text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 8, 1994
|Filing date
|Dec 29, 1992
|Priority date
|Jun 3, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kevin M. McIntyre
|Original Assignee
|Mcintyre Kevin M
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (53), Classifications (17), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
There is a microfiche appendix consisting of three microfiche with 203 frames.
This application is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 07/758,783 filed Sep. 12, 1991, now abandoned; which is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 7/563,869 filed Aug. 7, 1990 now abandoned; which is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 07/353,373 filed May 16, 1989 now abandoned; which is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 07/125,561 filed Nov. 25, 1987 now abandoned; which is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 06/740,524 filed Jun. 3, 1985 now abandoned, the whole of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates in general to evaluating the mechanical performance of the heart, and more particularly concerns novel apparatus and techniques for making this evaluation with relatively inexpensive apparatus. This apparatus is relatively easy to operate by relatively unskilled personnel to achieve reliable results. The system can be adapted to be suitable for use in the office of an individual medical practitioner, or other medical or non-medical locations using noninvasive techniques. Such techniques offer no discomfort to the patient being evaluated, while providing a reliable indication of mechanical heart pumping performance
The present invention represents an improvement of the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,776,221 granted Dec. 4, 1973, to Dr. Kevin M. McIntyre, Esq. entitled DETECTING IMPAIRED HEART MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE AND APPARATUS THEREFORE. This patent discloses establishing the time derivative of the systemic arterial pulse pressure at a control level in the subject patient. The patient performs a straining maneuver, such as a Valsalva maneuver, while the time derivative of the systemic arterial pulse pressure signal is recorded. Preferably, the systemic arterial pulse pressure, mean pressure, heart rate and left ventricular ejection time are also established, and can be interpreted so that the presence or absence of impairment in the performance of the left ventricle can be detected.
It is an important object of this invention to provide improved apparatus and techniques for evaluating mechanical heart performance.
According to the invention, there is provided an apparatus having transducing means for noninvasive placement near the skin of a patient for providing an electrical pulse signal representative of systemic arterial pulse pressure and pressure applying means, such as an inflatable cuff, for applying pressure through the transducing means for establishing pressure on the skin adjacent the transducing means within the range of substantially above diastolic pressure to half diastolic pressure. I have found that comparison of measurements obtained in this pressure range, especially at pressures substantially above diastolic, provides increased information compared to use of pressures outside this range. There is preferably a pressure source coupled to the pressure applying means for providing pressure to the latter. There is means for displaying a pulse signal characteristic of the electrical pulse signal which in turn reflects the arterial systolic signal, preferably displaying an indication of an aspect of each pulse beat and an indication of the time interval between consecutive pulse beats. There is preferably expiration means for receiving expired air from a patient to be evaluated comprising a confined volume with a small aperture for releasing the expired air and pressure sensing means coupled to the confined volume for providing an electrical air pressure signal representative of the pressure established in the confined volume by the expiring patient. Preferably, there is display means for providing an indication of the air pressure signal as a function of time.
According to a method of the invention, the transducing means is placed adjacent the skin, preferably against a digit. Pressure is applied to the skin at least in part through the transducing means, preferably with an inflatable cuff surrounding the digit and transducing means. Preferably, there is a pressure source coupled to the cuff, such as a sphygmomanometer bulb coupled through a hose including a valve that may be closed when a desired pressure is reached, typically determined by observing a pressure indicator, to establish a base level of the pulse signal.
In some preferred embodiments, the patient is subject to a heart straining maneuver. In one maneuver, termed, Valsalva, the patient blows into the expiration means until the pressure indicating means indicates air pressure in the confined volume within a predetermined range, typically 30 to 50 mm of mercury, for a predetermined time interval, typically 8 to 20 seconds, during this straining maneuver, such as phases I and II of a Valsalva maneuver. The patient then breathes normally while the transduced pulse signals are recorded during phases III and IV of a Valsalva maneuver and response for a brief period thereafter. The signals may be processed to provide an indication of one or more of the heart rate, pressure or displacement time derivative of the pressure or displacement signal, integral of the pressure or displacement signal, peak pressure, mean pressure and diastolic pressure, and times to the occurrence of certain events, such as time to maximum and minimum signal amplitudes, and impulse rates, as they occur in the course of Valsalva maneuver, and the response to it, and other interventions, alone, or in combination. One or more of a display of these signals for the four phases of the Valsalva maneuver may be observed to determine an evaluation of the mechanical performance of the heart. An alternative maneuver is the Mueller maneuver, where the patient inhales to create a negative pressure on the chest.
In other preferred embodiments the method further comprises the step of subjecting the patient to a second and also a third heart straining maneuver; the heart straining maneuver is principally a Valsalva maneuver or a Mueller maneuver but may be other maneuvers or interventions, alone or in combination including, a handgrip exercise, or other exercise, causing the patient to change position (lie supine, stand, etc.), causing the patient to raise his/her legs, immersing one arm of the patient in ice water, subjecting the patient to psychological stress, such as solving mathematical problems, administering a drug to the patient, performing balloon angioplasty or performing coronary artery bypass grafting; most preferably the drug is chosen from a nitrate, a calcium channel blocker or a B-adrenergic receptor blocker, and a second or third or other maneuvers are after the detecting step and the method further comprises detecting the change in pulse signal after the second or third or other maneuvers relative to the pulse signal during a base period during, a base, before the second, third or subsequent maneuvers.
In another method of the invention, the mechanical condition of the heart is evaluated by noninvasively providing a pulse signal representative of arterial pulsation by placing pressure sensitive transducing means, for providing an electrical signal representative of pressure, in contact with the skin of a patient while applying pressure at least in part through the pressure sensitive transducing means to adjacent skin at a controlled pressure within the range of substantially just above the diastolic pressure of the patient and a pressure of substantially half of the diastolic pressure, without subjecting the patient, whose blood pressure is being characterized by the pulse signal, to a heart straining maneuver, and detecting the pulse signal, or subjecting the patient to maneuvers other than the breathing maneuvers, such as isometric exercise.
According to another feature of the invention, the pressure sensitive transducing means may comprise a plurality of transducers at a corresponding plurality of skin locations, such as different fingers, at a corresponding plurality of controlled pressures.
Numerous other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a combined pictorial-block diagram illustrating the logical arrangement of a system according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a typical pulse signal just before, during, and following a Valsalva maneuver for a normal or "sinusoidal" response, showing, among other things, a rate increase in phase II over baseline, a rate decrease in phase IV over baseline, and the increase in amplitude in phase IV relative to baseline, referred to as an "over-shoot."
FIG. 3 is a representation the same as FIG. 2 except for an intermediate response with no overshoot in phase IV;
FIG. 4 is a representation similar to FIG. 2 except representative of an abnormal or "square wave" response;
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of an exemplary embodiment of a transducing assembly for pulse detecting;
FIG. 6 is a plan view of a portion of a metal backed piezoelectric film;
FIG. 7 is a side view partially in section illustrating connections to the piezoelectric film;
FIG. 8 shows a view of a CRT display for helping a patient control expiration pressure;
FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of a normal response to a Valsalva maneuver as recorded by the apparatus of this invention, and a table presenting the pulse amplitude or derivative peak and pulse rate values corresponding to those shown on the graph;
FIGS. 10-17 are graphical representations of responses to Valsalva maneuvers and various interventions as enscribed by the invention. Specifically, FIG. 10 shows the change in display in a patient with abnormal response to the Valsalva maneuver alone (A), with handgrip exercise (B) and with the patient supine (C); FIG. 11 shows the change in display in a patient with abnormal response to Valsalva maneuver alone (A), repeated Valsalva maneuver (B), handgrip exercise (C), and with the patient supine (D); FIG. 12 shows the change in display in a patient with nearly normal response to Valsalva maneuver alone (A), with the patient supine and legs elevated (B), and with the patient supine, with legs elevated and with handgrip exercise (C); FIG. 13 shows the change in display in a patient with abnormal response to Valsalva maneuver thought to be due to an abnormality of growth in the muscle of the heart (A), and five days after treatment with Verapamil, which improves the abnormal condition, followed by the Valsalva maneuver (B); FIG. 14 shows the change in display in an almost normal response to Valsalva maneuver alone (A), with handgrip exercise (B) and with the patient supine, with legs elevated (C); FIG. 15 shows the change in display in a patient with normal response to Valsalva maneuver (A), after repeated Valsalva maneuver (B) and handgrip exercise (C); FIG. 16 shows the change in response in a patient with almost normal response to Valsalva maneuver (A), and after repeated Valsalva maneuvers (B, C, D); FIG. 17 shows the change in display in a patient with nearly normal response to Valsalva maneuver (A, B) with handgrip exercise (C) and with the patient supine (D);
FIG. 18 shows the relationship between pulse amplitude ratio determined noninvasively according to the invention and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP);
FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D show patient conditions involving the use of the invention for detecting a state of dehydration; and
FIGS. 20A, 20B and 20C are diagrammatic representations of normal responses beside abnormal responses indicating systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction and combinations thereof, respectively.
With reference now to the drawings and more particularly FIG. 1 thereof, there is shown a combined pictorial-block diagram illustrating the logical arrangement of a system according to the invention. A patient 10 to be evaluated places a finger 11 between piezoelectric pulse pickup 12 and inflatable cuff 13 to provide a pulse signal converted by analog to digital converter 14 to digital form that is processed by microcomputer 15 to provide on display 16 representation of the pulse sensed by pickup 12. The finger pickup may be positioned at the tip of the finger or at some more proximal or lateral point. It may also be positioned at other areas of a body where arteries are close to the skin. Pressure source 17, typically a sphygmomanometer bulb connected to cuff 13 through hose 18 having a valve 21 for closing hose 18 when inflatable cuff 13 is inflated, applies pressure at least in part through piezoelectric pulse pickup 12 to the skin of finger 11 surrounded by cuff 13. Pressure indicator 20 indicates the pressure, preferably substantially the diastolic pressure or substantially above the diastolic pressure (e.g., up to 4 times diastolic) of patient 10. The diastolic pressure for the patient may be determined by taking the patient's blood pressure in a conventional manner. Alternatively, the pressure may be taken automatically by an appropriate device so that the blood pressure level can be recorded continuously by the computer, and so that the pressurizer pressure (13) can be set or changed automatically to provide a desired relationship to the patient's actual blood pressure.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown an exploded view of an exemplary pulse pickup assembly 12 for use according to the invention. A piezoelectric crystal (Ceramic on Brass, Murutta/ERI, Future Electronics, Marlborough, Mass.) 31 is placed across legs 32 of holder 33 and contacted on opposite sides by a pair of leads 34, 35 brought out to a miniature phono plug 36 that may plug into analog-to- digital converter 14 (FIG. 1). A ground shield 37 completes the assembly. While FIG. 5 shows the pickup assembly of generally rectangular form, pickups of other shapes may be used, for example, pickups with a circular opening in the tip exposing a circular piezoelectric membrane surface, and pickups shaped for circumferential sensing or multiple pickups in the same pressurizer chamber. Membrane 31 is typically a commercially available polymer.
Referring to FIG. 6, there is shown a fragmentary plan view of the end portion of membrane 31 including step 31A to which the contacts are attached. Referring to FIG. 7, there is shown a side fragmentary view illustrating the detail for connection to step 31A. Leads 34 and 35 are soldered or otherwise attached to metal buttons 34A and 35A, respectively, which are connected to opposite sides of tab 31A by dabs of conductive epoxy 34B and 35B, respectively.
Specific components of the system are known in the art. The techniques for using a microcomputer to provide a representation of the peak pressure of each pulse and the pulse are well within the skill of a person having ordinary skill in the computer art and are not described in detail herein to avoid obscuring the principles of the invention. In a specific embodiment of the invention, microcomputer 15 (FIG. 1) was an IBM Compatible with an associated picture tube display. The steps in a suitable program are set forth in the microfiche appendix.
The blood pressure may be determined by the standard cuff-sphygmomanometer method or by an automatic system, such as the Doppler technique, or any other technique for providing an indication of blood pressure.
Having described the system arrangement, its mode of operation will be described. Patient 10 (FIG. 1) inserts finger 11 adjacent piezoelectric pulse pickup 12 in inflatable cuff 13. The operator then activates pressure source 17 to increase the pressure in cuff 13 until pressure indicator 20 indicates a pressure of about diastolic pressure. The valve 21 may be opened to reduce the pressure in inflatable cuff 13 to the desired pressure just before and throughout the maneuver. Alternatively, pressure may be increased or decreased. Prior to obtaining measurements of pressure within the arterial system it may be necessary to arterialize the capillary bed in the finger by local application of heat to the arm being tested, or by use of drugs. The finger tube then may act as a Bernoulli chamber and optimizes the ability to obtain measurements of heart mechanical functions. By varying the pressure on the finger the threshold level of force and velocity of the contraction or pumping action of the heart can be evaluated. The waveforms observable with the apparatus reflect the waveform generated by the heart at the aortic root.
The output of the microcomputer is observed for a number of heartbeats at a variety of pressures varying from half diastolic to substantially greater than diastolic, for example, upwards of four times diastolic. By varying the cuff pressure, impedance of blood within the arteries of the fingers may be varied. The output observed is similar to that observed by continuous Doppler of flow velocity in the root of the aorta, just above the aortic valve. By comparing the changes in waveform, contour, and rate which occur with or without interventions (see below), characteristics of shortening and force development of the heart muscle can be obtained so that a determination can be made as to whether heart pumping function is normal or impaired. Similar determinations can be made by increasing or decreasing cuff pressure. Normal patients will show a characteristic response in parameters such as amplitude, slope, width and area of the impulse while patients with impaired hearts will show a different response, and one which is clearly indicative of impairment of the mechanical heart performance of the heart.
The pressure of blood within the systemic arterial system, and the flow of that blood within the system are representative of the kinetic energy developed in the left ventricle of the heart. The root of the aorta is the first point in the circulation to experience the dynamics of ventricular ejection, and the driving force of the systemic arterial circulation begins at this point. The arterial system in the finger receives a fractional, proportionate but characteristic portion of the kinetic energy developed and expressed by the heart. Accordingly, information of diagnostic consequence regarding the quality of the pumping performance of the heart, and especially the left ventricle, can be gained by an analysis of dynamic and kinetic characteristics of the arteries in the fingers. By increasing the pressure of the cuff, changes in the contour of the impulse will occur which will permit normal and abnormal people to be distinguished according to their heart pumping function. The pressure change results in a waveform change in the apparatus of this invention. This change can be observed for normal persons, and alternations observed in abnormal persons will indicate heart dysfunction and will allow quantification of the severity of the abnormality.
Where no pressure is exerted by the cuff on the finger, there is no compression of the arterial system within the finger, and the pressure and flow velocity characteristics of the arterial system where blood flows into the finger are essentially the same as the pressure and flow velocity characteristics within the cuff. Where the finger is compressed, and thus the arterial system within the finger is compressed, the result is the effective cross sectional area of an artery within the finger is smaller than of the artery prior to the compression. Thus, the velocity of flow of the blood increases and the change in impulse sensed by the pickup can be recorded. At a certain pressure blood will be unable to flow through the compressed artery.
The kinetic energy of the blood within the artery in each finger with or without compression is exactly the same at the arterial entry of the finger to the point where the pressure is applied. The kinetic energy meets increasing levels of compression, an the impulse sensed at the finger will reflect the kinetic realities that exist just above the aortic valve, which in turn reflects the kinetic realities within the heart. If the heart is normal, a normal impulse will be observed and a normal response will be observed to each intervention used to test heart pumping function, such as a heart-straining maneuvers (see below); however, if the heart has an abnormality in its pumping function, this abnormality will result in a different impulse contour being observed. For example, if a proportion of the heart muscle has lost its vitality for any reason, the strength of the heartbeat will be decreased, and the changes in force and velocity characteristics of the heartbeat will in turn be altered in a way that can be determined at the finger, or elsewhere, by this system.
The use of simultaneous measurements on three of four fingers with different compression levels will permit gathering of three of four different data points under identical conditions from identical heartbeats, which will aid in the diagnostic impact of this tool.
The method of this invention allows detection of presymptomatic hearts--that is, detection of abnormal hearts despite the absence of physical symptoms in that person, by use of a noninvasive procedure. Previously, such measurements were performed by insertion of a catheter within the arterial system of the heart and measurement of Doppler signals. It has been discovered that such measurements can now be performed with a noninvasive instrument coupled with changing the pressure exerted upon the skin. The simple comparison of the changes in force and velocity characteristics of the heartbeat as determined at the finger by varying pressures at the finger, with or without the use of other heart-straining interventions (see blow) is indicative of the state of the heart's pumping capability.
The above apparatus can be readily modified to provide a plurality of measuring devices which can be attached to a plurality of fingers to allow concurrent measurements at different cuff pressures. This technique is advantageous relative to use of a single finger cuff with varying pressures, since the parameters of a single heart beat at different pressures can be determined free of the influence of any variations between heart beats.
The above apparatus may be supplemented to allow its use when the patient is undergoing heart straining maneuvers, such as the Valsalva maneuver. For example, referring again to FIG. 1, there is shown a mouthpiece 22, preferably replaceable, coupled to hose 24 closed at the far end to define a confined volume and formed with an aperture 23 to release expired air. Pressure transducer 25 is coupled to hose 24 and provides a pressure signal converted by analog to digital converter 26 into digital form representative of the pressure in the confined volume. Microcomputer 15 processes the digital pressure signal to provide a representative signal on computer display 16 representative of the pressure in hose 24.
Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown a view of a CRT display which may be used for allowing the patient to maintain a preferred pressure range during the test. Upper, intermediate and lower horizontal traces 41, 42 and 43, respectively, may represent pressures of 70 mm, 50 mm and 30 mm, relative to baseline level marked zero, respectively. The patient blows hard enough on mouth piece 22 (FIG. 1) so as to maintain spot 44 on trace 43.
During measurements as above, patient 10 blows into mouth piece 22 to create a pressure in hose 24 of magnitude indicated on computer display that is maintained for preferably 8 to 20 seconds between limits of 30-50 mm of mercury. This strained breathing creates the strain for phases I and II of the Valsalva maneuver (Elisberg, 186 J.A.M.A. 130, 1963). The patient then removes the mouthpiece and relaxes while the recovery and steady state phases of the maneuver follow.
The following discussion concerns measurement of pulse parameters using a cuff pressure at about diastolic pressure. These examples are by way of representation only. Useful data is also obtained by use of greater or lesser cuff pressures in combination with the following procedures, as described above, or without use of heart straining maneuvers.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown a graphical representation of a pulse waveform just before and during the four phases (I-IV) of a Valsalva maneuver for a normal response showing the changes in arterial pressure as recorded from within the artery. Amplitudes and rates are shown as a function of time during a period of straining between the arrows marked start and stop relative to the amplitude and rate in the control interval just before straining. There is a rise in pressure on straining (phase I) sometimes associated with heart rate slowing; a drop in pressure (phase II) normally accompanied by heart rate increase; a fall below the baseline (phase III) and a post-straining rise (phase IV) normally associated with a heart-rate decrease. The characteristics of the usual normal response of FIG. 2 are set forth in the following Table I relative to the baseline status. O, ↑, ↓ and ↓↓ indicate no change, increase, decrease and large decrease, respectively. An advantage of the invention is that measurements normalized to the prestrain interval for each patient during each test characterize mechanical heart performance.
TABLE I______________________________________ Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV______________________________________(1) Ht. Rate 0 or ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓(2) "dp/dt" 0 ↓ or ↑ ↓ or ↑ ↑ or 0(3) ∥ pdt 0 ↓ or ↑ ↓↓ ↑(4) Impulse 0 or ↑ ↓ ↓↓ ↑ Amplitude(5) Peak (systolic) ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑ Pressure(6) Mean ↑ ↑ or 0 or ↓ ↓ ↑ Pressure(7) Diastolic ↑ ↑ or 0 or ↓ ↓ ↑ Pressure or "Low" Pressure______________________________________
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an intermediate abnormal response with no overshoot in phase IV as defined by an increase in "systolic" level of pressure over baseline. The waveform of FIG. 3 relative to the baseline period usually has the characteristics set forth in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________ Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV______________________________________(1) Ht. Rate 0 or ↓ 0 or ↑ 0 or ↑ 0(2) "dp/dt" 0 0 or ↓ 0 or ↓ 0(3) ∥ pdt 0 0 or ↓ ↓ 0(4) Impulse 0 or ↑ ↓ ↓ 0 Amplitude(5) Peak (systolic) ↑ ↓ ↓ 0 Pressure(6) Mean ↑ 0 or ↓ ↓ 0 Pressure(7) Diastolic ↑ 0 or ↓ ↓ 0 Pressure or "Low" Pressure______________________________________
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a graphical representation of arterial pressure as a function of time for an abnormal or "square-wave" response to a Valsalva maneuver. The characteristics of this response relative to the base period response is set forth in Table III.
TABLE III______________________________________ Phase I Phase II Phase III Phase IV______________________________________(1) Ht. Rate 0 0 0 0(2) "dp/dt" 0 0 0 0(3) ∥ pdt 0 0 0 0(4) Impulse 0 0 0 0 Amplitude(5) Peak (systolic) 0 ↑ ↑ 0 Pressure(6) Mean 0 ↑ ↑ 0 Pressure(7) Diastolic 0 ↑ ↑ 0 Pressure or "Low" Pressure______________________________________
The Valsalva maneuver entails the abrupt development and maintenance for a number of seconds of an increase in intrathoracic pressure by forced expiration against a closed glottis or against a closed system as described in this invention. Such an increase in intrathoracic pressure results in a decrease in venous return to the heart, so that filling of the pumping chambers of the heart is normally decreased. Impairment of the filling of the left ventricle (the major pumping chamber of the heart) during this so-called "strain" phase (phase II) results in a prompt fall in blood pressure in the normal individual, followed by an abrupt increase in pulse rate. At termination of "strain" phase in the normal individual, venous return to the heart is abruptly augmented, to a point which generally exceeds the original baseline rate of heart filling phases III and IV. The normal ventricle will increase its work and output in the recovery phase (phase IV) to a level in excess of the "control" level in order to deal with the increase in filling (see FIG. 2). The result is that an "overshoot" occurs in which pulse pressure and blood pressure exceed their levels during the control or baseline level. The body senses this change and responds by reflexly slowing the heart via a sensing mechanism in the arteries and the carotid baroreceptors (phase IV). This normal response has several characteristics that distinguish it from the abnormal response of the patient with ventricular failure:
1) there is usually a fall in blood pressure during the "strain" phase;
2) there is an increase in heart rate toward the end of "strain" phase;
3) there is an "overshoot" shortly after release of the "strain" phase;
4) there is a slowing of heart rate in the course of the "overshoot"; and,
5) there is fairly prompt return to near the baseline level of blood pressure, pulse pressure, and heart rate thereafter.
In the patient with cardiac failure, the physiological response to the Valsalva maneuver is quite different. One characteristic response is called the "square wave" response, shown in FIG. 4. This response involves an increase in blood pressure with the initiation of the strain phase and maintenance of nearly the same blood pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate at this level throughout the "strain" phase. The "recovery" phase which follows the release of the Valsalva maneuver "strain" phase is characterized by a drop in the blood pressure to the baseline level, the absence of any "overshoot" and the absence of recovery period cardiac slowing.
According to this invention, sensitive reproduction and analysis of these differences can be achieved using a noninvasive method, either by the use of a derivative of the impulse generated by the arterial pressure from the pickup or by analysis of changes in peak amplitude and heart rate at various phases, and an integral of that signal and measure of the heart rate, facilitates using this known physiological response as a clinical indicator for cardiac status with apparatus that is compact, relatively inexpensive and relatively easy to operate to produce reliable results. The present invention provides methods and means that enable a practicing physician to detect in his office the presence of occult left ventricular (and/or right ventricular) failure or dysfunction as well as significant abnormalities of heart valves and constrictive and restrictive conditions which affect heart pumping function.
The invention is especially advantageous because the symptoms of left ventricular failure are similar to those associated with other very common illnesses and conditions, some of which may be less threatening. For example, shortness of breath, a very common symptom of heart failure, may be caused by other conditions, e.g., shortness of breath is common among cigarette smokers. With increasing age and some progression of a disease, such as chronic lung disease due to cigarette smoking, the ability to ascertain the presence of underlying heart failure as a contributing factor to a limiting symptom, such as shortness of breath, becomes increasingly difficult and important. The invention helps discriminate between heart failure and other processes which may produce physical symptoms similar to or identical to those caused by heart failure. The invention also helps to demonstrate that the assumed cause of a symptom, e.g., a patient's symptom of shortness of breath, which is otherwise attributed to overweight, or cigarette smoking, is an unsuspected heart failure and is the most important cause of the patient's shortness of breath.
An important advantage of the invention is that it may be used to evaluate the results of treatment for heart conditions. And the ease of use, minimal discomfort to the patient and accessibility to all practitioners enhances health care.
The above described method of use of the apparatus described may be augmented by a variety of techniques to provide data which allows more detailed analysis of potential cardiovascular problems. These techniques involve subjecting the patient to a treatment or activity which affects heart response, as well as to the Valsalva maneuver, and these techniques may be used in combination with or independent of breathing maneuvers such as the Valsalva maneuver. For example, isometric exercise, cardiovascular drugs (such as hydralazine, α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor blockers and amyl nitrate), or inotropic agents (such as adrenalin), immersing an arm in ice water (cold-pressor testing), lying the patient in a supine position, or any position change, exercise tolerance tests, psychological stress tests (e.g., mathematical problem solving) drug treatments (e.g., vasoactive drugs, such as nitroglycerine); balloon angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting, may all have effects on heart response. Below are given examples of the use of such techniques and the data which they can generate. However, this invention is not limited to those examples; those skilled in the art will realize that equivalent techniques exist which cause constriction or dilation of arteries or other blood vessels or otherwise after cardiovascular activity so as to represent appropriate "interventions" and thus may be used in this invention.
In this example isometric exercise (Brown et al. 70 Circulation 19, 1984) is used to discern heart or vessel abnormality. The exercise consists of a handgrip exercise, which entails squeezing a gripper tool having a meter indicating the force being exerted on the tool. The patient exerts the maximum force he is able to exert, this force maneuver is then used to estimate a force of about 20-40% maximum. The patient is required to sustain this 20-40% maximum gripping force for 30 seconds to 2 minutes prior and during the Valsalva maneuver, and for about 30 seconds thereafter. The handgrip exercise generally induces a reflex constriction of peripheral arteries that regulate blood pressure, and also of coronary arteries which regulate blood flow through the coronary circulation and myocardium. Thus, this exercise alters the circulation so that it may cause those patients producing apparently normal responses during Valsalva maneuver alone to produce an abnormal response to this maneuver. In other words, a latent abnormality of ventricular function and/or of the coronary arteries, such as coronary artery narrowing, may be unmasked. Such unmasking is possible because a heart which is functioning at a borderline level between normal and abnormal or which has "borderline" coronary artery flow or flow reserve to the heart muscle may not be able to compensate for the extra strain of the handgrip exercise, while it can respond normally to Valsalva maneuver along. For example, handgrip exercise will increase the impedance to ejection of blood from the heart and thereby decrease the rate at which the heart can deliver blood to the circulation because peripheral arteries are constricted and impede blood outflow from the heart. The normal heart will deal with the "strain" in a more efficient manner than the heart with impaired mechanical (pumping) function. The isometric exercise also cases coronary arteries to constrict, and those which are narrowed by disease, although able to supply adequate blood to heart muscle at rest, may narrow to a point at which heart pumping function becomes abnormal, and the abnormality is discernable by this invention. For example, if the patient has arteries which are already 65%-75% narrowed by arteriosclerotic disease, but there are no abnormalities with Valsalva maneuver alone, then isometric exercise or other interventions which cause an additional 10%-15% reflex narrowing which will result in abnormalities of heart function which are detectable by the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 9, a normal response to a Valsalva maneuver as enscribed by this invention is shown. The upper two horizontal lines 80, 82 show the baseline amplitude (80) and 20% above baseline (82) of a normal patient. The baseline amplitude will vary between patients and is merely used as a value to compare later responses to the Valsalva maneuver or other interventions. In FIG. 9, the Valsalva maneuver started at point A, and causes an increase (phase I) in blood pressure followed by a rapid decrease (phase II). Further, the rate of heart beat increases during this period, as shown by narrowing of the vertical lines representing impulse amplitudes. At one point the impulse amplitudes is so low that impulses are not detected (phase III). The maneuver is then stopped, and blood pressure increases and overshoots the baseline level (phase IV) and then goes below it. The actual values of impulse amplitudes and pulse rates are given below FIG. 9 in the manner in which they are stored for computer analysis. These values will vary from one patient to another. However, the general shape of the display is a guide to normality of any one patient. A template (an average graphical response) may be readily established for normal responses in order to be able to compare them to abnormal responses. Thus, a computer can be programmed to make comparisons of any set of people which have been ranked according to any parameters, which are thought to affect the observed response. For example, if a normal rate response increases by 30-40 % or decreases by about 10-20%, the finding that an individual tested fell outside this range would be an indication of a problem. Similarly, amplitude, changes in phase IV of less than 20% over baseline would be indicative of a problem. Ratios and other formulae involving these parameters can be calculated and used to produce an index which is suitable for diagnosis of particular problems. In addition, other factors, such as the time to detect certain responses, e.g., the recovery time from Valsalva maneuver, can be included in this index.
Referring to FIG. 10A, in this patient phases I-III of the display are normal, whereas phase IV has a blunted overshoot. Further, the heart rate is relatively unchanged throughout the maneuver, which is a sign of abnormality. Thus this response in abnormal indicating that this patient may have a borderline heart response. In order to confirm this analysis interventions were performed. In FIG. 10B handgrip exercise was performed during the Valsalva maneuver. This reduced the overshoot in phase IV. As an extra intervention the patient was then caused to move from the sitting to the supine position. This maneuver increases the rate of blood flow to the heart and thus increases stress on the heart. Referring to FIG. 10C, the display obtained with a supine patient obliterated the overshoot and produced a square wave. This indicates that blood volume in the lungs is excessive, and the heart is unable to pump blood from the pulmonary veins to the aorta at a fast enough rate. This is evidence of pulmonary congestion, i.e., heart failure. Further, phase I and II now appear as a square wave, which is further evidence of heart failure.
Thus, in this patient intervention with handgrip exercise and supine positioning reveals that the heart is acting at a borderline level and that the patient needs treatment of some sort. Without such intervention the patient would have been released and asked to return in a few months for a repeat analysis. During this period the patient may have died from the undetected heart failure. The above method, of providing a second intervention, unmasks clinically inapparent increases in left ventricular filling pressure, and allows diagnosis of borderline heart problems.
Referring to FIG. 11A, this patient's response to a Valsalva maneuver shows an abnormal overshoot (phase IV). In FIG. 11B, this maneuver was repeated and shows an almost normal response. However, when a handgrip exercise was included, the display, shown in FIG. 11C, shows a blunted overshoot. Finally, when the patient is supine the display, shown in FIG. 11D, is a complete square wave, demonstrating heart failure. Thus, once again a borderline abnormal display in a patient was shown to reflect an underlying chronic heart failure.
Referring to FIG. 12A, the response to Valsalva maneuver alone is normal, except for a phase IV bradycardia (heart slowing). This response changes drastically when the patient is caused to elevate his legs in the supine position. This intervention is more stressful than simply placing the patient supine. As shown in FIG. 12B, this results in flattening of the overshoot. In FIG. 12C is shown the result of two interventions, where the legs are raised as above, and a handgrip exercise is performed. Now the display is square wave, with failure to recover to baseline pressure. This indicates a serious impairment of heart-pumping function which was not otherwise apparent in this patient.
Referring to FIG. 13A, the patient has an abnormal response to Valsalva maneuver showing absent overshoot. After treatment for 5 days with verapamil the patient's severe exertional dyspnea symptoms improved and the phase IV overshoot became normal (FIG. 13B). Thus, a drug treatment can be followed using this apparatus to discover whether the underlying problems giving rise to heart failure are being overcome.
Referring to FIG. 14, the patient showed a modest overshoot response (FIG. 14A) which is lost when handgrip exercise is performed (FIG. 14B), and becomes a square wave when the patient is supine (FIG. 14C). This patient may be suffering from a decline in aortic blood flow acceleration. This analysis can be readily confirmed by Doppler analysis. Thus, a patient with a borderline normal response can be analyzed by interventions to discover the underlying problem in the heart; this analysis can then be confirmed by other procedures.
Referring to FIG. 15, this patient has a normal Valsalva response (FIG. 15A), which deteriorates when the Valsalva maneuver is repeated (FIG. 15B) and worsens with handgrip exercise (FIG. 15C). This patient was one year post anterior myocardial infection; and now appears to have severe left ventricle dysfunction. Thus, as in example 4, clinical treatment can be followed using the above interventions. Such interventions are noninvasive and more preferable to the alternative invasive procedures.
Referring to FIG. 16, a severe three vessel coronary artery disease was detected by repeated Valsalva maneuvers (FIGS. 16 A-D) where the display goes from normal to square wave.
Referring to FIG. 17, this patient shows a response which is strongly suggestive of normal ventricular function (FIG. 17A). However, repeated Valsalva (FIG. 17B), followed immediately by handgrip exercise (FIG. 17C) and then with the patient supine (FIG. 17D) shows a square wave response, indicating heart failure.
The above examples demonstrate that interventions can be used to uncover a previously inapparent impairment (a latent impairment) in heart muscle pumping function, either by imposing a modest increase in load upon the heart muscle, or by altering the filling and emptying of the heart. Latent abnormalities or improvements from drugs or other treatments can be detected and monitored. Detected improvements will point toward therapeutically effective interventions. This invention provides a convenient test to check on patients with borderline or even normal appearing responses to Valsalva maneuver. Rather than risk a patient dying between two test periods, this test will detect a patient suffering from chronic heart failure but having no symptoms. Thus, for example, the invention allows ready determination of whether a patient having shortness of breath, but a normal response to Valsalva maneuver, has heart failure or merely a cold.
Once an abnormality is detected the intervention performed can be administration of a drug to determine whether it cures the defect (see example 4). Thus, if the defect is caused by the heart arteries constricting too much, then administration of a suitable drug may alleviate the defect, and thus produce a normal Valsalva response, but if the defect is caused by a physical blockage in a defective artery, then such a drug will have little, if any, effect on the Valsalva response. Similarly, the intervention could entail performing balloon angioplasty to remove a known physical defect in an artery. The response to a Valsalva maneuver should improve if this arterial defect was the cause of the observed defective response.
Although the maneuvers used to detect heart defects are generally relatively comfortable for the patient to perform, they still allow detection of subtle heart failure. People may even have chronic heart failure (shown as a square wave response, see example 1) during these interventions, and show no symptoms of distress. Suitable treatment for such heart failure can then be monitored using the apparatus of this invention and supplying the patient with drugs, such as a nitrate, calcium channel blocker or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor to see if any of these prevent formation of a square wave. Thus, the immediate effect of a drug can be discerned. Similarly, a patient can be followed after a successful angioplasty to ensure that the treated vessel does not restenose. This invention is a much less intrusive method than the recatherization and angiography normally used. In this way patients can be regularly followed by noninvasive techniques, and deterioration in blood flow readily detected before symptoms recognizable without the invention.
The apparatus of this invention is also useful for estimation of ejection fraction (EF) of a heart; that is, the percentage of blood in the heart that a heart pumps out at each beat. Normally this is above 50%, usually 60-65%. EF is a predictive and prognostic indicator of heart disease. When EF is 20-35% the person may have chronic heart failure. If it is between 10-20% the heart is seriously impaired. The responses to Valsalva maneuver shown above are predictive of EF. EF is also estimated by looking at the rate response; lack of change in this response is predictive of a low EF value. Such analysis is indicative that the patient needs a follow up examination to determine more precisely what problems are present with his heart and vessels. Thus, the method of this invention serves as a preliminary screen.
Patients with normal EFs may still have abnormal heart failure. For example, one patient having an EF of 58% had no overshoot in phase IV; this abnormality indicates an abnormality of heart function. Thus, this method detects defects in people who need treatment which are otherwise undetected by measuring EF by other methods.
The rate changes during the Valsalva maneuver are also useful to determine whether there is a technical problem in measurement. For example, if no overshoot is observed but the rate slows, then an error in measurement must have occurred.
Although the apparatus produces an amplitude which can be related to pressure, enclosing the finger in a stiff tube provides information which appears to represent flow velocity of the blood. Flow velocity is a good measure of heart function because changes occur earlier than pressure changes, it is sensitive to modest ischemia, and can be predictive of problems. Measurements can be made indicative of heart failure without having to produce painful symptoms in the patient. This method can be used to predict certain hemodynamic measurements, which are described by Gorlin.
Further improvements to the above apparatus include providing means for automatically altering the pressure exerted by the cuff in response to pressure changes in the arterial system, for example, when heart straining maneuvers are used. This feature allows more effective characterization of the force-pressure development and shortening-ejection realities of the left ventricle. Adaptation of the apparatus to compute changes in the contour, rise time, maximum rate of rise, time to peak, total amplitude, duration, integrated area under the inscribed pulse, and integrated area divided by time (ejection parameter) allows other diagnostic comparisons of normal and abnormal hearts.
Other uses of this invention include determination of deterioration of ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction, and thus define when invasive hemodynamic monitoring or other aggressive interventions should be initiated; identification of significant valvular disease in individuals with heart murmurs which are not known to be significant; identification of otherwise undetected valvular disease; identification of dynamic contribution to coronary artery disease using cold-pressor testing; identification of abnormal cardiovascular reflex responses, such as neurologic problems or hypotension, in patients with abnormal rate responses; and demonstration of a positive hemodynamic impact of calcium channel blockers in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
The use of the above apparatus and method in conjunction with an electrocardiogram, a pulmonary function testing capability and oximetry allows important diagnostic information to be obtained. This combination allows diagnosis of disease that may otherwise be missed, and prevents unnecessary treatment of disease not caused by heart failure, or heart muscle deficiency. The combination provides more information than each of the individual methods alone.
Referring to FIG. 18, there is shown a graphical representation of the relationship between pulse-amplitude ratio (PAR) measured noninvasively according to the invention and pulmonary-capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Each dot corresponds to the PAR measured noninvasively according to the invention and the PCWP measured invasively conventionally. The line is the best fit among these measured points using standard least-squares linear regression analysis. The base-line measurements indicated that the PAR predicted the measured PCWP over a range of values from 4 mm Hg to 32 mm Hg with good accuracy. The details of the methods and results of carefully conducted tests are described in an article entitled A NONINVASIVE METHOD OF PREDICTING PULMONARY-CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE by Kevin M. McIntyre, M.D., Joseph A. Vita, M.D., Costas T. Lambrew, M.D., Jonathan Freeman, M.D., Sc.D., and Josephh Loscalzo, M.D., PH.D., THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, Vol. 327, No. 24, Pp. 1715-20 (Dec. 10, 1992) incorporated by reference herein. An earlier draft of this article appeared as an appendix in the aforesaid parent application.
The invention is helpful in evaluating dehydration, a very common condition among the elderly. The invention may be used for predicting levels of a hormone called atrial natriuretic peptide, which is known to increase in the elderly and to be strongly associated with central cardiac filling pressures, of which PCWP is one, and with the future development of heart failure. The invention may also be used to reflect progressive increases in fluid retention and aerial natriuretic peptide when a salt-retaining hormone (Florinef) was administered to demonstrate the potential danger to the elderly patients of a decrease in their ability to eliminate excess salt, a condition associated with elevation of PCWP into the heart failure range in susceptible patients.
Referring to FIG. 19A, there is shown a graphical representation of a response to a Valsalva maneuver indicating a patient condition of volume over-loaded, a very common condition among the elderly. The ratio of B amplitude to A amplitude (B/A) shows a pulse amplitude ration (PAR) about 1.0 corresponding to a PCWP of 20 mm Hg, significantly increased. Referring to FIG. 19B, there is shown a graphical representation of a response with the ratio of B/A reduced, but still corresponding to an abnormally high PCWP. Referring to FIG. 19C, there is shown a graphical representation of a response with the ratio B/A normal and corresponding to a relatively "normovolemic" state of the patient. Referring to FIG. 19D, there is shown a graphical representation of a response of a patient having hypovolemia or dehydration exhibiting a significantly more abrupt decline in the impulse amplitude through the course of the strain phase from A to B.
It is believed that this rate of change will increase (declining more sharply) with increasingly severe dehydration (assuming reasonably normal cardiovascular function); the time-to-loss of recorded impulse will decrease; the rate at which heart rate will increase, will increase; and the heart rate peak (and peak change from baseline) will increase. It may be advantageous to also perform EKG monitoring to record the heart rate changes accurately because some impulses may be lost as the recorded pulse amplitude approaches zero as seen in FIG. 19D to the right of B.
Referring to FIGS. 20A, 20B and 20C, there are shown schematic representations of envelopes in strain and recovery phases helpful in identifying systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction and a combination of systolic and diastolic dysfunction. The envelope for the normal response is shown at the left. The abnormal responses are shown at the right. FIG. 20A shows that for systolic dysfunction, there is shallower slope of decline in the strain phase than normal and significant reduction in amplitude during the recovery phase. FIG. 20B shows that for diastolic dysfunction, the envelope amplitude during the strain phase is essentially constant. FIG. 20C shows that for a combination of systolic and diastolic dysfunction, there is both substantially uniform amplitude during the strain phase and reduced amplitude during the recovery phase.
There has been described novel apparatus and techniques for facilitating evaluating the pumping condition of the heart. It is evident that those skilled in the art may now make numerous uses and modifications of and departures from the specific apparatus and techniques described herein without departing from the inventive concepts. Consequently, the invention is to be construed as embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of features present in or possessed by the apparatus and techniques herein disclosed and limited solely by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|"A Noninvasive Method of Predicting Pulmonary-Capillary Wedge Pressure," K. M. McIntyre, J. A. Vita, C. T. Lambrew, J. Freeman, and J. Loscalzo, Dec. 10, 1992, pp. 1715-1720, The New England Journal of Medicine Richard Gorlin, M.D., Dec. 10, 1992, The Mount Sinai Medical Center.
|A Noninvasive Method of Predicting Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure, K. M. McIntyre, J. A. Vita, C. T. Lambrew, J. Freeman, and J. Loscalzo, Dec. 10, 1992, pp. 1715 1720, The New England Journal of Medicine Richard Gorlin, M.D., Dec. 10, 1992, The Mount Sinai Medical Center.
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A summary of what you need to know today, compiled by The Globe's news desk on March 20, 2013.
South Korea fears North's involvement in cyber attacks
Fearing the involvement of North Korea, the South Korean army raised its alert level today after three broadcasters and two major banks in South Korea were the victim of cyber attacks, Reuters reports. North Korea has previously hacked newspapers, banks and government institutions in South Korea.
Obama begins visit to Israel, Palestinian territories
U.S. President Barack Obama arrived in Israel today in an attempt to restart long-stalled Israel-Palestinian peace efforts. He assured Israel of America's commitment to its security, noting that the region's "winds of change bring both promise and peril," according to The Associated Press. The four-day trip is the first Mr. Obama has made to Israel since becoming President. He will also visit the Palestinian territories.
For more background on Mr. Obama's trip, read this piece by The Globe's Patrick Martin.
Cyprus seeks Russian aid in bailout crisis
Cyprus's finance minister asked Russia for help today to avert a financial meltdown after the island's parliament rejected the terms of a European bailout, Reuters reports. Talks between the two countries are continuing as the Cypriot government tries to stave off bankruptcy. "We had a very honest discussion, we've underscored how difficult the situation is," Finance Minister Michael Sarris told reporters. "We'll now continue our discussion to find the solution by which we hope we will be getting some support." For more on the situation in Cyprus, read this piece by The Globe's Eric Reguly.
U.S. Federal Reserve to issue policy announcement
Market watchers will monitor closely today's policy announcement by the U.S. Federal Reserve. Chairman Ben Bernanke is expected to offer supportive words on markets and the need to keep borrowing costs at record lows, The Globe's Darcy Keith reports.
Pakistan announces May elections
Pakistan will hold elections on May 11, an official announced today, after the government completed its first full term in the country's troubled history, Reuters reports. Former military leader General Pervez Musharraf, who is in self-exile in Dubai, is expected to return and take part in the election.Report Typo/Error
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With over 21 million copies sold, Dianetics is the best selling self-help book of all time and is now available in 50 languages.The book describes a simple therapy anyone can learn and use to improve himself and help others.In the book Dianetics 55! L. Ron Hubbard wrote: "Dianetics is an effort toward the attainment by Man of a level of freedom where decency and happiness can prevail and where knowledge of the mind itself would prevent the unscrupulous use of the mechanisms of slavery.""A m … [Read more...]
Dianetics—Self Help for Self Improvement
Just How Does this Self Improvement Work?
In my last post, I mentioned Scientology, as an applied religious philosophy, can help turn Self Improvement Month into more than guesswork and hopeful wishes.This quote from the book Scientology: A New Slant on Life by L. Ron Hubbard explains the basis of that statement."Scientology is formed in the tradition of ten thousand years of religious philosophy and considers itself a culmination of the searches which began with the Veda, the Tao, Buddhism, Christianity and other religions. Sc … [Read more...]
September – Self Improvement Month
September is apparently Self Improvement Month, which is fortunate as it gives us a two-month jump on New Years resolutions, during which we can hopefully gain the new skills we need use to carry them out.Self Improvement can span any area of life—personal improvement; being a better athlete; a better dieter; a better student; improving one's ability as a parent; as a partner, husband or wife; being a better provider; becoming a better child; teaching or mentoring more capably; being a kinder o … [Read more...]
My thoughts on 9/11, 10 years later On the day we can fully trust each other, there will be peace on Earth\ L. Ron Hubbard … [Read more...]
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Lest there be any question of how much people prize communication, twitter is reported to be generating a billion tweets every five days, and 700 million people use Facebook.Yet, despite all the talking, texting, chatting and video sharing, most people are still bothered by misunderstandings, arguments, and at least the occasional feeling of isolation.A film on the Volunteer Ministers website presents simple communication principles developed by L. Ron Hubbard.The film is part of a free … [Read more...]
What Motivates Us to Promote the Greater Good?
In writing about the role of religion in America's pluralistic society, President Barack Obama states: "The particular faith that motivates each of us can promote a greater good for all of us. Instead of driving us apart, our varied beliefs can bring us together to feed the hungry and comfort the afflicted; to make peace where there is strife and rebuild what has broken; to lift up those who have fallen on hard times."But what is it that calls us, people of faith, to reach out beyond ourselves … [Read more...]
Scientology-Sponsored Humanitarian Programs
A very well crafted video, in my opinion, that presents an overview of what we Scientologists do. I believe it speaks for itself. … [Read more...]
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It's 100 degrees in LA today and it's "flippin hot," as a friend of mine would say.This friend is very cute—the way her statements of dislike and upset are peppered with the word "flippin." Growing up in South Africa she was raised to be very "proper." I find it quaint and adorable.I, on the other hand, was part of the American late-60s iconoclast generation and embraced and reveled in using real curse words as a form of "liberation."I certainly never anticipated what that trend would le … [Read more...]


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Sunday, March 11, 2012
The Next Chapter
I know this is a common feeling for a lot of people, particularly people with their own business. But for me this was new. I've always been such a rock star at doing it all.
I knew something has to give. But what? My job working for a nonprofit I believe in? The business that I've been building for the past three years? The dream opportunity in the wedding industry that I've been working on since October?
This is my life; these are the things that I love doing. It's a strange realization to know that no matter how hard you try, you just can't do it all and do your best. I know how good my best can be, and this isn't it. Deciding what to change is scary. But I've decided.
I'm leaving my job at the nonprofit to focus my efforts on growing Hello Cupcake and expanding my role at A Savvy Event as the Blog Editor and Creative Director to now take on wedding planning for other couples.
I'm excited to start this new chapter and unleash the creative fire that has been building up inside of me. My life is about to change.
6 comments:
I feel the same way, but I'm not yet at the point where I feel comfortable taking the next step. I'll be there somebody, so it is encouraging to know I'm not the only one struggling to juggle it all. I am sure this transition and next phase will be well worth it. I look forward to all the exciting updates to come!ReplyDelete
So excited for your next chapter in your life!!! Congrats!!!ReplyDelete
- Heidi H.March 12, 2012 at 5:35 PM
So proud of you and as always you are fabulous no matter what you do! Follow your heart and keep doing what makes you happy. This new chapter is only going to make you more fantastic! Miss ya, congrats and good luck, not that you need it :)ReplyDelete
Very exciting news! Good luck and Congratulations! You are fabulous!!!ReplyDelete
How exciting, congrats! I can't believe you juggled it all, must feel good to now concentrate on your business and real passion. Enjoy the new journey, Stacy!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousMarch 21, 2012 at 10:22 PM
Stacy you are amazing! You are going to do great things!!! I am so excited to have you on the team! Xo KellyReplyDelete


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Afghanistan's push towards a place at the 2011 World Cup continued on Sunday when they thrashed Jersey by 124 runs to make it two wins in two matches in the World Cricket League Division Four.
Batting first, Afghanistan made 203 for 9 in 50 overs and then bowled out Jersey for 79, a performance which delighted their coach, Kabir Khan.
"Everybody is very happy as we have taken one step closer to the final and the team has played very well," he said.
"Bowling wise, I am really happy and our fielding was excellent again today. We do need to work on our batting but I was not worried because I knew 200 runs would be a winning score on this wicket."
The top two sides in the six-nation tournament here will ensure spots in Division Three with the leading two nations there progressing to the final World Cup Qualifier in April 2009.
Left-arm spinner Nadeem Ahmed took 4 for 19 as Hong Kong also maintained their unbeaten record as they defeated hosts Tanzania by 134 runs after the home team were bowled out for 121 chasing 256.
Hong Kong's batsmen rattled up 255 with man of the match Moner Ahmed top scoring with 66 while skipper Tabarak Dar chipped in with 60. Italy's opener Andy Northcote enjoyed an eventful day in his side's 254-run thrashing of Fiji.
Twenty-five year-old Northcote, who shared an opening stand of added 140 with Thushara Kurukulasuriya (73), was five runs short of century when he collapsed with heat exhaustion. He bravely carried on to reach the three figures but retired soon after.
Italy reached 318 for 5 and then dismissed Fiji for 64.


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Mola's unique patented reflector design permits you to get more quality out of less light. Mola's zeal for efficient design results in industry benchmark reflectors that capture all paths of light, regardless of direction as they leave the flash tube and redirect them toward the subject. This aluminum Mola Speed Ring for Elinchrom Quadra Flash Heads is compatible with both "A" and "S" type Quadra heads.


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— Until a couple of weeks ago, it was generally assumed that UFC 72: Victory would air for free on SpikeTV, home of UFC's The Ultimate Fighter and Ultimate Fight Night. When this was "changed" a few weeks back to a pay-per-view event, fans have accused Spike of backing out of the agreement, and have also accused UFC and Dana White of taking advantage of the fans. However, if we are to believe SpikeTV, UFC 72 was never planned to be anything but a PPV event.
This may come as a shock to those who saw countless stories about how the event would be carried on basic cable. Apparently, the internet sites advertising UFC 72 as being on SpikeTV may have just been jumping the gun. Here's what a representative for SpikeTV had to say about the matter:
"We were never scheduled to air [UFC72]. I've heard the rumors (that Spike backed out of televising the show due to lack of a compelling fight lineup), but we never committed to airing UFC 72. It's not as if we turned our backs on the UFC. Three big fights in two
weeks would have been very tough."
That makes sense. Regardless, UFC 72, airing from Belfast, Northern Ireland, is sure to be an exciting night of fights. Here is the scheduled line-up:
Rich Franklin vs. Yushin Okami
Forrest Griffin vs. Hector Ramirez
Rory Singer vs. Jason McDonald
Clay Guida vs. Tyson Griffin
The Franklin/Okami bout is marquee fight of the night and should be a good one. Since the fight is in Belfast, and it will air live in the US on PPV, it will be on earlier than usual here in the States at 3PM ET/Noon PT.
Be sure not to miss UFC 72: Victory, live from Belfast, on June 16.
-Oscar Dahl, BuddyTV Senior Writer
(Source: The Houston Chronicle)
(Image Courtesy of Wikipedia)
Original article at http://www.buddytv.com/articles/ufc/ufc_72_to_be_payperview_not_on-7062.aspx


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CRICOS Provider Number: (02013A)
Why study at Wide Bay TAFE
We are the largest and most established government provider of education and training in the Wide Bay region. We are part of the TAFE Queensland network and therefore able to draw upon the vast experience and resources of Queensland's largest training organisation. Our modern facilities combined with our highly qualified and experienced staff, means you will be provided with the skills and knowledge that will prepare you for university or the workforce. You will receive practical education and training of the highest standard while studying at WideBay TAFE, ensuring you are on your way to the successful future you deserve.
With campuses in Bundaberg, Hervey Bay, Maryborough, Gayndah and Brisbane, WideBay TAFE is the largest and longest established training provider in the region:
- Bundaberg College
There are three campuses in Bundaberg – Walker Street campus, Marine campus and College Farm.
- Hervey Bay College
There are two campuses in Hervey Bay – Hervey Bay College, Urraween Road and Central Plaza campus.
- Maryborough College
There is one campus in Maryborough – Nagel Street campus located 8 minutes from the Central Business District.
- Gayndah TAFE Centre
The Gayndah TAFE Centre is part of the Central and North Burnett Education Precinct.
- Brisbane – Security Training Centre
There is one campus in Brisbane for security training located at Browns Plains.
Study Options / Courses
- Arts
- Business and administration
- Community services
- English language
- General education
- Hairdressing
- High school/Senior studies
- Horticulture
- Hospitality and tourism
- Information technology
- Maritime
- Retail
- Sport


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Dr Robles is a Great Doctor - Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
i had surgery with dr robles about a year ago, i have no complaints. She really is a sweet genuine person. and she showed alot of concern for me. It was hard being so far from home. I never left the country before, and i dont know much spanish, and she made me comfortable....She made sure i was ok before the surgery because i was so tired from the flight. i feel as if i made a friend in the Dominican republic. I had enough money to get alot of work done, but i got just the tummy tuck. she was more concerned about my safety over everything else. i plan on going back soon (a year later) to do lipo. is funny to me that i came across this thread.and to see someone taking the same steps i did. there are alot of good doctors in D.R. And she is one of them. Dont think that all the great doctors are only here in the us, the work i see the doctors do in dr seems to be more detailed. and the scars lower and neater. and to whoever thinks her work isint real, just know im a real person. and i have "curves for days" thanks to her. ;-) Everything was great, i made some parts 4 only because she was so busy, but in her presence she was great. but even with that. there were always people at the recovery house to help me whan i needed it.


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Price: $6.70 / each Estimate Shipping · Price Match
List Price: $9.95 You Save: $3.25 (32.7%)
This item is sold individually. The case size is listed for your convenience for instances where you wish to order in case quantities.
— Ships from SS: WA, CA, CO, MI, TN, PA, FL USA (not via USPS).


text:
Live Chat support with a Samsung product expert.
How can we help you?
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Swallowtail Event Room
Our Swallowtail Event Room is a beloved space for both large groups and individual guests. When it is not reserved for an event, guests are welcome to make themselves at home and take advantage of its many features. Grab a few friends and sink in to the large couches while you watch a movie on our 60" flat screen TV. Cozy up next to the stacked stone fireplace with a good book. Enjoy the aquarium filled with different species of tropical fish. Make the most of your time here by spreading out and relaxing.


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Single strand knots
Hey ladies
I just saw two knots on one strand !!!
Then I looked around I see alot !!!
How fast should I go get a cut
Or what else can I do 0_o
I hate single strand knots, every now and then I will find a few and cut them off. I didn't even know what a single strand knot was before I began wearing my hair curly nor had I ever had one.
There is an article on here about it. It says:
Fairy knots are teeny tiny knots that form on the ends of strands of hair, especially highly textured hair. They can appear after frequent manipulation from styling and even sometimes from constantly doing wash-and-gos. Resist the urge to pull or break them off as this will only cause more breakage. Instead, grab a pair of scissors and snip the knot. If left unchecked, these fairy knots could cause more tangles and then become a nightmare to deal with. In the long run, your curls will thank you for trimming them off.
I know if you leave them in it can make the strand weak so try to cut them off when I find them. Sometimes mine are not even at the end they are further up the shaft. I don't get many but they are a hassle sometimes.
My hair is outrageously fragile, so I cut them off immediately, because they will break which leads to splitting and all sorts of unsexiness.
Some people with thicker stronger hair might not mind them and leave them on, but I can't.
I totally agree with Ericachristina and Jessiebanana, these "fairy knots" (should be called "demon knots!" :evil:) need to be snipped off asap. When I was younger I had no idea what they were and I left them on. Well, after a few months most of my hair had them and it had turned into tangle city! I had to cut a lot of hair off at that point. Now, I do a "search and destroy" on these knots at least once a month. There's no way to ever "untie" them, so unfortunately cutting them off is the only method. :sad:
You guys are making me scard! My hair is thin I have course strands but very very weak cause of heat damaged :(
I'm finally getting some type of growth, slowly but that's maybe cause of me tho I'm trying now just need some tips n tell me what I'm doin wrong n what I need to do
So I need to call the salon Fast huh ? Lol
I would be sad If I have to cut off my growth :(
^^^Sealing helps with my SSK's :)
^^^I seal using 4 drops of GSO in each quarter size dollop of my leave in...my hair cannot handle sealing in a separate step. Hope this helps:)
I'd be willing to seal just my ends if it would help with SSK. Is GSA a lighter oil?
3B, Fine, Med D, Norm P&E
LowP: Kinky Curly Come Clean (50% EVOO)
NoP: As I Am CC
RO: Suave Tropical Coconut/VO5 Shea Cashmere
LI: KCKT/ CJBCLI/HETT/HENOYF (mixed w/ GSO)
I do seal wit an oil I tried evoo and almond oil also coconut oil
I'm heavy handed my hair look nasty
I gotten better but still don't look right :/
So I tried aloe Vera juice its fine but the smell ew lol
I try just putting oil on my ends but I keep adding more when it still feel dry idk :(
3B, Fine, Med D, Norm P&E
LowP: Kinky Curly Come Clean (50% EVOO)
NoP: As I Am CC
RO: Suave Tropical Coconut/VO5 Shea Cashmere
LI: KCKT/ CJBCLI/HETT/HENOYF (mixed w/ GSO)
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text: Winna Bib Necklace Style: 570081520 Out of Stock Love it? Everyone else did too. This item sold out! Use our search tool, chat online or call 1.888.855.4986 to find something equally desirable. Our mixed-metal bib is trend-right for day and night. Adjusts from 22" to 26". Glass, leather, and metal. Read More… Share on Facebook Tweet Pin


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The Archangel would be my choice, it will do everything you need. You shouldn't have any problems carrying AIWB with any of the holsters listed.
Give AIWB a fair chance, it has a lot to offer.
This is a discussion on Want to try carrying AIWB and need your help deciding which holster within the Defensive Carry Holsters & Carry Options forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; 1st off I will be carrying a M&Pc. I am tall and skinny @ 6' 155# and have been carrying IWB behind the hip. Was ...
1st off I will be carrying a M&Pc. I am tall and skinny @ 6' 155# and have been carrying IWB behind the hip. Was gonna go with Raven ACR but wait is 12-16 weeks. Here is the list that I have it narrowed down to. Any advice, comments, user info would be appreciated especially from those that are skinny like myself.
Cane and Derby PIC AIWB
JM Custom Kydex AIWB
Dale Ficke archangel
Thanks much
The Archangel would be my choice, it will do everything you need. You shouldn't have any problems carrying AIWB with any of the holsters listed.
Give AIWB a fair chance, it has a lot to offer.
I really like Cane and Derby products, but they can be sketchy on delivery times.
I'd give the Archangel a shot or Google "the keeper AIWB" and order one of them.
Other honorable mentions are:
Garret Industries . I'm wearing on of their tuckable iwbs as an AIWB right now and am pretty happy with it.
Desibens Gunleather
5Shot Leather (new AIWB rig is the SME)
Sent via Tapatalk 2, and still using real words.
Of the 3 listed I would pick the JM.
I have ordered a PIC and it's been almost a month and I haven't heard anything from them.
I have an Archangel and I use it daily to conceal a Glock 21 SF - but it doesn't do much to help with concealment. It is a solid holster, and if I was going to open carry, or use it for competition I think it would be perfect. The gun clicks in nicely, and it is great to draw from and reholster. But it doesn't do anything "clever" to tilt the grip inward, or muzzle outward. I modified mine - made a little wedge from a baseplate and electrical tape to put under the right (as you wear it) belt loop - and cut the sleeve off a t-shirt and wadded it up and taped it to the body-side of the muzzle end to help tilt the grip in. It conceals better now, but for ~$90 (don't remember exactly) it would be nice if it concealed "better" when it wasn't covered in baseplate, t-shirt, and tape.
One of the upsides to AIWB is that it is ideal for concealing a larger gun. There is basically no difference in concealment for my G26, G19 or G17. I order all my holsters for the full size Glock 9mm, so i can use them with any of the different size models.
My Dale Fricke Archangel is my back up holster to the JM Custom Kydex, because the Archangel does not have a grip tucking feature built into the holster. It makes a difference for me. Comfortable AIWB carry is so dependent on body type unfortunately, so what works for me might not work for you. Good luck.
Any of you guys hear of this holster called the keeper. I have been reading about it but it seems like they don't have a website.
It is suppose to be the best yet, but too pricey for me right now. He has no website. You will have to email him or PM him there: The Keeper: New Favorite AIWB Holster


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Finding Janie was definitely a good thing... This broad is definitely horny... I would recomend some action like this to anyone that needs a good fuck! She is definitely the best Ive had in a while!!!!


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2014 African American Read In - Feb. 19
Joining over a million readers nationwide, UMKC Libraries celebrates Black History Month by participating in the 24th National African American Read In, Feb 19 - 1:30 - 3:30 in Miller Nichols Library's iX Theatre.
READ, SING, or PERFORM a work from the African-American author of your choice, or just come to LISTEN, REFLECT, & ENJOY!
Advance REGISTRATION is suggested. "Drop in" presenters are welcome as time allows.
Contact Gloria Tibbs for more information.
Help spread the word by post and sharing our printable event flyer.
Sponsored by the Friends of the Library.


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Did you watch the big Facebook Home announcement yesterday? I think the only surprise was Mark Zuckerberg opening up with "I Dreamed a Dream" from Les Misérables. As for Home itself? It looked slick and all, although the Chat Heads feature seems creepy and, really, do those of us who already spend too much time on Facebook need a phone designed to make us spend more time on it? Negatory, I say.
On with the Friday silliness...
A judge has ruled that reselling digital music violates copyright laws. He also ruled that buying Justin Bieber songs violates good taste.
European scientists reported on Wednesday that the $2 billion Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, attached to the outside of the International Space Station, may have detected dark matter. They say it's already paid for itself, thanks to this discovery and that fact that it also picks up satellite radio for free.
Analog Devices CEO Jerry Fishman died of heart attack last week at the age of 67. He'll be remembered for his management skill, business instincts and popular movie review TV show with Gene Siskel.
On Thursday Mark Zuckerberg announced Facebook Home for Android, which includes a home screen that features Facebook content. Here's how it works: the home screen will allow you to easily swipe your way through the latest updates to Facebook's privacy policy.
On Monday an appeals court ruled that Aero, a company that streams broadcast TV that it pulls in via antennas, was not violating copyright laws. The court said the service was legal as long as each consumer had his or her own antenna and that it was covered in aluminum foil.
Los Angeles has a created an app for people to find things in the city. Residents can use it to find important things like parks, libraries and plastic surgeons.
North Korea's Twitter account was hacked on Thursday. Followers immediately knew something was up when their tweets started making sense.
Harvard University announced this week that they will review their email privacy policies, after several deans had their accounts secretly searched. President Drew Faust has vowed that the review will be thorough, complete and very well endowed.
The SEC announced this week that companies can now share corporate information with investors via social media. So now investors can make decisions based on a company's sales, profits and what their CEO ate for lunch.
Apple CEO Tim Cook wrote an open letter to Chinese consumers on Monday apologizing for only offering one-year warranties on iPhones, rather than two as required by Chinese law. Unfortunately, the letter backfired when he said the apology was only good for one year.
That's it for now. Enjoy your weekend, everyone. I'll be spending mine starting in on the spring lawn work. Pray for me.
Read more of Phil Johnson's #Tech blog and follow the latest IT news at ITworld. Follow Phil on Twitter at @itwphiljohnson. For the latest IT news, analysis and how-tos, follow ITworld on Twitter and Facebook.


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Kickstarter - Expeditions: Conquistador, Let's Play Video
The interesting Kickstarter project Expeditions: Conquistador has posted a Let's Play video that shows off around 10 minutes of combat gameplay. In addition, this latest update also talks about their work to get a press build together and their presence at Gamescom in Germany.
More information.
Looks very nice to me. I hope their.Kick starter finally starts taking off.
I am much more interested in the "metagame" though. Haven't seen much of that yet.
Two more videos up at http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/…r/posts/287351
I really like what I saw. Already a backer but I would back it now if I hadn't. Combat music needs a bit more variety though, after a few minutes the 'Tee din tee dee din' felt very repetitive. But combat tactics were spot on what I like.
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Show off your sophisticated style, when you wear this S-shape earrings.These danglers are designed on gold tone with a small blue stone flower on it.
Material :-
Alloy, Stones
Party Wear, Special Occasions
*The original piece may differ 5-10% from the image shown in terms of color or brightness.
Care Instructions for Jewellery
• Do not take bath or shower wearing the imitation jewellery. Prevent the jewellery from chlorine water.
• Avoid perfume or cream onto jewellery. Wear jewellery once you are done with applying perfume and cream on the skin.
• Always keep yours any kind of imitation jewellery away from extreme temperatures, humidity and direct sunlight.
• Avoid wearing jewellery while using bleach.
• Always keep your jewellery safe in a pouch or any air-tight box with cotton or soft lining.
• Do not use any harsh cloth to clean jewellery, always use a soft cloth to keep the jewellery shine better without a scratch.
|Oye Trend
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|Golden, Blue
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|2.1 inches
|0.9 inches
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|1 Pair of Earrings
easy Returns/Refund
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text:
|Digital Photo Software
|Photo Editors
Publisher's Description+
With Pop Art Studio create your own Pop Art masterpieces in the famous Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein Style. Pop Art Studio is a graphics editing software. It supports BMP, JPG, GIF, PNG and TIFF formatted images. Pop Art Studio contains many Andy Warhol effects and the famous Roy Lichtenstein effect. The program provides an endless selection of text and drawing tools, filters and color adjustment capabilities. Layers allow you to create complex compositions.
What's new in this version:
Version 6.4 has improved user interface and added multiple photos to your Pop Art project.


text:
Sorry, but specific product you requested is not currently available. Hopefully you can find another option below.
These colorful and comfy leg warmers will showcase your playful, fun-loving side and brighten your world! Easy color work. In one sizeYou can also view all Knitting at Knoon Patterns.
We provide endless possibilities for you including yarn, knitting gifts, needles, kits, sale yarn, free knitting patterns, and more! Jimmy Beans Wool is Your Local Yarn Store... Online!


text:
Vintage Red 1950s Wood Folding Card Table Samsonite
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Furniture & Furnishings
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: May 02, 2011
- Channel: Auction House
This is a vintage red card table that measures 26" tall and 30" x 30". The top looks like it's some sort of fiberglass, but I'm not certain on this. There is a partial label, but I can't make out the words. There is some light writing on the bottom, as shown in the photos. There are some scratches and nicks to the top and some slight rust on the bottom. This item could use a more thorough cleaning that what I gave it. This table is not the most sturdy and was not meant to hold heavy objects. But, it's in still in good condition. Please refer to the photos for a more accurate representation of condition.
NOTE: I do sell on multiple sites. Rarely is there ever a problem, but there have been instances where the same item sold on two sites on the same day before I had a chance to remove it from the other sites. This is not common, but it has happened. I just want to make sure my customers are aware of this so as to eliminate any confusion should this happen.
I do ship Worldwide. Please e-mail for International shipping ... read more


text:
Lee Swims In Three C-Finals At Arena Pro Series
Veronica Lee's best finish in the event was second in the C-Final of the 100-meter breaststroke.
Former Panther Lee To Compete in Pro Series
Veronica Lee will travel to Orlando to swim in the 2015 Arena Pro Series
Swimming & Diving Starts 2014-15 Season Against Duke
Fans are encouraged wear pink in support of raising awareness for breast cancer.
Blue-Gold Meet First Up For Swimming & Diving
The swimming & diving team unofficially begins the 2014-15 season.
Pitt Swimming & Diving Programs Make A Splash In The Classroom
Both men's and women's swimming and diving squads honored as Scholar All-America Teams along with eight individuals.
2013-2014: Finished second in the 200 butterfly against St. Bonaventure...Finished first in the 200 butterfly against Bucknell...Finished first in the 100 butterfly against Bucknell...At the Pitt Panthers Invitational, she took first place in the 200 yard IM...Also took first place in the 400 yard medley relay and in the 100 yard butterfly...Competed at the AT&T Winter Nationals where she broke a school record in the 400 medley relay, eleventh place finish in the 200 medley relay...Finished second in the 200 fly against WVU and first in the 200 breast...First place finish in the 200 fly and 100 fly against JMU and Denison...Against Virginia, she finished second in the 200 fly...Placed in the bonus finals of the 200 IM at the ACC Championships...Ninth place finish in the 400 IM (4:18.01) at ACC's and a tenth place finish in the 200 breast...Voted Most Valuable Swimmer.
2012-2013: Had an enormously successful meet against Virginia, winning the 200 IM, as well as the 100 and 200 breaststroke events...Against Cincinnati Lee placed in all three individual events: first in the 200 breast (2:19.16), second in the 100 breast, and second in the 400 IM...Earned top honors in the women's 200 yard breaststroke against Notre Dame while finishing second in the 200 IM and 200 butterfly...Finished third in both the women's 400 yard IM and 200 yard breaststroke as well as fourth in the 200 IM at the Pitt Invitational...Swam a 2:05.28 at the AT&T Winter Nationals in the 200 IM...Took top honors in the women's 200 yard IM and breaststroke in addition to placing third in the 200 butterfly against West Virginia.
2011 - 2012: Qualified for the Big East Championship...placed 19th overall in the 100 fly (55.67) at the conference meet in February...tied for 11th in the 200 breast with a NCAA provisional finish (2:15.87) at the conference meet...captured first in the 200 breast against Buffalo (Oct. 21)... placed first in the 100 fly and 200 breast and was a member of the winning 400 medley relay team against Cincinnati (Nov. 11)...turned in first-place performances in the 100 breast and 200 breast versus West Virginia (Jan. 7)...won the 200 breast against Virginia (Jan. 28)...took first in the 200 fly, 200 breast, and 200 IM ¬¬during the Panthers' regular-season finale at Trees Pool (Feb. 4)...named Pitt Performer of the Meet in final meet.
2010 - 2011: Set a freshman record in the 200 breast during the meet against Virginia...posted a third-place finish in the 100 fly at ECAC...swam in the consolation finals of the 200 breast at the Big East Championship...placed among the Big East's top 20 in the 200 fly and 200 IM...won the 100 breast at the 2011 Senior Recognition Meet...garnered season bests in the 200 breast and 200 fly against Virginia...touched for a season-best and third-place performance in the 200 IM at the Frank Elm Invite...assisted in the 400 medley relay team's first place victory against Louisville.
High School: One of the top breaststrokers in Canada... a finalist at the 2008 Canadian Olympic Trials and in the 2009 Canadian World Championship Trials...ranked fifth in Canada in the 200 breast (scm) and 10th in the 100 breast (scm)...best times are 1:11.76 in the 100 breast (lcm) and 2:32.73 in the 200 breast (lcm).
Pitt's Smutny, Sett and Ramsey in Indy for USA Nationals
Sharp, Cichowska Lead Pitt's CSCAA Scholar All-Americans
Katie Hazelton Announced as Pitt Diving Coach
Pitt's Samy Helmbacher Shines at French Nationals
Hargis Announces Addition of Dynamic Hungarian Duo
Panthers Place Six on All-ACC Academic Team