text:
Bastille Day Gets a Little Naughty in Adams Morgan
Per neighborhood tradition, L'Enfant Cafe Bar on 18th Street, NW, closed down Vernon Street July 12 for Bastille Day, and all things French and French Revolution took over the day. King Louis XIV (L'Enfant co-owner Jim Ball) arrived, then the can-can dancers, and then came the French maid race set off. Marie Antoinette showed up for the evening festivities.


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Want to know more about the National Concrete Canoe Competition? Check out the following links:
A Student's Perspective: Interview with Kyle Marshall
Like the U.S. Olympic team, they are a group of young stars courted by scouts at aquatic events and stalked by paparazzi at World of Concrete. The engineering students who compete in the American Society of Civil Engineers' (ASCE) National Concrete Canoe Competition are the industry's next generation of leaders.
For 22 years, these students have paddled ahead of the mainstream. They are encouraged and guided by the ASCE's Committee on National Concrete Canoe Competition (CNCCC), a group of volunteers serving as governing officials and mentors.
Many CNCCC members are former students with experience building canoes, such as Mike Carnivale, a senior geotechnical engineer with Pennoni Associates Inc., a Philadelphia consulting engineering firm. He says that while the committee encourages innovation, it also steers students toward the realities of working with concrete.
"When I competed, you could have done almost anything with the concrete, as long as you built the best canoe," Carnivale says. For instance, students painted their canoes until the committee began to suspect the thick paint might be holding some of the thin hulls together. Now they use acid stains to add color.
"The philosophy of the competition has evolved," he says. "Now, we focus more on making sure the materials are all concrete-related and mimic what's going on in the industry." The CNCCC regulates the water/cement ratio and air content, encourages using admixtures and fibers, and limits the amount of hydraulic cement (known for its waterproofing qualities).
Teams have used shotcrete, sheetcrete, hand-placed concrete, and self-consolidating concrete (SCC) poured into molds. They have worked with admixtures such as superplasticizers and air entrainers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers, and supplemental materials such as slag, fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin.
"Students are using finer aggregates and using pozzolanic materials like silica fume to create reactions at microscopic levels. They've probably gotten into nanotechnology without even realizing it," Carnivale says.
Leagues ahead
The young engineers still push the envelope, but within the guidelines. n 2008, Drexel University's team won an innovation award for using fiber-reinforced SCC and building a canoe with no primary reinforcement. The team from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, decorated their hull with a mosaic of colored concrete tiles.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
May 18, 2003
John McDonnell - Arkansas Men's Head Coach
(Arkansas Won Men's Team Championship With 149 Points)
" It was a great team effort, and they competed so well. From top to bottom, the individual pride is what really did it. It's always nice when you lose something (SEC outdoor title), to get it back--especially at Tennessee."
Tom Jones - Florida Women's Head Coach
(Florida Won the Women's Team Championship with 159 Points)
" After what our team endured this year injury-wise and emotionally, this is probably the sweetest victory I've ever had in 33 years of coaching. Our team came through in every department--in every facet. Of course, you always have your ups and downs. This is an exceptional group."
Gabor Mate - Auburn - Men's SEC Commissioner's
Trophy Co-Winner
(26 Points)
" I wanted come out and put up enough points for the Commissioner's Trophy. I competed in three events to help the team. I'm excited to take the trophy home. This was a good way to end my senior year at SECs."
Erica Whipple - South Carolina - Women's SEC Commissioner's
Trophy Winner
(21.50 Points)
" I didn't expect to win it at all. I was off doing my cool-down and I just heard my name being called. I was so tired, I could barely run over to accept the trophy. I'm just so happy to win the trophy, to win championships but everyone on my team is a champion. I think I finally lived up to my billing out of high school. Last year, I didn't make the finals of the 200-meter dash and barely made the finals of the 100-meter dash (and won them both this year). I don't think it's all sunk in yet. I know winning the 100 (meter) sunk in right away. But winning the 200 (meter) and the Commissioner's Trophy hasn't sunk in at all. It's great to be the second athlete in a row from South Carolina to win it (Antoinette Wilks won the trophy last year), and it means a lot to win the MVP out of what is by far the best conference in the nation."
Otis Harris - South Carolina - Men's 4x400m Relay Champions
(Durant, Ferguson, Lekote and Harris Had a Winning Time of 3:04.66)
" Once again, it's a blessing from God that I'm here and able to do this. When you think about USC, you think about team. We're a strong team in a lot of places. Just like any other team, we've got weaknesses, but we're strong. We're stronger than anybody. Everybody's done their individual events and it's easy to give the excuse we're tired or worn out. The 4x100 doesn't mean much but it takes the team to come together. The relay championship shows how the team comes together. There was a lot of problems, but we're an experienced team. That's going to happen. It happens indoor and it's going to happen outdoor. You just have to, as a team, work through it and keep the race going. There was a slight change in our relay because one of our regular guys got hurt. But we're veterans. We worked through it and came up with a victory. Back-to-back--it feels good to get out there and repeat. It was harder to win the first one, but we've got to do now, is go out and win a third one."
Novlene Williams - Florida - Women's 4x400m Champions
(Robinson, Benjamin, Bratton and Williams Had a Winning Time of 3:32.58)
" We had the attitude that we were going to try to place near LSU, but after the anchor leg, we were ahead. There were no problems in the exchange. It was O.K. Coming in here, we knew we could win the team championship, and that's exactly what we did. We didn't need the 4x400 for us to win, but we did it, and we're happy. We will go home as a champion."
Tiffany Ross - South Carolina - Women's 400m Hurdles
(Winning Time of 57.13)
(On Winning SEC Titles in Back-to-Back Years)
" I am glad I came here. The SEC is the best conference in the USA. I'm glad to be here in the SEC. Technically, it wasn't a very good race for me, but I got the win. My time dropped because I have been out with an injury for a couple of weeks, but I'm back."
Kenneth Ferguson - South Carolina - Men's 400m Hurdles
(Winning Time of 48.78)
" I was the favorite in the race, but I was having second thoughts about it coming in. I hadn't caught my breath from the 110 (hurdles). Coach said to be strong and focused. In the last 200 meters, I hit a second gear and brought it home."
Leigh Smith - Tennessee - Men's Javelin Champion
(Winning Throw of 236-6)
(On Winning in 2001 and Again This Year)
" Last year (not winning) was disappointing. My mental state was off last year so I tried to refocus myself. This gives me a lot of confidence going into NCAAs. It feels great going in. Our team has done great. It is too bad we couldn't get a little more, but our guys have done great out here."
Sharon Dickie - Tennessee - Women's 5000m Champion
(Winning Time of 16:40.36)
" I wanted to do my best. My coach had given me some splits, but it was too hot to go for a personal best, so I didn't meet those goals. The NCAA Regionals and Championships overshadow the SECs as far as my focus is concerned. I took the lead early, lost it and then went ahead for keeps after about a mile. It was very nice to run on my home track, with the fans behind me. Their support helped, because I was getting tired."
Alistair Cragg - Arkansas - Men's 5000m Champion
(SEC Meet Record Time of 13:41.04)
" It was fun. It was a lot better than last year. Last year, I didn't feel well and ran behind (teammate) Dan (Lincoln). This time I wanted to go for it and get a good weekend out of it. It was fun. I'm happy with my performances."
(On Pulling Away From the Pack)
" That was the plan. I wasn't sure if Dan (Lincoln) was going to come with me, follow and try to get a decent time. He's had a lot harder weekend than I had. I wanted to get a good run at it today."
(On Breaking the SEC Meet Record)
" It was more of an aim in this than in the 10k. Daniel (Lincoln) and I had not even looked at the records. We didn't know I had a chance at a record until I crossed the line in the 10k. Unfortunately, Daniel didn't look at it before the steeplechase. He was just off it, by like three-hundredths of a second or something ridiculous."
Erica Whipple - South Carolina - Women's 200m Champion
(Winning Time of 22.82)
" The race went great. I don't know if I should say this or not, but I didn't expect to win. I just went out and ran my best."
(On Defeating the Defending Champion Stephanie Durst of LSU)
" Anytime you defeat the defending champion it's great. I did it with a great time. Stephanie Durst (finished second) is a great competitor to run against. She really pushes the rest of us. I am really excited. I am ready for regionals. I am ready for NCAAs. I'm going to call my Mom."
Tiffany McWilliams - Mississippi State - Women's
800m AND 1,500m Champion
(Winning Times of 202.74 in the 800m and 412.18 in the 1,500m)
(On the 800m)
" It went good for me. The first 100m went a little slow, but the second lap, I felt really good about it. "
(On Her SEC Record Time in the 1,500m)
" It went well. It was a PR for me so I feel good about it. I'm glad I could run well and help the team score. I didn't know it was a record until I heard it over the intercom. So I feel good about it. I'm surprised. I didn't know what the record was."
Karen Freberg - Florida - Women's Shot Put Champion
(On Her School Record Throw of 55-9.75)
" It was awesome. I really felt on that throw that it was really good. When I saw the mark, I was really excited. It really pumped me up. The girls in the first flight got two PRs and I'm pretty happy for our team performance. This was my first outdoor championship so I'm really excited to achieve that."
(On Her Team's Goal of a Championship)
" That was our goal coming in. We all wanted to win a championship, or at least try to. If we had enough girls finish in the top 5 or top 8, we knew we had a chance. I'm very happy for my team."
Marquis Davis - Mississippi State - Men's 200m Champion
(Winning Time of 20.49)
" You could hear the footsteps coming down the stretch. I knew I had to pick it up. Running the 100m and 200m double is very difficult, so I knew I had to really be focused. The 200m is my best race, I guess because strength is a factor. It was pretty cool on the track. As for the NCAA Regionals in Ohio, I don't know who will be competing. Regardless, I'll be there to run my best."
Muna Lee - LSU - Women's 100m Champion
(Winning Time of 11.12)
" Actually, I just ran to win. I had to think about one part of my race, and that was the start. After that, I just opened up and ran. It had been a long time since I had run. Knowing that I ran so fast and knowing that I am not run out like I was last year makes me feel more confident going into NCAAs."
Josh Reed - Georgia - Men's High Jump Champion
(Winning Jump of 7-.5)
" I'm starting to get in a groove. My form's been shaky all season, but I've been working on it. I wanted to go out and compete and not let anything bother me. I did 7-1.5 last season, and should have made 7-1.75 today. I'm pretty confident I can do that. Our region has a lot of good jumpers. It will take a lot of work to get ready. Over the next two weeks, I'll work on form--the way I go over the bar. I've been progressing each meet. I think I'll do pretty well."
Marc Sylvester - Tennessee - Men's 800m Champion
(Winning Time of 146.56)
" Some guys really blew by me. I didn't know what was going on. But I remember what Coach (George) Watts told me before the race: `You know how to run this race. Trust yourself.' So I looked for opportunities where I could get through. They started spreading out, and I was able to go around them. I've raced against all of them. They're a great group of runners. This competition is mostly about training. It will help us get ready for the NCAAs."
Chris Mulvaney - Arkansas - Men's 1500m Champion
" It felt great to defend my title in a really tough race. My teammates pushed me along and the other guys ran great. I knew I'd have to hang in there and be tough at the end."
April Steiner - Arkansas - Women's Pole Vault Champion
(SEC Meet Record Vault of 13-7.75)
" The key was staying focused and warmed up. After that, I just had to [vault] higher than anyone else. I started vaulting in junior college four years ago. My high school coach told me he thought I'd be good at it. I won my first (conference) championship four years ago with a vault of 11 feet. I'm excited for the regionals. I had an O.K. week of practice, but I was still nervous. I try not to let a good practice or a bad practice be a factor in my competition. The humidity didn't bother me; in fact, it was a nice little break (in the weather)."
Otis Harris - South Carolina - Men's 400m Champion
(Winning Time of 45.28)
" This is all I've dreamed of since I came to the SEC. USC was the only SEC team that recruited me. It's just a blessing from God. From my coach down to the team and the trainers, it's just a whole team and family effort. I'm truly blessed. I knew I had to run a personal record to win. I just wanted to come in and do the best I could and show everybody I was one of the best in the SEC."
(On Second-Place Finisher Gary Kikaya of Tennessee)
" I knew he was going to come from behind. He ran me down on the backstretch. I know the kind of athlete he is. I just wanted to run out there, hold on and do the best I could."
Marquis Davis - Mississippi State - Men's 100m Champion
(Winning Time of 10.13)
" I had to get out and not pop-up early. You can't stride for 80 meters. I had to stay down, be relaxed and fluid. Pierre Browne is my training partner and is not easy to beat. You can't play with him. I knew I had to be focused. I'm starting to get back in shape from an injury. I had a year off and had to work hard last fall to get back where I wanted to be. I ran a 10.10 at the Texas Relays, and I run 10.1 consistently. I'm shooting for 9.9, and won't accept anything less. I'm confident I'll do pretty well in the regionals and nationals."
Lolo Jones - LSU - Women's 4x100m Relay Champions
(Durst, Hall, Jones and Lee had a Winning Time of 43.22)
" We haven't run it in two to three weeks. It was a little rusty. It was good we took a break so we weren't nagging each other. We'll be ready for the Regionals."
Lolo Jones - LSU - Women's 100m Hurdles Champion
(Winning Time of 13.05)
" I'm really happy; I'm not going to lie. I sprained my ankle last week and I didn't know if I was going to run when we had to declare."
Dee Dee Trotter - Tennessee - Women's 400m Champion
(Winning Time of 51.65)
" My main goal Saturday was to get myself a good lane for today. That worked out fine. I got out to a good start today, and followed the race pattern set by Coach Caryl (Smith). I needed to be faster at the start and the backstretch so I could finish strong. Coach Caryl gets you mentally into it, and that really helps. She and I talked for a long time before I was convinced to take a shot at the 400m."
Jabari Greer - Tennessee - Men's 4x100m Relay Champions
(Greer, Kikaya, Lambert and Wade had a Winning Time of 38.92)
" Coach Vince Anderson put us in position to do our best. We're excited. We were underdogs and tried to do our best. We can take it as fast as anybody. These guys are competitors; our chemistry is amazing. The way we react on and off the track is a real contribution to our success. (Sean) Lambert and (Jonathan) Wade are easy to run with. All of us believed we were going to do it today."
Jabari Greer - Tennessee - Men's 110m Hurdles Champion
(Winning Time of 13.31)
" I always believe I can set a standard. I didn't know when I had it; I just tried to do my best. I did not know what I could do after the 4x100m (just 40 minutes earlier), but I think I have some momentum going to the regionals."
(On His Football Teammates Supporting His Track Endeavors)
" My cheering section helps me know I picked the right place. It's good to know my teammates support me. I love running on this track and I love seeing the orange."
Gabor Mate - Auburn - Men's Discus Champion
(Only the Second Man to Win Four SEC Men's Discus Titles)
" I redshirted last year because I knew we would have far more firepower this season--hurdlers, decathletes and others. Auburn has bullets and more bullets in the chamber. The plan today, was to come out and just win and get points for the team. After warming up at 20-5, I opened at 19-5 and felt 19-7 would be enough. There was no point in busting my rear, but I did want points towards the commissioner's trophy, so I admit I slacked off with some of my throws. I felt I worked hard in the hammer and shot put. I deserved a break. I'm through with the shot, but in the NCAAs I might try the hammer in addition to the discus. Everybody was exhausted from the long weekend, which explains why there were so many fouls."
Leevan Sands - Auburn - Men's Triple Jump Champion
(Winning Mark of 55-2)
" (On Saturday) I told John Moffitt (long jump champion from LSU) I'd get him in the triple jump, and that's how it worked out. The triple jump is my event. I had been coming off a knee injury and doing a lot of rehab and did my thing today. I'm self-motivated--I don't think anyone can beat me. The weather didn't affect me. I can jump in snow, rain or hail--it doesn't matter."
Nicole Toney - LSU - Women's Triple Jump Champion
(Winning Mark of 43-11.75)
" I was more comfortable and confident than I was a year ago. The confidence has had the effect of allowing me to improve my technique. My hope is that I continue to improve. The rain showed up early, but we finished in sunshine, which is the way I like it. My winning jump was the first one in the finals. Not having (long jump champion) Elva Goulbourne (of Auburn) in the event was not a factor. I was focused."
Krista Woodward - Georgia - Women's Javelin Champion
(Winning Mark of 163-9)
" I'm pretty excited to win. It's something you'd like to win because it's conference and it's a really great conference. I had a little problem going in with a shoulder injury so I'm trying to come back from that. I only got to pull out one good throw. I've had some rhythm problems all year long but I'm looking forward to regionals in two weeks so hopefully I'll be able to get it together. I've been taking care of it but I've just got to get my rhythm down. It adds 10 points and I know a lot of our girls are doing really well. I think we can pull up so hopefully people can recognize Georgia Track and Field."


text:
Classic Meat Loaf
Not your average blue-plate special, this recipe brings three ground meats together with a sweet-and-sour glaze to form a tender and moist mealtime favorite.
- Servings: 8
- Yield:
Source: Martha Stewart Living, April 2010
- 3 thick slices white bread, torn into large pieces
- 2 garlic cloves, chopped
- 1 medium onion, chopped
- 1 celery stalk, chopped
- 1 medium carrot, chopped
- 1/2 cup flat-leaf parsley
- 12 ounces ground beef chuck (90 percent lean), preferably pasture-raised
- 12 ounces ground pork, preferably pasture-raised
- 12 ounces ground veal, preferably milk-fed
- 1 large egg
- 3/4 cup ketchup
- 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard
- 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce
- Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper
- 2 tablespoons light-brown sugar
Preheat oven to 375 degrees. Pulse bread in a food processor until finely ground. (You should have about 2 1/2 cups breadcrumbs.) Transfer to a medium bowl.
Pulse garlic, onion, celery, carrot, and parsley in food processor until finely chopped. Add to breadcrumbs. Add meats, egg, 1/4 cup ketchup, the mustard, Worcestershire sauce, 1 tablespoon salt, and 1/2 teaspoon pepper; mix together using your hands. Transfer mixture to a 5-by-9-inch loaf pan.Watch: How to Chop Garlic
Stir together remaining 1/2 cup ketchup and the brown sugar until smooth; brush onto meat. Set pan on a rimmed baking sheet, and bake until an instant-read thermometer inserted into the center reaches 160 degrees, about 1 hour 20 minutes. Let cool slightly.


text:
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Indybay FeatureRelated Categories: U.S. | Health, Housing, and Public Services | Labor & Workers
First Responders, 9/11 And Maximum Yield With Ironworker John Sferazo
On the anniversary of 9/11 this is an in depth interview with 9/11 first responder and ironworker/operating engineer John Sferazo. He discusses what happened on that day and the criminal cover-up by health and safety/EPA officials as well as how the workers had to fight to get medical care for their illnesses caused directly by their action to save lives at the Twin Towers.
Maximum Yield: John Sferazo Ironworker & 9/11First Responders
John Sferazon, a member of Ironworkers Local 361 and Operating Engineers
Local 138 talks about how he became a first responder after 9/11 and what he
experienced in the struggle to defend the health and safety of the workers at
the site. He also discusses the battle to get healthcare and compensation for
the injured workers and their families.
These workers and their families are still fighting for their lives.
Production of Labor Video Project http://www.laborvideo.org laborvideo.blip.tv
Ironworker/Operating Engineer John Sferazo exposes the real situation for workers who went to the 9/11 site to save lives and what happen to them and their lives.
9/11 workers were not warned about the dangers from the dust and were not provided with protective equipment to save their health. Then they had to fight for workers compensation


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Member Since: June 12, 2010
Country: Philippines
To continue…
Some people I know say that using .Net is like eating Pringles - once you pop, you can't stop. :) Meaning once you've coded in .Net, the world now means .Net because the IDE is beautiful.
But still Arduino code is a lot easier to grasp for beginning microcontroller programming.
You have a point there joshi. However, the kits we do use are, by heart, meant for prototyping. In the case of the Netduino, it is not comparable (or a competition) with the Arduino in my opinion. It is totally a new world. Arduinos are meant for the people who are not into programming (ie, designers or hobbyists) however the Netduino caters to a specific bunch of people (and there are a lot) who already have a strong foundation in programming .Net. Also, I think the standard 'workflow' if I would put it into context on how to use these development boards will be: 1) think of an idea; 2) conceptualize the design; 3) prototype the design using the dev boards; 4) test the design; 5) contact a manufacturer; 6) let the manufacturer check the program and decide on what we would need (ie, RAM size, components needed); 7) design the actual product with less components (does not mean that the MCU is the same, can be cheaper); 8) produce the circuit board; 9) test the circuit board; 10) tada! the final product!
I hope this helps:
I ordered this and from the Netduino website it says there that the packaging is a "pouch" and on another website it is on a blue box. May I know which one will you ship?
Also, from the site there is a Netduino Plus on beta (http://www.netduino.com/netduinoplus/specs.htm). It has a built in micro SD Card reader as one of the added features. Would you also be offering this on your shop?
No public wish lists :(


text:
Top Searches: Jazzmaster, Les Paul, Rickenbacker, Gretsch, JHS
Sold Out - $995.00
Body: Mahogany
Neck: Maple neck with a large "C" profile, 1 5/16" wide nut, rosewood fretboard, 12" radius, and block inlays
Pickups/Hardware: Original hardware, original humbucker (rated at 9.2 kOhms in the neck), volume and tone controls
Cosmetic Condition: The top looks sweet with some dings and a bit of finish wear/chipping. There are some dings and scratches around the back and the sides have a nice dose of edge and finish wear. The neck is worn nicely down to the wood in spots and the headstock has a bit of wear but is holding up superbly. This Airline is a little bit Town and Country, a LOT rock and roll!
Playability: The strings are nice and low, play great, and ring out clearly across the board.
Modifications/Repairs: None
Weight: 7lbs 2oz
Case: Gigbag
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ISRN Mathematical Analysis
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 457846, 9 pages
A New Fixed Point Theorem on Generalized Quasimetric Spaces
1Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of Gjirokastra, Gjirokastra, Albania
2Department of Mathematics, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Received 2 November 2011; Accepted 30 November 2011
Academic Editor: R. Avery
Copyright © 2012 Luljeta Kikina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
We obtain a new fixed point theorem in generalized quasimetric spaces. This result generalizes, unify, enrich, and extend some theorems of well-known authors from metric spaces to generalized quasimetric spaces.
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
The concept of metric space, as an ambient space in fixed point theory, has been generalized in several directions. Some of such generalizations are quasimetric spaces, generalized metric spaces, and generalized quasimetric spaces.
The concept of quasimetric spaces is treated differently by many authors. In this paper our concept is in line with this treated in [1–6], and so forth and the triangular inequality is replaced by quasi-triangular inequality:
In 2000 Branciari [7] introduced the concept of generalized metric spaces (gms) (the triangular inequality is replaced by tetrahedral inequality). Starting with the paper of Branciari, some classical metric fixed point theorems have been transferred to gms (see [8–13]).
Recently L. kikina and k. kikina [14] introduced the concept of generalized quasimetric space (gqms) on the lines of quasimetric space, where the tetrahedral inequality has been replaced by quasitetrahedral inequality. The well-known fixed point theorems of Banach and of Kannan have been transferred to such a space.
The metric spaces are a special case of generalized metric spaces and generalized metric spaces are a special case of generalized quasimetric spaces (for ). Also, every qms is a gqms, while the converse is not true.
In gqms, contrary to a metric space, the "open" balls are not always open sets, and consequently, a generalized quasidistance is not always continuous of its variables. The gqms is not always a Hausdorff space and the convergent sequence in gqms is not always a Cauchy sequence (see Example 1.3).
Under this situation, it is reasonable to consider if some well-known fixed point theorems can be obtained in generalized quasimetric space.
The aim of this paper is to generalize, unify, and extend some theorems of well-known authors such as of Fisher and Popa, from metric spaces to generalized quasimetric spaces.
Let us start with the main definitions.
Definition 1.1 (see [7]). Let be a set and a mapping such that for all and for all distinct points , each of them different from and , one has (a) if and only if ,(b),(c) (tetrahedral inequality).Then is called a generalized metric and is a generalized metric space (or shortly gms).
Definition 1.2 (see [14]). Let be a set. A nonnegative symmetric function defined on is called a generalized quasidistance on if and only if there exists a constant such that for all and for all distinct points , each of them different from and , the following conditions hold:
(i); (ii); (iii).
Inequality (2.7) is often called quasitetrahedral inequality and is often called the coefficient of . A pair is called a generalized quasimetric space if is a set and is a generalized quasidistance on .
The set is called "open" ball with center and radius .
The family is a topology on and it is called induced topology by the generalized quasidistance .
The following example illustrates the existence of the generalized quasimetric space for an arbitrary constant.
Example 1.3 (see [14]). Let. Define as follows: Then it is easy to see that is a generalized quasimetric space and is not a generalized metric space (for ).
Note that the sequence converges to both 1 and 2 and it is not a Cauchy sequence:
Since for all , the is non-Hausdorff generalized metric space.
The function is not continuous: .
In [14] the following is proved.
Proposition 1.4. If is a quasimetric space, then is a generalized quasimetric space. The converse proposition does not hold true.
Definition 1.5. A sequence in a generalized quasimetric space is called Cauchy sequence if .
Definition 1.6. Let be a generalized quasimetric space. Then one has the following.(1)A sequence in is said to be convergent to a point (denoted by ) if .(2)It is called compact if every sequence contains a convergent subsequence.
Definition 1.7. A generalized quasimetric space is called complete, if every Cauchy sequence is convergent.
Definition 1.8. Let be a gqms and the coefficient of is .
A map is called contraction if there exists such that
Definition 1.9. Let be a mapping where is a gqms. For each , let which will be called the orbit of at . The space is said to be -orbitally complete if and only if every Cauchy sequence which is contained in converges to a point in .
Definition 1.10. The set of all upper semicontinuous functions with 3 variables satisfying the following properties: (a) is nondecreasing in respect to each variable, (b), will be noted by and every such function will be called an -function.
Some examples of -function are as follows:
(1),(2), (3),(4), where and .
2. Main Result
We state the following lemma which we will use for the proof of the main theorem.
Lemma 2.1. Let be a generalized quasimetric space and is a sequence of distinct point for all in . If , , for all and , then is a Cauchy sequence.
Proof. If is odd, then writing , , by quasitetrahedral inequality, we can easily show that
Therefore, .
If is even, then writing , and using the same arguments as before we can get And so . It implies that is a Cauchy sequence in . This completes the proof of the lemma.
We state the following theorem.
Theorem 2.2. Let and be two generalized quasimetric spaces with coefficients and , respectively. Let be a mapping of into and a mapping of into satisfying the following inequalities: for all and , where , , . If there exists such that is -orbitally complete in and is -orbitally complete in , then has a unique fixed point in and has a unique fixed point in . Further, and .
Proof. Let be an arbitrary point in . Define the sequences and inductively as follows:
Using the inequality (2) we get
By this inequality and properties of , it follows that
Using the inequality (2.3) we have
and so . By this inequality and (2.7) we obtain
Using the mathematical induction, by the inequalities (2.7) and (2.9), we get
Applying the inequality (2), we get
and so
Similarly, using (2.3), we obtain
Using the mathematical induction, we get
and so
where .
We divide the proof into two cases.
Case 1. Suppose for some , . Let . Then ; that is, where and . Now if , by (2.10), we have Since , . So and hence is a fixed point of .
By the equality it follows that . We take and, in similar way, we prove that is a fixed point of .Case 2. Assume that for all . Then, from (2.10), (2.16), and Lemma 2.1 is derived that is a Cauchy sequence in . Since is ST-orbitally complete, there exists such that . In the same way, we show that the sequence is a Cauchy sequence and there exists a such that .
We now prove that the limits and are unique. Suppose, to the contrary, that is also . Since for all , there exists a subsequence of such that and for all . Without loss of generality, assume that is this subsequence. Then by Tetrahedral property of Definition 1.1 we obtain Letting tend to infinity we get and so , in the same way for .
Let us prove now that is a fixed point of . First we prove that . In contrary, if , the sequence does not converge to and there exists a subsequence of such that for all . Then by Tetrahedral property of Definition 1.1 we obtain Then if , we get Using the inequality (2), for and we obtain Letting tend to infinity we get And so, Since , by (2.23) and (2.20), we have and so It follows similarly that By (2.24) and (2.25) we obtain Thus, we proved that the points and are fixed points of and , respectively.
Let us prove now the uniqueness (for Cases 1 and 2 in the same time). Assume that is also a fixed point of . By (2.3) for and we get And so,we have If , in similar way by (2) for and , we have By (2.28) and (2.29) we get . Thus, we have again . The uniqueness of follows similarly. This completes the proof of the theorem.
3. CorollariesIf , then by Theorem 2.2 we obtain [12, Theorem 2.1], that generalize and extend the well-known Fisher fixed point theorem [15] from metric space to generalized metric spaces.For different expressions of and in Theorem 2.2 we get different theorems. For , where we have an extension of Fisher's theorem [15] in generalized quasimetric spaces. For , where , we have an extension of Popa's theorem [13] in generalized quasimetric spaces. For and we obtain an extension of Popa's Corollary [13] in generalized quasimetric spaces.
Remark 3.1. We can obtain many other similar results for different .
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|3rd millennium
The 2050s is a decade of the Gregorian calendar that will begin on January 1, 2050 and will end on December 31, 2059.
Notable predictions and known events[edit]
- World population is predicted to reach 9.3 billion people, according to United Nations Population Division.[1]
- French demographist Emmanuel Todd predicts worldwide zero population growth birth rates by 2050.[2]
- China, United States, India, Brazil and Mexico will be the largest economies in the world, according to a Goldman Sachs study.[3]
- Expected completion of a space elevator by 2050.[4]
- Predictions have been made for commercial hypersonic air travel by 2050.[5]
- Denmark's energy supply is planned to be supplied only by renewable energies in 2050.[6]
Fictional events[edit]
- The Dexter's Laboratory television movie released in 1999, Ego Trip, has some scenes that take place in 2055.
- The film Minority Report takes place in 2054.
- The film Renaissance takes place in Paris in 2054.
- The film Red Planet takes place in 2057.
- The film Lost In Space begins in 2058.
- John Christopher's novel The Guardians takes place during the years 2052 and 2053.
- J.D. Robb's In Death mystery series takes place during the years 2058–59.
- The video game Deus Ex takes place in 2052.
- In the video game series Killzone, World War III began and ended in the 2050s.
- The short story A Sound of Thunder takes place in 2055.
- According to the film Star Trek: First Contact, World War III will end in 2053, with an ultimate death toll of over 600 million.
- The Disney film Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in the late 2040s. The second movie Zenon: The Zequel takes place in 2051, two years after the first movie, and the third movie in the series, Zenon: Z3 takes place in 2054.
- The racing video game Wipeout takes place in the year 2052.
- The film Love Story 2050 takes place in 2050.
- The anime Macross Frontier takes place in 2059.
- "The Waters of Mars", an episode of Doctor Who, takes place in 2059.
- The film Repo! The Genetic Opera takes place in 2057.
- July 5, 2050, the date referenced in the song "Toothless Hawkins and his Robot Jazz Band" by Varien & Razihel will take place.
- Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare takes place in the year 2054 with North Korea invading Seoul, South Korea.
- The events in the video game Xenoblade Chronicles X take place in 2054.
The TV show 2057 on the Discovery Science Channel predicts advances in technology we will have by 2057.
- ^ "World population to reach 9.1 billion in 2050, UN projects". UN News Center. 24 February 2005.
- ^ Todd, Emmanuel (2003). After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-13102-X.
- ^ Wilson, Dominic; Stupnytska, Anna (March 28, 2007). "The N-11: More Than an Acronym" (PDF). Global Economics Paper. 153. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2010.
- ^ Rebecca Boyle (2012-02-23). "Japanese Construction Company Plans Space Elevator By 2050". Australian Popular Science. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ "Hypersonic Zehst jet will fly in 2050 on seaweed biofuel". Wired UK.
- ^ "Our future energy" (PDF). The Danish government. The Danish Ministry of Climate and Energy. November 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-26.


text:
[slideshow 10539]
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READ MORE: NASA's 'Flying Saucer' Test Flight a Huge Success
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READ MORE: World View Prototype Balloon Reaches for Edge of Space
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READ MORE: Titan's 'Magic Island' Appeared Mysteriously From the Depths
These images show Ganymede eclipsed by Jupiter, obtained during its eclipse, by the Subaru and Hubble Space Telescopes.
READ MORE: Why Do Jupiter's Moons Still Shine When Eclipsed?
On May 31, Expedition 40 Flight Engineer Reid Wiseman of NASA sent down this image of a single piece of dice floating in front of one of the windows in the Cupola of the Earth-orbiting International Space Station.
A portion of the solar array panels on the Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB) is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 40 crew member aboard the International Space Station.
On 23 June 2014 a prototype of the European suborbital IXV Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle was recovered off the coast of Tuscany, Italy in a practice run for the launch of the real spacecraft in November.
NASA's Cassini mission captures Saturn's moon Mimas drifting in front of Saturn's rings while the gas giant casts a shadow in the background.


text:
Welcome to Librarium Online!
Join our community of 80,000+ members and take part in the number one resource for Warhammer and Warhammer 40K discussion!
Registering gives you full access to take part in discussions, upload pictures, contact other members and search everything!
Due to the amount of new players (with Island of blood) I thought I'd give a little guide on the IoB army, and help as to how to continue from it.
What you have in the Island Of blood box:
2x Units of 20 clanrats with shields, one with Hand Weapons and one with spears. Both have Full command
1x Plague Mortar
1x Warpfire Thrower
2x Rat Ogres
1x Master Moulder
1x Enginseer
1x Chieftan
Now, The points and equipment aren't put in IoB (very helpfully) but one bit of advice that is needed is this:
You need to get the Skaven Army Book
Now for a Summary of the Island Of Blood models (assuming you know the very basics of WFB rules ) :
1 ) Clanrats x20 with Shields and Hand weapons, Full Command
- This unit costs 110 points. The shields, with hand weapon gives you a 6+ ward save after armor saves (if engaged in combat from the front)
2 ) Clanrats x20 with Shields and Spears, Full Command
- This unit costs 120 points. You can attack with an extra rank (with the spears) exept on the turn you charge. (I recommend not attaching them too solidly, as I took mine off and replaced them with hand weapons when I could get the bits. Some people like spears. Personally, I prefer a ward save and a saving in points )
3) Warlock Enginseer with Warplock Pistol, Warp Energy Condenser, and Warlock Augmented Weapon
- This unit costs 173 points (If you make him a L2 mage)
# I DO NOT recommend the Warlock Augmented Weapon. I immediately replaced this arm (he then costs 128 points to be a L2 mage). Bear in mind the pistol counts as a extra hand weapon if with another non-magical hand weapon, ('+1 attack) and the warp energy condenser adds to your warp lightening magic missile, and also adds to your chanelling attempts (extra roll, success on a 5+ )
4) Rat ogres and master moulder with shock prod
- The ogres costs 95 points (If you make one rat ogre master bred – limit one per unit)
- The packmaster costs 53 points if you make him a master moulder and give him a things-catcher
# I DO NOT recommend the pack master being upgraded, (to master moulder with things-catcher) as this means two things:
1) As a champion he has to go in the front rank and is normally beaten up (and he doesn't look good there either)
2) the cost is horrific and not worth it. However to begin with you're stuck with him
however it is a lovely model.
5 ) Chieftan with Magical Hand Weapon, and a talisman and ornate armour
- This unit costs 62 points if you gave him a rival hide talisman (opponent re-roll successful hits on him, one use only) and an extra hand weapon (+1 attack)
# You can increase his cost a lot with better equipment and making him a warlord,
e.g. I converted mine to have a enchanted shield, the warlock augmented weapon and other stuff as a Warlord (you can take more magical stuff) , but i could write a list a mile long of what you can do by just saying he has a different weapon. See army book / main rule book and pick one you like.
6 ) Weapon Teams
- There are ok attachments to your clan rats (or stormvermin) and It's worth a giggle practicing with them - The mortar gives limited ranged firepower (until you start running slaves - which you can shoot in to a combat they're engaged in) it's limited use really, so without slaves the often short lived Warpfire thrower is better (stand and shoot a charging unit / you're laughing if one is foolishly close enough to be burnt to cinders) - although it has a life expectancy of nanoseconds normally. Together they cost 135 points (the mortar is just marginally cheaper )
some people love them, some people don't - I don't personally rate any weapon team, exept perhaps the ratling gun but that's just me.
So one set of IoB will give you 748 points worth of troops. (If equipped in the basic manner above)
Oh, the restrictions on choices : no more than 25% of any: Lord, Hero or Rare, Up to 50% special and a Minimum of 25% Core)
(25% of 750 points is 187.5 points. Don't exceed this / do exceed this.)
This actually leads to a slightly illegal hero selection, but c'mon, it's the beginners set. I can't imagine anyone complaining.
OR make the Chieftan a Warlord and add a Ironcurse Icon (Enchanted Item, in the main rule book, he and the unit he's with get 6+ ward vs war machines) and make it a 800 point game
Advancing after IoB
Well, what do you get next?
A lot of people will say they want this and that, but seriously gents, there isn't really a right or wrong answer
(Well there could be a lot of wrong answers I suppose, depending on your perspective and opinion)
What will affect your choice is your budget, your play style and what size army you want. Themed or Tournament-competitive? It's up to you.
However, a very simple and easy choice is the battalion.
While not the cheapest thing you can get to enhance your army (in money put on the counter) , It is one of the very best cost-efficient buys
In it is:
40x Clanrats (or 20 clanrats and 20 slaves) with options of spears, shields and command
20x Plague monks
2x Rat Ogres
3x Packmasters
6x Giant Rats (well, if you get hold of more bases there's more than 6 after the rats from the plague monks etc)
A Brief summary and tips on using this to advance your army:
Plague Monks (special) with full command, War Banner = 190 points
- With two hand weapons and frenzy these blighters will chop up the opposition in no time at all. A good T, but no save - don't expect them to keep rank bonus at this size at all. Oh, you can add a magic banner (there are many different good ones - see my guide on the Battle Standard Bearer for a breakdown)
- * If you don't use them at first it's worth keeping hold of them and combining them with another set of plague monks, to push a screaming bell / plague furnace. (should you get one in the future)
Rat Ogres - Drop your Master Moulder and add all three packmasters and your two ogres to your unit (+51 points.)
20x Clanrats with Shields and Hand Weapons (10no) / Spears (10no) (add 10 to each original IoB unit) = + 95 points
A new unit of 20 skavenslaves with plain old hand weapons, and a musician = 42 points.
You have leftover giant rats, an assortment of bits and your points total is 1,178 (added to the 800 point army) .
You have two real choices here for a 1,000 point army (if you have just a battalion):
1) Drop the Rat Ogres, and add 20 odd points somewhere (e.g. add magical stuff to the Warlord)
2) Drop the plague monks, and add 20 odd points somewhere (e.g. add magical stuff to the Warlord)
- you can then alternate these options for variety in games !
Or, if you wanted to go over 1,000 points you can start doing things like:
Converting a Battle Standard Bearer out of a clanrat (or stormvermin if you can) and your bits (scavenge some bits off another WFB player - Ideally a despised foe / frequent opponent - to give him a impressive base / dead enemy body if you wanted to try converting.
- that's 70 + points (and a BSB is a very good choice for your army)
Getting a Warp Lightening Cannon / Plague claw catapult
-add about 100 points, or just a bit less
Converting a Plague Priest out of a plague monk
- 117 points (with channelling staff and extra hand weapon)
add a Doomwheel / Hell Pit Abomination / Any unit you like the look of after leafing through the Army Book. The choice is yours!
Oh, and lastly, I also recommend Movement trays (makes moving those 30+ units sooo much easier)
Good luck and conquer the Old world for the great Horned Rat!
Here is my main thread I am doing Skaven Guidance on (It needs sorting and other additions, all in good time, but it is coming along - albeit slowly)
http://www.librarium-online.com/foru...very-good.html (General Skaven Army Guide Yes-Yes Very Good!)
Please, feel free to comment below
Last edited by stayscrunchyinmilk; February 23rd, 2011 at 00:12.
Having an army and not owning a rulebook is like owning a car with no steering wheel.Originally Posted by amishcellphone
I overlooked it as well at first. On the good side bring on the Plague Monks, Gutter Runners and the Rat Ogres!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 10, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 8, 2003
|Priority date
|Jun 18, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Baoliang Wang
|Original Assignee
|Hinds Instruments, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (15), Classifications (20), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application relates to precise measurement of birefringence properties of optical elements, including optical elements that are components of systems that use deep ultraviolet (DUV) wavelengths.
Many important optical materials exhibit birefringence. Birefringence means that different linear polarizations of light travel at different speeds through the material. These different polarizations are most often considered as two components of the polarized light, one being orthogonal to the other.
Birefringence is an intrinsic property of many optical materials, and may also be induced by external forces. Retardation or retardance represents the integrated effect of birefringence acting along the path of a light beam traversing the sample. If the incident light beam is linearly polarized, two orthogonal components of the polarized light will exit the sample with a phase difference, called the retardance. The fundamental unit of retardance is length, such as nanometers (nm). It is frequently convenient, however, to express retardance in units of phase angle (waves, radians, or degrees), which is proportional to the retardance (nm) divided by the wavelength of the light (nm). An "average" birefringence for a sample is sometimes computed by dividing the measured retardation magnitude by the thickness of the sample.
Oftentimes, the term "birefringence" is interchangeably used with and carries the same meaning as the term "retardance." Thus, unless stated otherwise, those terms are also interchangeably used below.
The two orthogonal polarization components described above are parallel to two orthogonal axes, which are determined by the sample and are respectively called the "fast axis" and the "slow axis." The fast axis is the axis of the material that aligns with the faster moving component of the polarized light through the sample. Therefore, a complete description of the retardance of a sample along a given optical path requires specifying both the magnitude of the retardance and its relative angular orientation of the fast (or slow) axis of the sample.
The need for precise measurement of birefringence properties has become increasingly important in a number of technical applications. For instance, it is important to specify linear birefringence (hence, the attendant induced retardance) in optical elements that are used in high-precision instruments employed in semiconductor and other industries.
Moreover, the optical lithography industry is currently transitioning to the use of very short exposure wavelengths for the purpose of further reducing line weights (conductors, etc.) in integrated circuits, thereby to enhance performance of those circuits. In this regard, the next generation of optical lithography tools will use laser light having a wavelength of about 157 nanometers, which wavelength is often referred to as deep ultraviolet or DUV.
It is important to precisely determine the retardance properties of optical elements or components that are used in systems, such as lithography tools, that employ DUV. Such a component may be, for example, a calcium fluoride (CaF2) lens of a scanner or stepper. Since the retardance of such a component is a characteristic of both the component material as well as the wavelength of light penetrating the material, a system for measuring retardance properties must operate with a DUV light source and associated components for detecting and processing the associated light signals.
The magnitude of the measured retardance of an optical element is a function of the thickness of the element, the thickness being measured in the direction that the light propagates through the sample. For example, a CaF2 optical element will have an intrinsic birefringence of about 12 nm for every centimeter (cm) of thickness. Consequently, for example, a 10 cm-thick CaF2 element will have a relatively high birefringence level of about 120 nanometers, which is about three-quarters of a 157 nm DUV wavelength.
The present invention is directed to systems and methods for precisely measuring birefringence properties of optical elements, especially those elements that are used in DUV applications.
In one preferred embodiment, the system includes two photoelastic modulators (PEM) located on opposite sides of the sample. Each PEM is operable for modulating the polarity of a light beam that passes though the sample. The system also includes a polarizer associated with one PEM, an analyzer associated with the other PEM, and a detector for measuring the intensity of the light after it passes through the PEMs, the polarizer, and the analyzer.
As one aspect of the invention, embodiments and methods are described for determining birefringence properties across a wide range. For example, an embodiment comprising a dual-wavelength light source is provided for measuring relatively high levels of birefringence.
Also provided is a technique for selecting the most accurate and efficient one of a number of approaches to determining birefringence properties of DUV optical elements, the selection depending upon the estimated level of the birefringence to be detected for a given optical sample.
The birefringence properties (retardance magnitude and/or angular orientation) are precisely calculated. The system permits multiple measurements to be taken across the area of a sample to detect and graphically display variations in the retardance across the sample area.
Other advantages and features of the present invention will become clear upon study of the following portion of this specification and drawings.
One system for measuring birefringence is described in published International Patent Application No. WO99/42796, as well as in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/308,747, hereby incorporated by reference. That system employs a photoelastic modulator (PEM) for modulating polarized light that is then directed through a sample. The beam propagating from the sample is separated into two parts. These separate beam parts are then analyzed at different polarization directions, detected, and processed as distinct channels. The detection mechanisms associated with each channel detect the light intensity corresponding to each of the two parts of the beam. This information is employed in an algorithm for calculating a precise, unambiguous measure of the retardance induced by the sample as well as the angular orientation of birefringence relative to the fast axis of the sample. Considerations such as the nature of the light source required for retardance measurement at deep ultraviolet wavelengths (DUV) introduce the need for a somewhat different approach to birefringence measurement in the DUV environment.
One preferred embodiment of the present invention uses a dual PEM setup to measure low-level linear birefringence in optical elements. This embodiment determines birefringence properties (both magnitude and angular orientation) that are the most important ones for CaF2 and fused silica suppliers to the semiconductor industry. This embodiment has specifically designed signal processing, a data collection scheme, and an algorithm for measuring low-level linear birefringence at very high sensitivity.
As shown in
The bottom module includes a second PEM 28 that is set to a modulation frequency that is different from the modulation frequency of the first PEM 20. The second PEM 28 is oriented at 45 degrees. The bottom module also includes an analyzer 30 at 0 degrees and a detector 32.
The middle module is a sample holder 34 that can be mounted on a computer-controlled X-Y stage to allow the scan of an optical element or sample 36.
This embodiment (
With continued reference to
With reference to
The DC signal is recorded after the detector 32 signal passes through an analog-to-digital converter 44 and a low-pass electronic filter 46. The DC signal represents the average light intensity reaching the detector 32. As discussed next, the DC and AC signals need to be recorded at different PEM retardation settings.
The theoretical analysis underlying the measurement of the birefringence properties of the sample 36 in this embodiment is based on a Mueller matrix analysis, and is discussed next for this dual PEM-single detector embodiment of
For clarity, the Mueller matrices for three of the optical components in
The Mueller matrices of the two PEMs, with the retardation axes oriented at ρ=0� and 45� are, respectively:
where δ1 and δ2 are the time varying phase retardation of the first PEM 26 and second PEM 28 (δ1=δ1o sin ω1t and δ2=δ2o sin ω2t; where ω1 and ω2 are the PEMs' modulating frequencies; δ1o and δ2o are the retardation amplitudes of the two PEMs).
Using the Mueller matrices of the optical components in the set-up shown in
where I0 is the light intensity after the polarizer 24 and K is a constant that represents the transmission efficiency of the optical system after the polarizer.
The functions of sin δ1 and cos δ1 in equation 1 can be expanded with the Bessel functions of the first kind:
where k is either "0" or a positive integer, and J2k+1 is the (2k+1)th order of the Bessel function; and
where J0 is the 0th order of the Bessel function, and J2k is the (2k)th order of the Bessel function.
Similar expansions can be made for sin δ2 and cos δ2.
Substituting the expansions of sin δ1, cos δ1, sin δ2 and cos δ2 into equation (1) and taking only up to the second order of the Bessel functions, we obtain the following terms:
[J 0(δ10)+2J 2(δ10)cos(2ω1 t)]�[2J 1(δ20)sin(ω2 t)] cos(2ρ)sin δ=J 0(δ10)�2J 1(δ20)sin(ω2 t)cos(2ρ)sin δ+2J 2(δ10)cos(2ω1 t)�2J 1(δ20)sin(ω2 t)cos(2ρ)sin δ� term (3)
[J 0(δ20)+2J 2(δ20)cos(2ω2 t)]�[2J 1(δ10)sin(ω1 t)] sin(2ρ)sin δ=J 0(δ20)�[2J 1(δ10)sin(ω1 t)] sin(2ρ)sin δ+2J 2(δ20)cos(2ω2 t)�[2J 1(δ10)sin(ω1 t)] sin(2ρ)sin δ term (4)
The first parts of terms (3) and (4) can be used for determining linear retardance at low levels (below π/2 or a quarter-wave). Term (2) is useful for determining linear retardance at higher levels (up to π or a half-wave). Term (1) contains DC terms that relate to the average light intensity.
The 1F AC signals on the detector 32 can be determined using the lock-in amplifiers 40, 42 referenced at the PEMs' first harmonic (1F) frequencies. The lock-in amplifier will effectively exclude the contributions from all other harmonics. The IF signals measured by the lock-in amplifiers 40, 42 for the two PEMs 26, 28 are:
where √2 results from the fact that the output of a lock-in amplifier measures the root-mean-square, not the signal amplitude. It is seen from eqn (4) that the maximum values of J0(δ10)2J1((δ20) and J0(δ20)2J1((δ10) will lead to optimal results for the output of the lock-in amplifiers. When the AC signals are collected, the retardation amplitudes of both PEMs are set to be 1.43 radians to optimize the AC signals.
The DC signal can be derived from term (1) to be:
where any term that varies as a function of the PEMs' modulation frequencies is omitted because they have no net contribution to the DC signal. The low-pass electronic filter 46 is used to eliminate such oscillations.
Within small angle approximation (sin X=X and sin2X=0 when X is small), VDC is independent of the sample's retardation and thus represents the average light intensity reaching the detector. However, when a sample with retardation above 30 nm is measured, the VDC as shown in equation (5) will generally be affected by the magnitude and angle of the retardance. Thus, the measured DC signal will not be a true representation of the average light intensity. In this case, the most straightforward method is to set both J0(δ10) and J0(δ20) equal to "0". The DC signal then becomes:
In this embodiment, the PEMs' retardation amplitude was selected as δ10=δ20=2.405 radians (0.3828 waves) for recording the DC signal. At such PEM settings, J0(δ10)=J0(δ20)=0. Therefore, the DC signal, independent of ρ or δ, truly indicates the average light intensity reaching the detector.
As seen, this method requires recording AC and DC signals at different PEM settings and thus has a slower measurement speed (about 2 seconds per data point). This method affords high accuracy measurement of linear retardance above 30 nm. When speed is critical, an alternative method can be used. If the DC signal is collected at δ10=δ20=01.43 radians, where the AC signals are recorded, the measured retardance of a sample, using the ratio of AC to DC, will depend on the sample's angular orientation. However, the DC term is well defined in equation (5). It is, therefore, possible to reduce the angular dependence of retardance by iteration of calculation for both retardation magnitude and angle.
In order to eliminate the effect of light intensity variations due to light source fluctuations and the absorption, reflection and scattering from the sample and other optical components, the ratio of the 1F AC signal to the DC signal are used. The ratios of AC signals to the DC signal for both PEMs are represented in equation (7):
Defining R1 and R2 as corrected ratios for both PEMs yields:
Finally, the magnitude and angular orientation of the birefringence are expressed as:
where δ, represented in radians, is a scalar. When measured at a specific wavelength (i.e., 632.8 nm), it can be converted to retardation in nanometers: dnm=drad(632.8/(2π)).
It should be emphasized that equations (9) are specifically developed for small linear birefringence due to the use of arcsine function in determining linear birefringence. Therefore, this method described here has a theoretical upper limit of π/2 or 158.2 nm when using 632.8 nm laser as the light source.
The signals at both PEMs' modulation frequencies depend on the orientation of the fast axis of the sample (see equation (6)), and the final retardation magnitudes are independent of the fast axis angles (see equation (9)). To achieve this angular independence of retardation magnitude, it is important to accurately orient all optical components in the system (as well as those of the embodiments described below).
In this embodiment, the first PEM's optical axis is used as the reference angle ("0�"). All other optical components in the system are accurately aligned directly or indirectly with this reference angle. With the first PEM 26 being fixed, the following procedures ensure the accurate alignment of all other optical components in the system:
When the optical components are misaligned, retardation magnitude shows specific patterns of angular dependence.
The birefringence measurement of the present embodiment is specifically designed for accurately measuring low-level linear birefringence. In order to accurately measure such low levels of retardation, it is critical to correct for the existing residual linear birefringence of the instrument itself (instrument offset) even when high quality optical components are used.
The instrument offset is primarily due to the small residual linear birefringence in the PEMs (on the order of 0.1 nm). To correct the system offset, an average of several measurements without any sample is first obtained. The instrument offsets are corrected in the software when a sample is measured. Notice that such corrections should only be done when the ratios are calculated using equations (8), not on the final results of δ and ρ, eqn. (9). The instrument offsets should be constants (within the instrumental noise level) unless there is a change in either the alignment of optical components or laboratory conditions such as temperature. It is prudent to check the instrument offsets with some regularity.
This offset correction works within the limit of small retardance when the Mueller matrices of retardance commute. In practice, this is the only case where an offset correction is needed. Since the residual retardation in the PEMs is so small (on the order of 0.1 nm), offset correction will not be necessary when measuring retardation higher than 50 nm.
The foregoing embodiment was specifically designed for measuring low-level retardance (up to a quarter-wave of the light source's wavelength, i.e. 158 nm for a 633 nm He—Ne laser; 39 nm for the 157 nm light).
The next described embodiment, illustrated in
As shown above, the prior-described embodiment uses the 1F signal from one PEM 26 (M11F) and the 1F signal from the other PEM 28 (M21F) to determine up to quarter-wave (e.g., 39 nm) retardation. By processing the electronic signal of the detector at the frequency of (M11F+M21F), the retardation range can be extended to half-wave of the light source's wavelength.
The theory of this extension has already been provided in the earlier embodiment, which shows the development of terms (1)–(4) above.
The important equations relating linear retardation to the detector signal at the frequency of (M11F+M21F) are listed below:
The retardation noted in equations (10) is from 0 to half wave. The fast axis angle is determined with the 1F data. Selectively combining the 1F data and the M11F+M21F data optimizes the determination of retardation from 0 to half-wave. For example, the M11F+M21F data is used with the 1F data for determining retardation around quarter-wave where the 1F data is not accurate. Also, the 1F data is used with the M11F+M21F data to calculate the retardation around 0 or half-wave retardation where the M11F+M21F data is not accurate.
With reference to
Unlike the prior embodiment, the embodiment of
Before describing the preferred and alternative mechanisms for providing the light source 122, the rationale underlying the need for a dual or multiple wavelength light source is discussed.
With reference to
In particular, the graph of
Considering this "M" shaped, single wavelength line 50 of
In accord with the embodiment of
In a preferred embodiment (
As shown in
To determine the correct actual retardance of the sample in this situation, the computer 148 of the present invention is programmed to carry out the following algorithm:
As shown in
One such case is when the actual retardation is close to λ1/4 or 3λ1/4. For this case, retardation measured with λ1 is not accurate due to the use of the arcsine function in calculating the retardation. However, the measurement result with λ2 is accurate since the wavelengths are set far enough apart. The λ2 results can be used to determine the actual retardation. The significant difference of the λ2 results in the vicinity of λ1/4 and 3λ1/4 can be used to distinguish which is the actual retardation. A preferred procedure for use in this case is as follows:
Similarly, when the actual retardation is close to λ2/4, 3λ2/4, λ1/2, λ2/2, λ1, λ2, or the intersections of the two curves 50, 52, the sample's actual retardation can be determined using the combination of measurement results from λ1 and λ2.
In one embodiment, such as where the sample is under consideration is comprised of CaF2, λ1 is selected to be 157 nm and λ2 maybe, for example, 165 nm.
It is noteworthy here that other light sources are contemplated in this embodiment. For example, the light source can be two or more separate lasers at different wavelengths. A switching device, such as a flip mirror, can allow the individual beams to pass to the sample, one at a time. Alternatively, the source can be a tunable laser that offers multiple wavelengths. Wavelength selection can then be determined by the computer-controlled system.
Another choice of light source is a laser that emits multiple wavelengths simultaneously. To select the wavelengths for birefringence measurement, one can employ an optical filter wheel to selectively pass the proper wavelengths. A filter wheel contains multiple optical filters mounted to the wheel. Rotation of the wheel allows a certain optical filter to be inserted into the path of the light beam.
It is also possible to use a broadband light source combined with a filter wheel or wheels to select the desired wavelengths. Different types of optical filters, including high-pass, low-pass, and band pass filters, can be used in the filter wheel. A combination of filter wheels can be applied when necessary.
The computer 148 is used to control and coordinate selecting wavelengths from the light source, as well as driving the PEMs at an optimal level for measuring birefringence and collecting data at an optimized sequence and calculating the final results.
It is pointed out that although
When lock-in amplifiers are used in the system (
When the birefringence dispersion at the chosen wavelengths is not negligible, this effect must be taken into account. For a specific sample, the birefringence at two chosen wavelengths is related by a constant determined by the material's dispersion. When the dispersion is unknown, it can be measured with a calibrated birefringence measurement system. Correction of birefringence dispersion is necessary for measurements around 157 nm.
In instances where the sample 136 has retardation higher than 1 full wave (λ1), the relationship described above is modified for determining the actual retardation. In this case, it is preferable that λ1 and λ2 are close so that when the sample is measured at the two wavelengths, the retardation measured will be at the same order, i.e. mλ1+δ1 and mλ2+δ2. It is easy to select wavelengths when a white light source combined with a monochromator is used.
It is possible that there is still ambiguity for some discrete data points when very large retardation values are involved, such as retardation satisfying (m+1)λ1=mλ2. In such cases, a third wavelength can be used to tell them apart.
More particularly, when only two wavelengths are used, the two curves representing the two wavelengths intersect at two positions (
It is important to point out that there are only a very limited number of data points where there is any such ambiguity. For example, two wavelengths are sufficient to measure all retardation below λ/2 without any ambiguity. A third wavelength is only required when the measured retardation are at δI and δII (within the error of the measurement in reality) to determine the actual retardation.
Upon further consideration of
The foregoing analyses provide various processes for measuring birefringence. Some processes or modes are more efficient than others, depending generally upon the magnitude of the retardation to be measured. What follows is a useful method for selecting the appropriate process for given ranges of estimated birefringence.
1. Preferred Process For Measuring Small Linear Birefringence (<0.35 Radian or 35 nm Using 632.8 He—Ne Laser)
When the samples studied have small linear birefringence, the DC signal can be derived from term (1) to be:
where any term that varies as a function of the PEMs' modulation frequencies is omitted because they have no net contribution to the DC signal. A low-pass electronic filter is used to eliminate such oscillations. Within small angle approximation (sin X=X and sin2X=0 when X is small), VDC is independent of the sample's retardation and the PEMs' peak retardation setting, and thus represents the average light intensity reaching the detector.
Therefore, the PEMs' peak retardation setting can be set at 1.43 radians to maximize the values of J0(δ10)2J1((δ20) and J0(δ20)2J1((δ10), thus to optimize the 1F AC signal recovery using lock-in amplifiers. At the PEMs' peak retardation setting of 1.43 radians, the effect of the magnitude of a retardance in the worst case (sin(4ρ)=1) on VDC is such that the maximum error for the DC signal will not exceed 1% and 2% for retardation below 35 nm and 50 nm, respectively.
When the linear retardance in a sample is small, an instrument based on detecting both the DC signal and 1F AC signals at PEMs' peak retardation setting of 1.43 radians, offers high sensitivity and fast measurements. The sensitivity is better than 0.005 nm using a 632.8 nm He—Ne laser as the light source. The speed of data collection is effectively determined by the time constant setting on the lock-in amplifiers.
2. Preferred Process for Measuring Relatively Higher Linear Retardation (0.35 Radians to π/2)
When a 632.8 nm He—Ne laser is used as the light source, the effect on the DC signal from a sample with retardation above 35 nm should not be neglected. In this case, the most straightforward method is to set both J0(δ10) and J0(δ20) equal to "0". At the PEMs' retardation amplitude δ10=δ20=2.405 radians (0.3828 waves), the DC signal, independent of ρ or δ, truly indicates the average light intensity reaching the detector.
However, it is clear from equation (4):
that the 1F AC signals from both PEMs cannot be collected at PEM settings of J0(δ10)=J0(δ20)=0 at which the DC signal is recorded. For measuring higher levels of linear retardance (35 nm or 0.35 rad. to 158 nm or π/2), the method described here requires recording AC and DC signals at different PEM settings, thus has a slower measurement speed (about 2 seconds per data point).
When speed is critical, an alternative method can be used. If the DC signal is collected at δ10=δ20=1.43 radians where the AC signals are recorded, the measured retardance of a sample, using the ratio of AC to DC, will depend on the sample's angular orientation. However, the DC term is well defined in equation (4). It is, therefore, possible to reduce the angular dependence of retardance by iteration of calculation for both retardation magnitude and angle.
3. Preferred Process For Measuring Linear Retardation up to π or 316.4 nm Using 632.8 He—Ne Laser
When a 632.8 nm He—Ne laser is used as the light source, a combination of the above mentioned processes and the use of term (2) can be employed to determine linear retardance up to half wave (316.4 nm) or π. This process will involve:
The combination of different processes will give the most accurate measurement results for linear birefringence measurement from 0 to π.
In any of the preferred mode, the light source can be a variety of choices as proposed earlier.
The measured retardance values can be handled in a number of ways. In a preferred embodiment the data collected from the multiple scans of a sample are stored in a data file and displayed as a plot on a computer display. One such plot 100 is shown in
In a preferred embodiment, the just described retardance measurements are displayed for each cell as soon as that cell's information is computed. As a result of this instantaneous display approach, the operator observes the retardance value of each cell, without the need to wait until the retardance values of all of the cells in the sample have been calculated. This is advantageous for maximizing throughput in instances where, for example, an operator is charged with rejecting a sample if the birefringence value of any part of the sample exceeds an established threshold.
Also illustrated in
It will be appreciated that any of a number of variations for displaying the measured data will suffice. It will also be apparent from
Another approach to graphically displaying the retardance magnitude and orientation information provided by the present system is to depict the retardance magnitude for a plurality of locations in a sample via corresponding areas on a three-dimensional contour map. The associated orientations are simultaneously shown as lines or colors in corresponding cells in a planar projection of the three dimensional map.
While the present invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that modifications may be made without departing from the teachings and spirit of the foregoing. For example, it is also contemplated that other source wavelengths may be used with the embodiments described above. Representative ones of such wavelengths are 193 nm and 248 nm.
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Hank tagged me, so you get to read 7 exciting facts bout me!
To play, you have to post the rules in your diary. The rules are that you list 7 random facts about yourself. Then pick 7 pals and list them and don't furget to bark them a pmail or send them a rosette to let them know they were tagged!
Here are my 7 random facts about me:
1. I will be 8 years old in (July 2009)
2. I have many nick names Crazy lady,Ma ma mia,Wabgial, & a name mom calls me when i take off from the yard #%#*#%
3. I love to try sneak out the yard to go explore the neighborhood.
4. Snoopy is my best friend
5. I had a 1 of litter of puppies before i came to live with my new family
6. I love to wrestle with Snoopy
7. I don't like sweets
My 7 pals are..
1. Black Bart
2. Caesar
4. Osiris
5. Lola
6. Odin
7. Fred
Since taking Abigail to the vet for her swollen paw we haven't been keeping a close eye on it to see if it swells again. So far it has been fine so hopefully it was nothing serious. :)
I've had Abigail for little over a year now and this is the third time her paw has swollen. She won't walk on it & squeaked when I try look at her paw. The first couple times the vet gave her some antibotics & predinisone. Her paw went down back within the first couple days using the medicine but this third time after the predinisone wears off she starts limping on the paw. The paw hasn't swollen back up. The vet examined it again but could not see nothing visually wrong with it.
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text: So tonight I came across a breeder advertising AKC registered BLACK boxers. I thought the AKC Standard stated that boxers had to be fawn or brindle...and the disqualifications are copied and pasted below from the AKC website... Disqualifications Boxers that are any color other than fawn or brindle. Boxers with a total of white markings exceeding one-third of the entire coat. I'm wondering 1 - how they are able to say these puppies are Black and AKC registerable and 2 - how this affects the boxer breed if at all. For example, we know white boxers can have more health issues so I was wondering if the same could be possible with black, however they are coming up with the black dogs? Just curious, Thanks BW Moderator note: the rules are very clear. "Black boxer" threads are not allowed.


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FEATURE: Egypt looking at energy subsidies to cut deficit
By Patrick Werr and Sherine El Madany
CAIRO (Reuters) - Egypt is pinning its hopes on natural gas to help it reduce energy subsidies that are eating up 20 percent of its state budget and are likely to continue growing if measures aren't taken soon.
For years, the government has resisted cutting subsidies for fear of igniting inflation and the wrath of its citizens. It is now under renewed pressure to tackle the issue as it negotiates a $3.2 billion emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund to avert a balance of payments crisis; the IMF is expected to require a commitment from Cairo to reform its finances.
The subsidy problem has become more difficult politically since the uprising which overthrew president Hosni Mubarak last year, because the turmoil slashed economic growth, pushing up unemployment and poverty.
At the same time, a solution has become more urgent financially. In the last six months the government has struggled to finance a budget deficit inflated by post-uprising demands for higher wages and lower revenue growth.
Egypt's energy subsidy bill is projected to soar 40 percent to 95 billion Egyptian pounds in the current financial year which ends on June 30, because of a jump in international energy prices and a growing population, according to figures provided by three sources familiar with the government's calculations. They declined to be identified because of the political sensitivity of the issue.
Oil Minister Abdullah Ghorab told reporters on Monday that budget allocations to keep down retail prices of petroleum products were scheduled to increase more than 25 percent in the next financial year to 120 billion pounds.
Solving the energy subsidy conundrum "is crucial now because the fiscal state is very tight", said Nada Farid, an economist with Beltone Research.
"All the political parties, the IMF and the government are saying that energy subsidies must be tackled as soon as possible. It's about having a government that is able to actually take decisions." Continued...


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Item No.2340202197
Item No.2340202197
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