text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 1996
|Filing date
|Jul 16, 1993
|Priority date
|Jul 16, 1993
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Bruce A. Buell, Migdat Hodzic
|Original Assignee
|Senses Data Communicaion
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (21), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of data communications devices, and more particularly to spread spectrum data recovery devices.
2. Previous Art
Spread spectrum systems have been known at least since the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 3,160,711 to Schroeder in 1964. Pat. '711 relates to a communication apparatus for transmitting a message wave. The transmission apparatus creates pulse groups for representing the information in the message, and which have two characteristics. One characteristic of the pulse group indicates the amplitude of a time spaced sample of the message wave, and the other characteristic of the pulse group indicates the intended receiver of the pulse group. The transmission apparatus further has means for widening each pulse of the group before transmitting the group. In parlance adopted since Schroeder's disclosure, `widening` is called `spreading`, and it is accomplished by replacing the presence or absence of one pulse in each time period of the pulse group with a group of pulses arranged in a sequence called a `spreading code.`
Data communication systems which use spread spectrum have historically been designed to fulfill requirements for communications performance and reliability that are not achievable with prior improvements in communications technology such as frequency modulation (FM) and single-side band (SSB) technologies. Such requirements include immunity from strong interfering signals, receiving signals that are very weak, providing many communication channels within a restricted band of frequencies, scrambling the transmitted information so that it cannot be received by unwanted receivers, and processing the transmitted signal so that the fact that it is even being sent is concealed.
These requirements historically have arisen in applications such as military and aerospace communications systems. In military applications, interfering signals can be caused by the intentional efforts of an enemy. Additionally in military applications, avoidance of detection is an asset. In aerospace applications, difficulties arise due to the weakness of signals received over great distances. Cost has seldom, if ever, been a design constraint in any of the above systems.
Characteristic of spread spectrum communication systems are improved security, greater immunity from interference, and more efficient use of spectrum space, compared with the characteristics of communications systems which do not use spread spectrum technology. These characteristics are attractive for certain consumer and industrial applications. However, the cost of implementation has been an obstacle to adoption of spread spectrum technology in the commercial sector.
One element of prior art spread spectrum receivers that significantly contributes to the expense of spread spectrum equipment is the phase-locked loop which synchronizes the receiver's demodulation clock with the modulation clock of the transmitter whose signal is being received. The expense of this element arises not only from the cost of its individual components, but also from the labor cost to adjust it for proper operation during manufacture.
It is an object of this invention to provide the advantages of spread spectrum technology to data communications at affordable costs.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a spread spectrum data recovery system which operates with acceptable performance without phase locking a receiver oscillator to the received signal.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a spread spectrum communications system suitable in performance and in cost for applications such as industrial control and sensing.
In accordance with the above objects and those that will be mentioned and will become apparent below, the spread spectrum open loop data recovery processor in accordance with this invention comprises:
a balanced demodulator receiving a single information channel bi-phase modulated spread spectrum RF signal and a fixed frequency signal, the balanced demodulator combining the two signals to provide an `I` information signal and a `Q` information signal;
an oscillator for providing the fixed frequency signal; and
a digital processor receiving the `I` information signal and the `Q` information signal and a predetermined spreading code, the digital processor filtering both the `I` and the `Q` information signals for noise and correlating the filtered information signals with the predetermined spreading code, the digital processor defining a `better quality` information signal based on the filtering and correlation and selecting the better quality information signal for output as a `received data` signal and outputting a clock signal for use with the received data signal,
whereby a single spread spectrum information channel is provided without phase locking to the received RF signal.
In a preferred embodiment, the oscillator is not phase locked to the modulated spread spectrum RF signal, unlike the case in all previous spread spectrum receivers, but has a fixed frequency with an accuracy of at least five parts per million.
In the preferred embodiment, the free-running oscillator operates nominally at the carrier frequency. Yet, since the oscillator is not phase locked to the carrier, the fixed frequency and the carrier frequency will continue to "slip" with respect to one another. This slip will result in modulator in-phase and quadrature information signals whose amplitudes will periodically null in step with the rate of slip. The underlying feature of the invention, which makes possible the elimination of an oscillator phase locked to the received RF signal, is that the in-phase and quadrature signals do not both become null at the same time, since the two signals differ in phase by 90 degrees. The task of the digital processor is to accommodate the slip by selecting the non-null in-phase or quadrature signal during the time each of the signals goes through its periodic null. The selected signal is output as `received data.`
In another preferred embodiment, the demodulator includes an amplitude comparator and provides a digital output signal indicating which analog information signal has the greater amplitude.
An additional preferred embodiment includes the use of a 13-bit Barker code as the spreading code. This code has many fewer bits than the typical spreading code and results in a rapid acquisition time.
It is an advantage of this invention to eliminate phase locking an oscillator to the received RF signal which is always used for quadrature demodulation of a spread spectrum signal.
It is another advantage of this invention to use a digital processor to accommodate the effects of eliminating the phase locked operation.
It is yet another advantage of the present invention to provide a short acquisition time through the use of a 13-bit long spreading code.
For a further understanding of the objects and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals and wherein:
FIGS. 1A and 1B are a block diagram of the transmitter-receiver of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the RF control circuit of FIGS. 1A, 1B.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the baseband detector of FIGS. 1A, 1B.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are a block diagram of the digital processor of FIGS. 1A, 1B.
FIGS. 5A-5C are a block diagram of the DIGCOR block of FIG. 4A.
FIGS. 6A-C; 7A, B; 8A-C; 9A,B; 10A-D and 11-15 are schematic diagrams of each block illustrated in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C.
FIGS. 16A and 16B are a block diagram of the CORLOG block of FIG. 4B.
FIGS. 17A, B; 18A, B; 19; 20A-D; 21; 22; 23A, B and 24A-D are schematic diagrams of each block illustrated in FIGS. 16A and 16B.
FIG. 25 is a simplified block diagram of a data recovery processor according to one aspect of the present invention.
Certain terms well known in the art of spread spectrum communication are used herein. The meaning of these terms are found in the book, "Spread Spectrum Systems" 2nd edition, by Robert C. Dixon, published by Wiley-lnterscience in 1984, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. It is the convention in this description that lines connecting functional elements, and the signals carried on those lines, will be referenced by the same numeral. Signal lines labeled with the same name are connected together on the same figure if the signals are not enclosed in boxes, and are connected together among different figures if the signal names are enclosed in boxes.
The present invention represents a technological breakthrough in the field of spread spectrum communications. Briefly, an expensive and difficult to adjust phase locked oscillator, previously necessary to demodulate a received signal, has been replaced by a stable, fixed frequency oscillator operating at the nominal RF sub-carrier frequency. The effects of eliminating the phase locked oscillator are accommodated by digital circuits which do not require adjustment during manufacture or operation.
The transmitted signal begins with a single information bi-phase spread spectrum modulation of an intermediate sub-carrier frequency. In a preferred embodiment the intermediate sub-carrier frequency is 60 MHz. The modulated intermediate sub-carrier frequency is translated to a primary carrier frequency for transmission. In a preferred embodiment the primary carrier frequency is 912.5 MHz.
FIG. 25 illustrates, in a block diagram format, a spread spectrum data recovery processor in accordance with the present invention, designated generally by the numeral 2510. FIG. 25 is highly simplified, and is intended solely for the purpose of introducing the general concepts of the invention. It is not intended to define the structure of the preferred embodiment which will be described below with respect to FIGS. 1-24.
The data recovery processor 2510 includes a balanced demodulator 2512 having two inputs. The first input is the single information bi-phase modulated intermediate sub-carrier frequency signal 2514. The second input is a fixed frequency signal 2516 supplied by the stable, fixed frequency oscillator, signal OSC 2516. As illustrated in FIG. 25, the modulated sub-carrier RF signal 2514 has been separated previously from the primary carrier (FIG. 1A). The balanced demodulator 2512 produces a single in-phase analog information signal ("I") 2518 and a single quadrature analog information signal ("Q") 2520.
The frequency of the fixed frequency oscillator is nominally equal to the subcarrier RF frequency. But since the fixed frequency oscillator is not phase locked to the sub-carrier RF input 2514, the fixed frequency input signal 2516 will slip with respect to the modulated sub-carrier RF signal 2514. This slip will cause the amplitude of the I analog information signal 2518 and the Q analog information signal 2520 to periodically null. This periodic null will occur at a rate equal to the rate of the slip. However, because of the fixed phase relationship between the I and the Q analog information signals 2518, 2520, the two analog signals will not both be null at the same instant. The fact that the I and Q analog information signals cannot both be null at the same instant is central to the operation of the invention. This concept will be more fully explained below with respect to the preferred embodiment.
The I and the Q analog information signals 2518, 2520, are inputs to an amplitude comparator 2522. The I and Q information signals are analog signals and each has an amplitude which varies as the demodulator inputs 2514, 2516 slip with respect to one another. The amplitude comparator 2522 continuously compares the amplitudes of the land Q analog information signals 2518, 2520, and produces a single output signal 2524 based upon which of the I or Q analog information signals has the greater amplitude at any time. The purpose of this comparator output signal 2524 will be explained below.
The I and Q analog information signals 2518, 2520 are each received by identical filtering and correlation digital circuits 2526 and 2528, respectively. Each of the analog information signals 2518, 2520 is converted to a digital signal and is then digitally filtered to detect the presence of noise and is then correlated with a copy of the spreading code which was used to create the spread spectrum modulated RF signal 2514. Successful filtering and correlation will result in the creation of valid and correlated in-phase and quadrature data signals 2530 and 2532, respectively.
Data signals 2530 and 2532 are applied as inputs to an averaging and voting digital circuit 2534 used to select the better quality of the two data signals 2530, 2532 for output as a received data signal 2536. A corresponding clock signal 2538 is provided for use with the received data signal 2536.
Selection of the better quality data signal is accomplished as follows. If the inphase and the quadrature data signals 2530 and 2532 are both valid and correlated and if the two data signals agree, a predetermined one of the data signals is selected as the better quality signal. If on the other hand, either data signal 2530, or 2532 is not both valid and correlated, the other data signal is selected as the better quality signal.
A special case arises when both data signals 2530, 2532 are valid and correlated but do not agree. When this happens, the averaging and voting circuit 2534 relies upon the amplitude comparator 2522 output signal 2524 indicating which of the I or Q analog information signals 2518, 2520 has the greater amplitude. The better quality signal will be that which corresponds to the analog information signal having the greater amplitude, and therefore derived from the stronger analog information signal 518, 2520. In the preferred embodiment, the greater amplitude signal 2524 is averaged over a predetermined interval by the averaging and voting circuit 2534. The result of the averaging is used to make the final selection of the better quality signal.
The invention will now be described with respect to FIGS. 1A and 1B which illustrate the RF section of the present invention, and the relationship between the RF, the IF and the digital sections. A balanced mixer 110 receives a spread transmitter IF signal 1010, mixes it with a signal from a 60 MHz locked oscillator 114, and provides a 60 MHz signal to a balanced mixer 108. The 60 MHz oscillator 114 and a 972.5 MHz locked oscillator 118 are phase locked to a 5 ppm accurate crystal oscillator 116. The balanced mixer 108 receives the 60 MHz signal from the mixer 110 and mixes it with the 972.5 MHz signal from the oscillator 118, producing a difference output of 912.5 MHz which is filtered by a low pass filter 144, amplified by a power amplifier 106, and fed through a low pass filter 104 to an antenna 102 where the 912.5 MHz signal is radiated so that it can be received at a distance.
The power amplifier 106 is enabled by switched power lines 142 and 146 which are generated by transmitter control logic 150 (FIG. 1B). Signals radiated by antennas connected to other transmitters are coupled from the antenna 102 through the low pass filter 104 and an antenna switch 134 to a balanced mixer 132. The antenna switch 134 is enabled by a switched power signal 136 to connect the antenna 102 to the balanced mixer 132 when the receiver is to operate. The balanced mixer 132 combines the received 912.5 MHz signal with the output of the 972.5 MHz oscillator 118. The 60 MHz difference signal produced by the mixer 132 is passed by a 60 MHz bandpass filter 130 to double balanced demodulators 122 and 128. The balanced demodulator 122 additionally receives a 60 MHz signal from the oscillator 114, and produces an in-phase demodulated signal which is filtered by a low pass filter 120 and provided to receiver IF circuitry as the I1N signal 140. The balanced demodulator 128 receives a 60 MHz signal from a 90 degree phase shifter 126 which in turn receives a 60 MHz signal from the oscillator 114. The balanced demodulator 128 then produces a quadrature-phase demodulated signal which is filtered by a low pass filter 124 and provided to the receiver IF circuitry as the Q1N signal 138. Circuitry common to the receiver and transmitter, oscillators 114, 116, and 118 are powered by a power line 148 (FIG. 1B). An RF control circuit 150 (FIG. 1B) receives digital control signals from a digital processor 152 and supplies power to the RF circuitry in accordance with the selection of transmit or receive mode, as is apparent in the detailed schematic of FIG. 3.
A baseband detector 154 receives the demodulator output signals Q1N 138 and I1N 140, and converts them into polarity and amplitude signals for the digital processor 152, which in turn converts these inputs into outputs typical of a synchronous modem, namely, received data RXDTA 155, carrier detect signal CD 156, and receive clock RXCLK 158. The digital processor 152 also receives typical transmit modem signals as transmit data TD 160, request to send RTS 162, and provides transmit modem signals as transmit clock TXCLK 164 and clear to send signal CTS 166.
In the preferred embodiment, the oscillator 116 is specified to have an accuracy of 5 ppm (parts per million) (part number XA2602 by KVG). At the present time, oscillators of less accuracy do not cost significantly less, and oscillators of significantly greater accuracy, say, 1 or 2 ppm, cost disproportionately more than any benefit that would be derived from their accuracy in this receiver. The oscillator 116 provides a 20 MHz signal to all parts of the transmitter and receiver which require a signal of this frequency.
With respect to FIGS. 10A-10D, the transmitter IF signal 1010 is generated by first passing the data to be transmitted through a 4-bit scrambler 1002 to randomize the data without encrypting it, in a manner similar to that found in modems of the Bell 212 variety. The scrambled transmit data is then phase shift encoded in an encoder 1004 so that, in the preferred embodiment, data `zeros` produce a phase shift, and data `ones` do not produce a phase shift and then spread in the traditional way by XOR-ing each bit with a pseudo-noise (PN) code in an XOR gate 1006. In the preferred embodiment, a relatively short code is used, namely a 13-bit Barker code produced by a code generator 1008. The resulting spread data stream is IF signal 1010 which is provided to the transmitter RF section described above (FIG. 1A).
A short code is advantageous for permitting more rapid receiver lock-in, which in turn permits more efficient transmission of short messages. This is particularly useful to help hold down equipment cost, because it permits efficient half-duplex transmission protocols in which the receiver and the transmitter in a given unit are not operated at the same time. In such a protocol, the time it takes to acquire receiver lock to the remote transmitter determines how quickly the message may be received so that the receiver can be shut off and the transmitter turned on. Rapid receiver locking reduces this overhead period and thus permits more information to be sent and received in a given period of time. Full duplex protocols do not require transmission to be interrupted in order to receive information, but do require expensive filters in the receiver and antenna circuitry to prevent the local transmitter from swamping the local receiver.
The disadvantages of a short code, that it is more likely to cause a false lock in the receiver, and that it provides less process gain which in turn provides a lower signal to noise ratio, are largely offset by the novel design of the receiver circuit which lessens the likelihood of a false lock on noise, and which is discussed below.
With respect to FIG. 3, the outputs I1N 140 and Q1N 138 of the I and Q balanced receiver demodulators 122, 128 in the receiver RF section (FIG. 1A) are coupled to the baseband detector circuit 154, consisting of a set of six comparators 302-312 which produce I and Q data signals INPHASE 316 and QUAD 314, and four comparison signals 318-324, QGI (`Q` amplitude greater than `I` amplitude), QGI I (`Q` amplitude greater than inverted `I` amplitude), QIGI (inverted `Q` amplitude greater than `I` amplitude), and QIGII (inverted `Q` amplitude greater than inverted `I` amplitude). The I and Q data signal comparators 304 and 302 respond only to the polarity of their respective demodulators, generating a digital zero on the positive half cycle of the demodulator output, and generating a digital one on the negative half cycle of the demodulator output. The comparison signals 318-324 are generated in comparators 306-312 by comparing the inverted or non-inverted `Q` demodulator output Q1N 138 with the inverted or non-inverted `I` demodulator output I1N 140, thus providing a set of digital signals 318-324 which indicate which of the two demodulators 122 and 128 is generating the stronger signal, i.e., the `better quality` signal.
With respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the digital processor 152 is composed of two circuit blocks, DIGCOR 402 and CORLOG 404. In the preferred embodiment, these two circuit blocks are implemented in separate digital CMOS gate array circuits, but all of this circuitry could just as easily be partitioned into more or fewer logic chips as the specific application requires.
With respect to FIGS. 5A-5C and 16A, 16B, the receiver consists of two separate digital processing channels, one to process the in-phase (I-channel) output of the receiver RF section, and one to process the quadrature-phase (Q-channel) output of the receiver RF section. In addition, there is an amplitude comparison and processing channel which generates a control signal used in the last stage of the receiver processing where the output of the two digital processing channels are combined.
The digital channel is shown in block form in FIGS. 5A-5C and 16A, 16B. Inphase polarity signal 316 (INPHASE on FIG. 3 and PHASE0 on FIG. 5A) from the baseband detector 154 is processed through a shift register 502, a summation circuit 504, a pipeline register 506, a polarity generator and absolute value converter 508, a pipeline register 510, a correlation threshold circuit 512, an in-phase channel data recovery and timing window circuit 1602, and finally, a combined channel data recovery and timing window circuit 1604.
The shift register 502 is shown schematically in FIGS. 6A-6C. The digital `I` signal 316 (PHASE0) is shifted into a shift register having 4 stages for each of the first 12 bits of the spreading code (chips) and 2 stages for the last chip, which in this case makes a total of (4�12+2=) 50 stages. The shift register 502 is clocked at 4 times the chip rate by a clock signal 602, so that each chip is sampled 4 times. Connected to the output of the first two flip flops 604 and 606 of every four shift register flip-flops 604-610, is a comparator 612 whose output is false when two adjacent chip samples have the same value. When all 13 such comparators indicate simultaneously that their respective adjacent chip samples are identical, an INVALID signal 614 is set false. An additional set of comparators 616 compare the 13-bit pN code present on the lower input of each XOR gate 616 as a false level L0 or a true level L1, with one sample from the 604 flip-flop in each of the 13 groups A-M of the 4 shift register flip-flops 604-610.
The outputs 618 of the code comparators 616 are summed with equal weight in a 13-input unary adder IASUM 504 shown in FIG. 5A. The schematic of the adder 504 is illustrated in FIGS. 7A, 7B, showing circuitry including majority circuits 708 and full adders 710 whereby outputs 702A-D are produced as a 4-bit binary number representing the number of samples of the input signal (PHASE0) 316 which match the PN code pattern. The adder 504 also contains banks of registers composed of D flip-flop sets 704 and 706 to perform the function well-known in the digital circuit design art as pipelining, to permit the digital circuit to process samples at a rate limited by the speed of propagation of a smaller number of levels of combinatorial logic than if such pipeline registers were not used. Because of the use of pipeline registers, the INVALID signal 614 is delayed through the same number of registers as the pN code comparison signals, even though it is not otherwise processed in the adder 504.
As shown in FIGS. 5A-5C, the adder outputs 702A-D, representing a 4 bit number ranging from 0 to 13 is passed through the pipeline register 506 and then processed by the polarity generator and absolute value circuit IPOLGEN 508, whose schematic is FIG. 11. IPOLGEN 508 produces a polarity signal 1102 and a magnitude signal 1104. The polarity signal 1102 is true if the adder outputs 702A-D have a value greater than or equal to 6, and false if the adder outputs are less than 6. The magnitude signal 1104 has the value 13 if the adder outputs are 0, diminishing linearly to 8 if the adder outputs are 5, and has the value 6 if the adder outputs are 6, increasing linearly to 13 if the adder outputs are 13.
As shown in FIG. 5B, the polarity signal 1102 becomes an in-phase data signal IDATA 514 after delay through a pipeline stage 510, and the magnitude signals 1104A-D are delayed by a stage 510 and then applied to the comparator 512 which compares it with, in the preferred embodiment, the value 11 as established by connections between the inputs R0-R3, 516A-D, and +5 V or ground as shown in FIG. 4A. The comparator 512, as detailed in FIG. 14, produces a correlation signal AGB 1402 which is true if the delayed magnitude signals 1104A-D are greater than 11, and false if the magnitude signals are less than 11. In FIG. 5C, signal 1402 is buffered to produce ICORR signal 520. DIGCOR 402 (FIG. 4A) produces in-phase invalid signal INV 518 as a delayed version of invalid signal INVALID 614 (FIG. 6C) having no further processing after being generated by the shift register circuit 502.
The DIGCOR output signals IDATA 514, INV 518, and ICORR 520 are passed to the CORLOG circuit 404 as shown in FIGS. 4A, B. In FIGS. 16A, B, a CORLOG internal block diagram shows that the signals 514, 518, and 520 are processed by an I-channel data recovery circuit IREC 1602, whose outputs are an I-channel data signal IOUT 1704, an I-channel data valid signal IVALID 1706, and an I-channel data valid and correlated signal VICORR 1708, which are all latched for the duration of one data bit. In FIGS. 17A, B, the schematic of the data recovery circuit IREC 1602 is seen to control the latching of its output signals with a window counting circuit 1710 which begins counting as soon as a NOT VALID input signal 1612 is false and a CORRELATED input signal 1614 is true. At the first sample clock in which these signals are respectively false and true, a flip-flop 1716 sets, enabling the data signal to be latched in a flip flop 1718 and enabling the window counter 1710 to begin counting for 4.4 microseconds (μsec.). Then, under control of a SHIFT signal 1902 produced by a receive data timing recovery circuit 1610 as seen in FIG. 16B, which is common to both the Q and the I channels and which is described below, the latched data in the flip-flop 1718 is shifted to the output of the data recovery circuit at 1704, and while it is shifted, the phase shift encoding introduced at the transmitter is decoded by an XOR gate 1712 to generate the output data signal lOUT 1704. While the window counter 1710 is counting, the input signals 1612-1616 to the recovery circuit are ignored. When the 4.4 μsec. period has expired, the recovery circuit once again awaits the combination of the NOT VALID signal 1612 becoming false and the CORRELATED signal 1614 becoming true, whereupon the recovery circuit 1602 will repeat the cycle described above and present new output values IOUT, IVALID and VICORR 1704-1708. The logic dedicated to the Q-channel operates identically to the I-channel dedicated logic described above.
The recovery circuit output signals IOUT, IVALID and VICORR 1704-1708 and QOUT, QVALID and VQCORR 1804-1808 representing valid and correlated status and data from the `I` and `Q` channels are provided to the DATAREC circuit 1604 as shown in FIGS. 16A, B. The DATAREC circuit 1604, as shown in schematic form in FIGS. 23A, B, generates a master correlation signal CORR 2302, using a timing window counter circuit identical to the window counter circuit 1710 in the individual channels as described above. The first channel to provide a true value on its VxCORR line 1708 or 1808 causes the DATAREC circuit to produce a true CORR signal as an output, and also starts a window counter 2312 which will then inhibit recognition of any further V�CORR signals until 4.4 μSecs have expired. The CORR signal 2302 is one clock interval in duration, so with a system clock of 10 MHz, the CORR signal 2302 is a pulse of 100 nsec duration. As shown in FIG. 16A, the CORR pulse 2302 is provided to three other circuits, the timing recovery circuit TIMING 1610, the carrier detect circuit CD 1618, and the signal amplitude processing circuit AMPSEL 1622. A data selector circuit 2306 generates a received data signal RECDTA 2310 from the inputs lOUT 1704 and QOUT 1804, under the control of the IVALID 1706, the QVALID 1806, and the USEQ 2012 signals. The data selector 2306 also generates an error signal ERROR 2308 when neither channel has valid data.
The timing circuit 1610, detailed in FIG. 19, comprises a modulo 52 counter which is reset to the count `I` when it receives the CORR pulse 2302 and counts up to generate a 100 nsec. pulse on a SHIFT output signal 1902 when the counter reaches the count of 28, and a 100 nsec. pulse on a CLEAR output signal 1904 when the counter reaches the count of 29. The counter continues to count to 52, then overflows to a count of 1. Due to noise-induced jitter in the timing of the received signal, the next CORR pulse 2302 will reset the counter when it is near 52 or 1, but not necessarily exactly equal to 1, thus keeping the SHIFT and CLEAR signals synchronized with the received data. As the counter counts, it generates a receiver clock signal RXCLK 2304 (FIG. 19) for use by external digital equipment for determining when to load in each received data bit in the usual manner for synchronous modems.
The CD circuit 1618 is detailed in FIG. 22 and contains a 6-bit binary down counter 2202 which is set to a count of 63 by the CORR pulse 2302, and which produces the CD signal 2204 while its count is between 63 and 32. The counter 2202 counts a CDCLK signal 2402 generated by a TXDEL4 circuit 1624 at 1/6 the system clock rate, as shown in FIGS. 16A, B and 24A-D. Thus, once asserted, the CD signal 2204, indicating that a signal has been received (CD is equivalent to a modem's carrier detect signal), will remain asserted for 19.2 microseconds after the last CORR pulse 2302 it receives. Since, during error-free reception, a CORR pulse 2302 will occur approximately every 5.2 μsec. (one data bit time), the CD signal 2204 will remain true even if the CORR pulse 2302 is not produced for two data bit times. The CD circuit 1618 also contains a counter 2208 which receives a divided receive clock RX32, 2404, and the CD signal 2204, and generates a delayed CD signal DELAYCD 2206.
The amplitude processor circuit AMPSEL 1622 receives the CORR signal 2302 as well as the six outputs QUAD (PHASE90), INPHASE (PHASE0), QGI, QGII, QIGI, and QIGII 314-324 of the comparators 302-312, as shown in FIG. 16B. As shown in detail in FIGS. 20A-D, these comparator signals, along with a 4-to-1 multiplexor circuit 2002 whose inputs are the `greater than` comparators and whose select signals are the `I` and the `Q` data signals (PHASE0 and PHASE90), operate to select data from the channel having the highest amplitude for each received chip. AMPSEL 1622 also contains a 7-bit binary up/down counter 2004 which is cleared by the CORR pulse 302, counted at the 10 MHz system clock rate, and directed to count up or down by the output of a flip-flop 2006, depending on whether the `I` or the `Q` channel has the strongest data signal. When the magnitude of the I-channel signal is greater than that of the Q signal, the counter 2004 counts down, counting as far as 64 until it freezes and is prevented from counting down further. When the Q-channel has the stronger signal, this counter 2004 will count up to 127, then 0 and then as far as 63, where it freezes and will not count up further. Each CORR pulse 2302 samples the sign of the counter by enabling the sign bit, which is the Q output of the most significant counter stage 2008, to be shifted into a 3-bit shift register 2010 whose output is a USEQ signal 2012. The shift register 2010 corresponds in a timing sense to the three bit shift registers 1714 and 1716 in the I-channel data recovery circuits, IREC, (and identical structure in the Q-channel), so that the particular value of the USEQ signal 2012 which corresponds to the received amplitudes of all of the chips of a particular data bit is used to select which channel should provide that data bit to a RECDTA output signal 2310 of the DATAREC circuit 1604.
The signals USEQ, IVALID, QVALID, lOUT, and QOUT are provided to a selector element 2306 of the DATAREC circuit 1604 as shown in FIG. 23, where the best source of received data is selected for each bit of received information. For each received bit, if only one of the `I` or the `Q` channels indicated valid data, then that channel's data will be used for that bit. If both channels indicated valid data and both channels produced the same data value, then Q channel data will be selected to drive the received data output. If both channels indicated valid data, and the data values disagree, then the USEQ signal 2012 from the AMPSEL circuit 1622 is used to select the channel with the strongest average received amplitude over all the code chips of that bit.
A descrambler circuit DESCR 1626 receives the data signal RECDATA 2310 from the DATAREC circuit 1604, along with the SHIFT signal 1902 from the TIMING circuit 1610 and a delayed CD signal DELAYCD 2206, as shown in FIGS. 16A, B. The DESCR circuit 1626 is shown in schematic detail in FIG. 21, where it can be seen to reverse the scrambling introduced at the transmitter using a feedback shift register 102 whose structure and function is well known in the digital design art and which reverses the effect of the transmitter's feedback shift register circuit (such as the shift register 1002 in FIGS. 10A-C), thus producing a received data signal RECDATA 2104 to the external digital equipment, as the RXDTA signal 406 in FIGS. 4A, B, as soon as the delayed CD signal DELAYCD 2206 is true.
A TXDEL circuit 1624 receives the request to send signal RTS 1628 and the RXCLK received clock signal 2304, and generates a clock signal CDCLK 2402 for a carrier detect circuit 1618, a clock signal RX32 2404 for the delayed CD circuit 2208, and RF section control signals RFON 2406 and RFPOWEROUT 2408, to control the power to the transmitter power amplifier and the antenna switch, as shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 4A, 4B and 16A. The TXDEL circuit 1624 is shown in schematic detail in FIG. 24B, where it uses a counter 2410 to divide the RXCLK signal 2304 to generate the RX32 signal 2404, and uses a counter 2414 to provide the necessary delay between the assertion of the RTS signal 1628 by the external digital equipment and the actions of disconnecting the antenna from the receiver input, powering up the transmitter power amplifier so that the transmitter begins radiating RF energy, and asserting the CTS signal 2416 so that the external digital system is enabled to send data, in the usual manner of a synchronous modem with handshake signals.
In a system wherein the transmitter is transmitting to a receiver, the system clock of the receiver will not, in general, be in synchronization with the system clock of the transmitter. Because the 60 MHz demodulation signal in the receiver is phase locked to the receiver's 20 MHz master crystal oscillator, and is not, therefore, locked to the frequency of the modulation of the incoming signal from the remote transmitter, the phase of the receiver clock will continuously change with respect to the phase of the received signal, and thus the outputs of the receiver demodulators will display the effects of the heterodyne, or `beat` between the transmitter clock and the receiver clock. The effect is that the output of a receiver demodulator will periodically null, that is, produce no data.
The frequency of this beat is a function of the number of times the 5 ppm accuracy 20 MHz master oscillator frequency is multiplied to produce the transmitter carrier frequency. A 5 ppm error at 20 MHz is 100 Hz, so that the oscillator with such an error would be producing a 20.0001 MHz signal. A 1000 MHz oscillator whose output is divided by 50 to be phase-locked to the 20.0001 MHz signal will actually be locked to the frequency 1000.005 MHz. This 1000 MHz signal is now in error by 5 KHz. Using a typical spread-spectrum non-licensed transmission band centered on 912.5 MHz, if the transmitter crystal is exactly on frequency, but the receiver crystal is a full 5 ppm high in frequency, then the output of the first receiver mixer, where a signal of exactly 912.5 MHz from the transmitter is mixed with a local oscillator which is 5 ppm higher than 972.5 MHz, the resulting IF output will not be centered on exactly 60 MHz, but rather 60.0048625 MHz. Then, when this IF signal is mixed with a 60 MHz oscillator that locked to the 20.0001 MHz crystal and thus is also in error by 5 ppm, or 300 Hz, the resulting spread IF signal contains a beat of 4.5625 KHz. The period of this beat is 219.1 μsec., so that each demodulator output goes to zero due to the beat every 109.5 μsec. Since this receiver uses two demodulators which are driven by 60 MHz local oscillator signals 90 degrees out of phase with each other, the resulting beats in the outputs of the two demodulators occur 90 degrees out of phase at the beat frequency. Therefore when the output of one demodulator is at its minimum, the output of the other demodulator is at its maximum. The use of both demodulator outputs to provide one good signal is a key to the processing of the received signal in this invention.
The preferred embodiment accepts a 192 Kilobit per second (Kb) signal from the data output of a system wishing to transmit data. Thus each data bit occupies 5.2 μsec. A 13-bit Barker code is used to spread the transmitted signal, so the chip rate of the resulting spread data signal is 400 nsec. per chip. The relationship between the crystal accuracy and the data rate using the receiver of this invention is that a bit must be able to be completely transmitted during a time when at least one of the receiver demodulators is not going through a minimum output period due to the beat as described above. Therefore the crystal accuracy, the transmission carrier frequency, the transmitted bandwidth, and the data rate must be selected according to the principles described above to meet this basic requirement. In the worst case of the present example, where the transmitter crystal is 5 ppm low and the receiver is 5 ppm high (or vice versa), the beat frequency is around 9 KHz, so each demodulator output nulls approximately every 55.5 μsec. Thus a bit must occupy less than 55.5 μsec. Since the transmission bandwidth is directly dependent upon the chip rate, the code length must be selected to permit a bit to be sent in less than the time determined by the beat frequency.
It can now be seen that the BB and AMPSEL circuits serve to track the quality of the received signal and thus to indicate which channel had the best quality of the receive data during the reception of each bit. This indication is only used when both channels indicated valid and correlated data and have unequal data values. The creation of the valid and correlated signals also make important contributions to the data recovery circuit's ability to reliably operate with short pN codes and without synchronization between the transmitting entity and the receiving entity.
An important aspect of the correlation detection method used in this invention is the generation of the INVALID signal by circuitry associated with the 52 bit shift register at the input to each receiver channel. The INVALID signal is generated by sampling each chip 4 times and insisting that each pair of adjacent samples in all 13 chips have the same value at one time. This process tends to reject noise, as noise tends to disrupt adjacent samples. If no noise disrupts the demodulator output, then the INVALID signal will be true only when the first and the second stage of each group of 4 shift register stages contain samples of different chips having different values. This will occur for at most 1 out of every 4 system clocks. When noise is present in the demodulator output, INVALID will be generated more often, and may be true all the time, even when all the chips of a single noise-damaged bit are correctly aligned in the 52 stages of the shift register. In this case, the INVALID circuitry will have done its job by causing the noisy data to be ignored.
The 52 bit shift register at the input of each receiver channel also forms a parallel correlator in conjunction with the XOR gates which compare one sample of each chip with the 13-bit Barker code used by this system. When no noise is present in the demodulator output, all 13 XOR correlation gates will indicate a perfect match or a perfect anti-match for 4 system clock periods. With reference to the description above of the transmitter operation, a match occurs when the bit transmitted is one value, causing all the chips of the code to be transmitted without inversion, and an anti-match occurs when the transmitted bit has the opposite value, causing all the code bits to be inverted, producing no match at each position. Note that random noise would tend to produce a match at half the bit positions, or 6 to 7 bits of match. When the received data is somewhat noisy, one chip may be in error and prevent a perfect match or perfect anti-match. It has been determined that good results can be achieved by tolerating one incorrect chip per bit. As the received chips shift through the shift register, the unary adder adds the number of matches found. When the number of matching chips is either 0-or-1 or is 12-or-13, the polarity generator and the match comparison circuits described above generate the CORR signal. The data bit is set TRUE if 12-or-13 chips matched, and is set FALSE if 0-or-1 chips matched.
Finally, each receiver channel further rejects noise by windowing valid correlation signals independently, and then the common data recovery circuit windows the combined results of the independently windowed signals. The windowing has the effect of ignoring valid correlation signals that occur too soon after the previous such signal was received. While a window counter may be started on a spurious valid correlation, it will tend to fall into step with the phase of the received data bits if the data signal is strong enough to be usable.
While the foregoing detailed description has described an embodiment of a low cost spread spectrum communications system in accordance with this invention, it is to be understood that the above description is illustrative only and not limiting of the disclosed invention. Thus the invention is to be limited only by the claims as set forth below.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 3, 1985
|Oct 20, 1987
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method of doppler searching in a digital GPS receiver
|Sep 3, 1985
|Nov 15, 1988
|Motorola, Inc.
|Digital global positioning system receiver
|Mar 6, 1989
|Nov 20, 1990
|Raytheon Company
|Spread spectrum signal detector
|Jul 2, 1990
|Jun 9, 1992
|Raytheon Company
|Spread spection signal detector
|Mar 25, 1992
|Aug 17, 1993
|Ericsson-Ge Mobile Communications Holding, Inc.
|Rake receiver with selective ray combining
|Oct 6, 1992
|Dec 7, 1993
|Mayflower Communications Company, Inc.
|Digital adaptive transversal filter for spread spectrum receivers
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 19, 1995
|Dec 14, 1999
|Pmc-Sierra Ltd.
|Data, path and flow integrity monitor
|May 21, 1998
|Jul 11, 2000
|Abb Power T&D Company Inc.
|Automated meter reading system
|Aug 16, 1999
|Dec 3, 2002
|Pmc-Sierra, Inc.
|Data, path and flow integrity monitor
|Oct 19, 1998
|Mar 2, 2004
|Elster Electricity, Llc
|Method and system for improving wireless data packet delivery
|Sep 24, 2004
|Apr 20, 2010
|Elster Electricity, Llc
|System and method for automated configuration of meters
|Jan 13, 2004
|May 11, 2010
|Qualcomm, Incorporated
|High data rate CDMA wireless communication system using variable sized channel codes
|Sep 24, 2004
|Jun 22, 2010
|Elster Electricity, Llc
|System for automated management of spontaneous node migration in a distributed fixed wireless network
|Dec 22, 2005
|Jul 6, 2010
|Mediatek Inc.
|Switching circuit, and a modulator, demodulator or mixer including such a circuit
|Dec 14, 2006
|Dec 6, 2011
|Elster Electricity, Llc
|Optimization of redundancy and throughput in an automated meter data collection system using a wireless network
|Feb 13, 2009
|Jun 19, 2012
|Elster Electricity Llc
|Wakeup and interrogation of meter-reading devices using licensed narrowband and unlicensed wideband radio communication
|Mar 24, 2010
|Jul 3, 2012
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|High rate CDMA wireless communication system using variable sized channel codes
|Apr 20, 2007
|Nov 27, 2012
|Elster Electricity, Llc
|Over the air microcontroller flash memory updates
|Jun 11, 2009
|Sep 3, 2013
|Elster Solutions, Llc
|Techniques for limiting demand from an electricity meter with an installed relay
|Jun 29, 2012
|Nov 19, 2013
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|High data rate CDMA wireless communication system using variable sized channel codes
|Dec 24, 2008
|Apr 4, 2017
|Elster Solutions, Llc
|Optimized data collection in a wireless fixed network metering system
|Mar 2, 2001
|Nov 8, 2001
|Carpenter Richard Christopher
|Network-enabled, extensible metering system
|Aug 27, 2002
|Jul 8, 2004
|Zivi Nadiri
|Rfic transceiver architecture and method for its use
|Jan 13, 2004
|Sep 30, 2004
|Odenwalder Joseph P.
|High data rate CDMA wireless communication system using variable sized channel codes
|May 11, 2006
|Sep 21, 2006
|Carpenter Richard C
|Network-enabled, extensible metering system
|Dec 22, 2005
|May 24, 2007
|Analog Devices, Inc.
|Switching circuit, and a modulator, demodulator or mixer including such a circuit
|Oct 25, 2006
|Nov 10, 2010
|Switching circuit, and a modulator, demodulator or mixer including such a circuit, its operation method
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 16, 1993
Owner name: SENSES DATA COMMUNICATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BUELL, BRUCE;HODZIC, MIGDAT;REEL/FRAME:006805/0846
Effective date: 19930716
|Jan 4, 2000
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jun 11, 2000
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 15, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20000611


text:
Exports of American-made DVDs to countries all over the world have been a fact of home video life for a half decade, for a very simple reason: more DVD titles, with more extras, have been released more quickly in the U.S. than anywhere else. Lacking an adequate supply of locally made DVDs, foreign owners of DVD players developed a voracious appetite for U.S. imports. Until recently, the converse has not been true. Yes, DVDs of Asian action films have been shipped from Hong Kong to the U.S. for several years, and foreign-made "ethnic" DVDs could be found in some big American cities, but these were exceptions rather than the rule. Within the past year or so, the American import situation has begun to change, again for a simple reason: foreign video companies have begun to release DVDs of many sought-after titles (including American films) that have not been released, and may never be released, by U.S. video companies. But caveat emptor. Before you think you've entered DVD paradise, there are still some serious obstacles to the enjoyment of imports—and some of them may prove insurmountable.
You can read the complete version of this article in the January/February print edition of Film Comment.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Promoting Partnerships for the Future of the Ocean, Coasts and Great Lakes
Since 1997, NOPP has leveraged Federal investments and fostered the development of interagency research initiatives that transcend single-agency mandates and resource limitations in the common pursuit of knowledge and wise use of the ocean, coasts and Great Lakes.
The National Oceanographic Partnership Program (NOPP) is a Federally mandated initiative that coordinates and develops collaborative ocean research efforts among Federal, state and tribal governments, academia, private industry, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Under the interagency guidance of the NOPP, these sectors are able to form partnerships that more efficiently pursue the Nation's most pressing research needs on ocean science and technology priorities. NOPP investments span a broad range of issues in oceanographic research and exploration, education, maritime safety, data- and sampling-technologies, and marine resource management.
Working together, NOPP has driven the establishment of global ocean observation systems, the advancement of weather forecasting technologies, and the introduction of continental shelf surveys, ecosystem mapping, renewable energy exploration, and successful marine science education programs.
Atlantic Canyons: Pathways to the Abyss
Exploring the deep-water and benthic marine habitats of two mid-Atlantic Canyons located offshore of Virginia and Maryland. Read more
Deep-Sea Durafet pH Sensors
The development of the "Deep-Sea Durafet pH" sensor enables autonomous monitoring of ocean pH as it relates to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Read more
Chemical Sensors for Nutrient Monitoring
The development of long-term in situ nutrient sensor systems. Read more


text:
These LED bollards are constructed from cast iron or aluminum and are ideal for illuminating pathways, crosswalks, driveways, parks, and other public spaces. Configured with the most current light engine technology, the bollards are available in a range of color temperatures. Retrofit kits are available to upgrade previously installed bollards.
Sentry Electric


text:
Over at IO9, Charlie Jane Anders has posted an article with the title "Big Theological Questions That Science Fiction Should Answer." I was one of several people she interviewed for the article, and I get quoted at length. Others include Robert Geraci and Eriberto Lozada, who contributed to the volume I edited, Religion and Science Fiction.
Click through to read the piece, and then either there, here, or in both places, why not leave a comment with your own thoughts about what theological questions it would be interesting for science fiction to explore and try to answer.


text:
Jo-Ann profits by niche pursuit
March 13, 2008,
Hudson, Ohio – The decorative fabric and sewing-related businesses can be thanked for helping Jo-Ann Stores enjoy its fourth consecutive quarter of positive same-store sales, the 774-unit chain said during its fourth quarter and fiscal 2008 yearend earnings call yesterday afternoon.
Net income of $27.5 million was 6.6% above last year's fourth quarter – and for the full year, Jo-Ann swung from a fiscal 2007 loss of $1.9 million to a fiscal 2008 profit of $15.4 million.
Full-year sales of $1.88 billion edged up 1.6% from $1.85 billion, translating to a 3.5% comp gain based on comparing 52-week periods (fiscal 2007 had 53 weeks).
The results were encouraging for Jo-Ann, which is planning conservatively but optimistically for the new fiscal year, 2009.
With Wal-Mart Stores exiting the fabric business in some markets it shares with Jo-Ann, coupled with a historical resilience of fabric and craft retailers during challenging economic periods, Jo-Ann Stores expects to enjoy some "insulation" from the looming recession.
"We will continue to execute our strategic plan, and continue to take advantage of competitive withdrawals from the fabric business," said Darrell Webb, chairman, president and ceo. "We also expect to be insulated from a downturn to a certain extent by the strong demographics of our shoppers and the steady performance of the sewing and craft industry in previous recessions."
Webb bases the theory on a report that references successes seen at fabric and craft stores during recent past recessions in 1991 and 2001, when he said, "Retailers in the craft and sewing businesses had better same-store sales increases than the prior and following years."
"Clearly, I'm not suggesting that we're going to expect some big benefits from a recession. But I do think this industry, this segment of retail, is a little bit insulated from the overall downturn compared to other retailers," Webb noted.
The chain is alert to new real estate openings for its smaller format stores.
"We see an opportunity to open more stores in the 20,000-square-foot range in markets that don't have a fabric store today, maybe where Wal-Mart has exited the business in small communities," Webb said.
Jo-Ann plans to open 12 to 15 new stores and remodel about 25 to 30 stores this year, while closing about 25 units. In coming years, the plan grows more ambitious.
"Our thinking right now is that we would incrementally open an additional 10 stores per year over the next few years," Webb explained. "Guidance for this year is 12 to 15; we would hope to be looking at 22 to 25 next year and continue that kind of growth in the next few years."
Square-footage-wise, Jo-Ann Stores has determined "we can fit everything we need in a 30,000-square-foot store" on the large end, with the 20,000-square-foot size ideal for the small end of the scale, Webb concluded.
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text:
A newlywed couple have told how cabin crew were flung to the ceiling during "terrifying" turbulence on the way to their honeymoon.
Lucy and David Westbrooke were en route to their honeymoon location near Naples, Italy, when their easyJet flight from Gatwick hit a ferocious thunderstorm.
The couple, who married in Westheath in Sevenoaks, Kent, on Saturday, said at one point the plane hit an air pocket and plummeted.
Three air stewards hit the ceiling - with one suffering a broken hip and another knocked unconscious.
Several others people were thought to be injured in the plunge.
The plane - with 154 passengers on board - was diverted to Rome by the captain.
Yesterday, the couple, from Tunbridge Wells, Kent, were waiting to get on a ferry to their honeymoon destination of Capri.
Mrs Westbrooke, 30, said: "It was terrifying - what a start to married life. One stewardess said this was by far the worst she had experienced."
Mr Westbrooke, 32, added: "We nose-dived. All three cabin crew hit the ceiling."
A spokeswoman for the firm said: "easyJet would like to apologise to passengers for any inconvenience."
She added: "The safety and wellbeing of our passengers and crew is easyJet's highest priority and our pilots are highly trained to manage these types of situations."Reuse content


text:
Dessert sushi
Jelajahi topik terkait
Sushi Smores
How To Make Fruit Sushi At Home... So Easy And Vegan-Friendly!
Banana sushi takes 5 minutes to make start to finish and make a great healthy snack or dessert (or breakfast in a pinch!) for your whole crew. ? @curlscakeandculture
The kids will go crazy for this Candy Sushi! Made with rice crispy treats, Swedish fish candy and fruit roll ups. This dessert sushi recipe is easy to make, portable and great for parties.
Dessert Sushi! Ingredients: LCM bars/Rice Krispies bar for the rice Air Heads, either the short ones or long ones, in orange, pink (or red), and white - sashimi blue and green Fruit Roll-Ups - for the nori Swedish Fish - for the sashimi Gummy worms/snakes - for the filling. ALL CREDIT GOES TO SWEETEST KITCHEN
Chocolate Sushi! I love regular sushi, but have trouble finding people to share my love. But I wouldn't have trouble finding people to go for this! :-)
Get creative in the kitchen with your kids this summer! Sweet, savory, and filled with candy, this Marshmallow Treat Sushi recipe is not only fun to make, but also fun to eat. Grab your kid's favorite candies and whip up this tasty treat for a super fun afternoon snack.
Nutella and banana sushi, would be perfect for kids birthday party. I would just use Danish sweet pancakes instead of Tortillas
Dessert Sushi: A whimsical vegan and gluten free dessert that is sure to impress! Made with good-for-you whole food ingredients, this dessert is a healthy take on the Asian specialty! || fooduzzi.com


text:
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text:
Makes 12 servings
15 1b/6.75 kg turkey
Salt, to taste
Pepper, to taste
2 onions, peeled and quartered
12 to 15 parsley stems
Butter or oil, as needed
6 oz/115 g diced onion
3 oz/85 g diced carrot
3 oz/85 g diced celery
2 oz/60 g flour
1 qt/1 L Chicken Stock
1. Season the turkey with salt and pepper. Place the quartered onions and parsley stems in the cavity. Rub with butter or oil, and truss.
2. Place the turkey on a rack in a roasting pan. Roast at 350 degrees F/l75 degrees C for 3 hours, basting from time to time. Scatter the onions, carrots, and celery around the turkey and continue to roast another 45 to 60 minutes or until a thermometer inserted in the center of the thigh meat registers 180 degrees F/82 degrees C.
3. Remove the turkey from the roasting pan and allow it to rest while preparing the pan gravy.
4. Place the roasting pan on the stovetop and cook until the mirepoix is browned and the fat is clear. Pour off all but 1 oz/30 g of the fat. Add the flour and cook out roux for 4 to 5 minutes. Whisk in the stock until completely incorporated and smooth.
5. Simmer the gravy for 20 to 30 minutes, or until it reaches the proper consistency and flavor. Degrease and adjust seasoning. Strain through a fine mesh sieve.
6. Carve the turkey into portions and serve with the pan gravy and chestnut stuffing.
Other stuffings may be substituted for this dressing. See the book for Corn Bread and Oyster Stuffing or Sausage Bread Stuffing.
Makes 12 servings
4 oz/115 g minced onions
4oz/115 g rendered turkey or
bacon fat, or clarified butter
1-1/2 lb/680 g cubed day-old bread
4 f1 oz/120 ml Chicken Stock, hot
1 egg, beaten
2 tablespoons chopped parsley
Salt, as needed
Pepper, as needed
1 teaspoon chopped sage
8 oz/225 g peeled roasted chestnuts, chopped
1. Sauté the onion in bacon fat until tender.
2. Combine the bread cubes, chicken stock, and egg and add to the onion.
3. Add the parsley, salt, pepper, sage, and chestnuts. Mix them all well.
4. Place the stuffing in a buttered hotel pan and cover it with parchment paper. Bake the stuffing at 350 degrees F/ 175 degrees C for 45 minutes.
Stuffing a Turkey (or Not)
Stuffing Tips and Free-Form Techniques, including:
Aloha Bread & Macademia Stuffing
French Apple-Walnut-Rosemary Stuffing
Simply Delicious Thanksgiving Stuffing
The Professional Chef, Seventh Edition
By The Culinary Institute of America
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., October 2001
Hardcover, $65.00
Recipe reprinted by permission.
This page created November 2001
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text:
Part I: An Introduction to Reading and WritingChapter 1: Reading Texts The Communications Triangle Kinds of Writing: Purpose, Audience, and Form Addressing the Public: Civic Writing Addressing Experts and Students: Academic Writing Addressing Self and World: Imaginative Literature The Plan of the Book Poetry Basho: Haiku Sylvia Plath: Cut James Wright: Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy's Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota Fiction Tobias Wolff: Powder Nonfiction Prose Pam Belluck: From Nuns Offer Clues to Alzheimer's and Aging David A. Snowdon, Lydia H. Greiner, William R. Markesbery: From Linguistic Ability in Early Life and the Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease: Findings from the Nun Study Chapter 2: The Writing Process Active Reading Invention Strategies: Starting with the Assignment Shaping an Argument in Writing Finding and Developing a Thesis Drafting Using Categories to Organize a Draft Supporting a Thesis with Evidence Introducing and Concluding Revising Editing for Style Proofreading Sample Student Paper, Zak Owen: Digging for Meaning Checklist for Improving Drafts Poetry Seamus Heaney: Digging Chapter 3: Kinds of Literature: The Major Genres Genre and Form Poetry Fiction Drama The Essay Connecting Genres Poetry Geoffrey Chaucer: From The "General Prologue" to The Canterbury Tales John Milton: From Paradise Lost Walt Whitman: From Song of Myself W.H. Auden: From September 1, 1939 Fiction John Updike: A & P Drama Christopher Graybill: Go Look Nonfiction Prose Bernard Cooper: The Fine Art of Sighing Christopher Knight: From What Exactly Can Art Heal? Wendy Hollway and Tony Jefferson: From Narrative, Discourse and the Unconscious: The Case of Tommy
Part II: The Elements of Literature Chapter 4: Theme, Narrative and Plot, Setting, and Character Theme Narrative and Plot Writing about Narrative and Plot Setting Character Checklist on Plot in Imaginative Literature Checklist for Writing about Setting and Character Chapter 5: Point of View and Tone of Voice Point of View Sample Student Paper, Derrick White: How Do You See It? Tone in Imaginative Literature Fiction Jorge Luis Borges: The Shape of the Sword Jorge Luis Borges: The House of Asterion Poetry Charles Harper Webb: Tone of Voice W.S. Merwin: When the War Is Over Robert Browning: My Last Duchess Chapter 6: Word Choice, Figures of Speech, and Word Order Word Choice Meaning Levels of Diction Word Origins Figures of Speech The Sequence of Images Word Order Checklist for Writing about Word Choice Checklist for Writing about Figures of Speech Checklist for Writing about Grammar and Word Order (Syntax) Poetry Edna St. Vincent Millay: I Being Born a Woman and Distressed T.S. Elliot: From The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock William Blake: The Sick Rose Neil Young: From Love Is a Rose Team Austin: From Tube John Donne: Holy Sonnet 14, Batter my heart, three person'd God Robert Herrick: Delight in Disorder W.H. Auden: Musee des Beaux Arts Chapter 7: Sound Patterns, Line Breaks, and Poetic Meter Sound Patterns: Rhyme, Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance Line Breaks in Poetry Poetic Meter Writing about Sound Patterns, Line Breaks, and Poetic Meter Sample Student Paper, Kenji Takano: Designing a Poem A Closing Word Poetry From Old English Riddle Walt Whitman: From Song of Myself, Part 2 Michael Stipe: From It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine) John Donne: The Sun Rising E.E. Cummings: l(a Robert Herrick: Upon a Child Robert Herrick: Epitaph Upon a Child That Died William Carlos Williams: Poem Walt Whitman: When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer William Carlos Williams: The Dance Robert Frost: Design Robert Hayden: Those Winter Sundays Checklist for Writing about Word Music, Line Breaks in Poetry, and Poetic Meter
Part III: Argument, Research, and Literature: Conversations among Different Kinds of Writing Chapter 8: Argument The Elements of Argument Claims Reasons and Evidence Claims, Reasons, and Evidence in Arguments about Literature Assumptions Assumptions in Arguments about Literature Qualifiers and Concessions Other Features of Academic Argument Research Context Form Style Checklist for finding Assumptions Checklist for a Descriptive Analysis of Academic Argument Sample Student Paper, Rami Al-Khalidi, Michael Cheng, Deborah Cooper, Susan O'Quinn: A Comparative Analysis of Two Academic Arguments Nonfiction Prose Carol Gilligan and Jane Attanucci: From Two Moral Orientations: Gender Differences and Similarities Daniel F. Kripke, Lawrence Garfinkel, Deborah L. Wingard, Melville R. Klauber, and Matthew R. Marler: From Mortality Associated with Sleep Duration and Insomnia Andrew Scott: From Henry George, Henry Adams, and the Dominant American Ideology Nicholas J. Saunders: From Site Reading Chapter 9: Exploring Literature through Other Disciplines Interpretive Frameworks in Academic Discourse Wilbur's For C and Fraley and Shaver's Airport Separations A More Extended Tracing of Parallels: Poe's Cask of Amontillado and Goffman's The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Sample Student Paper, Lisa Rodrigues: Poe's Old Literary Wine in New Sociological Bottles Poetry Richard Wilbur: For C Fiction Edgar Allan Poe: The Cask of Amontillado Nonfiction Prose R. Chris Fraley and Phillip R. Shaver: From Airport Separation: A Naturalistic Study of Adult Attachment Dynamics in Separating Couples Erving Goffman: From The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Chapter 10: Using Research to Write about Literature Applying a Framework from Another Discipline to a Literary Text Reading the Assignment Choosing a Literary Work Deciding Which Disciplines to Investigate Doing Research Active Reading Writing the Paper Sample Student Paper, Tracy Greenwald: Learning to Be a Girl in David Kaplan's "Doe Season" A Closing Word Checklist for Evaluating the Reliability of Print and Internet Sources Checklist for Evaluating Websites Checklist for Improving Drafts Fiction David Michael Kaplan: Doe Season
Part IV: An Anthology of Readings Chapter 11: Body Introduction Poetry Anonymous: Swarthy smoke-blackened smiths Lucille Clifton: Homage to My Hips Emily Dickinson: (A Narrow Fellow in the Grass) John Donne: The Sun Rising Galway Kinnell: Rapture Sharon Olds: Letter to My Father from 40,000 Feet Sharon Olds: Waste Sonata Linda Pastan: Notes from the Delivery Room Marge Piercy: Belly Good Sappho: Pain Penetrates Richard Wilbur: A Late Aubade Frameworks: Looking at Shakespeare Through Medicine William Shakespeare: Sonnets 65, 72, 73 Hobart W. Walling: Life's Brief Candle: A Shakespearan Guide to Death and Dying for Compassionate Physicians Fiction Margaret Atwood: Giving Birth Ralph Ellison: Battle Royal Louise Erdrich: Fleur Alice Munro: Boys and Girls Edgar Allan Poe: The Tell-Tale Heart Drama Max Mitchell: Life Support Nonfiction Prose Anatole Broyard: Intoxicated by My Illness Cornel West: Black Sexuality: The Taboo Subject Chapter 12: Spirit Introduction Poetry Arrested Development: Fishin' 4 Religion Ashvaghosha: The Legend of the Buddha Shakyamuni John Donne: Holy Sonnet 10: Death, Be Not Proud Thom Gunn: Memory Unsettled Hebrew Bible: Leviticus 19 Gerard Manley Hopkins: [As Kingfishers Catch Fire, Dragonflies Draw Flame] The King James Bible: Luke 10:25-37 The Generous Qur'an: Sura 89, The Dawn Dylan Thomas: A Refusal to Mourn the Death, by Fire, of a Child in London Walt Whitman: A Noiseless Patient Spider Richard Wilbur: Mayflies Paul Zimmer: The Day Zimmer Lost Religion Fiction D.H. Lawrence: The Rocking-Horse Winner Flannery O'Connor: A Good Man Is Hard to Find Frank O'Connor: Guests of the Nation Dorothy Parker: The Custard Heart Philip Roth: The Conversion of the Jews Frameworks: Looking at Dinesen Through Psychology Isak Dinesen: Babette's Feast Abraham Maslow: Self-Actualizing and Beyond Abraham Maslow: Various Meanings of Transcendence Drama Wole Soyinka: Death and the King's Horseman Nonfiction Prose Louise M. Antony: The "Faith" of an Athiest Karen Armstrong: From Renunciation Jorge Luis Borges: Everything and Nothing Joan Didion: On Self-Respect Chapter 13: Acting and Authenticity Introduction Poetry W.H. Auden: The Unknown Citizen Gwendolyn Brooks: We Real Cool E.E. Cummings: anyone lived in a pretty how town Emily Dickinson: (I Like a Look of Agony) Emily Dickinson: (I'm Nobody! Who are You?) Paul Laurence Dunbar: We Wear the Mask T.S. Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Thom Gunn: Night Taxi Linda Hogan: First Light Langston Hughes: Theme for English B Andrew Marvell: To His Coy Mistress Sylvia Plath: Lady Lazarus Fiction Sandra Cisneros: Mericans Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Yellow Wallpaper Langston Hughes: Who's Passing for Who? Richard Wright: Big Black Good Man Frameworks: Looking at Shakespeare Through Literary Criticism William Shakespeare: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Terence Eagleton: Hamlet, from Shakespeare and Society: Critical Studies in Shakespearean Drama Nonfiction Prose James Baldwin: The Discovery of What It Means to Be an American Richard Ford: In the Face Lucy Grealy: Mirrorings Germaine Greer: The Stereotype
Relating to Others Chapter 14: Gender, Sex, and Love Introduction Poetry Matthew Arnold: Dover Beach Elizabeth Bishop: One Art John Donne: Song John Donne: A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Robert Frost: Home Burial Thom Gunn: Waitress Ho Xuan Hu'o'ng: On Sharing a Husband James Weldon Johnson: The Glory of the Day Was in Her Face Michael Lassell: How to Watch Your Brother Die Adrienne Rich: Planetarium William Shakespeare: Sonnet 130 Alan Shapiro: Lover Cathy Song: The Hand That Feeds Fiction Raymond Carver: What We Talk About When We Talk About Love Kate Chopin: The Story of an Hour Susan Glaspell: A Jury of Her Peers James Joyce: Araby Frameworks: Looking at Mason Through Psychology Bobbie Ann Mason: Shiloh Mark Karpel: Individuation: From Fusion to Dialogue Drama August Wilson: Fences Nonfiction Prose Susan Moller Okin with Respondents: Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? Will Kymlicka: Liberal Complacencies Katha Pollitt: Whose Culture? Susan Moller Okin: From Reply Chapter 15: Race and Ethnicity Introduction Poetry Gwendolyn Brooks: The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock Joshua Coben: Ishmael Countee Cullen: Incident Nikki Giovanni: Ego Tripping Suheir Hammad: Exotic Langston Hughes: Harlem Langston Hughes: Same in Blues Claude McKay: The White City Pat Mora: Immigrants Sharon Olds: On the Subway Jim Sagel: Baca Grande William Jay Smith: Old Cherokee Woman's Song Mitsuye Yamada: To the Lady Framworks: Looking at Hayden Through History and Psychology Robert Hayden: Middle Passage John Quincy Adams: From Argument of John Quincy Adams, before the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of the United States, Appellants, vs. Cinque, and others, Africans Captured in the Schooner Amistad, by Lieut. Gedney, Delivered on the 24th of February and 1st of March, 1841 Daniel Brown: From Stress and Emotion: Implications for Illness Development and Wellness Raymond L. Cohn: From Maritime Mortality in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: A Survey James A. Rawley: The Middle Passage Fiction Chinua Achebe: Dead Men's Path Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni: Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter William Faulkner: Wash Eudora Welty: A Worn Path Drama Athol Fugard: Master Harold...and the Boys Luis Valdez: Los Vendidos Nonfiction Prose Gordon Allport: From The Nature of Prejudice Toni Morrison: From Romancing the Shadow Brent Staples: Black Men and Public Space Vetta L. Sanders Thompson: Perceived Experiences of Racism as Stressful Life Events Chapter 16: Ethical Questions Introduction Poetry Julia Alvarez: On Not Shoplifting Louise Bogan's The Blue Estuaries John Balaban: For the Missing in Action John Balaban: The Guard at the Binh Thuy Bridge Emily Dickinson: (The Soul selects her own Society) Robert Frost: The Death of the Hired Man Robert Frost: Love and a Question Robert Frost: Two Tramps in Mud Time Miroslav Holub: The Fly Yusef Komunyakaa: Facing It Wilfred Owen: Dulce et Decorum Est William Edgar Stafford: Traveling through the Dark Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Ulysses William Carlos Williams: The Yachts Fiction Toni Cade Bambara: The Lesson Shirley Jackson: The Lottery Sir Thomas Malory: From Le Morte d' Arthur Katherine Mansfield: The Garden-Party Tim O'Brien: The Things They Carried Frameworks: Looking At LeGuin Through Philosophy Ursula LeGuin: The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas William James: From The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life John Stuart Mill: From What Utilitarianism Is Drama Sophocles: Oedipus Rex Nonfiction Prose Barbara Ehrenreich: Nickel-and-Dimed: On (not) getting by in America Martin L. Hoffman: Empathy, Its Arousal, and Prosocial Functioning Michael de Montaigne: That our actions should be judged by our intentions Mark Twain: The Lowest Animal
Experiencing the World Chapter 17: Nature Introduction Poetry A.R. Ammons: Still William Blake: The Tyger Richard Eberhart: On Shooting Particles Beyond the World James Weldon Johnson: Deep in the Quiet Wood Galway Kinnell: The Bear Galway Kinnell: St. Francis and the Sow Philip Larkin: Going, Going Mary Oliver: Rice Simon Ortiz: Earth and Rain, The Plants & Sun Simon Ortiz: Vision Shadows Sylvia Plath: Black Rook in Rainy Weather William Wordsworth: Upon Westminster Bridge William Wordsworth: The World Is Too Much with Us Fiction Kate Chopin: The Storm Ernest Hemingway: The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber Leslie Marmon Silko: The Man to Send Rain Clouds Nguyen Huy Thiep: Salt of the Jungle Drama Frameworks: Looking at Frayn Through Science Michael Frayn: Copenhagen Irving M Klotz: Procrustean Distortions of Science Harry Lustig and Kirsten Shepherd-Barr: Science as Theater Nonfiction Prose Wendell Berry: Life Is a Miracle Howard Frumkin: Beyond Toxicity: Human Health and the Natural Environment John R. Stilgoe: Gone Barefoot Lately? Edward O. Wilson: Nature Matters Chapter 18: Sight and Insight Introduction Poetry Elizabeth Bishop: Filling Station John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn X.J. Kennedy: Nude Descending a Staircase Yusef Komunyakaa: Hanoi Hannah Li-Young Lee: Persimmons Denise Levertov: The Reminder David Ray: A Midnight Diner by Edward Hopper Alan Shapiro: Astronomy Lesson Alan Shapiro: Wife: The Mirror Wole Soyinka: Telephone Conversation Wallace Stevens: Anecdote of the Jar Wallace Stevens: The Man with the Blue Guitar Team Austin: Tube William Carlos Williams: Landscape with the Fall of Icarus Fiction Raymond Carver: Cathedral Don DeLillo: Videotape Kimberly Elkins: What Is Visible Nathaniel Hawthorne: Young Goodman Brown Katherine Anne Porter: The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Alice Walker: Everyday Use Drama Frameworks: Looking at Friel Through Science Brian Friel: Molly Sweeney R.L. Gregory and Jean G. Wallace: From Recovery from Early Blindness: A Case Study Oliver Sacks: From To See and Not See Nonfiction Prose Annie Dillard: Seeing E.M. Forster: Art for Art's Sake Helen Keller: Three Days to See Georgina Kleege: From In Oedipus' Shadow Appendix A: Critical Approaches Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Appendix C: Reading Nonliterary Texts Nonfiction Prose Deborah D. Danner, David A. Snowdon, Wallace V. Friesen: From Positive Emotions in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study David A. Snowden, Lydia H. Greiner, William R. Markesbery: From Linguistic Ability in Early Life and the Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease: Findings from the Nun Study Susan Kemper, Lydia H. Greiner, Janet G. Marquis, Katherine Prenovost, Tracy L. Mitzner: From Language Decline Across the Life Span: Findings from the Nun Study Appendix D: MLA and APA Documentation Credits Index


text:
Deltran Battery Tender or CTEK SmartCharger
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Been there, Done that.
Location: In my Empire
Join Date: Jan 2008
Posts: 5,142
Mein Auto: Does it matter?
View My Garage
Originally Posted by
The battery was replaced today under warranty. After doing every diagnostic they could possibly dream up, the consensus of the service department at my dealership is that I:
1) don't drive the car for long enough periods of time (I live 5.3 miles from where I work, on a good day, if I hit all the lights right, I can do the 5 miles in about 7 minutes door to door.)
2) open and and close the driver's door too many times between significant drive cycles (so shoot me for opening the door too many times while giving the car its weekly bath).
3) Turn the car on then off without enough "on time" for the alternator to do its job. (How long should it take to back the car into the drive to wash it?)
On the service paperwork they indicated that because the battery had previously died, and been recharged it is now not properly holding a charge.
Bottom line, now that I have a fresh battery in the car, if the car is indeed a voltage vampire, I'm going to make sure I give it plenty of supplementation so the new battery doesn't die an early death as well.
I have to admit, the 8 step process touted by CTEK has me intrigued, plus it's a very streamlined unit. The practical side of me is struggling with the form vs. function side of the equation.
The general consensus is that the car has to be driven enough so that A.) The engine is at proper operating temperature for at least an hour a day so that the battery can charge itself. This is what I've been told by techs at work.
I'd spend the extra $ and buy the CTEK 3300 or the 7002 simply because they are high quality units and Deltrans warranty is a joke.(They charge you $15 to look at the unit and YOU have to pay for shipping) I'd go for the CTEK. They are very good. We use BMW's chargers(relabeled Deltrans) at work all the time and they're cheap, and one of the ground plugs broke off on one of them while the other just sits there and flashes it's lights. The CTEKs that I have used have been flawless and very easy to use. If you have any other questions or need clarification on anything, please let me know and I will do my best to help.
Originally Posted by
In the words of one of Bimmerfest's greatest minds:"Been there, done that"
Originally Posted by
Half the fun of succeeding in life is fighting the fight and making it.
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How the times they have a'changed. This time last year, these pages were filled with allegations of sexual assault being made against one of rugby league's biggest stars. This year, the same space is filled with stories about another rugby league star who is homesick - yes, homesick - and wants to take his wife and three small kids back to Queensland. What has not changed is how fantastic the actual football has been. The game between the Wests Tigers and the Sea Eagles last Monday night was an absolute cracker - with the Tigers down 20-4 with 20 minutes to go, only to win at the death - and most of the other games were of equal quality. Can rugby union compete with that as a spectacle and so make headway in the eternal quest for hearts and minds and bums on seat? Only just, but if the Waratahs play as they did last Saturday for their fantastic win over the Lions last Friday night - 11 tries to the good! - it is at the very least a wonderful start.
A word, if I might, on the constantly expressed angst by Australian athletes on the possibility of being victims of a terrorist attack during the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi later this year. It won't happen. At the very least, it is highly, highly unlikely to happen. Yes, this is a troubled part of the world, and, yes, there has been the odd terrorist attack in those parts in recent times. But as one who accompanied my wife and three children to many parts of India earlier this year, I can attest that even well removed from the Commonwealth Games - in terms of both time and distance - the security was phenomenal. That security will of course be tenfold for the Games and my bet is that a mouse with a gold filling would set off a dozen alarms and create an instant red alert. Also, bear this in mind. India is one of the most exotic countries on earth, populated by a wonderfully warm people, and if you pull out you'll likely be missing out on of the great experiences of your lives. Go!
There will never be words to salve the tragedy of the death yesterday of the young lifesaver - 19-year-old Saxon Bird, while proudly representing the Queenscliff Surf Life Saving Club - in the Australian Surf Life Saving Championships on the Gold Coast yesterday. But let us at least say this. By all reports he was an outstanding young man, of whom his family and club could be very proud. That he died in a competition designed to hone skills Australia-wide to help prevent people from drowning demonstrates both the oft terrible and fickle nature of fate and that fortune does not always favour the brave. But if there is any solace to be had it is perhaps to be found in the fact that at least he died while engaged in a great and worthy passion.
VICTORY AT LASTOn January 2, 1907, the first person the newly established Bondi Surf Bathers Life Saving Club ever saved from the surf was a nine-year-old by the name of Charles Kingsford Smith and the club has prospered and even dominated in all but one field of endeavour ever since. See, 68 years ago, to honour the legendary local lifesaver Stan MacDonald - a member of both Bondi SBLSC and North Bondi SLSC - the two clubs began an annual contest involving the 20 fastest lifesavers from each club racing in a relay around a given course in the surf. The "Stan Mac Relay," as it is known, is so fiercely contested that members of both clubs fly back from all over Australia and occasionally from far abroad to have the honour of being a part of the team. Alas, for the past 19 years - count 'em, NINETEEN years - Bondi has lost to North Bondi. Until last Saturday when, at last, the goodies came good. If I may adapt a line from the late, great Vitas Gerulaitis after he finally defeated Jimmy Connors in 1979: Let that be a lesson to all. Nobody beats the Bondi Surf Bathers Life Saving Club 20 times in a row!
Dear TFF
On Michael Clarke's shoulders are the tattooed initials ''LB''. Now that it is all off maybe he can add a ''W'' and add stickmen numbers underneath the tough sticker for every time he gets out ''LBW'' just like Mark Waugh did with his thigh pad every time he got a century. Food for thought.
Cobby, Kamahl and I both want to know: why are people so unkind?
Dear TFF,You know, Phil? It does make a certain amount of sense!
There is a lot of talk about who will be Lara Bingle's next [love interest]. I'm throwing Greg Norman in the ring. He's single, she's single. You know it makes sense.
Quentin Hull on ABC Radio on Sunday arvo, as the Titans played the Warriors: "It's the try of the season so far!" Soon after, the best commentator in the business, Nine's Peter Sterling, said during the Roosters v Souths match: "Mitchell Pearce has had a wonderful off-season". Both commentators are from Wagga Wagga, and, as they say in those parts, "you can take the boys out of Wagga but …"
In 2004 while at the Athens Olympics, TFF wrote a rave about what a wonderful game handball is, and I have been glad to hear that the sport continues to prosper in Australia. As a matter of fact, next month in Turkey, the first ''Gallipoli Tri Nations Tournament'' between Australia, New Zealand and Turkey will be held in Canakkale near Anzac Cove. It's an initiative by Turkish authorities, and will be held in the lead-up to Anzac Day. Due to the historical significance of the event, the games will be televised live nationally in Turkey. There is however, a problem. The Aussies haven't yet raised all the money they need to make the trip and are still about $20,000 shy. If there are any wealthy sponsors out there - or even poor sponsors - give me a yell, and I will put you in touch. And good on you.
Tiger Woods. Lock up your wives, daughters, cocktail waitresses and porn stars - he's back for the Masters!
Ewen McKenzie. Appears to have worked a miracle with the Queensland Reds. The Reds have always been great to watch, but now they're winning as well.
Barry Hall. Led the Western Bulldogs to their first trophy since 1970, in the AFL pre-season tournament, and scored seven goals in the process.
Luke Calo and Lara Moses. In fiercely contested races of the recent State Surf Life Saving championships, the two 14-year-olds from the North Cronulla club were a credit to their club and families, as they both stopped their own race to help competitors who had become tangled in buoys.
Drew Mitchell. The revamped winger scored a record four tries for the Waratahs against the Lions.
Perth Wildcats. Claimed their fifth National Basketball League championship.
Kookaburras. Won the World Hockey Cup for the first time since 1986. This was third time lucky against the Germans after losses in the final to them in 2002 and 2006.
Oakhill College boys' swim team. Won the ISA carnival for the fifth successive year, closely followed by the Oakhill College girls swim team which won its own division at the same carnival.
Julian Huxley. The likeable former Wallaby fullback is slowly making his way back into the game after a two-year absence with a brain tumour.
RIP Lionel Cox, 1930-2010. The Australian cyclist who, with Russell Mockridge, won a gold medal in the tandem sprint at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games died last week at the age of 79. A fine athlete, and a fine man.
Waratahs captain Phil Waugh disputes claims that his former teammate Lote Tuqiri had scored with his "first touch" of the ball in the NRL in eight years: "It was his third touch, because he juggled it twice."
Bill Plaschke of the LA Times: "Tiger Woods making his return at perhaps the most revered venue in all of American sports is like a shamed senator making his political comeback on Easter Sunday at New York's St Patrick's Cathedral. The Augusta National course is perfection. The first steps of Woods' comeback will be messy."
Three-time major winner Padraig Harrington on Tiger's return: "It's obviously great for golf that he's back. It shows the commitment he has to his family. If he came back earlier, that would give him a better chance at Augusta. He would have been putting golf first. Putting his family first by not warming up for Augusta, it's a good statement." Just hard would you have to look find anything in the whole Tiger saga that display his "commitment to his family"? Discuss.
Kings Cross identity John Ibrahim (pictured) on why he turned up at the Roosters season launch: "I'm here for blokes like Braith [Anasta] and Mini [Anthony Minichiello]. Those blokes are real role models for their sport. They are two NRL players who I have no problems with being in my clubs." Mighty big of you, Tex. Staggering.
A prosecutor explains to a Cardiff court why Welsh rugby legend JPR Williams, now a 61-year-old surgeon, had to be twice instructed by police to remove three one-penny coins from his mouth: "Your worships, there is a myth that copper from those coins can interfere with breathalyser machines.'' It didn't help. Williams blew .14 when the limit is .08.
The Herald's Jacqueline Maley on the Bingle saga: "Once you have appeared on national television wearing a bikini and cricket pads, it is tricky to make the switch to feminist heroine." True, that.
Australian golfer Alistair Presnell shot a final round 64 to finish equal sixth in the WGC-CA Championship in Florida and win $US214,300 ($232,400), double the previous biggest payday of his career: "Any kind of money is big money for me. I was having dinner with Geoff Ogilvy and Adam Scott the other night and they're talking about their Porsche GT3s and I'm thinking about my $5000 car back home."
Kevin Sheedy has urged the AFL to install a third team in NSW, nominating the Rabbitohs' heartland of south Sydney as a potential destination: "Let's get our act together before they lob and stick themselves down in south Sydney or something. I don't want to frighten you. Don't tell Roosy [Swans coach Paul Roos] - he's cracked it already. I'll have to send him a bloody big dummy soon, the sook."
Karen Willis, executive director of the NSW Rape Crisis Centre on the ongoing process of working with NRL players to educate them: "We aren't going to change thousands of years of male behaviour with a couple of discussion sessions." Harsh - and unfair to the wider male gender.


text:
Catholic Charities Member Agencies
Catholic Charities is an umbrella agency to four member agencies, designated by Archbishop Levada in 1989. Three of these agencies, Catholic Community Services of the Mid-Willamette Valley and Central Coast, Catholic Community Services of Lane County and Catholic Charities of Southern Oregon provide social services in their local areas. These services are provided based on the needs in each particular community.
CYO/Camp Howard provides youth athletic programs in the Portland area and youth camps for the entire Archdiocese.
Each member agency receives funding from the Catholic Charities Annual Campaign and other technical and professional assistance. Catholic Charities is also the link between each member agency and Catholic Charities USA.
Catholic Community Services of Lane County
1025 G Street, Springfield, Oregon 97477
Phone (541) 345-3628
Fax (541) 744-2272
Catholic Community Services of the Mid-Willamette Valley and Central Coast
PO Box 20400, Keizer, Oregon 97307
Phone (503) 390-2600
Fax (503) 390-8562
CYO/Camp Howard
825 NE 20th, Suite 120, Portland, Oregon 97232
Phone (503) 231-9484
Fax (503) 231-9531
El Programa Hispano Católico
138 NE 3rd St., Suite 140, Gresham, Oregon 97030
Phone (503) 669-8350
Fax (503) 666-7487


text:
Suzuki Race 520 Conversion Chain & Sprocket Kits
Product Information
Suzuki Race 520 Conversion Chain & Sprocket Kits
Our 520 Conversion kits come with a -1/+2 race gearing for an out of the box boost in acceleration using top of the line Driven sprockets paired with steel front sprockets. Expect to see an 8-10% increase in torque. This setup will lower your top end a little but many feel it is an acceptable loss for the performance gains. This kit will also save considerable weight off your drive train - increasing responsiveness and performance. Chains come pre-cut for your application. We recommend the RK Chain Riveting/Breaking Tool for installation and the Speedohealer to correct the speedometer once the kit is installed. Traditionally, aluminum sprockets will wear faster than the stock steel sprockets but you will save considerable weight with the switch. Take care of your chain with chain clean & lube/wax to see longer life from your kit.
EK "Three D"/3D Chain (520Z)
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Digital Payout
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I had a good experience learning in this institute basically because of the practical approach by the tutors.Abhishek Gupta , Student
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