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Wednesday, October 31, 2007
Who Owns Fictional Characters?
So as I'm sure you've heard by now, Dumbledore is gay. I knew I should have read those sequels!!! But here's the thing: those who have read the books tell me that he doesn't even so much as hold hands with anyone. Hmmm...
This we know: he's a bachelor (not this kind), he kind of maybe liked this other wizard dude but it's kind of ambiguous.... Oh! and JK Rowling says he is. But then, the New York Times kind of put him back in the closet, basically saying it doesn't matter.
In order to decide whether or not Dumbledore actually is gay, it opens up a bigger literary can of worms. Who gets final say on the interpretation of a character, especially when the evidence on the page is ambiguous? Does the author get final say based on her intention? Do the readers get final say based on what's there on the page? Who gets to decide?
So you tell me: who owns the characters on a page? The Author? The readers? A combination?
76 comments:
The author, no doubt, gets the ultimate say becasue he/she CREATED the character.
But, I think most authors would be okay with readers having their own unique interpretations as well.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:06 PM
- cynjay said...
Stephen King has a great bit in On Writing about how writing is telepathy - writers write an image and somewhere down the line, readers receive that image. Not to say that it's the same image once it gets there.
I think ultimately, the film companies own the character - that's how everyone will think of any character once it's been on the big screen.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:17 PM
- Roxan said...
While the character is being written it belongs to the author. He/she can bend it to their will.
Once it becomes published it becomes the interpretation of the reader.
I agree with cynjay. Once the film companies make a character, that's what it become.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:23 PM
- V L Smith said...
I think the characters are much like your own children. You create them, you give them life and nurture them. You try to protect them and mold them. You know everything about them - their likes, their dislikes, their favorite foods, how they got the scar on their chin, etc. But once you send them out in into the world, they take on a life of their own. They become influenced by new people and new perspectives. At that point, while they will always be your babies, they are now on their own and you can no longer protect them...or redefine them.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:31 PM
Dumbledore is gay because J.K. says he is, and that is FINAL!
- October 31, 2007 at 12:37 PM
The author is god in this case. She knows things about her characters that may never be available to the public. But that only goes so far. The reader has his own interpretation and that's what matters to the reader.
Since Rowling has given us more information (or maybe, TMI) we, as readers, can add it to our interpretation. For me, this info has no affect on the story. Dumbledore's sex life had no relevance at all to the plot or the outcome or any of the characters. Knowing this just kind of "rounds out" the character.
I don't think the film companies own a character, even though that's the one everyone sees. The character is still the author's, as much as our kids are always our kids.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:37 PM
Fundamentally, I agree with V L Smith. But in this particular case, I think Dumbledore cannot be gay because neither I nor my husband nor any of my friends who are HP fans ever suspected he was gay while we were reading the books. (It's not unusual for a sage type to be celibate.) If a quality does not come through on the page, it isn't authentic. The author has blown it. (I would say she blew it by pretending that he's gay rather than by not showing it more clearly, especially since these are supposed to be children's books, but that's just me.)
- October 31, 2007 at 12:40 PM
- Josh said...
I'd say the author can always take reader opinion into consideration, but it is their creation, their story, and their say in the end.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:41 PM
- Susan Helene Gottfried said...
The author.
But that doesn't take away from reader interpretation. I mean, look at the Talmud!
- October 31, 2007 at 12:46 PM
- Melanie Avila said...
Nathan, I noticed you say on your Publisher's Marketplace page that you're interested in narrative nonfiction, but don't mention memoir. Would memoir be included in that category?
I'm writing my memoir which is why I'm interested - I plan to query you when I'm ready!
To answer the post question, I think the author has the ultimate say about the characters, but the public certainly has a right to express their opinions. In this case it's especially noteworthy that Rowling came forward with this information, rather than responding to public speculation (unless I'm mistaken - I haven't read the books.)
- October 31, 2007 at 12:48 PM
- Nathan Bransford said...
I definitely represent memoir. Thanks for asking!
- October 31, 2007 at 12:49 PM
- Heidi the Hick said...
To add to the comparison of our characters and our children: We invent fictional characters and raise our children for many reasons. We love them, we want to experience their growth, but ultimately they must leave us!
A writer, in my opinion, has to create an entire world for that character to inhabit. I have to know what my Fake People like to eat, like to listen to, and wear, even if it doesn't figure into the story, because it makes that person more real to me. If he's not real to me, he'll never be real to the reader.
I can see why JKR never mentioned Dumbledore's orientation. It was totally unnecessary to the story!!! I hear a lot of anger out of people that she dared to throw this in after all's said and done and printed and sold. Why shouldn't she? If asked, she'll tell. She invented him.
Of course she isn't going back and changing things. This admission doesn't change anything.
Who owns Dumbledore? She does. And she handed him over to us, he's become part of our popular culture, and we get to share in her world, his world, our own little brain movie as we read.
Those characters have become ours because she created them and wrote about them. There. Clear as mud?
- October 31, 2007 at 12:49 PM
- Josephine Damian said...
Nobody. It's just like real people. You meet someone new, you see all sorts of positive qualities and similarities to yourself - you click.
Meanwhile your best friend meets the same person and sees only negative things and the very qualities that you liked are the ones that push your friend's buttons.
Some people, ie. the writer, may portray a character as nice and sweet - but certain readers see the character as a sap who lets everyone walk all over them.
Writer or reader, it's all about frame of reference - nobody "owns" the character, and everyone isn't going to view the character in the same way regardless of intent.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:55 PM
- Nonny said...
The author created the characters. She has the final say. Period.
Readers, however, are welcome to interpret the books as they please. If you take five people and give them a book, they will almost certainly all read it a different way.
The problem comes when readers insist that their interpretation is God, and how dare the author announce something about the character that disagrees with their personal interpretation. That's not okay. They aren't the ones who created the story in the first place.
- October 31, 2007 at 12:56 PM
- Wendelin said...
If you only knew the debate that's shaking fandom now to its roots! There's the "Dumbledore is asexual, as per the books" camp, and there's the "Whatever JKR says is gold" camp. I myself am in the "Why the heck couldn't she put that in the books" camp. Dumbledore being gay may not make much of a difference to the story, and may not have any bearing on the plot, but his being in love with Grindelwald certainly does. In the King's Cross chapter, when Dumbledore is essentially in confession with Harry (at one point he says, "I have no secrets from you any more") why couldn't he have said words to the effect of, "I loved Grindelwald. It blinded me to who he was"?
My guess is that either this is one of those things JKR makes up off the top of her head in interviews (not uncommon, and there was a lot of criticism for the stifling heteronormativity of the HP books after DH came out), or she coldly and calculatedly left out overtly outing Dumbledore in the books so as to not lose readership. Both options leave me with far less respect for JKR than I used to have.
As to who owns the characters now? It's us. The NYT gets to keep believing Dumbledore was asexual. Crazy fanfiction writers get to keep believing Dumbledore had a hot affair with the giant squid of Hogwarts lake. Some of us will reread the books with Dumbledore-loved-Grindelwald in mind. Others will burn their books because OMG, this guy dresses flaboyantly and makes stupid jokes and is SO GAY it's disgusting. Still others will snicker a bit when they read Dumbledore saying, "Let us now step out into the night to pursue that flighty temptress, adventure."
Once published, characters belong to the reader's imaginations alone. I, for one, wish JKR would shut up and stop giving out arbitrary details about them.
- October 31, 2007 at 1:00 PM
What an awesome question!
When I'm submitting my clients' work, of course the characters are all THEIRS. But as a lifelong booklover, I can definitely see the other side as well. Reading is such an intimate experience. I defy anyone to tell me that Mr. Darcy isn't mine...ALL MINE!
- October 31, 2007 at 1:08 PM
- Don said...
Wow, suddenly it's 1989 and I'm sitting in Professor Reed's Critical Theories class. There are two key essays here by Wimsatt and Beardsley. The Intentional Fallacy and The Affective Fallacy. My education was heavily steeped in the New Criticism with a minor dose of Deconstructionism (which could be viewed as the fulfillment of New Criticism). The New Critical line would be that all that matters is what's in the text. To move on to Deconstructionism, we add in the idea that, there is no outside the text. So Rowling's statement is part of the text, but it doesn't have a privileged status because she wrote it. The Barry Trotter books, fan sites and even the comments on this blog could be considered part of the whole broad text. A good deconstructionist critique has a sense of play (in both the sense of "playing with toys" and play as freedom of movement) about it, which is somewhat unsettling in that there is not fixed meaning, but probably is closest to the truth about literature: After all, with Rowling's statement, the meaning of the text has changed whether you want it to be or not, just like reading a biography of an author can change one's perceptions of that author's work.
- October 31, 2007 at 1:14 PM
- Erik said...
"Ownership" is such a fascist bourgeois concept. Just let it go.
- October 31, 2007 at 1:19 PM
Gee, I always saw Dumbledore as having no sexual orientation -- at least, none at the point where the series begins. He's always seemed kind of like the Zen Master who has risen above earthly desires.
But that brings to mind a question: does anyone else think Rowling may be setting us all up for her next series, starting with Dumbledore's student days?
- October 31, 2007 at 1:27 PM
- Luc2 said...
Personally, I'd like to have some things left to my imagination. If it isn't clear in the books, the writer should leave it alone.
But this is a consequence of the publishing world becoming a business, IMO. Despite Rowling's reluctance to be in the spotlight, she has to give interviews, book signings etc., and is expected to say something interesting every time. And with a crowd of fans assaulting her with backstory questions, she found a good opportunity to get media coverage.
It's clear that fansites and blogs like this cover it, but I'm amazed that this was on every major news website and in big newspapers. THIS IS A FICTIONAL CHARACTER! People die daily of AIDS, war and famine, and Dumbledore hits the headlines.
It's time Paris Hilton did something stupid again.
- October 31, 2007 at 1:29 PM
Who owns fictional characters?
I do! (Bwahaha!)
Pay me.
I believe writing is like every other art: a collaboration. I put into it what I think ought to be there. You're free to fill in the rest, and get out of my words whatever you want. There doesn't have to be any correspondence between the two.
The books never stated he was gay. I never thought of him as gay, or indeed gave any thought to his sexuality. Now that she's finished writing the words, I can read them any way I like. Her comments in the press may indicate what she intended, but that's not the way the character of Dumbledore played in my head.
Of course, all this ignores the legal ramifications. If she owns the copyrights and trademarks, then in a very real sense she owns the character and I can't take my interpretation out for a walk among the words without proper authorization.
- October 31, 2007 at 1:40 PM
- Christopher M. Park said...
I think that Orson Scott Card said it best in his introduction to his 1991 edition of ENDER'S GAME:
"The story of ENDER'S GAME is not this book, though it has that title emblazoned on it. The story is one that you and I will construct together in your memory. If the story means anything to you at all, then when you remember it afterward, think of it, not as something I created, but rather as something that we made together."
I read that many years ago, and it has stuck with me ever since. It bothers me a lot that Rowling announced that Dumbledore was gay like she did, and I think readers are certainly free to interpret his character as asexual or however else they want to, as long as it is consistent with the (mostly scant) textual evidence regarding his sexuality.
Now, if Rowling had made this revelation in due course as part of one of her novels, that would have been a different matter. She's perfectly free to do whatever she likes with her characters in the context of her writing, and that's a license held exclusively by her as far as I'm concerned. If she had revealed him to be gay in the context of the story, I would have been fine with it, although admittedly I prefer the vision of him as a great wizard above sexual concerns, as the times article notes. But it would have been her choice, since it was her work.
I think it's rather cheap in general for authors to explain backstory outside of their actual novels. Certainly it's not a problem with minor details such as specific age, birthplace, etc, that just wouldn't come up in the story -- but anything that seemingly flies in the face of textual evidence, or comes as a shock, or even seems a stretch based on textual evidence (as this does) shouldn't be revealed outside the narrative, in my opinion.
This would be like if George Lucas had revealed in an interview that Darth Vader is Luke Skywalker's father, after only making the original movie. How horrible would that have been? Certainly there was foreshadowing for that revelation, but if it had been revealed outside the narrative of the movies it would have seemingly lost all truth and meaning.
I believe that the author has the exclusive right to do anything they want with their worlds and characters, but only in the context of their narratives themselves. Once those pages are in the hands of the readers, the readers are going to make their own inferences and come to their own personal understanding, right or wrong. A later work can certainly cause readers to revise that personal understanding -- all the best sequels do this to some degree -- but this is expanding the story, not clarifying it in interviews or endnotes. At least, that's my take.
- October 31, 2007 at 1:46 PM
- Jason said...
The author gets first dibs on the character, but when she gives him to the reader the character belongs to them.
In this case, JK is done with Potter Books. If she wanted a gay wizard, she could have made one, but she gave him to the world, announced that she's done, THEN said he's gay. Doesn't even matter now--she didn't bother to say it when it mattered.
Without the readers, where would authors be?
- October 31, 2007 at 1:50 PM
- Kaleb Nation said...
the author has the final say: after all, there's so many cut scenes between the original and the final book that the author still has in their head that the reader doesn't ever get to see: of course they know all the innermost secrets that may never even appear on the page!
- October 31, 2007 at 1:56 PM
- Erik said...
Guys, while you tell us about what makes up a fictional character, why not talk about something supposedly real?
Many people have different opinions about me. Some might see me as a very loving person, some as an intelligent one, some as a complete SOB (to put it nicely). Who's right? Who gets to "decide"? It's a ridiculous concept from the start. After I'm dead people will still have opinions about me, so it's not as if it's really my call anyways.
So, tell me, why is a fictional character all that different? Why would you treat something that your senses tell you is "real" any different than what your imagination cooks up?
There's never any one "right" answer, and there's no such thing as "ownership". You see the world one way, and I another. Claiming anyone has a claim that is more valid than anyone else is a very silly thing to say.
(I'd stick to the pithy translations of my ideas into ordinary speech, but no one seemed to get that, either).
- October 31, 2007 at 2:10 PM
Roland Barthe said the author is dead as soon as his or her text is published, because then, provided the book is read at all, people will (mis)read it, appropriate it, etc. As for Dumbledore, I see him not so much gay as a healthy participant in our homosocial society, where men invest their feelings into other men. Dumbledore chases after Voldemort and Harry Potter for seven long books. No, wait, he dies at the end of the sixth book. But anyway he dies happily, struck by a phallus...umm a wand. And he is buried, hugging another...umm wand, the one he got, after he castrated...umm defeated another wizard (I forget his name). Maybe that's what Rowling tried to tell us.
- October 31, 2007 at 2:27 PM
- Dwight's Writing Manifesto said...
Frankly, I'm much more shocked and concerned by A.A. Milne's bombshell confession that Senator Pooh's anti-Heffalum voting record ran completely counter to his late life Woozle dalliances.
Stuffed yella HYPOCRITE!
- October 31, 2007 at 2:28 PM
- Katherine E. Hazen said...
Heh, how funny, my boyfriend and I had a big debate about this last night because of the Dumbledore being gay thing.
My take: It's very important to note that the actually quote was "I always thought of Dumbledore as gay." Not, Dumbledore is* gay. Whether he is gay or straight is relatively unimportant to the story. So much so that it is never addressed. I've come to think of it as being similar to having a character whose eye color is never mentioned. It's obviously a trait that is there, but it's not so important to the character that it was mentioned. So if I think of them as having blue eyes, my boyfriend thinks of them as having green eyes, and JK Rowling thinks of them as having brown eyes, does it matter? For each of us it's one little detail from our imagination that helped cement who that character is/what they looked like.
As a writer those are the types of things that I hope help make a character more real for my readers. If it was important I would just put it out there and if not, well, using your imagination is a huge part of what makes reading great. Why read if not to take the author's world and explore it, making it a little bit your own?
So Dumbledore being gay? I think it suits his character and I always thought of him as such, so it's no change to me. My boyfriend who wants so badly to think of Dumbledore as straight (not because of a homophobia issue but because he always thought of Dumbledore as "getting all the ladies"), let him. Let the little nerdy boys' imaginations run wild and cement those characters and give them hope for growing up to be big nerdy men who can get a woman. :D
- October 31, 2007 at 2:39 PM
- Sirena said...
I think that the character belongs to the author, which is why they can kill them off in the middle of a heart-wrenching series.
However, and isn't there always one of those or their first cousin "but", readers develop an emotional stake in a character. The characters in the books become what they see in their minds eye. An author could write a story and very clearly describe the character only to have someone come back and say, "I thought she had brown hair, not blond."
I think this emotional stake is why so many readers become disillusioned by writers when they change a character the reader has come to love. So in the case of ownership, I side with the author but I can empathize with the reader completely.
In the case of Dumbledore being gay, I feel that it doesn't have much bearing on the overall theme of the stories. I'm not a fan of J.K. Rowling (let the lynching begin) but I have suffered through three of the Harry Potter books looking for the same thing that people raved about. I think it is just silly to go back after all is said and done and say, "Oh, by the way, Dumbledore is gay." It leads to that whole problem about readers feeling betrayed by the writer after they have placed their trust and given the characters an emotional stake in their literary lives.
Sorry about this, it became more of a rant than an opinion.
- October 31, 2007 at 2:40 PM
- Dave Wood said...
A book is a collaboration between the writer and the readers isn't it? Surely the author only 'owns' the character, or any other aspect of the story, until s/he shares the story -- then it can't be taken back.
It sounds like some people feel Rowling tried to take Dumbledore back from them. In this case, though, she was sharing her backstory for Dumbledore, responding to a question about whether he had ever loved anyone. Rowling's answer was basically, "Yes, but maybe not who you'd expect." Maybe, in the sixth book, Dumbledore should have said to Harry, "I knew a boy who's hair..." Then the scriptwriter and everyone else wouldn't have been so confused. Personally, I'm glad he didn't camp it up around school, but I'm glad he found someone to love.
- October 31, 2007 at 2:41 PM
- Nathan Bransford said...
For the record, the exact quote from JK is:
"Dumbledore is gay, actually."
- October 31, 2007 at 3:06 PM
- jjdebenedictis said...
In books 1-6, JKR didn't give any hint Dumbles was gay, but in book 7, she DID. When I got to the end of book 7, I immediately thought, "Is Dumbledore gay? It seems like he's gay."
After all, as a young man, he had a fascination with Grindelwald that made more sense if it was a crush, and Elphias Doge was more devastated by Dumbledore's death than a mere friend should have been. The clues WERE there.
Plus Dumbledore wore that natty purple suit, y'know (book 6).
- October 31, 2007 at 3:07 PM
Notwithstanding legalities, I'd say it's a combination.
That said, keep in mind that I'm basing this opinion on fan fiction, which I write, so I am familiar with those "rules". If it's in the book, it is canon. If it is implied, it is canon, but up for interpretation. But if it never came up anywhere in published form (not including press releases ;) ), it is author canon. The author could later change their mind, or find that a particular characteristic doesn't work after all once he/she tries to write it in; but once it is published, it becomes canon.
Example: S.E. Hinton once commented that her character of Sodapop, in The Outsiders, died in Vietnam shortly before his 19th birthday. People went nuts. Girls were crying themselves to sleep. It later came out that, no, it was the boy who the character was based on that died, and she gave this information to Rob Lowe during the filming of the movie to help him better connect with the character. Still, fans were assuming this was canon, and anything that diverged from this future was wrong.
I think that S.E. might be wishing this little bit of information had never gotten out because of how blown out of proportion it was. In a recent radio interview in which she was asked about her thoughts on fan fiction, Ms. Hinton stated that we should feel free to create our own back stories, futures, etc. for her characters, as the only canon that really counts is what is in the book.
Now, at the same time, I also think that there is a certain window of expectations that readers view the story through. For some it is a little wider than for others (I'm actually picturing a bell curve here), and it's easier to interpret the story more loosely. As individual as this is, though, the closer you get to the edges, as either the author or the person interpreting the characters, the less believable you're going to be, and the more people will be telling you that you aren't being true to the character(s).
- October 31, 2007 at 3:13 PM
- Dwight's Writing Manifesto said...
Oh c'mon! It was there all along!
The purple robes. The tastefully decorated study. Thin, neat, lifelong bachelor. Grindewald. The way he could host a killer party.
Right at the part in Book Three where Harry walks in and catches Dumbledore watching the Bravo Channel marathon in the pensive, I was all "AH HA!"
I'm tellin' you, JK was dropping hints like Snoop drops the beat.
- October 31, 2007 at 3:24 PM
- Linnea said...
That's easy. No one. Characters, like people, can't be OWNED. (unless you're into slavery but that's a whole other thing)Just because I've created an individual doesn't mean they belong to me. Nor do they belong to the reader. Like any author there comes a point when my characters run ahead of me, bent on doing their own thing. All I do is follow. If that isn't freedom, I don't know what is!
- October 31, 2007 at 3:37 PM
- Neptoon said...
The author owns control over the lives and personalities of his characters. The readers get to judge those personalities, deciding whether to love them or to hate them.
I have read every single HP book, even travelled over to Oahu to see the movies on large screens, but at no time did I ever wonder(or care) who Professor Dumbledore was doing. It has never been an issue.
Of course, I never ponder the sexual preference pendulum of the other octogenarians I see either.
- October 31, 2007 at 3:56 PM
I think fictional characters are open to interpretation, but since the author decides what they actually do, I'd say it is their character when it all comes down to it.
And as a die-hard Harry (technically Voldy, but he died in 7 so I hated the book) fan, I'd just like to comment to the Dumbledore discussion: How much does this really change the story? Everything still happens the way it always has, its not like the words are going to rearrange themselves to be like, "Dumbledore is SO gay!" He's still Dumbledore, he still did everything Rowling said, and he is still the same person. I don't get why people make such a big deal out of it. Besides, Voldemort had been just such a better character and history and everything up until he dies... :P
"Hissy hissy, little snakey,
Slither on the floor.
You be good to Morfin,
Or he'll nail you to the door." <3
- October 31, 2007 at 4:59 PM
- Kim Stagliano said...
I think the key words are, "...on the page." It's absurd to me that Rowling is carrying on about her characters after the series as ended. Especially since the prologue was so disappointing telling only what one character does for a living. (Neville, herbology instructor.) When I find out if Steph Plum marries Joe Morelli it had better be in a book and not Janet Evanovich (be right back, I need to genuflect for a mo') OK, I'm back... Right then. Not when Janet Evanovich mentions it to Oprah or Ellen while tucking her breast back into her shirt.....
- October 31, 2007 at 5:25 PM
- Anne-Marie said...
I thought the story was that Rowling's quote came after she saw a script for the upcoming movie, where the screenwriter had written something in about Dumbledore in his young days and his affections for a young woman. Her reply was that it needed to be scratched out because he was gay, and would therefore not have had the girlie crush. At least, that's how it was reported here.
- October 31, 2007 at 5:35 PM
- Dave Wood said...
I wonder is Rowling 'discovered' this about the character late in the series as she was reviewing the earlier books. Granted, it seems a biggie, and she does seem to have planned out all sorts of little details about the later series before she published the first book. But when I'm revising, I discover new, sometimes major, things about my characters or events. I love that process, and it's not a problem during revision, but in a series where the first books are already published an author can't really revise, only add on -- and carefully, at that.
- October 31, 2007 at 5:44 PM
- Josephine Damian said...
Nathan... a suggestion....
Since Ginger was such a hit, how about some other CB agents as future guest bloggers...
Maybe we can hear from a co-worker looking for other genres different from what you and Ginger are looking for? Like thrillers? Mysteries? Someone who doesn't mind a dead body or two! :-)
Or chick lit agents? WF? Historicals? Literary? Humor? Vampires?
- October 31, 2007 at 5:47 PM
- Nathan Bransford said...
Um, I represent all of the genres you listed, but yes -- I'm hoping to have some other agents brave the blogspot and will hopefully have some more guest posts. Stay tuned.
- October 31, 2007 at 5:52 PM
I checked out your Publishersmarketplace.com page.
One question: Are the books you display at the bottom of the web page all the books you have sold since joining Curtis Brown in 2006?
Quite a few of the PM agent sites list the books they have sold recently, even if they haven't yet gone to press.
It would be very helpful for those of us considering working with you to know how many books have you sold over the past year and what kind of books they were.
- October 31, 2007 at 6:17 PM
- Kimber An said...
Admittedly, I've never read any Harry Potter books or watched any of the movies. The premise never interested me. Still, I really can't understand what the fuss is about. Why does it matter what his orientation is? It's much ado about nothing.
I don't think anyone but the author, the publishing profressionals in contract with her, and anyone licensed by her should make money off the characters. However, once a book is released, the characters belong to everyone to interpret and enjoy or not.
- October 31, 2007 at 6:20 PM
- Nathan Bransford said...
For various reasons (which I'll blog about at some point) I don't always report my deals to PublishersMarketplace, and thus I think if I listed the deals I handled at the bottom of my page it would be misleading because it would be incomplete. But this is something I'm always happy to talk about with my prospective clients.
- October 31, 2007 at 6:22 PM
- ORION said...
I create a whole backstory and history including likes and dislikes for my characters- even though none may ever reach the page it allows me as a writer to be able see them more authentically- The author initiates this process by writing the book -- the reader completes this process by reading it and provides their own reality - Who's right?
Whoever's head you're in!
- October 31, 2007 at 6:35 PM
- Andrew said...
I'm not a Harry Potter reader, but I guess my answer is that in an increasingly metatextual world, fictional characters take on an existence of their own, and as readers, we choose how to take it. If you want to read/watch then let your imagination take it from there, great. If you want to check out blogs, web interviews, deleted scenes, commentary tracks, etc., then you're likely to be introduced to new information about the "author's intent." If you're interested in it, then it's a real part of the character. If you're not... then stay away from it. Of course, when there's a media blitz about it, it's harder to ignore.
And perhaps that's why I never got into Harry Potter. I knew that my reading of it would be overshadowed by the publicity and public discussion.
- October 31, 2007 at 7:39 PM
- Stephanie Zvan said...
Nathan, the Guardian has the other quote. I suspect they're both from different parts of the conversation.
As for me, I think Rowling had just as much right to answer her reader's question as the reader did to ask it. Whether other readers wanted to know is beside the point (and something to take up with reporters and editors instead of the author). The two of them were continuing the conversation of the book.
- October 31, 2007 at 7:50 PM
- K.C. Shaw said...
The author gets final say. I mean, come ON, the author invented the character. The reader is the end-user.
- October 31, 2007 at 7:50 PM
- Kim Stagliano said...
Epilogue. I meant epilogue. Since my epilady incident and my steadfast refusal of epidurals I have struggle with that suffix, er, prefix.
Sure she owns her characters - but don't sneak me info after the fact. It just sits funny with me, not sure why. Probably because I did feel so invested in the world she created. I don't want dribs and drabs coming out. I literally and metaphorically closed the book on Harry. Enough. Do you think I need a life? I do.
- October 31, 2007 at 8:34 PM
- Mary said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- October 31, 2007 at 8:40 PM
- Mary said...
I read the first three or four Harry Potters, and Dumbledore's sexuality never crossed my mind. On screen, however, he was definitely played with a touch of camp.
Which leads me to wonder what it must be like for an author, who is in the process of writing a series at the same time as the preceding novels are being interpreted in film.
On the question of ownership: give life then let go.
- October 31, 2007 at 9:11 PM
- Matt said...
Property is theft. Intellectual property is just... um. Intellectual theft?
No, wait. That's stupid.
I think on a legal level, if JK Rowling doesn't own Dumbledore, she's not the business person she seems to be (which is to say, extremely savvy).
I tend to disagree with the poster who said she blew it. I think that representing Dumbledore as overtly gay in the novels would have hurt sales, and that answering the news conference question as she did probably helped sales.
I also tend to believe that this particular revelation enriches the subtext of the novel. And the fact that people are having this conversation three weeks (or is it only two) after the news conference says something about the strong emotions Rowling has evoked about her characters, which, you know: good writers do that.
It also, to bring us to the philosophical underpinnings of Our Gracious Host's question, says something about the feeling of ownership of these characters that her readership already has. As I said, Rowling almost certainly owns the rights to her characters, and if she wants to write a Young Dumbledore series in which his sexuality is frankly discussed, she can, and good luck stopping her.
But I doubt she will (v. her savvy business sense).
However, at some point, I suspect that we will all be dead, and people will be reading Harry Potter books. At that point, of course, there will be people talking about Dumbledore's sexuality with footnotes and citations and erudite examples. They will surely get an A when they make a sound argument, regardless of their actual position on the subject, for that's what college is all about.
Their subsequent (or perhaps preceding) essay will be on the sexuality of Hamlet. Yeah, there are people who care. Amazing, huh?
Here, incidentally, is a link to an unofficial transcript of the Q&A session where she dropped the bomb. Don't know if the <a> tag works here, on blogger, or if that lt gt thing will either. Here's hoping for the universality of HTML.
- October 31, 2007 at 9:21 PM
- Jordyn said...
Since I have absolutely ZERO interest in Harry Potter, I'm just going to answer the bigger question of who owns fictional characters.
My answer: The author, through and through. They created the character, they thought up the story; it's their world.
That being said, there's nothing stopping the reader from thinking of the characters differently than the author intends. Like my dad said when I told him my cousin considers me and my guy friend dating, "She can consider whatever she wants. She can consider you guys MARRIED if that's what she wants to believe."
Self-delusion, people. It's a beautiful thing.
- October 31, 2007 at 9:30 PM
- Dr. Dume said...
Seems to me that if Dumbledore being gay or straight doesn't affect the story, there's no need for it to be spelled out in the books. This was all because some film-maker wanted to add in a girlfriend for Dumbledore, and he never had one. Ghoul friends, maybe.
Do the books say whether Harry Potter is white, black, yellow or brown? The cover art and the films say he's white, but is it specified in the books, I wonder?
As to whether an author owns characters, I'm more worried about whether the characters own me. Sometimes it's hard to tell.
- October 31, 2007 at 10:08 PM
- Michelle Moran said...
I think v.l. smith put it most succinctly. While your children may be linked to you genetically, and while they may have spent their earliest years with you, at some point they grow up and join the real world. "They become influenced by new people and new perspectives."
Writers can do their best to shape a character, but ultimately, characters belong to the reader. After all, a character may come alive on a page, but they will only speak once a book is opened. It's the reader who brings them to life -- in their own mind.
So perhaps it's joint ownership?
- October 31, 2007 at 10:28 PM
- Ello said...
Author hands down! Unless I disagree with the author, and then it is the reader, absolutely! ;o)
- October 31, 2007 at 11:02 PM
- midnight oil said...
To me it is a matter of intent vs. impact. what we say or write vs. what we mean in our heads against the way it is accepted in someone elses mind. (Cnfused?) I write with the ultimate desire to touch someone in the world, even if it is just one. The story boils through their mind and comes alive. It is the reader who ultimately creates the character. And they will create the same one that I did if I did my job right.
- November 1, 2007 at 1:03 AM
Haha; I just had this discussion in my Humanities 200 class! The point that was brought up was that the author has no power over the characters once they have actually written down what they wish to write down. That they can't have a power-trip over making sure that every little detail is understood. Or, that there is "no reality outside of the book". So, if it's not there, it's not there, and it's free game!
I don't know how much I agree, but I like the idea of "no reality outside of the book"; that's why fanfiction is so awesome, because it builds alternate worlds outside of the reality.
- November 1, 2007 at 1:39 AM
- cathellisen said...
When I read the last HP book, I thought the relationship was not all that subtle. So I wasn't overly surprised when JK announced Dumbledore's sexuality.
Authors generally have a pretty good idea of the background and history of their characters (it's all the false starts we have :P) and if the author says such and such a character is gay, then in their world he is. How the reader's choose to interpret this is a different story. The writer has no control over that.
Personally, I'm happy that she outed him, because I like being right. *grin*
- November 1, 2007 at 1:42 AM
- Scott said...
As long as the author's statements aren't directly contradicted by the text, then I think the author's words have weight.
Even better is if the author's extratextual comments are actually supported by the text.
- November 1, 2007 at 9:10 AM
- sex scenes at starbucks said...
I like that different people take different things from characters. It's one of the joys. A perfectly formed, unread character is a sad, sad thing indeed.
- November 1, 2007 at 10:16 AM
Fiction is a tender dance between author and reader. The author leads, hopefully gives the reader a few good twirls around the floor, and the reader follows in his/her own style to complete the turns and help execute a graceful dip or lift at the end.
Adding details about characters after the fact is like the leader trying to throw in a few fancy steps after the last pas-de-deux; it's anticlimactic and should have happened within the context of the dance. If JK really wanted Dumbledore to be gay, she should have written it into at least one of her books. I read them all and never got that about him. But knowing his orientation would have made his inner conflict ever so much sharper and understandable.
- November 1, 2007 at 11:02 AM
The thing that's frustrating about this debate (not the debate on this blog, but the greater Dumbledore debate) is that it feels like it's about homophobia, not character representation.
JK Rowling was ASKED a question about Dumbledore's love life, so she answered. It's not like she randomly issued a press release about his orientation.
If she had been asked a question about his favorite type of pasta and she said "linguini with pesto sauce" would there have been an outcry like this? "No, I thought it was fettucini alfredo!" "How can she say this, it's not in the books?" No, people would have accepted it as a detail of his background that helped her make him more real on the page.
If his sexual orientation didn't matter in the books, it shouldn't matter now. Just like in real life, it doesn't change anything about the person.
- November 1, 2007 at 12:16 PM
- Tom Burchfield said...
My feeling is that no matter how hard I try, I eventually wind up giving up control of my characters, hell, my whole book. My intentions only get me so far, and while, I hope that most readers will understand it as I do, there may be more than a few who interpret it in their own peculiar way. If someone wants to read my novel "The Vampire of Alpine Canyon" (sorry for the plug)as a perverse portrayal of Santa Claus, there's little I can do. No matter how many circles I run screaming "I didn't SAY that!" they're going to insist otherwise. I am hopeful any alternative interpretations are intelligent ones.
This reminds me of a story a friend told me: Her father had been a hobo riding the rails during the Great Depression and used to bore her for hours and days on end with his stories of the hardships he faced during that time.
She always dreaded having to listen to these stories . . . until the time came when she read "The Grapes of Wrath." by John Steinbeck. After she finished, she ran to her father in tears, crying: "I've just read 'The Grapes of Wrath!' Now I understand everything you went through!"
Her father glared at her: "That man was a lousy, stinking Communist," he said. "Everything in that book is a lie."
- November 1, 2007 at 12:19 PM
She never wrote about Dumbldore's oreination in the actual books therefore since she not writing them any more I do not think she can change anything like that. Although there was a part about people gossiping on whether Harry and the wizard had a thing going everyone who was reading knew that wasnt true because all the main characters Harry, Ron, and Hermione all were straight and had relantionships. Anyways I'm sure out of everyone who ever read those books not everyones going to have heard about what she's said. Thank you for bringing up this topic so I can form my own opinion.
- November 1, 2007 at 1:04 PM
This question (and you're not the only one asking it, Nathan) is interesting in itself to me. I mean, really the point is: who cares about Dumbledore's sexuality? Harry Potter certainly didn't, and that's why it wasn't in the books. Ardent fans (I'm one of them) want to know about everything in JK Rowling's head, and they do care.
But JK's revealed a lot of backstory that wasn't in the books. Why is Dumbledore's gayness the "revelation" causing a discussion about authorial control? I think the discussion says much more about our culture than it does about Dumbledore. And, ultimately, people are putting their own ideas of gayness into their reading of Dumbledore now.
So...the answer the question is: both - the author, JK Rowling, gave us more information about one of her characters and readers are still interpreting the books the way they want to.
- November 1, 2007 at 1:19 PM
- Josephine Damian said...
Nathan: OK. Point taken. You are casting a wide net with your posted submission list and especially with the "anything else" you happen to like. I understand as a young agent you're eager to keep your options open, submission-wise.
But some agents who represent mysteries prefer the cozy kind to the hard boiled, or historical romance to erotica, and I'm sure if I knew enough about SF, I'd list some differences.
I know in the past you said "Fight Club" was male ennui, but I always thought of the Richard Ford and Richard Russo books that way - I thought of "FC" as urban fantasy (I only recently got an education in what UF means). Sometimes a writer's idea of what a genre is is different from the agent's.
BookEndsLLC agent Jacky reps a cozy mystery writer friend of mine. I have a referal from my friend, but I doubt I'd ever submit to her because my stuff is hard-boiled.
My approach to agents is to read their clients' books- I have a better sense of what my chances with an agent are by reading their clients' books and asking myself - realistically - if my book is similar to theirs.
- November 1, 2007 at 1:25 PM
Late...always late.
While it's a nice thought to give in to letting the reader have their say, the problem with that is there will be endless readers (or so the author hopes) and that makes for endless, and inconclusive, interpretation.
So then, for sake of finality, if for some wild reason finality becomes necessity, Author-ity.
- November 1, 2007 at 4:34 PM
- Jan said...
Well, the author owns the character and certainly thinks all manner of things about her character. But "book" isn't fluid...it exists in black-and-white on the page. If Rowling always thought of Dumbledore as a big fluffy sheep, it doesn't change the fact that the character in the book was not written as a big fluffy sheep.
If what the author thinks is in direct conflict with what she wrote (as it is in this case -- she thought of his motivation in a pivotal moment in the book being motivated by young romantic love, but wrote it as being motivated by loyalty to a friend during a dark time in Dumbledore's life...and wrote it just about the bluntly too) then one of two things happened.
(1) The author chose to write something different from what she always thought -- for whatever reason, it fit better, it was less controversial, whatever. In which case, she intentionally chose something different from what she always thought -- which is an author's right. Though it means the character in print is now ... well, the character.
(2) the author can't seem to figure out how to put the character in print the way she always saw him -- which is just bad writing.
Pretty much, there isn't a third option in a case where what was written is very clear and blunt where the author has never played games with other characters in similar situations (for example, Snape's feelings for Lilly were never presented loyalty to a best pal). She has no history of making you guess if characters were motivated by loyalty or romantic love (well, except in who Harry would end up with, but that was part of the fun and eventually revealled in the books) so ... there is no logical reason to have written the character contrary to how she saw him and still hold on to how she saw him.
- November 1, 2007 at 7:01 PM
Dwight said The purple robes. The tastefully decorated study. Thin, neat, lifelong bachelor. Grindewald. The way he could host a killer party.
What does any of that have to do with being gay? Or are we dealing in stereotypes here...
- November 2, 2007 at 8:20 AM
- Danette Haworth said...
I'd say the author owns the characters--she wrote them knowing all their secret backstories.
Great page on PM. I'm a short story addict (especially flash)--The Star Above Veracruz might be up my alley.
- November 3, 2007 at 12:02 AM
- writtenwyrdd said...
Legally, due to copyright, the writers own the character (unless they give up said rights)... However, seems to me that once that puppy gets published, the readers get to have their way with the characters, just like they do with the meaning and intent. No matter what the author says it was intended to say, the public ultimately defines the work. Just like poetry.
- November 4, 2007 at 11:02 AM
- Chumplet said...
Kinda makes you wonder about Frodo, doesn't it? But we can't ask J.R.R. why he never married.
Personally, I suspected Dumbedore was gay anyway. And I didn't care. He made certain choices during his life because of love, and they influenced the outcome of the book.
Readers don't own the characters, but they are welcome to their own interpretation of the characters.
- November 4, 2007 at 11:43 AM
Kinda makes you wonder about Frodo, doesn't it? But we can't ask J.R.R. why he never married.
He never married because he was slowly dying and he knew he was dying -- and he also knew that he could never give him himself fully to life in the Shire again. Besides, he was raised by Bilbo, a confirmed bachelor.
- November 4, 2007 at 9:24 PM
- Heather B. Moore said...
I think JK made a mistake in the way that she informed her audience. It was like an afterthought . . . If the series wasn't finished, it would be a different story. I don't care if Dumbledore is gay or not--it doesn't change the story for me--but she should've had the guts to write it into his character. I don't think did. Or if she "thinks" she did, she didn't do it well. Pointing out an obscure sentence/scene after the fact just doesn't make sense.
- November 9, 2007 at 7:09 PM


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subset: commoncrawl


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What do we want? Eve's book! When do we want it? ...Soon! (Preorder now; it releases 10/20.)I drafted a chapter on art as a vocation but cut it because I couldn't figure out a structure, which is always a sign that my thinking is disjointed and either muddled or in some important respect incomplete. Fortunately, in a blog post I can just post a listicle and call it a day. YOU'RE WELCOME. So, you know, here are some points about art as a vocation, especially a vocation for gay/queer/same-sex … [Read more...]
Art as a Vocation: Gay and Catholic Book Extra!
September 6, 2014 by
Probably from "Sculpting in Time: The Great Russian Filmmaker Discusses His Art"
May 10, 2013 by
"What is art?," asked Tarkovsky. "Like a declaration of love: the consciousness of our dependence on each other. A confession. An unconscious act that none the less reflects the true meaning of life—love and sacrifice." --I found it here … [Read more...]


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For further information please contact us:
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For more information look at the Journey planner.
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Hi all,
I have a pro peak EQ-6+ balancer but do not have the instructions. I can work out the basics of using it but there are one or two extra functions that I want to know about. Does anyone have a copy of the instructions which they can copy, scan or take a picture of. There is a toggle switch on the balancer which toggles between "S" and "M" which as more than one of these balancers can be connected together at the same time, I would guess is Single & Multiple but I want to make sure before I try balancing any batteries with it. (Mad Hatter - just to confirm, this thread is about a LIPO balancer and NOT S&M so no one is going to get zapped when I flick the switch)
Last edited by JOHN GB; 12-05-2011 at 01:19 PM. Reason: spelling
I managed to obtain a photocopy of the required instructions and the switch was not multi / single as I thought but slave / master and before anyone asks, this is still a post about a lipo balancer.
Hi all,
I have a Pro-Peak Taurus charger, read all instructions. When cennecting one cell directly to a charger it can charge and discharge the battery, no problem but when i try to connect two even cells (cell's from dead laptop battery, tested=ok) to a lipo balancer charger shows error that batteries not connected. Tried many different ways to connect, no luck, same error. With a charger shipped two EQ-6+ Li-Po balancers, it's not posible that they shiped both dead...
Could someone, that have same charger ar balancer's post few photos, how to connect it all corectly. I would be very grateful
Last edited by softrulez; 25-02-2012 at 05:12 PM.


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Arts, Performing Arts, Kids & Family, TV & FilmFollow
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Sherlock Holmes Adventures was fictional detective of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who first appeared in publication in 1887. He was devised by British author and doctor Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A brilliant London-based detective, Holmes is famous for his prowess at using logic and astute observation to solve cases. He is perhaps the most famous fictional detective, and indeed one of the best known and most universally recognizable literary characters. Now available from the very fist episode throughout the life of this great radio show only here, were the oldies are still young!
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Welcome The Vox Markets Podcast with Justin Waite A new episode is released daily, giving you interviews with CEO's, market commentators and the stock of the day as suggested by listeners to the podcast.


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After taking all six points while visiting Michigan State on Nov. 30-Dec. 1, Ohio State entered a losing skid that eventually included just one win in 10 games.
That streak was ended last week when the Buckeyes captured their third Central Collegiate Hockey Association sweep of the season, as Ohio State earned 3-2 and 6-1 wins over visiting Lake Superior State in Value City Arena.
The trick is to keep those good vibes going this weekend when the Buckeyes host No. 9 Notre Dame Friday and Saturday night at 7 p.m. at Value City arena, but head coach Mark Osiecki doesn't think that will be a concern after watching a few days of practice.
"I don't think their attitudes changed one bit coming back right away with practice," Osiecki said. "We didn't have to get on them. We didn't have to do anything differently. If anything, we had to ease up a bit."
The third-year head coach mentioned giving the team Tuesday off as it tries to rest some weary legs with a month and change left in the regular season, and Wednesday's practice was sharp in the eyes of the coaching staff.
The Buckeyes are continuing to build on the chemistry that started to show against the Lakers. Building that has been difficult all year given a number of injuries, and the team's offense showed that fact, averaging less than two goals per game before last weekend.
Osiecki admitted some of the nine goals the team scored weren't brilliant, more a function of throwing the puck on net than anything else, but he did like the fact the team was able to move from defense to offense and transition quickly on a number of the tallies.
"It's fun for our staff to see that and see that get rewarded because they've been doing so many good things," Osiecki said. "We just have to stick with it and remain patient."
Welcome Back
Looking for why the Buckeyes are showing much more life on offense of late? There might be no better reason than the returns to health of freshmen Anthony Greco and Sam Jardine.
The two first-year players – the former a forward, the latter a defenseman – were both injured in an early-November series vs. Alaska and missed a good chunk of the season, and both have returned since the year flipped to 2013.
They've both made an offensive impact in that time, as Jardine has four assists in his first six games back on the blue line, while Greco has two goals and two helpers in four contests.
Considering the two were sounding boards for one another when they were out, it's only fitting they're linked together as part of OSU's resurgent offense.
"We kind of vented to each other a lot," Greco admitted. "It was unfortunate that he was out, but it was also nice at the same time to have somebody with me. When the team left, he was here with me, so it was good to have him."
Both are happy to be contributing in recent games, as well. Greco's speed has added another dimension to the team's offense, and he's proved to be an opportunistic finisher as well.
"I'm an offensive forward, and it's important to produce but not overlook playing strong defensively and getting back on the rush and stuff like that," he said. "It's been good."
Meanwhile, Jardine is part of a power play that has started to show life with three man-up goals in the last three games.
"You get played wherever and you deal with that," he said. "If I'm on the power play, that's fantastic, and I'm going to try to do my best to help the team that way. I think that goes for everybody else on the team, but we're going to work to adapt the roles that the coaches give us and work to make the best out of everything we're given."
Now, the key is for the two players to keep chipping in while getting more and more up to speed. The two must balance getting their legs back after the long layoffs while getting used to the speed of college hockey after missing much of the first half, but the Buckeyes glad to see what they can do.
"It's been good so far," Greco said. "The first weekend was a little tough but I think it's slowly coming back. I think it's been going pretty well so far."
Flagging Irish Up Next
Notre Dame looked like it would run away with the CCHA title while winning 11 of its first 12 conference games, but the Irish have hit a skid that has dropped them to third in the league. Overall Notre Dame is 16-10-0, good for a tie for 14th in the PairWise rankings, with a 12-6-0-0 league mark. ND is the only team in the conference not to tie a game thus far.
The Irish is just 2-6 since the new year, including a five-game conference losing streak it snapped last Saturday with a win vs. Ferris State. Still, the team is second in the league with 2.85 goals per game and third in defense at 2.04 allowed, and it has 12 NHL draft picks including forward T.J. Tynan, who the Columbus Blue Jackets picked in the third round of the 2011 draft.
"They're obviously coached very well, but they have high-end, blue-chip players," Osiecki said. "You look up and down their roster at how many of those guys have been NHL draft picks, and a lot of those guys are going to play in the NHL. They have a blue-chip roster and are very deep."
Anders Lee tops the CCHA with 14 goals on the season and has a team-high 23 points. Tynan has eight goals and 13 helpers, while Bryan Rust has a 6-12-18 line and Mario Lucia has 16 points in 17 games and participated on the U.S. team at the World Junior Championships, at which Osiecki was an assistant coach.
On the blue line, Robbie Russo leads the way with a 5-12-17 line while Kevin Lind is plus-12.
The teams last met in the CCHA quarterfinals a season ago, with the Irish winning a best-of-three series, 2-0, in South Bend.


text:
|Wang, Q
|Klassen, Waldemar
|Handoo, Zafar
|Abdul Baki, Aref
|Bryan, H
|Li, Y
Submitted to: Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings
Publication Type: Proceedings
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/22/2002
Publication Date: 9/22/2002
Citation: Wang, Q., Klassen, W., Handoo, Z.A., Abdul Baki, A.A., Bryan, H.H., Li, Y. 2002. Influence of summer cover crops on soil nematodes in a tomato field. Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings 62:86-91. Interpretive Summary: Nematodes are microscopic worms that cause a ten-billion-dollar crop loss in the United States each year. These losses will increase because the most widely used chemical pesticide used to kill soil nematodes will soon be prohibited from use. One approach to solving the problem of designing new, safe means of controlling nematodes is through the use of cover crops. Cover crops are plants that nematodes will not infect; these plants can be grown to potentially reduce nematode numbers in soils. In this study, ARS and University of Florida scientists evaluate the effects of three legume cover crops on both harmful and beneficial nematode populations. The cover crops were sunn hemp, velvetbean, and cowpea. Control experiments included plots on which no plants were grown and plots treated with a common chemical mixture used to control nematodes, methyl bromide-chloropicrin. Tomato plants were subsequently raised on these plots, and the effects of the previous plantings with cover crops were compared to the controls. The results indicated that the cover crops suppressed populations of plant-parasitic nematodes yet resulted in increased numbers of beneficial soil nematodes. The results are significant because these nematode-resistant cover crops may be promising candidates as replacements for chemical nematicides in some tomato production systems. This research will be used by scientists developing new methods for safely controlling nematode-induced crop losses, particularly in fresh-market tomato production systems.
Technical Abstract: A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects on populations of nematodes in tomato plots, some on which three legume cover crops (sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea; velvetbean, Mucuna deeringiana; and cowpea, Vigna unguiculata) had been grown, and some which had been kept as a weed-free fallow or treated with methyl bromide-chloropicrin (MC-33). At tomato flowering, weed-free fallow followed by MC-33 strongly suppressed populations of plant-parasitic nematodes. Sunn hemp strongly suppressed all plant-parasitic nematodes except Helicotylenchus spp. and Tylenchus sp.; velvetbean suppressed some plant-parasitic nematodes but not Helicotylenchus spp.; and cowpea strongly suppressed all plant-parasitic nematodes. In all treatments, however, populations of free-living soil nematodes thrived. At tomato fruit harvest time, the total numbers of free-living soil nematodes increased in all the treatments than plant-parasitic nematodes (eight-folds in cowpea, two folds in weed-free fallow plus MC-33 followed by some plant-parasitic nematodes (Helicotylenchus sp. and Pratylenchus sp.), 60% in sunhemp (with very little change in spiral and other taxa); and 10% in the velvetbean (with a modest build up of non-parasitic form Aphelenchus sp.). Nevertheless these nematode-resistant cover crops appear to be promising candidates as replacements for methyl bromide in tomato production systems.


text:
The IMF's judgment on the state of the UK economy today is unlikely to rattle either the Government or its critics.
The new report remarks that there has been some improvement, though the UK is still a long way from a strong recovery. This is no more than the Chancellor and the Governor of the Bank of England have been saying recently. Some of the prescriptions of the IMF, such as for bringing forward capital investment projects, are already ostensibly Government policy — although Mr Osborne is likely to reject the IMF's suggestion that his austerity policies are a "drag on growth".
There are some points of interest in the report, though. It suggests some "growth-enhancing initiatives" such as reducing marginal corporate tax rates to help investment, at the same time "broadening the property tax base" — a more contentious proposal than it sounds. But it also warns that the Government's Help to Buy scheme, described by the Governor as close to state underwriting for mortgages, could increase house prices, echoing former Chancellor Alistair Darling's recent warning.
There are other, more solid indicators today about the state of the economy. The latest estimate for government borrowing in 2012/13 showed that it was down slightly, though only by very little on the previous year. Meanwhile, retail sales last month were slow. Conversely, the FTSE is close to a record high, notwithstanding today's fall. Yesterday's April inflation figures, while still ahead of the Bank of England's target, were down. So the Chancellor can take some cautious comfort from the IMF and the latest figures — but so too can his critics. And for the moment, indications of growth are still too tentative to brag about.
More free schools
The news that 102 new free schools will open across the country from September next year, including 46 in London, is welcome. Free schools constitute only a tiny proportion of state provision but they may prove a useful means of providing hitherto unmet needs, whether for special needs teaching or for schools focusing on more academic subjects. The sheer diversity is impressive: one of the 46 is a Marylebone boys school which will offer both Latin and philosophy; another, the East London Academy of Music, has been set up by an electronics music producer to help young people enter the music industry.
One of the constraints has been the limited number of suitable premises in London: lifting some planning restrictions will help. But there are more fundamental problems: the free school programme does not really begin to address the shortage of primary places in London. Indeed, precisely because it depends on the initiative of parents and sponsors, it cannot systematically meet needs: that would require more direction from the Department for Education. Free schools are an addition to education provision but they are only ever a small part of the whole. For raising standards for all children, there is no substitute for Michael Gove's continuing efforts to raise standards across the board for both academic and vocational education. That's the real challenge.
Crossrail goes east
The Crossrail network already has a Midas touch of its own: its stations have an effect on local house prices and economies years before completion. So it is good news that there seems to be agreement on a funding package for a station at Woolwich, thanks to a deal between Greenwich Council and Berkeley Homes, which wants to build 15,000 new properties nearby. A station will make it easier for locals to travel to work. Win-win for all, then.
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text:
Toilet Flange
Hi, what type of screws and how long would be needed to install a PVC toilet flange to floor? Floor consist of ceramic tile, backerboard, and 3/4 plywood.
Thanks to all.
#14 x 2 1/4" stainless flathead sheetmetal screws
You also could use Tapcons, too.
For drilling through the tile, tap a starter point with an awl or tape a washer over the drill spot to keep the drill bit from "walking" away when you first start drilling.
Good Luck!
2-1/2" SS square tip heads, drill holes in tile first.
I used 3" SS on mine. It had the aluminum flange though.
A #12 or #14 stainless screw that would be @ 1/4" longer than all you have to penetrate should do just fine.
Ron, why do you prefer the square heads? I just started seeing the combo (square-slotted) heads in my area.
No reason, there cheaper and stronger then brass screws when securing closet flanges.
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Good Morning All,
I have a 2011 Honda CRV EX 4WD w/ 36500 miles. I just bought out the lease & previously maintained the car through the original Honda dealer. I'm wondering if I should consider an extended warranty offered by my financier USAA which I believe is really Assurint or United something or other company (confirming). I've read a lot of good reviews on the warranty, however I'm concerned I'll surpass it well before the car is paid off in 5 years (they offer 4/48K-I drive 15K+ a year). I would like to assume that nothing significantly bad will happen in the first 100K miles. To date I've noticed a vibration/ buzzing noise in the drivers side window seal and at times a fuzzy radio connection and/or drivers side speaker issue. Of course the dealer found nothing wrong when I tried to have them service issues at 35K miles. As a family we definitely use our SUV to the max w/ long trips, ski trips, home projects, etc, but never would I abuse it either.
I drive respectfully & carefully always keeping in mind fuel economy. I only "get on it" when I'm late picking up the kids from daycare-. I also keep it 100% maintained to specs frequently checking fluids between oil changes before long trips as well. So would you go for it regardless or trust in Honda for the next 4 years (2017) & 48K (84500)? Also anyone have experience with USAA extended warranty? Thank You in advance. Excited to join the forum-more posts to follow after I clear this hurdle!


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th350 case leak problem
hi everyone
i have an issue with a '70's TH350
transmission fluid is coming out in a stream about the size of a pencil lead through the tranny casting where the lower brass cooling line adapter screws in,
it is no leaking from the threads, but it was a little before i cranked it tighter to try and stop it, well now it puts out a steady stream, through the casting of the case at a point that is about at the end of the threads of the brass cooler line fitting inside the case hole
has anyone ever had this happen and what can i do about it ? has anyone ever seen this happen, i know someone out there has and hopefully knows a good trick to fix it at least for a while anyways
thanks for anything
Last edited by fast68; 12-02-2006 at 09:35 PM.
you have to grind and weld the case...... and often the tranny still leaks a small amount.
Usually the tranny must be removed to repair or replace the tranny case.
Dont worry how old you are... it is the mileage on your body that adds up.
in which sucks bad
has anyone ever seen this leak happen at this location ?
or know waht causes it ?
is it due to porosity?
i do plan on replacing the trans with another, i do have another th350 to have rebuilt, but i cant do it yet, i have to wait til spring or so to be able ot do anything, i was thinking about a temporary fix til then, such as cleaning it off real good and filing it a bit to roughen it up and JB weld it
just to get by with maybe a minor seepage until spring anyways, i dont run the truck every day but i need it right now with all this snow and ice
winter time sux
if i had the right tools and instructions then i would get a kit and rebuild it myself, but all ive ever done is disassemble th350's, but not to rebuild or repair, or anything
how big of a deal are these ?
thanks for any further
Last edited by fast68; 12-03-2006 at 10:51 AM.
over tightening the cooler fittings can cause the leak. It splits the case
Some folks use the AN Earls type fittings , over tighten them & the case splits.
Dont worry how old you are... it is the mileage on your body that adds up.
hey there, yeah... i tried cranking it real tight, because it wouldnt stop leaking out of the fitting threads,, so thats probably what happened most likely.. hmmm...
i dont understand why the fitting threads would be leaking in the first place, what is the deal with that ? ive never had or seen this issue occur before, and ive had and been around alot of these over the years,
i could have my stepdad braze the case but it would be a while before it could be done with it being winter and the truck not being over there and such, hmm
this TH350 has an issue where it barely goes into third gear, it is real weak in that gear and slips usually, and wont hold its speed
if there was any time that i needed to know how to R&R one of these trannies now would be that time, but i dont understand this stuff, its the unknown, unchartered territory
if i were to get brave and yank the tranny and braze the case or use my spare identical 70's K-case th350 case and take them both apart and use my current known to be mostly good internals in the good case then what do i need to fix this problem itself ?
anyone got pics of the part(s) that are most likely bad that would case a weak third gear ? but then i dont even have tranny type tools and such and have no idea what i should get, as i improvised when i took others apart in the past,, with no intention of reassembling them, so i dunno,,
how do you make a compressor tool for the clutch packs/drum stuff in these? anyone got pic ?
im not really that afraid to get into the trans with a nre kit but im just worried about making the tools i need to do it, such as a compressor and the low/reverse seal remover/installer
how do you make them ? what will work ?
also someone has had this tranny out sometime in the past and they painted it a dark blue, and i heard a rumor that painting trannies is bad for them, but TCI and such paint theirs black so i dont understand how painting them can be bad ?
im not sure what to do, im pretty much at a loss and cant do much for now, so all i can do is research for the time being,
is this the pump assembly to get ?http://www.compperformancegroupstore...ct_Code=313400
thanks for anything, i REALLY appreciate..
Last edited by fast68; 12-03-2006 at 12:03 PM.
Now you know why it is called EXPERIENCE.
yes definitely
Buy a book. Need some snap ring pliers, two 5" or 6" C clamps, and a low reverse clutch spring compressor as the C clamps wont work.
well hmm sure enough and unfortunately the coolant line fitting port did crack, i cleaned it off with brake cleaner and a rag and saw the crack and was sad for a minute then i proceeded to wrap the fitting threads with pipe thread tape and stuck it in a ways and mixed up some jb weld and smeared it on and have a floodlight out there on it for some warmth(if any since its only 15 degrees out in the daytime here) and am going to hope that it will get me by til spring with no more than some seepage hum
the low reverse clutch spring compressor sounds like too big of a PITA for me to get into, so i may not even touch that at all
unless someone knows how to make such a compressor, i have access to welders and such,
any ideas what i could make one out of ?
pics ?
i also have a good 1981 th350-C tranny stored away, it is a 10 bolt housing one from behind a 350 diesel that they put in the '78-85 C-10 pickups and cars,
it is a 2wd one however,
i figured i could use my 1977 internals and output shaft in it, since it is not a cracked case, and is alot cleaner than the other 1970's K-case th350 i have
any thoughts ?
what about the VB's, are they the same between lockup and non lockup ?
im just going to keep researching and saving pics and info on how to do these th350 trannies until i figure out what parts to get and tools to make and such, should i buy a new TCI pump assembly for 102 bucks or just have a shop rebuild mine for me ? what torque converter should i get for a stock 400sbc engine with 290 net torque rating and 3.07 ratio axles ?
th350 case leak problem
Go on the web to Driveline Plus,they sell a video on building thm350,as well as other units. Also as far as making tools,they have pictures of tools they sell.
The pictures may help you when you go to fabricate.
Valve body-350c is different than non lockup.
The video is only about 30 dollars,I've not seen it,so I can't vouch for it's value to you.
Never be afraid to try. Although there is something to be said for knowing your limitations.
I've been working in the transmission field for 30 years. It was 4-5 years before I considered myself a decent trans guy. While it is hard to beat experience, building a transmission is not difficult.
If you buy the video,and even if it has a modicum of information,along with the help you receive from this site,you should be successful with your trans venture. Good luck.
I will admit, while rebuilding my TH-350. I took the gears and case to a transmission shop. They replaced the lip seals on the pistons for $50. It was well worth the money.
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The VW/Audi Mk5/Mk6 chassis has had an issue since early on with clunking noises associated with loose and shifting front subframes. VWAG issued a Technical Service Bulletin and provided a hardware repair to rectify the issue. To the dismay of many enthusiasts, the repair was not able to definitively rectify the subframe movement. Enthusiasts who drove their cars to the limit in various environments reported subframe movement and noise over rough terrain or in track/AutoX environments.
TyrolSport sought to solve this issue by developing and testing a hardware solution for the most demanding of enthusiasts. After years of testing on the street and track, we are now ready to release our DeadSet Collar kit for Audi/VW Mk5/Mk6 chassis vehicles including:
Skoda mk5/mk6
Seat mk5/mk6
If you have clunking in your front end over bumps that has not been resolved through traditional parts replacement(upper strut bushings, bearings, tie rods, ball joints), the DeadSet Collar kit could be the soilution. One of the ways you can tell if your subframe is shifting is by looking at the bolt heads and seeing if there is any indication of movement. In this picture you can see some chafing and polished area where the subframe has moved:
Once the bolt is removed you can also see that it was off center, by looking at the shadow created by the head of the bolt:
One of the reasons the subframe shifts is because the mounting bore of the subframe is much larger than the actual bolt which holds it in place. Here we can see the large clearance between the subframe mounting boss and the fastener.
In order to eliminate the possibility of the subframe shifting, we need to reduce the bore size(s) of the subframe. We can do this by installing locating collars which center the bolt in place, and lock the subframe to the chassis of the vehicle.
TyrolSport supplies an ARP fastener that was specidically developed for this application. It maintains the factory shear in an accident, yet increases tensile strength dramatically. Here we see that it is located on center with the DeadSet collars.
The subframe back in place with the DeadSet installed and bolts waiting to be tightened:
The complete TyrolSport DeadSet Collar Kit includes 12 collars, two ARP bolts(choice of Hot Black Oxide or Stainless Steel) and anti-seize compound.
Installation directions can be found here:


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The Dead Ferrari
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Let me start by telling you my definition of 'invasive' as this is the underlying theme of your question. If an incision is required, I consider it invasive. So, laser lipo is invasive. It can be just as invasive as regular liposuction, or even more so, depending on how aggressive the surgeon is with the technology. Most plastic surgeons use the laser device to melt fat and separate the tissues to make regular liposuction easier, meaning laser lipo is just as invasive as liposuction, because laser liposuction is using a laser, followed by using regular liposuction.
Fat reduction and number of visits are similar. The main purported advance of using the laser for liposuction is that it can heat the skin and cause the skin to contract more. This is a very good thing for patients who have an excess of skin, as removing fat beneath the skin can sometimes worsen sagging skin in the area.
There are some doctors, especially non-surgeons, who use the laser device alone and under local anesthesia. In general, the results are less, meaning you need more visits to get a similar result. Less fat is removed by using laser alone without following it with liposuction.
In order to tell if you're even a candidate for this, you need to visit with a plastic surgeon with experience in laser liposuction. He or she will be able to weigh any risks and benefits of the different technologies for you.


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The University of St. Thomas was recognized for two digital projects recently by the Higher Education Marketing Report in the Education Digital Marketing Awards.
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Throw Pillow
Let The Waves Wash Over Meby Josrick
20% Off Pillows Today!
Throw Pillow made from 100% spun polyester poplin fabric, a stylish statement that will liven up any room. Individually cut and sewn by hand, each pillow features a double-sided print and is finished with a concealed zipper for ease of care. Sold with or without faux down pillow insert.
This photo was taken at a beach in La Jolla, CA (in San Diego County) with an Olympus E420 digital SLR camera. I could spend every day at the beach and be happy. Southern California is my heaven.


text:
Self-Management for Teens with Type 1 Diabetes? There's an App for That.
Dr. Joseph Cafazzo is exploring how teens with type 1 diabetes can use their cell phone to track and self-manage their condition for one of the innovative projects receiving funding through the Care to Know Centre's first annual Applied Client-focused Team (ACT) research grants program.
Recently we chatted with Dr. Joseph Cafazzo, at the University Health Network, Centre for Global eHealth Innovation in partnership with the Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, about this project. The team is exploring an exciting mobile phone-based self management system, cleverly titled Bant, for adolescents with Type I Diabetes.
Q: Please tell us a bit about your project.
A: We wanted to look at the challenges in managing kids with Type 1 Diabetes. It requires them to take blood sugar measurements at least 4 times per day, usually with a finger prick, and administer insulin to control their levels and bring them into a normal range. They suffer from uncontrolled blood sugar which causes other illnesses later on in life, including neuropathy, kidney and cardiac issues.
The issue with adolescents is that they are transitioning from a period where may have had parents managing their condition for them. As they grow older they may exert more independence and may not be as adherent as they were as children.
Often teens are not taking measurements regularly, and their parents don't know – when they are at school or friends' houses – and it causes stress in the household. They need to develop self-management skills for when they are entirely outside of the care of their parents.
Q: What factors led you to leveraging mobile phone technology to affect self-management behaviour for adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes?
A: The ubiquitous mobile phone is so central to this demographic's life. Dr. Debra Katzman Medical Director of the Eating Disorders Program at SickKids, found that even as inpatients, teens are never far from their phone. We believe that clinicians should leverage that for patients' care. It's an obvious communications tool.
We set out to create an application that facilitated self-care and learning more about your condition through measurements. We asked clinicians, if you could peer over the shoulder of a kid and give them words of advice if their reading was too low or too high, what would they be? These are teachable moments to help them better understand what's happening – was it what they ate?, do they have a cold?, etc.
We knew the initial novelty of using an iPhone or iPod Touch will be great, but it most certainly will wear off. The question is how do we continue to engage them? We want to build in social networking aspects, specifically around them being able to share experiences with other Type 1 diabetics like themselves. In a high school of 1000 kids there may be only one other diabetic like themselves – but they likely don't know each other.
The social network community that is built in gives an opportunity to share their experiences over a Twitter-like interface. It will also have provisions to communicate with their parents and providers in a similar fashion.
Q: How will integrating user-centered design enhance client-centered care for adolescents and their family caregivers?
A: There are some diabetes applications already. Creating another data-logger where you enter blood sugar results is not what we wanted to do. What we really wanted was to initially find a reference design to put in front of kids, their parents, and their healthcare providers. Then we need to test it iteratively and refine the design until it's something strong enough to trial and that we feel will have an impact on children's lives.
User-centered design requires several iterations, multiple focus groups, one-on-one interviews and testing with the end user, parents and providers. It's meant to be an inclusive care model. We also have yet to define how parents and providers will interact with each other. We haven't decided that yet, it's part of the other work we have to do over the coming months
Q: Can you describe some of the unique incentives and teachable moments the Bant application offers teens?
A: We're giving them iTunes redemption codes when they take measurements regularly and participate in the community, as rewards for their adherence. We're hoping it will keep them engaged, which we have discussed with behaviouralists.
Apple Canada has been very supportive. They are helping us arrange for the iTunes redemption codes on a regular basis. We've asked for them in $1 increments, if possible, rather than the standard gift cards for $10 or $25 dollar amounts.
Q: So far, have you been surprised by any findings or unexpected insights from clients and families?
A: I've been surprised by how engaged the clinicians at SickKids have been. Many clinicians are jaded over any sort of new technology intervention related to health records. They are inundated with the next new IT gadget, and frustrated with the lack of actual health outcomes. What's surprising to me is how little resistance they had to this idea. It hits on all the ideas they had toward diabetes management. They are excited, and they've been included in the design process, which is unique. They are having an input in shaping what this looks like.
Q: How will the findings for your work impact the client and/or their families during and after the project?
A: We're hoping that between the parents and the adolescents it's a non-confrontational way of communicating. In some families this can be a very contentious issue, when parents are constantly worried about the condition of their child. The clients themselves are feeling invincible at this age and they just don't see the consequences down the road. We're hoping it builds a buffer between them by means of a system of communication that they are very comfortable using. We'll see whether this is effective or not.
We know anecdotally that parents and teens tend to communicate better electronically. It will be clear in the system when the teen is not adhering, so we don't know if the "Big Brother Effect" will have an adherence effect with this demographic as it does with older, type 2 diabetic patients.
Q: How important is the ACT Research Grants program to ensure smaller, quality projects have a chance to get off the ground?
A: Most funding agencies, especially in Canada, are very big on supporting evaluation studies. You can find a lot of agencies that are willing to fund a randomized control trial on a certain intervention. There are very few who will fund the development of a near-market technology. Something that is seemingly simple like an iPhone application won't be touched. They may feel the technology development is not fundamental research. We know it to be the case that it can be quite complex to get this technology right, largely because this app is mostly about behaviour, and not technology at all. If it were easy, it would likely have already been done.
Saint Elizabeth Health Care was looking at high-impact, near-term, relatively simple interventions. What we're talking about here is an intervention about people's behaviour and trying to keep them adherent, engaged and understanding their condition more. This is not the type of research the major funding bodies would have interest in. We're extremely grateful that Saint Elizabeth Health Care is so forward-looking.
Remote monitoring is not novel, but it costs thousands of dollars. There have been several studies in Canada that cost millions of dollars and only serviced a few hundred patients. None were scalable in any way. We're looking at something scalable to hundreds of thousands of users.
This can leverage existing technology and doesn't even require a data plan – it can work off of WiFi. We're working on developing wireless integration for the pilot. The glucometer will transmit wirelessly to the iPhone.
Q: What would you say to larger funding bodies, government or industry to encourage them to support similar initiatives?
A: This has been a problem in Canada, in particular with hospitals and universities. We don't have a great track record of turning Canadian ideas into real products and systems that will affect each other's lives. RIM is a great example, and the story is not told enough. We have powerhouses – top universities, top people. We may be somewhat risk-averse, but I'm hoping these smaller projects have momentum and people see the value in working at developing them into real products. I think many of the funding bodies are still very focused on basic research and not applied research. We're not realizing a direct benefit until people start using that technology. It requires a closer relationship with industry, and industry will disseminate the products.
Q: What are your plans for the project after the funding period ends?
A: This is a bit of a journey and I believe Bant has a wider application beyond type 1 diabetes. From an evidence-based medicine perspective we're determined to prove the efficacy of this. If we get positive results from the pilot, we would be seeking a randomized control trial from a larger funding body.
I also want to explore other disease domains. I can see parallel applications for asthma and hypertension.
I can see partnering with the phone carriers, as they are very well positioned to disseminate this to many users. They already have an established relationship with users. This could lead to an extended service to link up SickKids, and personal health records.
There's a two-pronged approach to this project. We do want to get this app out to the general public and get comment before the pilot. We're hoping to get it into the iTunes store, and using the public Twitter system first, in January.


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Enhance The Way
You Watch Television
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Freedman receives 2009 young investigator award
Michael Freedman, a Princeton assistant professor of computer science, has received a 2009 award from the Young Investigator Program of the Office of Naval Research, an award given to promising early-career researchers.
Freedman's research spans a range of areas of computer science, including distributed systems, security, networking and applied cryptography.
He was one of 15 award recipients selected from 193 researchers who submitted proposals for the highly competitive program. He will receive $610,000 in funding.
The award recognizes young scientists for their research achievements, potential for continued outstanding research efforts and strong support and commitment from their respective universities and research institutions. The awards were first given out by the Navy in 1985.


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Shelf Bins outlast corrugated bins - paying for themselves in reduced replacement costs.Superior construction allows Shelf Bins to be fully loaded without bulging or cracking.Made of durable polypropyleneWorks with 12", 18", and 24" deep shelving, or vertical storage and retrieval units.One-piece construction is waterproof and unaffected by grease or oil.Available in Sandstone, Terra Cotta, Hunter Green.Ships in 5 - 7 business days.
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