text:
Accredited Premier College
"The Muslim College's UK campus is accredited by Accreditation Service for International Colleges (ASIC) which is an independent body providing accreditation services for independent, further and higher education colleges. ASIC accreditation helps students and parents make a more informed choice and will also help a school, college, university, training provider or distance education provider, demonstrate to the international student body that they are a high quality institution."
Start Your Education With The Muslim College, London
The Muslim College is an Islamic higher education institution based in West London which is committed to promoting excellence in teaching, research and training. It offers post-graduate students the advantage of a friendly and attentive environment with opportunities to address multi-dimensional issues by exercising critical judgment and self-discipline. The Muslim College also aims at developing the local community through training, vocational education and pioneering new courses. The college has a positive approach to dialogue between faiths and cultures and has been recognised for its interfaith endeavours.
The diverse body of students at the Muslim College will provide you with opportunities to exchange views with others from different backgrounds. Being able to engage with different intellectual positions in a respectful yet rigorous manner is an important part of the learning experience at the college. The international teaching team and the prominent researchers you will encounter while at the Muslim College will help further develop your scholarly abilities and open doors to future studies.
Please take this opportunity to navigate our website, we hope you find your time on our site a useful and an enjoyable experience.
The Muslim College is the best-known and most respected Muslim institution of higher learning in the United Kingdom. The College is a unique institution in Islamic higher education and is the fruit of a pioneering effort to create an authentic Islamic education institution in this country. Moreover, it is devoted to the academic integrity, which lies at the heart of education on the university level. Its success in the goal it has set before itself marks a very important step in the preservation of Islamic thought and culture in the context of British society. At the Muslim College, students have a unique opportunity within the British higher education system to learn about the challenges faced by the Muslim community in particular and humanity in general.


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Anyone can hike through the rain forests and dive along the coral reefs of Fiji's Vanua Levua island, but participants in a Seacology expedition can preserve them. The nonprofit helps conserve the island's biodiversity by funding the building of schools and community centers for Fijians, who in exchange, create no-fish marine zones and forest reserves.
Trip Tip: Seacology's weekly diving trips to Namena Island are a must. The miles of reefs make it one of the top diving spots in the world.
Luxury Level: Accommodations are at the Jean-Michel Cousteau Fiji
Islands Resort (fijiresort.com), where 25 private thatched bungalows overlook Savusavu Bay.
Seacology; 510/559-3505; seacology.org; eight-day trips from $2,360 per person, all-inclusive; August 11-18, 2008.
40 Trips To Change Your World
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Attn: News Director Contact: Chief Eric Higby
August 19, 2011 (815) 562-2131
On Thursday April 14th at 4:37 p.m., the Rochelle Police Department K9 unit conducted a traffic stop in the Caron Ridge parking lot. After further investigation, the driver, Abdula J. Rice, 39 of Rochelle, was arrested and charged with driving with a suspended license, possession of a controlled substance (class 4 felony), and possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver (class 3 felony). Approximately 5.7 grams of suspected cocaine was recovered during the stop, and $244.00 was seized from Mr. Rice. He was transported to the Ogle County Jail in lieu of bond.
All parties are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law.


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Exercise helps us lead a healthier lifestyle. With the Olympic Games, London 2012, just a few weeks away, now is a great time to take up a new sport and join in the fun. Try our olympic wordsearch and crossword.
Find out what life was like in a civilisation created over 9000 years ago. Study ancient mummies and hieroglyphics to discover what they can tell us about both ancient and modern Egypt.
Explore our Ancient Greece section and discover fascinating facts about the origins of the Olympic games and about 9 of the Greek gods and goddesses. See if you can spell your name in Ancient Greek writing.
Bonjour tout le monde, that's hello everybody in French. Discover new words and phrases about all your favourite things and listen to our new audio section. Meet Camille and Pierre who will guide your through the activities.
© 2012 This website is produced by the Student Recruitment, Admissions and International Development Division at The University of Manchester


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First Round, First Impressions
Khaled Elsayed breaks down the PFF grades, stats and snaps for all 32 first round picks, looking at how each of them performed in preseason week one.
First Round, First Impressions
Football is back. Sure it's preseason but it's better than anything else on offer right?
And, perhaps more so, it means we get our first look at some of the guys who left college last year and are now embarking on careers in the NFL. Players viewed as saviors, destined to right the wrongs of why their team isn't as good as it can be.
Well you get can incredibly detailed grades and stats on each player with a 365 day PFF premium subscription (available here and including data going all the way back to 2007 on any players to lace up). But here's a snippet of what we've got to offer with some instant analysis on all of the first rounders and what they did this week.
1. Jadeveon Clowney, Houston Texans, OLB
Grade: +1.8
Snaps: 20
Analysis: So it begins. There was the 'very good' as he earned positive marks for his bullrush of Jared Veldheer, even if he didn't get a pressure for it. There was also the 'bad', though, as he was exposed in coverage for a touchdown that was called back for a penalty. And then the 'fierce' as he destroyed Darren Fells to pick up a tackle for a loss. Mouthwatering.
2. Greg Robinson, St. Louis Rams, OG
Grade: -0.9
Snaps: 34
Analysis: Flipped between left guard with the starters (13 snaps) and left tackle with the second string (21 snaps) in an uneven premiere. Touted as a punishing blocker we really didn't see, or perhaps get a chance to see, that on display, instead seeing a couple of broken plays where miscommunication amongst linemen saw him looking a little lost. You do wonder if switching positions is the best thing for him in the short term, though it may pay off down the line.
3. Blake Bortles, Jacksonville Jaguars, QB
Grade: +2.9
Snaps: 26
Analysis: Blake what are you doing? Aren't you meant to be managing expectations down in Jacksonville? Instead he's having fans wondering if he should be starting over Chad Henne. Of course, 26 largely positive preseason snaps is no amount to judge, and the Jaguars have a plan they intend to stick to, so why whip ourselves into a frenzy. Probably best that Bortles throws a few picks Thursday night to calm everyone down and get us all on the same page.
4. Sammy Watkins, Buffalo Bills, WR
Grade: -0.2
Snaps: 27
Analysis: Across two games Watkins hasn't really delivered on the immense offseason hype his practice performances have generated. That's not his own fault, though, with 4-of-6 targets under 10 yards in the air and his only deep shot overthrown. When the sample size increases we'll see if he's the real deal.
5. Khalil Mack, Oakland Raiders, OLB
Grade: -1.3
Snaps: 18
Analysis: Raiders fans hoping to see the next Von Miller and not the next Aaron Curry were disappointed with a lackluster debut that suggests we shouldn't expect Mack to storm the league. Failed to generate a pressure on his six pass rushes and didn't register much of an impression on the Vikings' offense.
6. Jake Matthews, Atlanta Falcons, OT
Grade: -5.5
Snaps: 24
Analysis: That really wasn't pretty. The stat line of two penalties and a hit given up don't look great, but they flatter Matthews who had the roughest start of all rookies. He was taken to task every which way, with his early whiff on Randy Starks as bad as it got, but also throwing in some edge pressure, a failed cut block and some other less-than-stellar blocking. You learn more from your losses and Matthews should have learned a lot from this.
7. Mike Evans, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, WR
Grade: -0.4
Snaps: 18
Analysis: Operated on the outside in three-WR sets and failed to make any impression. Two targets yielded no catches and one interception. As with a number of receivers, he'll need more playing time to show what he's got.
8. Justin Gilbert, Cleveland Browns, CB
Grade: N/A
Snaps: N/A
Analysis: Late to sign his contract and late to make his debut. Gilbert sat out the preseason opener because of a groin injury.
9. Anthony Barr, Minnesota Vikings, OLB
Grade: -0.4
Snaps: 25
Analysis: No doubt the team and fans will be happy that he brought a quarterback down for a sack, but come the regular season he'll likely not get too many one-on-one match ups with Jamize Olawale. Outside of that, a very quiet debut where he was beat for a first down and made little difference against the run.
10. Eric Ebron, Detroit Lions, TE
Grade: -1.0
Snaps: 27
Analysis: Got just two snaps with the first team before playing some catch with Dan Orlovsky. Unfortunately, saw just three targets and was able to haul in just one of them for 2 yards. Preseason is not an environment that you would think will get the best out of Ebron.
11. Taylor Lewan, Tennessee Titans, OT
Grade: +2.7
Snaps: 48
Analysis: Had the luxury of playing against the Packers' second- and third-stringers and really made it look easy. Didn't do an awful lot in the run game but stood out in pass protection, recording a perfect day. One we'd like to see against better competition.
12. Odell Beckham Jr., New York Giants, WR
Grade: N/A
Snaps: N/A
Analysis: No playing time so far as he is nursed back to full health.
13. Aaron Donald, St. Louis Rams, DT
Grade: +0.4
Snaps: 38
Analysis: Saw a lot of action without you feeling like he was on the field that much. Did pick up two hurries but drew a blank in the run game. That's not to say he was terrible — he wasn't blown away against double teams and kept the blockers very busy with him.
14. Kyle Fuller, Chicago Bears, CB
Grade: +1.7
Snaps: 35
Analysis: Got the start and spent all bar two of his snaps lined up at left cornerback. Targeted twice, allowing one completion that he would stop short of the markers on third down, and hit Jordan Matthews on the other to force an incompletion. Just the start the doctor ordered.
15. Ryan Shazier, Pittsburgh Steelers, LB
Grade: N/A
Snaps: N/A
Analysis: Sat out hurt but will be hoping to return to action this week.
16. Zack Martin, Dallas Cowboys, OL
Grade: +0.4
Snaps: 14
Analysis: Firmly entrenched as the starting right guard already, the team didn't want to risk anything happen to Martin in Week 1. Still showed off his skills with a couple of nice blocks on Kendall Reyes early on and did nothing to grab unwanted attention.
Flip the page for Rookies 17 to 32


text:
Fabio Capello has no interest in succeeding Guus Hiddink as Russia coach.
With Hiddink in line to take over the Turkish national side after the World Cup, the Russian Federation are said to have put Capello at the top of their wish list.
Already earning £6million a year, the Russians are said to be willing to trump that to get their man.
However, having already stated his intention to remain in his current post until his contract expires in 2012, Capello has no intention of quitting.
Although the Italian did speak with Russian officials last week it was purely a chance meeting at Stamford Bridge.
And while England and Russia are going head-to-head for the right to stage the 2018 World Cup, a similar battle is not envisaged over Capello.
A source close to Capello told Press Association Sport: "Fabio is committed to England.
"He loves the job and life here.
"He has a contract to 2012 and so long as the FA want him to, he intends to stay.
"He saw the Russian president at the Chelsea game against Manchester City but is not interested in becoming the manager.
"There is always lots of interest in Fabio, but the England job is one he always wanted, he loves the challenge.
"The World Cup is the only thing on his mind."
- More about:
- Fabio Capello
- Guus Hiddink
- Russian Politics
- Stamford Bridge


text:
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text:
The following homebirth presentation features 2004 MSTM
Traditional Midwifery graduate
Shannon Bohjanen when she was apprenticing in a midwifery practice in Texas.
Shannon (Bohjanen) Pawson, CPM, is now
a practicing midwife in western Michigan:
Michigan School of Traditional Midwifery is very grateful to
Shannon, and photographer, audio and web designer,
Jen Friedberg for permission
to use this beautiful, tender and touching birth video. It is presented here in memory of Eve.
Flash Player required to view.
Download the free plug-in by clicking


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 14, 2000
|Filing date
|May 18, 1998
|Priority date
|Jan 8, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ron D. Katznelson
|Original Assignee
|Katznelson; Ron D.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (5), Classifications (30), Legal Events (8)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/433,135, filed May 3, 1995 and which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,650 on May 19, 1998; which was a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/233,212, filed Apr. 25, 1994 and which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,799 on Jul. 4, 1995; which was a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/818,752, filed Jan. 8, 1992 and which is abandoned.
The present invention relates generally to television transmission and receiving systems and more particularly to CATV or over-the-air multichannel systems wherein a plurality of standard television signals are scrambled by suppression of normal synchronizing pulses or otherwise modified during the active video time and subsequently selectively descrambled at authorized subscriber locations in a manner which simultaneously renders a plurality of authorized channels to be provided unscrambled to the subscriber's television set.
In subscription television, or pay television, programming signals of premium channels are typically transmitted in a scrambled form so that unauthorized viewers, that is, viewers who do not pay to receive the specific programming, are not able to view the transmitted signal on their television receivers. Authorized viewers are provided with means to descramble or decode the scrambled television signal and usually such descrambling means are capable of being selectively enabled to descramble specific channels. This enablement can be done remotely by the service provider or the CATV operator, by selective addressing of individual descrambling means associated with subscribers who paid to receive the scrambled programming.
A technique commonly used for television scrambling is that of sync-suppression wherein the RF level of the horizontal and vertical synchronizing pulses is suppressed to a level below that of the video so that the standard television receiver is unable to establish regular synchrony and instead erratically locks on to RF peaks in the active video, thereby creating unviewable picture on the television set. In addition, the ability of the television receiver to use the color reference burst associated with the horizontal synchronizing pulse is severely degraded, thereby causing distorted color reproduction or disabling the color circuitry of the television set. Exemplary prior art sync suppression systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,537 to Court et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,478,166 to Reiter et al; U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,232 to Reiter et al and U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,068 to Thompson. In these systems, the horizontal synchronizing levels are suppressed or reduced to gray level and an additional keying control signal is normally transmitted together with the scrambled television signal for controlling reconstruction or regeneration of the proper sync levels at the authorized descrambler, thereby providing unscrambled normal television signal at the receiver. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,537 the audio subcarrier is amplitude modulated with a suitable sync insertion control signal. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,068 horizontal sync reconstruction at the authorized descrambler is effected by transmitting normal sync signals during the Vertical Blanking Interval ("VBI") of the television signal for enabling a timing circuit at the receiver to lock on the horizontal components thereof. The timing circuit is then used to gate the Horizontal Blanking Interval ("HBI") thereby facilitating the restoration of the horizontal synchronizing pulses in the composite baseband video signal.
Sync suppression systems normally operate in one of two ways: The first method, as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,537, is based on attenuating the modulated RF television signal during the HBI (and in some cases during the VBI as well) by a known fixed amount such as 6 dB. At the authorized descrambler, the signal is descrambled by attenuating the RF received signal during the active video portion by the same known amount. This method is known as "RF sync suppression" since the scrambling and descrambling processes occur at RF stages after the modulation process at the transmitter and before-the demodulation process at the receiver, respectively. The second sync suppression method is known as "baseband sync suppression" wherein a known gated offset level is added to the baseband video signal during the HBI, thereby suppressing the horizontal synchronizing signal. At the authorized descrambler, an equal offset level is subtracted from the demodulated video signal during the HBI, thereby restoring the horizontal synchronizing signal levels to their normal values. An example of baseband sync suppression system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,068.
Both prior art RF and baseband sync suppression descrambling systems described above are typically accomplished by incorporating the timing and descrambling circuitry with a television tuner and demodulator, often termed a converter, that can cover the entire CATV band or over-the-air channels used by the subscription television service provider. In RF sync suppression systems, descrambling is effected by gated attenuation at the IF stage of the converter or at its fixed RF output channel frequency such as TV channel 3 or 4. In baseband sync suppression systems, descrambling is effected at the demodulated video stage of the converter and the resultant normal video signal is remodulated by means of a fixed frequency television modulator operating on channel 3 or 4. Thus, in both examples, the subscriber is equipped with a converter-descrambler device capable of tuning and descrambling a single channel at a time and converting it to channel 3 or 4 (output channel), whichever is unused by a local broadcast station. The subscriber's television set may permanently remain tuned to the converter-descrambler output channel while channel selection is done by means of the converter-descrambler tuner.
In a subscription television service, a plurality of scrambled channels may be transmitted simultaneously on several channels. However, as explained above, prior art converter-descramblers can only descramble one channel at a time. This means that subscriber households who are authorized to receive several premium scrambled channels cannot receive these services descrambled simultaneously. So for example, if dad wishes to watch a "pay-per-view" event such as a championship fight, while the kids watch the Disney Channel on the second television set, the household would require two converter-descramblers. Furthermore, if mom wanted to record a movie on HBO at the same time, a third converter-descrambler must be employed in conjunction with the Video Cassette Recorder ("VCR"). This is clearly one of the disadvantages of prior art single channel descrambling techniques.
Most television households in America are equipped with "cable ready" television sets or VCR's. The term "cable ready equipment" should be understood as consumer television equipment with expanded frequency tuning capability that allows a subscriber to tune not only the off-air broadcast channel frequencies but also all CATV channels. A significant portion of the cable ready equipment sold in America contains additional features such as Multichannel Television Sound ("MTS") allowing reception of stereo TV programming or second audio programming ("SAP"), remote control to control sound level or sound muting as well as channel tuning. Still another feature of some cable ready television sets is the Picture-In-Picture ("PIP") display capability allowing the subscriber to simultaneously watch one program while observing additional video program(s) in a picture inset displayed within the main picture. When this cable ready equipment is connected directly to the cable drop entering the household, the subscriber is usually able to receive and record all non-scrambled channels without the aid of a converter and thus use his equipment's special features described above to receive such non-scrambled signals. The problem occurs when the CATV system employs signal scrambling as means of controlling access to the premium channels.
Normally in these circumstances, being fed by the converter-descrambler's output channel, the television set is permanently tuned to channel 3 (or 4) while the converter-descrambler is tuned to the desired channel. Thus, the remote control purchased with the television set is unused, and an additional remote control unit must be provided for the converter-descrambler. Moreover, many prior art baseband converter-descramblers cannot pass the composite MTS audio program material and thus the stereo signal and the SAP are lost despite the fact the television set may be capable of receiving MTS. Recent attempts to address this problem typically involve a stereo bypass operating mode as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,630,113 to Long, which unfortunately disables the remote volume control of the converter, or alternatively by dematrixing and reprocessing the stereo signal at the converter in order to effect volume control with resultant degradation of stereo separation and compander performance. Even prior art RF sync suppression descramblers tend to introduce MTS audio performance degradations since they pass the audio subcarrier with additional amplitude modulation at the horizontal line rate thereby causing AM to FM effects at the television receiver. These audio degrading effects are discussed in an article by J. O. Farmer entitled "Operational Characteristics of Modern Set-Top Terminals" published in the Technical Papers of the 33rd Annual Convention of the NCTA in Las Vegas, Jun. 3-6, 1984 and in the IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. CE-30, pages 489-502, August 1984. Finally, the PIP feature of new television sets requires that the TV set be able to receive multiple channels simultaneously, a requirement that obviously cannot be met by current prior art converter-descramblers.
Clearly, all these problems constitute yet another set of significant disadvantages of the prior art single channel descrambling techniques. Collectively, the foregoing deficiencies discussed above are known in the industry as the "CATV consumer interface" problem. There is a growing body of evidence that these consumer interface problems present severe hardships on consumers and CATV operators alike. Specific evidence and indication of the public interest in this regard is expressed by legislation cited as the "Cable Ready Equipment Act of 1991" recently proposed by Senator Patrick Leahy in U.S. Senate Bill S. 2063, published in the Congressional Record--Senate, pages S18377-S18380, Nov. 26, 1991. Leahy's bill seeks to encourage solutions to the CATV consumer interface problems described above.
It may be easily understood that the most desirable solution to the problems discussed above is to provide the subscriber with a cable drop which carries all the channels to which he/she is entitled in unscrambled form ("in the clear"). The subscriber can then connect by proper broadband RF signal splitting means multiple cable ready television sets and VCR's and freely enjoy all of the consumer features that were purchased with that equipment. Since the CATV system may be carrying other channels not purchased by the subscriber, an effective means is required to limit a subscriber's access only to those channels and special events for which subscription fees have been paid.
If one attempts to employ prior art single channel descrambling techniques in order to provide each subscriber with simultaneous multichannel descrambling, one would have to provide each subscriber with a multiplicity of prior art descrambling means wherein each descrambler is tuned and dedicated to one scrambled channel. The outputs of such descramblers must then be assigned distinct channel frequencies and must be combined by means of a diplexer with all non-scrambled channels to form a broadband multichannel clear signal service entering the subscriber home. Clearly, the cost per subscriber for such an arrangement could reach the prohibitive value of the cost of one descrambler times the number of processed channels.
Thus, there exists a need for an effective low cost system for simultaneously descrambling an arbitrary subset of a plurality of scrambled channels, the arbitrary channel subset being the channels to which the subscriber has subscribed, and supply them together with the basic non-scrambled channels into the home in such a manner that all authorized channels are supplied "in the clear" and all scrambled channels not purchased by the subscriber are passed through into the home either in their original scrambled form, or preferably with additional security added to further deny any unauthorized access by "piratical" devices.
Therefore, is an object of the present invention to provide a simultaneous multichannel television descrambling system which enables the cable ready and other consumer features contained in the subscriber's television sets and VCR's to be fully utilized by the subscriber.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a scrambling and descrambling system which introduces virtually no artifacts or distortion in either the audio or video signals on descrambled and non-scrambled channels, wherein video quality is not compromised and functions such as MTS stereo are not degraded or affected.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a subscription television access control system that offers CATV system operators the ability to migrate currently used prior art systems to a new encryption based multichannel video scrambling method with an improved head end originated security scheme providing an enhanced security. Such system shall allow migration to the new encryption based security system on any channel for which all authorized subscribers are served by an installed access control device of the present invention.
To the accomplishment of the above and such further objects as may hereinafter appear, the present invention relates to a television access control system substantially as defined in the appended claims, and as described in the following detailed specification as considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1a is a baseband sync suppression waveform;
FIG. 1b is the coherent RF injected signal for descrambling the signal of FIG. 1a in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2a is the spectrum of the television channels entering the multichannel descrambler of the present invention;
FIG. 2b is the spectrum of the injected signals generated by the broadband generator of the present invention;
FIG. 2c is the descrambled broadband spectrum supplied to the subscriber from the multichannel descrambler of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a plot of two baseband quadrature components required for VSB spectral shaping of the injected signals used for multichannel descrambling in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is the computational digital filter used to generate the quadrature components of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6a describes the broadband coverage by channel group time sharing of the injected signals of the present invention;
FIG. 6b is the frequency spectrum partitioning by channel block grouping;
FIG. 6c is the frequency spectrum partitioning by frequency interlaced grouping;
FIG. 7 is the timing diagram of coherent injection groups and their respective RAM address schedule;
FIG. 8 is a phasor diagram describing the received signals and the injected signals;
FIG. 9 is an active calibration and analysis timing diagram in the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is another active calibration and analysis timing diagram including RAM address space trajectory;
FIG. 11 is an analysis and measurement timing diagram describing the phasor tracking mechanism;
FIG. 12 is an overall video timing diagram describing pertinent events and processes utilized in the present invention,
FIGS. 13A and 13B are an example of a CATV head end configuration desired for the practice of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a further detail of the comb generator system utilized at the headend;
FIG. 15a is a baseband representation of an RF sync suppression waveform;
FIG. 15b is the coherent RF injected signal for descrambling the signal of FIG. 15a in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a digital broadband generator for a second preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17 shows a second preferred embodiment of the present invention directed towards use in multiple dwelling units; and
FIG. 18 is a timing and memory diagram for an enhanced security video scrambling using the injection methods of the present invention.
It should be appreciated that since the object of the present invention is to provide all channels to the subscribers in a broadband form and that only certain channels must be descrambled, and hence modified, the approach taken according to the present invention is to avoid any single channel filtering or tuning techniques but rather focus on techniques that involve broadband signal addition in such a manner as to modify (descramble) only selected channels. From the outset, it is instructive first to observe that both baseband sync suppression and RF sync suppression scrambling constitute a linear modifying process in the radio frequency domain. This linear process is active only during the blanking intervals in which suppression occurs. This means that for each of these two scrambling process, there exists an additive RF signal pulse of the appropriate onset time, duration, amplitude envelope, frequency and phase, such that when added to the scrambled RF signal, results in an RF television signal with normal synchronizing signals, and hence unscrambled.
FIG. 1a depicts the baseband video signal during the HBI in a baseband sync suppression system. As can be seen, the normal sync signal 10 is suppressed by adding at the scrambler a baseband offset signal of magnitude 20 during the HBI which results in suppressed sync signal 12, while the active video signal 14 is unmodified. Furthermore, as can be seen in FIG. 1a, the color reference burst signal 16 is unmodified but merely superimposed on an offset level of magnitude 20 in the figure. To those skilled in the art of television modulation, it is well known that the sync level 10 (-40 IRE units) corresponds to peak RF amplitude while video white level 22 (100 IRE level) corresponds to an RF amplitude that is 12.5% of peak RF amplitude. Thus, in this inverted modulation scale of the RF domain, the HBI gated offset level 20 at baseband is equivalent to the subtraction of an RF pulse shown in FIG. 1b from an otherwise non-scrambled RF television signal. The frequency and phase of this RF pulse is equal to those of the picture carrier of the television signal. Hence, in order to restore a baseband sync suppression signal corresponding to 12 to it's unscrambled mode, one can add a coherent RF pulse train with the horizontal synchronizing repetition rate, coinciding in time with the HBI as shown in FIG. 1b, with the appropriate amplitude 30 and in phase with the picture carrier so as to obtain an unscrambled signal, the baseband representation of which corresponds to 10. During the active video time 34, essentially no RF signal must be present.
Of course such addition at RF, hereinafter termed "Coherent RF Injection," must be effected with appreciable amplitude, phase and timing precision so as to obtain essentially an unscrambled signal. For example, a common baseband sync suppression system used in the American CATV market is essentially in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,068 wherein the baseband sync level shift 20 is set to 70 IRE units. Thus, in this case, using the standard television modulation scale, it can be shown that the in-phase coherent RF injection level 30 required to effect descrambling must have an amplitude corresponding to 44.75% of the peak RF level of the non-scrambled portion of the signal. Moderate errors in the level of such an injected RF pulse may not affect the proper synchronizing of the television receiver for satisfactory viewing of unscrambled programs, but may cause errors in the black reference level of the television set. This is because most sets establish their black video reference level by sampling the 0 IRE level 24 during the color burst 16 period. However, generally accepted video specifications embodied in the well known RS-170A standard allow for fixed errors up to �2 IRE in black level. These error levels are permissible and are undetected for all practical purposes.
Similarly, the injection phase of the RF pulse must be within approximately �6� of the picture carrier phase. Because the injected RF amplitude is nearly equal to that of the suppressed sync amplitude, these injection phase errors would result in total false phase modulation of the picture carrier by no more than �30� during the HBI. This requirement limiting the phase error to �30 �stems from two different considerations. The first is related to the fact that good broadcast television engineering practice requires that Incidental Phase Modulation ("ICPM") shall not exceed 3� so as not to cause perceptible intercarrier audio buzz or MTS stereo distortion. The second reason for this accuracy requirement stems from the fact that this phase error only exists during the HBI, within which the color reference burst signal 16 is received, and not during the active video time 14. The RF phase shift during the HBI causes an equal baseband phase shift in the detected color reference signal, thereby causing color errors in the detected chrominance signal during the active video. Subjective tests evaluating the permissible color reference phase errors in NTSC television signals were conducted by Bernard D. Loughlin of the Hazeltine Corporation and reported in a chapter entitled "Nonlinear Amplitude Relations and Gamma Correction" on pages 63-91 in a book edited by Ted Rzeszewski entitled Color Television published by the IEEE, 1984. FIGS. 11-27 in this chapter shows that phase errors of �3� are not perceptible by at least 80% of observers.
Based on the permissible amplitude and phase error magnitudes discussed above, it can be shown that the required accuracy of coherently injected RF signals for descrambling can be characterized by an ideal errorless injection signal accompanied by an injection RF phasor error of magnitude not exceeding -20 dB as compared to the desired injected RF signal. As will be subsequently appreciated, this permissible error level facilitates a low cost embodiment of the present invention for simultaneous injection of a plurality of channels.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1a in which the onset and termination of sync suppression for every horizontal video line at baseband is shown as level transitions 26 and 27 respectively. These baseband transitions at the scrambler take place over a time duration not exceeding two hundred nanoseconds, consistent with a standard television video bandwidth of 4.2 MHz. Upon descrambling of such signals, it is preferable to match these transition times when the sync offset level is removed at the descrambler in accordance with the present invention by coherent injection of an RF pulse shown in FIG. 1b. Here, the onset and termination periods of the injected RF pulse are designated by 32 and 33 respectively. Thus, their durations would preferably each be no longer than two hundred nanoseconds.
If the pulse shape of the injected RF envelope of FIG. 1b is attempted by means of an amplitude pulse modulator with video bandwidth, the fast rise-times 32 and 33 would generate double sideband spectral broadening of up to 4.2 MHz above and below the picture carrier frequency. The upper sideband content of this injected signal will be contained within the desired normal television bandwidth as transmitted in Vestigial Sideband ("VSB") Modulation. However, since the injected signal is assumed to be combined with the received signal in a broadband combiner, the lower sideband of the injected signal may interfere with a lower adjacent television channel and in particular with it's audio subcarrier located only 1.5 MHz below the picture carrier of the descrambled channel. If, instead, longer transition times are assigned for 32 and 33 so as to limit the spectral broadening of the amplitude modulated pulse to less than 1.5 MHz, the descrambled video signal will contain front and back porch transients with durations in the microsecond range, which may invade the leading edge of the horizontal synchronizing signal 12 or the active video time 14 of the descrambled signal, thereby delivering a degraded video signal to the subscriber which may cause false horizontal sync or unstable video clamping action by the television set.
These two conflicting requirements in the frequency domain and in the time domain as discussed above, can be resolved by turning to the very method which allow fast video transitions in television transmission without lower sideband spectral expansion, namely, the use of VSB modulation techniques for the transitions 32 and 33 prior to the RF combining with the scrambled signal. This will allow the television receiver to process the upper sideband containing up to 4.2 MHz wide energy associated with fast baseband transitions while limiting the lower sideband expansion below 1.5 MHz and thus preventing the associated interference to the lower adjacent channel. An elaboration on the digital embodiments which facilitate such VSB spectral shaping of the injected signal will be found in subsequent sections below.
The coherent gated RF injection described above can be useful for purposes other than descrambling. Provisions are made in the present invention for implementing signal denial techniques for non authorized subscribers on a channel by channel basis. In contrast to the descrambling case, in these signal denial cases, the coherent gated RF injection of FIG. 1b can be effected in opposite phase to that of the picture carrier of the television signal, thereby further suppressing or nulling the synchronizing signals and optionally, with sufficient injection level, even reversing the resultant RF phase of the received television signal during the HBI. This method results in enhanced security for unauthorized subscribers since it denies "pirate" decoders the ability to reconstruct the sync signals and further causes phase discontinuity in the intercarrier audio detector of the television set, thereby introducing disturbing audio buzz and further audio noise masking in some television sets. It should be understood that coherent RF injection for denial of the type described above must also be gated during the HBI using VSB transition modulation so as to prevent interference to the lower adjacent channel that may otherwise be clear or authorized for descrambling.
Thus far, processing of the television signals at RF by coherent injection was discussed in a context of a single channel. Clearly, the main reason to use RF injection techniques is to offer simultaneous processing of this novel type for a plurality of channels. This means that coherent injection should take place at each frequency for which either descrambling or further sync denial is required.
FIG. 2a depicts a portion of the broadband spectrum of the incoming signal carried on the CATV system entering the multichannel descrambler of the present invention. Each television channel contains a picture carrier 40 and an audio subcarrier 42 separated by 4.5 MHz from the picture carrier 40. The channel spacing 48 is 6 MHz. As can be seen, the spectra of the television signals appears asymmetric about its picture carrier frequency as it is upper sideband VSB modulated. In FIG. 2a one can observed two types of channels being transmitted down the CATV distribution. The first constitutes all the non-scrambled channels 46 for which all subscribers are authorized and thus we assume no processing is required. The second type of channels carried is the sync suppressed scrambled channels 44, designated with the letter S. In this example the assumption is made that the subscriber has purchased subscriptions for a portion of the premium scrambled channels 44, said channel portion designated here by 44'. consequently, the required RF injection spectrum corresponding to this subscription configuration is depicted schematically in FIG. 2b. Each signal in FIG. 2b is assumed to be generated within the multichannel descrambler of the present invention and combined in phase lock with its respective transmitted counterpart picture carrier of the same frequency in FIG. 2a. The broadband composite signal of FIG. 2b is coherently injected and thus linearly combined with the broadband incoming signal of FIG. 2a to form the composite broadband signal depicted in FIG. 2c that is subsequently provided to the subscriber for his viewing pleasure. The injected signals 50,52 consists of VSB injection signals with time domain profiles of the type depicted in FIG. 1b. Injected RF signals 50 are injected in phase with respect to their corresponding incoming scrambled signals 44', thereby effecting simultaneous descrambling and resulting in clear channels 60 of FIG. 2c being provided to the subscriber. In contrast, injected RF signals 52 are injected out of phase, thereby causing sync null or other signal denial effects such as sync phase reversal. The resultant television signals 62 are not viewable or otherwise useful to the unauthorized subscriber. However, because of the broadband characteristics of this combining system, they are fed to the subscriber along with all other clear signals 60.
Because the injected signals 50 and 52 all have identical temporal profile as that of FIG. 1b, their simultaneous generation as a group can be made much simpler if they are all required at the same time, that is if the HBI of all television signals in the channel group of FIG. 2a coincides in time repeatedly. This relative timing coincidence condition among this group of video channels is well known to those skilled in the art of video engineering as "frame synchronous" video sources. This condition can be accomplished at the CATV headend before each channel is modulated by means of video frame synchronizers providing video outputs genlocked to a master video synchronizing source.
It will become apparent in following discussions regarding preferred embodiments of the present invention that another appreciable subscriber injection generator simplification can be realized in CATV systems that employ picture carrier frequency assignments and control in accordance with an Incrementally Related Carrier ("IRC") or Harmonically Related Carrier ("HRC") channel plan, at least within that channel portion of the band that is being processed in accordance with the present invention. This simplification is related to the fact that under such conditions, the composite RF signal of FIG. 2b can be derived from a periodic signal with fundamental periodicity equal to the Incremental frequency 48 separating any two nearest channels within the group. This RF synchrony condition can be effected at the CATV headend by phase locking all modulators in the channel group to an appropriate IRC or HRC comb signal as disclosed, for example, by the present inventor in a copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/547,927 filed on Jul. 2, 1990 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,100.
A first preferred embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 3. The assumption is made that the headend video frame synchronization and IRC or HRC carrier phase locking is effected as discussed above. The broadband incoming signal containing all transmitted channels arrives on line 100. A portion of the power of the broadband signal is coupled to a broadband amplifier 104 via a power splitter 102. When the subscriber is authorized, RF switch 106 is closed and the amplified broadband signal corresponding to FIG. 2a is feeding a directional coupler 108. The injected signals corresponding to FIG. 2b each have a temporal profile in accordance with FIG. 1b and are combined through line 114 with the amplified broadband signal by directional coupler 108, resulting in the composite signal of FIG. 2c on line 109. The broadband signal on line 109 is fed to the subscriber port 112 through directional tap 110. Injected signals 50 and 52 of FIG. 2b together form the composite signal injected at line 114 and are generated by a digital broadband generator 136 feeding RF switch 116. During the time in which injection is required, RF switch 116 is at position 117 as shown in FIG. 3.
The digital broadband generator 136 is capable of generating signals 50 and 52 situated on arbitrary subset of frequency points on a 6 MHz grid centered about a center local oscillator frequency fed on line 146. These signals are generated by means of quadrature modulator 138 being fed with appropriate baseband signals on lines 161 and 162 and having a one sided bandwidth not exceeding the cutoff frequency of low pass filters 164 and 166. The signals thus generated are amplified by broadband amplifier 124 and fed through the appropriate SAW band pass filter in filter bank 174 to broadband amplifier 120 and to RF switch 116. The baseband signals feeding the two quadrature inputs 161 and 162 are functions of time designated hereinafter as B1 (t) and B2 (t) and are digitally generated by Digital to Analog Converters ("DAC") 168 and 170 respectively, based on the contents of their respective RAM's 171 and 172. Low pass filters 164,166 provide antialiasing filtering as well as out of band harmonic rejection. The clock frequency driving DACs 168,170 and RAMs 171,172 is fed at line 148. This clock signal also advances the RAM address generator 150, causing the appropriate RAM data contents to be loaded sequentially into DACs 168 and 170 respectively. The clock frequency is set so that it is a sufficiently large integral multiple of the fundamental frequency increment 48 between two adjacent channels. For a 6 MHz channel spacing one might select the clock frequency to be 72 MHz, thereby allowing digital generation of baseband signals approaching the Nyquist rate of 36 MHz. With practical low pass filter designs, one of ordinary skill in the art can easily generate injection signals for a 9 channel group as shown in FIG. 2a.
Referring again to FIG. 1b, it should be noted that during the time interval 30, the amplitude and phase of the injected signals are constant, thereby requiring a CW sinusoidal signal to be injected at each carrier frequency for which additive processing is required. The assumption is made that the local oscillator feeding the quadrature modulator 138 on line 146 is phase locked to a channel group center carrier arriving on line 140 by an Injection Locked Oscillator ("ILO") or Phase Locked Loop ("PLL") oscillator contained in subsystem 142. A further assumption is made that the clock signal on line 148 (72 MHz in this example) is similarly phase locked to a pilot signal arriving on line 140 which is an integral multiple of the fundamental incremental frequency 48 (FIG. 2a) (6 MHz in this example). Due to the linearity of the quadrature modulation process in 138, the required signals B1 (t) and B2 (t) must be each a linear combination of sinusoids with frequencies that are integral multiples of 6 MHz. Hence, during that period of time, B1 (t) and B2 (t) are periodic waveforms with a 6 MHz periodicity, thereby allowing a discrete time representation of each signal in (72 MHz/6 MHz=) 12 samples. Therefore, the RAM address generator 150 need only repetitively scan through 12 RAM addresses during period 30 in order to generate an arbitrary CW frequency grid at 134. The specific amplitude and phase of the generated injection carriers will depend on the values of the 12 scanned samples in the B1 RAM and the 12 scanned samples in the B2 RAM.
At the RF domain, each generated carrier output on line 134 can be resolved into two quadrature components I and Q. The index k shall be used here to designate the order of the 6 MHz harmonic corresponding to the separation of the specific carrier in question from the center frequency carrier on which the group local oscillator is locked. Thus for any given k (up to a value of 4 in the present example), there are two sideband components that can be generated. Given their desired quadrature components represented by a 4 entry column vector, the baseband signals B1 (t) and B2 (t) (represented by a 2 entry column vector for each sample time t) can be shown to be given by the following vector equation: ##EQU1## In Equation (1) Ik + and Qk + correspond respectively to the in-phase and quadrature components of the upper sideband of frequency k, while Ik - and Qk - correspond to the lower sideband of frequency k and t corresponds to the discrete time variable such that it assumes integer values. In the case k=0, both sidebands degenerate into two halves of a single center carrier, for which Equation (1) becomes a an equation for 2 entry vectors and a 2�2 matrix.
By proper calculations essentially in accordance with Equation (1), the Digital Signal Processor and Micro Controller ("DSP/uC") 152 evaluates the required samples and stores them in RAMs 171,172 via data bus 154. As indicated above, the injected signals corresponding to the column vector in the extreme right hand side of Equation (1) must be fed in proper phase and amplitude so that when observed on line 109 they match the phasor values of the incoming signals also observed on the same line 109. To this end, the present invention provides for phasor measurement and analysis means that preferably may be comprised of essentially the same apparatus means that effect the coherent injection, namely digital broadband generator 136, whereby these two functions are time shared in accordance with a predetermined video timing schedule.
Turning now to a phasor analysis time period for which no injection is required, an RF switch 116 is set in position 118 and RF switch 126 is turned to position 128. In this way, a sample of the signal to be analyzed on line 109 is fed through a directional tap 110 then amplified by the broadband amplifiers 132, 124 feeding the appropriate filter in filter bank 174. This filtered signal is then further amplified by the broadband amplifiers 120,130 and then fed to the quadrature modulator 138 at line 134. It is parenthetically noted that the assumption made here is that the quadrature modulator 138 is reciprocal, that is, that it is constructed from passive devices allowing its internal power combiner to act as a power splitter and that both it's balanced mixers are bidirectional. Under these assumptions, device 138 may also be referred to as a quadrature demodulator, for which the quadrature outputs are on lines 161,162. An example of a reciprocal quadrature modulator 138 that may be employed in accordance with the teaching of the present invention is Model QMC-170 manufactured by the Mini-Circuits corporation of Brooklyn, N.Y. It can be shown that by providing a particular sinusoidal signal pair of a given frequency k at the output of the low pass filters 164 and 166 and feeding them to the mixers of the quadrature demodulator 138 at lines 161 and 162 respectively, double mixing will occur, so that DC components related to the secondary mixing at baseband will result at lines 161 and 162. This operation is essentially that of a double conversion quadrature receiver where the first local oscillator is supplied at line 146 while the second Hxlocal oscillators are supplied in quadrature by pure sinusoidal signals digitally generated by the DACs 168 and 170 through lines 161 and 162. The DC components on these same lines constitute the detected signals coupled through high impedances 176 and 178 to gated Integrate and Dump ("I&D") circuits 180 and 182, the output of which can then be sampled sequentially by analog to digital converter 188. The values acquired by the A/D 188 are communicated to the DSP 152 via data bus 190. It should be noted that the output impedance of the low pass filters 164 and 166 should be sufficiently large in order that the DC components generated by the balanced mixers in 138 be measurable. Thus, for every frequency k, two independent measurements are performed by setting the RAM contents so that the DACs 168 and 170 generate in the first measurement
B1 (t)=a cos(2πkt/M); B2 (t)=a sin(2πkt/M)
and in the second
B1 (t)=a sin(2πkt/M); B2 (t)=a cos(2πkt/M)
The measured scalars obtained in I&Ds 180 and 182 during the first measurement are designated here by xk, vk, respectively, while those obtained in the second measurement are designated as yk, uk, respectively. It can be shown that the first measurement corresponds to analysis of the upper sideband, a step hereinafter denoted by AN+, while the second measurement corresponds to an analysis of the lower sideband channel, denoted here by AN-. Hence, four parameters for each frequency are obtained, thereby enabling the determination of the incoming signal phasors for the upper (+) and lower (-) sideband channels. These are given by a relation related to the inverse of Equation (1): ##EQU2##
The phasor values obtained in Equation (2) during the measurement periods AN+and AN-, hereinafter termed analysis periods, are used by the DSP 152 for computing and adjusting the content of RAMs 171 and 172 for the injection period in a manner to be further. discussed below, so as to provide for the precise phase and amplitude relationship required of the injected signals during the HBI based on the received phasor analysis. For the center carrier analysis (k=0), the system degenerates into a single conversion receiver, in which one applies 0 values for B1 (t) and B2 (t) and with a single measurement, directly obtains the two quadrature component estimates at the I&D's 180 and 182 outputs.
In order to perform the injection and analysis in coordination with the group video timing, a vertical frame reference data sequence is inserted in the VBI of all, or at least one, of the channels within the group. The apparatus of FIG. 3 provides for vertical frame synchronization by the use of data matched filter 194 and sync and data detector 196, resetting the timing chain circuitry 210 via sync detect line 202. The timing chain circuitry 210 provides all timing signals (t1 to t7) controlling the RF switches, the I&Ds and the A/D strobe. The address generator 150 is provided with the proper reset and preload signals from the timing chain circuit 210 so as to scan the proper RAM memory locations containing the appropriate data records for the synthesis of the injection signals and the analysis signals as required. Because the broadband generator 136 also constitutes a broadband quadrature synchronous receiver, the channel received by the matched filter can be controlled by the proper sinusoidal components being generated by the DAC pair 168,170. Therefore, data inserted in the VBI of any channel within the group can be selectively detected by the matched filter 194 and the data detector 196 if the appropriate sinusoids are applied at 161 and 162. This detected data stream is used to address the subscriber units in a manner known to those skilled in the art of addressable subscription control. The identity of the specific channels authorized for descrambling and those denied will then be communicated to the microcontroller section of DSP 152. Based on this subscription configuration information, the DSP 152 calculates the specific linear combination required for B1 (t) and B2 (t) in accordance with Equation (1) for each frequency k.
As recalled from a previous discussion, the injected signals must be VSB modulated. This can be accomplished by providing digital samples to DACs 168 and 170 in accordance with digitally precalculated sequences which specifically yield injection pulses onset and terminations with VSB spectra. For single carrier systems, there exist known methods of providing two quadrature components with certain relationships that yield a VSB modulated signal. A discussion of such methods can be found in the book entitled Principles of Data Communications by R. Lucky, J. Salz and E. J. Weldon published by McGraw-Hill, New York 1968. It can be mathematically shown that two such signals used for quadrature modulation of a carrier yielding a desired VSB pulse shaping are given by C(t) and S(t) shown in FIG. 4 wherein C(t) is the in phase component and s(t) is the quadrature component. Recall that the case where CW injection 30 is characterized by a time invariant column phasor vector on the right hand side of Equation (1). Thus, for the inclusion of VSB transitions 32,33, the time invariant phasor column in Equation (1) must be replaced by the time varying vector Rk (t) given by: ##EQU3## Since this expression is used in Equation (1) for each frequency k, the values of B1 (t) and B2 (t) in general must not be periodic in 12 samples, but rather a longer data record will be required for the synthesis of these spectrally shaped signals. It should be further noted that a multiplicity of incrementally spaced VSB signals would thus be generated similar to those in FIG. 2b.
There exists a tradeoff between the RAM record length required for representing transients 32 and 33 and the equivalent channel passband frequency response and transition bandwidths of the VSB spectra. The data in FIG. 4 corresponds to a record length of 109 samples at 72 MSps for each of records 32 and 33 (FIG. 1). FIG. 5 depicts the frequency response of an equivalent digital filter applied to a square modulated pulse from which the baseband quadrature signals shown in FIG. 4 are derived. As can be seen, one can achieve an acceptable VSB spectral shaping about the picture carrier with this relatively short sample sequence.
It is this specific ability of generating multichannel signals with essentially arbitrary amplitude and phase in synchrony with incoming signals that allows one to provide simultaneous processing of a group of channels.
Because of practical limitations such as DAC clock rates and DAC dynamic range and linearity, the number of channels that can simultaneously and accurately be generated in the broadband generator 136 is limited. It is therefore desirable to be able to use the broadband generator 136 in a timesharing mode, whereupon several channel groups may be processed sequentially, thereby increasing the total number of channels processed by switching the local oscillators feeding the broadband generator 136 to the center frequency channels of each group. This operation mode is generally possible in this video application since the required processing time per line is limited to the HBI which is less than one forth of the total horizontal line time. Thus, at the headend, groups of channels are video synchronized in a staggered manner so that their HBI do not overlap. This is shown schematically in FIG. 6a. Time intervals 600 provide a guard interval, during which no injection is required, for switching the center carrier local oscillators among the four channel groups A through D (switch 144) and the appropriate group band pass filter in filter bank 174 using switch 122. Two possible arrangements for channel assignments for each group are shown in FIGS. 6b and 6c. The first preferred embodiment of FIG. 3 utilizes the frequency block grouping of FIG. 6b, since it requires lower DAC speeds for the same number of channels per groups. However, at the expense of faster DACs and RAMs, the frequency interlaced grouping of FIG. 6c offers potential savings in the filter bank, since in this case only a single harmonic filter is required.
FIG. 7 shows the method of digital generation of the injected waveforms during one horizontal video line. As can be seen, in each group there are three RAM segments each corresponding to 32,30,33 of FIG. 1b. The address schedule generated by the address generator 150 is shown by 700.
Turning to the first embodiment of the present invention, the system of FIG. 3 maintains its injection and analysis waveforms in a fixed phase and amplitude relationship to the incoming signals by closing a phasor control loop for each processed channel by making successive analysis and corrections, thereby tracking any slow relative phase or amplitude drifts in the CATV distribution system or any of the components in the subscriber unit such as power splitter 102, directional coupler 108 or the broadband amplifier 104 or any of the components within the broadband generator 136 which may affect the relative injected phasors as compared to the incoming channel phasors.
In order to better understand the phasor tracking and calibration method of the present invention, reference is made to FIG. 8. It is assumed that the phasor diagrams in FIG. 8 correspond to phasors observed on line 109 using the analysis method discussed above for an arbitrary channel within the controllable channel group. S1, phasor 300, represents the picture carrier phasor of an incoming carrier with black level transmission of 0 IRE during a line portion of the VBI for which no injection is required. At this point, an analysis period can be commenced to yield an estimate of the phasor S1. If one assumes that the sync signal is suppressed by a baseband equivalent shift of 70 IRE, one may wish to measure a portion of the signal that provides identical suppression but at a line portion which does not require reconstruction by injection, hence making available the broadband generator as a phasor analyzer. This may be done by modifying the video signal at the headend to have a 70 IRE gray pedestal in a line portion of the VBI which otherwise would be at 0 IRE blanking level. This situation is depicted by S2, (phasor 302) suppressed by the 70 IRE pedestal corresponding to an RF amplitude amount 303. In theory, an analysis of S1 and S2 should suffice to determine their phasor difference so that it may be generated and injected by the broadband generator 136. The difficulty with this approach stems from the fact that the signal paths for the measured signals and the injected signals are unequal and thus no direct measurement of the injected phasor as it is imparted on line 109 is available. This primarily stems from the fact that during the injection period, the generator must generate a plurality of signals which cannot be useful for phasor analysis and vice versa. That is, only one function can be achieved at a time. It would be preferable to measure S, the combination of the incoming phasor S2 and the injected phasor SW which would then be compared to S1. Using these two measurements, one then derives the error phasor ΔS based on the vector equation
From the above equation, a phasor increment is calculated by DSP 152 and accumulated so as to modify the RAM records for injection. This process is constructed iteratively so convergence to phasor matching is effected.
The assumption made above regarding the measurability of S is that both an injection and analysis sources exist simultaneously. It is possible to obtain a measure for S in a sequential manner by taking advantage of sufficient SAW filter delay in filter bank 174. The method is based on an injection of the required composite RF signal during a short pulse and the subsequent reception of the delayed version of the pulse while the broadband generator becomes an analyzer. This is done by manipulating RF switches 116 and 126 during a full line of the VBI wherein a 70 IRE pedestal is inserted at the headend. In the first preferred embodiment, such calibration and analysis is performed during video lines 17 and 280. FIG. 9 shows the pulsed injection and analysis timing as well as the state schedule of RF switches 116 and 126. FIG. 10 shows the related RAM addressing schedule in which injection sectors designated by Rec. A,B,C and analysis sectors AN+and AN- are periodically alternating through the control of the address generator 150. The samples obtained by the A/D 188 in this process may be averaged in the DSP 152 in order to provide additional precision for the phasor estimates thus derived. The procedure described above can be employed sequentially on all channels for which injection is required.
The above paragraph described the measurement of the combined phasor S of FIG. 8. In order to perform the adjustment in accordance with Equation (4), S1 may be obtained freely during much of the 0 IRE blanking level of the VBI. In this case, multiple channels and groups can be processed within one VBI frame. This is simply done by subjecting the system to sequential CW analysis sessions AN+and AN- as shown for multiple groups in FIG. 11.
The overall video timing schedule of the first embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 12. As can be seen, the periods for injection, analysis, sync and data detection are non-overlapping and thus provide an efficient use of the broadband generator. Upon completion of each video field or frame, correction to all injected phasors can be made in accordance with increments ΔS yielding for all frequencies the following increments for B1 (t) and B2 (t): ##EQU4##
FIG. 13 provides a schematic diagram of a CATV headend configured in accordance with the present invention in which only two groups of channels (groups B and D) contain scrambled channels to be processed by the subscriber unit of FIG. 3. A comb generator supplies independent comb signals to each group, thereby allowing partial IRC operation. A more detailed view of the comb generator is provided in FIG. 14. The two broadband comb generators feeding group B comb and group D comb are of similar construction to the subscriber broadband generator 13E. However, here, all carriers are constructed in a CW periodic mode. Thus, for a 72 MHz clock frequency, the address generator is essentially a modulo 12 counter providing the 6 MHz periodicity. The 72 MHz pilot signal is also fed into the CATV system in order to provide all subscriber units with synchronous clock. Note also that the master video timing supplied by the genlock reference signal is locked to the 72 MHz clock, thereby guaranteeing the rigid relationship between line rate and RF clock rate that eliminates the need to change the RF RAM records for every video line at the subscriber unit. The relative phases of the comb signals may be changed by downloading other RAM records through data buses WB and WD. These phase values are practically irrelevant to the operation of the system of the present invention but it may be desirable to adjust them in order to reduce total transmission distortion as disclosed in the above-cited copending U.S. patent application to the present inventor.
FIG. 15a shows a baseband representation of an RF sync suppression HBI. FIG. 15b depicts the required coherent injection signal for descrambling. Here, due to the attenuation at RF, all signal components are in need of injection including a portion of the color burst. As can be seen, six RAM records are required for generation of the picture carrier portion of the injection signal. These are 1032, 1040, 1038, 1030, 1036, and 1033. Although it may be possible to generate the missing burst signal by VSB generation about the picture carrier, this approach is prohibitively expensive in memory because of the poor conguance between the color subscrarrier frequency and 6 MHz.
An alternative solution is based on the fact that all upper sidband color subcarriers in a frame synchronized video sources are incrementally related with 6 MHz spacing. Hence they can be generated separately with a 3.58 MHz offset local oscillator locked on the color burst of the center carrier channel as shown in the description of the second embodiment of the present invention provided by FIGS. 16 and 17. In a manner similar to the first embodiment, all injected phasors are measured and tracked preferably during the VBI. FIG. 17 shows the arrangement for a Multiple Dwelling Unit ("MDU") subscriber group. Here, the digital broadband generator of subscriber A provides the analysis function during calibrated injection of subscriber B and vice versa.
Finally, it is worth noting that if a broadband generator is dedicated to one group during the entire video line, it can generate additional fixed injection signals of varying levels during the active video time so as to provide an additional denial security based on random "video folding." This method can be implemented by effecting gated coherent injection at the headend using some fixed set of injection values governed by cryptographic keystream control and selectively null them out (therefore descramble) at the subscriber location based on precise phasor adjustment. Because the headend injected signal can be in opposite phase, video inversion on only a sector of the screen may take place, further frustrating any existing "pirate" descramblers. FIG. 18 shows the RAM timing diagram for a descrambler utilizing the video folding descrambling and signal denial technique.
While the preferred application of the present invention has been shown and described, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that many more modifications are possible without departing from the invention concept herein described. It is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 15, 1969
|Apr 6, 1971
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Single-sideband modulation system
|Feb 1, 1973
|Aug 5, 1975
|Phasecom Corp
|Method and apparatus for reducing distortion in multicarrier communication systems
|Dec 31, 1979
|Sep 14, 1982
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Digital multifrequency signal generator
|Apr 2, 1987
|Aug 2, 1988
|Itt Aerospace Optical
|Baseband phase modulator apparatus employing digital techniques
|Apr 7, 1988
|Jul 4, 1989
|Trio Kabushiki Kaisha
|Frequency synthesizer suited for use in a time division multiplexing system
|Aug 31, 1989
|Jun 9, 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Broad-band programmable harmonics generator
|Nov 18, 1991
|Nov 10, 1992
|Morris Keith D
|Single sideband modulator for translating baseband signals to radio frequency in single stage
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Feb 17, 2000
|Dec 16, 2003
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Video signal processing device that allows an image display device on which pixels are fixed in number to display every video signal
|Aug 27, 2013
|Oct 20, 2015
|Raytheon Company
|Efficient high speed ADC interface design
|Mar 6, 2014
|Aug 16, 2016
|Sony Corporation
|Nested symbol constellations representing respective services for graceful degradation in the presence of noise
|Mar 6, 2014
|Jul 3, 2014
|Sony Corporation
|Nested symbol constellations representing respective services for graceful degradation in the presence of noise
|Aug 27, 2013
|Mar 5, 2015
|Raytheon Company
|Efficient high speed adc interface design
|U.S. Classification
|380/206, 370/482, 380/221, 455/109, 327/106, 708/8, 348/723, 380/219, 332/170
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 2, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 12, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 12, 2004
|Surcharge for late payment
|Nov 28, 2005
Owner name: MULTICHANNEL COMMUNICATION SCIENCES, INC., CALIFOR
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Owner name: GOOGLE TECHNOLOGY HOLDINGS LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC;REEL/FRAME:035441/0001
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games / News
Street Fighter X Tekken on the PS Vita to Feature Cross-Platform Online Multiplayer
April 10, 2012 | Posted by
The PS Vita version of the hit fighter Street Fighter X Tekken will feature cross-platform multiplayer with the PS3. Capcom revealed the info recently, that the two will be compatible by both wifi, and 3G connection. Below you can view a new trailer for the game.


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Having trouble with 2nd day hair. tips?
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Join Date: Sep 2007
Posts: 2,676
Monday, May 20, 2013 at 07:31PM
I've had a lot of luck lately with 2nd and 3rd day hair. I only do 3rd day hair on the weekends or if I don't have time to do my hair. While my hair is passable for 3rd day, I don't like the feel of it.
My hair length is a longer bob. I pull my hair up in a pineapple; not all of it is pulled up. My hair is too short to get all of it up. I sleep on a silk pillowcase. I tried satin pillowcase at first, but it didn't work for me. Satin is a synthetic fibre and it makes me sweat. Silk, on the other hand, is a natural fibre. I don't swear and my hair is much better.
Before going to bed I scrunch in a product. It seems to protect my hair from getting frizzy overnight. I've tried several different products. Lately my favourite is Komaza Coconut Hair Pudding. I scrunch some in to the hair I have pulled up. Whatever is left in my hands, I scrunch in to the hair that was too short to pull up.
The next morning I take out the scrunchie and shake my hair out. I scrunch in some Komaza Califia Moisturizing Cream. It prevents frizz from forming through the day.
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Type: 3a fine & dense,with normal porosity, terrible product junkie
ROUTINE: LI, enhancer, gel, plop with Curlease towel, serum product (either CIAB or Gel-les'c), clip & diffuse.
Too many favourite products to list ... I finally have my routine that works and alot of products to choose from. My product stash is huge, but well loved !!!


text: Does the CTS-V have launch control? LC was added to the C6 in the last few years and I wonder if it has been added to CTS-V as well. Interestingly, the C6 (any model) never officially had no-lift shift as a feature, although it was effectively there on my 11 Z06. So I wondered if maybe LC is on the CTS-V as an unadvertised feature. In the Z06, you put it in first gear, wheel straight, comp mode on, floor it and the computer revs to about 4000 and holds it there, then release the clutch and shift without lifting the throttle. The TC system modulates throttle based on wheel spin to maximize acceleration.


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Design Your Own Experience is our innovative application that will allow you to create your own wish list of Norwegian experiences. Click here to try it!
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To us, authenticity is luxury, but in the world of modern travelling the word «authenticity» is frequently synonymous with artful deception. Hence, it is with the utmost of confidence that The Travel Designer invites you to experience our private journeys comfortably devoid of travel gimmicks. Blissfully released from mass tourism you will enjoy, and marvel at some of the most impressive natural phenomenon the world has on offer.
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Whichever you prefer, exploring the fascinating off the beaten track nooks and crannies of this amazing part of the world you may be accompanied by our experienced, observant and charming guides. We are also attentive to any particular needs, wishes or special interests you may have, be it specific sights, history, cuisine, cultural experiences, recreational activities or even people you may want to meet. You name it – if at all possible, we arrange for it!
Bearing in mind that only experiencing by participation constitutes true knowledge, and that everything else is information, The Travel Designer is dedicated to – literally speaking – taking you into the backwaters of the anomalous and spectacularly beautiful corner of the world called Norway. We will customize your once-in-a-lifetime experience.


text:
(Colorado Springs, Colo.) -- The United States Olympic Committee has announced it will lead governing bodies of Olympic sports in unprecedented efforts to prevent sexual and physical abuse that could affect millions of athletes across the country. This issue has been in the spotlight after a sexual misconduct scandal at USA Swimming.
A top USOC official said recommendations from a task force led by four-time Olympic skier Nina Kemppel will be implemented within six months, including the centralizing and standardizing of background checks for coaches, staff and volunteers working with athletes.
"The issue does merit more haste, and I think you'll see meaningful progress from us long before six months comes and goes," said USOC Chief Executive Officer Scott Blackmun.
An ABC News-20/20 investigation in April revealed that 36 swimming coaches had been banned by USA Swimming for allegations of sexual misconduct, including molestation and hidden videotaping of children in locker rooms. San Jose swim coach Andy King, 62, abused more than a dozen teen female victims over three decades and still had a clean background screening from USA Swimming in 2008, despite allegations against him and a police investigation. USA Swimming, the governing body of the sport in the U.S., is facing at least five lawsuits by swimmers who accuse the organization of failing to protect them from predatory coaches and allege cover-up at the top.
Kemppel, the Olympian who led the task force that was convened shortly after the 20/20 investigation, said she didn't anticipate the emotional impact that speaking to athletes who had been victimized had on her.
"I will tell you that it's enough of an issue in sport that people would call me up and explain their story, whether they be athletes or parents or coaches who have been involved in some way in the incidents we're talking about," Kemppel said.
She said athletes can be particularly vulnerable to sexual and physical abuse because of "very unique relationships between athletes and authority figures" and "venues that promote more contact than some other venues outside of sports."
To address problems with criminal background checks, Kemppel's group recommended the USOC work with national governing bodies of Olympic sports to establish a "preferred provider network" and standardize the set of background search criteria across all sports and how to address violations.
In addition, the group recommended the USOC provide sports organizations with standardized training and education resources, including pre-hire screening "so that there is no club-to-club or sport-to-sport jumping," said Kemppel. Other recommendations that the USOC plans on implementing include a centralized online toolkit for sports groups to adopt and customize.
Despite calls for a centralized database of coaches across all sports with allegations of sexual or physical abuse of athletes, the task force ultimately decided not to recommend such a system right now, Kemppel said, although she hopes in the future it will become a reality.
"I think the practicality of doing this right now across all [national governing bodies] would be very difficult," said Kemppel.
"At this point, it would be very difficult for us to require some of the very small sports organizations to keep the kind of records and track the kind of data that would be required to truly keep a unified nationwide database possible and viable," she added.
Copyright 2010 ABC News Radio


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AP Mom to 5
practice the back carry while standing on your bed. go to mamatoto.com or .org, i cant remember which, they have lots of pictures and videos of wrap (front and back)carries.
Some ideas for cooking include sandwiches, salads, and making ahead on the weekends when husband is available? I have the best deal though--husband who cooks!
or... do you never put baby down at all?
i just want one of those crappy old swings from like the 80s, but everything at the store was low to the ground and just, i dunno, i didn't like 'em.
Sami , wife to , mama to Tate 10/14/05, Kaleb 12/17/07, Bram 3/13/10-11/17/12, Alden 2/1/12, October 2014
^ :
That 5 minutes is about all I get...
Just wait until Maya is a spirited toddler, and while doing gymnastics on the furniture, falls and splits her lip open - requiring your full attention while her newborn sibling screams because he/she can't find their hands. :
Being a mother makes you the ultimate juggler - it just takes time to get used to it. It never ends. Ever. Ever ever ever.
any tips on mastering the back carry? or any brand name recs for neglect-o-matics? specifically swings?
Mama to (DS 7) and (DD 5), wife to DH
Mama to (DS 7) and (DD 5), wife to DH
Alison: BFing, BWing, ERFing mama to KidA (12/25/07) and KidO (6/26/10)
i'd love that, but we so do not have the money for that to happen very often. oh well. i do like cooking, at least, and i have some quick and easy meal ideas, a crockpot, & a pressure cooker. i've been making big portions so that one day of cooking leads to a few days of eating.
Alison: BFing, BWing, ERFing mama to KidA (12/25/07) and KidO (6/26/10)
Do you have a Costco? They sell hugantic pizzas for like $8 - DH and I can get 4 meals out of one pizza. And the pizza is really good ... it's an awesome cheap and easy meal.
I made a wicked easy stew yesterday, too. I did take a little extra time to coat the meat with seasoned flour and brown it, but I used baby carrots and the refrigerator case 'Simply Potatoes' and a bit of beef stock and it was awesome.
Chili is another really easy crock pot meal - I almost always make vegetarian chili, too, since it's so easy to use a meat substitute and still have everything taste awesome.
Just to add...I told DH to eat lunch later so he's not starving when he gets home. He gets to cuddle with the baby and I get some two handed cooking time which I really enjoy.
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This piece may be shown differently in our showroom than as pictured on website.
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Need to watch the kids and the football game at the same time? A swivel recliner makes it easy to both relax and be in control of your environment. Add a 360 degree swiveling base to this chair for an additional charge.
This lovely rocker recliner will be a comfortable addition to your living room. The plush high back cushion and deep pillow top seat cushion will keep you cozy as you sit back and relax. The rocker easily reclines, making this a quick favorite with everyone that uses it. Pillow top arms frame the piece, adding an extra touch of luxury. This rocker recliner is available in multiple leathers by special order, so you are sure to find the perfect match for your home.
The Touchdown Leather Rocker Recliner with Swivel by Lane at Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
The Touchdown collection offers you comfortable living room and family room solutions that are ideal for sitting down to watch the big game. The collection includes a rocker recliner, double reclining console sofa, double reclining sofa, and the option to create a sectional sofa from components in this collection. The pieces feature high plush back cushions, deep pillow top seat cushions, and luxurious pillow top arms. With the addition of the reclining capability, your family will absolutely fall in love with the coziness that the pieces have to offer.
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Browse other items in the Touchdown collection from Becker Furniture World in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Minnesota area.
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chesmistry 9 grade
posted by flash on .
advantage,disadvantage of zero-b water purifier
I must admit I don't know what zero-b water purifier is so I went to google and typed in zero-b water purifier. Apparently this is manufactured in India and is a form of ion exchange (at least that is the company name). I suggest you google the word and read those sites. There is a wealth of information there and you should be able to pick up advantages quite easily. Disadvantages may be harder to find since these are commercial sites.


text:
More and more people are supporting Aboriginal culture rather than erasing it.
I was born in Yallourn, a small place just outside Morwell what people call Gippsland these days. As a young fella we grew up in bean paddocks, pea paddocks and also lived at Lake Tyers for a short period. But then government brought in policies of removing those of mixed ancestry so we basically lived with family and moved around a lot, through the mountains, along the coast, but mainly in our own Country, which is all Gippsland area.
One of the best memories was when we were all down on a place called Wuk Wuk which is just outside Bairnsdale. In those days we used to live in a hay shed, maybe 15, 20 people – kids, families – and the Aunts and Uncles would go out picking beans. It was great. Just all yarns and noises and people coming and going, you know, it was real family. Wouldn't be just our family, might be other families moving through 'cause a lot of people were transient.
We had the beautiful river and just being kids, diving for tortoises in the long reed and picking the mussels. It was lovely and pretty free. Unfortunately they put in a dam system further up so the molluscs died off and the tortoise disappeared. It's a bit of a shame. When I took my daughter back to show her, it was very different.
I've been lucky. Our family, no matter what we get copped with, we've all just identified. That was instilled into us – you are from here. People will call you a 'mission-breed'. People will put you down, but just be proud of who you are. It's really strange how people relate... you can be Sri Lankan, Indian, Asian, oh yeah. But when you say you're Aboriginal, they say, which part? Growing up we copped all the negatives, had my pushbike run over, all these nasty things. Now I'm pushing 60 people go, oh, you don't look Aboriginal. You can't be Aboriginal. But my answer to them is you don't actually look Australian. Which part are you?
I'm part of the Stolen Generation. I was forcibly removed under the policy of assimilation. We lived under the care of a policeman for two years. We lived in his out house, then sent to a boarding school for four and a half years. That was just before the '67 referendum. I actually went back and asked the school where I'd been locked up for my records and the only thing they could find about their student that was placed in their care was oh, Form 3, very good at history. No other student records. So I didn't exist in four and a half years in that boarding school. I'll investigate that one day.
I've been fortunate enough to work with some of the Yulendj members for over 30 years in other roles and different capacities, as community members. In my case it's a real opportunity. There's people there that I didn't realise were my relatives' relatives so I've met another line of family which I didn't know. This is part of my family so this is a personal thing I've gotten out of it but the opportunity to educate non-Aboriginals about this history of this part of the world is quite unique. There's so much they need to learn about this country and its history.
Non-Aboriginal culture says we come from Africa, we come from fish, we come from Mars, but in our oral history it's said that everyone came from the south. We're still here. Educating how people survived many many thousands of years in this climate. People in Victoria didn't run around semi-naked chasing Skippy through the sunset -- you'd freeze to death in the middle of a Victorian winter! Everyone wore possum skin or kangaroo cloaks.
I was a work experience student at the museum in 1975 in anthropology with a man called Alan West. It was part of my placement when we were the first Aboriginals to go to a university in Victoria. When I was growing up we were told we were uneducated and uncivilised and all of that. But now that's all changing, where our people are actively involved in doing things for everybody. And now more and more people are supporting Aboriginal culture rather than erasing it. By seeing here it is, I can go and tell my nephews and other family members so they can reconnect themselves back to parts of culture they might not have an understanding of. To see the real objects, nothing can replace that. It's better than going to see Tutankhamun. I have seen him but he didn't excite me as much as a Koorie shield does or a boomerang because they're from this area. These are items made by maybe some of my long-distant relatives, my ancestors.
People also need to be aware of some of the collection practices. Someone might come up to a certain object and it's got a farmer's name on it and that farmer collected it from somewhere. But this wasn't in the last ten years or twenty years, these were collected 150 years ago. Even the people who collected them and looked after them aren't here anymore. It's important to recognise the errors at the time of when those people were going out collecting, but people have got to realise if they didn't collect them we wouldn't be looking at them, so there's a kind of shared history as well. Maybe in another ten years a lot of Victorian communities have their own keeping places in museums and then there'll be that other journey for the museum itself of repatriating some of those items back to the communities. If people didn't collect them we wouldn't be dealing with this history.
Down home we lost all our community spears and boomerangs off our hall –they've disappeared because someone took them. If they were stored in a collection place where they would be for future generations, people would be able to look at them today. There's always going to be that intellectual property challenge, who owns those things, but I think it's important to recognise the keeping places. It's not about me as an individual, it's not about my family or brothers and sisters or cousins, it's about the next five generations. They're the ones who will be coming in looking at these objects and might say, wow, our great-great-grandparents did this. We're doing stuff that 30 or 40 years ago wasn't even envisaged.
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Hi Madeleine,
The song is Yorta Yorta Man, from his album Yorta Yorta Man, released in 1994. You can read more about Jimmy Little, and see the song...