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Queen Elizabeth I
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Although the influence of Queen Elizabeth I on the literature of the period that bears her name has been much discussed, her own status as an author has been less recognized. Critics have traced her role as subject of or inspiration for such works as Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene (1590-1596), William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1600), and some Petrarchan sonnets but have generally considered her as the author of only a few mediocre poems and translations. A full sense of Elizabeth's literary role in the Elizabethan period, however, must include not just the works by men who shaped and were shaped by her image but also the speeches and letters that she carefully crafted with great rhetorical skill and, in some cases, revised for publication. In a period when the oration and the epistle were highly valued literary genres, her command of those forms—through which she established her image and wielded her power—provides the basis for considering Elizabeth I as a significant author in her own right.
Elizabeth's early years were marked by constant fluctuations of fortune. Her birth at Greenwich Palace on 7 September 1533 to King Henry VIII and his new queen, Anne Boleyn, was a grave disappointment, since she was not the longed-for male heir. Although she was at first treated as a princess and given precedence over her older half sister Mary—Henry's daughter by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon—her status fell with the execution of her mother on charges of adultery and treason on 19 May 1536 and, to a lesser extent, with the birth of a male heir, Edward, to Henry and his third wife, Jane Seymour, in 1537. Although Mary and Elizabeth were both officially declared illegitimate, they nevertheless continued to appear at court and were placed after Edward in the line of succession.
Her education provided perhaps the one constant in her early life. Princess Elizabeth was one of the few Englishwomen to benefit from humanist support for the education of females: she received a complete education in Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and rhetoric from the prominent humanists John Cheke, William Grindal, and Roger Ascham; Ascham applied to her his program of double translation from Latin or Greek to English and back again. She continued to translate classical works throughout her life, completing translations of Psalm 13 and the meditations of Margaret of Navarre as a New Year's gift for her stepmother, Queen Catherine Parr (Henry's sixth wife), in 1545—the latter work was published in 1548 as A Godly Meditation of the Christian Soul—and later rendering the first ninety lines of Petrarch's "Trionfo dell' Eternita" (Triumph of Eternity), the second chorus of Seneca's Hercules Oetaeus, some sections of Boethius's De Consolatione philosophiae (The Consolation of Philosophy), lines 1 to 178 of Horace's Ars Poetica, and Plutarch's "On Curiosity." The translations from Boethius and Horace survive in her own hand, and the handwriting, awkward English, and many errors reveal that they were done quickly. She also delivered brief and rather conventional speeches in Latin at Cambridge University on 7 August 1564 and at Oxford in August 1566 and September 1592, daring to address learned men in the preeminent language of male authority. Such manifestations of her education played an important role in establishing her image as an effective monarch, as did the mastery of English rhetoric displayed in her speeches.
Some of her earliest letters resemble school exercises in their rather stilted and convoluted style, but they respond quite subtly to various political crises during the reign of her brother, Edward VI. These letters demonstrate her growing ability to use language to conceal as much as it reveals and to tread a fine line between self-assertion and self-abnegation. An early but undated letter to her brother subtly reminds him of their shared humanist and Protestant background, citing commonplaces and using the techniques of parallelism and copious variation that both had been taught: "For though from the grace of the picture [a portrait of herself enclosed with the letter] the colors may fade by time, may give by weather, may be spotted by chance; yet the other [her mind] nor time with her swift wings shall overtake, nor the misty clouds with their lowerings may darken, nor chance with her slippery foot may overthrow."
In 1548 she was forced to defend herself in a more serious situation. Thomas Seymour, brother of the child king's protector, Edward Seymour, had married Henry's widow, Catherine Parr, in whose household Princess Elizabeth lived. Thomas Seymour evidently made some sort of sexual advances to the princess, and she was sent away. A letter of June 1548 to Parr is, on one level, a conventional thank-you note, but it also subtly pleads the writer's innocence and seeks to enlist Parr as an ally. Elizabeth assures Parr that she is "replete with sorrow to depart from your Highness, especially seeing you undoubtful of health; and albeit I answered little, I weighed it more deeper when you said you would warn me of all evilness that you should hear of me; for if your Grace had not a good opinion of me, you would not have offered friendship to me that way at all, meaning the contrary." After Parr's death in 1548 Thomas Seymour, with his eye on the throne, sought to marry Elizabeth. He was arrested in the midst of these schemes and was beheaded. Elizabeth and her servants were questioned, but no evidence of her complicity could be established. Two letters to Edward Seymour on 28 January and 6 February 1549 use conventional protestations of innocence and expressions of gratitude to place her accusers in the wrong.
In 1553 Edward VI was succeeded by Mary. As a Protestant, Elizabeth was a popular alternative to the Roman Catholic Mary and a focal point for Protestant rebellion. Although, as far as is known, Elizabeth never took part in any treasonous plots, Mary suspected her of involvement in the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger on 25 January 1554. Elizabeth's letters to her sister during this period protest her own innocence and gently complain about the queen's unfairness to her; nevertheless, Elizabeth was placed under house arrest at Woodstock. Two poems probably date from her confinement. One of them, a distich scratched on a window, succinctly states her position: "Much suspected by me, / Nothing proved can be." Typically, the poem fails to address the issue of her actual guilt or innocence. The other poem, "On Fortune and Injustice," was supposedly written on the wall of the house. In this iambic tetrameter stanza, which expresses anticourt sentiments using the frequent alliteration common to moralizing poems in the period, she blames her troubles on fortune, whose "wresting wavering state / Hath fraught with cares my troubled wit."
On Mary's death on 17 November 1558 the twenty-five-year-old Elizabeth moved from incarceration to the throne of England. Her speeches and other writings reflect her deeply felt sense of the tenuousness of her position. The dangers of proximity to power had been all too apparent to her during the violent and chaotic years of Mary's reign. Many of her subjects agreed with John Knox, whose First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women was published in 1558: in an age when women had few rights and little power, the idea of a reigning queen was difficult for some to accept. Also, as a committed, if moderate, Protestant, Elizabeth was the object of Catholic hatred and distrust both at home and abroad. Critics have emphasized that the Petrarchan language of love was used by Elizabeth and her courtiers to make a woman's power tolerable. It is true that male courtiers celebrated her beauty and professed their love for her in poems that praise her as Gloriana, Cynthia, or the Fairy Queen; in her own writings, however, Elizabeth's language is complex and multilayered. She represents herself both as loving mother and brave prince, as bride and stern counselor, as decisive and ambivalent, as clear and ambiguous. Her sophisticated political rhetoric in speeches, letters, and poems played a crucial role in maintaining her power and her popularity.
A central issue through most of her reign centered on her refusal either to marry or, more important, to name an heir. Whether or not she intended from the beginning of her reign to remain celibate has been much debated. Certainly, she used the image of herself as the Virgin Queen to provide a Protestant replacement for worship of the Virgin Mary, and she frequently repeated that she was either in love with or the mother of her people: "though after my death you may have many stepdames, yet shall you never have a more natural mother than I mean to be unto you all." It seems clear that she realized early on that marriage presented special problems for a reigning queen. Were she to marry one of her own subjects--such as her close friend and favorite Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester--she would upset the delicate balance of power among competing factions of the nobility at her court. And if she chose a foreign husband--if one of appropriate religious affiliation could be found--she would upset the equally delicate balance of alliances among European states and probably precipitate a war. As it was, she used the prospect of marriage to manipulate her nobles at home and foreign princes abroad. On several occasions she managed to forestall a war by seeming to contemplate marriage with a relative of some particularly belligerent prince. Probably she realized that she could rule more effectively if she could offer herself perpetually as a rich but never quite attainable prize. She also may have feared the loss of independence that would come with marriage, even to a queen. She is said to have remarked that she would have but one mistress and no master.
Parliament repeatedly petitioned her either to marry or name a successor, and the queen wrote a series of speeches in response to those demands. She revised several of the speeches after delivering them and had printed copies disseminated to make her position more widely known; no copies of these printed versions survive, however. In a 1559 speech to the House of Commons she says unequivocally that she has decided to remain single. She does not seem particularly angry at receiving advice to marry, although she warns Parliament not to try to tell her whom to marry. She concludes with a prediction: "and in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin."
Nevertheless, in the first several years of her reign many of her subjects felt that she intended to marry the earl of Leicester--even though he was already married. Despite the disapproval of William Cecil, her chief adviser, she made Leicester her master of the horse and spent much time with him. Rumors spread that she had either married him secretly or given birth to an illegitimate child by him. In September 1560 Leicester's wife was found dead under suspicious circumstances, and Elizabeth seems to have realized that the scandal prohibited marriage to him--if, in fact, she had ever seriously considered it. She also, around the same time, either contemplated or seemed to contemplate marriage to the Hapsburg archduke Charles of Austria, but the negotiations were inconclusive. In October 1562 Elizabeth almost died of smallpox, and Parliament felt justified in renewing its demands. Her two speeches to Parliament in 1563 are perhaps her most tentative and are couched in the most ambiguous language of all her speeches on the issue of marriage. In the first she says that she will "touch, but not presently ... answer" Parliament's demands. She alludes to her recent illness, assuring Parliament that "there needs no boding of my bane. I know now as well as I did before that I am mortal." In the second speech she yields so far as to admit that celibacy is "best for a private woman" but "not meet for a prince." Although her speeches often employ long, complex sentences and a convoluted syntax--using passive voice to make it appear that events simply happen rather than being actively carried out by her--she can, especially when angry, be extremely direct, using short declarative sentences and homely metaphors. When in 1566 Parliament again pressed her to marry, she delivered a much stronger reply, concluding with an affirmation of her ability to rule: "And though I be a woman, yet I have as good a courage, answerable to my place, as ever my father had. I am your anointed queen. I will never be by violence constrained to do anything. I thank God I am endued with such qualities that if I were turned out of the realm in my petticoat, I were able to live in any place in Christendom."
In the early 1570s Queen Catherine de Médicis of France was eager for an alliance with England against Spain and offered François of Valois, Duke of Alençon, as a potential husband for Elizabeth (despite his being short, ugly, and twenty years younger than Elizabeth). Nothing came of the proposal at this point, and in 1576 Parliament was again harping on Elizabeth's unmarried state. She replied, in a speech that she proudly copied for her godson Sir John Harrington, that "if I were a milkmaid with a pail on my arm, whereby my private person might be little set by, I would not forsake that poor and single state to match with the greatest monarch." Nevertheless, the possibility of a match with the duke was revived in 1579, when Elizabeth was forty-five. Alençon came to England, and despite strong Protestant opposition and the vehement protestations of some of her advisers, Elizabeth seemed for a time to consider the match seriously. In 1582 she decided against it, precluding the possibility of bearing an heir.
A poem, "On Monsieur's Departure," perhaps written about this time, uses conventional Petrarchan language to express sorrow at disappointed love. The poem, in three rhyme-royal stanzas, complains that "I grieve and dare not show my discontent ... I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned," concluding: "or let me live with some more sweet content, / Or die and so forget what love ere meant."
Most of Elizabeth's speeches center on the issues of marriage and succession, perhaps because they seemed most suited for a personal response. Also, marriage and succession were powerfully emotional topics, so it was important for her to shape public opinion on them if she could. But some of her letters, speeches, and poems touch on other pressing issues of her reign: the long crisis involving Mary, Queen of Scots; Elizabeth's attempts to forge and enforce an Anglican middle way between Roman Catholicism and extreme Protestantism; and, in foreign policy, efforts to play off opposing European factions against each other and to champion Protestantism abroad without engaging in expensive wars.
Mary Stuart, the queen of Scotland and a Roman Catholic, was the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII; as such, she was next in the Tudor line of succession to the English throne, although some factions in England championed an English and Protestant line of succession through Lady Catherine Grey. When Elizabeth became queen, Mary was married to the French dauphin, who became King Francis II of France in 1559 but died in 1560. Catholic powers in Europe hoped that Mary would become queen of England, either at Elizabeth's death or through a Catholic rebellion. Mary's hopes of gaining the English throne were hampered, however, by Elizabeth's refusal to name either her or her son James as heir, and also by domestic problems in Scotland, where the power of a strong Protestant faction was strengthened by a series of scandals involving Mary's private life. She had married her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565, but by 1566 she had grown to dislike her husband and was enjoying the company of her French secretary, David Rizzio. Darnley and a group of Protestant lords murdered Rizzio. In turn, Mary and her new lover, James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, had Darnley killed in 1567; that same year Mary and Bothwell were married. Mary was imprisoned in 1568 but soon escaped and fled to England, where she plotted Elizabeth's overthrow with Catholic factions both within and outside of England. Despite the urging of her advisers and Parliament, Elizabeth was reluctant to set the dangerous precedent of executing an anointed queen. Although she realized the threat that Mary posed both to her own safety and to the stability of the realm, she did not want to act directly to bring about her death. She vacillated, equivocated, and procrastinated until the execution could be carried out without seeming to be ordered by her. Several speeches seek to explain--or perhaps to conceal and confuse--her attitude toward Mary and her failure to act decisively against her. In a well-known phrase she assures Parliament that "your judgment [that she should execute Mary] I condemn not, neither do I mistake your reasons, but pray you to accept my thankfulness, excuse my doubtfulness, and take in good part my answer-answerless." A poem in fourteeners, "Doubt of Future Foes," comments on Mary's conspiracies using commonplaces and alliteration familiar from collections such as Tottel's Miscellany (1557): "For falsehood now doth flow, and subjects' faith doth ebb / Which should not be, if reason ruled or wisdom weaved the web." It concludes with more certainty and boldness than she expresses in her speeches on this subject: "My rusty sword through rest shall first his edge employ / To poll their tops that seek such change or gape for future joy." In a speech Elizabeth argued against Parliament's demand that Mary be "arraigned at the bar" and "tried by a jury" because her position as queen prohibited it: "we princes, I tell you, are set on stages, in the sight and view of all the world duly observed." A second speech, delivered on 24 November 1586, argued against Mary's execution: "neither hath my care been so much bent how to prolong [my life], as how to preserve both." This speech was published after the execution, which was carried out on 7 February 1587, evidently to publicize Elizabeth's reluctance to take such a step.
Religion was an important factor in all of the issues of Elizabeth's reign, including marriage, succession, the crisis over Mary, and foreign policy. The nature of Elizabeth's personal religious beliefs is impossible to determine with certainty, although she seems to have leaned more toward Rome than her public policies would indicate. Two guiding principles shaped her stance on religion throughout her reign: to establish the Church of England as a mean between the extremes of Catholic and Puritan belief; and to eliminate, as far as possible, persecution for private belief. She had herself experienced religious persecution under Mary Tudor and perhaps for that reason decided to allow a certain amount of private nonconformity if a show of outward orthodoxy were maintained. She is supposed to have said that she intended to make no windows into men's souls.
Thus, despite the hopes of her strongly Protestant counselors and Parliament that she would complete the reformation of the English church, she held a middle course and assured Parliament in a speech of 1585 that "if I were not persuaded that mine were the true way of God's will, God forbid I should live to prescribe it to you." Using parallel construction to emphasize her point, she assures Parliament that she will neither "animate Romanists" nor "tolerate new-fangleness" but means instead "to guide them both by God's holy true rule."
In foreign affairs her policy was similarly cautious. In contrast to her male predecessors she sought to avoid foreign wars. Such wars were expensive, and her frugality was legendary; then, too, whenever she sent an army out of the country its leaders tended to act on their own initiative and ignore her moderating orders. Although she was persuaded to send troops to help Scottish Protestant rebels in 1560, she refused to send similar help to the Netherlands in the mid 1570s. When she did send Leicester there with an army in 1585, he immediately disobeyed her orders and accepted the governorship of the region. Incensed, Elizabeth wrote a letter that is typical of her forceful and plain style when she was angry: "Jesus! what availeth wit when it fails the owner at greatest need.... I am utterly at squares with this childish dealing." In a speech to Parliament in 1593 she summed up her policy of nonintervention abroad using the Latinate diction, parallel constructions, and frequent subordination that characterize her more formal and considered style: "for in ambition of glory I have never sought to enlarge the territories of my land, nor thereby to advance you. If I have used my forces to keep the enemy far from you, I have thereby thought your safety the greater, and your danger the less."
Her greatest triumph in warding off danger was the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Spain, as the most powerful Catholic country in Europe, was the chief threat to England for most of her reign. She sought to forestall that threat by supporting European Protestant movements--indirectly, for the most part--and by using the promise of marriage to prevent an alliance of France and Spain against England. She eventually precipitated war with Spain, however, by sending Leicester and his army to aid the rebellion against Spanish rule in the Netherlands and by sending Sir Francis Drake to capture and rob Spanish ships and ports. Spain sent a fleet--the great Armada--to attack England, but it was defeated by the English navy and destroyed on the way home by bad weather.
Elizabeth has traditionally been credited with a stirring speech to troops gathered at Tilbury to repel the expected Spanish invasion. Although the text is not as certain as those of the parliamentary speeches, it has long been famous for its defiant language: "I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm." The speech effectively applies the legal theory of "the king's two bodies"--the mortal "body natural" and the immortal "body politic"--to the queen's female body and suggests that the realm itself is another version of her body, vulnerable to rape by foreign powers unless she protects it. In addition to these ringing phrases, the speech includes a more practical assurance to the troops that they will be paid for their services.
The defeat of the Armada marked the high point of Elizabeth's popularity and power. As she grew older, still unmarried and still without a designated heir, there was growing fear and discontent in England. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, was the great favorite of her later years. She sent him on an expedition against Cadiz in 1595 and against the Irish rebel Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, in 1598. In Ireland he ignored Elizabeth's orders, and he returned to England in defiance of her. He plotted to overthrow her in 1600 and was executed in 1601. That year she delivered her famous "Golden Speech" to Parliament, defending her practice of granting monopolies to favorites such as Essex but mostly reiterating, in that language of love and gratitude and in a style shaped by careful use of balance and antithesis that had served so well to maintain her popularity in earlier years, that her people may have had princes who were "more mighty and wise" but never "more careful and loving" than she. One can also hear a hint of weariness in this speech when she says that "to be a king and wear a crown is a thing more glorious to them that see it, than to them that bear it." She died on 24 March 1603 and was succeeded by James VI of Scotland, who became James I of England.
The unpopularity of the Stuart monarchs who succeeded Elizabeth and the civil and political upheavals during their reigns quickly caused English subjects to look back with nostalgia to the days of "good Queen Bess." The remarkable literary flowering that took place during her rule, when Shakespeare, Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, and Christopher Marlowe were all writing, has kept alive the idea that Elizabethan England enjoyed a golden age. Certainly Elizabeth was successful at maintaining peace at home and abroad and also at establishing her own image as a loving and able ruler. Although her own writings do not begin to equal the greatest of her age, they were nevertheless important in creating and sustaining that age.
— Mary Thomas Crane, Boston College
- The Public Speaking of Queen Elizabeth: Selections from Her Official Addresses, edited by George P. Rice, Jr. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951).
- The Poems of Queen Elizabeth I, edited by Leicester Bradner (Providence, R.I.: Brown University Press, 1964).
- A Book of Devotions Composed by Her Majesty Elizabeth R, translated by Adam Fox (Gerrards Cross, U.K.: Smythe, 1970).
- John Nichols, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, 4 volumes (London: Printed by John Nichols, 1788-1821)--includes speeches made by Elizabeth on royal progresses.
- John E. Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 1559-1581 (London: Cape, 1953)--includes complete transcripts of Elizabeth's speeches to Parliament.
- Margaret of Navarre, A Godly Meditacyon of the Christen Sowle, Concerninge a Love towardes God and Hys Christe, edited by John Bale (Wesel: Printed by Derick van der Straten, 1548).
- Margaret of Navarre, The Mirror of the Sinful Soul: A Prose Translation from the French of a Poem by Queen Margaret of Navarre, Made in 1544 by the Princess (Afterwards Queen) Elizabeth, edited by Percy Willoughby Ames (London: Royal Society of Literature, 1897); republished as "The Glass of the Sinful Soul," in Marc Shell, Elizabeth's Glass (Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 1993).
- Queen Elizabeth's Englishings of Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae, A.D. 1593; Plutarch, De Curiositate; Horace, De arte poetica (Part) A.D. 1598: Edited from the Unique Manuscript, Partly in the Queen's Hand, in the Public Record Office, London, edited by Caroline Pemberton (London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1899; reprinted, 1975).
- The Letters of Queen Elizabeth and King James VI of Scotland, edited by John Bruce (London: Camden Society, 1849).
- The Letters of Queen Elizabeth I, edited by G. B. Harrison (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1968).
Manuscripts of Elizabeth's letters, speeches, and poems are in the Public Records Office, London; the British Library, London; the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the Cambridge University Library; and Hatfield House, Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Most of these manuscripts are copies by other hands, but holograph versions or copies with corrections in her own hand can be found among the state papers and in the British Library.
Further Readings
- Steven W. May, "Recent Studies in Elizabeth I," English Literary Renaissance, 23 (Spring 1993): 345-354.
- J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934; London: Cape, 1950).
- Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 1559-1581 (London: Cape, 1953).
- Neale, Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, 1584-1601 (London: Cape, 1957).
- Wallace T. MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968).
- Joseph M. Levine, ed., Elizabeth I (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969).
- Alison Plowden, The Young Elizabeth (London: Macmillan, 1971; New York: Stein & Day, 1971).
- Richard L. Greaves, ed., Elizabeth I, Queen of England (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1974).
- Paul Johnson, Elizabeth I: A Biography (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974); republished as Elizabeth I: A Study in Power and Intellect (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974).
- Plowden, Elizabeth Regina: The Age of Triumph, 1588-1603 (New York: Times Books, 1980).
- Lacey Baldwin Smith, ed., Elizabeth I (Saint Louis: Forum, 1980).
- MacCaffrey, Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572-1588 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
- Carolly Erickson, The First Elizabeth (New York: Summit, 1983).
- Jasper Ridley, Elizabeth I (London: Constable, 1987); republished as Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue (New York: Viking, 1988).
- Marie Axton, The Queen's Two Bodies: Drama and the Elizabethan Succession (London: Royal Historical Society, 1977).
- Mary Thomas Crane, "'Video et Taceo': Elizabeth I and the Rhetoric of Counsel," Studies in English Literature, 28 (Winter 1988): 1-15.
- Susan Frye, "The Myth of Elizabeth at Tilbury," Sixteenth Century Journal, 23 (Spring 1992): 95-114.
- Allison Heisch, "Queen Elizabeth I: Parliamentary Rhetoric and the Exercise of Power," Signs, 1 (Autumn 1975): 31-55.
- Heisch, "Queen Elizabeth I and the Persistence of Patriarchy," Feminist Review, 4 (1980): 45-54.
- John N. King, "Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen," Renaissance Quarterly, 43 (Spring 1980): 30-74.
- Leah Marcus, "Shakespeare's Comic Heroines, Elizabeth I, and the Political Uses of Androgyny," in Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, edited by Mary Beth Rose (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986), pp. 135-154.
- Louis Adrian Montrose, "'Eliza, Queene of Shepheardes' and the Pastoral of Power," English Literary Renaissance, 10 (Spring 1980): 153-182.
- Montrose, "'Shaping Fantasies': Figurations of Gender and Power in Elizabethan Culture," Representations, 1 (1983): 61-94.
- John Nichols, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, 4 volumes (London: Printed by John Nichols, 1788-1821).
- Roy Strong, The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry (London: Thames & Hudson, 1977).
- Frances Yates, The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).
- Ilona Bell, Elizabeth I: the Voice of a Monarch (New York: Palgrave, 2010).
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Queen Elizabeth I
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Although the influence of Queen Elizabeth I on the literature of the period that bears her name has been much discussed, her own status as an author has been less recognized. Critics have traced her role as subject of or inspiration for such works as Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene (1590-1596), William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1600), and some Petrarchan sonnets but have generally considered her as the author of only a few mediocre poems and translations. A full sense of Elizabeth's literary role in the Elizabethan period, however, must include not just the works by men who shaped and were shaped by her image but also the speeches and letters that she carefully crafted with great rhetorical skill and, in some cases, revised for publication. In a period when the oration and the epistle were highly valued literary genres, her command of those forms—through which she...


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Oregon Historical County Records Guide
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Spray Area Rocks
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A rock formation near Spray. (Photo No. wheDA0226)
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Hard to tell who came out the worst there. lol
This is a discussion on Wow, Sounds Like A Soap Opera Plot within the Off Topic & Humor Discussion forums, part of the The Back Porch category; ...
"The natural progress of things is for liberty to yield, and government to gain ground."
- Thomas Jefferson
"I'm the arrow, you're my bow, shoot me forth and I will go"
"Do not let any individual posts put a knot in your Big Boy Under-Roos"
Hard to tell who came out the worst there. lol
"If this were play'd upon a stage now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction." - Twelfth Night Act 3, scene 4, 118–128
That is a screwed up situation. Better not to have kids if that is what you will do to get them.
Funny, though.
Are they still looking for donors? I can be reached via E-mail. Dirty job but somebody has to step up to the plate.
Please dont tell them that I got clipped last year.
Just think. The Germans once considered themselves "The Master Race".
Maybe the neighbor is "shooting blanks".
"A Smith & Wesson always beats 4 aces!"
The Man Prayer. "Im a man, I can change, if I have to.....I guess!" ~ Red Green
Ms Soupolos had to "endure" 72 attempts and she was sterile from the get go?
Why do I have the feeling that she is smiling big time when the cameras are off?
You have to make the shot when fire is smoking, people are screaming, dogs are barking, kids are crying and sirens are coming.
Randy Cain.
Ego will kill you. Leave it at home.
Signed: Me!
"Outside of the killings, Washington has one of the lowest crime rates in the country,"
--Mayor Marion Barry, Washington , DC .
Was this on Jerry Springer? :P
former beauty Queen ?
I'd take 72 tries also ....
I made a joke about starting a surrogate father business back in 93 when I got out of the Army, I guess I should have taken it seriously and moved to Germany.
I think the Jerry Springer episode would have been the beauty queen's brother filling in for his brother-in-law.


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How To Beat Your Highest Break Within The Next Three Months.
Improve Your Aiming, Potting, Positional Play, Cueing, Technique, Concentration And Consistency Using The Following Free Material – All With Instant Access:
- 12 video clips teaching you the key snooker basics as used by Ding Junhui and other pros
- 6 video analysis films, including Ronnie O'Sullivan in a tournament winning frame.
- 10 audio clips of interviews with world champion players and coaches, and of Nic coaching his clients
- A membership area guide – with links to lots of other free multi media stuff…
- The online red level of the 'How To Make A 100 Break' programme
- The coaching forum with hundreds of previous coaching posts between Nic and other clients
About Nic Barrow
Nic started playing snooker at the age of 10 and recorded his maiden century at 16, his first 147 at 21. Soon after he turned professional, and competed for seven years – with a highest rank inside the world's top 100 players.
Always inspired by snooker coaching, though, Nic Barrow Snooker Schools were formed in Oxford which led to his appointment at the age of 28 as UAE Head Coach based in Dubai where his team won gold medals in 10 international tournaments.
Nic stayed for 8 years, and in the meantime was contracted to run the International Billiards & Snooker Federation Coaching Academy in 2005, which involves certifying Coach's, Master Coaches & Examiners all over the world for the IBSF.
During this time, Nic put together more books, video and other multi media content than any other coach to make him known as the world's most successful author of snooker coaching materials.
His products have sold into 91 countries and, to date, he has visited 46 countries – and continues to travel the world with his popular classes for enthusiasts, amateurs, national teams and coaches.
Nic lives near Milton Keynes just North of London, where he continues coaching his one to one & group classes, creating new training products and certifying coaches.
If you want to learn more about training with Nic on your table or at his base in Milton Keynes, please click here
Nic Barrow won the 2014 APCTC Specialist Coach Of The Year Award – a prestigious trophy open to coaches of all disciplines (not only snooker) in the UK


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LMFCU Kids & Teens Page
It's important to teach children how to save.
Youth Accounts
Our friendly staff is here to guide them through everything from their first checking account, to their first car loan and everything that will follow. At LM Federal Credit Union we strive to be your primary financial institution by offering a wide range of financial services to fit everyone's needs. Remember once your child or grandchild is a member they are always a member making it possible for future generations to enjoy the same great benefits you do. Join the other satisfied families who have generations of happy credit union members! Deposits may be made by payroll deduction or direct deposit as usual from any employer or organization. New memberships may be opened in person or through the mail.
Uniform Transfers to Minors Accounts (UTMA)
April is Youth Month! Are you preparing for your children's financial future?
Teaching your kids about personal finances and money is essential for your kids financial future. Unfortunately our schools don't always teach our kids financial basics. See below for fun and educational materials.


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Welcome to E-Books Directory
This is a freely downloadable e-book.
Adventures in Africa by W.H.G. Kingston
Read this book online or download it here for free
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Adventures in Africa
by W.H.G. Kingston
Publisher: Athelstane e-Books 1883
In this book the hero, fresh from school, arrives from England, and joins his uncle, who is a trader with the people of central Africa, bringing the goods obtained down to the south. On this occasion they have been attacked soon after they set out by natives led by Boers. In order to complete their journey to central Africa they decide to return with the few animals left to them, horses and an ox, over the Kalahari Desert.
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- 60 total posts
- 9 reviews
- 42 comments
- 9 questions
Reviews & Stories
Choose You Doctor Very Carefully! - Beverly Hills, CA
A lip lift can make a HUGE difference in your appearance but it can also ruin it. I did end up with a small scar around both nostrils but more noticeable on one side. Remember that this is still surgery and sometimes you have you trade something to get something back, in my case it is a small scar, so communication is key. The slight scar bothers me a little but nobody has ever commented on... READ MORE
Honest Man Who Stands Behind His Work - Beverly Hills, CA
Truly Gifted Surgeon and Wonderfull Staff! - Beverly Hills, CA
I had the ptosis surgery to look more refreshed and less "sad and tired" READ MORE
EXCELLENT Doctor and Staff! Simply THE BEST - Beverly Hills, CA
I have had many things done by Dr H. Juvederm for my brow ridge, Botox to my forehead, ptosis repair etc however this menu only allows one choice so I chose ear surgery because that made the most difference for me, I did it to make my ears smaller and more symetrical. GREAT RESULT! READ MORE
Silicone Removal from Lower Lip - Sherman Oaks, CA
To remove silicone that was injected into my lower lip. READ MORE
Worth It! BUT Expensive As Heck! - Los Angeles, CA
Had a nose job done by a Dr who did not listen to what I wanted and ended up with a nose that was too small for my face, at least the bridge part. Had Radiesse put in and I LOOOVED the result but not loving the price, it only lasted 7 months so for $1,000 I was expecting more longevity to the result, but while it lasted it looked GREAT! Didnt really hurt much at all and was done in about 15... READ MORE
GREAT for Acne! - Salicylic Peel
Great result for acne and rough texture! I don't have much acne anymore since I started doing these peels and I used to have cystic acne (the ones that hurt!) and these peels done every 3-5 months have kept me clear! Note of caution: I would not recommend having them more often that every few months because of the risk of developing broken capillaries, which I learned the hard way,... READ MORE
Botox - Nice Result, Look Rested Yet Very Natural! - Los Angeles, CA
I was always wary of trying Botox for fear of looking "frozen" or artificial, however my injector knows EXACTLY what she is doing. As am man the last thing I want to look like is "done", however my injector did an AMAZING job on my brow and frown lines, I expained to her what it was that was bothering me and she gave me the EXACT result I wanted. I dont have very many... READ MORE
no way!! stay away from this stuff!! - Los Angeles, CA
I went to Clinic Esthetica in Tijuana Mexico to have this done and the results were great until 3 years after, then I started to get lumping and migration! Clinic Esthetica did nothing to help me or and of my 3 other friends that had this done with the same clinic! I would BEG everyone to stay away from this product REGARDLESS of where you get it done. I have had 2 extractions and my Dr was... READ MORE
Questions from markychv
Can Ulthera Be Done Under General or Twilight Anesthesia?
I have a couple of friends of mine, both male, who have undergone treatment with Ulthera. Both of these gentlemen were very pleased with their results however both men have... READ MORE
Is Zeltiq Just As Effective As Liposuction?
I am a 41 year old male who exercises regularly however I cannot get rid of my love handles and muffin top. I am not a wealthy person so I have been saving to have either... READ MORE
Does Zeltiq Tighten the Skin While Reducing the Fat?
I have been in the market for liposuction for limited fat bulges around my waist and have done quite a bit of research. I have two friends that did Zeltiq and three that had... READ MORE
Botox for Excessive Foot Sweating?
Luckily I have never had this problem, but for both our sake I am asking for my partner who does, he has a severe sweating problem that seems to be localized to his feet, the... READ MORE
Liposuction Dangers .. and How to Avoid? (photo)
I'm a 41 year old male and have given up hope that I will ever be able to get rid of my love handles with diet and exercise, I go to the gym 4 days a week and eat healthy.... READ MORE
Fat Transfer Removal From Cheeks And Jaw, is It Possible?
Hello, 41 year old male here that had fat transferred to cheeks and jaw area, I never liked the results but lived with it, however as I get older my face looks worse, it is as... READ MORE
Groupon for Botox by a Licensed PA, Asking for Trouble? Bad Idea?
I just recently was alerted for a Groupon for 20 units of Botox or 50 units of Dysport for $149.00. Considering the cost of Botox and Dr's fee, not to mention that Groupon... READ MORE
No Results One Month After Zeltiq, Too Soon to Worry?
I am a 41 year old male who is normal weight and height 5'8 165 pounds however I have had these stubborn areas of my flanks and upper abdomen that do not respond to diet... READ MORE
Coolsculpting Costs...Who Sets the Price?
Had Coolsculpting done and blown away by the price my Dr was charging! If this is being touted as an alternative to lipo then why is the cost almost the same? Two large areas @... READ MORE
Recent comments from markychv
Did I forget to mention that he is extremely easy on the eyes?! LOL READ COMMENT
I have to admit that I am guilty of being to hasty with my original review, I really did not give Dr Haworth a chance to revise my nose or at least see him to voice my concerns. I finally did go see him recently and we decided on a... READ COMMENT
Perhaps I was a little "gun happy" with my response and the moderator went and deleted my post so Im sure that made you and them happy, however my reasoning is justified due to the fact that I know of SEVERAL, not one or two but SEVERAL... READ COMMENT
Yes it looks exacly the same after 7 months - my doctor was Dr Randal Haworth in Beverly Hills. I liked the result but for $1000.00 in this economy I am saving for a revision. plus - even though I liked the result I would never go to... READ COMMENT
I can see a difference, however the before and after pics are disingenuous. The before pics was taken with cool lighting and the after with more warm lighting thus creating a tan effect. Tan always makes one look slimmer so you should... READ COMMENT


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"I wanted a home that looked like it had been here for 100 years," says Linda Griffith of the "new old house" she built on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina. Linda turned to architect William Court and kitchen designer Stephen Litchfield to help realize her "traditional Southern" vision.
Nearly wall-to-wall windows on one side of the room, with a view of palm trees and a lagoon, provide lots of natural light but posed a challenge for cabinet space. The solution: two pantries with full-extension rollouts for dry goods or dishes, plus a serving area and glass-front upper cabinets. Simple yet elegant features include Shaker-style cabinets and hidden appliances. Beaded board, which appears on the island and behind the serving area, is a unifying element.
Abundant windows, ample storage, and thoughtful decorative details combine in this dreamy South Carolina kitchen. Borrow the vintage elegance for your own kitchen.


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Sick in the head!
My entire family got sick on New Year's Day. At least, that's when it became obvious. I didn't think much of it, just figured we all had a cold. The holidays are always exhausting, you know? So I gave it a couple days. Then I gave it a couple more. Suddenly it's MLK Day and we're all still sniffing. I drag the entire family to the doctor and what do you know? I have ear and sinus infections, and strep throat. My toddler, whose only symptom was a runny nose, also has strep. My husband has flippin' pneumonia. A grown man. Who is not eligible for the early bird special. Has PNEUMONIA. IN THE YEAR 2011.
Many antibiotics were prescribed.
I took my meds like a good little monkey. Then, something strange happened.
By the third day I still had all my ucky physical symptoms, but mentally I felt like a whole new person. I felt rested. Hell, I felt cheerful. And I realized I had not felt good-morning no-reason cheerful in a really long time.
Suddenly, I had the willpower to sit down and scrape through some tough edits on a short story I've been meaning to shop. Suddenly, I had the energy to write. No blocks. I felt so different.
After spending some time wondering whether antibiotics treat depression (answer: no), I realized I had been expecting my mind to function at 100% when my body was at 50%. And that's just silly. My brain is an organ inside my body, after all…
…and it works in tandem with my immune system. Of course the ability to think and to create are going to be drastically effected by a bodily infection.
Writer's block arises from fear, stress, and depression. So does physical illness. So my dear writing friends, if you've been feeling a little run-down during this long cold winter, for the love of little green apples get your heinie to the clinic, even if it's just a runny nose and general sense of ennui. True, you might just need a little more shut eye and exercise, but you might have something deeper going on.


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Stephen Sondheim, Billy Joel Among Music Icons to Receive ASCAP Centennial Awards
ASCAP President & Chairman Paul Williams announced today that ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) will confer its singular, once-in-a-century ASCAP Centennial Awards, to a select group of American music icons in recognition of their incomparable accomplishments in their respective music genres and beyond. Those confirmed to receive this prestigious accolade are ASCAP members Joan Baez, Garth Brooks, Billy Joel, Stephen Sondheim and Stevie Wonder.
The unique presentations will take place on Monday evening, November 17th, at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, in New York, at a gala party celebrating ASCAP's historic 100th anniversary. The event will be hosted by Williams and feature the Centennial Award recipients as well as the special guest artists who will perform in tribute to the honorees. In addition, several young ASCAP Foundation award recipients will be on hand to showcase their talent.
The event also marks the first-ever fundraiser benefiting The ASCAP Foundation and its music education, talent development and humanitarian activities. The ASCAP Foundation, which Paul Williams also serves as President, was established in 1975 and is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization whose programs impact countless deserving composers, songwriters, lyricists and music education organizations nationwide. Funds raised from this evening will help sustain the Foundation's significant efforts in safeguarding the future of music and affording opportunities for memorable music experiences to the disadvantaged.
"Each of our ASCAP Centennial Award recipients is in a class of his or her own, as the creator and performer of songs that have touched the lives of people across the globe. It's wonderful to be able to salute them on the occasion of ASCAP's Centennial year and, as important, to raise funds to perpetuate the important work being done by The ASCAP Foundation," said Paul Williams.
Billboard is the media sponsor for this event.
Please visit www.ascapfoundation.org/centennial for additional information and ticket purchases.
Joan Baez
A major American artist since her 1959 introduction at the Newport Folk Festival and 1960 recording debut as a teenaged folk singing sensation, Joan Baez has combined a storied recording career with a passion for human rights and social justice. She remains a musical force of nature whose influence is incalculable from marching on the front line of the civil rights movement with Martin Luther King to inspiring Vaclav Havel in his fight for a Czech Republic. Her earliest recordings fed a host of traditional ballads into the rock vernacular, before she unselfconsciously introduced Bob Dylan to the world in 1963, beginning a tradition of mutual mentoring that continues to this day. Amongst the many accolades bestowed upon her, she is the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award, the greatest honor that the Recording Academy can bestow (2007). Day After Tomorrow, her 2008 album was praised by critics and nominated for a Grammy. That album's release was followed by the PBS American Masters premier of her life story, Joan Baez: How Sweet The Sound.
Garth Brooks
Among the best-selling recording and concert artists of all time, country superstar Garth Brooks was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. His career took off in 1989 with the release of his self-titled first album. Certified by the RIAA in 2000 as the #1-selling solo artist in U.S. history, Garth Brooks has sold in excess of 134 million albums and has received every accolade the recording industry can bestow on an artist. In 2001, Brooks retired and moved back to Oklahoma to raise his children. In 2008 The President-elect personally requested that Garth headline President Obama's Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial. That same year Brooks performed 5 concerts in 2 days with the proceeds from 83,000 tickets sold donated to efforts to prevent fire catastrophes. In December 2010, Brooks played 9 sold out concerts in 6 days to raise money for flood relief efforts in Tennessee. Among the many hit singles he has co-written are the Number One songs "If Tomorrow Never Comes," "Unanswered Prayers," "The Thunder Rolls," "She's Every Woman," "Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)," and "That Summer." Brooks has been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and is the recipient of two Grammy Awards.
Billy Joel
Billy Joel is one of most popular recording artists and respected entertainers in the world. Throughout his career, Joel's songs have acted as personal and cultural touchstones for millions of people, mirroring his own goal of writing songs that "meant something during the time in which I lived ... and transcended that time." In 2013, Madison Square Garden announced Billy Joel as the first-ever music franchise of "The World's Most Famous Arena." Also, in 2013, Billy Joel received the 36th Annual Kennedy Center Honor, one of the United States' top cultural awards. The singer-songwriter, known for piano-fueled narratives that take listeners into the relatable and deeply personal crevices of life, has generated 33 Top 40 hits spanning five decades, won six Grammy Awards and sold 150 million albums. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1992 and presented with the Johnny Mercer Award, the organization's highest honor, in 2001. In 1999 he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, and has received the Recording Industry Association of America Diamond Award. In 2004, Movin' Out, a Broadway musical based on Joel's music took home two including Best Orchestrations Billy's first Tony Award win. He will also be presented with the 2014 Library Congress Gershwin Prize later this year.


text:
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New for 2014
10-Frame Ultimate Hive Cover (plastic)
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Detailed Description
The Ultimate Hive Cover is a durable 10-frame hive cover that is made from recycled material and never needs painting. Air space, between its constructed double wall, supplies insulation to keep hives cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The lightweight design is easy to handle and will support hive bodies when turned upside-down. Includes an overhanging drip edge to prevent water from entering hive, and a passive ventilation system to improve airflow throughout the hive.
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Dont use with top feeders
As reviewed by others, this is a great top with zero maintenance. BUT, if you use top feeders, dont use these tops while feeding. By design, the top does not rest on the entire perimeter of your feeder and your bees, ants and other critters easily access your syrup and most drown.
great for humid climates
Tropical humid climate always having to fight mold, wood rot and termites... now have the ultimate bottom board and ultimate hive cover on everyone of my hives. Great ventilation, no mold, no rot, makes it harder for the termites to get to wood. We get some strong tropical storms... with a brick on top of each cover, I have never had one come off.
- Jason, GU
Excellent cover
No problems. Purchased it for its low maintenance and insulation qualities. Not been disappointed. Will order more!
- Cynde, FL
another winner of a product
Like the ultimate bottom board, these covers are fantastic. ZERO maintenance, great ventilation in summer and insulation in winter. Ill never use anything else. High wind? no problem - get a cheap four pack of ratcheting tie-down straps from harbor freight and use one at every hive. Beats the heck out of lugging rocks and bricks around.
- Bob P, MI
Great Cover
This cover works great in the South here in Louisiana. My girls seem to enjoy the extra ventilation in the summer. Only one time did the wind pose a problem and cocked the lid alittle. That was during a thunderstorm anyway. The girls keep it glued down pretty tight. Not sure if this lid would work well in high wind areas.
- Aaron N., LA
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Old Romex? Replace or leave?
I'm eventually going to be updating my electrical once i'm ready to upgrade to 200amp service. Was curious if people leave Romex, or just redo it?
Everything is accessible through either the attic, or the basement so i'm just curious if its better to upgrade to 14-2 and 12-2, or leave the romex as is?
Thoughts? Opinions?
"Romex" is a brand name, and most often refers to NM-B, which is still widely manufactured and in VERY common use. It comes in many flavors, INCLUDING 12-2 and 14-2...
So your question really means nothing. You're asking if you should replace your existing wire with... new, identical wire.
I'm assuming you're misusing a term somewhere, so please clarify.
Romax can mean a lot of different wire. Does your current wiring have a plastic jacket or braided? Any idea of the age?
The wiring is shielded metal with the wiring inside in most of the house (Is this what you call BX Romex?). I've also found some cloth covered wiring which may be even older? I would guess the wiring is definitely very old, at least 40 to 50 years, if not more.
The wiring in the metal (BX?) seems to be in good shape, but I want to add a few outlets and move some stuff around slightly.
Everything is accessible from an open attic to the 2nd floor, and everything from the basement to the 1st floor so I figure it might be a good idea to just update most of the electrical that is older.
Seems like the BX wiring in the metal shield is durable, but I'm not sure if it is ideal to keep around if its been there for 50+ years.
Any opinions appreciated.
It may be BX.
BX is not what we typically call Romex.
BX is a pain in the butt to work with, and lacks a ground wire (using the metal spiral part for ground is NOT a perfect idea...), so yes, I would replace it if you are financially able to do so.
Anyone recommend updating the wiring to 12-2 (20 amp) for typical outlets and recessed lighting, or is 14-2 (15 amp) just fine? Plan to run some tv's and computers in the bedrooms so I'm going to be planning to have certain outlets and lighting on different lines.
you have bx wire right now. newer bx has a ground wire as well if im not mistaken but in your case it most certaintly does not. romex is the wire with the plastic sheathing on it.also known as non metallic sheathing wire. 12 wire is white and 14 wire is yellow.i just replaced a ton of that stuff in my house recently and would reccomend you do the same. lighting circuits are usually 14-2 romex and you can run quite a few lights on each 15 amp circuit. outlets are usually 12-2 and i think 8 outlets is the max per 20 amp circuit. if you have air conditioners they should be on dedicated 20 amp circuits same as any aplliances you have already. why do you want a 200 amp service for ? my house has that and its huge ! i ran 40 some odd feeds and its absolutely overkill but i ran it myself so it was cheap so why not. but if your house is of a regular size and you dont have a welding shop or killer saw room it might not be neccesary. do you have an electric stove and clothes dryer ?
Seems like most new houses have 200amp if you are running things a typical family does these days like Central Air, TV's, Computers, kitchen appliances and counter top appliances, etc. I do have electric stove but may go gas when I update the appliances.
Sounds like most people are saying if the BX can be eliminated then remove it.
Almost, except he got the jacket colors backwards. 14 is white, 12 is yellow. (10 is orange if you care)... except I've still got tons of it manufactured before they started using the colors, and it's all white.
while we're on the subject... :)
the numbers (12/2, 14/2, 10/2, 14/3, etc.) only define the size and quantity of the individual conductors, not the type of wire. So your BX probably IS 14/2...
My habit is to use 14/2 for circuits that power only fixed lighting and 12/2 for general-use receptacles. Dedicated circuits for appliances get whatever is appropriate for that appliance.
i would get somebody over there that you trust and ask him if he thinks if its neccesary. if your utility company has to run a larger wire from the pole (wich i dont know if they have to but is a good question) i would imagine it would be pricey. it may be cheaper to update to a newer 100 amp panel with more slots and spend the cash updating the wire. thats gonna be a project my man !
Thanks for the additional info guys, and for clarifying the colors. I've done 14-2 and 14-3 updating already so I knew the coloring, and I've helped with 12-2 updating, but for someone coming in reading this its helpful for the clarification.
I'll leave it up to a pro to determine if a 200 amp service is required or if the 100-amp panels can cut it. Seems like everyone updates to 200amp though, so i'll probably go that route if recommended.
If you need a 200a also depends upon a whole house load calc
My whole house calc comes in at 144a
So a 200a was min service, luckily someone upgraded it to 200a a while ago
One 50a hot tub can push the load calc to a 200a feed
What kind of breaker panel do you have ?
USA does not have a limit on how many outlets you can have on a circuit
...as long as there aren't heavy loads - fixed in place appliances etc
Canada does
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When you want to use labels to send a mass mailing to your address list, you can use mail merge to quickly create a sheet of address labels. Each label contains an address from your list. You can also create and print labels without using mail merge.
These are the documents involved in creating and printing labels using the mail merge process:
Your main document.
This is the document you use to set up the layout of the labels for all the labels in the mail merge. You can also set up any content that you want repeated on each label, such as a company logo or your return address on shipping labels.
Your mailing list.
Your address list is the data source that Word uses in the mail merge. It's a file that contains the addresses to be printed on the labels.
Your merged document.
This document is a combination of the main document and the mailing list that is used to print individual addresses on the labels.
Step 1: Set up your mailing list
The address list can be Excel spreadsheet, a directory of Outlook contacts, or an Apple Address Book. It contains the records Word pulls information from to build the addresses for the labels.
If you don't yet have a mailing list, you can create a new list in Word during mail merge. Before you start the mail merge process, collect all of your address lists.
If you're using an Excel spreadsheet, make sure the column for ZIP or postal codes is formatted as text so that you don't lose any zeros.
If you want to use your Outlook contacts, make sure Outlook is your default email program.
Step 2: Prepare the main document for the labels
On the Mailings tab, choose Start Mail Merge > Labels.
In the Label Options dialog box, choose your label supplier in the Label products list.
In the Product number list, choose the number that matches the product number on your package of labels.
Tip: If none of the options match your labels, choose New Label, enter your label's information, and give it a name. Choose OK to add the new label to the Product number list.
Choose OK to close the Layout Options box.
Your document now displays a table with an outline of the labels (the dimension and shape of the labels depends on the label product you chose). If you do not see the table, on the Table Layout tab, choose View Gridlines.
On the File menu, choose Save to save your document.
Step 3: Link your mailing list to your labels
On the Mailings tab, choose Select Recipients, and then choose an option.
Create a New List
Start a new address list while you're setting up the mail merge
Use an Existing List
Use an Excel spreadsheet, or another type of data file, as your address list
Choose from Outlook Contacts
Select names directly from your Outlook contacts for your address list
Apple Contacts
Select names directly from your Apple Address Book for your address list
FileMaker Pro
Import data from a FileMaker Pro database
If you selected Create a New List, follow these steps:
In the Edit List Fields dialog box, Word automatically creates fields for some basic information, such as first name, last name, and address. If you want to add a new field—for example, a message field—add it now, so you can fill it in when you type the entries. Under New field name, type the name of the field you want to add and then click the plus sign (+).
Tip: To change the order of the fields, click the field you want to move, and then click the up or down arrows to move the field where you want it.
When all of the fields are set up the way you want them, click Create to create the list.
If you selected Use an Existing List, follow these steps:
Browse to the file you want to use and choose Open.
In the Open Workbook dialog box, select the sheet you want to use, and leave Cell Range blank to use the entire worksheet or enter a cell range for the data you want to use, and then choose OK.
If you selected Choose from Outlook Contacts or Apple Contacts, follow these steps:
Choose Filter Recipients to select the recipients you want to include.
For Outlook contacts, in the Query Options dialog box, next to List mail merge recipients by, select Complete record. In the list of contacts, select the contacts you want to include in the mail merge, and then choose OK.
For Apple contacts, in the Query Options dialog box, under Apple Group Contacts, choose the group you want to include in the mail merge, and then choose OK.
Step 4: Add and format merge fields
On the Mailings tab, choose Insert Merge Field and select the field you want to show on your labels.
Continue adding fields until you've added all the information you want on the labels, and then choose OK.
On the Mailings tab, choose Update Labels to add the fields to all of the labels.
Format the fields in the first label so it looks the way you want the rest of your labels to look. For example, include a space between First and Last name fields and press Return to start a new line for the Address field.
On the Mailings tab, choose Update Labels to apply the formatting to all of your labels.
Step 5: Preview and print the labels
On the Mailings tab, choose Preview Results to see how the labels will look.
Tip: Choose Preview Results again to view, add or remove merge fields.
To make additional formatting changes, format the first label, and then, on the Mailings tab, choose Update labels.
When the labels look the way you want, on the Mailings tab, choose Finish & Merge > Print Documents to complete the mail merge.
Tip: If you want to review and update each label individually before printing, on the Mailings tab, choose Finish & Merge > Edit Individual Documents. When you're done, choose File > Print to print the labels.


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This post is part of a social shopper marketing insight campaign with Pollinate Media Group™ and Cottonelle, but all my opinions are my own. #pmedia #CottonelleHoliday http://cmp.ly/3/8vNxcO.
It's official! The holidays are HERE!! I am so excited. Our tree is up, my fall mantel is down and I can't wait to finish decorating inside! Do you host a holiday party are your house? Do you have relatives over for the holidays? We usually have family that fly's in and stays with us. Of all the important things I need to do to make their stay comfortable and fun I HAVE TO make sure the bathroom is well stocked!
It's quite embarrassing to have a guest run out of toilet paper from behind the locked bathroom door. Then being the guest having to either holler from behind the closed door for toilet paper or digging around trying to find where it's kept. The holidays and having family or friends staying in your home should be a wonderful, joyous time, not of time of stress or embarrassment. Even during a holiday party it can be a stressful time worrying if there is toilet paper ready and available for your guests.
Now, I am ONE LUCKY WIFE, because I have a husband that works along with me in always replacing the roll. No empty rolls or toilet paper rolls sitting on the counter or on the empty bar itself in our house! It wasn't always this way! There was a time it seemed like I was the only one that put the toilet paper back on the empty bar. So, I know what it's like. I have a PERFECT solution to the dreaded empty roll during parties or while guests are staying over, running from bathroom to bathroom refilling toilet paper and to the toilet paper sitting on the counter as opposed to being on the bar…..
Cottonelle's Triple Roll is their longest roll and still fits standard roll holders! It's so long you wont have to worry about changing the roll. Your guests are happy, you are happy, it's a win!!
I found these great Holiday bathroom decor ideas online….
Picture source: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
I decided to create a cute, easy, Holiday display in my guest bathroom. With the Cottonelle Triple Roll I wont have to stress over replacing the roll, but just in case; I put a few rolls in a Christmas basket on the counter. That way I don't have to stress and my guests don't have to stress either.
Easy and stress free holiday decor with easy and stress free Cottonelle Triple Roll.
We shopped at Target for our 12 pack of Cottonelle Triple Roll. Right now if you shop at Target to buy YOUR 12 pack of Cottonelle Triple Roll or large you will get a free box of Kleenex (while supplies last)!!
Click the coupon image below for your coupon but know that the RevTrax system will only let you click on this coupon twice per IP address so do not click on it till you are ready to print and shop at Target!
Now, I'm curious…. Do you host holiday parties or have guest stay over at your home? What stress free holiday entertaining tips to do you know??


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I contacted Sallie Mae's Office of the Consumer Advocate about 45 days ago and as of today's phone call they told me the 90 day late will be removed when reporting occurs at the end of the month! That's a "KEY DEROGATORY" on my account and showing with all three bureaus within the last year so I'm hoping to see a decent improvement in scores across the board. Just want to say thanks to everyone who has put the information out there and want to say that the people at the Advocate's office are very good at what they do!
Any idea on what this may do to my scores?!?!?
CONGRATS!! PLEASEEE tell me how you were able to get this taken care of! I have 2 Sallie Mae accounts reporting 3 late payments each...I called them & they didn't assist. I emailed them @ the customer advocate address as well...they have not responded yet. From what I've read, you should have a nice improvement in your score..keep us posted!
Can you PM me please...thanks in advance!
dang! good job. I tried the same thing and a lady called me and told me since my loans were a federal loan they cant change the lates
Hi, what is their contact number? I need to do the same thing. Thanks
Please tell me how the heck you got your scores go up 100 points in 4 months??????
What did you say or how did you word it to get this taken off?
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Watching metalheads, the indie crowd, jazz cats, boot-wearing country lovers hanging around downtown Athens on weekend evenings (or wee morning hours) is like cruising through a high school cafetorium.
Everyone's there, all the little groups, doing their own thing, getting along harmoniously, all connected through love of their own variety of music. But one group is always missing from downtown's midnight lunch period: the high schoolers.
To be a music-loving teen in Athens is a mixed blessing, to say the least. All around is music. But it's like it's just beneath the drywall. It's impossible not to hear it, and glimpses of it can be caught at Athfest and the Human Rights Festival.
But no matter how much you loved that band on the outdoor stage at Athfest, if you're under 18, well, good luck ever seeing them again.
Downtown Athens is widely known as a musical mecca, home to hundreds of nightly music enthusiasts who nimbly bounce back and forth from club to bar to club. Numerous venues line the streets of downtown, some of them with a different band every night.
But again, teenagers have no rights here.
Of the 18 downtown venues listed on athensmusic.net, three are all ages. One is the Classic Center, a fantastic venue for big shows from out of town, but not exactly part of the local scene, and one is the Morton Theatre that rarely hosts local music concerts.
"Why would we even want teenagers downtown, though?" you might be asking yourself. "They're loud and annoying and ... well, pimply."
Yes, in some cases, it's true. But remember, if you will, that time not so long ago when you were awkward and acne-ridden, and you were growing up in Athens, or maybe you just moved here to go to the university, or you were visiting a friend, and you first caught wind of the downtown music scene.
When I was 16, my two older sisters deftly smuggled me into a club (that will be left unnamed) to catch the show of a local band whose CD I had discovered somewhere. The electricity on the sidewalk beforehand, standing in line for tickets ... the energy inside, the music blasting from giant dark speakers, the band, crowd dancing ... the numbness afterward, ears ringing, spotting the guitar player on the way to the car and trying to play it cool.
Maybe it's greedy to ask more out of Athens and its musical offerings. There are certainly more places for a teenager to go see music here than in most of the surrounding counties.
Plenty of local restaurants have weekly music. If one was desperate enough, one could just go downtown on a Friday night and stand in the parking lot next to the 40 Watt. You'd be able to hear what's going on pretty clearly. I've done it.
And it's not the same.
To me, the essence of Athens music, dating back to the earliest days of the B-52s, Pylon and R.E.M. and that whole movement, has been to keep bringing something new. Keeping Athens' youth out in club parking lots just seems like a waste of a whole lot of "new" to me. It's our responsibility to reach out to teens, brimming with ideas but floundering for direction, to let them in every now and then.
Why not have an all-ages night at a few local clubs once or twice a month? Athens has a constant influx of new blood courtesy of UGA, but why not nurture the music lovers and undiscovered musical talents raised right here on our own streets?
Again, rather than continuing to bar the local music lovers of tomorrow, let them partake of and contribute to the enigma - the curious magnet that is downtown Athens music.
Chris Miller was editor-in-chief of Clarke Central High School's award-winning Odyssey Newsmagazine during the last school year. He will start classes at the University of Georgia next month.
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Toilet doesn't flush every time
Good afternoon;
For the past month or so, I have noticed that one of the toilets in our house is not flushing properly every time.
Sometimes, it appears that this problem could be caused by the jet of water in the bowl isn't strong enough. But other times, it appears that something may be stuck in the trap.
The other day, I needed to use the auger (we have a professional tool here) three times to get it to flush.
This problem is not always related to having too much paper in there. Sometimes it just doesn't want to flush even with nothing but water.
So, I am wondering if there is a tool to unclog the water passages that deliver water from the tank to the bowl. I had read that sometimes hard water (I don't believe our water is hard; it's a public, above ground treated system) can clog up the waterways in the toilet, causing a reduction in the force of the water that jets out into the bowl and causes it to flush.
Is there a tool specifically designed for this?
A plumber just suggested using a coat hanger to get the crud out of the holes. There has got to be a better tool than that.
If all else fails, I am afraid we are going to have to have the toilet replaced. It's not all that old; maybe 10 years of so? shouldn't it last longer than that?
Also, there is the possibility that we have a partially clogged vent pipe. I guess we would need someone to go up on the roof to check that out.
Thanks for your help
Go with the clogged vent first, especially if the toilet bubbles or gurgles when the trip lever is flipped. Also you didn't mention what kind of sewer you have; city or septic. If it is city you may have a partially clogged main line; if it is septic you may need the tank pumped. Beyond this there are a whole list of reasons for the toilet to flush intermittently. As for the water ports in the bowl being plugged, the chances of this causing your problem are very slim. Those ports are primarily for washing the bowl. The main 1 1/4" hole coming down from the tank would take hundreds of years to plug up enough to slow the flush. You could also look for cell phones, small toys, shampoo bottle caps, socks, a washcloth, etc. to be caught near the bottom outlet of the bowl or at the wax ring, but this last one would mean pulling the toilet, clearing the problem, and resetting it.
I suspect a partial blockage of the drain pipe under the toilet, sometimes a wad of solid matter hangs up there and other times most of it is flushed free.
If no water has been used in the house for awhile and the toilet does not flush on the first try, then you probably do not have a septic tank problem.
blocked waterway inside the bowl can cause what your describing, toilet needs water to enter bowl at a set volume to create the syphion need to clear bowl. you can determine if this is a problem by pouring a bucket of water directly into the bowl, if it flushes properly it will tell you that the water is not getting from the tank to bowl properly. Your plumber was right, a coat hanger is the only tool for cleaning the washdown jets.
Thanks guys; You have given me something to work with.
A bit more info on the situation:
This is a city sewer system.
There is another toilet in the basement, and it is flushing fine. There has been no indication of a backup. The one time there was a clogged main line, the water came gushing up out of the basement drains, and this is not happening now.
I'm going to try flushing with a bucket. Use as little water as possible to see if there is any resistance there.
I'm thinking that it is quite possible there is a partial block in the pipe under the toilet, as when I used the auger, it seemed to run into something the first couple of times I used it, and finally cleared on the 3rd try.
I just hope that I didn't just push whatever was blocking further down into the pipe. If it gets stuck in the main trap, we're going to have a major problem.
Maybe I should use a professional drain cleaner (Clobber used to be my preference), but I think I would have to call a licensed plumber to get that done. They won't sell that stuff in the DIY stores, and I think any plumbing supply store would not be allowed to sell it to me, since I am not a licensed plumber.
I can check on that though. Can't hurt to ask.
Problem with that stuff is that you have to get all the water out of the trap before using it, or risk a severe reaction. And when you do use it, it smells up the house for a while.
I think that if I do determine there is anything stuck in the line, I will get a plumber. Removing the toilet is not something I would want to do myself.
Thanks for your help. I'll let you know what I find.
round flat objects like a skoal can will cause this problem. It acts like a flapper, and sometimes it goes horizontal and allows solids to flow past, and other times it goes vertical and blocks the opening completely causing a full on clog-o-rama.
We get this a lot at the high school. Could be something with a similar shape in there.
What kind of auger do you have? Might not be the right one for clearing a toilet trap?
Also, don't throw the toilet away just yet... sometimes you can take it out, turn it upside down out in the yard (on a piece of cardboard or something to protect it) and get whatever is clogged out that way.
Or if it is or does get damaged it can always be set out in the yard and used as a flower pot.
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Someone broke into a Glenn O. Hawbaker Scale House in Turtlepoint and stole some money.
State Police say someone pried open a door sometime between 5 o'clock Thursday afternoon and 5:50 this morning.
Police did not say how much money was taken. They are continuing their investigation.
Friday, September 23, 2011
Break-In at Glenn O. Hawbaker
Posted by Anne Holliday at 4:29:00 PM
Labels: Glenn O. Hawbaker
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sku 30513-2
Wilfred Ceramic Canisters Set of 2Vases And Urns Vases And Urns Under $100 Under $100 Under $500 Under $500 Contemporary And Modern Contemporary And Modern Transitional Transitional Home Accents Home Accents
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Delivery within 2 weeks on average.
Product Information
Add a moody blue set of two rectangular ceramic canisters to any tabletop for a sleek accent. Adds a refreshing coolness and coordinates with a variety of decor.
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Use a dry lint and grit-free cloth to remove dust and restore shine.
This item ships FREE via either UPS or FedEx within the delivery time frame quoted. If the rug is oversized, it will ship by common carrier and may require a longer lead time for delivery. If you have any questions or if you are interested in expedited shipping, please contact customer service at 1-877-RUG-HOME (877-784-4663). We at Rug & Home want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase and, to ensure this, we have a convenient 7-day in-home-trial-policy for all rugs, art, mirrors, lamps, and accessories. If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, you may return it within 7 days from the date the merchandise was delivered for a full refund. Please see our Return Policy for complete details.