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8. REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE for Bikes–and Bikeways–Including DIY
Return to Tips for Bicycling Monterey County portal page.
This section includes…
- where to get bicycles maintained and repaired
- help for do-it-yourself (DIY) bike maintenance and repair
- maintenance and repair of bikeways—where to report bicycle infrastructure needs
- how to advocate for improved bikeways
Has your bike been gathering dust?
If you aren't mechanically inclined, take it to a local bike shop for a safety inspection and tune-up!
Bicycle Boo-Boo?
Even on a Sunday, when you need bicycle repairs or maintenance in Monterey County, you're in luck!
Seven days a week, nearly all have mechanics available. Call first if you need major service on a Sunday. And call ahead on a major holiday, to be sure they aren't taking the day off.
Below are some local shops where you can count on professional repairs.
Have a "silly" question?
I'm not-so-mechanically minded. Perhaps, like me, you feel hesitant to ask questions at a bike shop. Don't be! Most of our bike shops have employees who realize their work makes a very positive difference in the health of people and the planet. These folks take pride in their jobs and are glad to answer your questions and otherwise help you.
Maintenance and
Repair Shops
- Carmel: Carmel Bicycle in Carmel Rancho II, and Bay Bikes in the Barnyard. Two good neighbors. If you don't find what you need at the one shop, check in with the other one, which is very nearby.
- Monterey – Just off freeway near NPS: Peninsula Bike Works.
- Monterey – Old Monterey: Aquarian at Bay Bikes.
- Monterey – Cannery Row: Bay Bikes.
- Pacific Grove: Repair service Tues-Sat (closed Sun-Mon) at Winning Wheels, 318 Grand Avenue, Pacific Grove; phone 831/375-4322 (no web site at present).
- Salinas – North Salinas: Bear Bikes(Note that Bear's hours are Sun, 11-5, Mon-Sat, 10-6; a past AT&T yellow page ad had an error indicating they close at 8 pm.)
- Salinas – Downtown/Oldtown vicinity: Valley Bikes.
- Salinas – Downtown/Oldtown vicinity: Bobcat Bicycles.
- Seaside: If you're biking on the path near Roberts Lake (see "Where to Bike"), the closest repair shop with mechanics available is Sports Center Bicycles on Del Monte Blvd.
- Seaside: CSUMB Otter Cycle Center. Full-service repair shop at discounted rates for students, faculty, and staff only.
Mobile mechanic needed?
Longtime local mechanics Robert Cepeda and Tony Ortiz have a mobile repair service, Bicycle Doctors. Tony is fluently bilingual (Spanish-English).
Bay Bikes of Carmel and Monterey are often able to provide mobile mechanic service on request. Just ask!
We've witnessed how that mobile mechanic service from our excellent local bike shops can work! How's that? Both Bay Bikes and Sports Center Bicycles have served as the complimentary mobile mechanics at the annual Intergenerational Rides celebrating Monterey County Bike Month. We love how our local bike shops team up and pitch in to help with bike community events!
Robert Cepeda, service manager at Sports Center Bicycles of Seaside
provided complimentary mobile bike mechanic services
at the first Intergenerational Ride.
Below, at far right, Chris Paruolo worked for Bay Bikes when he served as mobile mechanic on the 2nd Annual Intergenerational Ride.
Also see the specialty services section of Bicycle Shops, Services, Clubs, and Resources in Monterey County, which includes experts such as Joseph Crabtree of Forest Hill Bike Shop in Pacific Grove, who provides custom bikes and service, including pro builds for road, mountain, and cyclocross.
Joseph Crabtree, giving full attention to the exacting requirements for this bike.
For a peek inside the service areas of some other local bike shops, see the Bike Month celebration post, "$10 at Bike Shops Goes a Long Way."
Maintenance and Repair
Like to do it yourself–at least a little? Many DIY folks find the bicycle parts illustrations linked on Bicycling Monterey's "Other languages" page helpful.
Shifting Power: Bike Mechanics Training Videos / Cambiando Poder: Vídeos de Capacitacíon de Mecánica de Bicicletas, available free from Bikes Not Bombs at https://bikesnotbombs.org/shifting-power. Their video instruction series was created in 2015, and Bikes Not Bombs also makes available free their earlier instructional manual.
"Didn't have my bike pump today, and there's no bike shop nearby. Glad I can make use of the air at this gas station, so I can get my neighbor's bike rolling for them."
How to change a flat
Safe Cyclist Teacher Master Pages from Bike Texas include a range of great resources in Spanish and English, including "How to fix a flat" – "Cómo Arreglar una Ponchadurato."
Here's a video on how to change a flat by local Devian Gilbert, 2011 Golden Helmet Award winner and owner of Asana Cycles.
Here are three more videos, shared by Cath Tendler-Valencia.
Take a class?
Bike maintenance/repair classes are sometimes offered through the City of Monterey Parks and Rec, with teachers including excellent mechanics from Winning Wheels, a locally owned bike store in Pacific Grove for over 25 years. Click here to learn more.
Maintenance/repair classes have also been offered by REI Marina, such as Basic Bike Maintenance (lube a chain, fix a flat, make minor adjustments) by REI certified bike tech Jared Lopez. Call 831.883.8048 to inquire, or click here.
Micah, a veteran of the highly respected Joselyns, now closed.
But Micah is back! On 9/1/12, he and Sean Rigmaiden opened Peninsula Bike Works.
- You may also be curious about these tips for washing your bike.
Do-it-yourself bike maintenance stations
- Salinas High School (established 8/27/12, for any SHS students). Click here for announcement. Questions? Contact Jim Warwick, 831-262-4152.
- CSUMB (as of 8/29/12, pending installation). Two DIY stations will become part of CSUMB's Wise Biker resources (http://transportation.csumb.edu/biking). Contact CSUMB with any questions.
Homeless outreach
Update: See Dennis Taylor's 12/20/14 Monterey County Herald story, "Monterey homeless-help group..." which includes info about Bill Weller's bike mechanic services, provided to anyone in need at these "Pass the Word" gatherings; and that some bikes have also been gifted to those in need.
Elsewhere in the Monterey Bay region
- Santa Cruz County resources include the Bike Church, Santa Cruz and the Bike Shack, Watsonville. (Bike Shack, in fact, is one of the many reasons Watsonville has the potential to be the next Bike City USA, as reported by Roseann Hernandez 6/21/13 in the Register-Pajaronian.) Watsonville Bike Shack Cooperative is at 555 Main Street (behind Ramos furniture), Watsonville; (831) 296-0326; no website at present, but find them at Watsonville Bike Shack Cooperative on Facebook.
- Be inspired by our neighboring cities!
For my musings on bike repairs…
and a vision for roadside bicycle repair in the USA, as is happening elsewhere, see "Prepare Communities First, Then Link Them."
Repair and Maintenance
of Bikeways!
If you come upon a bikeway/road condition problem—
such as bikeways not clearly marked, potholes, vegetation overgrowth, or other bikeway improvements needed—please report it to the Transportation Agency of Monterey County via this online form. If you prefer, you may phone, fax, or mail your request to TAMC.
See "Bicycle infrastructure" headings on the Monterey County Bicycle Shops, Services, Clubs and Resources page of this site. Those infrastructure contacts are also the go-to people with regard to bikeway closures due to construction and for the latest news on current bicycle infrastructure projects for Monterey County. You'll also find some infrastructure news in this site's Local Bike News section.


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Justin Bieber, Pitbull + Skrillex Added to 2016 Grammy's Performance Lineup
Biebs and Pitbull will join other big names like Adele, Kendrick Lamar, and The Weeknd.
Biebs and Pitbull will join other big names like Adele, Kendrick Lamar, and The Weeknd.
Taylor Swift, Kendrick Lamar and The Weeknd are popping up across categories.
Justin Bieber draws inspiration from the pitfalls of fame and fortune — and apologizes profusely while doing so.
Billboard just unveiled the full list of artists set to perform at its first ever Hot 100 Music Festival.
Diverse acts such as Eminem, Kings of Leon and Skrillex are set to headline the upcoming Lollapalooza music festival. Though the official lineup won't be announced until next week, sources have confirmed that the three acts (all Lollapalooza vets) will once again take the stage.
We heard rumors that Kanye West teamed up with Skrillex to work on his new album — but as it turns out, the EDM superstar is nowhere to be found on the finished product, 'Yeezus,' which hit stores earlier this month.
One thing I love about kids, is how brutally honest they are. This is hilarious. In this video they play Skrillex's song 'Bangarang'. Not only do the kids have adorable accents, but the comments they make are hilarious. Comments like; "It sounds like my dog", "It's robot music", "This music makes me want to slap my sisters fat butt", (I'm sure she meant the P-H version of fat), and my favorite, "This is like my grandma's sofa!" This video shows how kids who have never even heard of dubstep, experiencing it for the first time.

subset: commoncrawl


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TFoxFoto / Shutterstock.com
Multinational restaurant chain Hard Rock Café has said it has not ruled out legal action following a string of threats against a UK-based café.
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Hard Rock Café, trademark infringement, Soft Rock Cafe


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Much bigger picture involved in this flight of fancy for dancersSteve Dow
Published: April 23 2013 - 3:00AM
Samoan-born, New Zealand-based choreographer Lemi Ponifasio can't remember what sort of birds they were, but he did see a flock over the Pacific island of Tarawa with black magnetic tape in their beaks.
The sight of birds transporting rubbish was a vision "akin to liquid mirrors reflecting the sky", inspiring Ponifasio's latest work, Birds with Skymirrors, for his Auckland-based dance company MAU.
His 13 dancers are gathered from a range of low-lying Pacific islands where climate change threatens to inundate their communities. But Ponifasio, a Samoan high chief born into a family of 10, eschews any environmental statement pecked at by journalists hungry for a narrative.
Having presented the critically lauded work at the 2010 Edinburgh International Festival, Ponifasio meets direct environmental questions with chuckles.
According to the advance material from Redfern's Carriageworks, where Birds with Skymirrors will be staged, this is a "dance reflection on the human relationship with the planet at a time of momentous climate change".
Ponifasio's laugh cuts through the quotation, then he pauses.
"I guess what you're trying to do is remind yourself about something that's inside you," he says.
"You know not to pollute the river, and things like that. That's wrong." He laughs again. "So - there must be something else to make you become aware of that."
He falls silent. So, he's trying to embed that message subtly into his dance work?
"Well, you know, the environmental issue is a debate of many views. Depending on what culture you're from, and what powers you have, define what 'abuse' and 'use' mean.
"So, I don't want to get into that because that would just be another point of view from me.
''I think what's important is how you lead the people to a space where they're free of that kind of political viewpoint, but rather a much more alive and clear sense of one's relationship with the world.
"I'm not the manager of the world; I'm part of the process, and that process was here long before and will be here long after we're gone," he says, with another laugh.
The birds were carrying magnetic tape over Tarawa due to the local atolls being "full of rubbish" for lack of a disposal system, he says, and laughs again.
But Birds with Skymirrors is more about "the people around me", about "the human spirit reminding oneself what it is to be a human being".
Ponifasio was the seventh of 10 children born into a family in the village of Vailima in Samoa. He plays down the title of high chief conferred upon him by Samoa's intellectual and spiritual leaders; it's not high chief in a "western sense", he says.
Ponifasio studied philosophy and politics in New Zealand. But he soon became disenchanted with both disciplines' "failure to be in the real. I thought I could create a more real understanding for myself through dance," he says.
Birds with Skymirrors is at Carriageworks from May 1 to 4.
This story was found at: http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/much-bigger-picture-involved-in-this-flight-of-fancy-for-dancers-20130422-2iagc.html


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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has issued new guidance on floating cabins at its lakes throughout the Cumberland River Basin. The guidance implements Section 1035 of the Water Resources Reform and Development Act (WRRDA) of 2014 that allows floating cabins at marinas on Cumberland River Basin lakes.
Under the new guidance, marina operators will be able to rent floating cabins to the public who recreate on Cumberland River Basin lakes.
For just a few short weeks each year, strawberries are abundant. They're juicy, sweet and, yes, even succulent. They can be found at grocery stores everywhere. But, according to one local strawberry farmer, the best of the much-loved berries are locally grown.
"They're picked ripe," Cynthiana farmer Butch Case said. "They're sweeter than strawberries that come from California or Florida."
Radon gas is becoming more of a widespread problem in the United States. In the U.S., one in 15 homes are affected by elevated radon levels. Radon cannot be seen, it has no scent, and is colorless. Radon invades homes and buildings through foundation cracks and openings and even directly through concrete.
Dear Santa,
I want Madden 15 for my xbox 360, more arrows for my bow and a picture of the Steelers signed by all the players
Your Friend, DJ Wilson
9 Years Old
P.S Please bring my little brother a tablet so he will leave my phone alone
Dear Santa,
Copyright © 2017
The Cynthiana Democrat is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Cynthiana, KY and the surrounding area.


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Staff report
The Tallmadge boys bowling team finished sixth with a score of 2,759 at the 15-team Greater Summit Conference Tournament Feb. 9 at Midway Lanes in Akron.
Cuyahoga Valley Christian Academy won the tournament with a score of 2,922. Rounding out the top five were Green (2,913), Walsh Jesuit (2,861), Ellet (2,855) and Akron Firestone (2,764).
The Blue Devils finished with scores of 937 and 921, respectively, in the first two games and were in second place. Tallmadge posted scores of 135, 153, 139, 130, 184 and 160 in the baker games.
Brendon Haven had the high series (397) with games of 196 and 201. Ryan DeBord rolled the high game (215). He also bowled a 180.
Rounding out the top five for Tallmadge were Nick Krainess (193-174), Kody Stauffer (187-180) and Andre Gilles (181).
The Blue Devils earned a commanding 2,660-1,935 victory over Akron East Feb. 8 at Midway Lanes. With the win, Tallmadge finished 12-3 overall and 12-2 in the Greater Summit Conference.
The total score was a team record and the Blue Devils also set a record with a three-game baker series of 677.
Stauffer led Tallmadge with scores of 242 and 180, respectively.
Also competing for the Blue Devils were Jeremy Krainess (212-204), DeBord (206-177), Nick Krainess (210), Haven (189) and Gilles (185).
Tallmadge is scheduled to compete at a sectional tournament Feb. 16 at Midway Lanes. Bowling is set to begin at noon.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: 330-541-9444


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Road traffic safety
Road traffic safety refers to the methods and measures used to prevent road users from being killed or seriously injured. Typical road users include pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, vehicle passengers, and passengers of on-road public transport (mainly buses and trams).
Best-practices in modern road safety strategy:
The basic strategy of a Safe System approach is to ensure that in the event of a crash, the impact energies remain below the threshold likely to produce either death or serious injury. This threshold will vary from crash scenario to crash scenario, depending upon the level of protection offered to the road users involved. For example, the chances of survival for an unprotected pedestrian hit by a vehicle diminish rapidly at speeds greater than 30 km/h, whereas for a properly restrained motor vehicle occupant the critical impact speed is 50 km/h (for side impact crashes) and 70 km/h (for head-on crashes).— International Transport Forum, Towards Zero, Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach, Executive Summary page 19[1]
As sustainable solutions for all classes of road have not been identified, particularly low-traffic rural and remote roads, a hierarchy of control should be applied, similar to classifications used to improve occupational safety and health. At the highest level is sustainable prevention of serious injury and death crashes, with sustainable requiring all key result areas to be considered. At the second level is real time risk reduction, which involves providing users at severe risk with a specific warning to enable them to take mitigating action. The third level is about reducing the crash risk which involves applying the road design standards and guidelines (such as from AASHTO), improving driver behavior and enforcement.[1]
- 1 Background
- 2 Vehicle safety
- 3 Regulation of road users
- 4 Information campaigns
- 5 Statistics
- 6 Advocacy groups
- 7 Criticisms
- 8 See also
- 9 Notes and references
- 10 External links
Road traffic crashes are one of the world's largest public health and injury prevention problems. The problem is all the more acute because the victims are overwhelmingly healthy before their crashes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1 million people are killed on the world's roads each year.[2] A report published by the WHO in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured in traffic collisions on the roads around the world each year[3] and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths.[4]
The standard measures used in assessing road safety interventions are fatalities and killed or seriously injured (KSI) rates, usually per billion (109) passenger kilometres. Countries caught in the old road safety paradigm,[5] replace KSI rates with crash rates — for example, crashes per million vehicle miles.
Vehicle speed within the human tolerances for avoiding serious injury and death is a key goal of modern road design because impact speed affects the severity of injury to both occupants and pedestrians. For occupants, Joksch (1993) found the probability of death for drivers in multi-vehicle accidents increased as the fourth power of impact speed (often referred to by the mathematical term δv ("delta V"), meaning change in velocity). Injuries are caused by sudden, severe acceleration (or deceleration); this is difficult to measure. However, crash reconstruction techniques can estimate vehicle speeds before a crash. Therefore, the change in speed is used as a surrogate for acceleration. This enabled the Swedish Road Administration to identify the KSI risk curves using actual crash reconstruction data which led to the human tolerances for serious injury and death referenced above.
Interventions are generally much easier to identify in the modern road safety paradigm, whose focus is on the human tolerances for serious injury and death. For example, the elimination of head-on KSI crashes simply required the installation of an appropriate median crash barrier. Also, roundabouts, often with speed reducing approaches, encounter very few KSI crashes.
The old road safety paradigm of purely crash risk is a far more complex matter. Contributing factors to highway crashes may be related to the driver (such as driver error, illness, or fatigue), the vehicle (brake, steering, or throttle failures), or the road itself (lack of sight distance, poor roadside clear zones, etc.). Interventions may seek to reduce or compensate for these factors, or reduce the severity of crashes. A comprehensive outline of interventions areas can be seen in management systems for road safety.
In addition to management systems, which apply predominantly to networks in built-up areas, another class of interventions relates to the design of roadway networks for new districts. Such interventions explore the configurations of a network that will inherently reduce the probability of collisions.[6]
Interventions for the prevention of road traffic injuries are often evaluated; the Cochrane Library has published a wide variety of reviews of interventions for the prevention of road traffic injuries.[7][8]
For road traffic safety purposes it can be helpful to classify roads into three usages: built-up urban streets with slower speeds, greater densities, and more diversity among road users; non built-up rural roads with higher speeds; and major highways (motorways/ Interstates/ freeways/ Autobahns, etc.) reserved for motor-vehicles, and which are often designed to minimize and attenuate crashes. Most injuries occur on urban streets but most fatalities on rural roads, while motorways are the safest in relation to distance traveled. For example, in 2013, German autobahns carried 31% of motorized road traffic (in travel-kilometres) while accounting for 13% of Germany's traffic deaths. The autobahn fatality rate of 1.9 deaths per billion-travel-kilometres compared favorably with the 4.7 rate on urban streets and 6.6 rate on rural roads.[9]
|Road Class
|Injury Crashes
|Injury Rate[rate 1]
|Fatality Rate[rate 1]
|Fatalities per 1000 Injury Crashes
|Total, Average
Built-up areas[edit]
On neighborhood roads where many vulnerable road users, such as pedestrians and bicyclists can be found, traffic calming can be a tool for road safety. Though not strictly a traffic calming measure, mini-traffic circles implanted in normal intersections of neighbourhood streets have been shown to reduce collisions at intersections dramatically[10] (see picture). Shared space schemes, which rely on human instincts and interactions, such as eye contact, for their effectiveness, and are characterised by the removal of traditional traffic signals and signs, and even by the removal of the distinction between carriageway (roadway) and footway (sidewalk), are also becoming increasingly popular. Both approaches can be shown to be effective.[11]
For planned neighbourhoods, studies recommend new network configurations, such as the Fused Grid or 3-Way Offset. These layout models organize a neighbourhood area as a zone of no cut-through traffic by means of loops or dead-end streets. They also ensure that pedestrians and bicycles have a distinct advantage by introducing exclusive shortcuts by path connections through blocks and parks. Such a principle of organization is referred to as "Filtered Permeability" implying a preferential treatment of active modes of transport. These new patterns, which are recommended for laying out neighbourhoods, are based on analyses of collision data of large regional districts and over extended periods.[12][13][14] They show that four-way intersections combined with cut-through traffic are the most significant contributors to increased collisions.
Modern safety barriers are designed to absorb impact energy and minimize the risk to the occupants of cars and bystanders. For example, most side rails are now anchored to the ground, so that they cannot skewer a passenger compartment. Most light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Some road fixtures such as signs and fire hydrants are designed to collapse on impact. Highway authorities have removed trees in the vicinity of roads; while the idea of "dangerous trees" has attracted a certain amount of skepticism, unforgiving objects such as trees can cause severe damage and injury to errant road users. Safety barriers can provide some combination of physical protection and visual protection depending on their environment. Physical protection is important for protecting sensitive building and pedestrian areas. Visual protection is necessary to alert drivers to changes in road patterns.
Most roads are cambered (crowned), that is, made so that they have rounded surfaces, to reduce standing water and ice, primarily to prevent frost damage but also increasing traction in poor weather. Some sections of road are now surfaced with porous bitumen to enhance drainage; this is particularly done on bends. These are just a few elements of highway engineering. As well as that, there are often grooves cut into the surface of cement highways to channel water away, and rumble strips at the edges of highways to rouse inattentive drivers with the loud noise they make when driven over. In some cases, there are raised markers between lanes to reinforce the lane boundaries; these are often reflective. In pedestrian areas, speed bumps are often placed to slow cars, preventing them from going too fast near pedestrians.
Poor road surfaces can lead to safety problems. If too much asphalt or bitumenous binder is used in asphalt concrete, the binder can 'bleed' or flush' to the surface, leaving a very smooth surface that provides little traction when wet. Certain kinds of stone aggregate become very smooth or polished under the constant wearing action of vehicle tyres, again leading to poor wet-weather traction. Either of these problems can increase wet-weather crashes by increasing braking distances or contributing to loss of control. If the pavement is insufficiently sloped or poorly drained, standing water on the surface can also lead to wet-weather crashes due to hydroplaning.
Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with cat's eyes, Botts' dots or reflective raised pavement markers that do not fade like paint. Botts dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California.
Road hazards and intersections in some areas are now usually marked several times, roughly five, twenty, and sixty seconds in advance so that drivers are less likely to attempt violent manoeuvres.
Most road signs and pavement marking materials are retro-reflective, incorporating small glass spheres[15] or prisms to more efficiently reflect light from vehicle headlights back to the driver's eyes.
Turning across traffic[edit]
Turning across traffic (i.e., turning left in right-hand drive countries, turning right in left-hand drive countries) poses several risks. The more serious risk is a collision with oncoming traffic. Since this is nearly a head-on collision, injuries are common. It is the most common cause of fatalities in a built-up area. Another major risk is involvement in a rear-end collision while waiting for a gap in oncoming traffic.
Countermeasures for this type of collision include:
- Addition of left turn lanes[16]
- Providing protected turn phasing at signalized intersections[17]
- Using indirect turn treatments such as the Michigan left
- Converting conventional intersections to roundabouts[16]
In the absence of these facilities as a driver about to turn:
- Keep your wheels straight, so that in the event of a rear end shunt, you are not pushed into on-coming traffic.
- When you think it is clear, look away, to the road that you are entering. There is an optical illusion that, after a time, presents an oncoming vehicle as further away and travelling slower. Looking away breaks this illusion.
There is no presumption of negligence which arises from the bare fact of a collision at an intersection,[18] and circumstances may dictate that a left turn is safer than to turn right. The American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) recommends in their publication Geometric Design of Highways and Streets[19] that left or right turns are to be provided the same time gap.[20] Some states have recognized this in statute, and a presumption of negligence is only raised because of the turn if and only if the turn was prohibited by an erected sign.[21]
Turns across traffic have been shown to be problematic for older drivers.[22]
Designing for pedestrians and cyclists[edit]
Pedestrians and cyclists are among the most vulnerable road users[23] and in some countries constitute over half of all road deaths. Interventions aimed at improving safety of non-motorised users:
- Sidewalks of suitable width for pedestrian traffic
- Pedestrian crossings close to the desire line which allow pedestrians to cross roads safely
- Segregated pedestrian routes and cycle lanes away from the main highway
- Overbridges (tend to be unpopular with pedestrians and cyclists due to additional distance and effort)
- Underpasses (these can pose heightened risk from crime if not designed well, can work for cyclists in some cases)
- Traffic calming and speed humps
- Low speed limits that are rigorously enforced, possibly by speed cameras
- Shared space schemes giving ownership of the road space and equal priority to all road users, regardless of mode of use
- Pedestrian barriers to prevent pedestrians crossing dangerous locations
Pedestrians' advocates question the equitability of schemes if they impose extra time and effort on the pedestrian to remain safe from vehicles, for example overbridges with long slopes or steps up and down, underpasses with steps and addition possible risk of crime and at-grade crossings off the desired crossing line. Make Roads Safe was criticised in 2007 for proposing such features. Successful pedestrian schemes tend to avoid over-bridges and underpasses and instead use at-grade crossings (such as pedestrian crossings) close to the intended route. Successful cycling schemes by contrast avoid frequent stops even if some additional distance is involved, because cyclists expend more energy when starting off.
In Costa Rica 57% of road deaths are pedestrians. However, a partnership between AACR, Cosevi, MOPT and iRAP has proposed the construction of 190 km of pedestrian footpaths and 170 pedestrian crossings which could save over 9000 fatal or serious injuries over 20 years.[24]
By 1947 the Pedestrians' Association was suggesting that many of the safety features being introduced (speed limits, traffic calming, road signs and road markings, traffic lights, Belisha beacons, pedestrian crossings, cycle lanes, etc.) were potentially self-defeating because "every nonrestrictive safety measure, however admirable in itself, is treated by the drivers as an opportunity for more speeding, so that the net amount of danger is increased and the latter state is worse than the first."[25]
During the 1990s a new approach, known as 'shared space' was developed which removed many of these features in some places has attracted the attention of authorities around the world.[26][27] The approach was developed by Hans Monderman who believed that "if you treat drivers like idiots, they act as idiots"[28] and proposed that trusting drivers to behave was more successful than forcing them to behave.[29] Professor John Adams, an expert on risk compensation suggested that traditional traffic engineering measures assumed that motorists were "selfish, stupid, obedient automatons who had to be protected from their own stupidity" and non-motorists were treated as "vulnerable, stupid, obedient automatons who had to be protected from cars – and their own stupidity".[30]
Reported results indicate that the 'shared space' approach leads to significantly reduced traffic speeds, the virtual elimination of road casualties, and a reduction in congestion.[29] Living streets share some similarities with shared spaces. The woonerven also sought to reduce traffic speeds in community and housing zones by the use of lower speed limits enforced by the use of special signage and road markings, the introduction of traffic calming measures, and by giving pedestrians priority over motorists.
Non built-up areas[edit]
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010)
Major highways[edit]
Major highways including motorways, freeways, Autobahnen and interstates are designed for safer high-speed operation and generally have lower levels of injury per vehicle km than other roads; for example, in 2013, the German autobahn fatality rate of 1.9 deaths per billion-travel-kilometers compared favorably with the 4.7 rate on urban streets and 6.6 rate on rural roads.[9]
Safety features include:
- limited access from the properties and local roads.
- Grade separated junctions
- Median dividers between opposite-direction traffic to reduce likelihood of head-on collisions
- Removing roadside obstacles.
- Prohibition of more vulnerable road users and slower vehicles.
- Placements of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guard rails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels).
- Eliminating road toll booths
The ends of some guard in rails on high-speed highways in the United States are protected with impact attenuators, designed to gradually absorb the kinetic energy of a vehicle and slow it more gently before it can strike the end of the guard rail head on, which would be devastating at high speed. Several mechanisms are used to dissipate kinetic energy. Fitch Barriers, a system of sand-filled barrels, uses momentum transfer from the vehicle to the sand. Many other systems are tear or deform steel members to absorb energy and gradually stop the vehicle.
In some countries major roads have "tone bands" impressed or cut into the edges of the legal roadway, so that drowsing drivers are awakened by a loud hum as they release the steering and drift off the edge of the road. Tone bands are also referred to as "rumble strips", owing to the sound they create. An alternative method is the use of "Raised Rib" markings, which consists of a continuous line marking with ribs across the line at regular intervals. They were first specially authorised for use on motorways as an edge line marking to separate the edge of the hard shoulder from the main carriageway. The objective of the marking is to achieve improved visual delineation of the carriageway edge in wet conditions at night. It also provides an audible/vibratory warning to vehicle drivers, should they stray from the carriageway, and run onto the marking.
Better motorways are banked on curves to reduce the need for tire-traction and increase stability for vehicles with high centers of gravity.
An example of the importance of roadside clear zones can be found on the Isle of Man TT motorcycle race course. It is much more dangerous than Silverstone because of the lack of runoff. When a rider falls off at Silverstone, he slides along slowly losing energy, with minimal injuries. When he falls off in the Manx, he impacts violently with trees and walls. Similarly, a clear zone alongside a freeway or other high speed road can prevent off-road excursions from becoming fixed-object crashes.
The US has developed a prototype automated roadway, to reduce driver fatigue and increase the carrying capacity of the roadway. Roadside units participating in future Wireless vehicle safety communications networks have been studied.
Motorways are far more expensive and space-consumptive to build than ordinary roads, so are only used as principal arterial routes. In developed nations, motorways bear a significant portion of motorized travel; for example, the United Kingdom's 3533 km of motorways represented less than 1.5% of the United Kingdom's roadways in 2003, but carry 23% of road traffic.
The proportion of traffic borne by motorways is a significant safety factor. For example, even though the United Kingdom had a higher fatality rates on both motorways and non-motorways than Finland, both nations shared the same overall fatality rate in 2003. This result was due to the United Kingdom's higher proportion of motorway travel.
Similarly, the reduction of conflicts with other vehicles on motorways results in smoother traffic flow, reduced collision rates, and reduced fuel consumption compared with stop-and-go traffic on other roadways.
The improved safety and fuel economy of motorways are common justifications for building more motorways. However, the planned capacity of motorways is often exceeded in a shorter timeframe than initially planned, due to the under estimation of the extent of the suppressed demand for road travel. In developing nations, there is significant public debate on the desirability of continued investment in motorways.
With effect from January 2005 and based primarily on safety grounds, the UK's Highways Agency's policy is that all new motorway schemes are to use high containment concrete step barriers in the central reserve. All existing motorways will introduce concrete barriers into the central reserve as part of ongoing upgrades and through replacement as and when these systems have reached the end of their useful life. This change of policy applies only to barriers in the central reserve of high speed roads and not to verge side barriers. Other routes will continue to use steel barriers.
More people die on the hard shoulder than on the highway itself. Without other vehicles passing a parked car, following drivers are unaware that the vehicle is parked, despite hazard lights. Truck drivers indicate that they are parked by putting their cab seat behind their truck[citation needed]. In the UK, the AA and police park their vehicles on the hard shoulder at a slight angle so that following drivers can see down the side of their vehicle and are therefore aware that they are stopped[citation needed].
30% of highway crashes that occur in the vicinity of toll collection booths in the countries that have them, these can be reduced by switching to electronic toll systems.[31]
Vehicle safety[edit]
Safety can be improved in various ways depending on the transport taken.
Buses and coaches[edit]
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Safety can be improved in various simple ways to reduce the chance of an accident occurring. Avoiding rushing or standing in unsafe places on the bus or coach and following the rules on the bus or coach itself will greatly increase the safety of a person travelling by bus or coach. Various safety features can also be implemented into buses and coaches to improve safety including safety bars for people to hold onto.
The main ways to stay safe when travelling by bus or coach are as follows:
- Leave your location early so that you do not have to run to catch the bus or coach.
- At the bus stop, always follow the queue.
- Do not board or alight at a bus stop other than an official one.
- Never board or alight at a red light crossing or unauthorized bus stop.
- Board the bus only after it has come to a halt without rushing in or pushing others.
- Do not sit, stand or travel on the footboard of the bus.
- Do not put any part of your body outside a moving or a stationary bus.
- While in the bus, refrain from shouting or making noise as it can distract the driver.
- Always hold onto the handrail if standing in a moving bus, especially on sharp turns.
- Always adhere to the bus safety rules.
Safety can be improved by reducing the chances of a driver making an error, or by designing vehicles to reduce the severity of crashes that do occur. Most industrialized countries have comprehensive requirements and specifications for safety-related vehicle devices, systems, design, and construction. These may include:
- Passenger restraints such as seat belts — often in conjunction with laws requiring their use — and airbags
- Crash avoidance equipment such as lights and reflectors
- Driver assistance systems such as Electronic Stability Control
- Crash survivability design including fire-retardant interior materials, standards for fuel system integrity, and the use of safety glass
- Sobriety detectors: These interlocks prevent the ignition key from working if the driver breathes into one and it detects significant quantities of alcohol. They have been used by some commercial transport companies, or suggested for use with persistent drunk-driving offenders on a voluntary basis[32]
|This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2010)
UK road casualty statistics show that motorcycle riders are nine times more likely to crash, and 17 times more likely to die in a crash, than car drivers.[33] The higher fatality risk is due in part to the lack of crash protection (unlike in enclosed vehicles such as cars), combined with the high speeds motorcycles typically travel at.[34] According to US statistics, the percentage of intoxicated motorcyclists in fatal crashes is higher than other riders on roads.[35] Helmets also play a major role in the safety of motorcyclists. In 2008, The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimated the helmets are 37 percent effective in saving lives of motorcyclists involved in crashes.[36]
According to the European Commission Transportation Department "it has been estimated that up to 25% of accidents involving trucks can be attributable to inadequate cargo securing". Improperly-secured cargo can cause severe accidents and lead to loss of cargo, loss of lives, loss of vehicles, and can be a hazard for the environment. One way to stabilize, secure, and protect cargo during transportation on the road is by using dunnage bags, which are placed in the voids among the cargo and are designed to prevent the load from moving during transport.
Together for Safer Roads (TSR) has developed best practices for implementing corporate road safety programs that includes data management and analysis, route mapping, investment and upkeep of fleets, safety policies and training for employees, and first-aid/safety training in case collisions do occur.[37]
Hundreds of people are killed each year due to high-speed chases of fleeing suspects by police. Different jurisdictions allow such pursuits in different circumstances; fewer injuries might occur if these are restricted to violent felonies.[38]
Regulation of road users[edit]
Various types of road user regulations are in force or have been tried in most jurisdictions around the world, some these are discussed by road user type below.
Motor vehicle users[edit]
Dependent on jurisdiction, driver age, road type and vehicle type, motor vehicle drivers may be required to pass a driving test (public transport and goods vehicle drivers may need additional training and licensing), conform to restrictions on driving after consuming alcohol or various drugs, comply with restrictions on use of mobile phones, be covered by compulsory insurance, wear seat belts and comply with certain speed limits. Motorcycle riders may additionally be compelled to wear a motorcycle helmet. Drivers of certain vehicle types may be subject to maximum driving hour regulations.
Some jurisdictions, such as the US states Virginia and Maryland, have implemented specific regulations such as the prohibiting mobile phone use by, and limiting the number of passengers accompanying, young and inexperienced drivers.[39] It has been noticed that more serious collisions occur at night, when vehicles are more likely to have multiple occupants, and when seat belts are less likely to be used.[40]
Insurance companies[which?] have proposed[where?] that the following restrictions should be imposed on new drivers:[citation needed] a "curfew" imposed on young drivers to prevent them driving at night, an experienced supervisor to chaperone the less experienced driver, forbidding the carrying of passengers, zero alcohol tolerance, raising the standards required for driving instructors and improving the driving test, vehicle restrictions (e.g. restricting access to 'high-performance' vehicles), a sign placed on the back of the vehicle (an N- or P-Plate) to notify other drivers of a novice driver and encouraging good behaviour in the post-test period.
While government has primary responsibility for providing safe roads, the challenges of development and equity require that all segments of society engage and contribute, including the private sector. Private sector coalitions, like Together for Safer Roads (TSR) exist to work alongside government policies to advance the business case of having safer roads; they help companies meet their duty of care to employees and minimize fleet-related dangers to the wider community.[41] Safer roads also benefit business by improving employee health and safety, by protecting assets, reducing productivity losses and healthcare costs, and enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chains.
Some countries or states have already implemented some of these ideas.[citation needed] Pay-as-you-drive adjusts insurance costs according to when and where the person drives.
Pedal bicycle users[edit]
Dependent on jurisdiction, road type and age, pedal cyclists may be required conform to restrictions on driving after consuming alcohol or various drugs, comply with restrictions on use of mobile phones, be covered by compulsory insurance, wear a bicycle helmet and comply with certain speed limits.
Dependent on jurisdiction, jaywalking may be prohibited.
Collisions with animals are usually fatal to the animals, and occasionally to drivers as well.
Information campaigns[edit]
Information campaigns can be used to raise awareness of initiatives designed to reduce road casualty levels. Examples include:
- Decade of Action by World Health Organization and Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (2011-2020)
- Traffic awareness campaigns such as the "one false move" campaign documented by Hillman et al.
- Speeding. No one thinks big of you. (New South Wales, Australia, 2007)
- Road Safety is no Accident World Health Organization
- Designated driver campaign, (US, 1970s-present)
- Click It or Ticket, (US, 1993–present)
- Clunk Click Every Trip (UK 1971)
- Green Cross Code (UK 1970–present)
Rating roads for safety[edit]
Since 1999 the EuroRAP initiative has been assessing major roads in Europe with a road protection score. This results in a star rating for roads based on how well its design would protect car occupants from being severely injured or killed if a head-on, run-off, or intersection accident occurs, with 4 stars representing a road with the best survivability features.[44] The scheme states it has highlighted thousands of road sections across Europe where road-users are routinely maimed and killed for want of safety features, sometimes for little more than the cost of safety fencing or the paint required to improve road markings.[45]
There are plans to extend the measurements to rate the probability of an accident for the road. These ratings are being used to inform planning and authorities' targets. For example, in Britain two-thirds of all road deaths in Britain happen on rural roads, which score badly when compared to the high quality motorway network; single carriageways claim 80% of rural deaths and serious injuries, while 40% of rural car occupant casualties are in cars that hit roadside objects, such as trees. Improvements in driver training and safety features for rural roads are hoped to reduce this statistic.[46]
The number of designated traffic officers in the UK fell from 15–20% of police force strength in 1966 to seven per cent of force strength in 1998, and between 1999 and 2004 by 21%.[47] It is an item of debate whether the reduction in traffic accidents per 100 million miles driven over this time[48] has been due to robotic enforcement.
In the United States, roads are not government-rated, for media-releases and public knowledge on their actual safety features. [unclear] However, in 2011, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Traffic Safety Facts found that over 800 persons were killed across the USA by "non-fixed objects" that includes roadway debris. California had the highest number of total deaths from those crashes; New Mexico had a best chance for an individual to die from experiencing any vehicle-debris crash.[49]
KSI statistics[edit]
According to WHO in 2010 it was estimated that 1.24 million people were killed worldwide and 50 million more were injured in motor vehicle collisions. Young adults aged between 15 and 44 years account for 59% of global road traffic deaths. Other key facts according to the WHO report are:[50]
- Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among young people, aged 15–29 years.
- 91% of the world's fatalities on the roads occur in low-income and middle-income countries, even though these countries have approximately half of the world's vehicles.
- Half of those dying on the world's roads are "vulnerable road users": pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists.
- Without action, road traffic crashes are predicted to result in the deaths of around 1.9 million people annually by 2020.
- Only 28 countries, representing 416 million people (7% of the world's population), have adequate laws that address all five risk factors (speed, drink-driving, helmets, seat-belts and child restraints).
It is estimated that motor vehicle collisions caused the death of around 60 million people during the 20th century, around the same number of World War II casualties.[51]
As the comparatively poor improvements in pedestrian safety have become a concern at OECD level, the Joint Transport Research Centre of OECD and the International Transport Forum (JTRC) convened an international expert group and published a report entitled "Pedestrian Safety, Urban Space and Health in 2012".[52]
According to the OECD's International Transport Forum (ITF), in 2013 the key figures among their 37 member states and observer countries looked like the following:[53]
|Deaths per
1 million inhabitants
|Deaths per
10 billion vehicle-km
|Deaths per
100 000 registered vehicles
|Registered vehicles per 1 000 inhabitants
|Seatbelt wearing rates Front (driver,passenger)/ Rear (adults,children)
|speed limit
urban / rural / motorways (km/h)
|52%,45% / 19%,45%
|30-60 / 110 / 130
|97% / 96%
|50, 60-80 / 100 or 110 / 110
|89% / 77%
|50 / 100 / 130
|86% / 63%,79%[Note 2]
|30-50 / 70-90 / 120
|143[Note 3]
|78[Note 3]
|17% / n.a.
|40 / 90 / n.a.
|95% / 95% (estimated)
|40-70 / 80-90 / 100-110
|62,78% / 15%
|60 / 100-120 / 120
|Czech Republic
|97% / 66%[Note 2]
|50 / 90 / 130
|94% / 81%[Note 2]
|50 / 80 / 130 (110)
|95% / 87%
|50 / 80 (winter) 100 (summer) / 120 (100)
|98% / 84%,90%[Note 4]
|50 / 90 / 130 (110 bad w.)
|96-98% / 97,98%
|50 / 100 / no limit or 130
|77%,74% / 23%[Note 5]
|50 / 90 (110) / 130 (110)
|87% / 57%,90%
|50 / 90 / 130 (110)
|84% / 65%
|50 / 90 (80) / n.a.
|92% / 88%,91%
|50 / 80 or 100 / 120
|97% / 74%
|50,70 / 80,90,100 / 110
|64%-76% / 10%[Note 6]
|50 / 90-110 / 130 (110 bad w., 100 novice, 150)
|122[Note 3]
|44% / very low (estimated)[Note 7]
|50 / 50 / 70 or 110
|96%,94% / 61%
|40,50,60 / 50,60 / 100
|89%,75% / 22% (on motorways)
|60 / 60-80 / 110 (100)
|95% / 33%
|50 / 90 (70) / 120 or 130 (110 in winter)
|80% / n.a.[Note 8]
|50 / 90 / 130 (110 in rain)
|792[Note 9]
|82%,68% / 9%
|50 / 90 / 110
|49%,46% / n.a.[Note 6]
|50 / 100 / 120
|97% / 82%[Note 4]
|50 / 80 / 130
|New Zealand
|97% / 92%,93%
|50 / 100 / 100
|95% / 87-88%
|30,50 / 80 / 90,100,110
|90% / 71%,89%
|50 (60) / 90-120 / 140
|96% / 77%,89-100%
|50 / 90 / 120
|70% / 4%
|50 / 80 / 120
|94% / 66%,87-94%
|50 / 90 (110) / 130
|90% / 81%[Note 2]
|50 / 90 or 100 / 120
|97% / 81%,95%
|30,40,50 / 60,70,80,90,100 / 110 or 120
|94%,93% / 77%,93%
|50 / 80 / 120
|United Kingdom
|96% / 92%
|48 / 96 or 113 / 113
|United States
|87% / 74%
|set by state / set by state / 88-129 (set by state)
Time effect[edit]
Advocacy groups[edit]
The Automobile Association was established in 1905 in the United Kingdom to help motorists avoid police speed traps.[56] They became involved in other safety issues and also erected thousands of roadside warning signs.[56]
The Pedestrians Association (now known as Living Streets) in the United Kingdom was formed in 1929 to press for better road safety. Other groups have been active in other countries.[citation needed]
The International Road Federation has an issue area and working group dedicated to road safety. They work with their membership to advocate measures that improve road safety through infrastructure and cooperation with other international organizations.[57]
Motoring advocacy groups including the Association of British Drivers (UK), Speed cameras.org[58] (UK), National Motorists Association (USA/Canada) argue that the strict enforcement of speed limits does not necessarily result in safer driving, and may even have negative effect on road safety in general. Safe Speed is a UK group set up specifically to campaign against the use of Speed cameras. The Association of British Drivers also argues that speed humps result in increased air pollution, increased noise pollution, and even unnecessary vehicle damage.[citation needed]
Together for Safer Roads (TSR) is a coalition that brings together global private sector companies, across industries, to collaborate on improving road safety. TSR brings together members' knowledge, data, technology, and global networks to focus on five road safety areas with the goal of bringing about the greatest impact globally and within local communities.[59]
In 1965, Ralph Nader put pressure on car manufactures in his book Unsafe at Any Speed detailing resistance by car manufacturers to the introduction of safety features, like seat belts, and their general reluctance to spend money on improving safety. The GM President James Roche was later forced to appear before a United States Senate subcommittee, and to apologize to Nader for the company's campaign of harassment and intimidation. Nader later successfully sued GM for excessive invasion of privacy.[60]
RoadPeace was formed in 1991 in the United Kingdom to advocate for better road safety and founded World Day of Remembrance for Road Traffic Victims in 1993 which received support from the United Nations General Assembly in 2005.[61][62]
Some road-safety groups[who?] argue that the problem of road safety is largely being stated in the wrong terms, since most road safety measures are designed to increase the safety of drivers. But many road traffic casualties are not drivers (in the UK only 40% of casualties are drivers), and those measures which increase driver safety may increase risk to others through risk compensation.[citation needed]
The core elements of the thesis are:[citation needed]
- that vulnerable road users are marginalised by the "road safety" establishment
- that "road safety" interventions are often centred around reducing the severity of results from dangerous behaviours, rather than reducing the dangerous behaviours themselves
- that improved "road safety" has often been achieved by making the roads so hostile that those most likely to be injured cannot use them at all
- that the increasing "safety" of cars and roads is often counteracted wholly or in part by driver responses (risk compensation).
RoadPeace and other groups have been strongly critical of what they see as moves to solve the problem of danger, posed to vulnerable road users by motor traffic, through increasing restrictions on vulnerable road users, an approach which they believe both blames the victim and fails to address the problem at source.[citation needed] This is discussed in detail by Dr Robert Davis in the book Death on the Streets: Cars and the mythology of road safety, and the core problem is also addressed in books by Professor John Adams, Mayer Hillman and others.[citation needed]
For example; the UK publishes Road Casualties Great Britain each year detailing reported road fatalities and injuries, claiming to have among the best pedestrian safety in Europe with falling injury rates, as measured in pedestrian KSI per head of population.[63] A study published by the British Medical Journal in 2006, suggested instead that the reduction in injury levels was due to lower levels of reporting, rather than the actual levels of injury as such.[64] Considerable under-reporting was confirmed by a second report prepared for the UK Department for Transport.[65] and the UK government now acknowledge the issue of under-reporting, but is not convinced that the reductions in reported injury levels do not reflect an actual decline.[66] Another independent report investigated if the roads were actually sufficiently dangerous as to deter pedestrians from using them at all.[67]
See also[edit]
- AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety (in the US)
- Assured Clear Distance Ahead
- Defensive driving
- Driving under the influence
- EuroRAP
- Fatality Analysis Reporting System
- Geometric design of roads
- Handicap International
- Highway Safety Manual
- List of countries by traffic-related death rate
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
- National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act
- Road Casualties Great Britain
- Rules of the road
- Speed limit
- Traffic collision
- Traffic psychology
- Traffic sign
- Road surface marking
- Road marking machine
- Transportation safety in the United States
- Turning Point (documentary)
- United Nations Road Safety Collaboration
- Work-related road safety in the United States
Notes and references[edit]
- ^ a b International Transport Forum (2008). "Towards Zero, Ambitious Road Safety Targets and the Safe System Approach". OECD. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
It recognises that prevention efforts notwithstanding, road users will remain fallible and crashes will occur.
- ^ Statistical Annex, World report on road traffic injury prevention
- ^ "World report on road traffic injury prevention". World Health Organisation. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- ^ "UN raises child accidents alarm". BBC News. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ KSI league tables
- ^ Lovegrove G.; Sayed T. (2006). "Macro-level collision models for evaluating neighbourhood traffic safety". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 33: 609–621. doi:10.1139/l06-013.
- ^ "Speed Cameras". ROSPA.
The Cochrane Collaboration published out a second systematic review in 2006, which was updated in 2010. These studies only included before-and-after trials with comparison areas and interrupted time series studies.
- ^ "Reduce Injuries Associated with Motor Vehicle Crashes". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (3): CD004168. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004168.pub2.
Alcohol ignition interlock programmes for reducing drink driving recidivism.
- ^ a b "Traffic and Accident Data: Summary Statistics – Germany" (PDF). Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute). October 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
- ^ Neighborhood Traffic Calming: Seattle's Traffic Circle Program http://www.usroads.com/journals/rmej/9801/rm980102.htm
- ^ "Traffic Calming 101 - Project for Public Spaces". Project for Public Spaces. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
- ^ Sun, J. & Lovegrove, G. (2008). Research Study on Evaluating the Level of Safety of the Fused Grid Road Pattern, External Research Project for CMHC, Ottawa, Ontario
- ^ Eric Dumbaugh and Robert Rae. Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 75, No. 3, Summer 2009
- ^ Vicky Feng Wei, BASc and Gord Lovegrove PhD (2011), Sustainable Road Safety: A New Neighbourhood Road Pattern that saves VRU Lives, University of British Columbia
- ^ "Reflective Glass Beads". Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ a b NEUMAN, TIMOTHY R.; et al. (2003). NCHRP REPORT 500 Volume 5: A Guide for Addressing Unsignalized Intersection Collisions (PDF). WASHINGTON, D.C.: TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD.
- ^ ANTONUCCI, NICHOLAS D.; et al. NCHRP REPORT 500 Volume 12: A Guide for Reducing Collisions at Signalized Intersections (PDF). Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board.
- ^ "Cordova v. Ford, 46 Cal. App. 2d 180". 2. Official California Appellate Reports. 7 November 1966. p. 180. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
All courts are agreed that the mere fact of a collision of two automobiles gives rise to no inference of negligence against either driver in an action brought by the other. ...When a vehicle operated by A collides with a vehicle operated by B, there are four possibilities. A alone was negligent; B alone was negligent; both were negligent; or neither. Of these four only the first will result in liability of A to B. The bare fact of a collision affords no basis on which to conclude that it is the preponderant probability. The odds are against it.See Official Reports Opinions Online
- ^ A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2004.
- ^ Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Exhibit 9-54. Time Gap for Case B1-Left turn from Stop
- ^ "Cal. Veh C. § 22101. Regulation of Turns at Intersection". State of California. 1 January 1975. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
When right- or left-hand turns are prohibited at an intersection notice of such prohibition shall be given by erection of a sign.See opinions on C.V.C. § 22101: Official Reports Opinions Online
- ^ Staplin, L.; et al. (2001). Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians. Washington D.C.: Federal Highway Administration.
- ^ "Vehicle Pedestrian Crashes". International Road Assessment Programme. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^ "Vaccines for Roads; The new iRAP tools and their pilot application" (PDF). International Road Assessment Programme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- ^ J.S.Dean. Murder most foul.
- ^ Matthias Schulz (16 November 2006). "European Cities Do Away with Traffic Signs". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ Ted White (September 2007). "Signing Off: Visionary traffic planners". Urbanite Baltimore. Archived from the original on 2008-01-20. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ Gray, Sadie (11 January 2008). "Obituaries: Hans Monderman". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ a b Andrew Gilligan (7 February 2008). "It's hell on the roads, and I know who's to blame". The Evening Standard. Associated Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 27 February 2008.[dead link]
- ^ Professor John Adams (2 September 2007). "Shared Space – would it work in Los Angeles?" (PDF). John Adams. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- ^ "Bringing U.S. Roads into the 21st Century".
- ^ "Primary and secondary prevention of drink driving by the use of alcolock device and program: Swedish experiences". 37 (6). Accident Analysis & Prevention. November 2005. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.06.020. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
- ^ "Reported road casualties Great Britain: annual report 2013 - Publications - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
- ^ "Anatomy of a Motorcycle Crash". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
- ^ Driving Safety. http://www.nhtsa.gov/Safety/Motorcycles. NHTSA. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ^ Motorcycles: Traffic Safety Facts-2008 Data. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/811159.pdf. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ^ Together for Safer Roads. "Advancing Best Practices for Companies and Their Fleets: Guidelines for Developing and Managing Transportation Programs" (PDF). TSR. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ "In Hot Pursuit Of Public Safety, Police Consider Fewer Car Chases". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
- ^ Williamson, Elizabeth (1 February 2005). "Brain Immaturity Could Explain Teen Crash Rate". Washington Post.
- ^ "The Good, the Bad and the Talented: Young Drivers' Perspectives on Good Driving and Learning to Drive" (PDF). Road Safety Research Report No. 74. Transport Research Laboratory. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-16. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
- ^ Together for Safer Roads. "Investing in Road Safety: A Global Imperative for the Private Sector" (PDF). TSR. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
- ^ "Statistics database for transports". http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu (statistical database). Eurostat, European Commission. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2014. External link in
- ^ Vojtech Eksler, ed. (5 May 2013). "Intermediate report on the development of railway safety in the European Union 2013" (PDF). http://www.era.europa.eu (report). Safety Unit, European Railway Agency & European Union. p. 1. Retrieved 12 May 2014. External link in
- ^ "Star rating roads for safety: UK trials 2006-07". EuroRAP. 3 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. (Note: see country maps here [1][dead link])
- ^ John Dawson, John. "Chairman's Message".
- ^ "Star rating roads for safety, UK trials 2006-07" (PDF). TRL, EuroRAP & ADAC. December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.
- ^ "Section 21, traffic officer numbers reduction in the UK" (PDF). Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ "page 147 Transport statistics 2009 edition" (PDF). Dft.gov.uk. 31 March 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ [2]
- ^ Global status report on road safety 2013: Supporting a Decade of Action (PDF) (report). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation WHO. 2013. ISBN 978-92-4-156456-4. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
data from 2010
- ^ "Visualizing Major Causes of Death in the 20th Century" (news article). Visual News. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
- ^ "Pedestrian Safety, Urban Space and Health: Summary Report" (PDF) (research report). Paris, France: International Transport Forum, OECD. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-18. Retrieved 2014-10-11.
- ^ "Road Safety Annual Report 2014" (report). Paris, France: International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group irtad, International Transport Forum, OECD. 2015. pp. 22, 32, div. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-26. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
data from 2013
- ^ SÉCURITÉ ROUTIÈRE: Quelle est la situation dans votre pays? ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/pdf/statistics/dacota/scoreboard_2015_en.pdf D'après des données CARE/Eurostat
- ^ Base de donénes IRTAD_CASUAL_BY_AGE stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=IRTAD_CASUAL_BY_AGE
- ^ a b "About us". The AA. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ IRF Road Safety.
- ^ "Speed cameras.org". Speed cameras.org. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
- ^ "About Us – TogetherForSaferRoads". www.togetherforsaferroads.org. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
- ^ Nader v. General Motors Corp. Court of Appeals of New York, 1970
- ^ "about". World Day of Remembrance. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2010.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 60 Resolution 5. Improving global road safety A/RES/60/5 page 3. 26 October 2005. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
- ^ "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 - Annual Report". UK Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 28 September 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ Mike Gill; Michael J Goldacre; David G R Yeates (23 June 2006). "Changes in safety on England's roads: analysis of hospital statistics" (PDF). BMJ. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2006.
- ^ Heather Ward; Ronan Lyons; Roselle Thoreau (June 2006). "Road Safety Research Report No. 69: Under-reporting of Road Casualties – Phase 1" (PDF). UK Department for Transport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-12.
- ^ "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Department for Transport. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2010.
It has long been known that a considerable proportion of non-fatal casualties are not known to the police and hospital; survey and compensation claims data all indicate a higher number of casualties than are reported... Police data on road accidents (STATS19), whilst not perfect, remains the most detailed, complete and reliable single source of information on road casualties covering the whole of Great Britain, in particular for monitoring trends over time
- ^ One False Move. ISBN 0-85374-494-7. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- World Health Organization (2013). "Global status report on road safety 2013". Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- Department for Transport (2008). "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Road Casualties Great Britain. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
- Mayer Hillman; John Adams; John Whitelegg (2000) [1991]. One False Move: a study of children's independent mobility. Policy Studies Institute. ISBN 0-85374-494-7.
- Robert Davis (1993). Death on the Streets: Cars and the mythology of road safety. Leading Edge Press. ISBN 0-948135-46-8.
- John Adams (1995). Risk. UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-068-7.
- Leonard Evans (2004). Traffic Safety. Science Serving Society. ISBN 0-9754871-0-8.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road transport safety.


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Sherbert is an ice cream-like frozen dessert that was a favorite of mine as a child and it instantly brings back memories when I take a bite. I usually opted for rainbow sherbert because I liked the swirl of colors, but strawberry was always the flavor I ate first. This Quick and Easy Homemade Strawberry Sherbert is probably quite a bit better than the sherbert I ... Read More »
Tag Archives: blender
Easy Homemade Blended Butterbeer
After visiting the Wizarding World of Harry Potter last week, I couldn't stop thinking about the blended butterbeer that I had inside the park. Non-alcoholic butterbeer is available in a soda form and as a blended drink. Both options are topped with a foamy, beer-like "head" that tastes a bit like marshmallow fluff and both taste like butterscotch, with the soda option being lightly carbonated ... Read More »
Blendtec Designer Series Blender, reviewed
A blender is an appliance that a lot of us have, but that a lot of us take for granted. Most of the time, it is used for making drinks and smoothies, although it can be used to puree just about anything and can actually take on many of the functions of a food processor. I know that I never used any of my blenders ... Read More »
Honey Whole Wheat Waffles
One of my favorite waffle recipes is my recipe for Blender Waffles. The batter for them is made entirely in the blender, so it takes almost no time to put together – and you can pour it easily straight from the blender onto your waffle iron with no mess. These Honey Whole Wheat Waffles are a variation on this basic recipe that is a little ... Read More »
Cook's Illustrated rates Blenders
I recently lost my regular blender when the motor burned out as I made a batch of iced coffee drinks on a hot weekend afternoon. I had to scrap the blended coffee drinks for the day, of course, but not having a working blender also meant that I wasn't able to make my favorite blender waffle recipe until it was replaced. I haven't picked out ... Read More »
What is an immersion blender?
An immersion blender is a handheld kitchen appliance that allows you to blend or puree foods in the container that you are preparing them in. For instance, you can puree a soup directly in the pot you're cooking it it, rather than transferring it in small batches to a food processor or blender to puree. You can use an immersion blender to blend a one-person ... Read More »
Real Simple Rates Blenders
Blenders are one of those appliances that you might not use everyday, but when you do use them, you use them a lot. A barbecue on a hot summer day might require several batches of daiquiris or margaritas. A cold week in the middle of winter might have you pureeing thick, hearty soups every day. Or, you might love the convenience of using a blender ... Read More »
Blender Waffles
If you have a waffle iron, the odds are good that you don't take it out and use it nearly often enough. For most people, waffle making is a weekend activity that involves making a mess and spending a lot of time in the kitchen. For some waffle recipes – especially yeast waffles – this is true, but waffle making doesn't have to be difficult. ... Read More »


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This video was recorded at our corporate office in Smithfield. All care to our clients is delivered in the comfort of their own homes. Below are additional written testimonials we have received from our clients or their family members:
I want to thank you for your time spent with me and my husband through the past eight months. Your staff was always courteous and understanding of my feeble mind trying to remember what I had told you about needing someone to come and stay with my husband. There was never any questioning but always a genuine willingness to help. Your caregivers were always punctual and concerned about my husband and I appreciate all that they did. It is heart wrenching to me to have to put him in a senior living center but it is necessary not only for his well being but for my sanity. Thank you from the bottom of my heart.-A. Epps
Thank you so much for everything you did for mama and daddy. They really liked LaNette and enjoyed her company and help. They will truly miss her. Thank you Home Sweet Home Care Inc. Your service is awesome.—Margaret R.
After working with another agency we contacted Home Sweet Home to be our provider for in-home care for my aging parents. I have been so happy with Home Sweet Home because their workers are reliable, on time and are my eyes while I work. If there is a problem they promptly notify me so I may handle it, if there is something my parents need she lets me know. Thank you Home Sweet Home for making my life easier. —L. Everett
I am very pleased with the services provided during the past year by my companion and Home Sweet Home Care. —D. Gary
I cannot begin to thank Home Sweet Home Care enough for the help you all gave my wife while I was in the hospital and now during my recovery. You all are always kind, polite and do everything to make the day go easier. A special thanks to our caregivers. —D. & N. McIntire
I've enjoyed the services of your companions. The experience has been very useful and the ladies performed so willingly at all times. Thank you for providing a much needed services. —Natalie B.
I could not be more pleased with the helper that comes to me each week. She is always very pleasant and willing to help me with any of my requests. Her attitude is always cheerful. —I. Keith
I am well-pleased with the care given to my mother and the services given to me. Your caregivers are more like family and treat my mother with kindness and consideration. Whenever I have a last minute change, Home Sweet Home Care always supports my needs. —L. Zimmerman
Having your caregiver help my mom at her assisted living facility has been a blessing. I would highly recommend her and Home Sweet Home Care to anyone who would listen. —J. Vaughan, Jr.
Everything is fine! —J. Gale, Jr.
My husband and I have been very pleased with each assistant we have had help us. He needs someone with him when I am away. I feel comfortable leaving him for the time I'm not here. They have been excellent in preparing his lunch and contacting me if need be. —E. King
Home Sweet Home Care is truly a great company to use. I have had great service from Day 1. I would highly recommend them. —Jamie D.
Home Sweet Home Care—where else would you find such great help?? The caregivers are prompt, friendly, caring, kind, helpful, considerate, and all-around super people. You will not go wrong with help from Home Sweet Home Care!! —O. Martin
About our Reviews
The reviews listed above are verified reviews we received as a client of RatePoint before they went out of business.
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Hello guys,
i'm new to ZBrush and i'm trying to do my first character with it.
I used zSpheres to get the base was boxing out this mesh of a "fat muscled" guy.
I then encountered the problem you can see below, when i hit Divide i'm not getting any subdivision levels but just the division.
Also the mesh look totally wrong when divided (this exaggerated case is just to show the part wich i think causes the problem)
I'm trying to figure out why this happens, since the mesh on the left looks good to me, and how i could fix this problem that stucks me there.
Any help will be really appreciated, thanks in advance.


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Anna Wintour was the original hipster jump off? Hahaha. So crazy seeing her look like…well, not herself.
DVF hasn't aged, I'm convinced.
holy shit, DVF was (and still is) foxy.
Love this, what a great idea. Do you know what they were all doing at that age too?
wow. so was anne hathaway styled to look like young anna in tdwp? and am I super late to the party with that recognition?
beautiful site, by the way!
a lady – i totally never noticed that! but i think you may be right!
I love your new blog! Such an awesome design!!! I miss you and our amazing Hollywood and Disneyland adventures. So glad you're back up and running, I've sorely missed your articles!
Jazzi, I love this! Amazing, amazing. Especially because I'm 18 right now…
Carine's picture makes me feel so much better about the lifelong circles under my eyes! I'm going to try to think of them as sexy now.
I love anna & carine
will become anna & carine
thanks pics :)
Stumbled here looking for DVF pics. They are all so classically beautiful! They just don't make celebs like they used to.
I agree with the other commenter… love the design of your site.


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My limeric - late, as always...
Here's my entry to the tri-blogger limeric-mania. Such as it is.
I'd like my entry cast.
But I fear that that I was not fast
So here is my rhyme
and just like every time
I fear I'll be Dead F*****g Last.
The Story of GeekGirl
This Athena was just such a mess.
And ate way too much, I confess.
I didn't like sweat
But to get thinner, I bet
I'd rather move more than eat less
Most of the weight I've now lost.
And emotional baggage I've tossed
And you know that i'm slow
But you'd better know
The number of finish lines I've crossed.


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ALL Website Orders will receive tracking info as soon as your order ships.Unless otherwise noted on the item's page. If you have any questions Please contact us.
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Pear Healthy Food Guide
How to Enjoy Healthy Pears
There is something so sensuous about biting into a pear in its prime: first, the sweet juiciness; then the mild, but distinctive, sensation of texture. Pears are delicious in both sweet and savory recipes. Oven-roasted pears are a study in sweet simplicity. The easy preparation just requires baking and basting with a heady mixture of spices, honey and wine until the skin is delicately crinkled and the flesh—even when underripe—turns as soft as butter. The savory combination of winter squash and pear in Roasted Pear-Butternut Soup with Crumbled Stilton yields a velvety soup that owes its impressive depth of flavor to oven-roasting all the ingredients before pureeing them with vegetable stock.


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Posted by ESPN.com's Adam Rittenberg
The final 2008 edition of What to Watch examines the four remaining Big Ten bowl games: Outback, Capital One, Rose and Fiesta. The Big Ten is winless so far in the bowl season and is favored in only one bowl (Iowa, Outback).
Here are some subplots to watch as you watch the games (in order of kickoff time).
1. Iowa running back Shonn Greene -- Big Ten fans should be somewhat familiar with Greene, but most of the country will get its first glimpse of the Hawkeyes' superstar on Thursday against South Carolina. The Doak Walker Award winner has eclipsed 100 rushing yards in all 12 regular-season games but faces a stout South Carolina defense. This likely will be Greene's final collegiate game, so get a good look while you can.
2. The Hawkeyes' back seven vs. Stephen Garcia -- Garcia gets the start at quarterback for South Carolina and hopes to provide some stability under center. The redshirt freshman has six touchdown passes and five interceptions on the season, and he'll need to limit mistakes against an Iowa defense that forces plenty of them. Iowa led the Big Ten with 20 interceptions, with five players collecting multiple picks.
3. Michigan State quarterback Brian Hoyer -- His last bowl appearance was a disaster, as he committed five turnovers (4 INTs, fumble) in a loss to Boston College. Georgia undoubtedly will load up to stop Javon Ringer and make Hoyer win the game for Michigan State. Though Hoyer's numbers this season won't blow anyone away, he has made clutch throws and found ways to win games. If he can stretch the field with Blair White, rushing lanes should open for Ringer.
4. Michigan State's defensive line vs. Georgia's offensive line -- If the Spartans manage to slow down Georgia, it has to start up front. Michigan State's defensive line has more experience and must find ways to exploit Georgia's front five. Rush end Trevor Anderson finished the year with eight sacks andBrandon Long and Justin Kershaw combined for seven more. If Matthew Stafford has time in the pocket, Michigan State will be in big trouble.
5. Joe Paterno's whereabouts -- It doesn't really matter where Paterno watches the Rose Bowl, but his potential return to the sideline after seven consecutive games in the press box might give Penn State an emotional lift. Paterno admits he sees the field better from up top, but the 82-year-old is itching to get back to where he belongs. His location likely will be a game-time decision, and the officiating crew better be on its toes if JoePa returns to the sideline.
6. Quarterback Daryll Clark and Penn State's offensive strategy -- Clark got his swagger back in the regular-season finale against Michigan State and enters the Rose Bowl stocked with confidence. But he goes up against quite possibly the best defense in recent college history. Though Clark has been smart and efficient all season (four interceptions in 285 pass attempts), Penn State likely needs to challenge USC down the field. A passive approach simply won't work in this game, and play-callers Galen Hall and Jay Paterno need to go right at USC's strength.
7. Penn State's special teams -- These two defenses could easily cancel one another out -- Penn State can play some 'D', too -- and the Rose Bowl might come down to special teams. Penn State senior return man Derrick Williams has been outstanding this season and needs another huge performance against USC. If Williams can give Penn State short fields and Kevin Kelly converts his field goal attempts, the Lions could outlast the Trojans. Punter Jeremy Boone also could play a big role in this one, and Penn State must contain the Johnsons (Ronald and Stafon) on USC's returns.
8. Ohio State's Pryor-Wells backfield combo -- If the Buckeyes' much-maligned offensive line steps up to create rushing lanes and time in the pocket, Terrelle Pryor and Chris "Beanie" Wells should do some damage in the Fiesta Bowl. Pryor has shown beyond-his-years poise this season, but the national spotlight gets brighter for the true freshman quarterback Jan. 5. The game likely will be Wells' last in a Buckeyes' uniform, and he'll want to go out with a huge performance after a season that began with Heisman Trophy hopes.
9. Buckeyes senior stars vs. Colt McCoy -- Linebacker James Laurinaitis and cornerback Malcolm Jenkins will go down as two of the best ever to play their positions at Ohio State. They don't want to finish their careers with a third consecutive postseason loss, one that would only ramp up criticism of the Ohio State program. Texas quarterback Colt McCoy provides a formidable final challenge, but Ohio State's defense played its best football in the second half of the season. The Buckeyes need their senior stars to make game-changing plays, and Laurinaitis and Jenkins need a win to cement their legacy outside of Columbus and the Big Ten.
10. Ohio State head coach Jim Tressel -- He's about as far away from the hot seat as a FBS head coach can get, but Tressel and his program really could use a win in the desert. Ohio State hasn't won a national showcase game outside of the Big Ten since 2006 (Texas), and despite the team's obvious improvement in November, the USC disaster remains the lasting image of the Buckeyes' season. Tressel has drawn criticism for what some feel is a stale offense. If he pulls the right strings with some more creative play calling, Ohio State could pull off the upset.


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Blanc Embroidered Slim Jean
Out of Stock
- Blanc. Our universal fit. Eased through the hip and thigh, sits just below the waist.
- Full-length, slim leg.
- Logo shank closure. Crystal and metal rivets in front; crystal rivets in back. Soft goldtone hardware.
- Five-pocket. Paneled construction slims legs. Top-stitching on inset panel on the outside of leg and on the seam centered at back of leg.
- 76% Cotton, 23% Polyester, 1% Spandex. Hand wash. Do not dry clean. Imported.
- Inseams: regular 32", short 29.5", long 34".


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This pendant is simplistic, yet stylish. Can be used in any room as a single pendant or in a cluster.
Please note that bulbs are priced and sold separately – enquire in store for bulb options and prices.
Wipe with a soft dry cloth as and when required. Bulb Replacement: Make sure the lamp is unplugged to avoid burns, personal injury and/or electric shock. Care must be taken not to exceed the maximum ratings.


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The Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry was founded on Dec. 16, 1916 by a group of more than 100 influential business leaders from 35 Pennsylvania cities representing 50 local chambers of commerce, boards of trade and similar organizations who recognized the need for a unified voice for business in the halls of the state Capitol.
Headquartered in Harrisburg, and with staff in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, today's PA Chamber is the largest broad-based business association in Pennsylvania. Our membership comprises more than 9,400 member businesses of all sizes and industry sectors throughout the state—from sole proprietors to Fortune 100 companies—representing nearly 50 percent of the private workforce in the Commonwealth. The Pennsylvania Chamber is not affiliated with any political party and is not part of government.
Our mission is to act as "The Statewide Voice of Business™" and articulate and advocate on those public policy issues that will expand private sector job creation and lead to a more prosperous Pennsylvania for all its citizens.
Business advocacy is at the heart of the PA Chamber's work. With a full-time staff of experienced business lobbyists, an active political action committee, legislative issue work groups and grassroots action network, the PA Chamber serves as the frontline advocate for business in the state Capitol.
The Pennsylvania Chamber is dedicated to helping its members understand and easily follow the complexities of state and federal workplace regulations. Educational services include conferences and guidebooks on a wide variety of issues important to the business community.
And for more than two decades, Pennsylvania Chamber Insurance, Inc., the insurance subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry, has specialized in employee benefits solutions for businesses of all sizes across Pennsylvania.
The United States Chamber of Commerce awarded the Pennsylvania Chamber of Business and Industry with a rating of Accredited with Distinction—one of only three state chambers to reach this achievement. Accreditation is the only national program that recognizes chambers for their effective organizational procedures, sound policies, corporate citizenship and ability to advance their member businesses' legislative goals.
The Pennsylvania Chamber entered a new century making its advocacy, education and political action operations even more dynamic by combining operations with the Pennsylvania Business Council. This potent combination of membership, vision and resources of the business community has created an even stronger and more effective group for developing and advocating pro-growth public policies, increasing private sector job-growth and putting the Commonwealth on a path towards economic prosperity.
Executive Team
Accreditation with Distinction


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View all people » ( Staff )
Caitlin McClure started studying, performing, and teaching improv in 1995 at the BATS school of Improv in San Francisco. In addition to taking a number of master classes with Keith Johnstone, she also studied theater at the American Conservatory Theater and taught commercial acting at Full Circle Productions. She continues to study improv with everyone she can in New York (the Magnet being the best!). She is a proud member of the musical improv group Los Banditos del Canto. And for the past ten years she has worked as a consultant, bringing the communications principles of improv into the workplace.


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Good Chemistry In ChinaBy
So-called red-chip stocks continue to be red-hot. Trading mainly in Hong Kong, they are shares of companies with ties to enterprises inside China. But there's one red-chip issue that trades not in Hong Kong but on the NASDAQ: Pacific Chemical Group (CPTA).
"It's one of the new breed," explains S.L. Chen, chairman of S.L. Chen Associates, consultant to many state-owned enterprises in China, including Pacific Chemical. The company is a textbook example, he says, of the kinds of venture that will flourish in China in the next few years. Pacific Chemical owns 51% of a joint venture company that is the second-largest producer of purified terephthalic acid (PTA), a chemical used to make polyester resin. This is a critical raw material in the textile and bottling industries. Demand for PTA is exploding, says Chen.
Located in the northern city of Jinan, the joint venture is called Jinan Dayang Chemical Fiber. The remaining 49% is owned by Jinan Chemical Fiber. The joint venture's PTA production is sold to Jinan Chemical, so the growth of Jinan Dayang is inextricably linked with the progress of Jinan Chemical.
So far, the venture is thriving, according to Joe Salvani, director of research at Boston Group, who has put a buy recommendation on Pacific Chemical. The stock, which has been rising, trades at 13. Based on projected growth, Salvani thinks the stock could hit 20 this year. He expects the company to earn 85 cents to $1 a share on estimated sales of $80 million this year, and $1.50 a share on sales of $110 million in 1998.


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When I turn it off it still flashes, if I hold it in longer it will turn off stabilitrack but it still flashes like its still on? Wtf how do you turn it off all the way?
Sent from my Droid using Tapatalk
by patmc81 [OP] » Dec 04 2011, 1:43pm
by EKinMN » Dec 04 2011, 2:10pm
by patmc81 [OP] » Dec 04 2011, 2:14pm
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by patmc81 [OP] » Dec 04 2011, 2:35pm
by 6Sixathome » Dec 04 2011, 3:28pm
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A liberal radio host raved over CNN's completely one-sided report on striking fast food workers, and CNN anchor Chris Cuomo acknowledged his praise on Twitter on Thursday.
Cuomo constantly rails against partisanship on Capitol Hill, so it's surprising that a news anchor who wishes to appear above the fray would publish some love from an unabashedly left-wing source. And why did the radio host praise Alison Kosik's report on the fast food strikes that aired on Thursday's New Day? It was barren of any conservative talking points.
Kosik's report featured a striking worker, a liberal professor, and President Obama calling for a higher minimum wage. Nowhere did she interview a member of the restaurant industry or an economist arguing against a minimum wage hike.
The report was clearly sympathetic to the protesters' cause. Kosik touted the "growing movement" and interviewed one of "many" minimum wage earners who "are struggling to get by."
"This News Network Gives a 90-second Master Class on How to Cover Poverty," the Media Matters headline blared. "CNN's Alison Kosik deserves credit for reporting the facts about low-wage workers," liberal radio host Ari Rabin-Havt wrote.
What were CNN's "facts" that he praised?
Kosik interviewed a "58-year-old man with two college age children" instead of "a teenager working for spending money – which is who conservatives claim minimum wage workers are," Rabin Favt insisted. The majority of minimum wage earners, the Acton Institute notes, are still under the age of 25 and about 25 percent are teenagers.
CNN featured a Columbia University professor "who studies 'inequality and American politics'" – and who once compared Occupy Wall Street to the NBA lockout.
Kosik's prediction that "six out of the 10 fastest growing jobs over the next decade will be low wage jobs" – which conservatives would argue is a consequence of liberal economic policies.
No wonder a liberal radio host loved this Democratic tip sheet, and apparently Chris Cuomo was okay with that.


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ACC Tournament 2013 Bracket: Vegas Odds and Betting Advice for Thrilling TourneyMarch 13, 2013
The 2013 ACC Tournament is scheduled to begin this Thursday and with it comes four days of non-stop action.
This is one of the better conferences in college basketball and a number of teams have legitimate chances to make a deep run. One way to cash on the excitement, literally, is to place a bet on the potential winner of the tourney.
We're here to help you make an informed decision by providing the odds for each squad and some advice on which teams to lean on when making a wager.
Keep reading to find out all you need to know about gambling on the upcoming ACC Tournament.
Courtesy of TheACC.com
Betting Advice
The Favorite: Duke -170
Duke isn't a terrible play, even if you have to risk a bit to get some semblance of a respectable payout by betting on the Blue Devils.
The fact remains that this team is undefeated with star senior Ryan Kelly in the lineup and they have been dominant since his return from a foot injury three games ago.
In that time period, Duke knocked out then-No. 5 Miami (behind Kelly's 36 points in a triumphant return), destroyed Virginia Tech and obliterated the rival UNC Tar Heels in the season finale.
Coach Mike Krzyzewski is once again presiding over one of the most talented teams in the nation, with a great rotation and mix of youth and experience.
It's going to be tough for anyone to knock out Duke, and we don't see the program being tested until the finals.
The X-Factor: NC State +450
The Wolfpack were ranked No. 6 in the preseason polls and were a favorite to win the conference before having an up-and-down 2012-13 campaign.
Regardless, the talent is here and this team could get hot at the right time to bring home an improbable ACC Championship. C.J. Leslie, Richard Howell and Lorenzo Brown lead a unit that has the pieces in place to make a run in this event, which helps that they earned the No. 5 seeding.
NC State has drawn a weak V-Tech team to open the tourney and then faces Virginia in the second round if they are able to advance. After that, it's likely to play No. 1-seeded Miami in the semifinals, a team that is certainly beatable.
In fact, the Wolfpack only lost to the Hurricanes on a last-second buzzer beater and could have easily overcome them in their Feb. 2 meeting. Don't sleep on them getting revenge and making a run to the finals.
They are getting some great odds here at +450 and wouldn't be a bad bet at all, unlike this next team.
The Bad Bet: North Carolina +500
UNC may have finished with the No. 3 seed in the ACC, but will not be able to capitalize with a deep tournament push.
The Tar Heels await the winner of Clemson vs. Florida State in the second round, with neither promising to roll over—especially against the small lineup that coach Roy Williams has had to deploy in order to get some offense out of this group.
Should they advance, North Carolina would likely match up with Duke—with the chances of winning that one looking slim to none.
The Blue Devils absolutely annihilated UNC on its home court in the season finale, 69-53, and took care of business against the Tar Heels at home on Feb. 13.
It's simply a bad matchup for North Carolina and the team will be going home in the semis at best.
Seeds and Vegas Odds to Win 2013 ACC Tournament
*Betting lines courtesy of TopBet.com.
1. Miami (FL): +180
2. Duke: -170
3. North Carolina: +500
4. Virginia: +800
5. NC State: +450
6. Florida State: +1,800
7. Maryland: +2,000
8. Boston College: +5,000
9. Georgia Tech: +4,000
10. Wake Forest: +7,500
11. Clemson: +4,000
12. Virginia Tech: +10,000