank account and is offering him money to do odd jobs and for helping out in his GF business, he's telling DS how well he's doing at school and he's even told DS that once he's 16, he can choose where he wants to live He took me to court to see the DC's ages ago, but the Court said that they should live with me and DS decided that he didn't want to see exH anymore after he moved his new GF in. exH kept on harassing DS, writing to him, going to school parents evenings, sending presents and he has wheedled his way back into DS life now with all this talk of going to college, and DS believes it! Ex keeps asking when me, DS and him can sit down and discuss it - but I can't stand the sight of the man, and it's nothing to do with him, anyway.
Now my Mum's getting on at me too - she has to look after the DC's while I work, and she moans about not having any free time - but now DS is nearly old enough to look after his younger DBro, my Mum is saying I should let DS move out!
How can I talk sense into my DS? He just won't listen to me at the moment; I've tried yelling at him, bribing him, crying and telling him how much I will miss him, but he's obsessed and no-one except me is being realistic
Why do people do reverse AIBU's fairly new, and haven't seen one before,but why don't people just come on and say, is my sister being unreasonable surely?? Then you wouldn't get 3 pages of folk going 'what? eh? reverse AIBU'!!
Oh it a reverse well i don't think you should support your sister is she really that controlling of her children and your mum I do hope your nephew manages to go on his course seems the lad needs a bit of breathing space,
FWIW my mil could have been your sister she was awful with both her sons and insisted that because she was a single parent they owed her everything we did work it out in the end but i know my DH had a terrible teen years with her and he left home , his brother moved hundreds of miles away from her
something weird about the OP, cannot put my finger on it.
Has this been posted by the child perchance?
Something's up, just tell us! Interesting dilemma.
oh, did not read that indeed it IS reverse AIBu.
Hate those, it is like you don't trust us
Chandon its a reverse AIBU posted by boy's aunt
YABU. I don't think you have his best interests at heart if the only reason you don't want him to leave is that he is to look after your younger children. You should show an interest in the course he wants to take and find out more about it rather than dismissing it completely.
Is this a wind up thread ?
Been following this in free moments, so pleased to find it's a reverse, as I suspected. I was reading the op thinking, no-one could be that self-absorbed and then admit to it on here.
Auntie, you sound like you have a good head on your shoulders and you should do whatever you can to help the boy. I hope you can help him sooner rather than later, after his relationship with his mother has gone completely down the pan.
Ah I've just seen its a reverse. To be honest your sis doesnt sound like a very nice person...totally selfish and it all seems to be about what she wants and not whats best for your DN....thank God he has his Dad supporting him
though it sounds like sis has done all she can to thwart that relationship
But WHY do it in reverse?
What do you actually want from us?
From what you've posted, yeah, your sister is completely U.
But you haven't given us a very fair account of things.
Reverse AIBUs are so fucking stupid because you can't actually put yourself in the shoes of someone who is being U. So you just give us a caricature that, sure enough, we all think is a loon.
Message deleted by Mumsnet for breaking our Talk Guidelines. Replies may also be deleted.
Just realised this is about your sister - don't know why you didn't just say that, because all you've had advice-wise is a load of people saying 'reverse AIBU' which is a waste of time!
Can't you ask your mother to teach your nephew how to cook/manage a budget etc while she is looking after him? If the boys can muck in and cook/do their laundry etc then things will be easier on Granny as well.
What Holemeclosertonydanza said.
Sums it up perfectly.
Op, youve so overdone the my-sister-the-loon angle that its very hard to believe its as black and white as you present it.
You say there is history there, so your sister is someone you dont like...obviously. Id be interested to hear her take on it.
Anyway, ifit is as you say, then there has been plenty of advice...
colleges specialising in watersports - who knew?
FFS. I don't very often say FFS on here, but I'll say it again - FFS. If you want to put something on AIBU do it from YOUR perspective, not somebody elses. You portrayed her as though she's some sort of bloody pantomime villain with absolutely no redeeming features.
It wastes our time, and the only way it benefits you is that you get everybody to agree that your sister is a cow.
I'm sorry I've upset people - I honestly didn't mean to, but my DSis seems so adamant that she's right that I thought that the MN jury would agree with her and put me straight for being so infuriated with her. She really has sent me the comments about keeping the kitchen clean, bribing DN/crying about it etc in an effort to gain my sympathy - I'm sure she wouldn't post them on here, but she doesn't seem to see anything wrong with how she is coming across.
DM is disabled so doesn't cook/do housework etc, she's just there as an adult in the house overnight when DSis works shifts. It's one of the reasons DSis and I have fallen out in the past, because I think she asks DM to do too much for her; some weeks DM spends 3 or 4 nights staying at DSis house, even though the stairs are difficult for her and she hasn't got her own room/bed. I've given up on that one though, so has my DBro; DM won't upset DSis, and avoids talking about it to me now.
I like the idea of inviting DN to stay with me - I might try that as an approach to start with.
If you stop your son from trying things he will never learn to achieve by himself, people are right he has obv got a dream and should follow it! You will push your son away more if you make it him do what you want. He is becoming a young adult and should be allowed to make his own career path otherwise he will blame you for deciding for him in the future! Ten twenty years down the line your relationship with him will be gone trust me. I've seen it happen.
I understand that you want the best for him and the relationship between the two of you was strong and it still will be if you stop controlling his education, advise him, guide him and he will listen don't nag and control it makes it ten times worse.
Hope it all works out.
Your poor mum. I would definitely ask my nephew to stay and stealth-teach him life skills!
It is a relief that no one could actually write it and expect agreement!
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007 Legends Brings Back Jaws, Hugo Drax Actors In Goldeneye Writer's Story
< id='article_intro_ag'>When 007 Legends explores the history of the James Bond film franchise in fall 2012, it's going to do so with some familiar faces: Richard Kiel and Michael Lonsdale will lend their voices and likenesses to the villainous roles of Jaws and Hugo Drax, respectively, a press release confirms. Both characters were central to the plot of 1979's Moonraker, one of the six Bond movies that 007 Legends will revisit. Naomie Harris, star of 2012's new Bond movie Skyfall, will also make an appearance. Also confirmed is the participation of Bruce Feirstein, the writer of GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, and The World is Not Enough as well as the Bond-focused video games Everything or Nothing, From Russia with Love, Blood Stone, and the GoldenEye 007 remake. Feirstein's words shape the overarching storyline in 007 Legends; it should be interesting to see how he ties the six Bond movies together for Daniel Craig's take on the character. The press release also confirms that the game will feature the talents of Bond composter David Arnold and TV composer Kevin Kiner on the soundtrack. Activision promises additional talent reveals in the coming months, as other chunks of the game are shown. There's plenty of time. 007 Legends hits PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows PC platforms on October 16.


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Feminism, Pop-Culture | Posted by Julie Z on 07/21/2009
MTSS goes CC
Remember when I posted that video from the fantabulous Midwest Teen Sex Show? Well, I just found out, thanks to WMC, that Comedy Central invited MTSS to make a full-length pilot episode this summer that could get picked up.
It's true, I have a few issues with Comedy Central, including some messed up gender dynamics they have over there. At The Daily Show, there are no official female writers. Samantha Bee is a correspondent and occasional writer, as is Kristin Schall, but that's it. And according to Courtney at feministing, a friend who auditioned for a stand-up series on Comedy Central was told that they will only sign five women maximum. Out of around 30 total.
Because, as anybody knows, women aren't funny. And to quote the brilliant author of that article, "please do not pretend not to know what I'm talking about."
Forget Tina Fey. Forget Kathy Griffin. Forget Sarah Haskins. Forget about millions of other women. Women aren't funny. Or maybe they're not funny because the public is only exposed on a larger scale to funny men? WELL THERE'S A HEAD SCRATCHER.
Anyway, back to MTSS (my tangential ways must be stopped). Comedy Central may have redeemed themselves a little bit on this one for me.
Considering that since 1995, comprehensive sex education has been on the decline in favor of abstinence only sex education. Well, after all, it's the only Jesus-approved sex education (well, this may not be from Jesus's mouth PER SE…but we're pretty sure it's what he wanted. Yeah…pretty sure Jesus didn't like TEENAGE WHORES). It's also the only form of sex education that will be completely useless if you, like 46% of 15-19 year olds here in the US, have sex.
I am dead serious when I say that MTSS should be incorporated into COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION. In addition to straight up information, I think it would really capture teens attention (I don't think, actually, thousands of people, mostly ages 13-24, watch their episodes every month).
What the hell is wrong with injecting humor into what is inevitably an awkward situation? You'd think all the gym teachers stuck with the job of talking about sex, having to face those equally amused and horrified teenage faces, would want to hand the job on over to somebody else. Somebody who could probably do it better. Like the MTSS cast.
And if it's on Comedy Central, well then that's just a wider opportunity to reach all the poor souls who are still subjected to abstinence only clowns (literally), like the kids in my home state of Ohio.
Because "having sex before you are married is just like juggling machetes!" and "sex before marriage will destroy all of your life's dreams!"
Thank god for MTSS. Humping cows beat an abstaining clown any day.
Read other posts about: abstinence only clown, abstinence only sex education, Comedy Central, comprehensive sex education, Derek Dye, Midwest Teen Sex Show, The Daily Show
Post Your Comment
Laura @ at 1:40 pm, July 21st, 2009
Do you know how excited this makes me? I love MTSS and yes, it does have some really valuable information. I just wish more people knew about it, and this seems like a good way to spread the message.
I really hope the pilot gets picked up!
Robin S. @ at 2:11 pm, July 21st, 2009
I'm just worried that Comedy Central would try to encourage the show to be more about how LOL SEX IS FUNNY!! than providing the kind of information you should get in sex ed classes in a funny way.
But I'll be optimistic about this one. If the show is picked up and does stay the same as it is now, that would be fantastic news for EVERYONE. Even in places with comprehensive sex education (like where I live, yay!), abstinence is talked about nonstop as the only way to truly be "safe." Even if you do teach different methods of birth control and all that, ultimately you're sending the message that sex is bad and scary if you promote abstinence above all else, which will probably make teenagers who do have sex more ashamed to talk about it and therefore maybe even less likely to be safe about it. Having something like the MTSS that doesn't try to make teenagers feel bad about making the choice to have sex is definitely a good thing anywhere it's shown.
Brenna @ at 2:55 pm, July 21st, 2009
I've been excited about this since I first heard about it, and apparently they will be keeping the style that they have now. I can't wait!
Kelli @ at 2:13 am, July 23rd, 2009
It's good that they're actually doing this! I mean, when you have to have sex ed class with one of the teachers you see every other day is 1. awkward! 2. most think school is boring and wont even be paying attention and 3. they make it dont make it funny, they make it weird! And then you have the opposite with MTSS.