text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 2, 1993
|Filing date
|Apr 22, 1991
|Priority date
|Apr 22, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas E. Stern
|Original Assignee
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (62), Classifications (9), Legal Events (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to communications systems and methods in which messages are transmitted in the form of wave-guided optical signals.
In switched telecommunications systems, waveguided light is finding use as an information carrier, e.g., for digitally encoded voice, text, and graphics. Systems may be implemented as networks using optical fibers as communications links between communications nodes; alternatively, miniaturized systems or subsystems may utilize substrate-supported waveguides as in so-called integrated optics.
The design of lightwave networks depend critically on the availability of photonic components, e.g., light sources, detectors, couplers, switches, multiplexers, demultiplexers, wavelength filters, optical amplifiers, and other functional elements at network stations and nodes: as the development of such components progresses, new network designs or "architectures" become feasible. A representative selection of network-design disclosures is as follows:
European patent document EP-94-866, published Nov. 23, 1983 in the name of L. d'Auria et al., disclosing a bus architecture with active taps to communications terminals, e.g., a central processor unit, a printer,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,565, issued Dec. 28, 1982 to G. J. Herskowitz, disclosing a loop architecture for multiplexing based on the use of a plurality of angular modes in a multi-mode optical fiber;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,470,154, issued Sep. 4, 1984 to T. Yano, disclosing an optical communications network in which switching functions are carried out electrically;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,592,043, issued May 27, 1986 to G. F. Williams, disclosing a wavelength-multiplexed optical communications system in which fiber taps include a tunable resonant cavity for wavelength selection;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,463, issued Apr. 5, 1988 to J. D. Chavez, disclosing a fixed, multi-point optical network in a phased-array antenna;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,011, issued Jul. 19, 1988 to J. W. Hicks, Jr., disclosing frequency-selective coupling between optical communications loops;
U.S. Pat. No. 8,845,702, issued Jul. 4, 1989 to F. Melindo, disclosing a packet-switching network node with electrical-to-optical and optical-to-electrical signal conversion;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,648, issued Apr. 3, 1990 to A. Acampora et al., also disclosing a packet-switched lightwave system with electrical switching at the network nodes;
U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,481, issued May 1, 1990 to J. W. Hicks, disclosing a local-distribution optical communications system including frequency-tunable power taps.
Particularly significant as a motivating factor in network design is the desire to exploit the potentially very large bandwidth available in optical waveguide communications; in current, state-of-the-art systems, such potential is far from realized. Indeed, current systems are limited by an "electronic bottleneck" due to electronic switching functions carried out at network nodes, or by unnecessary power dissipation in (passive) star and bus broadcast designs.
The invention described in the following does not suffer from these drawbacks and offers a network architecture in which purely optical paths are established between selected network users on demand.
In an optical communications network, controllable optical interconnection means are included at network nodes. Preferred interconnection means provide for linear power division and recombination, from optical input ports to optical output ports. Preferably, an interconnection means further provides for separate power dividing and combining for different bands of optical wavelengths.
FIG. i is a network diagram corresponding to a communications network of a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a network diagram corresponding to an exemplary signaling subnetwork of the communications network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a preferred waveband multiplexer-demultiplexer assembly for a node of the communications network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a preferred optical divider-combiner assembly for communications connections at a node of the communications network of FIG. 1;
FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a preferred optical divider-combiner assembly for signaling connections at a node of the signaling network of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a preferred optical divider for the assemblies of FIG. 4 and 5;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a preferred optical combiner for the assemblies of FIG. 4 and 5; and
FIG. 8 and 9 are a schematic diagrams of preferred alternative optical divider-combiner assemblies.
Typically, an optical communications system as preferred in accordance with the invention is designed for a multiplicity of communications channels which are grouped together into wavebands. For example, for optical-fiber communications at wavelengths near 1.55 micrometer, an assigned range of wavelengths from 1.5 to 1.6 micrometers may be subdivided into 16 wavebands 2 nanometers wide and centered at equally spaced wavelengths of 1.505, 1.511, 1.517, and so on through 1.595 micrometer. In this example, a waveband spacing of 6 nanometers is assumed for providing 4-nanometer "guard bands", e.g., for ease of filtering, multiplexing, and demultiplexing. Each of these wavebands encompasses a frequency range of approximately 250 gigahertz, so that, within each waveband, 24 communications channels can be assigned specified frequencies, with nominal channel frequencies spaced 10 gigahertz apart. (At a channel bit rate of 109 bits per second, the combined resulting 384 channels provide each fiber with an information carrying capacity of approximately 0.4�1012 bits per second. Depending on the capability and cost of the network components, the waveband and channel spacings might be reduced, thereby increasing the information carrying capacity of the fiber.) In this fashion, many optical communications sources can access the same fiber without interfering with each other, provided each one is assigned a unique channel in a unique waveband. This procedure is known as Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). It is also possible to "channelize" the wavebands using other well-known techniques, e.g., time division multiple access (TDMA), subcarrier modulation, random access, polling, etc. A typical network may operate on anywhere from one to several hundreds of wavebands, and each waveband may contain anywhere from a single channel to several hundreds of channels.
Schematically illustrative of an exemplary preferred embodiment of the invention, FIG. 1 shows a communications network comprising five communications nodes A through E, six communications stations A1, A2, and B1 through E1, and connecting optical communications links composed of pairs of optical fibers carrying optical signals in opposite directions. The communication links may incorporate optical amplification in the form of semiconductor or fiber amplifiers, either lumped or distributed, to compensate for attenuation on long fiber spans. The optical signals may be launched onto the fibers at moderate power levels to confine operation to the linear regime in the fibers, or at higher power levels to operate in a nonlinear regime so as to achieve a dispersionless soliton mode of propagation. Stations may belong to end users or to intermediaries, e.g., for interconnection with further communications facilities. The fibers are identified by pairs of unprimed and primed letters (e.g., a and a'.) Thus, nodes are denoted by capital letters (e.g., A), with stations attached to them denoted by corresponding subscripted letters (e.g., A1, A2). Station access links, which are also pairs of fibers in the example, carry the same subscripts as their stations (e.g., a1, a2.)
Each communications station includes at least one optical transmitter, consisting of the electronic and electro-optic equipment (e.g. a laser) necessary to convert an information signal, either analog or digital, to an optical signal suitable for transmission through the network. Each station also includes at least one receiver consisting of the electronic and electro-optic equipment (e.g. a photodiode) necessary to convert an incoming optical signal to electronic form, and extracting the information content from the signal. Preferably, transmitters and receivers are capable of "tuning" to a reasonably large subset of all wavebands and channels--all of them, ideally. Each station also has the equipment necessary to implement the control and signaling operations described below.
Each network node includes a controllable "linear divider-combiner" (LDC) assembly. Its function is to split the optical powers arriving at each inbound communications link in prescribed proportions, and then recombine them in prescribed proportions onto the outbound links. In other words, if, at a node X, there are n optical input links
x1 ', x.sub. ', ..., xn '
carrying optical powers
P1 ', P2 ', ..., Pn ',
and if there are m optical output links
x1, x2, ..., xm,
then, ideally, the i-th output link xi carries a linear combination of the input powers,
Pi =γi,1 P1 '+γi,2 P2 '+... +γi,n Pn ',
the parameters γi,j being controllable between 0 and 1.
Preferably, power dividing and combining is done separately for each waveband, e.g., as described below with reference to FIG. 3 and 4. Through these dividing and combining operations signals associated with man different connections are routed through nodes to their destinations.
Controllability of the power-combining operation is essential, e.g., to allow the full optical-fiber capacity to be shared among many independent channels in a controllable fashion, to allow the many channels sharing the fiber to be directed controllably to their desired destinations. Controllability of power dividing is also essential to allow for selectively multicast connections. Controlling these operations separately for each waveband, i.e., waveband-selective dividing and combining is important for enhanced performance of the network. For example, waveband selective LDC's can confine signals on prescribed wavebands to limited regions of a large network, thereby enabling the reuse of the same portion of the optical spectrum in other parts of the network. Manyfold reuse of the optical spectrum in this manner increases the effective capacity of the network many fold.
FIG. 2 shows a subnetwork of the network of FIG. 1. This subnetwork serves as a signaling subnetwork (SS)--here a signaling tree (ST)--and includes all the nodes and attached stations of the network of FIG. 1, but only selected communications links forming a tree structure originating at node C. In this embodiment in addition to its communications-routing function, node C is assigned the role of a network control center (NCC). The purpose of the SS is to distribute control and related information throughout the network.
In preferred network operation a desired connection, e.g. from source station E1 to destination station A2 is established upon request of the source station, and then disconnected after the stations indicate that the connection should be terminated. Upon request originating with one of the communications stations, the network control center assigns a suitable end-to-end path or paths, a waveband, and a channel. Multicast connections are also possible (e.g., from Al to the set including B1, C1, and D1.) Furthermore, a single station may be the destination for connections originating at several different sources if each source transmits on a distinct channel and/or waveband, and if the station is equipped to receive several different channels simultaneously.
Operation of the aforementioned type, in which optical connections are maintained until the stations request termination, is referred to as "circuit-switched" operation. The control of these connections may be effected using a signaling subnetwork as described below. Other modes of operation essentially of the "packet-switched" type are also possible. For example, a station wishing to communicate short bursts of information (packets) sequentially to many different destinations may be connected to those stations via a multicast connection, on which each destination station "listens" for the packets addressed to it. (In packet-switched configurations, each packet contains a destination address.) Assuming that the source station is assigned a fixed channel and waveband, all destination stations expecting to receive packets from it must tune to that channel and waveband. Using this technique, a station desiring to receive packets from several sources must be capable of receiving the (distinct) channels assigned to each of the several sources simultaneously, or must be capable of (rapidly) tuning alternately to each of these channels at the expected arrival times of the packets destined for it. (This implies that there is some means of suitably scheduling the transmission times for the various packets traversing the network.) Essentially the same type of packet-switched scheme can be implemented by associating a fixed channel and waveband with each destination station and requiring each transmitter to tune to the particular channel associated with a given destination when transmitting a packet destined for that station.
Control of the network under packet-switched operation can also be effected via the signaling subnetwork, requiring the exchange of packet scheduling information in addition to that required in the circuit-switched mode of operation. A method for packet-scheduling is described by M. Chen et al., "A Media-access Protocol for Packet-switched Wavelength Division Multiaccess Metropolitan Area Networks", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 8, pp. 1048-1057 (1990). Alternatively, packet operation can be effected in a "random access" mode, wherein no scheduling information is exchanged.
Under th simplifying assumption of three wavebands W1, W2, and W3 (instead of the 16 mentioned above), FIG. 3 shows a preferred embodiment of a waveband-selective LDC assembly, including an optical multiplexer-demultiplexer assembly at communications node A of FIG. 1. Incoming communications links a1 ', a2 ', a', and b are connected to waveband demultiplexers 31 through 34 which are adapted to feed demultiplexed signals in waveband W1 to ports 101 through 104 of linear divider-combiner LDC1, signals in waveband W2 to ports 201 through 204 of LDC2, and signals in waveband W3 to ports 301 through 304 of LDC3. On the output side of the LDC's, ports 101', 201', and 301, are connected to waveband multiplexer 35 for multiplexing onto output link a1 ; similarly, the other output ports of the LDC's are connected for multiplexing onto output links a2, a, and b' by respective multiplexers 36 through 38. Further connected, to input and output ports 105 and 105' of LDC1, is a node controller (NC) 39 which includes a processing unit (e.g., a microprocessor with associated memory), a means for issuing control signals to the LDC's, and an optical transmitter and receiver to allow it to communicate with the stations attached to its node, as well as with node controllers at the other nodes.
FIG. 4 shows LDC2 at communications node A, with input ports 201 through 204 and output ports 201' through 204' as in FIG. 3. Included are controllable optical power dividers 401 through 408 and power combiners 411 through 418 which are optically interconnected as shown. An identical assembly may be used as LDC3.
FIG. 5 shows LDC1 at communications node A, with input ports 101 through 104 and output ports 101' through 104' as in FIG. 3. Included are power dividers 501 through 503 and power combiners 511 through 513 which are optically interconnected as shown. Shown further, in correspondence with FIG. 3, is node controller 39.
FIG. 6 shows a controllable optical power divider structure 60 as may be used for dividers 401 through 408 of FIG. 4, and 501 through 503 of FIG. 5. Such a divider device or element has an optical input port 61 and optical output ports 62 and 63, and it is controllable such that, ideally, a portion (1-α) of input power P appears at port 62, and a complementary portion o at port 63. The parameter α is electrically or otherwise controllable, e.g., through an electro-optic or acousto-optic effect, or through mechanical changes in the physical geometry of all-fiber devices. Power dividers of interest here are typically called controllable couplers or filters, and exist based on various materials, including lithium niobate, semiconductors, and silica. In an ideal device, α can be adjusted through a range from 0 to 1; when operated in the 0 or 1 state only, such a device acts as an optical switch. Physically realized devices approach the ideal quite closely.
FIG. 7 shows a controllable optical combiner 70 as an optical divider of FIG. 6 operating in the reverse direction. Powers P1 and P2 at respective input ports 71 and 72 are linearly combined into an output power (1-β)P1+β�P2 at output port 73. Devices of the type shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are typically known as controllable directional couplers. They typically have two input and two output ports. Here, in FIG. 6, only one of the input ports is used, and only one of the output ports in FIG. 7.
By adjusting the dividing and combining parameters in FIG. 4, a wide range of desired linear combinations of input powers can be delivered to the various output ports. In the present embodiment, "loop-back" connections, e.g. b to b' are omitted as they are normally not required. These could be included, however, by adding additional dividers and combiners.
In the present embodiment, waveband W1 is used exclusively for purposes of network control. The node controller transmits on W1, and its signals are multiplexed onto the output links by the waveband multiplexers. Similarly, input power on WI emanating from the various input fibers is separated in the waveband demultiplexers, combined in prescribed proportions through the combiners in LDC1, and delivered to the receiver in the node controllers. The node controller provides the necessary control of the parameters α and β, for LDC1, LDC2, and LDC3. In this embodiment, the structure of LDC1 is simpler than that of LDC2 and LDC3, allowing optical connectivity among adjacent node controllers and their attached stations only. Alternative embodiments of LDC1, similar in form to LDC2 and LDC3 would permit more general connectivity.
As described, in a controllable linear divider-combiner structure, dividers as well as combiners may be controllable. Alternatively, such a structure may include controllable dividers and fixed combiners, fixed dividers and controllable combiners, or any other suitable combination of controllable and fixed divider/combiner elements. Also, a wide variety of configurations other than that shown in FIG. 4 can achieve controllable linear dividing and combining. Two such further examples are shown in FIG. 8 and 9, respectively known as (8�8) Banyan and (4�4) Benes structures, both involving the use of arrays of interconnected controllable directional couplers (CDC) or filters 81. As compared with corresponding structures built as in FIG. 4, these arrangements require fewer couplers (with less power dissipation); however, they may not realize a full range of input-output connections. Linear divider-combiner structures may also incorporate optical amplification in the form of semiconductor or fiber amplifiers so as to compensate for losses in the LDC and for attenuation in the connected fibers.
Each of the nodes in the network of FIG. 1 is constructed similarly to node A. Clearly, a node could be designed to handle a different number of input/output ports and a different number of wavebands. Furthermore, waveband selectivity may be built into a node without waveband multiplexers and demultiplexers, by using only one component LDC in which each divider and combiner has a parameter α or β which is waveband-selective, and independently controllable for each waveband. One such suitable structure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,064, issued Mar. 6, 1990 to K. Cheung, involving controllable switching elements including mode conversion means. Finally, it is possible to construct integrated dividers and combiners which may be used instead of the discrete units described above.
In preferred network operations, in response to a connection request, a feasible path through the network is determined, a waveband and channel assigned, and the LDC-parameters in the nodes along the chosen route are adjusted accordingly. For example, if a connection from A2 to E1 is to be routed via node B (i.e., using the shortest path), and using Channel 1 in waveband W2, the parameters in LDC2 in node A may be adjusted as follows: α2 =β8 =1, β4 =0. Reference to FIG. 4 shows that this establishes a straight-through path form fiber a2 ' to b'. Similar adjustments at nodes B and E complete the end-to-end connection, directing all power from the transmitter in A2 to the receiver in E1.
Further to the example, a multicast connection A1 to B1, C1, and D1 may be added by routing via the shortest-path tree including links b', a, and d', on waveband W2, using Channel 2. In this case, the parameters in LDC2 in node A are adjusted as follows: α1 =1/2, α2 =α5 =1, β3 =β4 =β7 =0, β8 =1/2. By reference to FIG. 4 it is verified that these settings combine 1/4 of the power from A1 and 1/2 of the power from A2 onto fiber b'. This is subsequently split equally at node B, to deliver 1/8 of the power from A1 and 1/4 of the power from A2 to each of stations B1 and E1. Since A1 and A2 are assigned different channels, the receivers at B1 and E1 can pick up the desired signals and reject the undesired ones by tuning to their assigned channels. Finally, it is seen that 1/2 of the power from A1 is directed on fiber a to node C, where it is split equally to deliver 1/4 of the power from A1 to each of the stations C1 and D1, thus completing the multicast connection. (These relationships can be expressed readily in terms of parameters γi,j as introduced above. For example, for node A, with m=n=2, and with the correspondences x1 '=a1 ', x2 '=a2 ', x1 =b', x2 =a: γ1,1 =1/4, γ1,2 =γ2,1 =1/2, γ2,2 =0.)
The above routing, waveband/channel assignment, and LDC parameter selections were chosen for the sake of illustration, and many alternatives are possible. For example, if the multicast connection were routed via the tree, a, c, d', it would be possible to assign the same channel in the same waveband to all connections--as no two connections would share the same fiber, in which case the two transmissions from Al and A2 would not interfere with each other even though assigned to the same channel.
As described, a circuit-switched connection may be established by the following steps:
(1) transmission of the connection request to the network control center,
(2) verification that the requested destination station or stations are active and ready to receive,
(3) determination of a feasible path or paths (including LDC parameter settings), and waveband/channel assignment,
(4) transmission of this information to the stations and network nodes involved in the connection, and
(5) transmitter and receiver tuning, and LDC parameter adjustment. This can be accomplished with a centralized control structure with a single network control center, e.g., at node C as described above. Distributed control is also possible.
Under packet-switched operation these steps are also required, together with additional control functions associated with packet scheduling and, possibly, with transmitter or receiver tuning.
Assuming that the necessary control program is resident in each network node, any one of the node controllers can be designated as network control center. This has the advantage of allowing for another node to take over the function of network control center in case of failure of the current NCC. Steps (1), (2), and (4) above require transmission of signaling information through the network. This involves the use of a signaling subnetwork (SS), as shown in FIG. 2 for example, which supports control message exchanges between the NCC and the other units in the network.
With reference to a signaling subnetwork, a connection may be established as follows:
(1) A source station initiating a connection request sends a message to the NCC via the SS, specifying the desired destination station or stations, and possibly additional information, e.g., the bitrate and the transmission capabilities of the source.
(2) The NCC sends a message to each requested destination to verify whether it is active and capable of receiving the connection on an available waveband and channel. Each requested active destination replies positively or negatively.
(3) Based on the response in step (2), and on its knowledge of the connections in progress on the network, the NCC determines a feasible path, the necessary LDC settings along the path, and a waveband/channel assignment consistent with the tuning capabilities of the stations involved in the connection. If no feasible path or waveband/channel assignment is available the connection is refused.
(4) If the connection is refused, a refusal message is sent on the SS to the stations involved. Otherwise, a connection establishment message is sent on the SS to all nodes and stations involved in the connection, indicating the required LDC parameters and the waveband/ channel assignment.
(5) The source and destination stations tune to the assigned waveband/channel, the nodes adjust their LDC parameters, and transmission begins.
Termination of a connection may be executed by an analogous exchange of messages. Depending on the protocol chosen, termination may be initiated by the source or by a destination station. Connection refusal or "blocking" will occur with low probability in a network with adequate traffic-handling capacity. As in typical circuit-switched networks (the telephone network, for example), when a connection is blocked, a source attempting a connection will try again later. While the above description has focused on simplex (i.e., one-way transmission), most connections would typically be established as duplex (i.e., two-way) transmission--i.e., each station would act as both a source and a destination.
A signaling subnetwork can be realized in various ways. In an embodiment described above, a waveband, W1 is reserved for signaling, and the SS takes the form of a signaling tree (ST), providing signaling paths to and from all stations and nodes. For the sake of simplicity it may be assumed that the SS operates under a random-access protocol, with each station and node including a transmitter and a receiver dedicated to signaling, and tuned to a common channel in W1. Furthermore, it may be assumed that the LDC in each node is configured so that each NC receives signals from all nodes and stations that are adjacent on the ST, and broadcasts to the same set of nodes and stations. For this example the parameters of LDC1 in node A (FIG. 5) are set as follows: α1 =1/3, α2 =1/2, α3 =0; β1 =1/3, β2 =1/2, β3 =0. This splits the power from the transmitter in the NC at node A equally among stations A1, A2, and node C, and allows the receiver in the NC at node A to listen to a superposition of transmissions from the same locations. Similar arrangements exist at the other nodes. In the embodiment described here, transmissions over the SS are of two types, signaling messages (SM) and acknowledgments (ACK) Signaling messages associated with steps (1), (2) and (4) above are initiated either by a station or by the NC designated as the NCC. They are transmitted in the form of data packets containing the usual source/destination addressing, control and error detection information. Each NC receiving an SM either transmits an ACK if the SM is addressed to it, retransmits the SM if it is on the path of the signaling tree toward the indicated destination, or else does nothing. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the NC at node D will retransmit an SM coming from the NCC at node C, and addressed to station E1, will transmit an ACK for an SM addressed to itself, and will do nothing on receipt of an SM from the NCC addressed to node B. Because all transmissions are broadcast to all nodes that are adjacent on the ST, a retransmitted SM also arrives at the station that previously transmitted it, thereby serving as an acknowledgment that it was received and forwarded properly. Through successive retransmissions in this fashion, all SM's eventually reach their destinations, provided that there are no messages lost in transmission. There is a possibility that messages will be lost through collisions, a characteristic of all Random-Access protocols, as well as through bit errors. (Collisions occur when messages from two or more transmitters arrive simultaneously at the same receiver. For example, messages from NC's at nodes B and D might simultaneously be received at node C.) The absence of a acknowledgment within a specified "timeout" signifies a collision, in which case the originating station waits a random time interval and then retransmits its message. (This requires storage of each SM until it is acknowledged.) Because of the large bandwidth available on the SS, and the relatively low signaling traffic, the probability of lost messages is normally very low.
The procedure described above provides for reliable transport of all signaling messages required for network control with time delays of the order of the end-to-end network propagation time (typically tens of milliseconds.) Other embodiments of the SS, e.g. TDMA and polling are also possible.
In addition to linear functions implemented as described, nonlinear functions, e.g., signal regeneration, change of wavelength ("wavelength conversion"), and signal storage may be implemented by electronic, opto-electronic, or optical add-ons or overlays. (In the case of electronic and opto-electronic overlays, this involves conversion of optical signals to electrical signals and vice-versa, and electronic or opto-electronic signal processing at some or all nodes of a network.) For example, electronic signal regeneration may become desirable after a signal has been optically transmitted over a long fiber span (possibly including optical amplification) in order to remove accumulated noise and distortion. Wavelength conversion may be desirable in the interest of further flexibility in message routing, or of accommodating transmitters and receivers capable of operating at a limited selection of wavelengths. Signal storage may be desirable in the interest, e.g., of queuing in packet-switched operation. See the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,648 for electronic switching in a suitable, so-called multi-hop network architecture. All of these aspects may arise at a point where two optical networks are linked--at an international gateway, for example.
Nonlinear processing is of interest further for consolidating a plurality of relatively slow signals for transmission, transmitting them as a fast stream of interleaved portions via an optical link serving as a multiplexed "trunk", and then separating the portions towards their destinations. Among further functions conveniently performed electronically are fault detection, scheduling, and frequency control. More specifically, for fault detection, microprocessors at network nodes may generate test messages for transmission over the network and acknowledgment by receiving nodes. Scheduling may be required when operating in a packet-switched mode. Frequency control may take the form of providing a reference signal (nominally at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers, for example) to transmitters and receivers in the network, thereby conveniently allowing wavebands and channels to be defined relative to the reference frequency.
Preferred embodiments of the invention may be included, e.g., in data communications systems, in distributed data base systems in television signal distribution systems, in networks of private branch exchanges, and in networks providing any combination of these services. Messages carried may represent, e.g., voice, data, graphics, video signals, or any combination thereof.
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|Optical transmission systems including optical switching devices, control apparatuses, and methods
|Dec 20, 2002
|Aug 10, 2004
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Dec 20, 2002
|Sep 21, 2004
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Dec 20, 2002
|May 10, 2005
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Aug 9, 2002
|Jul 26, 2005
|Corvis Corporation
|Optical communications systems, devices, and methods
|May 31, 2002
|Mar 7, 2006
|Matisse Networks
|Reservation-based media access controller and reservation-based optical network
|May 13, 2002
|Apr 25, 2006
|Cheetah Onmi, Llc
|High speed MEMS device
|Dec 3, 2001
|Sep 19, 2006
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Method and apparatus for scheduling communication using a star switching fabric
|Dec 3, 2001
|Apr 24, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Optical routing using a star switching fabric
|Dec 3, 2001
|Aug 21, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Optical routing using star switching fabric with reduced effective switching time
|Sep 2, 2003
|Aug 28, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Optical routing using a star switching fabric
|Jun 9, 2004
|Sep 25, 2007
|Corvis Corporation
|Optical transmission systems including optical switching devices, control apparatuses, and methods
|Sep 13, 2006
|Dec 4, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Method and apparatus for scheduling communication using a star switching fabric
|Nov 30, 2006
|Apr 21, 2009
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Optical logic gate based optical router
|Sep 15, 2005
|May 19, 2009
|Reconfigurable optical switching system
|Aug 4, 2003
|Feb 9, 2010
|Matisse Networks, Inc.
|Enhanced reservation based media access control for dynamic networks and switch-fabrics
|Apr 20, 2004
|Aug 9, 2011
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Control interface protocol for telephone sets for a satellite telephone system
|Apr 19, 2002
|Dec 27, 2011
|Altera Corporation
|Multi-city DWDM wavelength link architectures and methods for upgrading
|Mar 8, 2007
|Jan 10, 2012
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Fully optical device for breaking down the dynamic range of an optical signal and system for measuring the signal using the device
|May 1, 2008
|Dec 4, 2012
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Optical network
|Dec 21, 2007
|Dec 25, 2012
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Systems and methods for on-chip data communication
|Aug 31, 2007
|Nov 12, 2013
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Systems and methods for storing optical data
|Feb 1, 2001
|Mar 7, 2002
|Yechiam Yemini
|Method and apparatus for providing forwarding and replication services on a dynamically addressed network
|Feb 1, 2001
|Mar 7, 2002
|Yechiam Yemini
|Method and apparatus for dynamically addressing a circuits based network
|Feb 1, 2001
|Mar 14, 2002
|Yechiam Yemini
|Method and apparatus for the exchange of data between a dynamically addressed network and a foreign network
|Feb 1, 2001
|Jul 11, 2002
|Yechiam Yemini
|Method and apparatus for dynamically addressing and routing in a data network
|Feb 1, 2001
|Nov 7, 2002
|Yechiam Yemini
|Method and apparatus for providing services on a dynamically addressed network
|May 31, 2002
|Oct 2, 2003
|Matisse Networks
|Reservation-based media access controller and reservation-based optical network
|Dec 20, 2002
|Nov 20, 2003
|Nortel Networks Limited
|WDM optical network with passive pass-through at each node
|Aug 9, 2002
|Feb 12, 2004
|Corvis Corporation
|Optical communications systems, devices, and methods
|Aug 4, 2003
|Feb 26, 2004
|Matisse Networks
|Enhanced reservation based media access control for dynamic networks and switch-fabrics
|Apr 20, 2004
|Oct 7, 2004
|Edgar Clement B.
|Control interface protocol for telephone sets for a satellite telephone system
|Apr 19, 2002
|Oct 21, 2004
|Network Photonics, Inc.
|Multi-city DWDM wavelength link architectures and methods for upgrading
|Jun 9, 2004
|Nov 25, 2004
|Corvis Corporation
|Optical transmission systems including optical switching devices, control apparatuses, and methods
|Sep 15, 2005
|Mar 23, 2006
|Reconfigurable optical switching system
|Sep 13, 2006
|Feb 15, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Method and Apparatus for Scheduling Communication using a Star Switching Fabric
|Nov 30, 2006
|Apr 19, 2007
|Cheetah Omni, Llc
|Optical Logic Gate Based Optical Router
|Mar 8, 2007
|Dec 13, 2007
|Commissariat A L'energie Atomique
|Fully optical device for breaking down the dynamic range of an optical signal and system for measuring the signal using the device
|Nov 29, 2007
|Mar 20, 2008
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Run-time performance verification system
|Dec 3, 2007
|Mar 27, 2008
|Islam Mohammed N
|Method and Apparatus for Scheduling Communication using a Star Switching Fabric
|May 1, 2008
|Jul 2, 2009
|Keren Bergman
|Optical network
|Aug 31, 2007
|Mar 3, 2011
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Systems and methods for storing optical data
|Dec 21, 2007
|May 5, 2011
|Assaf Shacham
|Systems And Methods For On-Chip Data Communication
|Jul 21, 1999
|May 16, 2001
|Corvis Corporation
|Optical communication systems, apparatuses, and methods
|Jul 21, 1999
|May 2, 2007
|Corvis Corp
|Optical communication systems, apparatuses, and methods
|Mar 26, 2003
|Oct 9, 2003
|Matisse Networks
|Reservation-based mac and optical network
|Nov 6, 2006
|May 18, 2007
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|An optical network
|Nov 6, 2006
|Nov 22, 2007
|Bergman Keren
|An optical network
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 22, 1991
Owner name: TRUSTEES OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN THE CITY OF NEW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:STERN, THOMAS E.;REEL/FRAME:005696/0125
Effective date: 19910419
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|Certificate of correction
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|Sep 15, 1997
Owner name: NAVY, SECRETARY OF THE, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
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Owner name: NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, VIRGINIA
Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:TRUSTEES OF COLOMBIA UNIVERSITY IN NYC, THE;REEL/FRAME:013077/0376
Effective date: 19951025
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|Apr 26, 2005
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Effective date: 20040302


text:
Sept. 29, 2011
Junior guard Josh Bartelstein will give an inside look all season at the 2011-12 version of the Wolverines.
What's up everyone?
The countdown is on! There are only 16 days until we drop the ball and practice begins. It's crazy just how close it is, but the team is ready.
We have been continuing to do our routine of lifting, conditioning, open gyms and individuals, but if you ask anyone we are ready for Friday, October 14th. There are only so many cone drills, suicides and squats you can do before it is just time to play basketball. When practice begins is when the journey really starts. Each day you put in a little more, all preparing for our first goal -- to win a Big Ten Championship.
Speaking of playing basketball, everyone got the chance to check out where we play and see just how good Crisler Arena looks. We had an open house last week and it was packed with people. I think everyone was in amazement with how much of a 180-degree transformation Crisler has taken.
We got to talk with all the fans and sign autographs for an hour. The most impressive thing about the event was how excited all the fans are for this season. The line for autographs was the longest I have ever seen and we probably could have stayed for another hour signing with the amount of people that were there. Everyone wanted to talk about how good they thought we were going to be and how many wins we should have. Most people said they have never been this excited for a basketball season.
Speaking of optimism, one of the most important things for this season is for us to remain hungry. You have to remember this is a new season and so far we haven't won a single game. It wasn't that long ago that no one thought we were going to be good and everyone picked against us.
Even though this year we might be the hunted and not the hunter, we must act like the hunter. If anything, our team must work even harder than last year. I have no doubt this is what the feeling in the locker room will be this year!
Last but definitely not least, I went to the Maize Rage opening meeting this week along with Zack (Novak) and Stu (Douglass). It is pretty cool to think that my freshman year they had 400 students and now it is at about 3,000.
I can't emphasize enough how much of a difference they make. We have the best student section in the Big Ten hands down. No one comes close. However, what I really learned this week is how much more they are than just a cheering section. Those guys do a ton of community service and travel all over helping people. Michigan is very lucky to have them! We are lucky to have them!
Finally, in a fantasy update, the standings after three weeks looks like this:
At a perfect 3-0 is Max Bielfeldt (somehow he got Sai (Tummala) to trade him Andre Johnson for garbage)
At 2-1:
Evan Smotrycz (luckiest player so far)
Jordan Morgan (I have no idea how his team has won a game, let alone two)
Sai Tummala (His team is going down faster than the Red Sox)
At 1-2:
Me (I am just shocked, but don't worry I won't be down here for long)
Matt Vogrich (Too many Bears players, should never have let go of Olin Kruetz)
Stu Douglass (Most disappointing team)
Zack Novak (Team Green Bay doesn't look so good in fantasy)
Blake McLimans (He is just so happy about the Bills he really isn't worrying about fantasy)
Jordan Dumars (Still a solid member of the league, but Vick keeps getting hurt)
As always, keep sending in your questions and comments to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Have a great week!
Go Blue!
» Learn about Michigan men's basketball season tickets for the 2017-18 season.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Omaha Bound! Gators Win 8-6 Over Bulldogs, Going Back to CWS
In a game that had ups, downs, and every emotion in between, the Florida Gators prevailed in a physical and emotional slugfest against Mississippi State, defeating the Bulldogs 8-6 and punching their ticket back to Omaha for a seventh trip to the College World Series. The Gators raced out to a 4-0 lead after home runs by Mike Zunino, Daniel Pigott, and Vickash Ramjit, but the Bulldogs came right back in the fourth inning with a three-run blast by Saturday hero Nick Vickerson to cut the lead 4-3. Then in the seventh, Vickerson delivered an RBI single to tie the game, and Mississippi State would take the lead on a two-RBI base hit by Brent Brownlee. But down 6-4 in the bottom of the seventh, Bryson Smith and Nolan Fontana drew walks. After Mike Zunino moved them over on a sacrifice bunt, Preston Tucker got his second hit of the afternoon with a three-run shot to give Florida the lead back 7-6. Daniel Pigott connected on his second homer of the day in the eighth for the insurance run, and Tommy Toledo closed it out for the win. The five home runs were a season-best, and were the only offense generated by the Florida Gators. The Gators will face Texas in the first round of the College World Series.
Related Stories
- Omaha Bound! Gators Survive Extra Inning Thriller, Beat NC State 9-8
- Gator Baseball Falls Short, Gamecocks Win Back-to-Back CWS Championships
- Gator Bowl Bound! Florida vs Ohio State in "Urban Meyer" Bowl, DT Easley Out After ACL Surgery
- Gators Big Apple Bound!
- Gators Win Wild Ride Over Vandy, Heading To CWS Final
- Gators Run Over Bulldogs Again, Win 27-3
- Burleigh Reaches 400 Wins, Gator Soccer Cruises to NCAA Tourney Victory; Gator Volleyball Back on Track with Three-Set Sweep Over Missouri
- Gator Baseball Swings Back with Dominating Win Over Florida A&M
- Gator Baseball Back on Track with 8-1 Win Over Tennessee


text:
14in. Quick View Carrying Case, 8014AB
Customers rated this product.
Item#: 8014AB
About the 14in. Quick View Carrying Case, 8014AB
The easy to grip, molded-in handles and sliding, lockable latches provide secure storage and transport of any number of supplies. Great for storing everything from paints to card stock to fat quarters, the Quick View™ Carrying Cases are a staple item for any market.
14 X 3.375 X 10.25 Standard base. Molded in translucent polypropylene with "window" for easy viewing of supplies, stackable. Secure sliding, lockable latches. Easy grip, molded-in handles.


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Techs improve your home's indoor air quality and make it a healthier place by cleaning ductwork and dryer vents
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text:
Blog Post
Touching is Believing the Apple iphone
The iPhone is the revolutionary new mobile from Apple. The iPhone allows you to make a call by simply pointing your finger at a name or number in your address book, a favorites list, or a call log. Apple iPhone also supports features like Widgets support and Google Maps that places in it the league of state of art gadgets.
Apple iPhone is tremendously popular in its own niche markets and it comes with a host of some of the best features of mobile telephony. This complete touch screen phone comes with a 2 Mega Pixels camera to click some of the best moments of life and you can easily store images in its gigantic 4 or 8 GB memory. Enjoy music with its integrated iPod that would give you the best musical experience of life.
The iPhone is the revolutionary new mobile from Apple. The iPhone allows you to make a call by simply pointing your finger at a name or number in your address book, a favorites list, or a call log. It also automatically syncs all your contacts from a PC, Mac, or Internet service. A widescreen iPod with touch controls, and a Internet communications device with desktop-class email, web browsing, maps, and searching – into one small and lightweight handheld device.
Apple iPhone features the most revolutionary user interface since the mouse. It's an entirely new interface based on a large multi-touch display and innovative new software that lets you control everything using only your fingers. So you can glide through albums with Cover Flow, flip through photos and email them with a touch, or zoom in and out on a section of a web page – all by simply using iPhone's multi-touch display.
Video formats supported H.264 video, up to 1.5 Mbps, 640 by 480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Low-Complexity version of the H.264 Baseline Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; H.264 video, up to 768 Kbps, 320 by 240 pixels, 30 frames per second, Baseline Profile up to Level 1.3 with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and .mov file formats; MPEG-4 video, up to 2.5 Mbps, 640 by 480 pixels, 30 frames per second, Simple Profile with AAC-LC audio up to 160 Kbps, 48kHz, stereo audio in .m4v, .mp4, and mov file formats. Please Purchase Online http://phoneandbeyond.com/
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Jewel of the Seas Review
- Pro: Beautiful, traditionally styled cruise ship with lots of brass, wood and glass
- Con: Missing Royal Caribbean new-ship activities, like FlowRider; limited entertainment options
- Bottom Line: A solid ship for first-time cruisers and those who like a midsized ship
Jewel of the Seas Overview
Jewel of the Seas, which debuted in spring 2004, is the fourth and last limb on Royal Caribbean's Radiance-class family tree. At 90,090 tons, Jewel of the Seas, like its classmates, has just enough space for some of the storied Royal Caribbean innovations, such as a rock-climbing wall, beautiful solarium pool, expansive Adventure Ocean kids' facility and two lovely alternative restaurants. At the same time, its layout is so well designed it's easy to forget the ship carries 2,100-plus passengers.
Jewel is a gorgeous ship, with lovely dark woods throughout countered by an infusion of glass and light. The art collection is striking, and a nautical theme is apparent -- without being overstated -- throughout the ship's public areas.
Service was consistently top-notch. Our cabin steward was particularly delightful, greeting us by name whenever we met her in the halls. Dinner service in the main dining area, Tides, was strong, with waiters remembering our likes and dislikes, even though we ate there only intermittently. Passenger relations staff were helpful when needs arose, addressing them quickly.
Cuisine was consistently good, from the main dining room to the alternative restaurants, particularly at dinner, when roughly half the ship is ordering and eating simultaneously.
Entertainment ranged from the fabulously ridiculous (such as the always-funny Newlywed Game) to the pleasantly subdued (various vocal and instrumental offerings).
We do offer a caveat, though: Jewel of the Seas is an exceptional experience, but it's still a big ship, which means you might have to fight for a deck chair on a sunny sea day and pay out of pocket for myriad expenses, from fancy coffees to soda. In tender ports, you'll have to line up for a ticket. Standard staterooms (with or without balconies) are pretty small, and bathrooms offer fairly basic amenities.
Even so, Jewel of the Seas blends laid-back and informal into a quality experience.
It's worth noting that Jewel of the Seas is scheduled for dry dock in 2016, when it will get a number of upgrades and modern amenities, including several new restaurants, a new bar and the line's signature Royal Babies & Tots Nursery. Cabins will gain flat-screen TV's, and a movie screen will be installed poolside. Wi-Fi, currently limited to select areas onboard, will be vastly improved.
Jewel of the Seas Fellow Passengers
What is fun about Jewel is it attracts so many different types of passengers -- older, younger, active, laid-back and, when school isn't in session, kids.
Jewel of the Seas Dress Code
Dress is casual during the day. On weeklong (or shorter) cruises, there is one formal night; on the ship's eight-night sailings, there are two. On formal nights, most folks wear dark suits (men) and cocktail dresses (women). Otherwise, country-club casual pretty much dominates in the evenings.
Jewel of the Seas Gratuity
Royal Caribbean passengers are charged $13.50 per person, per day ($16.50 for suite guests). Gratuities can be prepaid or added on a daily basis to passengers' SeaPass accounts during the cruise; those opting for flexible My Time Dining must use the prepay option. Passengers can modify or remove gratuities by visiting the reception desk while onboard. An 18 percent gratuity is automatically added to bar tabs.


text:
Manual/Auto AC Question
I recently purchased a used center console bezel that included the AC control and heated seats/tow haul/adjustable pedal, etc. row of buttons. I have manual AC now. I know from searching the forum that I can not upgrade to auto/dual zone AC without changing a whole bunch of other stuff like ducting. My question is, will the AC still operate normally, as it does with manual AC, if I install the auto AC control?
Re: Manual/Auto AC Question
i dont think so, i know you can not upgrade. try itand see if it works, since you already have the parts
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I am regular customer of this restaurant, I came here for the first time with colleagues (I work close to Battice) staff is very friendly and we know them very well. I am still looking to find a restaurant with a better pizza! Choose for...More
"Best pizza I ever ate..."


text:
This is the picture of the 2007 Diamond Heels we've grown to expect. Up 9-6 in the eighth inning after a mighty comeback, with closer Andrew Carignan having walked the leadoff batter, there's Josh Horton out there with a thin smile hiding behind his glove. He looked at his partner in the middle of the infield, second baseman Garrett Gore, and this is what he said: "Here comes a 4-6-3." (Tar Heel Blue)
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Related: Baseball | Josh Horton | Andrew Carignan
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Trevor Kelley takes side road to Carolina League All-Star GameThursday June 22, 2017


text:
4 Recommendations
Kanye's recommendation
With tracks like Touch the Sky, Heard em Say and Gold Digger can you go wrong? No, you sure can't. Add this to your hip hop master piece collection- play it for your kids. Ok maybe not so much that.
My Collections:
whosdiary's recommendation
Also, for your to continue being a 7th year junior, or an eternal student, get this album from Kanye "Late Registration," it will help you become a better eternal student.
My Collections:
KanyeWest's recommendation
Late Registration can't replicate the novelty of Kanye's first album, College Dropout, but otherwise, this is an impressively more mature and labored-over album.
magungo's recommendation
This is Kanye's very good followup to College dropout. This is before he went all 808's and heartbreak. This is an awesome cd with catchy hooks.


text:
Aqua Globes Plant Watering System
2 Recommendations
jamiem's recommendation
We just got some lovely new house plants and are already having issues keeping them watered! The poor plants are wilting and sad and Mommy Jamie is never home to take proper care. I saw a commercial on TV for the Aqua Globes Plant Watering System - and being the sucker I am, raced to the computer to try these out. I ended up upgrading from the standard to *deluxe* Aqua Globes (twice as large) for an additional $10 and am hoping these are the solution to keeping my plants well-fed and happily green.
HaileyCosmic's recommendation
I love these, my plants love these! I am always forgetting when to water plants. Now they get their water and all I have to do is remember to refill the globes.
My Collections:


text:
|Productivity Software
Publisher's Description+
From EB Strada: FormReturn is Optical Mark Recognition Software (OMR Software) for Windows, Mac OSX and Linux. Packed with features and easy to use it gives anyone, computer savvy or not, the ability to design distributable printed forms for automatic capturing of hand-written marks. All you need is the FormReturn Application, a printer and a document scanner and you will be able to process forms. FormReturn is one of the ways for you to save you time and money when you have a large number of forms to process.
What's new in this version:
Version 1.4.6 has fixed a small server shutdown bug that would cause the shutdown process to hang and bug in the locale selection in Form Return Server to select a language other than English.
read more +


text:
The home of BIG Smallmouth Bass Fishing!
Book A Trip Now!
Mike Mladenik is likely the Midwest's most knowledgeable smallmouth bass fisherman and the region's top guide. Over the past 30 years his clients have landed over 3,000 – 20+ inch smallmouth and a few hundred hawgs over six pounds.
The Menominee River offers a World Class Smallmouth Bass fishery that just keeps getting better! Although best known for smallmouth bass, Mike also guides for musky, largemouth bass, northern pike and walleye. His expertise spans the bounty of rivers, reservoirs and lakes that draw anglers to the area year-round. He derives great satisfaction in teaching technique and location/weather analysis to clients. Mike's not one to hoard a secret; in fact, few guides spend as much time teaching and coaching as Mike does. In addition, Mike is a contributing author to many national and regional publications, including Midwest Outdoors for which the readership voted Mike one of their top three favorite writers. Mike's instructional and insightful pieces can also be found in Fishing Facts, Musky Hunter, Wisconsin Sportsman, Wisconsin Outdoor Journal, Michigan Sportsman, Wisconsin Outdoor News, and others. Mike has also authored several books, publishes his own magazine and has produced his own television show.
For and signed copy order now


text:
fine sand in cold water line, cold water stopping then turning hot and blasting sand
I've been having weird water issues for 5 months now. my cold water lines plug up with fine sand, a loud thud in the lines signals low water pressure to none, then hot water comes out with a blast of sand and returns to cold water. This leaves every catch in the house plugged up with sand. we've installed a filter on the incoming water from the city and the same fine sand is in the bottom of the filter but its not alot, maybe a tablespoon full. in over a month. What can we do?
If the sand is comming from your water supplier as suggested by it showing up in the filter on the incoming line then you need to retain the filter on the incoming line and check/clean/replace it regularly to prevent any more getting into your plumbing lines. Because the sand has built up in the plumbing inside your house you will have to flush the lines one at a time to try to remove the sand. It has probably also built up in the bottom of the water heater and it may take several cycles to drain and flush the water heater.
I suggest you contact your water supplier and discuss the problem with them--it may suggest a problem in their system.
Do you have a water softener or other filter in your house? I ask because an incorrectly installed filter or one that has failed in some way can discharge filter media into the plumbing lines and cause the symptoms you report.
Have you asked any of your neighbors if they are experiencing anything similar? How old is your home? What kind of plumbing do you have, i.e. copper, galvanized, etc?
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text: One of my Senators — Senator Evan Bayh — is often referred to as a "moderate", "centrist" Democrat. Certainly, he likes to portray himself — particularly when running in Indiana — as such a Democrat. I hope Hoosiers will remember that Senator Bayh voted against his fellow Hoosier, Chief Justice John Roberts, and that he not only voted against Justice Alito, but in favor of a filibuster.


text:
Do you reside in New Haven and your 18 years or older? Want to learn more about your police department? Go behind the scenes of the New Haven Police Department by applying to take part in the Citizens Police Academy
The Citizens Academy is an 8 week course designed to enlighten you about the New Haven Police Department and the Communities it serves. The Goal is to Bridge the information Gap between the Community and the Police Department.
The New Haven Police Department is currently accepting applications for its popular Citizens Academy. Classes begin on April 27, 2011 and runs for 8 consecutive Wednesdays from 6pm-9pm. Classes will be held at the Police Academy 710 Sherman Parkway in New Haven.
Applications are due by 7pm on April 22nd ,
For information and applications, call Officer Kelly Turner Cole at (203) 946-6309 weekdays between 8am and 4pm.
For Applications please click this link:
I also want to let folks know that applications are being accepted for the Construction Workforce Initiative. There are training and employment opportunities in carpentry, laborer, electrical, plumbing, painting, bricklaying and more. Applications are being accepted this week at the Hall of Records, 200 Orange Street, ground floor (G2).
Monday, April 4 - Wednesday, April 6 from 9am-1pm ONLY!
Thursday, April 7 - Friday, April 8 from 2pm-6pm ONLY!
To apply, all applicants must be at least 18 years old, pass a drug test, and provide ALL of the following documents: birth certificate, social security card, high school diploma with transcripts or GED with Official Test Results, valid driver�s license with reliable transportation, and verification of residency. All documents are required at the time of application. Women are encouraged to apply. For additional information, you may contact the Commission on Equal Opportunities at (203) 946-8160.
Health Matters Tips of the Week:
Being overweight increases your chances of developing osteoarthritis in the knees, a common and often disabling form of arthritis that wears away the knee's cushiony cartilage. Excess pounds also cause existing arthritis to worsen more rapidly. According to the CDC, two out of three obese adults suffer from knee osteoarthritis at some time in their life. Every pound of body weight yields five pounds of force on the knee, so even 10 extra pounds can put considerable stress your knees.
Springtime Allergies:
Allergies that occur in the spring (late April and May) are often due to tree pollen. Shower or bathe before bedtime to wash off pollen and other allergens in your hair and on your skin. Avoid going outside whenever possible, especially on dry, windy days. Keep windows and doors shut, and set your air conditioners to re-circulate in your home and vehicle in order to avoid drawing in pollen-rich outside air.
Children and Education:
Parental participation in a child�s education determines the success in their academic career. Children are more likely to succeed in school if a parent takes an active role in their education. Most parents want to get more involved in their child�s education, but may not be sure how to begin.
A parent needs to be positive; praise goes a long way with children, particularly with those who struggle in school. Look over all of the work your child brings home from school, and keep it in a folder. Review your child�s test scores, progress reports, and report cards completely. Communicate with your child�s teachers; you can keep notes on parent-teacher conferences. At conferences, ask questions about your child�s grades and behavior in school. If there are behavioral problems, address them immediately with your child. Keep your enthusiasm for your child�s education from the beginning to the end of the school year. Most importantly, simply be there for your child: to answer questions, to listen, to give advice, to encourage, and to support your child whenever needed.
Green Tip of the Week:
Set up a compost bin this spring for yard and food waste! You can request free compost from Public Works at 34 Middletown Ave from 7am to 3pm. For more info visit CT Department of Environmental Protection: http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2718&depNav_GID=1645&q=325370
Other exciting events happening in the Elm City:
April 3- April 8. New Haven Restaurant Week. Participating restaurants will offer a three-course, prix fixe menu consisting of an appetizer, entr�e and dessert. Prix fixe menus will be priced at $16.38 for lunch (priced for the year New Haven was founded) and $29 for dinner. www.infonewhaven.com/restaurantweek
Apr. 4. Yale Jazz Ensemble: Jazz Under the Stars John C. Daniels School. 569 Congress Avenue. 7-8pm.
April 5. See Inside Exhibition Reception. The Parachute Factory, Erector Square. On view thru June 30. 5-7pm. www.newhavenarts.org
April 5. Ordinary Evening Reading Series Annie Murphy Paul and Carl Zimmer. Anchor Bar's Mermaid Room. 272 College St. 7PM. http://ordinaryevening.blogspot.com/
Apr. 6. Tour:-New Haven: A Once and Future Resilient Community. New Haven Lawn Club. 934 State Street. 6:30pm.www.nhpt.org.
Apr. 6. Horowitz Piano Series Morse Recital Hall. 470 College St. 8pm. www.music.yale.edu
Apr. 7-9. Dorian Gray @ Yale Cabaret. 217 Park Street. Tickets: $15; $10 students. 8pm. www.yalecabaret.org/
April 8. Piano duets by Mikhail Glinka, the father of Russian classical music. 12:10-12:50pm. www.neighborhoodmusicschool.org
April 8. The Flauto (aka recorder) Through the Ages. Music from the Baroque and modern eras! 7:30 pm. www.neighborhoodmusicschool.org
Apr. 8. Chamber Concert. St. Paul & St. James Episcopal Church. 57 Olive Street . Free. 7:30pm. www.historicwoostersquare.org
April 8-10. Stomp. Shubert Theater. 247 College Street. Fri. 8pm/Sat.3 & 8pm/Sun. 2pm. $15-$60. www.shubert.com.
Apr. 8. Ullman/Swell Quartet @ Firehouse 12. 45 Crown Street. 8:30pm/10pm. $18/$12. http://firehouse12.com
Apr. 8-9, 10, 14-1. New Haven Theater Company presents Steve Martin's Picasso at the Lapin Agile. 118 Court St. Tickets $20. www.newhaventheatercompany.com/
Apr. 9. Open Farm Day at Common Ground. 358 Springside Avenue. 10am-2pm. www.commongroundct.org.
Apr 10. Edgewood Park Farmers Market. Edgewood Park. 379 Whalley Ave. 10am-1pm. www.cityseed.org
April 10. 38th Cherry Blossom Festival. Wooster Square. Music, Food, Exhibits, Activities, Art Show and more 12-5pm. Raindate: April 17. www.historicwoostersquare.org
Contact Name: Adam Joseph
Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact Phone: 203-946-7660


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Fort Collins, CO, USA < change city >
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FLEXX PRODUCTIONS < this is my business >
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Cara and Darren's Wedding
"Flexx did a great job in creating my vision in decor. I did a big black backdrop behind the head table with diamond strings coming down and it turned out gorgeous. They did a great job in set-up and clean-up. I would check them out if your wanting decor to pop your wedding - I was very impressed."
Leslie and Eric's Wedding
"AMAZING from the beginning. They did everything and made it all so easy!! If I ever need to rent anything again I will go through them. They have EVERYTHING you could imagine. I rented chairs, lights, and linens through them."
Flexx Productions
1833 East Harmony Road #19
Fort Collins, CO, United States


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Open Access Week 2013
Posted on October 21, 2013
Open Access Week 2013 is October 21-27. The global event to promote free, immediate, online access "as the new norm in scholarship and research" is now entering its seventh year. What is Open Access (OA)? What are its benefits to the worldwide academic and research community?
Learn more...
- An Overview of Open Access by Peter Suber, the de facto leader of the OA movement.
- Read the latest guide: How Open Is It?, a collaborative document from the Public Library of Science (PLoS), the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC®), and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA).
- Read or subscribe to the SPARC Open Access Newsletter (SOAN) or participate in the SPARC Open Access Forum (SOAF).
- Look at the OASIS website which aims to provide an authoritative 'sourcebook' on Open Access, covering the concept, principles, advantages, approaches and means to achieving it.
- The Open Access Directory "is a compendium of simple factual lists about open access (OA) to science and scholarship, maintained by the OA community at large."
- Watch the video from PHD Comics "Open Access Explained!"
OA news...
- See what's happening this week on the OA website or follow the discussion on twitter.
- Find the latest information from SPARC®, an international alliance of academic and research libraries working to correct imbalances in the scholarly publishing system.
- In September 2013, Congressmen Jim Sensenbrenner (R-WI) and Committee on Science, Space, and Technology Ranking Member Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX) introduced the Public Access to Public Science (PAPS) Act. "This legislation would ensure public access to published materials concerning scientific research and development activities funded by federal science agencies."
- The objective of UNESCO's Open Access Policy Guidelines is the promotion of open access in all of the UNESCO Member States.
- Modern Languages Open, due to launch in Spring 2014, is a peer-reviewed platform from Liverpool University Press "for the open access publication of research from across the modern languages to a global audience."
- Wheaton supports the OA movement by participating in PLoS (Public Library of Science), BioMed Central, PubMed, and linking to thousands of open access journals - you can browse some collections here - look for the symbol.


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By Sarah Sonies
New Mexico has one of the nation's highest rates of uninsured. With the expansion of Medicaid and New Mexico's participation in the federal health insurance exchange, over 300,000 New Mexicans are eligible to enroll in a health insurance plan. Medical residents at the University of New Mexico (UNM), working with the UNM Business School and the New Mexico Center for Law and Poverty, have developed a mobile app to disseminate information on enrolling in health insurance and Medicaid to people who are newly eligible for coverage.
The Get Covered New Mexico app is designed to provide patients with clear information on how and where to obtain coverage, in addition to serving as a tool for community health workers and enrollment navigators throughout the state. Kate McCalmont, MD, is a second-year family medicine resident at UNM who is leading the effort.
"As information [about Medicaid expansion in New Mexico] began appearing in the news and with ads on billboards encouraging people to enroll in the exchanges, I started brainstorming how to get the word out to many people simultaneously," she says.
"Our initial hope was to develop an app to physically enroll people, but because New Mexico is using the federal exchange, there were challenges to doing that. We then thought about developing an app that directs people to registration links and gives people information they need to register. I connected with other residents and a professor at University of New Mexico's Business School and we sat down and began to draft ideas."
McCalmont's idea was a grassroots effort, born of spare time and in spite of lack of funds. She and her colleagues had a lot of interest from leadership at UNM. The UNM Hospital is located in Bernalillo County and serves as a safety net hospital for an underserved population, many of whom are part of the UNM Care Program. UNM Care is subsidized health care plan for patients who use the UNM system, but is not really health insurance.
"UNM has a lot to gain by helping these patients get health insurance. They were immediately interested in helping us connect with people to help make this happen," McCalmont says.
The bootstrap operation generated cooperation and collaboration. "We were able to work with people who do very different things across the organization on something that could really impact our community," she says. "We worked with lawyers at the New Mexico Center for Law and Poverty who provided ongoing feedback and served as advisors. We also worked with people from the business school who did a lot of the design for the pages and text. Then, we had experts on health literacy review the text to make sure that the reading level was appropriate for consumers."
The app has an eligibility calculator and directs consumers to places they can go and websites they can visit to enroll. It not only directs people to the right place, but prepares them with the right information. Clinics in Albuquerque and across New Mexico have enrollment navigators who can help people sign up for the exchanges.
"Hopefully, the app will direct people to take on that individualized support should they need it. At UNM, we are connecting patients to the financial services office to choose the appropriate options so they can get services that are subsidized as much as possible," says McCalmont.
She reports that the project team has had some difficulty studying engagement. The app was approved for use by the Apple store in mid-November but word was slow to spread initially. However, once the local TV and NPR stations covered the app release, downloads jumped.
"In the future, we are hoping to develop a way to track people who have downloaded the app with their actual outcome – i.e. did they enroll, did they become insured?" McCalmont says. "We can easily track downloads, that is a very simple metric, but I think we all recognize that is not what we are looking for. We are looking for increased enrollment in New Mexico's health insurance exchanges. One idea we have for the future to better track this metric is reaching out to those who have downloaded the app two weeks after the download with some sort of follow-up question: Did you enroll, and if so, in what plan?"
Although a little early for measurable results, McCalmont and her team have gotten good feedback from users. They hope to facilitate its spread by encouraging people in every clinic and hospital to reach out to patients and community members.
—Sarah Sonies is associate editor of Wing of Zock. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or on Twitter @ssonies.


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|Tillman, Patricia - Glynn
|Hamm, John
|Styer, E
|Mullinix, Jr., B
Submitted to: Environmental Entomology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 3/17/2004
Publication Date: 7/1/2004
Citation: Tillman, P.G., Styer, E.L., Hamm, J.J. 2004. Transmission of Ascovirus from Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by three parasitoids and effects of virus on survival of parasitoid, Cardiochiles nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Environmental Entomology. 33(3):633-643. Interpretive Summary: Since tobacco budworms (TBW) have developed resistance to pyrethroids, this insect pest can be a serious problem in cotton. Cardiochiles nigriceps (CN) is a parasitic wasp that can contribute substantially to the biological control of TBWs in trap crops in cotton. Tests were designed to determine if CN could transmit a virus to TBW worms, and, if so, what was the effect the TBW virus had on the survival of the immature stages of CN. We determined that a TBW virus was vectored by CN to healthy TBW worms in the field, and laboratory females of CN can transmit the virus by inserting the virus-infected ovipositor into a TBW worm. CN immatures could survive host virus infections that were less than 48h old and those that were initiated toward the end of the 2nd stage of development of CN. The ability of these CN immatures to survive virus infections in their host worms in combination with the inability of these immatures to transmit the virus when they became adults could function as a survival mechanism for CN during extensive field outbreaks of TBW virus in TBW trap crops.
Technical Abstract: We demonstrated that a TBW ascovirus was vectored by the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps (CN) Viereck to healthy TBW larval hosts in the field, and laboratory females of the braconids CN and Microplitis croceipes (MC) Cresson and the ichneumonid Campoletis sonorensis (CS) Cameron can transmit the ascovirus in the laboratory by inserting the ascovirus-infected ovipositor into a TBW larva. The ability of these parasitoids to transmit virus is associated solely with the mechanical ability of the ovipositor to penetrate into the host's body cavity, becoming contaminated with virus through contact with virus-containing tissues or hemolymph or injecting contaminating viruses into a host along with the egg and calyx fluid. CN females were generally able to transmit ascovirus throughout their lifetimes although ascovirus transmission decreased as females aged. CN/CS and MC differed in their ability to transmit ascovirus, but not in the level or extent of infection that developed in host larvae or in the propensity of their ovipositors to become contaminated with ascoviruses. Lower frequency of transmission by MC compared to CN and CS is probably related to the relative shortness of the MC ovipositor compared to the CN and CS ovipositors. Throughout the 12-96 h period following inoculation of source larvae, ascovirus transmission by CN increased linearly at the rate of 1.15% per hour, the equivalent of about 28% per day. Mortality of CN eggs did not begin until around 60 h post-infection and increased thereafter in a curvilinear manner. The relationship between mortality of CN 1st instars and time after inoculation of ascovirus in a source host was biphasic: 1st instar mortality increased from 12 hr to 60 h in a curvilinear manner and then decreased sharply from 60 to 96 h, again in a curvilinear manner. The decrease in 1st instar mortality that began with the 60 hr post inoculation reflects a decrease in the number of eggs that were capable of hatching rather than a diminished rate of mortality among the 1st instar larvae that result from hatching. CN immature parasitoids were able to survive an ascovirus infection only once the immatures developed into second instars. The ability of CN progeny to survive host ascovirus infections that are less than 48h old and those that are initiated toward the end of CN 2nd instar development in combination with the inability of these progeny to transmit ascovirus, could function as survival mechanisms for CN during extensive field outbreaks of TBW ascovirus.


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In the United States, education, more than ethnicity, religion or geography, determines whether a person can achieve the American dream, or be relegated to a life of limitations or even poverty. In today's global and information-based economy, every child who drops out of high school is committing virtual economic suicide.
I was raised by a single mother who taught me that a good education was absolutely essential. Thanks to her, I returned to school after I had four children, and received my college and then law degree from the University of Hawaii. I have personally experienced the limited opportunities available to a college dropout compared to a college graduate.
It is absolutely essential that we improve the quality of public education. It is an essential service that provides equal opportunity for all children in Hawaii to reach their full potential. Quality public education is especially important to our State economy since Hawaii is an isolated island state. We rely upon the abilities of our own residents to build and maintain a diversified, sustainable, growing economy to support our state. Approximately 80% of our children graduate from DOE schools; we must improve the quality of the education they receive.
We still have a long way to go to raise all our children to the same educational level. Reaching our goal will take more expertise, technology, and training than any state can support by itself. The federal government needs to provide that overarching assistance to all the states so that our nation can truly bring our public education system into the twenty-first century and compete on a global level.
I support increasing federal dollars to build the framework necessary to comply with the requirements of No Child Left Behind (NCLB). However, federal dollars should flow directly to the classroom, where they will have the biggest impact on our children's education.
I believe we must:
Increase classroom teacher training;
Develop more programs to bring new people to teaching, such as Teach for America; and
Expand training for principals to be curriculum leaders and to implement organizational change.
These programs cannot be "one-size-fits-all", and must recognize the different challenges faced by schools with different income levels, cultural values, and community/geographic resources.
We must work constantly to improve NCLB including the flexibility to recognize steady improvement, even if we do not reach the numerical goal for a specific year, and to relieve schools from burdensome red tape when they demonstrate regularly increasing achievement.
Source: http://www.cynthiathielen.com/education/educationpolicy.htm


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Thompson's Stop-and-Frisk Plan: Officers Must Fill Out a Ticket
NYC mayoral candidate Bill Thompson took aim at the NYPD's stop-and-frisk program again proposing new ideas for the controversial program. On Tuesday, Thompson laid out a plan to reform the program saying that his new NYPD police commissioner would eliminate productivity goals that requires that officers perform a certain number of stops-and-frisks.
Thompson also said he would have police officers fill out a ticket every time they stop-and-frisk someone. "I'll require police officers to provide every person stopped to receive a ticket," Thompson said via CBS 2. "Officers will provide people with written information on why he or she was stopped, why it's happening, what led to the stop and why the police officer chose to stop the individual. This additional data of stops and frisks will be updated regularly in CompStat, tracking to better provide transparency to the public and inform crime prevention methods in neighborhoods."
Thompson said the tickets would be able to fill out the tickets within a minute.
Photo Credit: Getty Images


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1969 z28 heads
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Originally Posted by
hello someone is trying to sell me SBC double hump 1969 z/28 heads complete 3370's are these any good and will they work good if i bolt them on my stock 1972 lt1 350 out of a vette the heads that are on it now are 882 heads witch im told they suck. just want some info before i buy them. he wants 250 for them
The 882 casting would not be original to a 1972 LT1, they are large chamber smog heads that were not production till 1974. These use a low compression 74 cc chamber but then again what should be there is also a low compression head.
The 3973370 is a 64 cc chambered part that was production in Canada but an over the counter factory hot rod part in the U.S. of A. They came in straight or angled plug; valve sizes can range 1.94/1.5 to 2.04/1.55. Ports are so-so; typical of the period. They will boost your compression which may or not have much effect depending upon whether you're running the larger LT1 cam that needs more compression to wake the motor up. The down side is the lack of hardened exhaust seats which will erode from the effects of no lead fuel.
$250 seems steep from a practical sense especially if they need rebuilding. Neither the 370 nor the 882 are period correct for the 72 LT1. But the 882 has the right size chamber as do the 487 and 916 heads which should be on an LT1 of that year both are large chamber heads. So the 882 is hardly crap compared to what the factory put there originally, but the 370 would put the compression up where an LT1 cam would like it. But if you have to spend $250 and rebuild them you'd be dollars and power ahead with Vortecs or their many aftermarket clones.
Back at that time and even today there are people enamored with the bigger valves that came in LT1 heads, but without more compression this is more BS for bench racers than anything that will get you down the track faster without more compression.
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10 Cutting-edge Mobile Application Trends for 2012
Mobile applications will increasingly define the user experience on high-end devices.
When it comes to developing mobile computing applications, corporate developers are always at a disadvantage. Mobile computing applications developed for consumers are typically backed up by massive websites that help make sure that the end user has a reasonable experience using the application.
Corporate developers, on the other hand, are usually at the mercy of meager Web resources and spotty wireless network access. Unfortunately, most end users don't understand that. All they know is that the IT department built some substandard mobile application for them to use that in their eyes doesn't measure up.
The good news is that there is now a new service from Cotendo, which just picked up an additional $17 million in funding, that levels the mobile application field by accelerating mobile content delivery. Called the Mobile Acceleration Suite (MAS), the Cotendo service is based on standard Web protocols and requires no customization of the mobile application because it optimizes performance at the logic, content and network layers, says Schlomi Gian, Cotendo general manager for mobile.
Based on the same content delivery network (CDN) technology that Cotendo uses to accelerate website performance, Gian says the core idea is to give mobile application developers access to a content delivery service without having to introduce any proprietary code into their applications.
When it comes to mobile computing applications, performance is everything. Gian says users will even tolerate degradations in the visual quality of the application before they put up with anything that they perceive as slow.
The challenge facing corporate developers is finding a way to ensure the performance of their applications at a time when the budget being allocated to that application doesn't cover an investment in IT infrastructure that would dwarf the initial cost of developing the actual application.
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Movement + Arm Lift Q&A
Unable to Lift my Arms over my Head 5 Wks After Brachioplasty, Normal?
My left arm has good movement but my right arm is very sore and movement is limited when raising my arm over my head. How can I improve this? I have... READ MORE
What Am I Allowed to Do Directly After Arm Lift E.g. Cooking, Etc?
What exactly can one do on second day of OP with arm lift,eg cooking, cutting of vegetables etc? or may I not use the arms for a period of time? and... READ MORE
Are there medical reasons (medical necessity) to have a brachioplasty? (photos)
Right before I was diagnosed with breast cancer, my upper arms developed "bat wings." In the last few years, they have gotten much worse. (My PCP... READ MORE
I can not fully extend my arms. Most of my pain is in my forearms, 3 weeks post arm lift (both sides). Is this expected?
Unable to extend my arms fully , sever pain in both sides mainly in forearms ,after arm lifts , I am 40 y/o and I had my arm lifts surgery 3 weeks ago... READ MORE
Limited ROM, pain, banding/webbing, hypertrophic dark scars, adhesions 9-mos post brachioplasty. How would you fix my arm? (pix)
I am in OT 1x/week and ASTIM 2x/week for limited ROM caused by brachioplasty in Oct. Therapist says skin cannot stretch as it's healed. The collagen... READ MORE
1 month post op of Arm lift, how long is the recovery before I am able to move my arms around?
I had liposuction on the upper arms a month ago, and the plan is to do an arm lift later once the skin has retracted as much as it's going to. Now I'm... READ MORE
Should arms still flap back and forth after a brachioplasty?
I had a brachioplasty 5 weeks ago. I know there is still swelling. The underneath of my arms still shake when I move them. If enough skin was removed,... READ MORE
How long does it take after an arm lift to get full range of motion back, and how much is movement restricted at first?
How much are you usually allowed to move the arms right after an arm lift, and how soon can you start to move them more? When will I be able to wash... READ MORE
Garment issue after brachioplasty?
I am 10 days post op and still have a significant amount os swelling at the elbows especially. I wear my garment religiously but by the end of the day... READ MORE
Lost full range of movement in arms after brachioplasty healed. Will this fix itself and/or can a revision fix it? (Photo)
I had a brachioplasty ~7 weeks ago. Everything's pretty healed up but I'm lacking full range of motion at my shoulder joint because the skin pulls... READ MORE
I have limited range of motion and arm pain after a bilateral arm lift. What can I do?
I had a bilateral arm lift performed in April, 2015. I developed an infection and had to have the staples in my axilla area removed after 6 days post... READ MORE
How to know if bacterial infection at brachioplasty site moves into breast area as pseudomonas?
After three different antibiotics, I'm being put on a picc line with levaquin? I do not know what to be doing next. I had my procedure 4 weeks. I feel... READ MORE


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2016 was a great year for many in real estate. We are always curious what content we are creating or sharing that resonates with Realtors® and consumers.
Here are the blog posts wtih the most visits in 2016 on www.iowarealtors.com
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KenE wrote:Here is another location for bulk coal. Summit Mine is the source of the coal. Rice and Nut 240 a ton very nice looking coal.
Dettinger Coal Yard Rt 51 Beaver Falls PA 724-843-3773. Call to verify he will be there. About 1 mile off Rt 60.
Two years later and same coal, same price. Nut is $260.00 though.
In 2010 his Rice was more like Barley.
This year is definitely more like Rice.
He started out w/ 23.5 ton T.T. load, but it's going fast and it's not even Halloween yet.


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Blake Watson comes to PNC from a radio background that has spanned a decade. Prior to being Pacific News Center's Sports Director, he was hosting Middays on Power 98 FM as a radio personality.
Blake's broadcasting career started in his native Texas where he attended American Broadcasting School. From there he landed his first on-air job in Center, Texas at Classic Country KQBB. After moving around East Texas and Louisiana chasing the radio dream, Blake moved to Guam for no particular reason—to him it just sounded like a good adventure. He started with Power 98 in the summer of 2009 and has been in broadcast on Guam since.
Blake is a fan of the Dallas Cowboys, Dallas Mavericks, and Texas Rangers but admits it's hard to catch his specific teams on Guam because of the time difference. He enjoys watching games, but more for the competition than the outcome, unless the team is from Dallas.
He still marvels at what the best athletes in the world can do whether it's Giancarlo Stanton hitting a baseball 500 feet, Tony Romo scrambling before throwing a football into a tiny spot where only his receiver can make the catch, or LeBron James making a fall-away jump shot look as effortless as a free throw.
Blake lives with his pit-bull Frida.