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The Man Who Would Be King
|"The Man Who Would Be King"
|Rudyard Kipling
|United Kingdom, India
|Published in
|The Phantom 'Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales
|Publication type
|A. H. Wheeler & Co of Allahabad
|Publication date
"The Man Who Would Be King" (1888) is a short story by Rudyard Kipling. It is about two British adventurers in British India who become kings of Kafiristan, a remote part of Afghanistan. The story was inspired by the exploits of James Brooke, an Englishman who became the first White Rajah of Sarawak in Borneo; and by the travels of American adventurer Josiah Harlan, who was granted the title Prince of Ghor in perpetuity for himself and his descendants. It incorporates a number of other factual elements such as locating the story in eastern Afghanistan's Kafiristan and the European-like appearance of many of Kafiristan's Nuristani people, and an ending modelled on explorer Adolf Schlagintweit.[1]
The story was first published in The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales (1888).[2] It also appeared in Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories (1895), and in numerous later editions of that collection. It has been adapted for other media a number of times.
Plot summary[edit]
The narrator of the story is a British journalist in 19th Century India - Kipling himself, in all but name. Whilst on a tour of some Indian native states he meets two scruffy adventurers, Daniel Dravot and Peachey Carnehan. Softened by their stories, he agrees to help them in a minor errand, but later he regrets this and informs the authorities about them - preventing them from blackmailing a minor rajah. A few months later the pair appear at his newspaper office in Lahore. They tell him of a plan they have hatched. They declare that after years of trying their hands at all manner of things, they have decided that "India is not big enough for them". They plan to go to Kafiristan and set themselves up as kings. Dravot will pass as a native and, armed with twenty Martini-Henry rifles, they plan to find a king or chief to help him defeat enemies. Once that is done, they will take over for themselves. They ask the narrator for the use of books, encyclopedias and maps of the area – as a favour, because they are fellow Freemasons, and because he spoiled their blackmail scheme. They also show him a contract they have drawn up between themselves which swears loyalty between the pair and total abstinence from women and alcohol.
Two years later, on a scorching hot summer night, Carnehan creeps into the narrator's office. He is a broken man, a crippled beggar clad in rags and he tells an amazing story. Dravot and Carnehan succeeded in becoming kings: traversing treacherous mountains, finding the Kafirs, mustering an army, taking over villages, and dreaming of building a unified nation and even an empire. The Kafirs (pagans, not Muslims) were impressed by the rifles and Dravot's lack of fear of their idols, and acclaimed him as a god, the reincarnation or descendant of Alexander the Great. They show a whiter complexion than others of the area ("so hairy and white and fair it was just shaking hands with old friends") implying their ancient lineage to Alexander himself. The Kafirs practised a form of Masonic ritual, and Dravot's reputation was further cemented when he showed knowledge of Masonic secrets that only the oldest priest remembered.
Their schemes were dashed, however, when Dravot (against the advice of Carnehan) decided to marry a Kafir girl. Kingship going to his head, he decided he needed a Queen and then royal children. Terrified at marrying a god, the girl bit Dravot when he tried to kiss her during the wedding ceremony. Seeing him bleed, the priests cried that he was "Neither God nor Devil but a man!" Most of the Kafirs turned against Dravot and Carnehan. A few of his men remained loyal, but the army defected and the two kings were captured.
Dravot, wearing his crown, stood on a rope bridge over a gorge while the Kafirs cut the ropes, and he fell to his death. Carnehan was crucified between two pine trees. When he survived this torture for a whole day, the Kafirs considered it a miracle and let him go. He begged his way back to India.
As proof of his tale, Carnehan shows the narrator Dravot's head, still wearing the golden crown, which he swears never to sell. Carnehan leaves carrying the head. The next day the narrator sees him crawling along the road in the noon sun, with his hat off and gone mad. The narrator sends him to the local asylum. When he inquires two days later, he learns that Carnehan has died of sunstroke. No belongings were found with him.[3]
As a young man the would-be poet T. S. Eliot, already an ardent admirer of Kipling, wrote a short story called "The Man Who Was King". Published in 1905 in the Smith Academy Record, a school magazine of the school he was attending as a day-boy, the story explicitly shows how the prospective poet was concerned with his own unique version of the "King".[4][5][6]
J. M. Barrie described the story as "the most audacious thing in fiction". Additional critical responses are collected in Bloom's Rudyard Kipling.[7]
A radio adaption of the story was broadcast on the show Escape on 7 July 1947. It was rebroadcast on 1 August 1948.
Director John Huston adapted the story as a 1975 feature film of the same name, starring Sean Connery as Dravot and Michael Caine as Carnehan, with Christopher Plummer as Kipling. As early as 1954, Humphrey Bogart expressed the desire to star in The Man Who Would Be King and was in talks with Huston.[8]
In popular culture[edit]
- The DreamWorks movie The Road to El Dorado (2000) is loosely based on the story.
- The title of J. Michael Bailey's popular science book, The Man Who Would Be Queen (2003), plays on Kipling's title.
- In Jimmy Buffett's book Salty Piece of Land, the movie version starring Sean Connery and Michael Caine is referenced several times as a significant plot line to the story.
- Daniel Dravot appears in Kim Newman's Anno Dracula series as a functionary of the secret Diogenes Club.
- The two main characters appear in by Ian Edginton's graphic novel Scarlet Traces (2002).
- Garth Nix's short story "Losing Her Divinity", in the book Rags and Bones, is based on the story.
- In H. G. Wells' The Sleeper Awakes (1910), the Sleeper identifies a cylinder ("a modern substitute for books") with "The Man Who Would Be King" written on the side in mutilated English as "oi Man huwdbi Kin". The Sleeper recalls the story as "one of the best stories in the world".[9]
- In the video game Borderlands 2, one of the main missions is called "The Man Who Would Be Jack" as a reference to the story.
- In the video game Civilization V, the achievement for completing the game on any difficulty with Alexander the Great is named "The Man Who Would Be King."
- "The Man Who Would be King" is a song by Dio on the album Master of the Moon.
- "The Man Who Would Be King", a 2004 song written by Pete Doherty and Carl Barât of The Libertines, appears in their self-titled second album. The songwriters are known fans of Kipling and his work. It reflects on the story, as two friends – who seem to be at the top – drift away from each other and begin to despise each other, mirroring the bandmates' turbulent relationship and eventual splitting of the band shortly after the album's release.
- The ninth track on Iron Maiden's 15th studio album, The Final Frontier, is entitled "The Man Who Would Be King". The song has no apparent connection with the novella apart from the title.
- In rapper Billy Woods' album History Will Absolve Me, the third track is called "The Man Who Would Be King"
- The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Storyteller" was based on the short story, according to Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion. In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Déjà Q" the omnipotent Q, stripped of his powers and left to live as a mortal human, sarcastically refers to himself as "The king who would be man."
- Supernatural, season 6, episode 20 is titled "The Man Who Would Be."
- ^ Middleton, Robert & Thomas, Huw (2008). Tajikistan & The High Pamirs: A Companion and Guide. Odyssey. ISBN 962-217-773-5.
- ^ "The Man Who Would Be King". Indian Railway Library. A. H. Wheeler & Co of Allahabad. 5. 1888.
- ^ "Plot Summary of "The Man Who Would Be King" in Harold Bloom, ed. Rudyard Kipling, Chelsea House, 2004. pp. 18–22.
- ^ Narita, Tatsushi & Coutinho, Eduardo F. (Editor) (2009). "Young T. S. Eliot as a Transpacific 'Literary Columbus': Eliot on Kipling's Short Story". Beyond Binarism: Discontinuities and Displacements: Studies in Comparative Literature. Rio de Janeiro: Aeroplano: 230–237.
- ^ Narita, Tatsushi (2011). T. S. Eliot and his Youth as 'A Literary Columbus'. Nagoya: Kougaku Shuppan.
- ^ Narita, Tatsushi (1992). "Fiction and Fact in T.S. Eliot's 'The Man Who Was King". Notes and Queries. Pembroke College, Oxford University. 39 (2): 191–192.
- ^ Bloom, Harold (Editor) (2004). Rudyard Kipling. Chelsea House.
- ^ "bogart-bacall-grace-person-to-person-a-look-back". CBS News. Retrieved 3 July 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Wells, H. G. & Parringer, Patrick (Editor) (2005). The Sleeper Awakes. England: Penguin Classics. p. 56.
Further reading[edit]
- Kreitzer, Larry J. The Son of God Goes Forth to War: Biblical Imagery in Rudyard Kipling's 'The Man Who Would Be King'.
External links[edit]
|Wikisource has original text related to this article:
- Full text at Project Gutenberg
- The Man Who Would Be King public domain audiobook at LibriVox


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Ray J Preps New Album, Supports Brandy on 'DWTS'
When Brandy hits the stage for the 11th season of 'Dancing With the Stars,' the Grammy winner will have the support of her younger brother Ray J who will be cheering for her every step of the way. Ray, who has always shared a close relationship with his sister, revealed that aside from his music projects and shooting his reality show 'Brandy & Ray J: A Family Business,' he can't wait to support his sister as she competes against the likes of David Hasselhoff and former NBA baller, Rick Foxx.
"I'm more excited about that than anything," he told The BoomBox. "I feel like it's the Super Bowl coming up for us and I'm actually on the fields on the sidelines so I'm excited. I'm a little nervous for her but I know she's gonna do real good and I want everybody to vote for her."
While his sister is lacing up her dancing shoes, Ray has been busy in the studio working on his forthcoming, untitled album. Set to feature appearances from Ludacris, Pitbull and Gucci Mane, the 29-year-old has been putting the finishing touches on the album which he executive produced alongside Rodney Jerkins. "It should be something real explosive and the music should really just speak [for itself]."
Aside from their personal business obligations, the Norwood family, which includes mom Sonya and dad Willie Ray Sr., just rapped up shooting the second season of their reality show which will return to VH1. 'Dancing With the Stars' kicks off at 8:00PM on Monday, Sept. 20, on ABC.

subset: commoncrawl


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But the truth is, the main patent at issue in the new trial has nothing to do with the first one, which resulted in a $1.05 billion verdict handed to Apple by the jury. Judge Koh recently cut that award by $450 million and a new trial will be heard on the damages to be awarded on 14 Samsung devices that the jury said had infringed on Apple's patents. The featured patent in the new 2014 case is the infamous '604 patent aka the Siri patent which deals with universal search.
Now that the judge has ruled that the new trial can continue, it is expected to start in March 2014. In ruling that the trial can start before Samsung is finished appealing the first case, Judge Koh made Apple the victor as it was Samsung that wanted to delay this trial while appealing the first decision. Last month, the judge seemed to be leaning Samsung's way.
source: Reuters via AppleInsider


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Live (almost) from AGU–Dispatch #1
Mark Fahnestock and collaborators presented additional evidence of the responsiveness of the Greenland ice sheet to climate change around the margins. Changes in outlet glacier systems correlate very well with changes in the temperature of the neighboring sea waters. Some of this may be due to increased melt in the ablation zone, but the effect of warm waters on the calving zone where glaciers discharge into the sea may be a factor,as may be direct mechanical effects of sea ice. The coasts of Greenland have experienced dramatic warming, with satellite data showing the sea having warmed by 4C over the past 15 years. Winter freezing along the coast has shown a dramatic decrease (noticed even by the local Inuit, who in places can no longer traverse certain fjords on dogsled in winter). The dramatic decline in winter freezing shows up in satellite-based sea ice extent maps. If the sea ice goes, can Greenland be far behind? Altogether, things are beginning to look very grim in Greenland — a sentiment expressed by many of the presenters.
Now, that was some of the interesting science, fascinating if scary. Another presentation given today was scary in quite a different way, and altogether aggravating. John Marburger, President Bush's Science Advisor, gave the Union Agency Lecture. His lecture was called "Reflections on the Science and Policy of Energy and Climate Change." The good news, I suppose, is that he at least stated that he accepted the established physical connection between CO2 increase and warming — the inhibition of infrared emission by CO2, amplified by water vapor feedback. That's about the only good thing I can say about the lecture. It was basically an hour long apology for the White House global warming policy. And don't get me wrong — by "apology" I do not mean that he was expressing regret for the dismal performance of the White House in this sphere.
While acknowledging the correctness of the basic physics, Marburger implied that it was impossible to make useful predictions of climate damages, because of difficulties models have with forecasting regional climate change and things like response of El Nino to warming. Over and over, he castigated the community for being reluctant to do research on adaptation, and over and over stated that adaptation was cheaper than mitigation (reducing CO2 emissions). He stated that it was going to be basically impossible to reduce emissions significantly anyway, since the technologies didn't exist to do that (I guess he never read Pacala and Socolow's paper on the wedge concept). His basic answer to everything was that nobody would (or should) do anything until carbon free energy became cheaper than current means of producing energy by burning fossil fuels. There was no recognition that things like carbon taxes might be necessary to put the cost of harms due to climate change into the market. These damages were basically ignored in his world view — except insofar as he said they should be handled by adaptation. "Anthropogenic Climate Change is not the only source of risk to vulnerable populations" He mentioned the need for clean water — the favorite example for everybody who wants to ignore climate change.
He had lots of praise for fossil fuels "Fossil fuels have made modern economies possible." and echoed the Bush administration line by saying the goal should be to reduce carbon intensity (carbon per $ of GDP) not carbon emissions. Sorry, Dr. Marburger, but infrared radiative transfer doesn't give a fig about GDP. It's the emissions that count, and they somehow have to be brought down.
It will be no surprise that Marburger hewed to the line that only voluntary carbon reductions should be sought. He referred to "aspirational goals" as the basis for global carbon policy. More remarkably, he put the blame on Congress when somebody asked why no mandatory carbon caps had been put into place — conveniently ignoring that Congress is within a few votes of passing such a cap, but is laboring under a Presidential veto threat. Even more remarkably, in response to a question about White House censorship and re-writing of documents touching on climate change science, he defended these as "Legitimate attempts to improve the communication of science," and to "correct some fine points that got glossed over." He baldly stated, "I have not found any evidence of any attempt to censor science."
Perhaps somebody should ask Jim Hansen for a second opinion on that. I'm sure our readers can provide Dr. Marburger with additional examples, if he needs a reminder.
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German Shepherd Dog Forums (http://www.germanshepherds.com/forum/)
- Police K-9 (http://www.germanshepherds.com/forum/police-k-9/)
- - How are working dogs really treated? (http://www.germanshepherds.com/forum/police-k-9/445521-how-working-dogs-really-treated.html)
How are working dogs really treated?
I have no clue. Just saw a story about a handler being reprimanded for the treatment of his dog. Here is a link to the story.
Indiana Police Officer Caught Abusing K-9 | Life With Dogs
Was curious to get perspective from handlers.
Hi Jedi's Mom,
There's already a thread in the Current Dog Affairs subforum regarding this incident. A few working dog handlers have posted in that thread.
Here is a link to the thread:
I would imagine they are treated well for the most part, keeping in my that abusive insane people occupy every profession, I think if you are a k9 handler in the military or police you must love dogs..I dont know much about it but it doesn't make sense to me to join up for the k9 part and have a hate on for dogs, maybe 1 in every 100 treats their k9 partner badly. My grandfather had sheep and a border collie when my mom was little that was a working farm dog, the dogs needs were met and it lived in the barn.
Sent from Petguide.com Free App
Please join the other thread.
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Longstreth WT, Bernick C, Manolio TA, Bryan N, Jungreis CA, Price TR, for the Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Lacunar Infarcts Defined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging of 3660 Elderly PeopleThe Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Neurol. 1998;55(9):1217-1225. doi:10-1001/pubs.Arch Neurol.-ISSN-0003-9942-55-9-noc7562
© 2017
To identify risk factors for and functional consequences of lacunar infarct in elderly people.
The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) is a longitudinal study of people 65 years or older, in which 3660 participants underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neuroradiologists read scans in a standard fashion without any clinical information. Lacunes were defined as subcortical areas consistent with infarcts measuring 3 to 20 mm. In cross-sectional analyses, clinical correlates were contrasted among groups defined by MRI findings.
Of the 3660 subjects who underwent MRI, 2529 (69%) were free of infarcts of any kind and 841(23%) had 1 or more lacunes without other types present, totaling 1270 lacunes. For most of these 841 subjects, their lacunes were single (66%) and silent (89%), namely without a history of transient ischemic attack or stroke. In multivariate analyses, factors independently associated with lacunes were increased age, diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, and pack-years of smoking (listed in descending order of strength of association; for all, P<.005), as well as maximum internal carotid artery stenosis of more than 50% (odds ratio [OR], 1.81; P <.005), male sex (OR, 0.74; P <.005), and history of diabetes at entrance into the study (OR, 1.33; P <.05). Models for subgroups of single, multiple, silent, and symptomatic lacunes differed only minimally. Those with silent lacunes had more cognitive, upper extremity, and lower extremity dysfunction not recognized as stroke than those whose MRIs were free of infarcts.
In this group of older adults, lacunes defined by MRI are common and associated with factors that likely promote or reflect small-vessel disease. Silent lacunes are also associated with neurologic dysfunction.
FISHER1- 3 DEFINED lacunes pathologically as areas of infarction of less than 2 cm in size and resulting from occlusion of 1 of the small penetrating branches of large cerebral arteries. He described these small deep infarcts of the brain as common—being single or multiple, clinically silent or, less frequently, symptomatic. Although for many clinicians the diagnosis of lacunar infarct implies hypertensive small-vessel disease, risk factors specific for lacunar infarcts have not been investigated extensively.4 Some5,6 have suggested that the clinical syndrome and risk factors may differ for patients with single as opposed to multiple lacunes and that the same mechanisms in effect for nonlacunar infarcts, such as artery-to-artery emboli and cardiac emboli, may also play a role in lacunes.7- 9 Large pathologic series might be useful in unraveling the risk factors for lacunar infarcts, but such studies are scarce due to the low early fatality rate in patients with lacunes.10 Consequently, in most studies of risk factors, lacunes have been defined clinically rather than pathologically. Many of these studies are flawed by small numbers of subjects, lack of appropriate control groups, and use of computed tomography that may underestimate the burden of small deep infarcts, relative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).4
The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) is a prospective, multicenter, epidemiological study of risk factors for coronary and cerebrovascular disease in older adults. As part of the study, 3660 participants have undergone cranial MRI. The imaging characteristics of lesions on MRI consistent with infarcts has been detailed previously.11 Clinical manifestations associated with these lesions are common, regardless of whether the participant has a history of stroke.12 Our article focuses on the subset of subjects in CHS with only lacunar infarcts on MRI. The CHS offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the potential risk factors for lacunar infarcts defined by MRI, to examine how risk factors may differ for single vs multiple lacunes and silent vs symptomatic lacunes, and to assess neurologic dysfunction in subjects with silent lacunes, namely those whose MRI shows 1 or more lacunes but who deny having had a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.
Members of the CHS cohort were recruited from a random sample of the Health Care Financing Administration Medicare eligibility lists in 4 US communities: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Sacramento County, California; Washington County, Maryland; and Pittsburgh (Allegheny County), Pennsylvania. Participants had to be 65 years or older, able to give informed consent, and able to respond to questions without the aid of a surrogate respondent. They could not be institutionalized, wheelchair-bound in the home, or under treatment for cancer. Details about the study design and characteristics of the 5888 participants are published elsewhere.13- 15
Eligible and consenting participants underwent an extensive baseline evaluation including standard questionnaires, physical examination, and laboratory testing, as detailed elsewhere.13,14 Subjects' cognitive functions were also evaluated, using a modified Mini-Mental State Examination16,17 and the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test.18 Parts of the baseline evaluation have been repeated at various times since the initial examinations were conducted between June 1989 and May 1990 (year 2 of the study). For the analyses concerning potential risk factors and clinical manifestations, in general, we used information that was collected at the examination closest in time but preceding the MRI scan.
Coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, TIA, claudication, hypertension, and diabetes were defined using patients' reports, hospital and clinic records, and data collected as part of the CHS study. Coronary heart disease included myocardial infarction, angina, coronary bypass graft, or angioplasty. For these analyses, a condition was said to be present at baseline if the subject reported having been told by a physician that he/she had that condition regardless of whether that report could be confirmed. More details on the criteria used to define these conditions were reported previously.13,14,19
Several sources of information were used to decide whether subjects reported having had a TIA with symptoms lasting less than 24 hours or a stroke with symptoms lasting 24 hours or more. Thus, subjects were classified as being free of TIA or stroke if they lacked a self-report of these conditions at baseline, whether confirmed or not, and lacked an incident TIA or stroke prior to the MRI that was performed as part of the study. Subjects were asked on a yearly basis whether they had experienced a TIA or stroke. Detailed information was collected from all giving a positive response and was used to adjudicate the event.19 Subjects with evidence on imaging, whether performed as part of the study or not, of brain infarcts but without a self-report of a TIA or stroke were classified as having silent infarcts.
Cranial MRI scans were performed during years 4, 5, and 6 of the study. Those without contraindication and who consented underwent imaging in a standard fashion.20,21 The scanning protocol included standard sagittal T1-weighted images and axial T1-weighted, spin density, and T2-weighted images—all with 5-mm thickness and no interslice gaps. Imaging data were sent to a single reading center for interpretation by neuroradiologists with training in the CHS protocol and without knowledge of the subjects' age, sex, race, ethnicity, or other clinical information.
In this study, evidence for cerebrovascular disease showed on MRI scan was defined as an area of abnormal signal intensity in a vascular distribution that lacked mass effect.11,20,21 Briefly, nonhemorrhagic infarcts of the cortical gray and deep nuclear regions had to be brighter on spin density and T2-weighted images than normal gray matter. The requirement for hyperintensity on spin density-weighted images was intended to distinguish small deep nuclear region infarcts from dilated perivascular spaces. Nonhemorrhagic infarcts in the white matter were similarly defined, except that they also had to be hypointense on T1-weighted images, approaching the hypointensity of cerebrospinal fluid, thus distinguishing them from diffuse white matter disease. Hemorrhagic lesions had heterogeneous increased signal on T1-weighted images, heterogeneous decreased signal on T2-weighted images, or both findings. White matter changes were graded in a standard fashion on a 10-point scale.15
This article concerns only infarcts 3 mm in size or greater. For each subject up to 5 such infarcts were identified and classified according to size (maximum of the anterior-to-posterior, right-to-left, and rostral-caudal dimen-sions) and 16 anatomic locations.11 In this article, all infarcts were further classified as being less than 20 mm in all dimensions or not and exclusively subcortical (cerebral and cerebellar) or not. For these analyses, a lacunar infarct or lacune was defined as exclusively subcortical and small, less than 20 mm in all dimensions.
To examine the association of lacunes with potential risk factors, we performed logistic regression analysis with age, sex, and each of the potential risk factors as the independent variables. The factors examined are listed later in a table. Because of the potential for age and sex to confound the relation between lacunes and potential risk factors, we included age and sex in all analyses. Five case definitions or dependent variables were examined, but all models included the same comparison or control group, those subjects who denied having had a TIA or stroke and whose MRI lacked evidence for an infarct of any type. Case groups included only those subjects with MRI evidence for lacunar infarcts. Excluded from these analyses were all subjects with other types of infarcts or combinations of lacunes with other types of infarcts, as well as all subjects without evidence for any infarct on MRI but with a self-report of a TIA or stroke. Subgroups of interest were defined by number of lacunes (single vs multiple) and by report of a TIA or stroke (silent vs symptomatic). Thus, analyses involved 5 dependent variables defined by a case group (≥1 lacunes) or 4 subgroups (single lacunes, multiple lacunes, silent lacunes, and symptomatic lacunes). Lacunes were classified as silent if the subject denied and as symptomatic if the subject reported having had a TIA or stroke at some time before the MRI scan.
After evaluating individually each risk factor, all risk factors were presented to an initial logistic regression analysis model to identify which were independently associated with lacunar infarcts. A stepwise method was used with a P value of .01. Next the analysis was rerun dropping from the list of candidates available to enter the model all the echocardiogram variables because none of these variables was significant in the prior model and because they were missing in a sizable proportion of the cohort. Finally, so as to maximize the number of subjects, the analysis was repeated making available only those variables identified as significant from the previous stepwise model. These steps were repeated for the 5 dependent variables defined above. Variables that had entered 1 or more of these stepwise models were then forced into logistic regression models for each of the 5 dependent variables to allow a comparison of the same set of variables across all dependent variables. In these final models, all the independent variables that were continuous were recoded into quartiles based on the distribution of the variable in the entire group of subjects eligible for these analyses.
We also examined the question of whether participants with silent lacunes demonstrated impaired function or clinical manifestations, using the clinical manifestation, rather than lacune, as the dependent variable and with age, sex, and silent lacunes, whether single or multiple, as the independent variables. The manifestations examined are listed later in a table. Additional analyses were performed on variables whose partial correlation coefficients for silent lacune adjusted for age and sex were significant. Adjustments were made for other variables that might also affect the function being evaluated. These additional variables included education (number of years of school up to 16 for a college graduate, and those with more education coded as 17) and the number of times the participant had performed the test being assessed prior to when the MRI was performed. For measures of cognitive function, a depression score was also added.22 Also factors independently associated with silent lacunes were forced into the models to control for potential confounding. Finally, given the association of many of these factors with white matter changes showed on MRI, as described previously,15 this factor was also included in all models.
Results of the regression analysis models described above are summarized in various ways. The simplest summary is with partial correlation coefficients and P values for the variables of interest. The greater the absolute value of the partial correlation coefficient, the stronger is the association. For the more detailed multivariate models, the regression coefficients are also presented. The regression coefficient indicates the average change in the dependent variable for a change of 1 unit in the independent variable, when the other independent variables are fixed. Finally, in the analyses where the same variables are forced into each model, the associations are summarized with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
All these analyses were based on the updated CHS database that incorporates minor corrections through May 30, 1997.
Of 5888 members of the CHS cohort, 3660 (62%) underwent MRI scanning. Those who were scanned were significantly younger, more educated, more likely to have never smoked, and healthier than those who were not scanned, as detailed previously.11,15 Considering all 3660 MRI scans, 2529 subjects (69.1%) had scans free of any infarcts (Table 1). The remaining 1131 subjects (30.9%) had MRI evidence for 1 or more infarcts, of which 841 subjects (74.4%) had only lacunes. Of 841 subjects with only lacunes, 554 had a single lacune (65.9%) and 751 had silent lacunes (89.3%), with the subject denying having had a TIA or stroke before the MRI.
Further analyses were restricted to 2403 subjects without report of TIA or stroke and without any infarcts by MRI (the comparison group) and the 841 subjects with only lacunar infarcts demonstrated on MRI (the case group). Of 841 with lacunar infarcts, 554 (66%) had 1 lacune, 184 (22%) 2, 71 (8%) 3, 25 (3%) 4, and 7 (1%) 5. Thus, the 841 subjects had among them 1270 total lacunes. Concerning these lacunes and the maximum of the right-left and anterior-to-posterior dimensions, 259 (20%) were 3 to less than 5 mm, 741 (58%) were 5 to less than 10 mm, 204 (16%) were 10 to less than 15 mm, and 66 (5%) were 15 to less than 20 mm in largest diameter. Of these lacunes, neuroradiologists coded 1109 (87%) as being in a single subcortical location, 132 (10%) in 2, 28 (2%) in 3, and 1 in 4.
The location of 1109 lacunes coded as being in a single location on MRI and whether they were silent or symptomatic is summarized in Table 2. Most of these lacunes were located in the lentiform nuclei (48.8%) or thalamus (18.8%) with those in the lentiform nuclei being slightly more likely to be present in subjects without reports of a TIA or stroke and those in the thalamus to be present in subjects with such reports.
Table 3 summarizes the associations between potential risk factors and lacunes for the case group and 4 subgroups. Age was strongly associated with all lacunes and with each subgroup, with partial correlation coefficients adjusted for sex ranging from 0.09 to 0.14 (for all, P <.001). For all lacunes and the 4 subtypes, strong associations, adjusted for age and sex, were seen for the ankle-to-arm ratio, the common and internal carotid artery wall thickness, serum creatinine, and various measures of blood pressure. Associations that were significant for all 4 subtypes but more varied included coronary heart disease at baseline, pack-years of smoking, and white blood cell count.
We performed additional analyses to examine the association with internal carotid artery stenosis. We examined the group with 1 or more lacunes on just one side of the brain and computed partial correlation coefficients as above, adjusting for age and sex, with ipsilateral and contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or greater. For entirely right-sided lacunes, the partial correlation coefficient was 0.041 (total N=2589; P=.04) for ipsilateral and 0.015 (total N=2590; P =.45) for contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis. For entirely left-sided lacunes, the partial correlation coefficient was 0.059 (total N=2579; P <.01) for ipsilateral and 0.062 (total N=2580; P<.01) for contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis. Thus, the correlations were not consistently higher for ipsilateral than contralateral carotid artery stenosis.
We next turned to multivariate models to identify which of the variables in Table 3 were independently associated with lacunes in the case group and 4 subgroups. The results are in Table 4. Considering all groups, the strongest associations were for age. Having MRI evidence of 1 or more lacunes was independently associated with having a higher diastolic blood pressure, higher creatinine level, a maximum internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or greater, more pack-years of smoking, diabetes present at baseline, and being a woman. Considering just the variables that are dichotomous, the odds ratios for a maximum internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or greater was 1.81, for diabetes was 1.33, and for male sex was 0.74. Besides age and sex, which were included in all models (Table 4), the models for single and multiple lacunes had no factors in common. The same was true for the models for silent and symptomatic lacunes.
Table 5 shows the results when models for the case group and 4 subgroups are forced to have the same factors, namely all those factors entering into any of the models in Table 4. For these analyses, all continuous independent variables have been converted to quartiles and associations are summarized with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The findings for all lacunes and the large and overlapping subgroups of silent lacunes and single lacunes are all similar, with the dominant risk factors being age, diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, maximum internal carotid artery stenosis, and coronary heart disease at baseline. The model for multiple lacunes differs from these other relatively similar models by showing stronger associations for sex and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and not for maximum internal carotid artery stenosis. Finally, the model for symptomatic lacunes has stronger associations than in the other models for use of any diuretic in the last 2 weeks and diabetes at baseline. The differences among these models were minor with odds ratios being similar and 95% confidence intervals substantially overlapping.
Table 6 shows the partial correlation coefficients adjusted for age and sex between silent lacunes and a variety of potential clinical manifestations. Significant associations were present in all categories of function examined, including cognitive, upper extremity, lower extremity, and overall function. Some of the strongest associations were for the modified Mini-Mental State Examination, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, time to put on and button a shirt, and time to walk 450 cm. Except for the modified Mini-Mental State Examination, the associations between impaired function and silent lacunes remained statistically significant after controlling for other potentially confounding variables as displayed in Table 7.
Consistent with other studies23- 30 on brains of the elderly with imaging or autopsy, we found that infarcts are common. Of 3660 older adults who underwent MRI in the CHS, 1131 (31%) had findings consistent with an ischemic infarct 3 mm in diameter or greater. Of 1131 participants with infarcts, 841 (74%) had only lacunes, being small (<20 mm) and subcortical, and of 841 with only lacunes, 751 (89%) were silent, subjects denying a history of TIA or stroke. These findings suggest that, more often than not, MRI-defined lacunes either produce no symptoms or produce symptoms that are not recognized by patients or their physicians as attributable to a stroke. However, considering those who reported having had a TIA or stroke, we cannot easily determine if a particular infarct seen on the MRI explains their symptoms. Consequently, even a larger proportion of lacunes may have been silent.
The mechanism of lacunes has been debated.3,7- 10,31,32 Are lacunes always due to disease of small penetrating vessels or can they be caused by emboli from larger arteries or the heart? Cross-sectional observational studies such as CHS can provide clues as to the causative risk factors, but cannot establish causality. Comparisons of CHS with other studies is difficult because they have dealt mostly with clinically defined lacunar stroke in symptomatic patients either with33- 36 or without a stroke-free comparison group,24,26,37- 41 as opposed to CHS with MRI-defined infarcts in participants who mostly deny a history of TIAs or stroke. These studies agree in general about a lack of association with factors that may indicate a source of emboli in the heart. In CHS, the only such variable that showed a significant association in models adjusted for only age and sex was left atrial enlargement (Table 3). None of these factors, including left atrial enlargement, was independently associated in the detailed stepwise multivariate models.
In CHS, the factors independently associated with a greater risk of having 1 or more MRI-defined lacunes were increased age, diastolic blood pressure, and serum creatinine, and less so, increased pack-years of smoking, being a woman, maximum internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or greater, and a report of diabetes mellitus at the baseline examination. Associations with age, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes have been previously described.33- 36 The association with creatinine is not well recognized but has been reported.42 It may simply reflect the deleterious effects of hypertension on a vascular bed other than the brain, with the elevated creatinine level being a marker for target organ damage in the kidneys and the brain. Effects of renal insufficiency on small-vessel permeability have also been proposed.43 The association with female sex is difficult to explain and prior studies4 have differed as to whether men or women are at greater risk for lacunes. Some population-based studies have supported an excess of symptomatic lacunes in women,44,45 while others have not.46
Unresolved by this and other cross-sectional studies4,47,48 is whether stenotic lesions of the internal carotid artery play a role in the pathogenesis of lacunes—through artery to artery emboli or hemodynamic effects—or are simply markers for diffuse vascular disease. Internal carotid artery wall thickness was more strongly related to the risk of lacunes in models adjusted for only age and sex than was maximum internal carotid artery stenosis of 50% or greater (Table 3), but the variable for stenosis was the one that entered the stepwise multivariate models. In separate analyses restricted to those with lacunes affecting only one side of the brain, the correlations of stenoses were not consistently stronger for ipsilateral than contralateral lacunes, an observation arguing against a direct causal association. Instead, risk factors for lacunes, such as hypertension and cigarette smoking, may be risk factor for carotid stenosis too.
The Austrian Stroke Prevention Study49 deserves special mention because it is population based and included MRI. In this study, 280 elderly volunteers randomly selected from the official register of residents of the city of Graz, Austria, underwent MRI. Rather than just lacunes, as in the current study, these investigators looked for correlates of microangiopathy-related cerebral damage, which included ischemic infarcts of any type and deep white matter lesions. In a stepwise multivariate model, age and hypertension were the most important associations followed by the apolipoprotein E e2/e3 genotype, despite this genotype being associated with a more favorable lipid profile and less cardiac disease. These findings suggest that genetic factors may influence the occurrence of lacunes, white matter changes, or both—a possibility that has not yet been addressed in CHS. Of interest in CHS was the finding of an association with having 1 or more lacunes that was stronger for diastolic than systolic blood pressure, the reverse having been true for white matter findings.15
Other investigators5,6 have suggested that the risk factor profiles of patients with lacunes may differ based on whether the patient had a single vs multiple lacunes and silent vs symptomatic lacunes. In the stepwise multivariate models of subgroups (Table 4), besides age and sex that were forced into all models, the model for single lacunes had no factors in common with the model for multiple lacunes, and similarly the one for silent lacunes had no factors in common with the one for symptomatic lacunes. While these models might be interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of distinct lacunar entities,5,6 the intercorrelations among the independent variables and the overlapping confidence interval for these associations (Table 5) do not support such an interpretation. Once a variable is selected by the stepwise procedure, highly correlated variables are unlikely to enter the model even though they may have had bivariate associations with the dependent variable almost as strong as the variable that was selected. When all the variables that had entered any of the stepwise models (Table 4) were forced into new models, the differences across subgroups were minimal, as reflected by similar odds ratios and overlapping 95% confidence intervals (Table 5). For example, the odds ratio for diastolic blood pressure, contrasting the lowest and highest quartile, was in fact greater for symptomatic (2.89) than silent (1.56) lacunes although the 95% confidence intervals for the latter (1.20-2.03)) were largely contained in the former (1.29-6.47). Overall, the results of the analysis for subgroups in CHS do not provide strong support for these subgroups having important differences in risk factor profiles.
Although the subjects with silent lacunes by definition denied a history of TIA and stroke, they were more likely than those whose MRI was free of any infarct to report problems with a broad array of physical and cognitive functions (Table 6). These findings are similar to those in a recent CHS report12 examining all type of infarcts, despite having excluded in the current study more than 200 participants whose MRI showed large and small cortical infarcts and large subcortical infarcts. In our study, even after controlling for several potential confounding factors, we found that associations remained significant for Digit-Symbol Substitution Test, time to put on and button a shirt, and time to walk 450 cm. These models included white matter grade, which in CHS is correlated both with these measures of function and with the presence of infarcts.15 The findings of these multivariate models suggest that among participants without a history of TIA or stroke, white matter grade is associated more strongly than lacunes with cognitive impairment and lower extremity dysfunction. Thus, silent lacunes, white matter changes, or their combination may cause dysfunction that is not recognized by patients or their physicians as related to a stroke.
One of the major limitations of this and similar studies is the lack of direct pathologic confirmation that what we are calling lacunes are infarcts and not some other pathologic process that could relate to these dysfunctions. In addition, to decide if participants had a history of TIA or stroke, we relied heavily on their self-report. A study of residents of Rochester, Minn, suggested that self-report may underestimate the number of people whose medical records indicate that they have had a TIA or stroke.50 Thus, we may have misclassified some of the participants as free of TIA or stroke and incorrectly concluded that their lacunes were silent.
In summary, in this cohort of largely healthy older adults, MRI-defined lacunar infarcts are common. The most important risk factors for lacunes include increased age, diastolic blood pressure, and creatinine. Differences among subgroups are not drastic enough to suggest a different mechanism of disease for single vs multiple lacunes or silent vs symptomatic lacunes. Despite subjects with silent lacunes denying a history of TIA or stroke, they were at increased risk of dysfunction involving cognition, upper extremities, and lower extremities. The importance of MRI-defined lacunes as indicators of subsequent risk for stroke51 and the predictors of the development of incident lacunes, whether symptomatic or silent, awaits further study.
Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Forsyth County, North Carolina: Gregory L. Burke, John Chen, Alan Elster, Walter H. Ettinger, Curt D. Furberg, Gerardo Heiss, Sharon Jackson, Dalane Kitzman, Margie Lamb, David S. Lefkowitz, Mary F. Lyles, Cathy Nunn, Ward Riley, Beverly Tucker. Electrocardiography Reading Center: Farida Rautaharju, Pentti Rautaharju. University of California, Davis, Sacramento County: William Bommer, Charles Bernick, Andrew Duxbury, Mary Haan, Calvin Hirsch, Lawrence Laslett, Marshall Lee, John Robbins, Richard White. The Johns Hopkins University, Washington County, Maryland: M. Jan Busby-Whitehead, Joyce Chabot, George W. Comstock, Adrian Dobs, Linda P. Fried, Joel G. Hill, Steven J. Kittner, Shiriki Kumanyika, David Levine, Joao A. Lima, Neil R. Powe, Thomas R. Price, Jeff Williamson, Moyses Szkio Melvyn Tockman. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reading Center: R. Nick Bryan, Norm Beauchamp, Carolyn C. Meltzer, Douglas Fellows, Melanie Hawkins, Patrice Holtz, Naiyer Iman, Michael Kraut, Grace Lee, Cynthia Quinn, Larry Schertz, Earl P. Steinberg, Scott Wells, Linda Wilkins, Nancy C. Yue. University of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania: Diane G. Ives, Charles A. Jungreis, Laurie Knepper, Lewis H. Kuller, Elaine Meilahn, Peg Meyer, Reberta Moyer, Anne Newman, Richard Schulz, Vivienne E. Smith, Sidney K. Wolfson. Echocardiography Reading Center (Baseline), University of California, Irvine: Hoda Anton-Culver, Julius M. Gardin, Margaret Knoll, Tom Kurosaki, Nathan Wong. Echocardiography Reading Center (Follow-up), Georgetown MedicalCenter, Washington, DC: John Gottdiener, Eva Hausner, Stephen Kraus, Judy Gay, Sue Livengood, Mary Ann Yohe, Retha Webb. Ultrasound Reading Center, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pa: Daniel H. O'Leary, Joseph F. Polak, Laurie Funk. Central Blood Analysis Laboratory, University of Vermont, Colchester: Edwin Bovill, Elaine Cornell, Mary Cushman, Russell P. Tracy. Respiratory Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson: Paul Enright. Coordinating Center, University of Washington, Seattle: Alice Arnold, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, Bonnie K. Lind, Richard A. Kronmal, Bruce M. Psaty, David S. Siscovick, Lynn Shemanski, Will Longstreth, Patricia W. Wahl, David Yanez, Paula Diehr, Maryann McBurnie, Chuck Spieker, Scott Emerson, Cathy Tangen, Priscilla Velentgas. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Project Office, Bethesda, Md: Diane E. Bild, Robin Boineau, Teri A. Manolio, Peter J. Savage, Patricia Smith.
Accepted for publication January 30, 1998.
This study was supported by contracts N01-HC-85079 and N01-HC-85086 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md.
Reprints: W. T. Longstreth, Jr, MD, MPH, Department of Neurology, Box 359775, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104-2499 (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).


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There are three surefire ways to tell that my food photography was done at my parents' house:
(1) Everything is well lit (thanks to this room); (2) Blue agate Bennington Pottery makes an appearance in 90% of my photos; (3) I am so bored that I will actually spend three hours making ravioli from scratch.
Yesterday I drove an hour to brave a very busy farmers' market, and returned home with a bag filled with goodies. (While I am certain that I will never make any sort of "haul" video in my lifetime, if there was one thing that could get me to make one, it would be a successful farmers' market trip. Dilly beans! Hot pepper jelly! OK, enough.) And despite the hour drive both ways, perusing the market, and a pit-stop at a coffee shop on the way home, it was still only 2:30 when I arrived back at my parents' place. And as much as I tried to justify drinking a glass of wine alone at 3:00 in the afternoon, I really couldn't. So I made ravioli instead.
This ravioli was begging me to make it, from all directions. A garden full of chard. Freshly cut garlic scapes, ricotta, parmesan, and eggs in the fridge. A giant jar of flour in the pantry. And a scrumptious little jar of lemon, rosemary, & garlic spread that I picked up at the market earlier that day. And despite a mega pasta-from-scratch headache and almost getting in a fight with my dad's "fancy" tripod, the end result was worth it! Unless you happen to live somewhere near Halcottsville, NY (or another place where you can purchase Grey Mouse Farm products), you probably won't have the latter ingredient. So I've written the ingredients below to include lemon zest, rosemary, and additional scapes instead. You will want to taste the filling as you go, as I am just guessing at the measurements. If you do happen to have this spread or something similar, use around 2 tablespoons.
Swiss Chard & Garlic Scape Ravioli
yield: approximately 2 dozen large ravioli
- 1 bunch of swiss and/or rainbow chard, washed and roughly chopped
- a fistful of garlic scapes (approx. ⅓ cup, diced)
- 1 cup of ricotta
- ½ cup of parmesan
- zest of one lemon
- 2 tsp fresh rosemary, minced
- olive oil (for stir-frying)
- 1 batch of egg pasta dough
Heat oil in a pan over medium heat. Add diced scapes (reserving about a tablespoon for garnish) and cook for a minute or two, then add chard and cook until just wilted. Transfer to a wooden cutting board, to absorb some of the excess liquid. (Depending on how watery your ricotta is, you may actually want to press out some of additional liquid from the chard with a large spoon.)
Combine chard and all other filling ingredients in a large bowl, then set aside.
Cut your pasta dough into two even pieces. Roll one half out on a floured surface until it is pretty thin, but not in danger of tearing (approximately 1/16 in. thick). If the dough becomes difficult to work with, just let it rest for a minute before continuing. Place evenly spaced spoonfuls of the mixture along the surface of the dough. (My spoonfuls were slightly smaller than a tablespoon, which yielded pretty large ravioli.)
Roll out the second half of the pasta dough, taking care to make it as close to the same size and shape as the first. Before placing the second dough on top, brush a little bit of water all along the exposed dough of the first layer (to ensure a decent seal). Place second dough on top, and press all around the fillings to seal. Work from the inside out, to avoid air bubbles. With a knife or a pasta wheel, cut ravioli.
Give the edges of each ravioli a once over, pressing together any that don't appear to be properly sealed. I liked to use a fork on the edges, because it assures a decent seal and it looks fancy.
Bring a pot of water to a boil. Add ravioli and let cook until they are puffy and begin to float. Now, you can stop here, transfer them to a plate, garnish with the leftover scapes and some freshly grated parm, and serve. Or, you could go the extra fatty mile and pan fry them in butter, like I did. To do the latter, melt a couple tablespoons of butter in a large pan over medium-high heat. Fry ravioli until they are a light golden brown. Garnish with scapes and extra parmesan, and serve!


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Newt for Paladino
From Newt Gingrich's appearance on the Brian Lehrer Show earlier today:
Brian Lehrer: "Are you endorsing Paladino?"
Newt Gingrich: "Of course. If you want to rebuild the jobs in New York State, Paladino is the only choice in the election. Andrew Cuomo represents paying off the government employee unions, more expensive government, higher taxes, and continuing to destroy the New York economy."


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"The old-school Rail is great if you just want to grab a beer in a trad-pub setting, but what really makes it special is its enduring commitment to the indie music scene. Its little stage has seen dozens of rising stars kick-start their careers and it's still the best place in town to catch passionate, consistently high-quality acts, ranging from folk to metal to bluegrass to polka."
Lonely Planet
"Best Good Old Bar...What other bar could you show off to your parents at lunchtime, then return after dark with your latest punk rock, alt-coutnry, or other indie-music-fan squeeze to see live music? Nowhere else, that's where. Not anymore."
Georgia Straight, Best of Vancouver Edition, 2005
"Best Bar in Vancouver" , "Best Live Music Venue"
Westender Readers Choice Poll, 2005
"Best Bar in Vancouver", "Best Bartender in Vancouver (Dana Olsen)"
Westender Readers Choice Poll, 2004
"Still the best place to meet friends and to catch a variety of talent in an intimate setting. The Railway keeps consistently high standards, flexibility and foresight in its bookings."
Tom Harrison, The Province, June 22, 1999
"The Rail's the best hangout bar/club in town. There's always a gem of a band to check out up front; some lofty banter to jump into at the back; and, in the cosy bar at the very rear, some quiet space to tete-a-tete."
10 Best clubs in Vancouver, The Province, Monday, May 5th, 1997


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Stephanie Donald
Stephanie Donald holds two M.A. degrees; one in Journalism and Broadcast Management and the other in Psychology from the University of Central Florida. She began writing professionally in junior high school when sold a story to a pulp magazine for $50. Since then she has served as the editor of her junior high, senior high and college newspapers and the program director of her college radio station. Upon graduation with her B.A. degree from UCF she apprenticed at the Palm Beach Post for two years while working on her M.A. in journalism. Following that she worked at the Kennedy Space Center for the Australian Broadcast Corporation covering the American Space Program and, in 1984, was nominated by NASA for the Journalist in Space for STS 51-M, the mission that was to follow the tragic loss of the space shuttle Challenger. Following that accident the civilian in space program was cancelled and she lost her chance to go into space. Because of her public stature she was forced to stay in the closet so for job reasons she couldn't participate in the gay civil rights era of the 1970s and 1980s. Following the drop-off in public interest after the Challenger accident she returned to freelance work and concentrated exclusively on LGBT issues from 1989 until the present day. In 1998 she sought out writing Jack Nichols, the gay civil rights pioneer, to learn from him and write for GayToday. During the period of 1998-2001 she wrote several articles and participated in a few pro-gay rallies with Nichols and several of his contemporaries. Following his death in late spring of 2005 she was devastated; always feeling that there would be more time to learn from him. When no one else continued his legacy she decided to use her own money start LGBT-Today in order to continue the "call to arms" that Jack and so many others before her had started.


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Scientists have gotten close to pinning down the origin of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, a dangerous respiratory disease that emerged in Saudi Arabia 17 months ago.
It turns out the MERS virus has been circulating in Arabian camels for more than two decades, scientists report in a study published Tuesday.
So far MERS has sickened more than 180 people, killing at least 77 of them — an alarming 43 percent. But scientists haven't been sure where the virus came from or how people catch it.
A report in the journal mBIO suggests the virus is ubiquitous among Saudi Arabian dromedary camels, the one-humped variety. The animals get the virus when they're young, and it often doesn't make them sick.
Click "source" to read more.
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hi everyone,now that ive (almost) finished my custom mando i thought i'd have a go at making a boba costume.
My aim is make make everything for £200(about $400).and i've spent around £10 so far and i have all the plastic for the armour and shin tools.
here's where i'm at,the chest armour is made from 3mm plastic board and painted using a layered effect.


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I have had 1 accent treatment 2 days ago and am not sure wether to carry on or not, is it going to work for me?
I am 44 have old fillers in cheeks and nasalfolds. I want to start sculptra after this course but not sure if I should go straight for the sculputure, my areas I want improving are, slight chubby cheeks ( although very slightly hollow just below cheek bone (fillers) a firmer jaw. could this make my hollows worse? will it tone my fatty cheek area? from the mixed reveiws I am not sure, I am having treatments at a beauty salon. If I carry on how many treatments should I try.
I have not noticed a difference yet, no slimming of area, but maybe slightly hollower in below cheek bone (not sure!)


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St. Christopher Catholic Church on Christmas Eve celebrated the diverse backgrounds of its parishioners.
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August 28, 2013
The University of Massachusetts Amherst and the Amherst Area Chamber of Commerce invite one and all to the 47th Annual Community Breakfast.
August 28, 2013
7:30 am-9:00 am
Student Union Ballroom
A session to learn about effective writing for grant applications.
August 28, 2013
10:00 am-11:00 am
Campus Center, 168C
"Metamorphosis" is the second of three exhibits celebrating the 150th anniversary of the founding of University of Massachusetts Amherst.
May 20—September 27, 2013, Mon/Tue/Wed/Thu/Fri/Sat
Library, W.E.B. Du Bois,
Visitors to the UMass Amherst Renaissance Center this summer can enjoy the sense of traveling back in time to experience sights, smells and tastes of an authentic 16th-century kitchen garden.


text: EastEnders spoilers: drunken Patrick injures Denise - picture preview A confrontation next week at the B&B results Denise falling and cutting her face Comments Written By David Brown 12:01 AM, 19 February 2013 Patrick Trueman's recovery from his recent fall is set to suffer a setback next week when he gets drunk and lashes out at Denise (Diane Parish). Patrick will be seen becoming increasingly disgruntled after Denise books a carer to aid his rehabilitation. Little does he realise though that Denise has reluctantly asked for help only so she can accompany Lucy to an appointment at the hospital. The major showdown though will come at the week's end when Patrick is told that Kim will be looking after him while Denise opts to attend Ian Beale's birthday bash at the Vic. But after Kim drops in at the pub to summon her sister home, the two women make their way back to the B&B, only to find Patrick drunk in the kitchen. "What's a man supposed to do when he's left all on his own?" Patrick slurs, before batting away Denise's attempts to make him see sense. In the process, Denise is sent crashing to the floor, cutting her face in the process. "Patrick's feeling miserable at the moment," actor Rudolph Walker recently admitted to Inside Soap. "He suddenly realises that he's of a certain age and starts to worry about who's going to look after him. It's a horrible situation to be in." EastEnders will air these scenes on Friday 1 March at 8pm on BBC1. Like this? Share it. Facebook Twitter Google Tumblr Pinterest Blogger Reddit VKontakt Print Email


text: [ Should Christina Aguiler Cover Up on the Voice [POLL] By The Rob September 19, 2012 My mom thinks so... Read More Category: The Rob's Radio Show Tags: boobs, christina aguilera, cleavage, kat mykals, the rob, the voice Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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What I'm wearing - 23 weeks!
23 comments:
He kicks things off your belly already?! That's impressive! :) You look great. Love the dress!ReplyDelete
You look gorgeous! LOVE the wedges!ReplyDelete
Love the dress & the shoes!! You look great! Not too much longer--I will be 24 weeks on Sunday! Have a great weekend!ReplyDelete
I wish I looked as cute every day as you do while pregnant! You are adorable!ReplyDelete
Molly- Once again, you are stinkin' adorable! Love the dress...where did you get it?!ReplyDelete
where is your dress from? I have had a very hard time finding maxi dresses that have decent coverage on the top...although i'm due in 4 weeks, so it doesn't really matter at this point.ReplyDelete
You look beautiful!ReplyDelete
LOVE that dress! Where did you get it? And I agree with all other comments - you are GORGEOUS!ReplyDelete
xox-Katie @ sparklesinthesnow.blogspot.com
So cute :) I need to be a an inch or two taller to pull off most of those dresses but you rock it! I LOVE the pick of Coop taking a pic too!ReplyDelete
You look fantastic... love that dress!!ReplyDelete
So cute! Where are those wedges from I love them!ReplyDelete
still looking great!!! and I love that dress!!!ReplyDelete
Oh, my gosh - you look STUNNING. And that dress is perfection!ReplyDelete
You look so cute! Target has some fab wedges right now too... on clearance for $15!!! I have to have them. :-)ReplyDelete
That dress is adorable! You are a rockstar wearing heels while preggo!ReplyDelete
So adorable! I love that dress!ReplyDelete
Love the dress and wedges! You look super fab!ReplyDelete
You look adorable! Where are those super cute shoes from?ReplyDelete
You look so cute! You're much more coordinated than me to be wearing heels while pregnant...I'd be flat on my face!!!ReplyDelete
Sorry I forgot to list where the clothes are from! For all of you who are no-reply commenters...its all Target! The dress is Liz Lange Maternity for Target. :)ReplyDelete
I love the dress! You look great!ReplyDelete
Oh em ge you are adorable! Love the shoes!ReplyDelete
you look great! I have those shoes and love them too!! :)ReplyDelete


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"These cards were perfect for my son's baby dedication service. The scalloped edges are well worth a little extra ! This will be an invitation I cherish for years!"
"My son picked out this design and it turned out beautifully. I used the "Ask a designer" option and had the reverse side printed in the same light blue used on the cross. We put his favorite "Guardian Angel" prayer on the back and printed the return address on the envelopes. Elegant and fitting for a very special liturgy for a very special boy!"
"I loved that you could also customize the back for no extra charge. Beautiful even without having the edge cut specially. Used the rectangular envelope to keep the postage cost down and it looked fine. A recipient called me just to tell me how beautiful it was. Very satisfied."
"What a fun card to personalize! I took a picture of my daughter in her gown holding up some rosary beads. The pink overlay with the text was just enough info on the front of the card. Customer Serv. helped me to go with the pearl paper and it is GORGEOUS!! I selected Single picture and Text for the back of the card and included a second picture with a small phrase under it. I was able to add some extra text to say "Please join us for dinner at our residence following Ceremony". Family and friends are going nuts on th quality, design and how beautiful the card came out. It will be framed!!!"
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Fossils (from Latin fossus, literally "having been dug up") are the preserved remains or traces of animals (also known as zoolites), plants, and other organisms from the remote past.
fossilized adj : set in a rigidly conventional pattern of behavior, habits, or beliefs; "obsolete fossilized ways"; "an ossified bureaucratic system" [syn: {fossilised}, {ossified}]
71 Moby Thesaurus words for "fossilized": Gothic, Victorian, anile, antediluvian, antiquated, antique, archaic, backed, calcified, callous, calloused, case-hardened, classical, crabbed, crusted, crusty, crystallized, debilitated, decrepit, doddered, doddering, doddery, feeble, fossil, gerontal, gerontic, granulated, grown old, hardened, hornified, incrusted, indurate, indurated, infirm, lapidified, medieval, mid-Victorian, mossbacked, moth-eaten, mummylike, of other times, old-world, ossified, palsied, papery-skinned, petrified, ravaged with age, reinforced, rickety, rigidified, run to seed, rusty, sclerotic, senile, set, shaky, shriveled, solidified, steeled, stiffened, strengthened, stricken in years, superannuated, timeworn, tottering, tottery, toughened, vitrified, weak, withered, wizened
Fossilized \Fos"sil*ized\, a. Converted into a fossil; antiquated; firmly fixed in views or opinions. [1913 Webster] A fossilized sample of confused provincialism. --Earle. [1913 Webster]
Fossilize \Fos"sil*ize\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Fossilized}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Fossilizing}.] [Cf. F. fossiliser.] 1. To convert into a fossil; to petrify; as, to fossilize bones or wood. [1913 Webster] 2. To cause to become antiquated, rigid, or fixed, as by fossilization; to mummify; to deaden. [1913 Webster] Ten layers of birthdays on a woman's head Are apt to fossilize her girlish mirth. --Mrs. Browning. [1913 Webster]
In geology, petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material is converted into stone through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals.
petrified See {petrify}
petrified adj 1: converted into stone 2: converted into a mineral; "petrified wood" [syn: {mineralized}] 3: so frightened as to be unable to move; stunned or paralyzed with terror; "petrified with fear"; "she was petrified by the eerie sound"; "too numb with fear to move" [syn: {numb}]
petrify v 1: cause to become stone-like or stiff or dazed and stunned; "The horror petrified his feelings"; "Fear petrified her thinking" 2: change into stone; "the wood petrified with time" [syn: {lapidify}] 3: make rigid and set into a conventional pattern; "rigidify the training schedule"; "ossified teaching methods"; "slogans petrify our thinking" [syn: {rigidify}, {ossify}] [also: {petrified}]
111 Moby Thesaurus words for "petrified": Gothic, Victorian, adamant, adamantine, afraid, aghast, alabastrine, antediluvian, antiquated, antique, appalled, archaic, asbestine, ashen, astonished, astounded, awed, awestricken, awestruck, backed, benumbed, blanched, calcified, callous, calloused, case-hardened, classical, confounded, cowed, crusted, crusty, crystallized, deadly pale, dumbfounded, dumbstruck, flabbergasted, flintlike, flinty, fossil, fossilized, frightened, frozen, granitelike, granitic, granulated, graphitic, gray with fear, grown old, hardened, hornified, horrified, horror-struck, incrusted, indurate, indurated, inorganic, intimidated, lapidified, lithic, marblelike, medieval, micaceous, mid-Victorian, mineral, numbed, of other times, old-world, ossified, pale as death, pallid, panic-stricken, paralyzed, petrogenic, reinforced, rigidified, rock, scared stiff, scared to death, sclerotic, set, shocked, silicic, slaty, solidified, speechless, steeled, stiffened, stone, strengthened, stunned, stupefied, sulfuric, sulfurous, superannuated, terrified, terror-crazed, terror-haunted, terror-ridden, terror-riven, terror-shaken, terror-smitten, terror-stricken, terror-struck, terror-troubled, thunderstruck, toughened, undone, unmanned, unnerved, unstrung, vitrified
Petrify \Pet"ri*fy\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Petrified}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Petrifying}.] [L. petra rock, Gr. ? (akin to ? a stone) + -fy: cf. F. p['e]trifier. Cf. {Parrot}, {Petrel}, {Pier}.] 1. To convert, as any animal or vegetable matter, into stone or stony substance. [1913 Webster] A river that petrifies any sort of wood or leaves. --Kirwan. [1913 Webster] 2. To make callous or obdurate; to stupefy; to paralyze; to transform; as by petrifaction; as, to petrify the heart. Young. ``Petrifying accuracy.'' --Sir W. Scott. [1913 Webster] And petrify a genius to a dunce. --Pope. [1913 Webster] The poor, petrified journeyman, quite unconscious of what he was doing. --De Quincey. [1913 Webster] A hideous fatalism, which ought, logically, to petrify your volition. --G. Eliot. [1913 Webster]


text:
Alaska's indigenous languages now official along with English
By Steve Quinn
JUNEAU Alaska (Reuters) - Alaska's governor signed a bill on Thursday to officially recognize the state's 20 indigenous languages in a symbolic move that gives a nod to tribal efforts to save Native American tongues at risk of dying out.
The move would make Alaska only the second U.S. state, after Hawaii, to officially recognize indigenous languages, although English would remain the official language and the state would not be required to conduct business in any other tongue.
"Alaska native young adults and students throughout the State have demonstrated remarkable success in revitalizing Alaska Native languages," Republican Governor Sean Parnell said in a statement. "This bill reinforces that effort and recognizes the vibrant, existing Alaska Native languages of the state of Alaska."
Parnell signed the bill in Anchorage to help kick off the Alaska Federation of Natives conference, the state's largest annual gathering of indigenous people.
In April, the Legislature overwhelmingly passed the bill.
The law deliberately remains symbolic, featuring a provision that does not require the state or a municipal government to conduct business or government activities in languages other than English.
Lance Twitchell, a professor of native languages at the University of Alaska Southeast in Juneau, said the bill was important even if largely symbolic.
"Symbols are still very powerful," Twitchell said in an interview. "Crosses are symbols. The American flag is a symbol." Continued...


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Product details
The Carron Phoenix composite Janus Sink - powder coated, hard-wearing 1.5 bowl synthetic sink with large drainage area and waste kit included.
- Colour: Black
- Material: Sheet Moulded Compound (SMC), Stainless steel
- Effects and finish: Textured
- Includes: Waste kit. 2 x basket strainer waste
- Guarantee: 50 Years
- Dimensions: (W)50, (D)20cm
- Type of sink: 15 bowl inset
- Orientation of sink: Universal
- Dimensions of cut out: (W)48, (L)95cm
- Length: 97cm
- Usage: All
Carron Phoenix Janus Composite Black Kitchen Sink - 1.5 Bowl 245407
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Carron Phoenix Janus Composite Black Kitchen Sink - 1.5 Bowl
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text:
The Cove
Lamorna, Cornwall 01736 73141
Cornwall is a slippery thing. There you are thinking it's all quintessentially English, with those cream teas and fish suppers, when it reminds you how it can feel a place apart. Perhaps it's something to do with the palm trees or that striking black and white native flag (ever more present) or all those bleached people - as if dropped in as a job lot from California - in search of the surf, or some ice, as the season dictates.
The fabulous Cove, in Lamorna, in the far west of the county, is of a piece with this hybrid Cornwall. Is it a hotel or a series of apartments? In truth it's a bit of both, without any compromise. So, yes, it has all you'd hope for from a boutique hotel, and more. At the same time if you're the sort who gets anxious if you don't have your own fridge and toaster; if you fret at the thought of spending a day without chopping things up, each apartment comes with a well-appointed kitchen. The apartments also have a sizable sitting room, with the requisite multi-channel TV, and the sort of bedroom you'd expect from a high-end hotel, with a huge bed and crisp linen.
The setting is all you could wish for, too. Lamorna is just a few miles east of Land's End, on the south coast, and the hotel sits on top of a forested hill, with beautiful sea views. There's a gorgeous walk down to the cove itself, and the gardens running alongside the hotel win whoops of approval from those who know more about flora than myself. The pool offers one of the best views of the cove - a view so good that in the morning you are inclined to give up on your constitutional lengths and just grip the side of the pool and gaze. Over the Christmas season, there's also an in-house ice rink (open to residents and non-residents alike) and the festivities are enhanced by carol singers in the restaurant.
By day, you'll be perfectly happy loafing about in the Cove, by the pool or at the terrace bar. (For breakfast, lovely croissants and pastries are delivered to your door.) But you'd be daft not to explore beyond, given the neighbourhood, and a car helps. Turn one way and there's the lovely fishing port of Mousehole; turn another and there are the cliffs at Sennen; turn another still (you'll definitely need a car for this one) and you're in magical Zennor, where DH Lawrence set up home with his naughty Frieda during the First World War. Be sure to be back for dinner, though, in the homely restaurant, and eat some local crab or scallops, or indeed seasonal turkey, rounded off with a swift stroll down towards the cove. There's nothing like the sound of crashing waves before bedtime.
The verdict: Great location; no better place to fall on your bottom while learning to skate.
The cost: Apartments sleeping two from £147, including breakfast. Ice rink open until 5 January. £10 adults and £6 children under 10. Booking essential.
Getting there: Air Southwest (airsouthwest.com) has flights from Gatwick to Newquay from £35 each way.


text: So I have moved the TV shows off my laptop itunes to my TC. But I noticed when I went to copy the files there were some strangely named files, for example 'NOTC.m4v'. For the time being I have moved all of them over. What are these? Are these integral to playing the actual tv shows? I would like to delete them as they do take up a several hundred megs. Can anyone advise? thanks! Adrian


text:
Chevy, Mixed Breed
Mixed Breed
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by Roxanne Hawn April 30, 2013
Other than seizures, we often mistake neurological changes in pets for other medical problems. We assume a pet who won't eat feels sick to her stomach – not that she can't eat. In older pets especially, we assume lameness or weakness stem from arthritis, orthopedic issues, or simple old age.
Neurological troubles in pets, however, leave telltale signs.
Through a hands-on exam, your primary care veterinarian or board-certified veterinary neurologist can figure out if the problem is:
Drunken movements: Anytime a pet appears drunk in her movement, that's a sure sign of neurological trouble.
When my Border Collie, Lilly, developed brain and spinal cord inflammation, she stumbled when she walked and rocked as if on a boat, even when lying down.
Strength issues: When a pet appears weak in one or more limbs, that too is neurological – likely coming from somewhere in the spine.
Postural responses: Veterinarians use a variety of challenges to your pet's balance and sense of her body.
"Knuckling" a pet is the most common test. This simply means turning a pet's toes under, while she is standing and supported, to see if she rights her foot and how quickly. Often this is the first test veterinarians will give because it's a fast way to know if a problem is neurological or not.
Other reflexes and responses: Veterinarians will also look carefully at your pet's eyes for unusual eye movements such as twitching.
In one test, your veterinarian will look for a "menace response" by making a threatening hand gesture toward each eye to see if the pet blinks. This is a learned response, not a reflex, but it tells your veterinarian if the pet can see or not, which gives good information on what may be going on in the brain.
Your veterinarian or veterinary neurologist will also check:
Single symptom / multiple symptoms: Some 97% of neurology cases in pets get classified as "idiopathic" (meaning essentially of unknown origin). Typically, idiopathic neurology cases show up as a single symptom.
If your pet is also feverish or vomiting, along with neurological symptoms, then there is most likely a more distinct cause. For example, certain types of poisons are neurotoxins. Some infectious diseases cause a whole host of symptoms, along with neurological ones.
If the neurological exam tells your veterinarian that your pet shows signs of trouble in several areas of the brain or spine, that's called being "multifocal." It typically means some sort of inflammation – versus a localized brain tumor or stroke.
Your veterinary team may recommend further tests – such as an MRI, CT scan, or spinal tap. These tests help veterinarians uncover or rule out the causes and severity of neurology trouble before making major treatment decisions, such as surgery.
Tell us when you first noticed something was wrong, if your pet has ever suffered from a neurological illness.
Simon Platt, BVM&S, MRCVS,mnl Diplomate American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (neurology), DECVN, "Video Tour of the Neurologic Exam, American Animal Hospital Association 2012 Conference, March 15, 2012.
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text: Lately I have been spending some time at No More Rack ( Please login or register to view links ). It is an online deal site that offers excellent discounts on girlie merchandise I love. When I say discount, I'm talking up to 80, 90 percent off. Sometimes you will find free items too. Shipping is a two-dollar flat fee for everything. Merchandise range from trendy jewelry to accessories to children's clothing. However, deals are daily, so if you don't act fast, you miss out. If you want to read some Please login or register to view links, you can do so at Please login or register to view links. : Please login or register to view links Mod Edit: 2) ABSOLUTELY no referral links please =) If in doubt, just post the title and mention which site you found the deal on.


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Wordsthatstart.com contains lists of words that start with a particular letter or combination of letters. The goal of the site is to assist those looking for word lists for various purposes such as playing word games, writing the perfect essay or poem, or just looking to learn and broaden their vocabulary.
When you're looking for words beginning with or a word starting with a certain letter, we hope you'll stop by this site first. While we've attempted to make the site easy and intuitive to navigate, let's review the various ways to utilize this resource.
The fastest way is by using the menu's titled with the letter, and two letters. Those lead to the specific list of words beginning with the letter selected, or with those multiple letters at the start of the word.
Another good way is via the search box. Simply type in the letter or multiple letters that you are interested in. As an example, if you'd like to see words that start with za then type in za in the box.
Yet another way to use the site is by selecting a category letter. Each category page will list the numerous pages which start with that letter. E.g. category a will list pages containing words that start with a, au, av, aw, ax, etc…
Glad you stopped by and hope you found the list of words you were looking for.


text:
On Tuesday, Lady Gaga came to Nashville.
My friends and I had bought tickets... in September... SEVEN months ago. To say that we were excited that April 19 finally rolled around is an understatement.
We all met up at a friend's office and got ready together and agreed it's like Halloween in April. (Our outfits were tame compared to some of the ones we saw once we got to the show.)
Then, we totally went to dinner at SATCO all dressed up. I have to say that I have never been out and had so many people staring at me and my friends. People actually came over and asked if they could take pictures of us. There is no telling how many photos there are of us on the Facebook pages of perfect strangers!
A friend also noticed that my stamp the restaurant gave me is the Facebook Like!
Soon we were heading downtown...
Once we made it to the arena, we hung around outside for a bit. It was a beautiful evening, and people watching was a blast! And once again, everyone wanted pictures of us...
There were also some protestors who made sure to tell us we were all going to hell. I really wanted to go over and let them know that I have Jesus and am confident my presence at a Lady Gaga concert is no worse than anything any of them have ever done (not to mention point out to them that Jesus did reach people by threatening them... have they heard of love?), but I decided I was there to have fun!
Before long it was time to head in... which took forever. I have never had to stand in such a crowd trying to get into anything at this arena.
We found our seats just as the opening band was wrapping up their set. (I have no idea who it was, and I didn't mind that we missed them.) And then we waited... because Lady Gaga does things on her watch.
As in, I had time to go to the bathroom twice. On my second trip, I walked past 3 of what may have been 3 of very few straight men at the concert. They were staring... so I smiled and nodded and said, "gentleman." I may have even stopped to speak, but then one opened his mouth and said "Nice dress, baby." I smiled, said thanks and kept walking. Maybe it's too picky, but I'm not really impressed by a guy I don't know calling me baby. Total turnoff.
Finally, Lady Gaga took the stage around 10. What followed over the next two hours was crazy and intense and SO much fun!
Yep, this would be a piano in the hood of a car.
We danced and sang along the ENTIRE time. I'm pretty sure I got just as much of a workout as I would have if I had run a few miles. We had a total blast. I know some people are not a fan of Lady Gaga... but I'm actually really impressed by her. She actually has a pretty encouraging message when she talks in between songs... she said several things about being yourself and not letting anyone tell you you're not good enough, pretty enough, smart enough, etc.
And the woman can sing. And dance.
I was thoroughly entertained.
The show ended around 12:15. We all would have loved to have gone out downtown after the show, but it's hard to pull that off on a Tuesday when we all have work the next day. (We're getting old.)
I'm not sure I've recovered yet from the late night, but it was totally worth it.


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Interview - Nicholas McCarthy (The Pact)
Daniel Anderson
6 June, 2012
The writer/director talks about his creepy feature film debut
First time feature writer and director
Nicolas McCarthy
has had a hell of a year – gaining enough interest from his 2011 short at
to have a feature version of the same story ready in time for the 2012 festival.
The Pact
is now getting an international theatrical release and we spoke to the filmmaker about his interest in horror, promotional campaigns and working with
Starship Troopers'
Casper Van Dien
CLICK: I know The Pact is based on a short you made a couple of years ago – did it deal with the same story?
Well yes and no. The short film was made in late 2010 and that was a movie that was really made not to get a feature film made it wasn't like a trailer for a longer movie. It was just a story that I wanted to tell and the short is much more of a character study that uses this horror atmosphere. And what happened was I made the film, it was submitted to Sundance at the very last possible moment, like a minute before the deadline! And it got into the festival. So I finished the short and it premiered and then three days after the festival I met a company called Content Media Corp and they said 'let's make a feature'! And about six weeks later I had finished the script for the feature.
CLICK: And they always wanted a feature version of The Pact?
Yes. There's a guy named Jamie Carmichael, who's the executive producer of the movie and he just happened to see it at Sundance and he really became my champion. And when I had that meeting after Sundance. You know, then you're trying to get movies made and you live in Hollywood you have lots of meetings that don't go anywhere, meetings where someone just wants to meet you because they think you have something and years down the line they can say that they met you [laughs]! So I frankly thought it would be one of those meetings. I went there completely clueless and within five minutes he said, 'let's make a movie' and he was very specific. He said we're going to make it for this amount of money, we'll shoot it the summer, you'll have it ready for Sundance in the fall, it'll get in to the festival and we'll sell it there for a lot of money. And all of the things that he said came true! So… I owe Jamie Carmichael!
CLICK: Was there a moment of panic then because you suddenly needed a script?!
I think if maybe I was a little bit younger it might have been panic but I had spent a few years just writing screenplay after screenplay. And 90 per cent of the time not getting paid to do that. But I had developed a skill I think as a storyteller. So in that meeting with Jamie when he said 'so there's a feature script, right?' I said 'yes, absolutely there is!' And I told him I had to do another draft! So I just went to a coffee shop the next day and began this process. And it took a couple of weeks to figure out what the story should be, writing an outline, and then a month to write the actual screenplay. And the movie was made so fast that we basically shot the first draft of the script [laughs]!
CLICK: What was the auction process like; did you see a lot of girls?
We did see a lot of young women and I enjoy the casting process, its fun to meet people. But what I've discovered is that almost always the people that really are best for the movie you just know them right away. And it was that way with Caity [Lotz, the lead actress]. She was one of the first people we saw and I just knew as soon as she started speaking she was just the one for that role. And it was the same with the girl who played the psychic Haley Hudson; there was just something about her presence that you just can't write that. She's just a peculiar kind of soul that you have to just let that magic work for you.
CLICK: There are some interesting effects in the film which all look like they were achieved practically. How were they accomplished?
Well I'm glad you noticed that they were done practically because that was kind of aesthetic decision. I've always felt it's better to be able to look through the camera on the day and see what you're shooting, instead of leaving it to the vagaries of a computer. And also maybe because I'm not 15 years old the idea of using too many computers generated images… I always think of Song of the South, you know the Walt Disney movie? Where they animated birds over people!?
CLICK: The one you can't get anymore?!
Yea, you'll probably have to go on eBay or something to find it! A lot of times cg imagery is like that when it's like a cartoon on top of the image. And I've never really been a guy whose into cartoons [laughs]! So on set there are a few of these sequences where the actresses are pulled around. And technically it's called wirework. When they make The Matrix it's called wirework, when you make The Pact it's basically tying the actress up with ropes and throwing her to the floor and hoping that she doesn't break her neck!
Caity Lotz in The Pact
CLICK: There's also not much violence but it's very well timed, was it a budgetary concern or just a case of serving the story?
I think it just has to do with sensibility. I've always watched movies that I guess would be called low budget films and maybe that's the style I like. But I also feel like with violence, since it is one of those things that people expect from nearly every kind of genre film, except for romantic comedy [laughs], that those moments should be treated specially in some way. I think it was Quentin Tarantino who said that violence in an action movie is the same as a song in a musical and I like the idea of treating those moments very specifically. I also like the idea that people are maybe convinced at some point that there's not going to be any blood and then an hour in we surprise them [laughs]!
CLICK: And how did Casper Van Dien get involved?
Casper came in to read for the part because his manager had told him about. And we'd actually already started shooting the film and hadn't cast that role! So I wasn't present in those auditions and… one of the producers came to me on set and said 'Casper Van Dien came in to read for that part' [laughs]! And I did this double take and thought - the Casper Van Dien. Then I met him and liked him so much we decided to do this thing together. He was only on set for a few days but it was this real thrill because he's had this really interesting and strange career and he's worked with some really incredible people and he's married to this woman who's royalty. So between takes I would ask him about, he did a scene with Robert Mitchum in a movie [1997s James Dean: Race with Destiny], so he was just great.
The Pact
CLICK: The film is going straight to Video on Demand in the states but cinemas here. I'm sure you'd prefer people to see it in a theatre if they can?
Oh absolutely. I mean I guess there are some movies that might work better on video. But the experience of seeing The Pact with an audience has been so amazing. When we did the screening the other day there were a couple of people who work for some of the companies that produced the film that came to see it theatrically and had already seen it on video. And they were astonished at what it was like to watch with a crowd. Because people get really quiet and then they scream and laugh and talk amongst themselves as they get more and more nervous! It's just an amazing thing to be a part of.
CLICK: After a couple of years are you ready to move on from The Pact?
This whole process has been such a whirlwind that I think there's lots of filmmakers who would probably. I don't think I'll ever get a chance to make something this fast again. But I already have written what I guess will be my next film and it will probably be going into production sooner rather than later. It's another small and incredibly creepy movie because I've enjoyed being in that space and I just want to explore it a little bit longer. I've always had this love of horror films that's has never gone away. That said I do like all kinds of movies and I do watch everything, I don't discriminate. But maybe it was that experience of watching The Pact with an audience that made me want to do that again. I want to make people scream again!
The Pact is in Irish cinemas from the 8th of June,
read our review here
Interview - Nicholas McCarthy (The Pact)
The Pact
Nicolas Mccarthy
Caity Lotz
Jewel Staite
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|Loaded Firearms Discovered in a Carry-On Bag at Charlotte (CLT)
- A lipstick knife was discovered in a carry-on bag at Albuquerque (ABQ).
- Two canes with concealed 12-inch blades were discovered at the checkpoint in Memphis (MEM).
- A cell phone case doubling as a sheath for a push dagger was discovered at Tampa (TPA).
- A live smoke grenade was discovered in a checked bag at Tucson (TUS).
- Three inert grenades were discovered in checked bags this week. Two were discovered at New York Kennedy (JFK), and one was discovered at Rochester (ROC).
- An inert grenade was detected in a carry-on bag at Detroit (DTW).
- A spent mortar casing encrusted in dried mud was discovered in a checked bag at San Antonio (SAN).
|Compound Bow & Samurai Sword Discovered in Carry-on Bag at Austin (AUS)
|Ammunition Discovered in Carry-on Bag at Houston (IAH)
|Discovered in Carry-on Bags at (Left to Right / Top to Bottom) ICT, HOU, CLT, BZN, TUL