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Meet the Royal Family:
2016 Robert Bone and Sara Widenhouse
Saints vs Sinners
Who we are:
Asheville Mardi Gras is an all-volunteer community based organization made up of aficionados of the Mardi Gras culture, and –okay, folks who just LOVE a good party!
Our Purpose:
We are an arts and culture group. Our purpose is to strengthen Western North Carolina community connections through promoting creativity, frivolity and celebration, based on the traditions of Mardi Gras.
What we're about:
We're about Mardi Gras, or Carnival, an ancient world-wide tradition of feasting and celebrating before entering a time of atonement.We love and respect our families and community. Alcohol and nudity are not part of our twist on Mardi Gras in the mountains. We are promoting a fun, safe event for all ages that will grow into one of Asheville's most beloved festivals.
What we offer:
The parade and queen's ball is our gift to the city, a zany, exuberant and irreverent downtown event in the dead of mid-winter. We invite residents to get together with friends, neighbors, and coworkers to create high quality surprising and entertaining entries, add upbeat music, and strut their stuff tossing those ubiquitous beads to the crowd. Zaniness, political satire, and amazing displays of populist art appreciated!
How you can participate:
We are a member-supported Non-Profit that relies on your generosity. You can become a supporter and co-creator by becoming a member today!
Asheville Mardi Gras is about having a great time celebrating Mardi Gras in a safe family environment.
Costumes should be elaborate and creative but not obscene. A collection of revelers with a unified theme is called a Krewe – START YOUR OWN KREWE – CLICK HERE.
Floats and vehicles should be decorated and operated in a safe manner with 2 Krewe members walking along beside vehicles to avoid accidents. Behavior that is considered damaging to the reputation of Asheville Mardi Gras will not be permitted and Krewes can be banned from participation.


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Cricket Web's current Premier League Tipping Champion
- As featured in The Independent.
"I don't think that they'll come close to us to be honest."
- Steve Smith before the Ashes
Messi, Ronaldo, Xavi, Iniesta, Zlatan, Falcao, RVP, Cavani, Suarez, Pirlo, Fabregas and Yaya all comfortably ahead and then there's a whole host of people who I don't see any reason why he should be ahead of - Neymar, Aguero, Ribery, Mata, Schweinsteiger, Goetze, Reus, Kroos - hell Santi, Ozil.
I've not even mentioned defenders or keepers - Silva, Ramos, Chiellini, hell even Kompany even though he's not been quite so great this year.
Vidal has been insane for Juve this season, likewise Hamsik for Napoli. Lewandowski's been banging in goals for fun.
There are so many players that Bale is closer to in terms of ability than Ronaldo it's not even funny.
He's just so vastly overrated.
He's a very good player, as we've established but it's the talk of him being worth £65m or being better than Ronaldo that just really grates me.
He's barely been better than Walcott ffs and I think you'd be doing well to convince 80% of the public he was worth £20m before this season.
A few figures from 09/10-Christmas last year.
Wilshere limps off, well that's the end of that then.
Do I contradict myself?
Very well then I contradict myself,
(I am large, I contain multitudes.
Walt Whitman
I don't understand why Barcelona didn't bid £90m for Walcott either.
MSN Messenger: minardineil2000 at hotmail dot com | AAAS Chairman
CricketWeb Black | CricketWeb XI Captain
ClarkeWatch: We're Watching Rikki - Are You?
Up The Grecians - Exeter City FC
Completing the Square: My Cricket Web Blog
Stats eh?
Anyway This is why I desperately want QPR to go down, note the QPR goal is down to the 'arry effect, presumably the other 3 goals in the game was nowt to do with him guv'nor.
Meanwhile City are away from home so naturally are winning.
Samba being ripped apart, like the average player he is, #'arry effect.
Just loling at the idea of any footballer being 'comfortably' better than Bale.
Proud member of the Twenty20 is boring society
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subset: commoncrawl


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I am thinking about buying a new case but I can not seem to find any pictures of the actual inside of the case and where the motherboard, PSU, hard drives and all that go. Does anyone have the case or pictures of the inside by any chance?
No announcement yet.
Pictures of the inside of a Mo-co-so Black box case?
new posts
Pictures of the inside of a Mo-co-so Black box case?Tags: None
I've got a couple pictures that Mo-Co-So sent me when I was considering their case and had questions. I agree, this info was not readily available, I had to ask for it, and there is no manual. I had to make a couple calls to tech support when putting it together. They were helpful on the phone, and the ordering process was easy, and the product arrived promptly. Just the fact that there is no manual, installation tips, or pictures on their site left a little to be desired. Heres what I've got.
Cool that helps a little, wonder if there is a way to have (2) 2.5 " hard drives. I appreciate the help a lot
I'd say no. I had to get pretty creative with running the wiring around the boards. If your power supply was external, then yes, but if you use the M2-ATX like in the picture, then no. You could use an external hard drive (USB). I did get the end plate with the fan in it. Now that I look at it, if you are creative, you could possibly raise the power supply slightly, and out two 2.5" drives one on top of another. Hopefully SSD's because of heat. I've got the extra fan on the endplate, but there probably should be a little space between drives. I'm sure Mo-Co-So would not recommend that though, so use that suggestion at your own risk.
I have a regular 2.5" drive and a SSD that I took out of its case so its pretty small now. I might be able to make it work, I am using a Voom2 case now and there just isnt much room and this is a bit taller. I really do thank you for all the help since their site made it so hard to comprehend how things get placed.
By the way I am in Columbus ohio as I see you also are from ohio
Yeah, things might get a little tight around the ATX plug if you raise the power supply too much. I agree, they should post some of these pictures on their site. A manual would be nice too. Just be sure to tie down your cables neatly, to help with airflow. maybe consider the extra fan.
Massillon-Canton Area here.
I depinned my atx cable and made it the exact length needed along with all the other cables and what not so it should help on airflow quite a bit.
Does anyone know exactly how to use the pair of two pin audio connectors that go to the RCA jacks that are part of this case?
My MoBo has an SC97/HD audio connector on it. Can these two little two pin connectors be plugged into my motherboard somehow or do I need to replace it with the proper connector?
So far, random experimentation hasn't gotten me too far.
On mine they plugged right in to the Front Panel Audio Header. My Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 has a 10 pin front panel audio connector. Default is the HD Audio. Pins 5+6 (5+ and 6 GND) are right, pins 9+10 (9+ and 10 GND) are left. The little tails on the RCA connections on the back panel of the case plugged right in to the motherboard. The fun part was then using Windows to get the right sound out of the right port. As I remember it was not that difficult, but it was not overly easy either. It took a little fiddling, and that was several months ago.
I do remember loosening the nuts that hold the RCA jacks and rotating them to better fit in the case, and to make the wires reach the plug better.
I'm pretty sure I'm using the HD. I'm using Win7 64 bit and I remember it took a little fiddleing in the sound settings to get sound.


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Martin, Marte, and McCutchen are Gold Glove Finalists
Russell Martin is a finalist for the NL Gold Glove award at catcher. (Photo Credit: David Hague)
Rawlings announced the finalists for the 2013 NL Gold Glove awards today, and the Pirates had three players in contention. Russell Martin, Starling Marte, and Andrew McCutchen were all finalists at their positions.
Russell Martin was one of three finalists at catcher. The other two finalists this year are A.J. Ellis of the Dodgers, and Yadier Molina of the Cardinals. Martin won a Gold Glove in 2007 with the Los Angeles Dodgers. However, Molina has won every Gold Glove since then, winning five years in a row. The Pirates haven't had a Gold Glove winner at catcher since Mike LaValliere won in 1987. Tony Pena won three years in a row from 1983-1985. No other Pirates catcher has won the award...
This content is for Pirates Prospects subscribers only. Subscribers get access to all of our daily articles on the Pirates and their minor league system, with live coverage throughout the system on a daily basis. Our lowest rates are $2.22 per month under our Top Prospect Plan, which also gets you a 40% discount on the 2017 Prospect Guide. Subscribe today to access all of our daily coverage of the Pirates' system.
If you're already a member, you can log in below. If you think you're receiving this message in error, please e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
Tim is the owner and editor in chief of Pirates Prospects. He started the site in January 2009, and turned it into his full time job during the 2011 season. Prior to starting Pirates Prospects, Tim worked with AccuScore.com, providing MLB, NHL, and NFL coverage to various national media outlets, including ESPN Insider, USA Today, Yahoo Sports, and the Wall Street Journal. He also writes the annual Prospect Guide, which is sold through the site. Tim lives in Bradenton, where he provides live coverage all year of Spring Training, mini camp, instructs, the Bradenton Marauders, and the GCL Pirates.


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Plastic Moulds ==> Couldn't find anything myself
83,388 results
Plastic Moulds ==> Couldn't find anything myself
I'm proposed a way I'd synthesize plastic...polyethylene to shape into a pipe PROBLEM: not sure how or what I would use to make a mold or best method to produce a PIPE not sure what a mold should look like to produce a hollow object like a pipe. OR what material I can use ...
Plastic block A has a mass of 1.2kg. Plastic block B is made from plastic with a density 40% greater than the plastic block. Work out the mass of the plastic cube. Plastic block A is 20cm by 10cm by by 5cm. Cube is 6cm. Is it 6×6×6=216 216 ×1.4
I have a odd question once again. (I'm not creating a report on this) Plastic/ foam in the microwave... I have actually done this myself. I have gone and put a foam container in the microwave and heated it with food in it. (It really wouldn't be advisable but I was seriously ...
The science teacher gave each group in the science lab a pair of wires for an investigation on electrical current.Susan noticed that the wires were made of metal,but they were covered with plastic.The wires were covered in plastic because A.plastic is a good conductor and ...
science -chemistry
please could someone help me answer this question:- explain simply why aluminium is cheaper than gold with refernece to the extraction method and abundance. thankyou ive looked myself but can`t find anything.
If the top of the paint container is made of plastic, how much plastic is used to make the top? Assume the thickness of the plastic is negligable. Round to the nearest square inch.
Song of Myself+English
Has anyone read Song of Myself by Walt Whitman?? I can't find any themes for it. So hard to understand. Would slavery be a theme? I need atleast 4 themes associated with Song of Myself.
year 7 ict
please could someone tell what a screenshot is. i need to explain the different sections but ive got no idea where to start. ive looked myself but can`t find anything to help. thanks to anyone who helps me.
1. I awoke to find myself famous. 2. I woke up to find myself famous. 3. I awoke and found myself famous. 4. I woke up and found myself famous. -------------- Are they all the same and grammatical?
1. I feel comfortable in myself. 2. I talked out loud of myself. 3. There is a gap between myself. ------------- Are the sentences all grammatical? If not, would you correct each sentence? Thank you.
I need to find a thin layer of ice that has condensed? go north :-) or... Put 1/3 cup of hot water in the freezer with a piece of plastic over it. The warm moist air will rise and condense on the plastic lid and freeze there.
7th grade math
A company needs to packages 80 cubic feet of chemicals in to a plastic container, find the whole number dimensions of a container that would use the least amount of plastic
I forgot to include the very last sentences of the day. Thank you very much. 1) Every week a person in Britain uses three plastic bags. They are strong and don't disappear. They can last hundreds, possibly thousands of years. 2)They are called white pollution in China. In ...
for our lab, we had to fill a semi-circle plastic dish (with a scratch on one side) with water and find the index of refraction of water by putting a pin on one side of the dish, looking through the water, and put a pin on the other side of the dish to line up with the first ...
Consider a spherical plastic shell with inner radius r=1cm, r2=2cm, and a dielectric constant K=4. The center is hollow. Free charge is bound within the plastic. The charge distribution is spherically symmetric but decays with radius, following a charge density:p_f=K/r where K...
A container needs to package hazardous chemicals in a special plastic rectangular prism that holds 80 cubic feet. Find the whole number dimensions of the container that would use the least amount of plastic. My answer is 5ft, 2ft, and 4ft
1. I kept myself warm. 2. I kept myself running on the playground. 3. I kept myself hidden in the closet. (Are the sentences all grammatical?)
Physics - grade 11
The speed of light of a plastic is 1.4x10^8. What is the index of refraction in the plastic?
2. The speed of light in a certain plastic is 1.88*10^8 m/s. what is the index of refraction of plastic?
The density of a certain type of plastic is 0.89 g/cm3. If a sheet of this plastic is 10.0 m long, 1.0 m wide, and 1.0 cm thick, what is its mass?
One way is to collect rain. Another way is to erect cone shaped metal objects on which water will condense at night and run into a container. There probably are more esoteric systems but this should get you sarted. If you don't have any machines or modern day tecnology and you...
Several years ago a company invented plastic ice cubes. These were colored plastic cubes with frozen water (or another substances) inside. That way, as the solid melted, it could cool your drink, but did not dilute it with extra water (from the melted ice). If plastic cubes ...
An optical fiber is made of a clear plastic with index of refraction n=1.6, For what angles with the surface the light remain contained within the plastic guide?
4. A beam of light in water enters a plastic block (index of refraction=1.40(a) if the angle of incidence is 40, what is the angle of refraction in the plastic?(b) at what angle must the beam be incident on the plastic if the refraction angle is to be 30?
I taught (thinking to myself not sure if it's the right word taught) to myself that I needed to be fluent in programming languages to set myself apart from others in the job market and increase my quantitative skills. Is the proper word "taught" used correctly? Thank you
You have left your bicycle outside in the backyard for three hours on a very cold day. Now you decide to go for a ride. The metal handlebars feel colder than the plastic hand-grips because: Question 4 options: A) The latent heat of fusion of the plastic is bigger than the ...
Calculate the expected volume of hot water that would be required to dissolve 0.15g of benzoic acid, vanillin, phthalic acid, salicyclic acid? You don't need to do all or any of them. I just need to know what formula to use and what to sub in and I can do the rest myself. I ...
A foam plastic ( sg = 0.58 ) is to be used as a life preserver. What volume of plastic must be used if it is to keep 20 % (by volume) of a 75 kg man above water in a lake? Average density of a man is equal to 1.04 g/cc. Assume the foam plastic's top surface to be level with ...
Physical Science
A friend tell you that a refrigerator door beneath it's layer of white painted plastic, is made of aluminum. How could you check to see if this is true withoutscraping away the plastic?
Crime scene chemistry
What would happen to the denisty of a plastic sample if an excessive number of air bubbles were allowed to accumulate on the plastic surface when placed into the solution?
Hello. Please help me understand the sentence: "I took my picture" (does it mean that I photographed myself or that I took it into my hands just like a book or a scarf). And if I photographed myself, is it possible to say "I took a picture of myself"? Thank you for help.
Molten plastic is injected into the centre of a circular mold of constant height, H, through a small hole. The rate of injection is such that the radius of the plastic inside the mould increases so that r(t)= 3t^2 -2t^3 where the mold has maximum radius of one unit. Compute ...
Equipment and Materials: measuring spoon, 2 beakers, sieve, 2 plastic containers 8 table spoons of sand, 100 mL of water 15 plastic gems. Hypothesis: what do you think will happen with each mixture and why?
the average speed of light slows to .75 c when it refracts through a particular peice of plastic. a) What change is there in the light's frequency in the plastic? b) It's wavelength?
the average speed of light slows to 0.75 when it refracts through a praticular piece of plastic. a. what change is there in the light's frequecny in the plastic? b. in its wavelength?
year 7 science
Chemical and physical changes. please could someone help me i need to say whether the following are chemical or physical changes and explain why. I`ve looked myself but i can`t find anything that helps. grateful for any help .thanks Frying an egg , burning paper , mixing a ...
Eight sided dice can be described as two square based pyramids stuck together at the bases. Their faces are equilateral triangles. If the edge of one die is 2mm, find the difference in materials cost between a solid gold die and a "gold" painted plastic die. (Gold costs $...
1) Create a flowchart that describes the reproductive cycle of a typical fungus, such as bread mould. 2) Create a concept map comparing the reproductive structures and processes of moulds, sac fungi, and club fungi how do i do this??
The surgery was performed by Dr. Jones and me / myself. A) me B) myself I answered B
i am supose to graph this using three points on a graph how am i suppose to find three points for this problem x<=2 What about x=2, y = anything; x=1, y= anything; and x=-4, y= anything. I would write as as x+y<=2 2+y<=2 then solve for y to get my points
Which is the correct word The suspect wouldn't admit (anything, nothing.) I think anything I don't know (any, none) of the people on this bus. I think any Rosa couldn't do (anything, nothing) about changing the time of our program. I think anything.
Use this proportionality: A correlation V square 2/3 How much more material is needed to manufacture an industrial plastic container with twice the volume of a similar container? A manufacturer of plastic containers prices its product by the amount of plastic used to make the ...
I am confused by this question. Biodegradable plastics may not break down readily in the sea because a. Submergence in the water will protect them from sunlight b. the water will keep the plastic cool c. microorganisms will rapidly coat the plastic d. a and b above e. all of ...
A thin plastic band 50 cm long is used to tie seven plastic pipes together. What is the radius of the pipe? The shape is a hexagon but not vertices but curved. My solution was , you get an eqilateral triangle with side 3 r 3 r = 50/6 r = 50/6/3 = 2.73 But the text book answer ...
Plastic plates come in packs of 8, plastic utensils come in packs of 12, and plastic cups come in packs of 20. What are the least numbers of packs you should buy in order to have the same number of plates, utensils, and cups?
I'll have one hamburger. 1. Anything else? 2. Will you have anything else? 3. Do you want anything else? 4. Do you want to have anything else? -------------------- Can we use the others instead of #1?
if you put honey,water,dishwashing liquid and vegetable oil in a clear jar and then you add asmall of plastic cup, plastic fork, straw and a small piece of styrofoam cup.
Frogs hear with their _______ lining of their mouth tongue tympanum nostrils*** I'm not so sure about this question. I went back and looked in my book but i can't find anything, I searched it to and still couldn't find anything. Could someone please help me better understand ...
She hasn't said (anything, nothing) about her accident. I think anything Hardly (anything,nothing) pleases him. I think anything There aren't (any,no) pears in the supermarket. I think any
A positively charged glass rod is brought close to a neutral sphere that is supported on a nonconducting plastic stand. Sketch the distribution of charges on the sphere if it is made of: a) Aluminum b) Non-conducting plastic
A supplier of plastic pellets claims that when the plastic is pressed into wafers of uniform thickness, they will have a mean breaking strength of 165 newtons and a standard deviation of 5 newtons. An engineer at the company randomly selects wafers from 12 batches of pellets. ...
history -history teacher if poss
for my history homework i need to answer this question Explain why the Peace Settlement was changed in the years 1920-1928. ive looked but can`t find anything its due in tomorrow and i can`t find anything. please can someone help.
Can you please check these sentences? I'm still doubtful about the use of prepositions. Thank you very much. 1) I was last ashamed of myself when I lost all the matches in a tennis tournment (The last time I've been ashamed of myself is wrong?) 2) I've never blamed a friend ...
physics lab
A bullet is shot into a block of plastic. The bullet penetrates the block 0.75 m. The mass of the bullet is 8 g. It is traveling with a speed of 410 m/s before it hits the block. A Use kinematic equations to find the magnitude of the acceleration on the bullet as it is ...
I have to explain why there was such a delay for the enforcement of both documents. I've been trying to find websites to help me, but I haven't found anything. The answer I see is The basic reason is that most nations don't want international agreements to intefere with the ...
Social Studies
What are some differences between the European and Taino (Native American) ways of life and cultures? Desperate for anything. I've been researching for hours but can't find ANYTHING.
A toy gun launches a small plastic sphere using a spring. The spring has a spring constanct of 20 J/M^2 and the plastic sphere has a mass of 25 grams. Before launch x initial is -10cm velocity initial is 0 m/s After launch x final is o cm Apply the law of conservation of ...
math grade 12
A sheet of plastic stops 25% of the light and lets through the residual 75%. What percentage of the light is let through by two sheets of the plastic ?
Superglue fuming--fingerprints
What is an amino acid? Why do they cause superglue to stick to my fingerprints on a cd when I place the cd in a plastic box covered with plastic wrap? I'm 9, so I really need just a simple answer. Thanks.
A: May I take your order? B: Yes, please. I'll have a chicken sandwich. A:Sure. Anything else? B: One small orange juice, please. (Conversation at a sandwich shop) ============================== Q1: What is the meaning of 'Sure'? Why is 'Sure' used here? 'What other ...
A manufacturer has a maximum of 240, 360, and 180 kilograms of wood, plastic and steel available. The company produces two products, A and B. Each unit of A requires 1, 3 and 2 kilograms of wood, plastic and steel respectively; each unit of B requires 3, 4 and 1 kilograms of ...
A manufacturer has a maximum of 240, 360, and 180 kilograms of wood, plastic and steel available. The company produces two products, A and B. Each unit of A requires 1, 3 and 2 kilograms of wood, plastic and steel respectively; each unit of B requires 3, 4 and 1 kilograms of ...
linear programming
A manufacturer has a maximum of 240, 360, and 180 kilograms of wood, plastic and steel available. The company produces two products, A and B. Each unit of A requires 1, 3 and 2 kilograms of wood, plastic and steel respectively; each unit of B requires 3, 4 and 1 kilograms of ...
Physics - General Physics
Violet light and red light travel through air and strike a block of plastic at the same angle of incidence. The angle of refraction is 30.700° for the violet light and 31.380° for the red light. The index of refraction for violet light in plastic is greater than that for red...
A piece of plastic has a mass of 14.2 grams and volume of 16.8cm cube. What is the mass of 1.00cm cube of this plastic? Thanks for your help.
The perimeter of a rectangular piece of plastic is 22 millimeters. The area is 30 square millimeters. What are the dimensions of the piece of plastic?
The area of a rectangular piece of plastic is 70 square millimeters. The perimeter is 34 millimeters. What are the dimensions of the piece of plastic?
math help
Mrs. Williams is going to purchase a plastic cover for her outdoor fish pond. The area of the fish pond is 25 m2. However, she must purchase a cover that is 12% more than the pond area in order to cover the entire edges of the pond. The plastic cover costs $4.75 per square ...
a plastic container witha mass of 30 grams gains 1,140 joules of heat if the tempreature of the container increases 20 degrees celcius what is the specific heat of the plastic in the container
the picture at the right shows the garden in roberts yard.it's a triangle with a right angle,and it's lenght is 9ft,width is 15ft,and height is 12 ft,he wants 2 cover the garden with plastic bc of a sudden drop in temperature.how many square yards of plastic does he need?
A plastic container with a mass of 30 grams gains 1,140 joules of heat. If the temperature of the container increases 20°C, what is the specific heat of the plastic in the container?
A plastic jug contains 2g gallons of milk more than a carton of milk. The plastic jug and the carton contain(8g+6) gallons of milk altogether. How much milk does the plastic jug contain?
Q16: A clear plastic cube with exactly the same index of refraction as water, is placed in a container of water. Would you be able to see the plastic cube in the water if you looked at it from an angle? Please explain why or why not.
I need certain prices from the 1940's, I need the price of a penknife, an ax, flint & steel and a tinderbox for a reading report. I have been on several different sites to find archival information, but I cannot find anything. My parents said not to subscribe to anything and ...
I need certain prices from the 1940's, I need the price of a penknife, an ax, flint & steel and a tinderbox for a reading report. I have been on several different sites to find archival information, but I cannot find anything. My parents said not to subscribe to anything and ...
If I send a laser beam in a container of water, (a semicircle shape), the incident ray from laser has to hit the strick flat face of the container at its center. Why? What if the container has plastic wall. Can I ignore the refraction of light through plastic.
A plastic rod is rubbed against a wool shirt, thereby acquiring a charge of -0.8micro colomb. Haw many electrons are transferred from the wool shirt to the plastic rod?
Hyperbolas, comic sections
So I have this equation: 36x^2-121y^2=49 Which I rearranged to 36x^2/49-121y^2/49=1 So I want to go from here and find the eccentricity,foci,asymptotes etc... But I'm getting myself confused. Since my equation is of the form x^2/a^2-y^2/b^2=1 Both a and b would be 7^2... which...
Go Math grade 6
The Webster family is planning a barbecue for one hundred people. The Webster family needs one plastic plate for each person at the barbecue. The Stop and Shop store and Market Place Store both sell plastic plates in packages of fifteen for five dollars and forty-eight cents ...
For school I have to read Pride and Prejudice. My teacher gave us an assignment where we have to find a different literary element every couple of chapters. I have been searching for a while now and can't seem to find anything. It has to be between chapters 44 and 50 and can ...
Error Analysis
Please help me find the wrong grammar, word use and sentences structure for me.. *It's not essay. It's my homework from teacher to modify What can you do to reduce global warming in Thailand Global warming is big problem for the word. Now, the word want assistance from every ...
Physics 2
A sheet of plastic (n = 1.56) covers one slit of a double slit (see the drawing). When the double slit is illuminated by monochromatic light (vacuum = 568 nm), the center of the screen appears dark rather than bright. What is the minimum thickness of the plastic?
For my english class we have to write a one page essay about What is the most significant gift that we wish to give ourself this semester. Here's what I have so far I was wondering if you had any other ideas on what I could add to it because it needs to be longer and see if my...
to kill a mockingbird.
does the book say anything about scout's physical appearance? i cant seem to find anything. she was skinny with blue eyes and dressed like a tomboy i read that book what was the slushy operation
we know that the speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 x 10^8 m/s (18,000 mi/sec). If light travels through thick plastic with a speed of 1.75 x 10^8 m/s, what is the index of refraction through plastic?
we know that the speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 x 10^8 m/s (18,000 mi/sec). If light travels through thick plastic with a speed of 1.75 x 10^8 m/s, what is the index of refraction through plastic?
The speed of light in a certain piece of clear plastic is 1.95 108 m/s. A ray of light strikes the plastic at an angle of 21°. At what angle is the ray refracted?
Picture: Contemporary Retro Molded Black Accent Plastic Dining Armchair with Wood Eiffel Legs its the first picture in google. This wooden and plastic chair design by Ray and Charles Eames communicates a a sense of which artistic charateristic? A. Balance B. Rhythm C. Color D...
I need immediate help on these questions:. 2.a small plastic ball with a mass of 0.005kg is suspended from a thread and hangs in equilibrium as shown in the drawing below when a small rod with a 2 uC charge is brought to within 3mm of the ball a)find the tension force in the ...
The speed of light in clear plastic is 1.866 ×10^8 m/s. A ray of light enters the plastic at an angle of 29.3 degrees. At what angle is the ray refracted?
Byron's house has a roof with dimensions shown. (Roof: 1m Height, 7m Hypotenuses, 12m length) He knows that the average rainfall in his suburb is 30cm per year. Byron would like to install a cylindrical rainwater tank to hold the water that runs off the roof. The tank is to ...
Byron's house has a roof with dimensions shown. (Roof: 1m Height, 7m Hypotenuses, 12m length) He knows that the average rainfall in his suburb is 30cm per year. Byron would like to install a cylindrical rainwater tank to hold the water that runs off the roof. The tank is to ...
Art please help me :)
Picture: Contemporary Retro Molded Black Accent Plastic Dining Armchair with Wood Eiffel Legs its the first picture in google. This wooden and plastic chair design by Ray and Charles Eames communicates a a sense of which artistic charateristic? A. Balance B. Rhythm C. Color D...
The cost of sending a package overnight is $14.40 for the first pound and $3.90 for each additional pound or portion of a pound. A plastic mailing bag can hold up to 3 pounds. The cost f(x) of sending a package in a plastic mailing bag is given by the following function, where...
SAT Writing
This is regarding to the previous essay (the contradicting myself one). How am I contradicting myself? I am saying that memory is not central because it causes a person to reflect on the misery which is not good. This is the negative side of remembering the past .
what is the derivative of ln(x-1)? If you are studying the calculus of logarithms your question surprises me, since that is one of the most basic ones in that topic. in general if y = ln("anything") then y' = 1/"anything" * derivative of "anything" just apply this rule and let...
the edges of a cubical frame are made from plastic straws. how much longer is the total length of the plastic edges of a cube whose edge is 10cm compared to a cube whose edge is 18cm?
A large game die is a cube measuring 1.2" in length. The die is a solid made from liquid plastic. If a game comes with 6 such dice, how many cubic inches of liquid plastic were needed to make the 6 dice?
Silas took 15 bags of glass to the recycling center on Monday. He took 6 bags of plastic to the recycling center on Tuesday. Which equation could be used to find x, the total number of bags of glass and plastic Silas took to the recycling center? A. x - 15 = 6 B. x + 15 = 6 C...
A plastic rod is rubbed against a wool shirt, thereby acquiring a charge of −4.9 µC. How many electrons are transferred from the wool shirt to the plastic rod? The elemental charge is 1.6 × 10^-19C.


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British Retail: Hurt on the High StreetMark Scott
Editor's note: This is an updated version of a story originally published Jan. 9.
If 2008 was the year financial services melted down in Britain, 2009 is shaping up as retail's moment to implode. The once-booming retail sector—known in Britain as the High Street—is reeling as weak consumer confidence, tight credit, and rising unemployment throttle sales and profits.
The list of victims is eye-popping. Upscale clothing and food seller Marks & Spencer (MKS.L) said Jan. 8 that its fourth-quarter sales fell 7.1%, and announced plans to close 27 outlets and lay off 1,230 workers. Woolworths, which failed to find a white knight last year as it wobbled toward insolvency, closed the last of its 807 British outlets on Jan. 6, putting 27,000 employees out of work. And music emporium Zavvi, originally owned by Richard Branson, has called in the administrators and closed 22 of its 114 outlets as management struggles to sell the business.
The news didn't improve the following week. On Jan. 13, the British Retail Consortium, an industry body, revealed that like-for-like retail sales in December fell 3.3% annually—the largest drop since it started collecting data in 1995. The same day, supermarket giant Tesco (TSCO.L), the country's largest supermarket ahead of Wal-Mart (WMT) subsidiary Asda, also reported its weakest holiday sales figures since the early 1990s. Tesco's same-store sales in Britain rose a mere 2.5% over the last seven weeks, though total revenues, including new outlets and Tesco's international divisions, grew a more comforting 11.6%.
Retail's Drag on Broader Economy
All told, says insolvency and restructuring consultancy Begbies Traynor (BEG.L), nearly 2,000 retailers already are in bankruptcy proceedings in Britain. The carnage is likely to get worse. By yearend, predicts credit researcher Experian (EXPN.L), some 135,000 storefronts—1 in 7 across Britain—may be vacant. And up to 135,000 retail workers could lose their jobs by the end of 2009, says the London-based Center for Economics & Business Research. "There definitely are tough times ahead," says Jonathan De Mello, director of Experian's retail consultancy.
The implications for the broader economy are worrisome. Consumer spending accounts for 65% of British gross domestic product, and retail is the third-largest source of employment behind business services and health care. A High Street slowdown thus translates quickly into sharply lower economic performance, declining tax revenues, and higher spending on jobless benefits. Economists figure Britain's GDP contracted 1.2% in the fourth quarter of 2008, after falling 0.6% in the previous quarter. Brokerage Morgan Stanley (MS) now predicts Britain's overall GDP will shrink 1.1% in 2009.
Even before the most recent spurt of retail layoffs, Britain's unemployment rate already had jumped almost one percentage point annually, to 6%, as of October, according to the Office for National Statistics. The last time joblessness was that high was in the first half of 1999. Now, with retailing expected to remain in the doldrums until 2010 at the earliest, Morgan Stanley figures unemployment could hit 7.4% this year. More pessimistic estimates range up to 9%.
Government Intervention
So far, government efforts to help the retail sector haven't made much difference. To spur spending, the government trimmed Britain's value-added tax (VAT) before Christmas as part of an overall stimulus package. Most analysts say the modest cut was too little, too late. Likewise, the Jan. 8 decision by the Bank of England to chop interest rates to a record low of 1.5% may not do much to ease credit or kick-start consumer spending. Prime Minister Gordon Brown is now rumored to be mulling a new round of tax cuts to goose the economy.
Until stimulus sets in, retailers are left scrambling to save themselves. Over the Christmas holidays, some offered discounts of up to 90% to woo shoppers. That brought short-term relief for a few: Upmarket department store Selfridges, for instance, recorded the most profitable hour in its 100-year history on Dec. 26 as customers snatched up luxury brands like Louis Vuitton (LVMH.PA) and Burberry (BRBY.L) for knocked-down prices.
More Carnage to Come
But slashing prices cuts both ways. "All the discounting has done is squeezed margins," says Tarlok Teji, head of British retail at consultancy Deloitte. He reckons that sales promotions will help keep like-for-like sales broadly flat over the first half of this year, but cautions that discounting will hit profits. Margins will likely fall 30% to 40% in 2009, and demand for big-budget items such as flat-screen televisions and home furnishings will remain weak even despite price cuts.
"More retailers will enter administration in February and March," Teji says. "Companies will have to batten down the hatches until the economy starts to recover."


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Members' Spotlight
Mason, Roberta
Seeds of Potential
Photo:Matthew Booth
Photo: Matthew Booth
Photo: Matthew Booth
In the Arms of the Sea
Photo: Matthew Booth
How far have we come?
Photo: Matthew Booth
Watering Hole 1 (Series of 3)
Photo: Matthew Booth
Running with the Tide
Photo:Matthew Booth
Ceremonial Water Vessels
Photo: Matthew Booth
Lighthousekeeping I & II
Photo: Matthew Booth
Photo: Matthew Booth
Mrs. Roberta Mason
Designer/ Maker
Roberta Mason, the designer/maker behind Blue Chromis Glass, uses kilnforming and hot glass techniques to create unique work that is strongly influenced by water. Her work often explores our relationship with the sea, it's inhabitants and boundaries.
Details about work or recent projects
Recent projects have explored water as elemental to life, enclosed water and from a ceremonial perspective.
Technique:Casting, Cold work, Hot glass, Kiln work, Other: sand carving
Occupation:Artist, Student
Discipline:Architectural, Decorative, Design, Functional, Sculptural
Areas of Interest:Competitions, Conferences, Exhibition, Networking, Sponsorship, Techniques, Workshops


text:
2009 Jeep Wrangler Problems
RepairPal has identified the most common problems with the 2009 Jeep Wrangler based on complaints from actual vehicle owners. We'll tell you what the problem is and what it'll take to fix it.
Leaks at the front and/or rear differential pinion seal and from the transfer case are common. Leakage from the transfer case normally occurs at the case-mating surfaces and require removal of the transfer case to reseal.
Water can leak near the A-pillar, at the front edge of the driver and passenger side doors. An improved seal is available.
Loose or worn suspension and steering components can cause a wobble or shaking in the steering wheel. It may happen at a certain speed and subside as the vehicle accelerates through the range. Tire balance can contribute to this as well.
A no crank or no start condition may develop due to electronic lockup of the wireless control module (WCM), also referred to as the Sentry Key Remote Entry Module (SKREEM). When this module fails the remote keyless entry system will also not operate. The WCM is commonly replaced to correct this concern.
The outer exhaust manifold studs can break and cause exhaust leaks, commonly noted as a ticking type noise. The outer studs, clamps, and nuts will need to be replaced and are now being tightened to a reduced torque value (20 Nm/180 in lbs).
Engine oil leaks from the valve cover gasket, oil pan gasket and timing cover gasket are common.
A ticking type noise may be noted from the engine area due to an exhaust manifold that has cracked where the pipes are welded; cracked manifolds should be replaced.
Ignition wire failures can cause a rough idle or intermittent engine misfire and there might not be a Check Engine light.
Due to warped front brake rotors or variations in the thickness of the rotors, brake pulsations may develop. The best method to reduce pulsations is to use an "On the Car" brake lathe (as long as the rotors are suitable for turning). "On the Car" equipment can correct variations (or "runout") in the rotor surfaces because it also corrects variations in other components (e.g. the hub).


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Freelyon, ON, Canada < change city >
Photographers (59)
Florists (47)
DJs (37)
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Wedding Fashion (14)
Officiants (13)
Coordinators (12)
Invitations (10)
Tuxedos (9)
Videographers (9)
Ceremony Sites (80)
Reception Sites (59)
See All Vendors >
Under The Willows
7820 6th line
Elora, Ontario N0B 1S0, Canada
Ceremony Sites, Photo Sites, Ceremony & Re...
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Located just outside Guelph, Ontario, Under the Willows has the perfect backdrop for your wedding ceremony or for pictures(fami...
Liuna Gardens & Liuna St...
Ontario, Canada
Reception Sites, Ceremony S...
2 ratings, 3 reviews, 12 weddings
By far is the best place to host a reception in Hamilton. The amount of time put...
19 Toronto Street
Toronto, Ontario M5C 2R1, Canada
(416) 214-5888
Ceremony & Reception, Recep...
3 ratings, 0 reviews, 20 weddings
The Old Springer House
2373 Dundas St
Burlington, ON L7R 3X4
Ceremony Sites, Reception S...
1 rating, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
The Old Springer House was the perfect venue for our small 80 guest wedding. The ...
Delta Guelph Hotel And C...
50 Stone Rd W
Guelph, ON N1G
Hotels/Accommodations, Rece...
1 rating, 1 review, 11 weddings
A little bit of a splurge - my fiance and I rented the room for our honeymoon nig...
The Cutten Club
190 College Ave E
Guelph, ON N1H6L3
Reception Sites, Ceremony S...
1 rating, 1 review, 5 weddings
Chris and I were married on January 3, 2009, at the Cutten Club in Guelph. It ...
The Grand Chalet
324 Steeles Ave E
Milton, ON L9T 1Y4
Reception Sites, Ceremony S...
1 rating, 1 review, 4 weddings
What a perfect location - it totally fit my "log cabin" look and feel on the insi...
Halton Region Museum
RR3 (Kelso Conservation Area), 5181 Kelso Road
Milton, ON, Canada
Ceremony Sites, Reception S...
1 rating, 1 review, 3 weddings
My husband and I love rustic outdoor feel that's different from your ordinary eve...
Leander Boat Club
50 Leander Dr
Hamilton, ON, Canada
Reception Sites
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
What a wonderful place to have a wedding! We had such a great time and Penny was ...
Lowville Golf Club
2662 Britannia Rd.
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Reception Sites, Golf Courses
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
This venue was amazing. I couldn't have asked for more


text:
It seems to be tradition now that every holiday brings a binge of iOS price cutting and Presidents Day is no different and many of the major publishers have started already. Here are some of the highlights:- iPhone / iPod Touch Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars – Rockstar Games – $9.99 down to $0.99 SHIFT 2 Unleashed – Electronic Arts … Read More
Skate It by EA for iPhone. Great Addition to the Skateboarding Genre
Skate It by EA Rating: Skateboarding has transferred form the real world to the virtual gaming world very well. The user base for both activities is very similar, predominately young males that will play games and skateboard too, so put the two together and you've got a pre-built demographic for any skateboard game of which there have been a few. … Read More


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Today was my first real day of winter break, and…I had to go to school! Haha, to pay my tuition for next quarter. Despite that I had a relaxed day with the bf at home. I cooked us lunch, an odd mix of things: frozen fries, bagels with Nutella, and fried rice with Chinese sausages.
I really wanted to wear a red cardigan with this, but I don't have one. I need to find one soon…I think I just want more red in general: a red bow, and a cute pair of red flats. This cardigan was my go-to one for a while before my cardigan collection has grown exponentially (I think I have close to 30?!). I scored this on a trip with my bf (our first one together ever!) to San Francisco. We were at the (three-story) Urban Outfitters and I didn't find much at my section, so I went downstairs to find him and help him find things. I was looking for a cardigan for him, but I found this laying on a table. It was $10 and a medium. At first I thought, "Whoa this is a little small to be a guy's medium." Then I realized it was for girls. Hahaha. I love it. It's quite thick for a cardigan, perfect for this weather we're having.
You can read more and see more pictures about my adventure today at my blog, Transient Withdrawal
I hope everyone is having a good start to their week!
Gray Cardigan — Urban Outfitters
Anchor Printed T-Shirt — Urban Outfitters
Blue Tights — Forever 21
Red Plaid Headband — Forever 21


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- This event has passed.
InterGeo 2014
October 7, 2014 - October 9, 2014
Event Navigation
The 2014 InterGeo Conference and Trade Fair for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management will take place at Messe Berlin in Berlin, Germany, October 7-9, 2014.
Intergeo is the world's leading conference trade fair for geodesy, geoinformation and land management. With more than 16,000 visitors from 80 countries, it is one of the key platforms for industry dialogue.
InterGeo covers a wide variety of fields, ranging from surveying, geoinformation, remote sensing and photogrammetry to complementary solutions and technologies. Processing, using and analysing geodata on the Internet or in the field is an extremely interesting and dynamic area, with associated solutions presented and discussed by experts at Intergeo. Suppliers of these future technologies are showcased at venues such as the OSGeoPark and the Innovation Park for young, innovative companies.
The conference is organized by DVW e.V. – German Society for Geodesy, Geoinformation and Land Management, and the conference language is German.
Visit the conference website.


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HT4100 4.1, 4.5, 4.9 Discussion, Purpose for detent switch and kickdown? in Cadillac Engine Discussion; Can anyone provide me with a quick run-down of how a detent switch works with the transmission for kick-down, why ...
- 06-13-11 07:05 PM #1Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): 1984 Cadillac Sedan Deville - ht4100
- Join Date
- Apr 2011
- Age
- 35
- Posts
- 59
Purpose for detent switch and kickdown?
Can anyone provide me with a quick run-down of how a detent switch works with the transmission for kick-down, why is it used, and what is it intended to help with? Why does the tranny need to kick down to a lower gear when the pedal is fully compressed?
I'm trying to get a better understanding for what the car is doing. Thank you in advance.
- 07-18-11 11:52 AM #2Cadillac Owners Member
- Automobile(s): 1993 Cadillac Sedan DeVille
- Join Date
- Jul 2011
- Location
- Somewhere in the ether
- Posts
- 53
Re: Purpose for detent switch and kickdown?
It is July now and no-one has replied. I'll give it a go, but it's been a while.
An automatic transmission or trans-axle attempts to do what a driver does with a manual tranny. Kick in the clutch, bring the engine revs up to meet axle speed, then shift into a lower gear for more torque for passing, going up a hill, etc....
The detent is the point that tells the automatic you need a down-shift for more torque. In the old days, it was accomplished with manifold vacuum. When the manifold vacuum dropped sufficiently, because you had your foot in it, the pull off didn't have sufficient vacuum applied and it released, throwing a switch in the tranny and making the transmission shift into a lower gear. This can be accomplished with a detent as well.


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Monogrammable Beer Pitcher
Every party host needs their own monogrammed beer pitcher (for beer pong games duh).
Glass bottle stoppers that come in different shapes and can be monnogramed. An excellent gift that will keep the wine good.Tags: glass, gifts, Party Gifts, drinking, wine stoppers, bottle stoppersAdded 9 Years Ago from Pottery Barn


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Professional Endorsement Application
- To verify the completion of components required for Professional Endorsement, please use Form P1. This form can also be found in the resource files below.
- Professional Endorsement District/Charter Guidance. This guidance can also be found in the resource files below.
Fingerprinting Fee Reduction
- IMPORTANT: Fingerprint cards and fees submitted with the wrong amount will be returned delaying the processing of the fingerprint card.
Past Job Performance Requests
- To request Verification of Certificate Status, refer to the Idaho Code §33-1210 Past Job Performance Requests form.
Important: June through October is a busy time of the year. Please allow 9 - 11 weeks for all certification applications to be processed during this time.
The Certification department at the Idaho State Department of Education has a strong commitment to high standards for all school personnel. Our mission is to support districts and education professionals to promote the success of all Idaho students by striving for educational excellence and highly effective instruction.
Applying for Idaho Educator Certification
There are numerous ways to obtain a certificate in Idaho such as reinstatement, renewal, or transfers from out-of-state. Please view the Applying for Idaho Educator Certification page for descriptions on all of the application options.
Resource Files
General Information
- Form B1 – Initial/Reinstatement/Revision or Interim Certificate/Credential
- Form B1-A – Alternative Authorization or Interim Certificate/Credential
- Form B1-R – Renewal of a CURRENT Certificate/Credential
- Form B2 – EC/ECSE Elementary, Secondary, Exceptional Child or Pupil Personnel Services
- Form B2-A – Institutional Recommendation for alternate Route Completers
- Form B2-E – Institutional Recommendation for Adding Endorsements
- Form B3 – PreK-12 School Principals
- Form B4 – School Superintendents
- Form B5 – Directors of Special Education
- Form B6 – Professional Experience Report
- Form B7 – Verification of Completion of Equivalent In-Service
- Form B13 – Verification of College-University Course Content Approval for Recertification
- Form B14 – Online Endorsement
- Form B15 – Mathematics Consulting Teacher Endorsement
- Form P1 – Professional Endorsement Application
- Professional Endorsement District Charter Guidance
Frequently Asked Questions
Training Resources
Professional Development
General Training
Resource Links
General Links
- American Board for Certification of Teacher Excellence (ABCTE)
- Access Idaho
- Educational Testing Service (ETS)
- Idaho Association of School Administrators
- Idaho Education Association
- Idaho's Education Employment Website
- Idaho School Boards Association
- Idaho State Board of Education
- Idaho Statute Related to Teachers
- Idaho Title II Higher Education State Reports
- IDAPA 08.02.02.007 — Definitions
- Northwest Professional Educators
- State Board Rule Related to Teaching
- Teach for America
- Troops to Teachers


text: Reminds me of the time my wife and I were having coffee (we had just started dating at the time) and I had a ninja sneeze with a mouthful of coffee. I tried to get it down and ended up choking on it. Yeah, you can see where this is going. Well I managed to spit coffee out at high velocity all over her as she was sitting directly in front of me. The look on her face was great. Apparently she took pity on me after she saw the look on my face, obviously mortified. She ended up laughing it off and had a great story for her girlfriends.


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Installed mopar CAI
1 Attachment(s)
I just installed the mopar CAI on my Hemi, it was fairly easy following the directions, it only took me an hour to completely install. I fired it up and it has a nice sound to it. I like the fact the kit came with a dry media filter that doesn't need oiling.;) defiantly notice a little bit more pickup and a growl under the hood. I may do an exhaust upgrade later... any ideas on what brand is not too loud but has a nice rumble?
Re: Installed mopar CAI
Very cool. I plan on putting one on my GC. I have one on my 2010 Challenger, too.
Re: Installed mopar CAI
I've been very happy with mine for over a year now.
Better fit than the Volant CAI
Re: Installed mopar CAI
Nice. Too bad they are so pricey. Does AEM make the WK2 ones as well? I know they make the Ram Mopar kits.
Re: Installed mopar CAI
Nice. I read the instructions and it seems like a straight forward install as well. I just did a LED conversion of the interior and rear lights and am planning on this as my next mod. Look forward to the pics.
Re: Installed mopar CAI
I've got one on my 2012 and I also put on on my 2012 Rubicon.
Both were easy to install, high quality products that look great and more importantly smog legal.
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Southern Enterprises FA9212G
FA9212G Monticello Fireplace With Earth Toned Faux Slate Tile & In Rich Walnut Finish - Beautiful Media Room Accent
Quick Specs: View More
- Series: Monticello
- Width: 42"
- Height: 42"
- Depth: 14.5"
- Type: Fireplace
- Fuel Type: Gel Fuel
Enter zip code for delivery ETA and promotions:go
Traditional craftsmanship and an elegant walnut finish combine to create the ideal home accent. Complete with decorative trim and faux slate tiles you are sure to enjoy the presence of this fireplace. Portability and ease of assembly are just two of the reasons why our fireplace mantels are perfect for your home. Requiring no electrician or contractor for installation allows instant remodeling without the usual mess or expense. In addition to your living room or bedroom, try moving this fireplace to your dining room for romantic dinners or compliment your media room with a ventless fireplace below your flat screen television. Use this great functional fireplace to make your home a more welcoming environment. Available at AppliancesConnection
42" W x 14.5" D x 42" H
Rich Walnut Finish
Earth toned faux slate tile
Perfect for any room
Beautiful media room accent
Mantel supports up to 85lbs
None of the mess of a wood burning fireplace
FireGlo Gel Fuel Snaps and Crackles like real wood (fuel not included)
Emits no smoke, odor, or ash
Holds up to 3 cans of gel fuel simultaneously for a full bodied 6-8" flame
Each can of FireGlo produces up to 3000 BTU
Supplements heat to save on energy consumption
Includes Firebox, cement log, faux coal cinder, and screen kit
|Rich Walnut Finish
|42" W x 14.5" D x 42" H
Info & Guides
- Brand:Southern Enterprises
- Stock Id:190121
- Product Number:FA9212G
- Series:Monticello
- Width:42"
- Height:42"
- Depth:14.5"
- Color:Walnut
- Wall Mountable:No
- Weight:109.00 lbs


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Baby Fae
The Legacy of Baby Fae
Her name was Stephanie Fae Beauclair. The world knew her as Baby Fae. Born in 1984 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome-a fatal heart defect-Stephanie Fae was only given weeks to live. Her mother, Teresa, had two options: She could leave Stephanie Fae at the hospital to die or she could take her home to die.
Leonard Bailey, MD, was one of a handful of physician researchers interested in saving infants born with fatal heart defects. He chose to complete his residency at a facility specializing in heart transplantation in the hopes of applying that knowledge to saving these doomed infants.
The paths of Dr. Bailey and Teresa Beauclair crossed at an opportune time. Dr. Bailey contacted Teresa and invited her to meet with him and hear about his research on cross-species transplantation. After their meeting, Teresa began an intense and lengthy process of deciding whether to go ahead, signing a series of releases at each step.
The historic surgery took place on October 26, 1984, when Stephanie Fae received the heart of a baboon. She not only survived the surgery, but thrived for more than two weeks. Then, for reasons that remain a mystery to this day, she began to deteriorate. One by one, her essential organs shut down until, on November 16, 1984, she succumbed and passed away. Soon after Stephanie Fae's death, Teresa spoke with Dr. Bailey and asked him to carry on with his research. "I asked him not to let Stephanie Fae's life be wasted," she remembers.
Within a year, Dr. Bailey performed the first infant-to-infant heart transplantation on Baby Moses, whose actual name is Eddie. Now 24 years old, Eddie holds the distinction of being the oldest living infant heart transplant recipient.
His life and the lives of hundreds of other infant heart recipients are part of Baby Fae's lasting legacy.


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|Thread Tools
My kids went to their MD but in most schools, you can sign a waiver saying that you are against it. Obviously, you aren't against getting your children looked at but to schools, it's all legality. If you go with a chiropractor that your school doesn't recognize, just sign the waiver and they won't likely care. When my DD started kindergarten, we were told that her immunizations were a month prior to the required window. We went on our MD's schedule and no way I was going to have my DD re-take all her shots! I just signed the waiver. In the schools eyes, my child was not immunized but I knew she was and that was enough.
Married mom, DD 18, DS 15, and a Valentine's surprise on the way!
Our DD will continue to sign physicals for a child for a solid year after seeing the child. So the school physical means that if I need anything else signed, I can just drop it by his office and then put it up the next day with no charge.
(Our co pay for a routine visit in now $40. He really doesn't think he needs to see my healthy kids more than once a year to sign off on things.)
Also, in some states children MUST have physical for reasons other than vaccines and there isn't an opt out to the physical. When we lived in such as state (which also required a dental check and eye check) the school provide information about services for children without coverage. It was a state wide effort to make sure that every single child got basic health care -- the state was willing to pay for these things, but compliance was low until it was required for school registration.
but everything has pros and cons
At what age do your kids need school physicals? We need vax forms, but we've never needed a physical. Is this something for older kids?
This is going to sound horrible, but I just blew it off. My kids are healthy, and although they we were asked to turn in a physical form when I first enrolled my kids in school, I never turned it in. In the 3.5 years that my kids have been attending school, I've been sent a reminder by the school nurse once- and curiously only for 2 out of my 4 children. I didn't respond, and it hasn't been an issue....
I'm an unintentional weasel feeder and I suck at proofreading.
but everything has pros and cons
In our area, kids need a school physical before the enter elementary (usually when they start kindergarten but also if they are first starting at like 3rd grade after homeschooling.) They need proof of updated vaccine boosters prior to 7th grade but no physical. We didn't need to do anything but provide vaccine records for the high school.
Married mom, DD 18, DS 15, and a Valentine's surprise on the way!
Is this a US thing? I've never heard of needing a physical. I am in Ontario and I just signed a waiver when we started saying we don't vaccinate and no one batted an eyelash at it.
It's not a requirement in my current state (or home state) for entry, but you need one to play extracurricular sports. Some states also require a dental exam and an eye exam for entry.
I'm in the US, have been my whole life, and have never heard of having to have a physical before school started, unless you wanted to try out for sports. Vaccination records? Yes. Physical? No.
Same here. And sort of a tangent, but in 7th grade I wanted to try out for sports so picked up one of the packets. So I was looking at it, and saw the form for the required sports physical. There was a form for the dr to fill out that went over everything.. you know, "eyes: normal____ abnormal___" with boxes to check. And if there was an abnormality, it had to be specified. So it has that for various parts. And then it said.. genitals. I was HORRIFIED! I was like, you want a dr to check me down there and then tell you if its "normal or abnormal" and if its NOT normal, you get to know what that abnormality is?! No.. NO!!! It was so violating to even think of. So.. that was that, no sports for me!
dd (9) ds (7), ds (4) & ds (1)
Totally depends on the state! In NY we are required to send signed forms in when first starting, then again every few grades. AND we are required to send in a form signed by a Dentist before they can enroll in school (when we moved from out of state I took the form to the kiddos old dentist, who had never seen such a form and found it utterly odd!)
Mom to two terrific kiddos, affirming every day that the Universe is unfolding as it should and all is well...
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Kose ShirosumiKose Shirosumi is a whitening essence launched in 2009. This product is able to penetrate into the skin to suppress the activity of Tyrosinase, which is a protein that exists in between our skin cells, for minimizing dark spots and uneven skin tone. Suitable for all skin types.
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The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5
- Cite this article as:
- Hedenus, F., Wirsenius, S. & Johansson, D.J.A. Climatic Change (2014) 124: 79. doi:10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5
For agriculture, there are three major options for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: 1) productivity improvements, particularly in the livestock sector; 2) dedicated technical mitigation measures; and 3) human dietary changes. The aim of the paper is to estimate long-term agricultural GHG emissions, under different mitigation scenarios, and to relate them to the emissions space compatible with the 2 °C temperature target. Our estimates include emissions up to 2070 from agricultural soils, manure management, enteric fermentation and paddy rice fields, and are based on IPCC Tier 2 methodology. We find that baseline agricultural CO2-equivalent emissions (using Global Warming Potentials with a 100 year time horizon) will be approximately 13 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070, compared to 7.1 Gton CO2eq/year 2000. However, if faster growth in livestock productivity is combined with dedicated technical mitigation measures, emissions may be kept to 7.7 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070. If structural changes in human diets are included, emissions may be reduced further, to 3–5 Gton CO2eq/year in 2070. The total annual emissions for meeting the 2 °C target with a chance above 50 % is in the order of 13 Gton CO2eq/year or less in 2070, for all sectors combined. We conclude that reduced ruminant meat and dairy consumption will be indispensable for reaching the 2 °C target with a high probability, unless unprecedented advances in technology take place.
1 Introduction
To keep the global average surface temperatures from increasing by more than 2 °C above the pre-industrial level (UNFCCC 2010), global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will have to decrease greatly by the end of this century (Rogelj et al. 2011). However, emissions have yet to peak, and the expected growth in global population and per-capita income will continue to exert a strong upward pressure on emission levels for many decades to come.
In agriculture, several "dedicated," technical options with significant mitigation potential exist, e.g. soil carbon sequestration, increased nitrogen (N)-use efficiency and nitrification inhibitors for reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils (Snyder et al. 2009; Akiyama et al. 2010; Luo et al. 2010), drainage of paddy rice fields (Fumoto et al. 2010), and fat additives in ruminant feed rations to reduce methane (CH4) (Grainger and Beauchemin 2011). However, it is highly uncertain whether technical measures alone can offer sufficiently deep emission reductions in the long term. In the midterm, the global mitigation potential for CH4 and N2O in agriculture through such measures is estimated to be rather small (DeAngelo et al. 2006; Beach et al. 2008; Smith et al. 2008).
Aggregate productivity in the global agricultural sector has increased over time, in particular the past 50 years. This has entailed increased output of crops per unit of land, and meat per unit of feed consumed by livestock. Such productivity increases have also mitigated GHG emissions per unit of food, particularly if land-use-change effects on soil and vegetation carbon stocks are included (Burney et al. 2010). Increased productivity is likely to be a major GHG mitigation option in many low and middle-income countries, where crop yields and feed conversion efficiencies are well below biophysical limits (Lobell et al. 2009; Wirsenius et al. 2010; Tilman et al. 2011; Valin et al. 2013). However, it should also be recognized that yields of wheat and other major crops in some key regions have leveled off and been stagnant in the past 10–20 years (Grassini et al. 2013), which suggests that the potentials for further yield increases are limited. Furthermore, realizing the productivity potentials that do exist will be associated with higher N turnover per area unit and intensified livestock production, which both may counteract GHG emission reductions.
Dietary changes that substitute vegetable products for animal products may hold a large mitigation potential. However, the actual mitigation level is highly sensitive to which products that are substituted since there is very large variation in the GHG intensity per unit of food within both the animal and vegetable groups (see e.g. Berners-Lee et al. 2012). In addition, a substitution from e.g. meat to vegetables is not consistent with historical and current trends: Per capita consumption of meat continues to increase, also in many affluent countries (FAOSTAT 2013). In most analyses of diets as a mitigation option, assumed dietary changes are not based on specific changes in policy that influence demand (c.f., consumption taxes, as in Wirsenius et al. 2011 and Edjabou and Smed 2013), but instead rely on hypothetical changes in consumer preferences. There is, therefore, poor knowledge of the global mitigation potential through dietary changes under the constraints of consumer preferences.
To our knowledge, no previous study has assessed the combined effect on agricultural GHG emissions of the afore-mentioned mitigation categories increased productivity, technical measures, and dietary changes. Popp et al. (2010) estimated the impact of reducing meat and dairy demand, and Stehfest et al. (2009) found that the cost of reaching stringent climate targets would be significantly lower if consumption of livestock products was abandoned. However, none of these studies included analysis of the mitigation effect of above-baseline increases in agricultural productivity. Valin et al. (2013) carried out analyses of different long-term scenarios of increased productivity, but did not include assessments of the mitigation effect of dedicated mitigation technology or changes (from baseline) in human diets.
- 1.
Assess the global GHG mitigation potential in the agricultural sector from i) livestock productivity increases above baseline; ii) technical measures; and iii) dietary changes from baseline.
- 2.
Assess the compatibility of emissions from the agricultural sector with the 2 °C target.
2 Methods and data
2.1 Overview of scenarios and methodology
In the analysis, we include CH4 from enteric fermentation, paddy rice, and manure management and N2O from agricultural soils and manure management. We consider CO2 from fossil fuels to be part of the energy system and not the food system, and it is therefore omitted. We also do not include CO2 from agricultural expansion and other land-use changes. Our methodological approach is purely biophysical and cannot capture the political and socioeconomic mechanisms behind deforestation and land use change.
To analyze future GHG emissions, we construct regionalized food consumption scenarios and calculate the corresponding crop and livestock production in each region. Application rates of N in fertilizer and manure in crop production are estimated from the N content in harvested crops and assumptions of N use efficiencies for different crops and regions. N2O from agricultural soils is estimated as an emission factor per mass unit N input in fertilizer and manure as well as crop residues left on the fields. Feed intake in livestock production is estimated from assumptions on feed energy conversion efficiencies and feed rations for different livestock systems and regions. Based on the feed intake we estimate N2O and CH4 from manure excretion and storage, as well as CH4 from enteric fermentation. For details on the scenario assumptions, see the online supplementary material.
We present GHG emission estimates for the years 2000, 2030, 2050 and 2070. The estimate for year 2000 is produced for validation purposes. Our main focus is 2050 and 2070 since the global aggregated emission trajectories to reach the 2 °C target at a chance more likely than not exhibit substantial emissions reductions by mid-century and beyond. Emissions of CH4 and N2O are converted to the CO2-equivalents using the 100-year global warming potential (GWP) that includes indirect climate-carbon cycle feedbacks as reported in Myhre et al. (2013).
Main characteristics of scenarios to 2070 of global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions
Food consumption
Livestock productivity
Dedicated technical measures
Reference (baseline)
Based on FAO projections
Increases in line with FAO projections
Increased productivity
As in REF
Global average feed-to-product ratio compared to REF:
• Ruminant meat +20 %
• Dairy + 50 %
• Other meat + 25 %
Technical mitigation
As in REF
As in IP
• Improved N efficiency
• Altered manure management
• Fat additives to ruminants
• Reduced methane from rice
Climate carnivore
75 % of ruminant meat and dairy products are replaced by other meat (on kcal basis)
As in IP
As in TM
75 % of animal food is replaced by pulses and cereals (on kcal basis)
As in IP
As in TM
2.2 Methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the reference scenario
N2O emissions associated with fertilizer and manure application is estimated by calculating the required N input in crop and pasture production given the N content in the required biomass output and the N utilization efficiency of the applied N. The N efficiency is here defined as the proportion of applied N that ends up in the above-ground biomass. Regional estimates of N efficiencies range from 28 % for rice in China (Fan et al. 2009) to about 75 % in forages (Smil 2001; Lenssen et al. 2010). We use data from Cassman et al. (2002), Ladha et al. (2005), and Smil (2001) to estimate current N efficiencies for different crops in Europe. We then rescale the values for other regions based on Bouwman et al. (2009). The N efficiency is assumed to improve over time in most regions. In the reference (baseline) scenario, we assume that N efficiency remains constant in Europe and gradually converges to the European level in North America and Pacific OECD. In other regions, N efficiency is assumed to be 20 % lower than in Europe by 2050. Direct N2O emissions related to fertilizer and manure application were calculated using an emission factor of 1 % N2O-N per N applied (IPCC 2006).
CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation is estimated as a fraction of feed intake in energy terms (IPCC 2006), assumed to be 7 % for permanent pasture, 6.5 % for forages (silage/hay), 5 % for protein concentrates and 3.5 % for cereal grains in gross energy terms.
Feed-to-product ratios in year 2000 and 2050 for the reference (REF) and increased productivity (IP) scenarios (region acronyms are explained in the supplementary material)
MJ GE feed/ MJ ME product
Ruminant meat
Dairy bulls
Dairy (whole milk)
Other meat
2.3 Livestock productivity scenarios
Feed requirements are calculated using feed-to-product ratios, here defined as the amount of feed (in gross energy) required to produce one unit of product (in human-metabolizable energy). In addition to the feed-to-product ratio, the feed ration is of great importance for the overall land requirements for animal food production and the associated GHG emissions.
We use two scenarios that reflect different agricultural productivity developments. We construct one Reference (baseline) scenario (REF) and one Increased Productivity scenario (IP). In the REF scenario we assume moderate increases in livestock productivity, largely in line with FAO projections. In the IP scenario we assume faster livestock productivity growth, based on extrapolations from the 'Increased Livestock Productivity' scenario in Wirsenius et al. (2010). Table 2 presents the corresponding estimates of feed-to-product efficiencies.
2.4 Technical mitigation scenario
We construct a Technical Mitigation (TM) scenario, based on the IP scenario, where we assess mitigation potentials of different technologies and management practices, and how fast these technologies may be diffused in different regions.
We assume that the N efficiency in crop production gradually increases so that all regions reach the efficiency level of Europe by 2050. At the global aggregate level, this gives a reduction in N2O emissions of 12 % in 2070 compared to the IP scenario. No additional N2O mitigation is assumed. There is a rather large potential for mitigation options for CH4 from paddy rice production. We assume that emissions per kg rice are gradually abated over time; the abatement starts in 2030 and grows linearly to 80 % reduction by 2070 (Lucas et al. 2007).
We assume that CH4 from enteric fermentation may be reduced by 20 %, either by fat additives or other additives in non-pasture feed. We assume that this mitigation option is applied to all ruminant systems in Europe, Pacific Oceania and North America by 2070, and to 50 % of ruminant systems in the rest of the world. We assume a linear interpolation from 2030. This assumption is in line with previous estimates of the mitigation potential for ruminants (DeAngelo et al. 2006; Beach et al. 2008).
Mitigation of manure emissions is arguably most effectively done by using either anaerobic digester or coverage and flaring of methane in slurry systems. Both options reduce CH4 and N2O by around 70 % (Montes et al. 2013). There is an even greater N2O mitigation potential if solid manure systems are converted to slurry systems. We assume a gradual transition first from solid systems towards slurry systems, and thereafter to slurry systems with flaring. This means that regional aggregate emission factors of CH4 and N2O from manure management drop by 30–70 % to 2070 compared to year 2000.
2.5 Dietary change scenarios
We design two scenarios to explore the potential GHG mitigation from dietary changes. In both scenarios we use the TM scenario as a basis. The rationale for this is that substantial deviations from current dietary preferences are unlikely and would probably occur only as a result of policy interventions. However, policy-driven dietary changes are contentious and would almost certainly emerge only after productivity improvements and technical measures largely have been exhausted.
We construct a Climate Carnivore (CC) scenario where 75 % of the ruminant meat and dairy consumption is replaced by other meat (in kcal terms). This scenario represents an increase in total meat by consumption per capita by 45 % compared to the baseline, but the average GHG intensity of this meat consumption is lower. We also make a Flexitarian (FL) scenario, where 75 % of all meat and dairy products are replaced by cereals and pulses (in kcal terms). "Flexitarian" is a term assigned to people that often, but not always, choose to eat vegetarian food (Forestell et al. 2012). It should be noted that the degree of substitution of 75 % is not based on any systematic analysis of limiting factors, and should therefore be considered as a tentative basis for an estimate of the upper-end mitigation potential from dietary changes. In addition to the generally conservative nature of food preferences, factors that might limit a far-reaching shift away from meat and dairy consumption include, for example, preservation of landscapes and cultures related to grazing and pastoralism.
2.6 Emission pathways consistent with 2 °C stabilization
To estimate multi-gas emission pathways compatible with the 2 °C target, we use an integrated climate-economy model based on Johansson (2011). The emission pathways generated in the model represent the least-cost solutions for meeting the temperature target. The emissions of the three most important greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O are determined endogenously in the model. Abatement of these emissions is modeled by marginal abatement cost functions and with constraints on how rapidly emissions may fall over time. We generate two emission pathways, using two different assumptions on climate sensitivity (being either 3 or 4 °C for a doubling of the CO2 concentration). Climate sensitivity is defined as the equilibrium increase in the global annual average surface temperature from a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration with respect to pre-industrial levels and its value is likely between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (IPCC 2013). Climate sensitivity is critical for the emission space compatible with a given climate target. The emission pathway generated with a climate sensitivity of 4 °C will have a larger chance of keeping the global temperature increase below 2 °C as compared to the emission pathways generated using a climate sensitivity of 3 °C, see supplementary information for further details.
3 Results
3.1 Emissions per unit of product
3.2 Emissions from the global food system
Emissions in the REF scenario amount to 12 Gton CO2eq in 2050; ruminant meat is responsible for around two thirds and animal products in total for about 80 %, see Fig. 2. Increased livestock productivity cuts the global emission by 2 Gton CO2eq in 2050 as seen in the IP scenario. In the TM scenario, were technical mitigation options are added to the IP scenario the emissions are reduced to about 8.3 Gton CO2eq/year in 2050. The potential for productivity improvements and mitigation measures is more restricted in the ruminant sector than for dairy, other meat and vegetables; notice that ruminant meat constitutes a larger fraction of the total emissions in TM than in REF. Changing diets cuts the emissions further, in the CC scenario the annual emissions are 4.9 Gton CO2eq, while in the FL scenario the total emissions are about 3.1 Gton CO2eq/year. Hence, a radical shift in diets with substantial productivity improvements and technical mitigation measures may cut baseline emissions by about 75 %. More detailed data and an uncertainty analysis for each scenario are presented in the supplementary material.
3.3 Agricultural emissions compared to emission pathways compatible with the 2 °C target
As can be seen in Fig. 3, food-related emissions, if they remain unabated, are on track to take up most, if not all, of the long-term annual emission space allowable under the 2 °C target irrespective of the two emission pathways included here. By 2070 in the REF scenario, food-related GHG emissions alone are as high as, or higher than, the annual emissions in either one of the two emission pathways. However, that does not necessarily mean that the 2 °C target is out of reach; if overall emissions can be cut faster than in our illustrative pathways, this could compensate for higher sustained agricultural GHG emissions in the long-run, see section 4.4 for further discussion.
4 Discussion
4.1 Limitations of data and method
The approach in this study is bio-physical and does not explicitly include any economic factors. The scenario results presented here should be seen as descriptive rather than predictive.
This study excluded some GHG emission sources (see 2.1), most notably CO2 from changes in land use. Plausible levels of long-term CO2 emissions from land-use change span over a wide range, since they depend on several highly uncertain factors. Valin et al. (2013) estimated these at 1.9 billion ton CO2/year in 2050 in their baseline scenario—this corresponds to about 16 % of total emissions in the REF scenario in this study.
4.2 Comparison with previous studies
To make valid comparisons with earlier studies, in this section we use the GWP values reported in Forster et al. (2007) (which were used in earlier studies) instead of Myhre et al. (2013), which were used in this study. Popp et al. (2010) estimated agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions in 2055 at about 15 Gton CO2eq/year in an increased-meat-consumption scenario, and at 10 Gton CO2eq/year in a scenario with technical mitigation. Corresponding numbers in this study are 10 Gton CO2eq/year (REF scenario) and 8.3Gton CO2eq/year (TM scenario), respectively. Lack of transparency in Popp et al. (2010) prevents a closer investigation of these differences. The generally lower numbers in our study may be due to lower increases in per-capita meat consumption and/or higher productivity growth in the livestock sector.
In contrast, Valin et al. (2013) produced estimates far lower than those in this study. In their baseline scenario, agricultural CH4 and N2O emissions reach about 4.5 Gton CO2eq/year in 2050, which is less than half of our baseline (REF) scenario, and less than a third of the corresponding scenario in Popp et al. (2010). Different approaches in the modeling of the livestock sector's feed intake and GHG emissions are likely to be the main explanation to these diverging results. This is illustrated by the lower base-year estimate in Valin et al., which at 3.5 Gton CO2eq/year (in year 2000) is far lower not only than in this study (5.9 Gton CO2eq/year), but also in comparison with other studies, including the recent comprehensive FAO study (Gerber et al. 2013), which estimated livestock-related emissions at 5.2 Gton CO2eq/year.
4.3 Constraints in long-term emission reductions in the energy and food systems
To meet the 2 °C target with a probability larger than 50 %, global GHG emissions have to drop to about 10 Gton CO2eq/year or less by the second half of this century. The prospects for achieving such very deep emission cuts vary across sectors. As indicated in this study, deep cuts in emissions from food and agriculture do not seem plausible without large changes in consumption towards less GHG intensive food, in particular less ruminant meat and dairy.
Stronger advancement of mitigation technology than that assumed in this study could avoid the assertion that dietary changes may be needed for meeting the 2 °C target. Our estimates of the potential for technical mitigation of CH4 from ruminants and N2O from soils are conservative by design; currently known mitigation technology does not seem to promise large reductions. Moreover, these sources constitute microbe-controlled pathways in the carbon and nitrogen cycles in ruminants and soils, and any use of technology to block such pathways will face the likelihood that microorganisms over time evolve to circumvent blocked pathways. For instance, nitrification (which produces N2O as a by-flow) is an exothermic reaction, and therefore represents an energetic potential for soil microorganisms to exploit. It therefore cannot be ruled out that microorganisms would evolve to bypass any pathway blocked through the use of technology such as nitrification inhibitors. On balance, the prospects for deep emission cuts in agriculture through technology seem unfavorable.
Irrespective of the development in the food system, other sectors will need to achieve very large GHG reductions, of the order of 90 % or more, if the 2 °C target is to be met with a large chance. However, given the substantial constraints for emission reductions in the food system, it might be cost-effective to seek even deeper cuts in other sectors. This applies particularly to energy and transport, for which the prospects for deep reductions by technology are more favorable compared to the food system. However, also in these sectors, technology has limitations, and totally CO2-free systems in 40–50 years from now are imaginable only under optimistic assumptions of technological advancements. More importantly, even if CO2-neutral technologies exist, their diffusion may be a relatively slow process (Wilson 2010).
4.4 Trade-offs between short and long-lived gases in long-term emission reductions
The temperature impact of short-lived GHGs (as CH4) and long-lived GHGs (as CO2) differ, which has implications for the long-term emission spaces of the different gases. The temperature impact of short-lived gases correlates well with the annual emissions, whereas that of long-lived gases correlates well with the cumulative emissions (Smith et al. 2012). Hence, for a given temperature stabilization level, any change in the cumulative amount of long-lived GHGs emitted will affect the allowable sustained long-run level of emissions of short-lived GHGs. This means that, for a given temperature-increase target, any lowering of the cumulative CO2 emissions will give room for higher sustained emissions of CH4.
This study indicates that, for baseline diets, long-term GHG emissions from the global food system will be dominated by CH4, with a strong link to ruminant meat and dairy consumption levels. Given the trade-off between CH4 and CO2, in particular its asymmetrical nature with respect to time, society's net influence on the cumulative CO2 emissions will be decisive for the long-term emission space of CH4, and hence also for the scope for continued dairy and ruminant meat consumption. Thus, the more cumulative CO2 emissions are depressed, the larger room there will be for perpetual CH4 emissions from ruminants.
In addition to deep cuts in CO2 emissions from the energy and transport systems as discussed above, atmospheric CO2 levels could also be mitigated by technology and management options that sequester atmospheric CO2. One of these is increased carbon sequestration in vegetation and/or soils. However, using land for carbon sequestration is likely to compete with food, fiber and bioenergy production. Another option is to use bioenergy together with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which could in theory offer net negative emissions from the energy system. Such negative emissions could open up the possibility to have larger sustained emissions of CH4 (and N2O) for a given temperature target (Azar et al. 2013). However, due to lack hitherto of operational experience, and the inertia in the diffusion of these capital-intensive technologies, the prospect of a full-blown BECCS industry at the scale needed by the second half of the century is highly uncertain.
5 Conclusions
This paper indicates that, under current trends, food-related agricultural emissions of CH4 and N2O may increase to about 12.7 Gton CO2eq/year by the year 2070. This is likely to be larger than the total CO2-equivalent emission level compatible with meeting the 2 °C limit at chance larger than 50 % (on the order of 10–13 Gton CO2eq/year or less in 2070). Under policies that favor larger increases in livestock productivity as well as substantial implementation of technical mitigation measures, we estimate that emissions can be kept closer to what is required for the target (7.7 Gton CO2eq/year). However, only by also assuming reduced meat and dairy consumption do we find agricultural emission levels that do not take more than half of the total emissions space in 2070. We therefore conclude that dietary changes are crucial for meeting the 2 °C target with high probability. This conclusion carries even more weight when one considers that other GHG-emitting sectors, in particular energy, also face significant constraints in achieving very large reductions.
Stronger advancement of technology than assumed in this study could significantly relax the need for dietary changes. This applies to technology for mitigation of CH4 from ruminants and N2O from soils, for which assumed potentials in this study were conservative, on the basis that known mitigation technology does not seem to promise large reductions. It also applies to technologies such as BECCS which has the potential to sequester atmospheric CO2 and thereby make room for larger sustained agricultural GHG emissions. However, due to lack of operational experience of BECCS, and the inertia in its diffusion, a full-blown BECCS industry in 40–50 years at the scale needed is unlikely.
Financial support from E.ON, The Swedish Energy Agency and Carl Bennet AB is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also wish to thank Christian Azar, David Bryngelsson, Christel Cederberg and Paulina Essunger, as well as two anonymous reviewers, for valuable comments and suggestions.
Supplementary material
Copyright information
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.