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Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development
Ellen Bialystok, PhD
York University, Canada
The possibility that early bilingualism affects children's language and cognitive development has long been a concern for parents and educators. In the first half of the 20th century, the prevailing view was that bilingualism and second-language acquisition early in life made children confused and interfered with their ability to develop normal cognitive functions1 and succeed in educational environments.2 These ideas were dramatically reversed in a landmark study by Peal and Lambert3 that showed a general superiority of bilinguals over monolinguals in a wide range of intelligence tests and aspects of school achievement. Recent research has been more balanced, identifying areas in which bilingual children excel and others in which bilingualism has no effect on their development.
The question regarding the potential impact of bilingualism on children's development has always been important, but has increasingly emerged as a crucial concern for modern societies and for Canada in particular. In addition to the official commitment to a national policy of second-language acquisition and bilingualism, immigration has transformed Canada into a rich multilingual and multicultural nation. Public schools, especially in major urban centres, are home to large numbers of children for whom English or French is a second language. These children represent an enormous variety of home languages and often constitute the majority of children in a single classroom. Therefore, it is imperative that we understand the impact of these language backgrounds on children's cognitive and educational futures.
Information about the language, cognitive and educational development of children with varied language backgrounds is essential to interpret the performance of these children in school and assess their development. For example, children with limited proficiency in the language of schooling are certain to experience increased difficulty in coping both academically and socially, and it is important to identify these difficulties in order to understand what intervention or remedial approaches are needed.
Research Context
The research is typically conducted in classrooms, often settings containing both multilingual and monolingual children. The context in which the bilingualism or second language occurs is important, even though it is not always included as a formal aspect of research investigation. There is evidence that whether the child's home language is in a majority or minority situation, is valued in the community and is used as a medium for literacy tasks affects the child's linguistic and cognitive outcomes.4 Therefore, the implications of the child's language experience should ideally be examined with careful attention to the social and linguistic factors that describe the child's social and educational environment.
Key Research Questions
The important issues concern the cognitive and educational outcomes for bilingual children. First, it is necessary to establish whether language acquisition proceeds at the same rate and in the same manner for children who are learning two languages simultaneously or are learning a second language after having begun to master one. Second, are children able to acquire literacy skills at school if they are either bilingual or learning a second language, especially if their home language is not the language of instruction? Finally, are there consequences on normal cognitive development in terms of the child's ability to acquire new concepts or perform various calculations (e.g. arithmetic), especially if school instruction is in the child's weaker language?
Recent Research Results
There are three main outcomes from this research. First, for general language proficiency, bilingual children tend to have a smaller vocabulary in each language than monolingual children in their language.5 Nonetheless, their understanding of linguistic structure, called metalinguistic awareness, is at least as good6 and often better7 than that of comparable monolinguals. Second, the acquisition of literacy skills in these children depends on the relationship between the two languages8 and the level of proficiency in the second language.9 Specifically, children learning to read in two languages that share a writing system (e.g. English and French) show accelerated progress in learning to read; children whose two languages are written in different systems (e.g. English and Chinese) show no special advantage, but neither do they demonstrate any deficit relative to monolinguals. The benefit of learning to read in two languages, however, requires that children be bilingual and not second-language learners whose competence in one of the languages is weak. Third, bilingual children between four and eight years old demonstrate a large advantage over comparable monolinguals in solving problems that require controlling attention to specific aspects of a display and inhibiting attention to misleading aspects that are salient but associated with an incorrect response. This advantage is not confined to language processing, but includes a variety of non-verbal tasks that require controlled attention and selectivity in such problems as forming conceptual categories,10 seeing alternative images in ambitious figures,11 and understanding the difference between the appearance and functional reality of a misleading object.12
The results of these studies demonstrate that childhood bilingualism is a significant experience that has the power to influence the course and efficiency of children's development. The most surprising outcome is that these influences are not confined to the linguistic domain, where such influence would be expected, but extend as well to non-verbal cognitive abilities. In most cases, the child's degree of involvement with a second language, defined as the difference between bilingualism and second-language acquisition, is an important variable that determines both the degree and type of influence that is found. Three patterns of influence were noted in these studies. One outcome is that bilingualism makes no difference, and monolingual and bilingual children develop in the same way and at the same rate. This was found for cognitive problems such as memory- span development and language problems such as phonological awareness. The second is that bilingualism disadvantages children in some way. The primary example of this is in the development of vocabulary in each language. The third pattern, and the most prevalent in our studies, is that bilingualism is a positive force that enhances children's cognitive and linguistic development, improving access to literacy if the two writing systems correspond and development of general executive processes for all bilingual children solving a wide range of non-verbal problems requiring attention and control. These executive control abilities are at the centre of intelligent thought.
Parents are often concerned that using a non-community language as the language of their home will disadvantage their children. This program of research provides solid evidence that the overwhelming effect of bilingualism in the home is positive. The disadvantages are relatively minor and easily overcome. The implications for schooling are more complex. Children's success in school is strongly dependent on their proficiency in the language of instruction, a relationship that holds for important linguistic activities (e.g. learning to read), non-verbal computational subjects (e.g. mathematics), and content-based curricula (e.g. social studies). In all these cases, children must be skilled in the forms and meanings of the school language and be competent readers of that language. Bilingual children may not be at the same level as their monolingual peers, and second-language learners for whom English or French is not their home language may have not built up adequate skills in the instructional language to succeed in schools. The evidence for the overwhelming positive benefit of bilingualism, together with evidence that bilingual children are not cognitively handicapped, indicates an important role for schools in providing a means for these children to build up their language skills in the school language so that they can be full participants in the classroom and reap the most positive benefit from their educational experience.
- review in Hakuta K. Mirror of language: the debate on bilingualism. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1986.
- Macnamara JT. Bilingualism and primary education: a study of Irish experience. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press; 1966.
- Peal E, Lambert WE. The relation of bilingualism to intelligence. Psychological Monographs 1962;76(27, Whole No. 546):1-23.
- Cummins J. Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children. Review of Educational Research 1979;49(2):222-251.
- Oller DK, Eilers RE, eds. Language and literacy in bilingual children. Cleveden, England: Multilingual Matters; 2002.
- Bialystok E, Majumder S, Martin MM. Developing phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage? Applied Psycholinguistics 2003;24(1):27-44.
- Bialystok E. Levels of bilingualism and levels of linguistic awareness. Developmental Psychology 1988;24(4):560-567.
- Bialystok E, Luk G, Kwan E. Bilingualism, biliteracy, and learning to read: Interactions among languages and writing systems. Scientific Studies of Reading 2005;9(1):43-61.
- Bialystok E, McBride-Chang C, Luk G. Bilingualism, language proficiency, and learning to read in two writing systems. Journal of Educational Psychology 2005:97(4):580-590.
- Bialystok E, Martin MM. Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Developmental Science 2004;7(3):325-339.
- Bialystok E, Shapero D. Ambiguous benefits: the effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science 2005;8(6):595-604.
- Bialystok E, Senman L. Executive processes in appearance-reality tasks: The role of inhibition of attention and symbolic representation. Child Development 2004;75(2):562-579.
How to cite this article:
Bialystok E. Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, eds. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. http://www.child-encyclopedia.com/second-language/according-experts/second-language-acquisition-and-bilingualism-early-age-and-impact. Updated October 2008. Accessed June 24, 2017.


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This log splitter makes light work of chopping wood. Benefits include reducing the physical strain that using a traditional axe places on your back, as well as saving you hours of effort for less than £200. Be warned, it's extremely heavy, but the wheels make it easy to move around.
£195.99; protoolsdirect.co.uk
2. Black & Decker Grass Trimmer GLC3630L
This cordless trimmer is twice as powerful as many of its competitors. Longer grass and rough vegetation seem to prove no challenge and it's wonderfully easy to use, either vertically or horizontally. The result is a great finish on the lawn edge, even along fence lines.
£169; amazon.co.uk
Bosch steals the show when it comes to garden shredders. This is a great all-rounder that chops and crushes most plant materials quickly, quietly and efficiently. It rarely stalls and you can remove the feed chute and store it in the collector for compact storage.
£259.99; garden4less.co.uk
4. Kärcher Eco Beast Pressure Washer
Pricey this may be, but it provides over 50 per cent water saving compared to a garden hose and 35 times more power, easily making it the most environmentally friendly way to effortlessly remove mould, grime, mud and dirt from patios, garden furniture, decking and vehicles.
£519.99; karcher.co.uk
Whether you want to trim long grass, clear brambles, cut hedges or prune hard-to-reach-branches, this machine does it all. And despite the fact that it's an all-in-one, it's easy to get to grips with and has well-positioned, comfortable handle controls.
£296.39; mowermagic.co.uk
6. Flymo EasiCut Hedge Trimmer
It's hard to fault this electric trimmer, which comes with an extra handle to extend your reach for taller hedges. It's fast, leaves a neat finish and can handle larger branches. It's relatively quiet and great value, although it is heavy.
£89.98; diy.com
This cordless, lithium-battery leaf blower has enough power to clear leaves swiftly and efficiently, but keeps them under control. It's light, comfortable to hold and the nozzle's length is ideal. Its only fault is that you don't get that much blowing time before the battery runs out.
£44.99; amazon.co.uk
8. Mac Allister 2-in-1 Raker and Scarifier
If you're a perfectionist when it comes to your lawn, be sure to check this raker and scarifier out. It removes matted grass moss and other dead material to encourage healthy grass growth and the powerful motor and large collection bag means it can handle heavy-duty jobs.
£99.98; diy.com
Slice cleanly and quickly through logs, branches and thick stems with this electric, ergonomic and relatively quiet chainsaw. It's one of the lightest available and the blade is automatically oiled to keep it running smoothly.
£109.99; screwfix.com
If you've had enough of sweeping the outside of your home, this intelligent, powerful, low-dust sweeper could just be your new best friend. It easily picks up all kinds of debri, whether fine dust, wet leaves or larger items, six times faster than a standard broom.
£160; stihl.co.ukReuse content

subset: commoncrawl


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Key Takeaways
- Mobile devices provide new opportunities to support student learning in addition to their more common entertainment uses of watching video or listening to music.
- The NGLC-funded Mobile-Enhanced Inquiry-Based Learning project is a cooperative effort between faculty members at multiple institutions of higher learning aimed at determining how to effectively incorporate mobile devices into the curriculum.
- Research into effective use of media resources provided on mobile devices continues, especially in science lab environments, with results expected to guide future efforts.
Students arrive on campus with smart phones that can be used as a tool to deliver essential course content in addition to their use as communication tools. Many university students already use mobile devices for entertainment content delivery, watching YouTube videos, listening to music, and taking and sending photographs. Because mobile devices open the door to new learning opportunities, rigorous research into effective methods of incorporating these devices in the curriculum is essential. The Mobile-Enhanced Inquiry-Based Learning (MEIBL) project aims to harness the capabilities of mobile devices for the purposes of learning. From the beginning of the project we have attempted to:
- Track patterns in student usage
- Learn how use of mobile technology in laboratory classes affects instructor-student interactions
- Track student assessment outcomes
The project aims to determine the best ways higher education can leverage mobility to increase learning opportunities for students. It arises from ongoing work in general chemistry laboratories at Abilene Christian University (ACU) using mobile devices (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Chemistry Podcast prepared at Abilene Christian University
Before the introduction of a mobile learning initiative on the ACU campus, we had been working on incorporating guided inquiry approaches in our curriculum. The move toward guided inquiry grew out of a conviction that the current research literature points toward a significant increase in student engagement and in deeper learning outcomes when students have more control over their learning environment.1 In the midst of revamping the curriculum, ACU's mobile learning initiative was announced: all entering freshmen would receive an iPhone or iPod touch for use as an academic tool, with the goal of student body saturation in 3–4 years. Faculty members were encouraged to dream about ways that these devices could be used to facilitate learning.
Fostering Laboratory Competency in Freshman Chemistry
One of the difficulties we had encountered in implementing inquiry-based chemistry experiments was the uneven high school laboratory experience of our entering freshmen. We could not assume a standard level of laboratory competency and had to spend valuable lab time teaching basic techniques and calculation methods.2 We decided to explore mobile support resources for chemistry lab students to address this challenge. The availability of mobile devices that could deliver audio/video content as well as written documents on an as-needed basis offered a possible solution to the difficulty of providing differential instruction. The added bonus of the constant accessibility of any online resources during lab via mobile devices also gave us new resources to draw from in planning. In a carefully designed quasi-experimental study, we found that student performance on assessments in General Chemistry labs taught with mobile resources and those taught via traditional lecture were not statistically significantly different, but that there was a significant difference in the number of times student laboratory teams sought assistance with techniques or strategies. Students who had access to mobile resources and no laboratory lecture were able to work more independently and with confidence in the inquiry-based laboratory setting and were performing at the same level as students taught using a traditional pre-laboratory lecture.3 The potential for innovation and collaborative and independent learning experimentation offered by using mobile devices in the laboratory setting appears unlimited.4
In Figure 2, Dr. Cynthia Powell of ACU explains the use of inquiry-based learning in a chemistry lab setting and the subsequent introduction of video resources on mobile devices. The video training helps students learn lab tasks as needed.
Figure 2. Dr. Cynthia Powell Explains MEIBL (3:46 minutes)
Departments in the STEM disciplines for many years have used video resources in addition to laboratory manuals or locally prepared documents to provide information on laboratory techniques and procedures. These resources have often been posted on a department or course website intended for use as pre-laboratory preparation. We saw a two-fold advantage with the introduction of mobile technology:
- First, the availability of both video and written materials on demand while in the lab would give students the ability to check the appropriate technique and review information about procedures when questions arose in the process of conducting an experiment, going beyond what a printed laboratory manual or document can provide.5 We felt this could give students a confidence boost as they worked, break the cycle of depending on an instructor for routine information, and allow more time for discussion of the important concepts instructors try to communicate.
- Second, with the growing availability of user-friendly software programs for screen capture and video editing, faculty could more easily prepare their own audio/visual resources to specifically address the techniques and methods students need to use the equipment in their laboratory lockers. The result is a more narrowly targeted resource that eliminates extraneous information and is brief, direct, and more likely to be used as an on-the-spot reference.
In the initial steps of introducing use of mobile devices in our laboratories, we learned many lessons about patterns of student use of resources and how to prepare and deploy effective resources.6 Faculty members were polled to gather information about the most useful topics for short video podcasts. The podcasts were reviewed by a focus group before deployment and edited based on feedback to assure that presentations were clear, concise, and accurate. Research on student use during the first years of podcast deployment taught us that students had to be trained to go to the video resources; they had the habit of asking for help before searching for answers. Assessment in laboratory courses that required knowledge and understanding of laboratory techniques and manipulative skills helped focus students on the importance of accurately using those techniques.
As students adjusted to the new platform, feedback was positive. In one evaluation of student laboratory technique we compared technique performance of students taught via live laboratory lecture with accompanying written explanation and those taught via podcast. Podcast-instructed students performed at or above the level of students taught a comparable technique via traditional laboratory lecture. This outcome gives us confidence that the podcast approach is providing training students need in a format that is more accessible.7
Assessment Through Collaboration
The next step in learning how students adapt to the MEIBL approach is to assess their engagement and depth of learning. At ACU, curriculum development continues. General Chemistry podcasts and other resources are being updated, and laboratory assessments are being adjusted to push students toward deeper understanding. In addition, as participants in a Next Generation Learning Challenge (NGLC) grant, ACU is partnering with principal investigators at two other institutions, California University of Pennsylvania (Cal U) and Del Mar College (DMC).8
The NGLC grant gives us the opportunity to test the scalability of the MEIBL approach in new settings and in additional STEM disciplines. ACU is a private institution with a predominantly middle- to upper-middle-class student demographic. Our partner institutions are implementing the MEIBL approach with student populations that include a higher percentage of minority students and students who are economically disadvantaged. At ACU MEIBL is used primarily in chemistry instruction, but at each of the other institutions biologists lead the MEIBL teams. The ultimate goal is to use MEIBL to foster increased student engagement, independence, and persistence to course completion with deeper learning outcomes at each institution.
A significant strength of the MEIBL project is that it combines existing successful strategies, methodologies, and technologies. To establish a level of sustainability for the project, a weeklong workshop was conducted using the "train the trainer" approach to equip faculty at ACU, DMC, and Cal U to deploy the MEIBL strategy and to assist in preparing other faculty at their respective institutions to use MEIBL. During the workshop ACU instructional designers produced podcasts and additional resources for development of an online asynchronous course on the MEIBL approach that will be open to the higher education science community for investigation, analysis, and feedback.9 The opportunity to work with colleagues in various STEM disciplines has been a valuable experience because we each bring different perspectives to the table and have different challenges in implementation.
MEIBL at Cal U
At Cal U the MEIBL approach has been deployed in Genetics, a course taken by all biology and environmental science majors. The inquiry-based curriculum has been in place for several years, and faculty developed a series of video podcasts that cover core techniques. Special challenges in implementation are the large number of nontraditional and commuting students and students without home Internet access. To address this difficulty, all students enrolled in the course received an iPod touch, with iPads available to use during class.
Although Genetics is not an entry-level course, Cal U students show variations in the amount of laboratory experience due to differences in the course sequence requirements for each major. An attractive aspect of the MEIBL approach in the Cal U environment is that it provides a means of supporting students with different degrees of expertise and allows them to view video podcasts when they reach the point of needing to learn a new technique. This circumvents the difficulties associated with either demonstrating all techniques at the beginning of the laboratory or waiting until most of the class is ready to move on before demonstrating a new technique.
During the fall 2011 semester Cal U offered two Genetics laboratory sections; one taught using the MEIBL approach and one using the same inquiry-based curriculum paired with traditional lecture/demonstration. Comparison of data for these two cohorts will allow assessment of the impact of the MEIBL approach on the depth of student learning and engagement.
MEIBL at DMC
In the spring 2006 semester at DMC, biology classes for majors began using inquiry-based laboratory exercises. The students reported that they developed a better conceptual understanding of data collection and processing of data using statistics than they did in their traditional bio-statistics class. From these beginnings faculty at DMC have worked to deliver enhanced inquiry-based experiences to beginning undergraduates in the classroom in an effort to expose them to the excitement of true scientific discovery as early as possible. Biology students at DMC are experiencing the MEIBL strategy for teaching laboratory techniques and concepts for the first time during the fall 2011 semester.
The MEIBL-earmarked DMC laboratory courses are using iPads preloaded with podcasts demonstrating critical laboratory techniques. Weekly assessments during the first weeks of implementation indicate that the vast majority of students (over 95 percent) strongly agree that the podcasts covering lab techniques are a valuable resource. Faculty and student assistants have noted an elevated level of student excitement and engagement in the MEIBL courses compared to the traditionally mentored science labs. In the long term the DMC MEIBL project team believes MEIBL will engage DMC students and faculty in a common experiment, building a student-faculty community with shared laboratory resources and expertise.
Assessing the Results
Across partner institutions, evaluation of student outcomes will involve measuring learning approaches10 and academic performance. Along with weekly ratings of lab experiences, faculty and students will complete end-of-semester surveys assessing perceptions of program success. Comparison of MEIBL and traditionally structured class sections will be examined at each institution as available, with respect to course completion rates and stability of program enrollment. Cross-institutional comparisons will also be calculated for each assessment methodology.
Data collected during the duration of the NGLC grant should provide insight into the viability of the MEIBL strategy in diverse settings with students from variety of demographic groups. Each partner institution has plans to continue emphasizing student-centered learning environments that encourage deep learning. The DMC-MEIBL project team hopes to leverage mobile learning devices to give students wider access to the basic course content, allowing the classroom to emphasize the core competencies and key concepts. Cal U faculty from a wide array of STEM disciplines are piloting podcasts and considering how they can incorporate inquiry-based instruction to enhance learning. Faculty at ACU continue to fine-tune the MEIBL approach in General Chemistry courses and are gradually introducing elements of the MEIBL approach in upper division courses and chemistry courses for non-majors.
The NGLC granting agency has given the principal investigators at the three institutions the opportunity to spend dedicated time developing curriculum and resources and has provided expertise including assessment support through Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International to assist us as we pursue our goal. We look forward to sharing what we learn during this year of focused research. The initial results look promising.
- Mary B., Nakhleh, John Polles, and Eric Malina, "Learning Chemistry in a Laboratory Environment," in Chemical Education: Towards a Research-based Practice, John K. Gilbert, Onno De Jong, Rosária Justi, David F. Treagust, and Jan H. Van Driel, Eds. (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), pp. 69–94.
- Laura B. Bruck and Marcy H. Towns, "Preparing Students to Benefit from Inquiry-Based Activities in the Chemistry Laboratory: Guidelines and Suggestions," Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 86, No. 7 (July 2009), pp. 820–822.
- Mary Cynthia Barton Powell, Podcast Effectiveness as Scaffolding Support for Students Enrolled in First-Semester General Chemistry Laboratories, PhD thesis (Denton, TX: UNT Libraries, 2010).
- See the "Abilene Christian University: 2008–09 Mobile-Learning Report" (2009) and ACU ConnectEd.
- James R. Yocom and Gretchen L. Anderson, "Production of Effective Media for iPods in the Organic Chemistry Teaching Laboratory,"Abstracts of Papers, 237th ACS National Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, March 22-26, 2009, CHED-016.
- Powell, Podcast Effectiveness.
- Ibid.
- To find more information, see Next Generation Learning Challenges (2010).
- See meibl.org, 2011.
- See also the approaches and study skills inventory for students (ASSIST) deep learning subscale as discussed by Hilary Tait, Noel J. Entwistle, and Velda McCune, "ASSIST: A Re-conceptualization of the Approaches to Studying Inventory," in Improving Students as Learners, Chris Rust, ed. (Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, The Oxford Center for Staff and Learning Development, 1998).
© 2011 Cynthia Powell, Scott Hamm, and Scott Perkins. The text of this EQ article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 license.


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Children on spring break are invited to attend "Flights of Discovery," this Wednesday, April 16 from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. at Floyd Bennett Field's Ryan Visitor Center, where they can learn about airports and planes of the past.
Kids can design their own pilot wings and receive a passport to adventure. Then, visit Hanger B where Floyd Bennett's Historic Aircraft Restoration Project (HARP) volunteers are restoring vintage planes.
Anyone can come and reservations are not required.
To learn more, call (718) 354-4606 or check out Gateway National Park on the web.


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Remove existing hardwood planks to replace with tread
2 Attachment(s)
I have an upstairs balcony whose floor has already been laid. The hardwood is parallel to and against the edge of the supporting wall. Previously there were wood balusters attached to shoe rail tacked onto the floor, and the edge of the floor over the wall was hidden by baseboard. (Hopefully the photos below help make sense of all this.)
I'm putting in iron balusters and what I'd like to have in the end is a stained landing tread underneath them, flush with the floor. This would mean cutting out existing flooring three plank's width to lay the tread in.
Is this possible?
Thanks for any advice.
Looks like you can pry it up. Just be really careful with the third row so that you don't crack the row that is going to stay when you pry it out The tongue goes into the groove in the fourth row and you can easily crack it.
I am assuming you want to add a stair nosing around the perimeter? If so, I would tack something to the floor to use as a guide and cut out the flooring with a circular saw. Then take a router and route a groove into the flooring, then take a piece of spline add it to the groove. This will lock the new nosing into the floors. Then glue and nail in the new nosing. Looks like you will probably need a molding under the nosing as well to hide the drywall. So I would account for this when figuring out where the nosing will sit to be sure you leave enough overhang. Hope this makes sense.
Now I'm thinking I could pry up the first three planks (1.5") and use a 5.5" landing tread. I'd have to rip the tread to get a 4.5" floor width which would leave an inch overhang.
I don't think this would be too difficult but my lumber guy is trying to talk me out of it. :)
On the ones that run parallel if this does in fact fall in like that, you could just remove the boards. On the other ends, you would need probably need to cut it. But at least these are the shorter cuts.
You can get 8 foot aluminum straight edges and use double stick tape to hold it down to the floor to use as a saw guide if you have to cut the floor. Biggest concern will be hitting the fasteners when you cut.
Did the cut a few days ago, fitting the tread now.
The parallel cut was super-easy just pried up the first three planks. The tread I'm using isn't grooved so I was planning on chiseling the tongue off of the boards (i.e., I wasn't too careful to maintain the tongue), but it turns out keeping the tongue intact was simple with a little patience.
The perpendicular cut on the short end was a pain. The circular saw didn't have room to cut the entire length so I tacked a straight-edge to do as much as I could, ripped as much as possible parallel, and used a chisel for the rest. (I'm sure there's a better tool for the job but I don't own it.) Came out pretty nice, although I need to square the cut a tad to get the tread super-flush. Not sure how I'm going to do this yet. (sand?)
Thanks for the tips.
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Archive for November 27, 2010
A Minnesota Farmer Begs Us to Pay Attention to Climate Change
Wow, this is an amazing piece of writing by Jack Hedin, a farmer in Minnesota:
An Almanac of Extreme Weather
THE news from this Midwestern farm is not good. The past four years of heavy rains and flash flooding here in southern Minnesota have left me worried about the future of agriculture in America's grain belt. For some time computer models of climate change have been predicting just these kinds of weather patterns, but seeing them unfold on our farm has been harrowing nonetheless.
In August 2007, a series of storms produced a breathtaking 23 inches of rain in 36 hours. The flooding that followed essentially erased our farm from the map. Fields were swamped under churning waters, which in places left a foot or more of debris and silt in their wake. Cornstalks were wrapped around bridge railings 10 feet above normal stream levels. We found butternut squashes from our farm two miles downstream, stranded in sapling branches five feet above the ground. A hillside of mature trees collapsed and slid hundreds of feet into a field below.
Our farm was able to stay in business only after receiving grants and low-interest private and government loans. Having experienced lesser floods in 2004 and 2005, my family and I decided the only prudent action would be to use the money to move over the winter to better, drier ground eight miles away.
This move proved prescient: in June 2008 torrential rains and flash flooding returned. The federal government declared the second natural disaster in less than a year for the region. Hundreds of acres of our neighbors' cornfields were again underwater and had to be replanted. Earthmovers spent days regrading a 280-acre field just across the road from our new home. Had we remained at the old place, we would have lost a season's worth of crops before they were a quarter grown.
The 2010 growing season has again been extraordinarily wet. The more than 20 inches of rain that I measured in my rain gauge in June and July disrupted nearly every operation on our farm. We managed to do a bare minimum of field preparation, planting and cultivating through midsummer, thanks only to the well-drained soils beneath our new home.
But in two weeks in July, moisture-fueled disease swept through a three-acre onion field, reducing tens of thousands of pounds of healthy onions to mush. With rain falling several times a week and our tractors sitting idle, weeds took over a seven-acre field of carrots, requiring many times the normal amount of hand labor to control. Crop losses topped $100,000 by mid-August.
Americans need to see our experience as a call for national action. The country must get serious about climate-change legislation and making real changes in our daily lives to reduce carbon emissions. The future of our nation's food supply hangs in the balance.
Angry at the TSA? You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet
UPDATED below @9:53 p.m. ET
Here is new video of the TSA's madness that you absolutely must watch:
While you're watching the video, bear in mind that it was obtained by the woman who is being harassed, probably via a FOIA request, and roughly 30 minutes were redacted by the TSA.
This is the harassment and intimidation (and I would suggest, the unlawful detention) of an American citizen in its purest form.
UPDATE: Here is an account of what happened by Stacey Armato, the woman in the video.
Department of Homeland Security Becomes Enforcement Arm of the Entertainment Industry
Think about this for a minute:
In what appears to be the latest phase of a far-reaching federal crackdown on online piracy of music and movies, the Web addresses of a number of sites that facilitate illegal file-sharing were seized this week by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, a division of the Department of Homeland Security.
By Friday morning, visiting the addresses of a handful of sites that either hosted unauthorized copies of films and music or allowed users to search for them elsewhere on the Internet produced a notice that said, in part: "This domain name has been seized by ICE — Homeland Security Investigations, pursuant to a seizure warrant issued by a United States District Court."
In taking over the sites' domain names, or Web addresses, the government effectively redirected any visitors to its own takedown notice.
So, now that we've startedg down this road, where is this going to end? Since when is the Department of Homeland Security in the business of protecting corporation profits?
My imagination could run wild here as to where we're headed.
Another Dumb Bomber
I know terrorism is deadly serious but I can't help but think that the terrorists themselves tend to be pretty darn dumb. I almost feel like when they're successful, it's a fluke or a huge batch of luck.
I mean, first we had "shoe bomber," guy who tried to light his shoes on fire, then we had the 2009 "Christmas bomber" — a guy who had some explosives but didn't know how to put them together. Then we had the guy in Times Square who chould couldn't figure out how to detonate his bomb and now we have a guy in Portland, Oregon who tried to set off a fake bomb.
If these are the "monsters" we're supposed to be terrified of, well, maybe we should scale down those fears a little.
O Canada
Canada is to get a conservative all-news TV channel after the CRTC on Friday granted Quebecor Media a license to launch Sun TV News nationwide.
The upstart cable channel, dubbed Fox News North by liberal critics, has the go-ahead to launch on January 1, 2011, with the moniker Hard News and Straight Talk.
"It (Sun TV News) will aim to challenge conventional wisdom and offer Canadians a new choice and a new voice on TV," Quebecor Media CEO Pierre Karl Peladeau said as the conservative news channel faces stiff competition from existing cable news channels operated by the CBC and CTV networks.
The run-up to the licensing of Sun TV News spurred passionate debate about whether Canadians will embrace a news channel modelled on the successful Fox News Channel in the U.S.
"Hard news and straight talk?" What a joke. That's just about as funny as "fair and balanced."
Anyway, good luck Canada. Fox "News" has infused the U.S. with massive amounts of extreme right-wing propaganda, lies, fear and hate. It has done untold damage in the manipulation of our society. I guarantee it. Your country will not be better for this.


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Italian Spaghetti Squash RecipeRead Reviews Be the first to add a review
5 2 2
This is a unique and easy way to cook spaghetti squash. Be sure the squash is on the small or medium side so that it fits into the slow cooker after being cut in half. —Melissa Brooks, Sparta, Wisconsin
Recommended: 42 Better-for-You Pasta Recipes
- 1 medium spaghetti squash (3 pounds)
- 1 can (14-1/2 ounces) diced tomatoes, undrained
- 1 cup sliced fresh mushrooms
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon dried oregano
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 3/4 cup shredded part-skim mozzarella cheese
- Halve squash lengthwise; discard seeds. Fill with tomatoes and mushrooms; sprinkle with seasonings. Place in an oval 7-qt. slow cooker, tilting one slightly to fit.
- Cook, covered, on low until squash is tender, 6-8 hours. Sprinkle with cheese. Cook, covered, on low until cheese is melted, 10-15 minutes. To serve, cut each half into two portions. Yield: 4 servings.
Originally published as Italian Spaghetti Squash in Taste of Home Everyday Slow Cooker & One Dish Recipes Annual 2009, p82
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Barbados luxury real estate for sale
Barbados Real Estate – Luxury West Coast Villa
An exclusive piece of Barbados real estate, this luxury villa for sale sits on one acre of land within the prestigious Sandy Lane on the West Coast of Barbados.
The exclusive Barbados villa is built on three levels, providing 9,796 sq.ft. of living space. Four guest suites are positioned on the ground floor, along with the spacious reception rooms and formal dining room, all opening to the gardens and pool terrace. There is also a family room, state-of-the-art kitchen and powder room on this level.
The expansive master suite occupies the entire first floor, with balconies overlooking the landscaped gardens. On the basement level are two additional guest suites and a home cinema. A stairway from this level leads out to the garden and pool terrace. In addition, there is a fully quipped laundry room, staff rooms and a garage.
The villa is a truly remarkable property, furnished to a high standard, with Plasma TV's and DVD systems in each bedroom and the family room, as well as a wonderful collection of artwork. The world famous Sandy Lane Beach is just moments away by car, and Sandy Lane property owners enjoy access to the private beach facility adjacent to the Hotel, where parking, changing rooms and sun loungers are provided.
Within a five-minute drive are fine dining restaurants, shopping and other amenities in and around historic Holetown.
This is Barbados luxury real estate at its best.
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(1618-1648) Biggest of the European wars of religion caused by the Protestant Reformation. Broken down into four stages go to http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/thirtyyearswar.html Ends with the Peace of Westphalia which allowed kings and princes to decide if their nations would be Calvinist, Lutheran, or Catholic, begins the decline of the Holy Roman Empire, leaves much of Germany in ruins
1415-1650- Period of huge advances in geographical knowledge and technology. Led by Portugal and Spain will eventually lead to European dominance of the seas
"Rump" normally means the hind end of an animal; its use meaning "remnant" was first recorded in the above context. Since 1649, the term "rump parliament" has been used to refer to any parliament left over from the actual legitimate parliament.
July 1793-1794; the radical phase of the French Revolution; Committee of Public Saftey carries out mass executions to eliminate enemies of the revolution and carry out the creation of a "republic of virtue"
Five-man legislative body established in France following the Reign of Terror; incredibly corrupt and inefficient; overhtrown by Napoleon's coup d'etat in 1799
Period between Napoleon's 1799 overhtrown of the Directory and his ascention to emperor in 1804
Napoleon's attempt to destroy the British economy to make Britain easier to conquer, by disallowing trade between Britain and continental Europe; did not work due to Britains large overseas empire and inconsistancy in implementation across Europe
Founder of Utilitarianism
All mankind is under the dominance of two masters: Pain and Pleasure- Peoples lives are chiefly influenced by these two factors, and a persons day is catergorized by them.
Said that humans are pleasure seeking organisms.
Avoid what gives you pain.
active in french rev. of 1848. Believed in what he calledsocial workshops .a sort of combined co-operative society and trade-union, where the workmen in each trade were to unite their efforts for their common benefit.
the 3rd republic was threatened by the arrival of General Boulanger, popular war minister **
boulanger attempted a coup d'etat w/ monarchist support---> failure ** Results: Boulanger fled the country 2) discredited the monarchists 3)strengthened the republic
Rotten Bouroughs
Maginot Line
-Oct 1925, Germany, France, and Great Britain signed the Locarno Pact in which Germany and France promised to respect their mutual borders, and Germany agreed to accept the permanent demilitarization of the Rhineland.
-As a result Germany joined the League of Nations.
Prime Minister who replaced Neville Chamberlain as leader of Britain following the Munich agreement; led Britain through WWII; delivered inspiring speeches during the Battle of Britain to maintain nationalism; coined the phrase "Iron Curtain" in 1946
French general fled to England to set-up govt in exile
Secret meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill during WWII began the discussion of what the post WWII world would look like; upheld free trade among nations and the right of peole to choose their own government
An organization of nations founded in 1945 to serve as a channel for negotiation and a means of settling international disputes peaceably. Group of UN that has super power – security counsil, they are UN policy, regardless of what everyone else wants. 5 member nations in the security counsil, US, Great Britain, Russia, China, France
Cold War
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An exhaustive study of the VA health system and its administrators has found a pattern of overstating the quality of care, arguably at the expense of veterans. If Congress is under the impression that VA medical care is top notch, it is less motivated to appropriate resources for much-needed improvements.
McClatchy Washington Bureau:
The Department of Veterans Affairs has habitually exaggerated the record of its medical system, inflating its achievements in ways that make it appear more successful than it is, a McClatchy Newspapers study shows.
While the VA's health system has gotten very good marks for a transformation it's undertaken over the past decade, the department also has a habit of overselling its progress in ways that assure Congress and others that the agency has enough resources to care for the nation's soldiers.
The assurances have come at a difficult time for the agency, as a surge in mental health ailments among returning veterans over the last few years has strained the system and a spate of high-profile problems with caring for veterans in the VA and the Department of Defense's Walter Reed Army Medical Center has provoked heightened public scrutiny.


text: Just bought my first car and first Cadillac from Frank Boucher on Saturday, July 10. I love the car but was treated very poorly there. I would not recommend that anyone buy a car from that dealership. First of all the Salesman lied to my face on several occasions. First he told me that the 2005 STS did not come with remote keyless start and only offered me one remote that didnt have a start button on it. Then he told me that it didn't come with keyless entry (The kind where you just walk up and the door unlocks). I did try to believe him because I loved this car so much. I even paid sticker price never hassled him to go down. During the test drive I noticed the headlamp on the drivers side was fogged up but the passengers side was clear. I asked him if I bought the car if he would fix the leaking headlamp and he said yes. I believed him on the keyless start and keyless entry and decided to purchase this car. As soon as I drove it off the lot about 12 miles away the check engine light came on. Then come to find out via the internet after I got home with the car I did have keyless entry but apparently it is common issue called a faulty door antenna and Cadillac knows all about it. So I went outside and tested the passenger side door and bingo it works on that side. Then the daytime yellow running lights go out on the same day I purchased it and instead the automatic headlights come on all the time now even in bright sun. Anyway I took the car back because the salesman sold me a clear coat finish that needed to be put on and while there I went over my new issues with the salesman because he said when I was buying this car, Even though the car is as is we will take care of you for a month." Ha that was a joke only I forgot to laugh because I believed him. So to make a long story short they fixed the check engine light and said the daytime running lights were fixed only they were not fixed. And they said we can't fix your keyless entry because it would cost us $400. And as far as the leaking headlamps they said that the headlamps are vented well guess what I have 1/4 inch of water in the drivers side head lamp that is not true another lie. I am a police officer and deal with people all day that lie to me and knew this guy was lying but was blinded by how much I loved this car. Well I did throughout his business cards out that I was going to hand out to my colleges at work. Now when my cop buddies ask where I got my nice car from I my blood will boil and I will tell them where and exactly what I think of Frank Bucher in Racine. As far as the keyless start they found my other remote and guess what it has keyless start button on it so I pressed it an bingo the car starts. Glad I didn't listen to the service advisor who told me to go get an aftermarket system put in for $350. And for the icing on the cake the salesman told me if I win the lottery I can then afford to fix the faulty door antenna. I know now that they knew these problems existed before they sold me the car because they were the previous and only owner of this car. It was their service loner.


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Law enforcement afloat is out there in strength this holiday weekend in the interest of keeping it safe for the Memorial Day surge in boating on our lakes and rivers.
Area Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources officers during the long holiday weekend, today through Monday, will concentrate on Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley on what's typically the first of three peak boating periods of the year.
Memorial Day, Fourth of July and Labor Day holidays usually muster much of the boating traffic that only turns out for special occasions.
Sgt. Garry Clark, 1st District supervisor for KDFWR law enforcement, said officers would patrol the lakes in heavier than typical numbers, especially to be vigilant for boat operation that would suggest impaired skippers.
Clark said focal points of officers would be to enforce laws against BUI â " boating under the influence. Officers will keep a sharp eye for erratic boat operators who may be intoxicated by alcohol or drugs.
Another emphasis for enforcement officers will be focused on Kentucky's personal flotation device statutes. That is, state law requires that kids under age 12 must wear a life jacket when they are in a moving boat. Regulations also require that a life jacket must be on board for each of others in a boat.
Safety officials urge all boaters to not only have life jackets aboard, but to wear them when on the water. That was the message of the just-completed National Boating Safety Week: No matter how well you swim, a life jacket worn could be a matter of life or death in the event of an accident.
Safety statistics indicate that drowning is the leading cause of death in boating accidents, and overwhelmingly those who die in boating accidents are boat operators and/or passengers who are not wearing life jackets.
Statistics also show a strong correlation between boating accidents and alcohol use.
A Kentucky Lake fatality almost exactly a year ago, however, was another sort of accident, one in which no link to alcohol was seen and in which drowning was not the cause of death.
A Jackson, Mo., man was killed when the boat in which he was riding went between piers and hit the structure of Eggner Ferry Bridge. The outboard motor of the speeding boat struck an unyielding bridge support, flipped back and upward, pivoting into the craft. The motor hit and fatally injured the man in the passenger seat.
n Now in effect, those who seek to take in-person boater education courses in Kentucky must register in advance on-line. The registration is available at the KDFWR website, www.fw.ky.gov under "Boat" and "Boater Education" tabs.
The KDFWR boater education course also can be taken on-line.
n Paducahan Sam Boss crankbaited Kentucky Lake drop-offs for post-spawn fish to win a recent Walmart Bass Fishing League/LBL Division tournament fished out of Kenlake Marina at Aurora.
Boss topped all the Pro Division contenders with a five-bass limit sack weighing 21 pounds, 11 ounces to pocket more than $4,200 for the first-place finish. His victory came with less than a pound of bass weight over the pro runner-up, Kevin Meunier of Lamar, Ind., whose own limit weighed 20-13.
Boss pulled sexy chartreuse-colored Strike King Pro Model 6XD crankbaits over ledges in 15-18 feet of water. He said he fished three locations where he had found fish during practice, effectively catching bass from schools he contacted on two of those open water ledges.
Daniel Fink of Benton was third with a limit weighing 20-1, while another Benton angler, Craig Hipsher was fourth with a limit of 19-11.
Jared McGinnis of Auburn, Ky., won in the Co-Angler Division, catching a five-bass limit weighing 18-10. David Loyall of Louisville was second with 17-10, and Stephen Barga of Benton was third among co-anglers with a 17-3 limit.
n Those who applied for quota elk hunting permits in Kentucky this autumn can find out if they were drawn for hunts by going to the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources website, www.fw.ky.gov and clicking on the "Elk Hunt Draw Results" tab.
A total of 1,000 general hunt permits and 10 youth permits are being issued among 39,935 applicants who entered 69,191 applications for hunts.
To check to see if one was successful, an applicant must enter his or her 19-digit confirmation number or Social Security number and date of birth on the website.
n Catches were light, but the Wingo fishing team of DeWayne and Reed McCord was near the top of the heap when Crappie USA recently held its qualifying tournament on Cave Run Lake near Morehead.
The McCords were runners-up in the Semi-Pro Division with 3.45 pounds of crappie culled from 25 fish caught trolling jigs and crankbaits in 20 feet of water.
Winners in the division were Tim and Reba Cleary of Pikeville, who sacked more than 90 fish from which they culled a seven-fish limit weighing 4.22 pounds. They cast jigs over natural cover to fish in 12-18 feet for the first-place catch.
Amateur Division winners Kris and Terry Mann of Mt. Sterling had the heaviest catch of the day, a limit weighing 4.40 pounds.
Steve Vantreese is a freelance outdoors writer. E-mail outdoors news items to firstname.lastname@example.com or phone 270-575-8650.
Check out these recently discussed stories and voice your opinion...


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[Author Index]
Re: Re: bug report: MoebiusMu sum
On 8 Nov 2008, at 17:59, mark mcclure wrote:
>> On 6 Nov 2008, at 18:06, Jan Irigi Olsina wrote:
>>> Sum[MoebiusMu[k]/k Zeta[0],{k,1,inf}]
>>> returns 0 in Mathematica 6.0.0.
>>> On the other hand
>>> NSum[MoebiusMu[k]/k Zeta[0],{k,1,inf}]
>>> gives particular numerical result different from 0
> and
> On Nov 7, 5:58 am, Andrzej Kozlowski <a... at mimuw.edu.pl>
> responded:
>> Actually, it seems the other way around - the bug is in NSum.
> I'm not sure if I would even call this a "bug" in NSum, but
> rather a known fact that the algorithms in NSum don't work
> so well when the summand is oscillating in an essentially
> unpredicatable way. We can also deduce that the exact Sum
> is probably correct, without using any high-powered number
> theory (although, I certainly looked it up and found it to
> be a very nice theorem). According to the documentation:
> You should realize that with sufficiently pathological
> summands, the algorithms used by NSum can give wrong
> answers. In most cases, you can test the answer by
> looking at its sensitivity to changes in the setting
> of options for NSum.
> In this case, the result varies greatly when the NSumTerms
> option is increased; an error message is also returned for
> large values of NSumTerms.
> We might also check
> NSum[MoebiusMu[k]/k, {k, 1, 10000}]
> vs
> N[Sum[MoebiusMu[k]/k, {k, 1, 10000}]]
> and note the difference.
> Incidently, the documentation indicates that N[Sum[...]]
> calls NSum; this is evidently false.
> Mark McClure
I suppose the "bug" issue reduces to the question whether NSum should
not start by "asking" Sum if the exact answer is known, at least in
the cases " when the summand is oscillating in an essentially
unpredicatable way", or perhaps issue some warning message rather than
taking the simple and fast route and returning a wrong answer.
Andrzej Kozlowski


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I did this column on the incident.
Frankly, a lot of bad could have come from this. I see there is a spirited discussion, and this is good. Do I think any charges will come from this? I'm not a fan of the Clark County prosecutor's office, but it probably isn't going to go after a mom who was protecting herself and her child.
The guy in this caper is pretty lucky. Say she had plugged him. Guy on the ground plugged, pants down, cops show up.... Who do you think the police are going to believe, eh?
What does a woman do when a man exposes himself?
Youre a mom on an evening walk with your 6-year-old son and you are suddenly approached aggressively by a man who exposes himself and then suggests that you stand there and watch whats next, so what do you do?
What should a woman do when a man exposes himself? - Seattle gun rights | Examiner.com


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An electiion was held in Pakistan. OK, some people died, but there was an election and the man who received the most votes did win. OK, so maybe he received some votes that he did not really gain, but the election proceeded to a logical conclusion. Imran Khan, whose new party secured 30 seats accepts the triumph of Nawaz Sharif even though there was evidence of voter fraud. Khan did make clear his party would issue a formal complaint about vote rigging, but it is clear that Sharif did obtain a majority of the votes.
What is the end result of this election? Nawaz Sharif is now the prime minister. He can do something. Of course, the question is what will he do. Frankly, if Jesus Christ himself got elected there would still be chaos in Pakistan and violence would continue. No candidate offered a plan, no candidate has a clue to end violence. Four more years of death and destruction and continued poverty.


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Additional information
|Donation Level
$1000, $500, $250, $100, $50, $25, $10, Other
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This fund was established to aid in the recovery of injured or orphaned Florida panthers as well as other panther conservation needs. The Florida Panther Fund is an important resource that will give the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) flexibility to deal with rare, unplanned and non-budgeted events.
The costs associated with panther care varies from as little as $400 per month to care for 3 young kittens recently orphaned after the death of their mother, to as much as $3000 per month to repair the broken leg of Florida Panther #65. You can rest assured knowing that your donation to this fund will help save the Florida panther.
To learn more about the elusive, endangered Florida Panther, please visit Florida Panther Net.
Please choose your Donation Level below. If you wish to donate On Behalf Of or In Memory of someone, please provide that information in the form below. This form is optional. When you are finished, select "Add To Cart" and proceed to checkout. For assistance, call 850-922-1066 or click here to email. If you wish to pay by check, please send to Fish & Wildlife Foundation of Florida, P.O. Box 11010, Tallahassee, Florida 32302.
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Arc the Lad Episode 18 English Subbed
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The conviction of three men who attempted to destroy at least seven transatlantic airliners, murdering more than 1,500 people, throws up new questions about the fate of the man said to have been one of the masterminds behind the plot — Rashid Rauf.
Despite Rauf's being a key figure in al-Qaida's most ambitious conspiracy against the west since 9/11, Pakistani officials maintain that he escaped in December 2007 after police took him from court to a mosque in Rawalpindi, where they say he was allowed to pray alone before escaping from a back door.
British diplomats in the country say they accept the official account of his escape, but Rauf's relatives in the Ward End area of Birmingham, and his lawyer in Islamabad, the Pakistani capital, dismiss it as utterly implausible. Why, they ask, would a man who was of such great interest to the United States and the UK be guarded in a manner that was certain to end in his escape? Was he abducted and taken back into the custody of one of Pakistan's notorious agencies? And what role, they ask, did the British and Americans play in whatever happened to him?
Shortly after the "escape", Rauf's lawyer predicted that his death would be announced in due course. Eleven months later, Islamabad announced that Rauf and two other militants had been killed in a missile strike from an unmanned US drone flying over north Waziristan, near the Afghan border.
The mountainous region is so remote and lawless that it was impossible for independent observers to verify the claim. In Birmingham, however, his family are known to be deeply sceptical, and some of Rauf's associates believe he may already have been dead for some time.
Rauf had fled to Pakistan in 2002, one step ahead of West Midlands police, who want him in connection with the murder of an uncle. He was detained in August 2006, shortly before the airline plotters were rounded up at addresses across the south-east of England.
Before his "escape" the following year, Rauf told his lawyer he had suffered appalling torture, being beaten and subjected to electric shocks, and that he had been held for months in a cell that was so small that when he lay on his back his knees could touch the ceiling. He has also said British officials questioned him after Pakistani agents tortured him.


text: From time to time I need to look up a NBA rule like on the draft seating. LOL So I thought I would start a thread where forum members could ask questions to other members about NBA rules that they may have a question about. I do actually have a rules question. Does the 3 second rule on offense apply on an inbounds play? That is, can the team on offense be called for a 3 second violation if they have a player in the 3 second lane for 3 seconds on an inbounds play, if the player is in the lane for 3 seconds before the ball is passed in play?


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Shooters Arms Military Pistol, Cal. .45 ACP
"When chance meets the prepared mind."
Its made in the Philippines, but not by Armscor. Its been noted that the slide are forged not cast, but I can't verify that and ' really don't care. It has a rougher finish than the Armscor guns, based on the ones I've handled at the shows.
There are two poster's here, IIRC, that owns one and had some favorable comments on it.
And, yes, its a series 70 1911 design. They also offer a widebody model.
I saw a few Century Arms imported SAM 5" 1911 at last week's gun show for $300. Definitely rougher than the RIA.
IMHO get the new RIA "Tactical" and may not be able to tell it from your Kimber with your eyes closed. These run a bit under $400 here.
Your commitment to Freedom is measured by your tolerence of others doing things you disapprove.
Yes Bro, SAM slides and barrels are machined from 4140 steel billet, while Frame and other parts are investment cast 4140. I have two units of SAM, an Scout model (1911-9mm commander model) and Military .45 fullsize Govt model. both shoot well and reliably out of the box but Sam magazines is inferior are made of soft sheet metal that deforms easily and I have replaced them with two chip mc cormick mag (8 rounds)
I picked up a shooters arms SAM-1911 Military .45 ACP a couple days ago (distributed by Century Arms), and for a brand that I knew nothing about, I have to say its the best handgun I've ever used out of the box with all stock equipment...
Out of 300rds., not 1 jam (tried 3 different brands of ammo, 1 box of cheapies, no jam, and 2 boxes of decent stuff, no jams). Accurate as hell even shooting from all sorts of stances and angles.
I ditched my Ruger P345 after only owning it for a month last year, as it was too compact, jammed frequently, and felt like a toy.... And I was shocked to see a colt-1911 clone from a rather unknown company actually outperform a much-respected pistol like the Ruger's. The P345 was very attractive, but fired like crap... no matter what clip or ammo I used.
The style of the SAM-1911 cought my attention... very rugged, very classic combat look, no frill or unneeded b.s.... perfect weight, great feel... I was comapring it to a Taurus 45 (24 7 i think) they had which actually resembled the ruger i used to own, and was in the same price range. The only thing I can't get past is how the hand grips look... very basic and kinda plastic feeling. a definitive upgrade thats needed... thats probably the only complaint with the gun... but a cheapy upgrade
I paid $415 for the SAM-1911, and $400 for the ruger p345 over a year ago (both brand new)... and I have to say I should have picked up a 1911A1 long before that ruger (though im sure theres better rugers, but for my first, it was a letdown)
I'd heard some complaints about the clip... but didnt experience any severe loading issues with it. I do recommended getting an extra clip, but the one that came with it isn't bad (though I can't seem to fit a 7th round in there, though I swore the guy told me it could hold 7rds.). It'd be nice if they had dropped in a extra clip, but no biggie.
The only other thing is the case it comes with... blah... cheapy case, but then again, your not shooting the case, and the gun is what truly matters. I'll just pickup a better case from a flea market or somethin someday.
But the gun is simply stunning. A grade-A .45 ACP model 1911, pure military grade, extremely durable. No complaints other than a couple minors, and definetely one of the better in its league... very serious looking and handles like a beauty.
I can definetely say that I'll pay more attention to Shooters Arms(SAM) guns in the future, and that Century Arms International distributed a a great gun.
Worth every penny
Btw, it seems like this gun is the perfect mod-gun... anyone have any recommendations on upgrades or such? I know a clip and some hand grips, but anything else? I think its awesome out the box, but I want to see just how far I can push it
Last edited by beavermatic; 04-21-2007 at 03:48 PM.
ok, i too own the SAM GI aprox 500 rds thru it only use 230gr FMJ like Saint JMB intended. 'not one malfunction. the FFL that ordered it for me threw in an extra mag, GI. it was $301 OTD in 2003. except for the markings it looks just as good as my Colt 1991. i only put a patch thru the bore, prior to shooting, and thats it. it has worked great, the SAM mag has worked great, the shooter malfunctions
i can no longer shoot well due to physical reasons. a hit on a paper plate at 10 yds i call a flyer...ya i am that bad now. i am at the stage were if i can throw wome lead down range i am happy. so i cannot attest to the guns accuracy.
i highly reccomend SAM's if you don't like it, you can always sell or trade for another.
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|Benjamin Smith <li...@benjamindsmith.com>
|High volume couchDB?
|Thu, 18 Jun 2009 02:46:29 GMT
I recently ran across this project while doing research into Erlang for High Availability, from what I can see, this project may be exactly what I've been looking for. We've been using a clustered filesystem API for our large php application to keep files and related, semi-structured data. It was developed in-house. We see perhaps 250,000 file operations per day, with 3 nodes to store data. Think: Server-level RAID 1. Total data size is ~ 1 TB, with about 50% growth per year. What I'm looking for: 1) Ability to store misc files. (Mixed: PDFs, JPGs, iso images, text files, etc) 2) Ability to store related metadata close by (time stamp, ownership data, application-specific data, etc) We do this now by having a "sister" file with the data in PHP format serialized with a ".mdt" extension. 3) Redundancy: zero data loss in the event of a server failure. We achieve this now by having our own, developed-in-house file server daemon running under xinet.d. Conceptually, it's similar to WebDAV, but lighter weight. 4) Failover: ability to keep working even with partial cluster failure. 5) Healing: ability to get "back together" when downed servers are restored. 6) Performance that degrades gracefully: What happens when the screws get put to CouchDB? What kinds of loads can it sustain given mid-range hardware? 7) Backups off-site: Disaster Recovery plans, currently we're using rsync run nightly. 8) Reliability: It should "just work" without needing regular babysitting. Am I right in reading that CouchDB accomplishes all/most/many of these goals? If not all of them, which would need watching? Thanks! -- This message has been scanned for viruses and dangerous content by MailScanner, and is believed to be clean.
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Maps are one way to organize information in ways that helps us understand relationships in nature. Maps provide directions from Point A to Point B, but they also:
- Illuminate relationships between trees and topography
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- Support biodiversity investigations
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Map making is both art and science. We invite you to investigate the maps in this section to gain a better understanding about nature. If you have ideas for new maps or new ways of arranging map based information please let us know. We are always searching for better ways of communicating information about Bernheim graphically.


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Spacecraft Finds New Evidence for Water Ice on Mercury
Washington DC (SPX) Nov 30, 2012
New observations by the MESSENGER spacecraft provide compelling support for the long-held hypothesis that Mercury harbors abundant water ice and other frozen volatile materials in its permanently shadowed polar craters. Three independent lines of evidence support this conclusion: the first measurements of excess hydrogen at Mercury's north pole with MESSENGER's Neutron Spectrometer, the first measurements of the reflectance of Mercury's polar deposits at near-infrared wavelengths with the Mercury ... read more
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2010 collection of solo recordings from the former Beatle, released to coincide with what would have been his 70th birthday. Power To The People: The Hits gathers 15 of Lennon''s most popular songs, digitally remastered and restored to John''s original audio mixes


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Degree or Program Details
Secondary Education Spanish Minor
Students minoring in Spanish education must maintain a grade point average of 2.70 or greater with no grade below a "C" in the professional education sequence, the major and/or minors and required cognates combined.
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Making memories has never been simpler than with Click a Pic. Our Phoenix photo booth rental team brings the booths to your event. We stay to make sure you and your guests are having fun. Don't worry about posing for the formal event photos! Personalize your pictures with props and let your guests do the rest!
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We offer a variety of packages for different occasions. Whether you're looking to celebrate a wedding, birthday, quincinera, corporate event or mitzvah, we're proud to be your Phoenix photo booth provider. Having a photo booth on your special day is a simple way to create a fun and inviting atmosphere for your guests.
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They were devised for counting the leukocytes in the same specimen with the red corpuscles.
The leukocytes are commonly normal in number and relative proportions.
Decrease in number of leukocytes, or leukopenia, is not important.
The leukocytes must first be washed in several changes of normal salt solution to free them from any adherent plasma or serum.
The leukocytes are counted with the Thoma-Zeiss instrument, already described.
Phagocytosis or the destruction of the invading organisms within the leukocytes.
Most striking is the immense increase in number of leukocytes.
Microscopically, there are great numbers of leukocytes, often much degenerated.
Increase in number of leukocytes is common and of great importance.
In general, the response of the leukocytes to chemotaxis is a conservative process.
leukocyte leu·ko·cyte or leu·co·cyte (lōō'kə-sīt')
See white blood cell.
|leukocyte also leucocyte
See white blood cell.


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Im planning on using my "Raspberry Pi" as a Portable Touchable Device.
I wanted to know if there already is a on screen keyboard that by touching on a textbox it will automatically pop up.
And i wanted to know if it´s possible that via Touch is possible to make clic by touching two times the screen rather than once, because if you want to move the mouse without making clic is currently impossible for me via touch.
On screen keyboard
4 posts
- Posts: 1
- Joined: Tue Jan 08, 2013 12:16 am
Let me try to understand what you want. You want an on-screen keyboard that pops up when you need to make a text input (like on Android), but you want the keyboard to work such that it requires 2 taps to make a keystroke?
- Posts: 99
- Joined: Sat Dec 22, 2012 8:09 pm
- Location: Calgary, AB, Canada
This sounds like a candidate for an app that could hit the PiStore if someone wrote it.
My favorite programming language is a soldering iron.
- Posts: 29
- Joined: Sat Nov 24, 2012 4:02 pm
And made a touch screen digitiser for whatever you're using as a screen......
Don't judge Linux by the Pi.......
I must not tread on too many sacred cows......
I must not tread on too many sacred cows......


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Is it okay to breastfeed as well as give your baby formula?
I have a godsister that recently gave birth. She has breastfed her son for the first 3 months of his life, but she'll be going back to work soon and she wants to bottle feed him. She's pretty much weened him off of the breast (only breastfeeds at night) and feeds him breast milk from the bottle. But she's not really producing enough milk to keep him satisfied. Would it be okay to give him one or two bottles per day that are formula, or is 100% breast milk the best way to go?


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So I've decided to try my hand at sculpting a Valkyrie from a concept art I did.
This is the concept art.
Not the best but I'm working on it haha
Anyway, back to the sculpt.
I used a female base mesh that I did myself and then layered on the armour pieces. Here is what I have so far.
Any thoughts on it thus far??


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My Top 16 Books of 2016
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1 Star - Completely awful! I don't like it. At all. I couldn't even finish it!
1.5 Star - Awful! A tiny part of the book is promising but NOPE, I will not recommend.
2 Stars - Has little potentials but too many negative factors affect my general feelings toward it.
2.5 Stars - Promising yet not good enough to draw me in. Some parts of the book are a total bummer.
3 Stars - Good and although some portions don't impress me, I will still recommend it.
3.5 - Good and likable, with some significant flaws. Will recommend.
4 Stars - Well-written and enjoyable! There are some issues but they can be overlooked. Will recommend!
4.5 Stars - Amazing and compelling! It's unputdownable. There is a tiny flaw but it does not matter because of the overall enjoyment I experience. Will highly recommend.
5 Stars - Utterly brilliant, unforgettable, and a re-read worthy! It's a book that definitely gives me a book-hangover. Will highly recommend!
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The McCracken County Fiscal Court passed an updated alcohol ordinance that abolishes a 60-plus year old law Monday night, but members indicated that they will reinstitute a ban on election day sales.
The measure approved Monday ensures that the county will continue to receive liquor license fees, which are set to increase statewide. The Kentucky legislature passed new beverage control licensing requirements last year, which allows election day sales. If the entire measure had been rejected, the new state laws would go into effect countywide and McCracken would lose out on the increase in ABC fees and election day sales would be legal, according to deputy county clerk Lyne Dickey.
She said if the court passed the full ordinance, the county wouldn't lose out on revenue when license renewals begin March 1. Then the law can be further tweaked by each county. In McCracken, the court could add the stipulation that the sale of alcoholic beverages from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. on election days is prohibited, mirroring the previous legal text. Commissioners passed the motion unanimously, with Jerry Beyer serving as judge pro-tem due to Judge-Executive Van Newberry's absence due to sickness.
Three county residents spoke during a public forum against election day sales, citing the impact on decision-making skills and the increased chance for wrecks caused by consumption. Jim Lewis Sr. spoke for the second consecutive meeting.
"Do the right thing because you know it's the right thing to do," he told the court.
Susan Hobbs agreed, asking, "They are going to buy it anyway, but why do they have to buy it during those hours?"
Following the vote, Commissioner Zana Renfro asked to add the first reading of an amendment to restrict sales during election days to the next Fiscal Court agenda. Beyer also voiced support for continuing the ban on sales for those specific days. Commissioners couldn't add the amendment during Monday's meeting because the component hadn't been advertised, according to County Attorney Mike Murphy.
He said the court would have to hear a first and second reading of the motion to re-ban election day sales during subsequent advertised meetings, hold a public forum and then vote on the change. The court has until early May to complete the process, with the first primary set for May 20. The clerk's office would need about two weeks to notify the 18 affected businesses if the amendment passed.
In other meeting business, the court approved the addition of a public forum for the name change of Parker Avenue to Crider Avenue in McCracken County to the next meeting agenda. The alteration was requested by the street's lone resident who cited confusion with two other Parker Roads in the area, according to road supervisor Perry Mason.
Mason also reported that the county streets are 99 percent clear of snow and ice and the department has 70 ons of salt and 250 tons of sand in reserve. He said that amount should sustain the county through several additional minor weather events.
Renfro made a motion that was passed unanimously to inform county directors and department leaders to monitor compensatory time weekly and have employees use that time during the same pay period.
Another motion was added to use radios currently in inventory for new coroner and sheriff's department vehicles.
The court also approved Joe Parmley as the interim director of the animal shelter effective Feb. 1, added three temporary part-time employees and changed the status of a temporary part-time employee to temporary full-time. The appointments could end or be changed following the court's planned reorganization of the shelter. The previous full-time employees - director Leslie Hannan and employee Becky Powell - retired at the end of January.
An animal shelter workshop is set from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. Monday at the courthouse.
Contact Kathleen Fox, a Paducah Sun staff writer, at 270-575-8651 or follow @kathleendfox on Twitter.
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UPDATE: Barton family eviction protest heads to City Hall
Mayor Murray issues statement; Orders police to wait until court proceedings are resolved
UPDATE 9:00pm
Mayor Murray responded with a statement on the Barton family situation via the web.
"We are attempting to understand all options that may exist in this situation and I have asked Chief O'Toole and the Seattle Police Department to stand by while the latest court proceedings unwind.
An interdepartmental team has been working on the issue of foreclosure and how the City of Seattle can proactively connect residents to resources early in the process. I've pledged the City of Seattle's participation in the Mayors Challenge to End Veteran Homelessness in 2015, and will launch a separate process to address homelessness and increase housing affordability in the months ahead, one of my visions toward making Seattle an affordable city.
In Washington State, we've seen recent victories such as the 2011 Washington State Foreclosure Fairness Act, which I worked on closely, designed to help homeowners and their lenders explore alternatives to foreclosure and reach a resolution when possible. I'm committed to working with all stakeholders, using this and other alternatives in the work Seattle does on housing affordability."
- See more at: http://murray.seattle.gov/mayor-murrays-statement-on-barton-foreclosure/...
Original Post
Meeting just outside the Mayor's office at City Hall, protestors for S.A.F.E. (Standing Against Foreclosure and Eviction) held a press conference to ask that the City of Seattle stand down, and more precisely that Mayor Ed Murray and the Seattle City Council order the police to refrain from arresting Byron and Jean Barton. The Bartons were evicted from their home last week by King County Sheriff's deputies in accordance with an eviction notice from Triangle Properties LLC.
Protests at the home by S.A.F.E. members and others blocked authorities from taking the disabled Vietnam Veteran to the hospital (where he was offered shelter for 5 weeks), so he was put on the sidewalk, the locks changed on the home. Access was later gained to the home and he and others have chained themselves to his hospital bed hoping to prevent either eviction or arrest.
Police did visit the home and the Bartons were assured they would not be arrested (despite the fact that police say they are committing the crime of criminal trespassing), until such time as a determination could be made as to how to best serve everyone's rights in the matter.
Speaking on behalf of S.A.F.E. Joshua Sturman read the letter to the media:
"Byron Barton is a disabled Vietnam Veteran who has lived in his home at 6548 41st Ave. S.W. for 61 years. He has lived there since he was two years old. On April 11th, he and his wife, Jean has their home fraudulently foreclosed upon, and they now locked in a civil land dispute with Triangle Properties LLC. The ownership of the property is being disputed in state court. The Bartons should be allowed to remain in the home until the court has decided on this matter.
Triangle Properties is pressuring the authorities to evict the Barton family before the court has ruled. They have no right to do this. It would be criminal to see the Barton's house bulldozed while they are wating for the court to rule on who has legal ownership of the property. The Barton family and the members of Standing Against Foreclosure and Eviction, SAFE, are here to call on Mayor Murray to prevent Seattle Police Department involvement in this matter until the courts can make their decision.
Jean Barton works part-time as a social worker, and spends the rest of her time as Byron's primary care giver. Byron Barton is unable to eat, drink or leave his bed due to a stroke he suffered from two years ago. He needs constant medical attention that is currently being provided for him in his house by his wife and children.. His care and living environment are in stable condition, but an eviction or trespassing arrest would be potentially life threatening. Byron should be allowed to stay in his house for his own health and safety.
We ask that you, Mayor Murray, immediately instruct Chief O'Toole to order the police not to participate in any eviction or trespassing arrest until the Court has made a decision regarding ownership of the property and all appeals are exhausted.
We also ask that you begin to discuses anti-foreclosure legislation with members of the City Council. We know that Kshama Sawant and Nick Licata, in particular, are eager to explore options which will keep Seattleites in their homes."
SAFE also later attended the Seattle City Council meeting and shared a letter expressing similar sentiments.
Attempts to reach Mohammed Daher of Triangle Properties LLC, seeking a statement or response to this matter were unsuccessful.
The Mayor's office indicated they would likely have a statement of some kind on this matter soon.
We encourage our readers to comment. No registration is required. We ask that you keep your comments free of profanity and keep them civil. They are moderated and objectionable comments will be removed.


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Clare Fire Service Issues Christmas Fire Safety Appeal
Clare County Fire and Rescue Service is urging members of the public to put fire safety at the top of their Christmas lists this year.
24 of the call-outs related to chimney fires while firefighters also attended 4 house fires. The majority of emergency call-outs were attended by Ennis Fire Brigade (26), followed by Shannon (8), Scarriff (5), Killaloe / Kilrush (3), Ennistymon (2) and Kilkee (1).
The call-out figures for the period December 20th to January 3rd were less than those recorded during the corresponding periods in 2009 and 2010, when the Fire Service was mobilised to 81 and 64 incidents respectively.
Mayor of Clare Councillor Pat Daly urged members of the public to familiarise themselves with the fire safety advice, which may be viewed on the Clare County Council website at www.clarecoco.ie.
The Mayor continued: "Christmas is a time for celebrating with families but it also is a time when extra fire hazards appear such as fairy lights, candles, open fires and decorations. I encourage householders across County Clare to think about fire safety ahead of and during the Christmas period to avoid the risk of their Christmas being ruined."
The main causes of fire during the festive season are candles left unprotected, fairylights left on all night or improperly wired, Christmas trees falling over, open fires without fireguards, and decorations catching fire.
According to Adrian Kelly, Chief Fire Officer: "Open fires are used for longer periods during the Christmas period as people spend a lot more time at home. Electrical items and extension leads are used more. Add in flammable decorations, candles and alcohol and it becomes apparent that the risks increase during the festive season."
"Clare County Fire and Rescue Service wishes everyone a safe Christmas and a happy New Year. We wish to remind members of the public to brief themselves with our safety tips to ensure that their holidays are not ruined by fire incidents," he added.
- Install a smoke alarm and check it weekly.
- Always use a proper candleholder and make sure the candle fits firmly inside it. Leave plenty of space above and around the candle and candleholder
- Keep candles away from curtains, Christmas cards and anything that can catch fire
- Never leave candles unattended or go to sleep when they are alight
- Make sure your Christmas tree has a good base or is attached to the wall. Remember that trees dry out and make very good fuel to start a fire.
- Be careful with any decorations placed near the fireplace
- Visit any elderly neighbours. Smoke alarms make good presents as they are for life…saving life.
In the event of a fire in your home "Get Out, Stay Out And Call the Fire Brigade Out". The Fire Service can be contacted by dialling 999/112.
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Home >> Red Orange Embroidery Floral Pattern Hand Strap Knitting Smartphone Pouch Bag
|Product Name
|Phone Pouch
|Woolen Yarn,Polyester,Nylon
|Closure Type
|Button Closure
|Fit for Phone Size
|13 x 6.5cm/5.1" x 2.56"(L*W)
|External Size(Colse)
|14 x 8.2cm/ 5.5" x 3.2" (L*W)
|Strap Girth
|Red, Orange
|Package Content
|1 x Phone Pouch
- Ideal for holding your cellphone.
- Keep your Phone safe and clean, and protect the screen from scratches when placing them in the handbag with other things.
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