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text:
Effects of Syzygium Cumini Bark on Blood Glucose, Plasma Insulin and C-peptide in Streptozotocin induced Diabetic rats
This Article
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Article Information:
Group: 2006
Subgroup: Volume 4, Issue 2, Spring
Date: January 2006
Type: Original Article
Start Page: 96
End Page: 105
- G Saravanan Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India
- P Leelavinothan Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University,Annamalainagar-608002, Tamil Nadu, India
City, Province: Tamil Nadu,
Country: India
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
In recent years, several plant extracts have been examined for their antidiabetic propertics in an effort to identify alternative treatment strategies that pose less of a risk for diabetics. The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidia-betic effects of Syzygium cumini bark in ex-perimental diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by a single intraperito-neal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight), after which, the animals were randomly allocated into five experimental groups as fol-lows: Group 1: normal rats, Group 2: normal rats received Syzygium cumini bark extract (SBEt; 300mg/kg body weight), Group 3: diabetic con-trol rats, Group 4: diabetic rats receiving SBEt (300mg/kg), Group 5: diabetic rats received glibenclamide (600μg/kg body weight). The ef-fects of 45 days treatment of SBEt on blood glu-cose, plasma insulin, C-peptide, urine sugar and body weight were studied in comparison to those of glibenclamide. Results: Blood glucose levels (268.1019.25 mg/dL) and urine sugar increased significantly whereas the levels of plasma insulin (5.010.29 μU/L) and C-peptide (167.68 8.50 pmol/L) decreased sig-nificantly in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. Oral administration of SBEt exhibited antidiabetic activity by significantly (p<0.05) lowering blood glucose (84.304.25) and urine sugar levels in diabetic rats. Additionally, dia-betic rats treated with SBEt had significantly (p<0.05) elevated levels of plasma insulin (10.290.59) and C-peptide (236.5011.87). During OGTT, long-term administration of SBEt was able to significantly (p<0.05) decrease blood glu-cose concentrations (93.94 3.17; 120min) at vari-ous time intervals when compared to the OGTT pattern of diabetic rats (316.03 18.03). As com-pared to glibenclamide, SBEt has better antidia-betic effects. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the antidiabetic activity of SBEt, and both the pancreatic and the extrapancreatic mecha-nisms might be involved such apparent dual ac-tions of SBEt would be more advantageous to the existing oral antidiabetic monotherapy.
Keywords: Syzygium cumini;Antidiabetic ef-fect;Streptozotocin diabetes;Blood glucose, Oral glucose tolerance test, Plasma insulin, C-peptide
Manuscript Body:
Variability is an inherent characteristic of the biological world. Globally we are facing an epidemic of non-communicable diseases, which will soon surpass communicable diseases both in the developing and the developed world.1 Diabetes mellitus, once considered a disease of minor significance to world health, is now a major threat to human health in the 21st century.2 A recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that the worldwide prevalence of diabetes in 2002 was 170 million, with the number predicted to grow to 366 million or more by 2030. The adoption of a sedentary lifestyle, the consumption of non-traditional foods and, a genetic predisposition to the disease are thought to be the major underlying causes of the epidemic.3,4
Diabetes mellitus is a potentially devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. The central identifying feature of diabetes is chronic and substantial elevation of the circulating glucose concentration. The long-term hyperglycaemia is an important factor in the development and progression of microvascular and microvascular complications.5 The underlying goal of all diabetes treatment and management is to maintain an adequate blood glucose concentration. Progress in understanding the metabolic staging of diabetes over the past few years has led to significant advances in regimen for treatment of this devastating disease.6 Four major classes of oral hypoglycaemic agents have been used extensively: insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. Each drug class works on different mechanism of actions, including stimulation of insulin secretion, reduction of hepatic gluconeogenesis, increase in insulin receptor sensitivity and delay of digestion and absorption of carbohydrate, respectively.7 Although various types of oral hypoglycemic agent are currently available along with insulin for treating diabetes mellitus, there is a growing interest in herbal remedies following the side effects associated with the existing therapeutic agents.8,9 The investigation of antidiabetic agents of plant origin normally used in traditional medicine is thus of great importance.
In Asia and South America, the development and use of cheap and easily accessible phytomedicines from plants of the genus Syzygium in the treatment of diabetes is envisaged to circumvent these problems.10 Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels (Synonym: Eugenia jambolana Lam.), a member of family Myrtaceae commonly known as Jamun or Jambul in Hindi and Black Plum or Black Berry in English, is a large size evergreen tree indigenous to India and is cultivated in gardens for its delicious fruit. Besides India, it is also found in South-East Asia and Eastern Africa.11,12 Out of a large number of herbal drugs stated to possess antidiabetic activity in the Ayurvedic system of medicine of India, S. cumini is being widely used by the traditional practitioners to treat diabetes over many centuries.13
Various parts of this plant have been recognized for several medicinal properties in folklore medicine. The bark of the plant is astringent, refrigerant, carminative, diuretic, digestive, antihelminthic, febrifuge, constipating, stomachic and antibacterial. The fruits and seeds are used to treat diabetes, pharyngitis, spleenopathy, urethrorrhea and ringworm infection. The leaves are antibacterial and used to strengthen the teeth and gums. The leaves have also been extensively used to treat diabetes, constipation, leucorrhoea, stomachalgia, fever, gastropathy, strangury, dermopathy and to inhibit blood discharge in the faeces.14, 15
The plant S. cumini is frequently used for the treatment of diabetes; it has been shown that the bark, fruit, seeds or leaves of this plant collected from diverse regions of the world and administered in different pharmaceutical preparations (e.g., tinctures and aqueous extracts) decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic animals. In addition, infusions (simple aqueous extracts prepared with hot water but without boiling) and decoctions (boiled infusions) of S. cumini have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.16 Herbal drugs containing S. cumini bark (a major ingredient) under the names 'Cogent db' and 'D-400' are also very popular traditional medicines for the treatment of diabetes.17, 18 This species has been extensively investigated and a number of chemical constituents from the fruits, seeds, leaves, roots, flowers and bark of the plant have often previously reported; these include acetyl oleanolic acid, tannin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, isoquercitin, kaempferol, myricetin flavonol glycoside, triterpenoids, saponins and anthocyanin.19-23 In addition pharmacological evaluation of this plant concerning its antidiabetic,24-27 hypolipidaemic,28-31 antioxidant,32-34 anti-HIV,35 anti-diarrheal,12 anti-inflammatory,36, 37 anti-bacterial,38 antipyretic,39 radioprotective23 and neuropsycho-pharmacological activity have been shown.40 However, despite the various bioactive phytochemical constituents and diverse medicinal properties attributed to this plant, no detailed biochemical studies have been carried out to shed light on the role of S. cumini bark in diabetes. Hence, the present study was carried out in an attempt to investigate the possible antidiabetic action of S. cumini bark in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Materials and Methods
Drugs and chemicals:
Rat/Mouse insulin (ELISA) and C-peptide (RIA) kits were obtained from Linco Research Inc, USA. All other drugs and biochemicals used in this experiment were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company Inc., St Louis, Mo, USA. The chemicals were of analytical grade.
Plant material:
S. cumini bark was freshly collected (during August 2001) from plants grown in the Botanical Garden of Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India. The plant was taxonomically identified and authenticated at the Herbarium of the Botany Directorate, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University. A voucher specimen was deposited in the Botany Department of Annamalai University. The bark was air dried at room temperature (25°C) and the dried bark was ground into fine powder with an auto-mix blender. The powdered part was kept in a deep freezer until the time of use.
Preparation of plant extract:
500 g of dry fine powder was suspended in 1.5 L water and then stirred magnetically overnight (12 h) at room temperature. The extract was preserved and the processes were repeated three times consecutively with the residual powder, collecting the extract each time. The collected extract was pooled and passed through a fine cotton cloth. The filtrate upon evaporation at 40°C in a low-pressure rotavapor (Rotavapor apparatus, Buchi Labortechnik AG, Switzerland) yielded 15% of semi-solid extract. It was stored at in a refrigerator at 0°C - 4°C until used. When needed, the residual extract was suspended in distilled water and used in the study.
Experimental animals:
Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing approximately 80–200 g were obtained from Central Animal House, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University. The animals were housed in polycarbonate cages in a room with a 12 h day-night cycle, at a temperature of 22 ± 2˚C, and humidity of 45-64%. During the whole experimental period, animals were fed with a balanced commercial diet (carbohydrates 30%; proteins 22%; lipids 12%; vitamins 3%) (Hindustan Lever Ltd., Mumbai, India) and water ad libitum. All animal experiments were approved by the Ethical Committee, Annamalai University and were in accordance with the guidelines of the National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India. The rats received humane care according to the criteria outlined in the 'Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals' prepared by the National Academy of Sciences and published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Induction of experimental diabetes:
Rats were rendered diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (45 mg/kg body weight) in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5) in a volume of 1 ml/kg body weight.41,42 Normal rats received 1 ml citrate buffer as vehicle. The animals were allowed to drink 5% glucose solution overnight to overcome the drug-induced hypoglycaemia. After 48 h of streptozotocin-administration, blood glucose levels were estimated in rats following overnight fasting. Rats with a blood glucose ranging between 200–300 mg/dL were considered diabetic and used for the experiment.
Experimental design:
In the experiment, a total of 30 rats were used. The rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each as follows: Group 1: Normal control rats administered gum acacia (2%) daily by gavage for 45 days. Group 2: Normal rats administered SBEt (300 mg/kg body weight) in aqueous solution daily by gavage for 45 days. Group 3: Diabetic control rats administered gum acacia (2%) daily by gavage for 45 days. Group 4: Diabetic rats administered SBEt (300 mg/kg body weight) in aqueous solution daily by gavage for 45 days. Group 5: Diabetic rats administered reference drug glibenclamide (600 mg/kg body weight) in aqueous solution daily by gavage for 45 days.17
Since diabetes is a chronic disorder requiring long-term therapy, there is a need to assess the effect of putative hypoglycaemic/antihyperglycaemic agents for a longer duration. In addition, this application would be beneficial to reveal the late onset activity profile of the agent.43 Therefore an experiment was planned to assess the effect of SBEt for a period of 45 days in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Treatment was started after 48 h of streptozotocin injection. No detectable irritation or restlessness was observed after each drug or vehicle administration. No noticeable adverse effect (i.e., respiratory distress, abnormal locomotion and catalepsy) was observed in any animals after the drug administration. Throughout the experimental period, the body weight, food and fluid intake were monitored. At the end of 45 days, all the animals were killed by decapitation (Pentobarbitone sodium) anesthesia (60 mg/kg body weight). Blood was collected in heparin-coated tubes and centrifuged at 1,000 g for 15 min at 4°C.
Determination of blood glucose and urine sugar:
Blood glucose was determined by the O-toluidine method.44 0.1 ml of blood was precipitated with 1.9 ml of 10% TCA and the precipitate was removed after centrifugation. 1 ml of supernatant was mixed with 4 ml of O-toluidine reagent and kept in a boiling water bath for 15 min and cooled. The absorbance was read at 620 nm. Glucose was expressed as mg/dL of blood. Urine glucose was assessed in fresh urine using glucose indicator sticks (Boerhinger Mannheim, Germany).
Oral glucose tolerance test:
OGTT was performed at the end of the experimental period. Prior to OGTT rats were fasted overnight (at least 12 h). 30 min following the various treatment schedules, each rat was given an oral glucose load, 2 g/kg body weight according to Du Vigneaud and Karr45 and Al-Awadi et al.46 Blood was withdrawn from the retro orbital sinus at -30 min (just before the administration of the extract), time 0 (prior to the glucose load), 30, 60 and 120 min after the glucose load. Blood glucose concentrations were estimated using a glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and a glucometer (Accu-chek, Roche Diagnostics, USA).
Quantitative determination of plasma insulin and C-peptide:
Plasma insulin (Awareness Technologies, USA) and C-peptide (Packard, USA) levels were determined by the ELISA and RIA methods, respectively.
Statistical analysis:
All data were expressed as mean±S.D of number of experiments. The statistical significance was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), using SPSS version 9.5 (SPSS, Cary, NC, USA). Individual comparisons were obtained by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT).47 A p value of < 0.05 was considered significant.
Table 1 shows the effect of SBEt on blood glucose in normal and experimental animals at the end of 15, 30 and 45 days. The level of blood glucose was significantly increased in diabetic rats when compared to normal rats. Oral administration of SBEt (300mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body weight) to diabetic rats significantly decreased the blood glucose. In the SBEt treated groups, although a significant antihyperglycaemic effect was evident from day 15 onwards, decrease in blood glucose was maximum at the end of the 30th day. The study was extended further and more significant decrease in blood glucose was observed on the 45th day. The effect exerted by the extract was greater than that of glibenclamide.
Table 2 gives the blood glucose levels of normal, diabetic control, SBEt and glibenclamide treated animals after oral administration of glucose. In diabetic animals, blood glucose levels reached peak at 60 min after glucose administration. Although the glucose levels started to decline, they remained high after 120 min. SBEt and glibenclamide treated animals showed a significant decrease at 60 min and 120 min after oral glucose administration when compared with diabetic control animals. At the end of 120 min the blood glucose reached to near normal levels in diabetic rats treated with SBEt. Normal
Blood glucose (mg/dL)
15 days
30 days
45 days
1. Normal
73.79 ± 4.97a
74.98 ± 5.24a
76.05 ± 4.92a
2. Normal + SBEt (300 mg/kg)
72.47 ± 5.01a
68.60 ± 4.01b
65.50 ± 3.65b
3. Diabetic control
245.25 ± 20.35b
259.45 ± 17.99c
268.10 ± 19.25c
4. Diabetic + SBEt (300 mg/kg)
181.29 ± 16.21c
93.65 ± 6.12d
84.30 ± 4.25d
5. Diabetic + Glibenclamide (600mg/kg)
190.56 ± 17.85d
112.56 ± 6.68e
95.00 ± 5.28e
Values are given as mean ± S.D from six rats in each group
Values not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly at p<0.05 (DMRT)
Blood glucose levels (mg/dL)
0 min
+ 30 min
+ 60 min
+ 90 min
+ 120 min
1. Normal
2. Normal + SBEt (300 mg/kg)
3.Diabetic control
4. Diabetic + SBEt (300 mg/kg)
5. Diabetic + Glibenclamide (600 µg/kg)
Values are given as mean ± SD from six rats in each group
Values not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly at p<0.05 (DMRT)
Changes in body weight (g)
Plasma insulin (μU/mL)
Plasma C-peptide (pmol/L)
Urine sugar
1. Normal
2. Normal + SBEt (300 mg/kg)
3. Diabetic control
4. Diabetic + SBEt (300 mg/kg)
5. Diabetic + Glibenclamide (600 mg/kg)
Values are given as mean ± S.D from six rats in each group.
Values not sharing a common superscript letter differ significantly at p<0.05 (DMRT)
+++ - indicates more than 2% sugar.
rats treated with SBEt also showed significant decrease in blood glucose at the 120 min interval. The effect of SBEt was more pronounced when compared with glibenclamide.
Table 3 illustrates the effect of SBEt on plasma insulin, C-peptide, urine sugar and body weight in normal and experimental animals. The levels of plasma insulin and C-peptide were significantly decreased whereas the level of urine sugar was significantly increased in diabetic rats when compared with normal rats. Administration of SBEt and glibenclamide to diabetic rats significantly reversed all these changes to near normal levels. Body weights were also significantly reduced in diabetic rats when compared to normal rats while the extract significantly prevented a decrease in the SBEt treated animals.
The world is facing an explosive increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cost-effective complementary therapies are needed. Although insulin has become one of the most important therapeutic agents known to medicine, there is a continuing effort to find insulin substitutes, secretagogues, or sensitizers from synthetic or plant sources for the treatment of diabetes.48,49 In the present study, the aqueous extract of S. cumini bark was investigated for its antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats.
Animal models of diabetes are increasingly being used for pathophysiology and pharmacological studies of diabetes mellitus. Advantages of animal studies in the examination of alternative medicines and their efficacy include the ability to define experimental conditions more tightly and to undertake more detailed studies of the biologic effects of the agents being used.50 Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in rodents is considered to be a good experimental model since it is less toxic than other chemical agents inducing diabetes. The mechanisms by which streptozotocin brings about its diabetic state include selective destruction of pancreatic insulin secreting b-cells, which make cells less active and lead to poor glucose utilization by tissues.51,52
In our study, the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin to normal rats effectively induced diabetes as reflected by glycosuria, hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia and body weight loss. SBEt treatment showed significant hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects. The experimental results indicated that SBEt exhibited a potent blood glucose lowering property both in normal and diabetic rats. The capacity of SBEt to decrease the elevated blood glucose level to normal glycaemic level is an essential trigger for the liver to revert to its normal homeostasis during experimental diabetes. Significant reduction of blood glucose in rats treated with SBEt confirms previous reports demonstrating the hypoglycaemic and antihyperglycaemic effects of S. cumini bark in normal and diabetic rabbits.53 Our findings also agree with the recent studies of Villasenor and Lamadrid54 indicating that the blood glucose lowering effect of S. cumini bark extract in oral glucose fed hyperglycaemic mice occurs within 30 min from the onset of S. cumini bark extract treatment.
Induction of diabetes with streptozotocin is associated with the characteristic loss of body weight, which is due to increased muscle wasting and due to loss of tissue proteins.55 Diabetic rats treated with the plant extract showed significant gain in body weight as compared to the diabetic control, which may be due to its protective effect in controlling muscle wasting (i.e. reversal of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) and may also be due to the improvement in insulin secretion and glycaemic control.
Optimal pancreatic b-cell function is essential for the regulation of glucose homeostasis in both humans and animals and its impairment leads to the development of diabetes.56 Insulin and C-peptide are the products of the enzymatic cleavage of proinsulin and secreted into the circulation in equimolar concentrations. The measurement of both C-peptide and insulin levels have been reported to be a valuable indices of insulin secretion than insulin alone.57 In the present study, treatment with SBEt showed significant increase in plasma insulin and C-peptide levels in diabetic rats. These results indirectly indicate that part of the antihyperglycaemic activity of this plant is through release of insulin from the pancreas. As previously described, the streptozotocin treatment reduces insulin secretion by the pancreas through selective destruction of b-cells in the pancreatic islets. Perhaps the SBEt treatment could play a critical role in repairing the damage of the pancreatic b-cells and promoting insulin synthesis, 25 thereby lowering the level of plasma glucose. At this juncture, Achrekar et al.58 reported that water extract of pulp of S. cumini stimulates release of insulin both in in vivo and in vitro studies. Bansal et al.59 reported that the increase in plasma insulin brought about by seeds of S. cumini may be attributed to proinsulin to insulin conversions, possibly by pancreatic cathapsin B, and/or its secretion. Diabetics have greater insulinase activity (a proteolytic enzyme that involves in the conversion of proinsulin to insulin) than non-diabetics.58 The inhibition of insulinase activity from the liver and kidney (which are the main sites for insulin extraction) by extract of S. cumini, which has been reported,58 points to an extrapancreatic mechanism of action also.
Phytochemical examinations of this plant have indicated the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolics such as acetyl oleanolic acid, tannin, gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, isoquercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, flavonol glycoside, triterpenoids, saponins and anthocyanin in different concentrations.19-23 Most of these compounds isolated from different plants have previously been suggested to be the active antidiabetic ingredients of various plant remedies. These natural compounds could act separately or synergistically to cause the hypoglycaemic effect.60 For instance, flavonoids are reported to regenerate the damaged pancreatic b-cells in diabetic animals.61 Vessal et al.62 suggested that quercetin supplementation promoting regeneration of the pancreatic islets and increasing insulin release in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sezik et al.43 reported inhibitory effect of some flavonoids on c'AMP-phosphodiesterase activity that eventually through stimulation of insulin secretion reduces blood glucose concentration. Anthocyanins, the natural colorants have also been shown to stimulate insulin secretion from rodent pancreatic b-cells in vitro.63 Myricetin, a naturally occurring flavonol, was found to lower blood glucose through improved glucose utilization in diabetic animals.64-65 New approaches for the treatment of diabetes are expected to focus on improving insulin sensitivity or augmenting glucose-dependent insulin secretion or decreasing of insulin resistance. Recently, some natural compounds including flavonoids have been reported to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).66 Polyphenolics such as tannin and saponins from several plant extracts have also been shown to reduce blood glucose level through inhibition of a-glucosidase enzymes (a-amylase and sucrase) from the intestine.6,67
It is well-known that in diabetes, the sites and mechanism of pharmacological intervention (drugs) in the attendant biochemical processes are diverse.68 It is likely that this possibility of diversity in the hypoglycaemic mechanism of the action of drugs may also apply to the aqueous extract of S. cumini bark. Thus the antidiabetic effect of SBEt may be exerted through the inhibition of glucose absorption, increase sensitivity of receptors to insulin, insulinase inhibiting effect, stimulation of b-cells of pancreas to secrete insulin or stimulation of peripheral tissues uptake of glucose.
Overall, it can be concluded that SBEt might possess both pancreatic and extrapancreatic mechanisms in its antidiabetic action and such apparent dual pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of S. cumini bark would be more advantageous to the existing oral antidiabetic monotherapy. Further phytochemical and pharmacological studies are underway to understand the exact mechanism (s) of action of this plant extract.
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- Pepato MT, Folgado VBB, Kettelhut IC, Brunetti IL. Lack of antidiabetic effect of a Eugenia jambolana leaf decoction on rat streptozotocin diabetes. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2001; 34: 389-95.
- Pari L, Saravanan G. Antidiabetic effect of Cogent db, a herbal drug in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Com Biochem Physiol Part C Pharmacol Toxicol. 2002; 131: 19-25.
- Mitra SK, Gopumadhavan S, Muralidhar TS, Anturlikar SD, Sujatha MB.Effect of D-400, a herbomineral preparation on lipid profile, glycated hemoglobin and glucose tolerance in STZ induced diabetes in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 1995; 33: 798-800.
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- Prince PSM, Menon VP, Pari L. Hypoglycemic activity of Syzigium cumini seeds: effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 61: 1–7.
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- Ravi K, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. Anti-diabetic activity of Eugenia jambolana seed kernels on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Med Food 2004; 7: 187-91.
- Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS. Antihyperglycemic effect of the fruit-pulp of Eugenia jambolana in experimental diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 104: 367-73.
- Prince PSM, Menon VP. Hypolipidaemic effect of Syzigium cumini (Jamun) seeds in alloxan diabetic rats. Med Sci Res 1997; 25: 819-21.
- Sharma SB, Nasir A, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS, Dev G. Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 85: 201-6.
- Prince PSM, Kamalakkannan N, Menon VP. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidaemic effect of alcoholic Syzigium cumini seeds in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 91: 209-13.
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- Prince PSM, Menon VP, Pari L. Hypoglycemic activity of Syzigium cumini seeds: effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 61: 1-7.
- Ravi K, Ramachandran B, Subramanian S. Effect of Eugenia jambolana seed kernel on antioxidant defense system in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Life Sci 2004b; 75: 2717–31.
- Banerjee A, Dasgupta N, De B. In vitro study of antioxidant activity of Syzygium cumini fruit. Food Chem 2005; 90: 727-33.
- Kusumoto IT, Nakabayashi T, Kida H, Miyashiro H, Hattori H, Namba T, et al. Screening of various plant extracts used in ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) protease. Phytother Res 1995; 12: 488-93.
- Chaudhuri AKN, Pal S, Gomes A, Bhattacharya S. Anti-inflammatory and related actions of Syzigium cumini seed extract. Phytother Res 1990; 4: 5-10.
- Muruganandan S, Srinivasan K, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Lal J, Raviprakash V. Anti-inflammatory activity of Syzygium cumini bark. Fitoterapia 2001; 72: 369-75.
- Bhuiyan MA, Mia MY, Rashid MA. Antibacterial principles of the seeds of Eugenia jambolana. Bangladesh J Bot 1996; 25: 239-41.
- Ghosh K, Chakraborty D, Chatterjee GK, Chaudhuri AKN, Pal M. Studies on anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Syzigium cumini Linn, seeds. IRCS Med Sci Biochem 1985; 13: 340-1.
- Chakraborty D, Mahapatra PK, Chaudhuri AKN. A neuropsycho-pharmacological study of Syzigium cumini. Planta Med 1985; 2:139–43.
- Siddique O, Sun Y, Lin JC, Chien YW. Facilitated transdermal transport of insulin. J Pharm Sci. 1987; 76: 341–45.
- Adisakwattana S, Roengsamran S, Hsu WH, Yibchok-anun S. Mechanisms of antihyperglycemic effect of p-methoxycinnamic acid in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2005; 78: 406-12.
- Sezik E, Aslan M, Yesilada E, Ito S. Hypoglycaemic activity of Gentiana olivieri and isolation of the active constituent through bioassay-directed fractionation techniques. Life Sci 2005; 76: 1223-38.
- Sasaki T, Matsy S, Sonae A. Effect of acetic acid concentration on the colour reaction in the O-toluidine boric acid method for blood glucose estimation. Rinsho Kagaku 1972; 1: 346-53.
- Du Vigneaud V, Karr WG. Carbohydrates utilisation rate of disappearance of D-glucose from the blood. J Biol Chem 1925; 66: 281-300.
- Al-awadi FW, Khattar MA, Gumaa A. On the mechanism of the hypoglycemic effect of a plant extract. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 432-4.
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- Pushparaj PN, Tan CH, Tan BKH. The mechanism of hypoglycemic action of the semi-purified fractions of Averrhoa bilimbi in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Life Sci 2001; 70: 535-47.
- Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 97: 227-30.
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- Ratsimamanga AR, Loiseau A, Ratsimamanga-Urverg S, Bibal-Prot P. Action of a hypoglycemic agent found in the young bark of Eugenia jambolania(Myrtacea) on induced hyperglycemia of the rabbit and continuation of its purification. C R Acad Sci Hebd Sciences Acad Sci D 1973; 277: 2219-22.
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- Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, Chan CB. Transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism by fatty acids: a key determinant of pancreatic b-cell function. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2005; 2: 1.
- Kunt T, Forst T, Pfutzner A, Beyer J, Wahren J. The physiological impact of proinsulin C-peptide. Pathophysiology 1999; 5: 257–62.
- Achrekar S, Kaklij GS, Pote MS, Kelkar SM. Hypoglycemic activity of Eugenia jambolana and Ficus bengalensis: mechanism of action. In Vivo 1991; 5: 143-7.
- Bansal R, Ahmad N, Kidwai JR. Effects of oral administration of Eugenia jambolana seeds and chloropropamide on blood glucose level and pancreatic cathepsin B in rat. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1981; 18: 377-81.
- Maghrani M, Zeggwagh NZ, Lemhadri A, Amraoui ME, Michel JB, Eddouks M. Study of the hypoglycaemic activity of Fraxinus excelsior and Silybum marianum in an animal model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 91: 309-16.
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- Marles RJ, Farnsworth NR. Antidiabetic plants and their active constituents. Phytomed 1995; 2: 137-9.

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Bernard Herrmann's "stabbing violins" from Psycho are one of the most famous pieces of film music ever composed. If they occurred in a piece written for the concert hall they might be considered cacophonous, but in Hitchcock's movie, they fit perfectly
For this Hollywood Rhapsody Prom, John Wilson and his orchestra played the suite that Herrmann made from the film's score, and when the stabbing began, uneasy laughter spread through the hall. Even without the images, we felt nervous. Similarly, Max Steiner's Casablanca suite wove a rich musical tapestry around As Time Goes By: here, the ripple of laughter raised by the familiar motif was less ambiguous. And while I remember nothing about the 1958 Western The Big Country, my response to the big tune was Pavlovian: I immediately saw wide skies, vast mountains, granite-jawed cowboys.
Elsewhere, Venera Gimadieva luxuriated in Herrmann's pseudo-operatic aria from Citizen Kane, but a medley of vocal hits was less successful, song following song too rapidly. We were left longing for Sinatra, Doris Day, Dean Martin. By contrast, a rapid-fire medley from Tom and Jerry cartoons had enough sonic gags to make Shostakovich envious. It might be good to see Wilson spread his cinematic net wider but he knows his audience and delivers what he promises.
Catch up on iPlayer. Proms run until Sep 7 (0845 401 5040, bbc.co.uk/proms)Reuse content


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GPS helps crack case in killing, LAPD says
LAPD officials look to expand gang GPS program
By Andrew Blankstein and Richard Winton
The Los Angeles Times
LOS ANGELES — In what officials are calling a first for the LAPD, detectives on Tuesday said they got a crucial and immediate break in a slaying case by using a Global Positioning Satellite system that was tracking the movements of gang members.
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The 75-year-old monarch made the announcement live on TV a few minutes ago, at 7pm local time.
Just before 6pm local time Murkowski called her family to discuss her decision and then Miller to inform him of her decision.
The British squad landed at Heathrow shortly before 10am local time today after completing a remarkable trek to the South Pole.
The following three were posted on Tuesday evening, local time.
Type in your country and city and it will tell you when the ISS can be seen in your local time.
He took the time (Pacific) by his watch, correcting it for local time.
The servant went into the study and brought the local time, table.
This would throw out months, weeks and days, local time and the date line.
The sailor could, indeed, obtain his own local time by observations of the height of the sun.
It is necessary to ask a little patience here as I shall use this local time and its failure later in our talk.


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Apr 13, 2012 - By Bruce Tippets, Sports EditorThe countdown for the Class 4-A West regional track and field meet is on for Riverton High School.
The Wolverines are the host squad May 11-12 for the postseason meet, and are making adjustments in their lineups to prepare for the showcase event.
"This year we are trying to get our lineup set up two weeks before regionals," RHS co-head coach Jorah Griffith said.
The RHS girls finished third in the Roy Peck Invitational on March 30 at Wolverine Track.
"Coach Tawn Gopp and I are excited on how we did at the Roy Peck meet," Griffith said. "The girls were only a point and a half away from being second."
Riverton's last action was April 3 at the D&D Invitational in Worland. The Wolverines had a skeleton crew in Worland because of spring break.
"We have healed up some of our injuries, and we have refocused," Gopp said. "We are looking at regionals already to see where we can place the kids to get our teams score up."
Rock Springs
The next step on the schedule is Saturday at the 2012 Ted Schroeder Invitational in Rock Springs.
The meet will have Class 4-A, 3-A and 2-A squads in the field.
"Anytime that we are competing against other teams in our region is a good opportunity for us," Griffith said.
Big Piney, Evanston, Farson, Green River, Jackson, Kemmerer, Mountain View, Pinedale, Riverton and Star Valley are the teams in the field.
"As far as girls go, we should be on top of Rock Springs and Green River," Griffith said. "This will be our only opportunity to see Evanston before regionals."
"They are allowing us to enter six athletes in each event because they don't have a junior varsity division in Rock Springs," Gopp said.
Gopp is anxious to see how his 4x100-meter relay squad of Logan Hartbank, Kole Stewart, Dylan Lewis and Seth Withers do in Rock Springs.
"That will give us an idea on how we are going to stack up against the rest of the region," Gopp said.
Hartbank, Peter Wilcox, Sean Watts and Brandon Fullerton are on the 4x400-meter relay.
"Dylan has spent a lot of time on the sprinting events due to a shoulder injury," Gopp said. "We are looking for some improvements."
Hartbank is in the 100 meters and the 200 meters.
"Logan has had some good times, but we are looking to get more times off his events," Gopp said.
Griffith came away impressed with the way Jensyn Pettit performed for the first time in her career in the 300-meter hurdles at the D&D Invitational.
Pettit finished sixth in the 300-meters and was clocked in a time of 53.96.
'We just threw her in the 300-meters for the first time at the Worland meet," Griffith said.
Riverton's Hannah Svilar and Hanna Soll missed the meet in Worland, but both will be back in the lineup on Saturday. The two are favorites to compete for a top spot in the shot put and discus at the Class 4-A West regionals.
"It's the time of the season where they need to start breaking out and start getting some distances that are better," Griffith said.
Riverton's varsity track lineup for Ted Schroeder Tiger Invitational
100-meter hurdles -- Tassie Wilson.
100 meters -- Savana Zwiefelhofer.
200 meters -- Amy Lawson.
300-meter hurdles -- Jensyn Pettit, Tassie Wilson, Savana Zwiefelhofer.
400 meters -- Cara Carper, Kassi Kister.
Discus -- McKenna Christopherson, Hannah Hauck,
Stephanie Joe, Jacee Shultz, Hannah Soll, Hannah Svilar.
Shot put -- Hannah Soll, Hannah Svilar
High jump -- Jensyn Pettit.
Long jump -- Kassi Kister, Amy Lawson, Jensyn Pettit.
Triple jump -- Cara Carper, Amy Lawson.
4x400-meter relay squad -- Riverton (Jensyn Pettit, Cara Carper, Savana Zwiefelhofer, Kassi Kister.
100 meters -- Ruston Condor, Logan Hartbank, Drew Leach, Riley Reichert, Rhett Rogge, Seth Withers.
200 meters -- Coe Logan, Logan Hartbank, Lane Savage, Kole Stewart, Sean Watts, Tyler Westlake.
300-meter hurdles -- Peter Wilcox.
400 meters -- Logan Coe, Ruston Condor, Brandon Fullerton, Kole Stewart, Sean Watts, Tyler Westlake.
Discus -- JP Baxter, Dylan Lewis, Wyatt Meyer; Riley Reichert, Lane Savage; Jeremy Taylor.
High jump -- JP Baxter, Ruston Condor, Brandon Fullerton.
Long jump -- Drew Leach, Rhett Rogge, Peter Wilcox, Seth Withers.
Pole vault -- Gard Evans, Brandon Fullerton, Drew Leach, Rhett Rogge, Kole Stewart.
Shot put -- TJ Bascue, Dylan Lewis, Wyatt Meyer, Riley Reichert, Lane Savage, Jeremy Taylor.
Triple jump -- Gard Evans, Seth Withers.
4x100-meter relay squad -- Logan Hartbank, Kole Stewart, Dylan Lewis, Seth Withers.
4x400-meter relay squad -- Logan Hartbank, Peter Wilcox, Sean Watts, Brandon Fullerton.
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Cage Warriors USA: Destruction - Results
Cage Warriors held their third event last night at the fantastic UCF Arena in Orlando, Florida. This stacked event featured 11 MMA bouts and also the USA debut of the Team Ultimate Force star Jason Ball.
Check out the full results below courtesy of Battlebase.net
Cage Warriors USA: Destruction
Friday 30th January
UCF Arena, Orlando, Florida, USA
All contests were professional MMA bouts held over 3x5 minute rounds (unless stated) and were held under the jurisdiction of the Florida Boxing Commission.
Daniel Gurzenda defeated Michael Byrnes Jr. via TKO (Strikes from Mount) after 4:02 of round 2
Daniel Lovett defeated Rory Shallcross via Submission (Rear Naked Choke) after 4:17 of round 1
Jim Hammortree defeated Jay Hernandez via KO after 0:08 of round 1
Jim Alers defeated Brent Silva via Submission (Rear Naked Choke) after 4:16 of round 1
Brian Eckstein defeated Jack Murphy via TKO/Doctor Stoppage (Cut) after 3:20 of round 1
Robert Goodridge defeated Joshua Bacallao via Judges Decision (Spilt) after 3 rounds
Kevin Abrante defeated Zack Knight via TKO (Strikes from Mount) after 3:06 of round 1
Clayton McKinney defeated Carlos "Rooster" Gonzalez via Submission (armbar) after 0:33 of
Round 1
Under 160lbs
Jason Ball defeated Glenn Mincer via TKO (Strikes) after 1:36 of round 3
Isidro "Chilo" Gonzalez defeated Rich Attonito via Submission (Armbar) after 4:21 of round 1
Main Event - Middleweight
Yosmany "The Spartan" Cabezas defeated Gareth Joseph via Submission (Triangle Choke) after 4:36 of round 2
More news, reports and photos will appear later.
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Cage Warriors 72: Review
Event: Cage Warriors 72
Date: 13/09/2014
Venue: Newport Centre, Newport, Wales
Cage Warriors 71: Review
Event: Cage Warriors 71
Date: 22/08/2014
Venue: King Hussein Boxing Arena, Amman, Jordan


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Marijuana for recreational use became legal in Colorado Monday, when the governor took a purposely low-key procedural step of declaring the voter-approved change part of the state constitution.
So, it looks like any normal person visiting the Capitol in Colorado would have to walk through a cloud of Chronic because it's now legal in the state. Good grief. Watch the video


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10 April 2017
Our verdict on the Creators update
28 May 2012
Adobe's Premiere Pro CS6 overhauls usability to go with the major engine update of CS5.
25 January 2012
Pinnacle Studio HD 15 is not a major update, but it's still the easiest video editing app for newcomers to get to grips with.
12 January 2012
Avid Studio finally brings the big name of professional video editing to a wider audience.
23 November 2011
Adobe's Premiere Elements 10 consumer-grade video editor goes 64-bit, but only if you're running Windows 7.
26 October 2011
CyberLink PowerDirector 10 Ultra brings comprehensive 3D video editing features to the mainstream.
07 July 2011
Does Sony's latest Vegas Movie Studio really go to 11?
15 December 2010
Can the move to 64-bit finally give CyberLink's PowerDirector the lead over the competition?
13 October 2010
The ninth version of Adobe's consumer image editing champion gains yet more sophisticated effects.
22 October 2009
It's time to nail the colours to the mast. Is Windows 7 any good? Read on to find out!
09 August 2009
CyberLink's PowerDirector has now matured into a serious video editing alternative to the offerings from Adobe, Corel and Pinnacle.
11 June 2009
Want to keep your data safe and burn a few music CDs on the side? Nero provides a solution.
22 April 2009
Everything Kevin McCloud puts his name to has got to be good, right?
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Is Juice Bad for You?
Is juice bad for you? As the New York Times reported last week, the juice craze is in full gear, with juice bars popping up all over the country. You may be hearing talk about this cold pressed juice — full of vitamins, minerals, and veggies that you would never dream of eating, but taste pretty amazing in juice form.
But there's also talk of a more sinister side to juice. Nutritionists are claiming juice has all the sugar of soda, with none of soda's bad reputation, and that it is contributing to America's obesity epidemic.
So which of the two is it? Superhighway of vitamins or liquid sugar?
Before we dive into that question, let's quickly define juice.
By juice we mean 100% juice with no added sugar. "Fruit Punch" beverages like the one on the left have absolutely nothing in common with fruit, and their health effects do not even deserve to be debated.
So, is juice bad for you?
Yes — even 100% juice is chock full of sugar, and as we explored in the last issue of our magazine, sugar is horrible for you.
How does it harm you? Let us count the ways: 1. obesity, 2. brain damage, 3. heart disease 4. skin aging and more. The sugar you get from juice includes fructose and sucrose — the big villains in those health issues. Sugar doesn't become good for you just because it's squeezed from a fruit.
A cup of Coca-Cola Classic has 30 grams of sugar in it, while a cup of orange juice has 21. Researchers are now suggesting that people exercise the same moderation around juice as they do around soda.
Then should I avoid fruit?
If juice is so bad for you, then do we have any business eating fruit? Yes — you should still eat fruit in moderation. Fruit is full of sugar, but it's also full of good stuff including fiber, which has a tricky way of keeping that sugar in check. It helps to slow the body's intake of sugar, preventing insulin spikes, and also gives a feeling of fullness.
The best illustration of the importance of fiber in fruit that I've read is a simple experiment by Travis Saunders on the number of oranges it takes to make a glass of orange juice.
After exhausting orange-squeezing, he found that it took six oranges to make the equivalent of one small bottle of OJ.
So, back to the topic of avoiding the sugar in fruit, don't go out and eat six oranges in one sitting, because that would be too much sugar. But you know what? You probably won't be temped to, because by the time you get to orange number three, the fiber will be telling your brain that you need to stop eating the oranges right now.
No such signal will occur in the case of orange juice, and you could easily consume the sugar of twelve oranges by drinking two tall glasses of orange juice before your body made you quit. Twelve. That is a lot of sugar.
Bottom line? Keep eating fruit in moderation, but treat juice as you would soda. It's fine for an occasional treat — but don't consider it part of a healthy breakfast regimen.
At Green America, we've become very interested in sugar lately, and have been writing about it from a number of angles.
Tracy (our Editor in Cheif) took a look at table sugar vs. high fructose corn syrup and how salt and fat play into our sugar addiction.
I've shared secrets on how to kick your sugar addiction and asked, are artificial sweeteners bad for you?
Andrew (our online editor) looked at fair trade sugar.
Get information like this delivered to your inbox and sign up four our free e-newsletter at GreenAmerica.org — and keep your eyes peeled for the sugar issue of our magazine — it should be arriving in your mailbox any day now.
Categories: good food, green living, Sugar


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Oct. 27, 2001
Tennessee's cross country squad joins its league brethren for the Southeastern Conference Championships at Indian Pines Golf Course in Auburn, Ala., Monday morning. The Volunteers must prepare to run their last 8K race of the season with a slightly different strategy as the field of 10 SEC teams (Mississippi State and South Carolina don't field cross country teams) will be considerably smaller than the 30-team fields of the last three races.
"We are excited about the opportunity to compete in the SEC Championship," cross country coach George Watts said. "I'm confident we will improve on last year's performance as a team and potential All-SEC performers. Although our SEC squad boasts no seniors, we are more experienced than last year's team. We are familiar with the championship course and we had a good run on it earlier in the season. We will only concern ourselves with executing our race plan and having the best run possible."
Juniors Rob Cloutier, Scott DeFilippis, Ryan Demers and Pat Gildea and sophomores Tim Kelly, Keith Kimmons and Steve Klein join freshman Matthew Lapp to comprise the Tennessee travel squad. The top five Vol finishes count toward the team score.
Tennessee endured a tough time of it at the 2000 SEC Championships. The Vols struggled to a seventh-place, 163-point finish with only Marcus Tanner earning All-SEC honors. Watts does plan on an improvement this year.
Indeed in Tennessee's only similar-size field of the season, at the UTC Invitational Sept. 7, the Vols took fourth with 78 points. Additionally, Tennessee took fifth in an earlier appearance at Indian Pines Golf Course at the Auburn Invitational Sept. 29.
"This team has done everything I have asked of them," Watts said. "They have remained focused on what their specific goals are as individuals and as a team. We have five guys representing Tennessee in their first SEC cross country championship, and that is a great position to be in. The opportunity to don the orange and white and run alongside such Tennessee cross country greats as Alf Holmberg(SEC champion in 1950 and 1951 and second at the NCAAs in 1951), Ed Murphey (SEC champion in 1956) and Todd Williams (three-time All-America in 1988, 1989 and 1990 and SEC champion in 1989 and 1990), just to name a few, will be an exciting moment in their running career. How well they do during those 25 minutes of competition will be determined by their heart and desire."


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Unless you've been living under a rock or deployed by the Peace Corps to an isolated island somewhere for an extended period of time, you're well aware that Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) has its eyes set on world domination. The one-time book-selling website has grown by leaps and bounds over the past decade to become one of the largest companies in the world, and completely change the entire retail industry. The company's effect on the Internet cannot be understated either, as it has pioneered new and efficient ways for consumers to find and purchase goods, as well as for small businesses and entrepreneurs to use its platform as a launching pad.
Amazon has grown to become one of the—if not the only—major competitors that can trade shots with Wal-Mart (NYSE:WMT), while also sending other companies like Best Buy (NYSE:BBY) and Borders hurling towards extinction. How has it been able to do it? By taking the online space over as its own, as opposed to relying on the old brick-and-mortar stores of the past. A quick look at the numbers reveals the staggering potential for online retail. An infographic put together by Havas PR shows that 88 percent of those surveyed made purchases online in the past year, and 74 percent do research online before making a purchase (guess where they go to research and read reviews?).
Not only has the company made waves by announcing plans to do deliveries with airborne robots, but it has also been perfecting its grocery-delivery service, Amazon Fresh for wider deployment across the country. There are also plans to expand into a new local services marketplace in the future, which will pit the company up against home-improvement chains like Lowe's (NYSE:LOW) and Home Depot (NYSE:HD).
It's clear Amazon isn't pulling any punches and has its sights set on competing in any retail markets it can.
So where is Amazon falling short? There is an inherent danger when any company starts to get too big, and fears of monopolization and political power start to take hold. Amazon is starting to draw a lot of comparisons to Wal-Mart, and many of the company's practices have come under fire over the past several years, bringing its reputation down a few notches. Building a giant corporation does take some fancy footwork that could include questionable tactics, but once a company hits a certain level of success, like Amazon has, a time comes in which redesigning its inner-workings to build a more positive workplace is paramount.
Read on to see four areas in which Amazon is causing a big of a public brouhaha, and what the company can do to improve itself.


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August 20, 2013 10:45 AM
REUNION: The Ambrose School reunion will be held from noon to 3:30 p.m. Sept. 14 at Hoss's Steak and Sea House, White Township.
FESTIVAL: The annual Blacklick Community United Methodist Church festival will be held at 5 p.m. Saturday in the pavilion at the church, 1453 Bracken Road, Vintondale. There will be chicken, hot sausage, hamburgers, hot dogs, potato/macaroni salad, baked beans, side dishes, desserts and beverages. A choice of one meat, sides, dessert and beverage is $5 for adults and $2.50 for those 12 and younger. There will be games and the gospel music group Chalice will perform at 6 p.m.
For more information, call (814) 446-5456.


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Mendez defeats Contreras
By Jerry Hoffman
A packed Fox Theatre in Redwood City, california got the full ten rounds from the main event, unanimously won by super middleweight Paul Mendez (12-2-1, 5 KOs) from Salinas over the Mexican Alfredo Contreras (13-16-2, 5 KOs). The bout had no knockdowns and a few exciting exchanges but otherwise it was a workmanlike, efficient boxing display for the prospect who is 5-0 since joining Team Garcia of Salinas.
Dedicating the fight to a pair of departed friends, and a boxing coach he never met, Paul Mendez got his rounds, a win, and a return bout July 26th at the same venue. Sy Sherman, a young friend who recently died from cancer, Preston Freeman, Mendez' stablemate and close friend who was recently shot in his native St. Louis, and the late great Don Familton, who's son Dean proxies for his dad in the corner are all remembered by Paul and Team Garcia wearing bright yellow jackets with their names as a way to honor their departed teammates.


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The Yard Depot Cypress, Spring & Houston Landscape Supplier
The Yard Depot team has both English & Spanish speaking staff for customer service and sales.
The Yard Depot has everything you need to create a beautiful yard in Houston. Conveniently located on 290 outbound feeder road, between Telge and Huffmeister Road; we carry a large selection of mulch, topsoil, sand, compost, rock and gravel at reasonable prices. At The Yard Depot, we strive to provide you with helpful, friendly services for all your residential and commercial landscaping needs. We have the knowledge to provide you with the superior products you need to transform your yard into a showpiece.
Locally owned and operated with over 14 years experience. We offer same or next day delivery; competitive prices; and highest quality products.
Please do not hesitate to call our helpful staff at (281)807-4567 or just stop by any time during our business hours.
|English – Welcome to TheYardDepot.com
|Spanish – Welcome to TheYardDepot.com
Visit us today at The Yard Depot – best in customer service, quality of landscape materials and exceptional prices on all your landscaping supply needs in Houston, Cypress, Katy, Spring, Tomball, The Woodlands, Magnolia, Sugar Land, River Oaks, all around Greater Houston TX area.


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IT governance at QUT
Fraser, Warren L. & Tweedale, Robyn (2003) IT governance at QUT. In EDUCAUSE in Australasia 2003, May 6-9, Adelaide, Australia.
|PDF (261kB)
Since 1999, QUT has invested considerable effort in developing its IT Governance practices, procedures and capability. This paper will outline and discuss key aspects of that effort. A Vice-Chancellor chaired, strategic governance committee has been established. Annual production of an IT Portfolio provides an analysis of QUT's IT expenditure and provides informational context to inform IT governance. Central IT funding provision has been aligned with "bricks and mortar" capital expenditure in an Asset Management Plan. An over-arching project registry and surrounding "gating" processes and procedures are in place for centrally funded IT projects. The paper will also discuss the issues and contention surrounding determination of central IT expenditure and consider future development of the IT Governance agenda at QUT.
Impact and interest:
Citation counts are sourced monthly from Scopus and Web of Science® citation databases.
These databases contain citations from different subsets of available publications and different time periods and thus the citation count from each is usually different. Some works are not in either database and no count is displayed. Scopus includes citations from articles published in 1996 onwards, and Web of Science® generally from 1980 onwards.
Citations counts from the Google Scholar™ indexing service can be viewed at the linked Google Scholar™ search.
Full-text downloads:
Full-text downloads displays the total number of times this work's files (e.g., a PDF) have been downloaded from QUT ePrints as well as the number of downloads in the previous 365 days. The count includes downloads for all files if a work has more than one.
|ID Code:
|Item Type:
|Conference Paper
|University, Australia, funding, Asset management, IT governance, Strategic planning, IT projects, HERN, Expenditure, Higher education
|Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification > INFORMATION AND COMPUTING SCIENCES (080000) > INFORMATION SYSTEMS (080600) > Information Systems Organisation (080610)
|Current > QUT Faculties and Divisions > Division of Technology, Information and Library Services
|Copyright Owner:
|Copyright 2003 (please consult author)
|Deposited On:
|09 Jul 2004 00:00
|Last Modified:
|24 Feb 2015 06:04
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• May 1
Sharon Osrsburn, 122 Hogan's Parkway, new home, 3,013 square feet, estimated cost $350,000; permit fee $852.82.
CDAT LLC, 315 Oakwood Drive, new home, 1,066 square feet, estimated cost $98,000; permit fee $280.92.
CDAT LLC, 295 Oakwood Drive, new home, 1,066 square feet, estimated cost $98,000; permit fee $280.92.
• May 2
Ark Encounter, 1000 Eibeck, smokehouse, 176 square feet, estimated cost $12,000; permit fee $54.17.
Civil Suits
March 30
Sterling Jewelers Inc. DBA Jared vs. Kenneth Nadeau, breach of contract
Forcht Bank vs. Daryl Landrum, breach of contract
April 3
Eagle Financial Services vs. Blaine Neal, breach of contract
April 4
Commonwealth of Kentucky Transportation vs. Teddy Workman, encroachment of state highway right-of-way
Chaya Leanne Skinner vs. Billy Wayne Skinner, petition for dissolution of marriage
Vanderbilt Mortgage and Finance vs. Danielle Sentney, breach of contract
April 6
• April 4
Alumni Development, 525 Menefee Road, new home, 1,763 square feet, estimated cost $150,000; permit fee $595.26.
• April 5
Dry Ridge Baptist Church, 15 Broadway Street, stairs and steps, 35 square feet, estimated cost $3,300; permit fee $38.88.
Grant County Oil, 77 Broadway Street, repair, 187 square feet, estimated cost $3,500; permit fee $45.16.
Sarah Roland, 11015 Taft Highway, new home, 1,248 square feet, estimated cost $80,000; permit fee $371.88.
• April 12
• Feb. 2
Bobby Maddox, 145 Cobblestone Drive, storage shed, 240 square feet, estimated cost $3,000; permit fee $37.
• Feb. 3
Ark Encounter, 1000 Eibeck Lane, pole barn, 534 square feet, estimated cost $15,000; permit fee $59.22.
• Feb. 9
Shadow Ridge Properties, 170 Hannah's Way, new home, 1,718 square feet, estimated cost $250,000; permit fee $564.78.
Mark Rabe, 275 Eads Road, new home, 2,004 square feet, estimated cost $165,000; permit fee $622.08.
• Feb. 10
Jan. 6
Jonathan P. and Rebecca L. Haubner to Kenneth L. Erkskine, Warsaw Road, $167,000
Theodore and Audrey L. Fisk to Jackie Ritchie, Warsaw Road, $179,900
Pamela and Allen Iseral to Kenneth E. Ritzi, Vallandingham Road, $135,000
Summerfield Development to Roell Building and Remodeling LLC, Summerfield Subdivision, $20,500
Kelly and Lauren Taylor to Tonya M. and Benjamin Robison, Corinth-Stringtown Road, $173,000
Kenneth A. Cooper to Wallace E. Boian, Southern Hills Subdivision, $104,000
Property Transfers
Nov. 2
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to Westmark Properties LLC, Brentwood Estates, $66,392
Jerry and Donna Miller to Candace Hammond and Tony L. Martin, 13.715 acres Chipman Ridge Road, $35,000
David Allen Sebree, trustee and Betty L. Sebree, trustee to Eva and Warren Lambert, 5.8851 acres Bracht Road, $40,000
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to BAC Home Loans Servicing, 1.959 acres Napoleon Zion Station Road, $40,000
Property Transfers
Sept. 24
Marcella Gillum, Lawrence Jr. Gillum, Randy Gillum, Jan Gillum and Ricky Lynn Gillum to Marcella Gillum, 1.2714 acres Napoleon –Mt. Zion Road, $159,900
Sept. 26
Amanda Nicole Morris and Jameson Randall Cheesman to Paula and Jeremy McCauley, an acre Humes Ridge Road, $185,000
William Lee to Daniel McClure, 5.2953 acres Scaffold Lick Road, $1
Sept. 27
StoneBridge Properties LLC to Robert Ben and Michelle Lynn Tanner, Eagle Creek Subdivision, $132,900
• Nov. 10
Joey Beagle, 213 Humes Ridge Road, pole barn, 400 square feet, estimated cost $600; permit fee $40.82.
Norma Malecki, 840 Jacob Drive, addition, 100 square feet, estimated cost $27,000; permit fee $46.64.
• Nov. 14
Adam Rich, 270 Leon Drive, garage, 1,200 square feet, estimated cost $35,000; permit fee $75.57.
Christopher Romer, 1010 Mason Road, garage, 369 square feet, estimated cost $14,000; permit fee $92.72.
• Nov. 17
Property Transfers
Aug. 4
Guardian Homes to Ryan and Brittany Hogg, Eagle Creek, $138,500
Aug. 5
Heritage Bank to Guardian Homes, LLC, Eagle Creek, $25,000
Jamie and Tammy Hornsby to Tammy Hornsby, Winnlynn Acres, $1
Jeffrey Stith to Joseph and Amanda Hick, Brentwood Estates, $121,500
Aug. 8
Lelve and Pamela Brown to Arthur N. and Alycia Gividen, Baker Williams Road, $165,000
Randall and Tammy Livengood to Robert and Julie Aulbach, Webb Odor Road, $15,000
The grand jury met Dec. 7 and returned indictments against 21 people.
The indictment of a person by a grand jury is an accusation only and that person is presumed innocent unless proven guilty.
Those indicted were:
• Randy D. Dressman, Jr., 31, theft by failure to make required disposition of property over $500 but less than $10,000.
• Krista Rector, 40, possession of a controlled substance in the first degree, possession of drug paraphernalia, public intoxication and failure to notify Department of Transportation of address change.
Copyright © 2017
The Grant County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Dry Ridge, KY and the surrounding area.


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I was looking for some info on the idaho spring goose hunts, I live in Western Washington i would not mind driving for a spring goose hunt, never did one before. Are there any guides in SW Idaho during the spring snow hunts? Whats the limit? Is the spring season usually pretty good?
Any help is appreciated


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Article Preview
THE PLAY; Fannie Brice in the 1936 Edition of the 'Follies' Under Shubert Management.
By BROOKS ATKINSON. ();
January 31, 1936,
, Section AMUSEMENTS, Page 17, Column , words
Any one interested in an evening of good entertainment may be glad to hear about the 1936 edition of the "Ziegfeld Follies," which opened at the Winter Garden last night under the protection of the Messrs. Shubert. Following an honorable tradition of showmanship, it provides a jovial and handsome song-and-dance festival, glorifying the Broadway tempo and style.
January 31, 1936
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|Osborne, Lance
|Ludwig, Scott
|Schmale, Lin
Submitted to: Greenhouse Grower Magazine
Publication Type: Popular Publication
Publication Acceptance Date: 8/5/2005
Publication Date: 9/5/2005
Citation: Osborne, L.S., Ludwig, S.W., Schmale, L. 2006. Q-biotype whitefly: A time for action. Greenhouse Grower Magazine. p. 70-76. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Grower's who have been watching the news are aware that, earlier this spring, an agricultural frenzy threatened to develop following the discovery of the Q-Biotype whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) by Dr. Tim Dennehy at the University of Arizona. The cotton industry in Arizona and California was alarmed, Arizona and California issued quarantine notices (subsequently revoked) and worry threatened to predominate. However, by May, USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) had announced it will not consider the "Q-Biotype" a regulated pest. It is unlikely that the individual states will take regulatory action – as long as the industry is working together to avoid problems. As a result, a National Ad Hoc Whitefly Taskforce was formed and is facilitated by APHIS with members from industry, regulatory agencies and research affiliations. With the discovery of the Q-Biotype whitefly, growers need to pay particular attention to whiteflies that appear to be resistant to normal controls. Growers that notice resistance should submit a sample for biotype determination. Vigilance is important. Growers should practice good IPM and review pesticide rotation schedules ensuring rotations incorporate different modes of action. The detection of Q-Biotype in several states demonstrates two important points. First, growers already understand the importance of monitoring, testing and using the appropriate treatment. Secondly, the process can be anonymous and not result in regulation or quarantine.


text: Parting Out, Part Four: How to Sell Car Parts on eBayAfter buying a 1992 SC400 to get its suspension for restoring a different car, Murilee Martin set out to make his money back by parting out the 20-year-old luxury car. In this final installment, he sells parts on eBay to see whether it's possible to come out ahead. 1 Parting Out Part 4: How to Sell Car Parts on eBay In Part 1, we bought a $1000 1992 Lexus SC400 as a project-car suspension donor. In Part 2, we disassembled the car and extracted all the parts that might be worth selling. Part 3 saw the beginning of the Great SC400 Sell-Off, with scrap-metal and Craigslist sales. The largest single source of money from the SC400 part-out project, though, came from sales on eBay Motors. Here's how that part of the process went. 2 I dragged home three carloads of SC400 parts during the dismemberment process, totaling well over 100 parts that I thought I might be able to sell on the world's biggest online auction site. I did some triage and got down to perhaps 80 parts that I felt willing to list on eBay.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 3 I consider myself a fairly experienced eBay seller. My feedback rating is well over 1000, and I sold my first items there way back in 1999. When the dot-com boom ended a few years later, I made deals with several of my car-parts-hoarding friends: I sell your stuff on eBay, I keep half the take. I sold more than 500 car parts during 2002 and 2003, ranging from $3 owner's manuals to a $1200 mint-condition big-block Ford Toploader.Things have changed since then. I'd sold a few items in recent years, notably when I sold off parts from the 1985 Volvo 244 that my 24 Hours of LeMons team was building into a V-8-powered race car, but it had been a decade since my last heavy-duty bout of eBay selling. My garage was jammed full of 1992 Lexus SC400 parts, and my hard-learned lessons about selling car parts online came back to me. 4 First, I organized the parts onto shelves, discarding anything that showed damage I'd missed during disassembly of the Lexus.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 5 The single most important part of putting together an eBay listing is getting good photographs of your items. You want lots of lighting, the camera on a tripod, and a neutral background for the shots so that potential bidders can see any flaws in the stuff you're selling before they bid on anything. I used a sheet-covered card table illuminated with a bunch of clamp-on lights. 6 Just to get the camera's white-balance settings right, I set up a bunch of the SC400's various computers and ECMs and photographed the whole mess. Yes, this was one heavily computerized car for 1992; each seat had a computer!As I photographed each item, I numbered it and took careful notes of its weight, dimensions, and condition. I wanted to use U.S. Postal Service Priority Mail Flat Rate boxes whenever possible, to make international shipping easier. (Because the SC400 was a near-sibling to the Toyota Soarer, which was very popular in places such as Australia and Japan, I wanted overseas bidders to have an easy-to-calculate shipping cost). So I noted which items would fit in which type of Flat Rate box.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 7 When you sell something on eBay, you can list it as a regular auction (the top bidder after the auction runs its course buys the item for whatever the top bid price turns out to be) or as a Buy It Now sale (the first person to pay your price gets the item). I wasn't sure what most of my SC400 parts would go for, so I set up nearly all of them as seven-day auction listings with no reserve. In the case of the transmission bellhousing, however, I'd seen that several had sold for $100 to $200 in recent months, so I listed it with a Buy It Now of $80 and free shipping. A guy in North Carolina who wanted to do a V-8 swap into his Tacoma truck asked me to lower the price; I declined, and he then decided that $80 shipped was a decent deal and pulled the trigger. My first sale! 8 The first round of seven-day auctions came to an end soon after that. I'd listed 20 or so items and a half-dozen auctions ended with buyers. That's when the hassles began.First came this cryptic message about "the wires" from the winner of the HVAC control panel, which finished with a $67 top bid. After much back-and-forth, it turned out that the buyer had thought about buying the HVAC control/stereo wiring harness (a separate listing) but then had changed her mind about the HVAC panel and refused to pay. Much angst from the irate buyer followed, and I finally wrote off the whole deal and relisted this high-demand item.Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 9 I had been planning to part out a donor car this way for quite a while, so I'd built up a pretty decent collection of cardboard boxes for just that purpose. Buying new boxes quickly turns into a major expense, so it's best to recycle used ones.You never know when buyers are going to win multiple auctions and ask for combined shipping, so it's a good idea to hold off the packing until the auctions are complete and you've been paid. I always ship on the first business day after I receive payment, which meant a lot of busy nights. I take obsessive care when I prepare an item for shipment—bubble-wrap taped around it, then packed in a box with crumpled newspaper—and finally the box gets taped shut with threefold-tape overkill. I've never had an item damaged during shipping, so this work pays off.I used USPS Flat Rate Priority Mail boxes for most of the items, while larger parts went via FedEx Ground (I opened a FedEx account back when I was moving hundreds of car parts on eBay a decade ago, and I've been pleased with their service ever since). 10 Of the 29 items that I sold (of more than 100 listed), the biggest dollar figure came from the trunk-mounted Nakamichi amplifier, part of the optional Lexus Premium Sound package. These amplifiers sound great but are notorious for crapping out after a decade or so. I started this auction at $120, and, 19 bids later, it closed at $217.03. Next Gallery Parting Out Part Three: Time to Make Some Money In part one of this series, Murilee Martin documented his find... By Murilee Martin More from Popular Mechanics:More FromCars Car Technology Share This 700-Horsepower 3D-Printed Supercar Is the Future of Car-Making GIF Car Technology Share How 'Top Gear' Alum Richard Hammond Crashed This Electric Supercar Cars Share Confessions of a Gas Station Owner Motorcycles Share KTM's New Fuel-Injected Two-Strokes Could Save the Endangered Engine Car Technology Share This Weirdo Tie-Dye Sponge Is Michelin's Dream Tire Cars Share How to Turbocharge Your Car Hybrid and Electric Share You Forgot About Hydrogen Cars—But Car Companies Didn't Cars Share Meet the Man Who Drives a 725,000-Mile 1976 Porsche 911 Turbo Car Technology Share This Has To Be The Worst Way To Hide The Headlamps Motorcycles Share My Goodness, Don't Watch This Road Rage Footage if You're Skittish About Car Accidents Cars automotive projects and maintenance The Ultimate DIY Projects Guide expert tips projects used cars 2016 Ford Focus RS: AWD Monster Likely to Land Stateside How to Make Beer (Cheaply, Simply): Step-By-Step Guide 9 Ways to Celebrate Star Wars Day (Other Than Watching Star Wars) Ford Offers to License Its Police "Surveillance Mode" Camera Tech to Other Cop-Car Makers Know Your Stuff: The 110 Best DIY Tips Ever DIY Bass: How to Install a Car Subwoofer More From Cars


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How encouraging local ownership is enabling behavioural change
Better Health through Improved Cook Stoves
Many households have begun to benefit from newly constructed toilets with bathrooms via a two-and-a-half-year partnership between the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India, the Government of Jharkhand and UNDP.
A UNDP partnership with the Government of Madhya Pradesh, funded by Global Environment Facility has helped in restoring over 14,000 hectares of land, reducing soil erosion and raising the incomes of local communities by as much as 40 percent.
UNDP has partnered with the Government of Tamil Nadu to demonstrate the possibilities of conserving the environment and encouraging sustainable development processes in the Gulf of Mannar.
A UNDP partnership with the government of Odisha supported by the Australian Agency for International Development is enabling communities in Puri district to adapt to extreme weather events.
Close to 2000 households in Karnataka, India are addressing climate change by installing smokeless stoves in their homes. It is reducing carbon dioxide emissions and firewood consumption, and improving the health of these forest dwelling communities
System of Rice Intensification technology, introduced by UNDP and Government of Maharashtra, has affected an increase of rice yield per gram by nearly 40-80 percent while reducing the need for irrigation by up to 40 percent. The farming technology is also increasing family incomes from INR 20,000 to 70,000 per season.
Fishermen along India's western coast are now using square mesh nets and practicing sustainable marine fishing. It is earning them higher incomes, protecting marine biodiversity and paving the way for policy change in one of the country's most important fishing coastlines.


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When an Amalgam character has the same name as a DC or Marvel character, should they still get a separate character page?
Right now, the answer is yes for Colonel Bruce Wayne, no for Colonel Nick Fury and no for Thunderbolt Ross. On the surface, this seems to make sense. Nick Fury and Thunderbolt Ross have not been amalgamated with anybody, while Colonel Bruce Wayne is an amalgamation of Bruce Wayne and Nick Fury. Except that he can't be an amalgamation because Nick Fury exists as a separate character in the same comic. Or maybe he can be.
Amazon is an amalgam of Storm and Wonder Woman. This is proven in DC/Marvel: All Access #4, when Doctor Strangefate fused Storm and Wonder Woman together, and Amazon was the result. But then why does Diana Prince exist as a separate character in the Amalgam Universe? She's still an Amazon and she's still the daughter of Hippolyta, just like the DC version. So if Diana can still exist despite being combined with Ororo, then Nick Fury could still still exist despite being combined with Bruce Wayne. Amalgam logic is weird.
Logically, an Amalgam Universe character should have a separate page if they are an actual amalgam of a DC and Marvel character. But how can we be sure? The Diana Prince page says that Diana is one of the few amalgam characters not amalgamated with anyone. But the Amalgam page claims that Diana Prince is an amalgam of Wonder Woman and Elektra. John Ostrander (the writer of Bullets and Bracelets) says that "Diana was mostly DC, maybe influenced a little by Elektra (reference the Hand)".
I only have the Amalgam comics as single issues. Does anyone know if the trade paperbacks have an introduction or glossary or index that explains which characters are amalgams of which other characters?


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Cadillac Audio, Video and Security Systems Discussion, Best OEM Radio? in Item Specific Cadillac Discussion; My aftermarket deck just got ripped off. I have decided to install a factory radio in the huge hole I ...
- 03-24-08 04:42 PM #1Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): 79 Sedan Deville
- Join Date
- Mar 2007
- Posts
- 29
Best OEM Radio?
My aftermarket deck just got ripped off. I have decided to install a factory radio in the huge hole I have now. I like the idea of an OEM radio from a newer model Cadillac or GM vehicle in my dash. Less attractive to thieves, right?
Which years have the best radio? I have access to original 8-tracks (which probably don't work--mine didn't) all the way up to 2002 donor vehicles. I have good aftermarket speakers, and while I am not looking for audiophile quality sound I would like it to sound as good as possible.
Also, are there years where the CD player broke more readily than others?
Thanks for any and all help. I am heading out this weekend to grab something.


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Operational Database Administrator
The Operational Database Administrator is responsible for database availability, performance, replication, backups, folder structure, ITIL management for production environment. The DBA will monitor performance and provide continual process improvements based on KPIs and Metrics created using industry best practice.
- Gap Analysis, Metrics, KPIs, Performance Dashboard, Configuration Management and Documentation
- Continual Process Improvement –High Availability, Automation and Integration
- System Performance - Monitor Utilization, Capacity and Availability
- Request, Change, Release, Incident and Problem Management
- Backup and Replication Management
- Other duties as required
- Prefer: Bachelor's Degree or equivalent combination of skills and experience.
- Monitor and analyze space usage, system performance and tune/recommend query improvements on regular basis
- Strong knowledge of SQL, and MySQL Stored Procedures, Triggers, Views, Execution Plans, and MySQL administration.
- Knowledge of MySQL implemented on Linux and Linux knowledge preferred.
- Strong analytical skills and the ability to solve complex and challenging problems in an efficient, maintainable, and flexible way.
- Strong verbal and written communication skills.
- Able to perform release management, troubleshoot and support MySQL Environment, Replications, Database Objects.
- Able to document best practices for queries, configurations, database, connections, security and segregation.
- Able to develop and test scripts and automate MySql tasks and deployments
- Working knowledge in Change, Incident and Problem Management, and CMS
- Able to troubleshoot database performance and service outages related to all database touch points, database objects, storage and connections.
- Has implemented, administered, migrated and maintained MySql servers in Linux
- 3-6 year experience in Database Administration services (reference above)
We Offer:
- Flexible PTO
- Full medical, dental, vision, disability, and life insurance
- Bonuses
- 401(k) with employer contributions of 3% fully vested immediately
- Fully stocked kitchen(with snacks and drinks), foosball, and more
PLEASE NOTE: We are looking for candidates who are not currently on any type of work Visa.
Principals Only: No Third Party Agencies/Recruiters please.
Meet Some of CreditCards.com's Employees
Rudy H.
Director, SEO
Rudy oversees a small team that analyzes consumer data to deliver useful information that allows consumers to select credit cards that are perfect for them.
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My Nonprofit Reviews
Review for Dreamchaser PMU Rescue & Rehabilitation, New River, AZ, USA
This organization provides outstanding services to unwanted, neglected and abused animals. They go above and beyond their duties to ensure great care for all of them. It is a costly mission that most of us today cannot afford. Finding this organization has been dear to my heart and i have donated and followed them on facebook ever since. They are people making a difference and have inspired me to want to do the same. Please keep working and fighting for this cause as the Lords work is never done.
More Feedback
Will you volunteer or donate to this organization?
How much of an impact do you think this organization has?
When was your last experience with this nonprofit?


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Pope Francis and the devil
The pope's frequent references are prompting a re-appraisal
Picture: AFP
Andrea Tornielli for Vatican Insider/La Stampa International
August 21, 2013
Pope Francis has already mentioned the devil on a number of occasions. Civiltà Cattolica criticises those in the Church who see the devil as nothing more than "a banal and simple metaphor."
"When one does not profess Jesus Christ, one professes the worldliness of the devil", these were the words of Pope Francis in the homily of his first Mass as Pope, celebrated in the Sistine Chapel on the day after being elected. This new Bishop of Rome, who had come "from the ends of the earth", mentioned the devil a number of times during his sermon. On 24 March in St. Peter's Square, while celebrating World Youth Day, he recalled the fact that a Christian's joy comes not from owning many possessions but from encountering Jesus, "from knowing that with him we are never alone, even when we come across problems and obstacles in life that seem insurmountable – and there are so many of them! That is when the enemy comes, when the devil comes".
Furthermore, on 4 May, during the morning Mass at Santa Marta, Francis reflected upon the persecution of the Christians, speaking of the "hate of the prince of the world for those who have been saved and redeemed by Jesus".
These hints that were repeatedly dropped were already picked up on by the press, and have prompted reflections from Fr. Giandomenico Mucci in Civiltà Cattolica. He wrote, "for several decades, Catholic preaching has forgotten about the devil, who is fully present in the very documents of Vatican II. Some theologians have welcomed the opinion whereby Satan is a fruit of human fantasy, a figure dreamt up in pagan areas, only to later penetrate into Jewish thought". This would explain the stir which was created among believers and non-believers alike when the Pope preached about the devil".
Forgetting the devil is a phenomenon which has been particularly characteristic of the last fifty years.
Full Story: To what extent does the Pope acknowledge the devil?
Source: Vatican Insider/la Stampa
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The Home Secretary said issues such as immigration, terrorism, crime and anti-social behaviour were now the "centrepiece" of the public's priorities for the next decade.
The Government's new legislative programme, due to be unveiled on November 15, would reflect those concerns, he added.
Mr Reid indicated there would be a particular emphasis on measures to tackle "the biggest new phenomenon in the world - which is mass migration on a massive scale".
Challenged on whether it was "sustainable" that the UK's populations was growing by 500 every day, as figures last week suggested, Mr Reid told BBC1's Sunday AM programme:
"It's sustainable given that some people leave the country every day ... but it's also sustainable if the 500 that are coming here are contributing to our economic development and the general benefits of the country rather than living off, say, benefits."
He added: "Those who come to this country have to come through the managed system rather than illegally, and when they come here they have to contribute to this country and not take from this country."
Home Office proposals for a new Official Secrets Act which will curb so-called "whistle blowers" are also expected to be outlined in the Queen's Speech.
Ministers reportedly want to remove the common law defence of "duress of circumstances" which has been used by members of the security and intelligence agencies to leak sensitive information to the press.
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