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|Número de publicación
|Tipo de publicación
|Número de solicitud
|Fecha de publicación
|2 May 1995
|Fecha de presentación
|29 Dic 1992
|Fecha de prioridad
|29 Dic 1992
|Número de publicación
|Kishore J. Doshi, William B. Dolan
|Cesionario original
|Exportar cita
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Citas de patentes (13), Otras citas (2), Citada por (83), Clasificaciones (8), Eventos legales (4)
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet
This invention relates to a process for the rejection of carbon dioxide from natural gas which integrates a gas permeable membrane system with a multiple bed pressure swing adsorption ("PSA") system for producing a gas product having a desired concentration of carbon dioxide.
The treatment of natural gas for the removal of CO2 typically requires the processing of large volumes of gas to produce a treated gas product with about a 1 to about 4 mol % CO2. The CO2 is removed from natural gas for reasons such as improving the heating value of the treated gas for pipeline transmission and, recovering the CO2 from gases associated with oil field CO2 injection for enhanced oil production.
The properties which permit CO2 to be separated from other gases such as hydrocarbons, CO, N2 and air are as follows: weak acidity when dissolved in water, permitting the use of liquid alkaline solutions for absorption of CO2 ; solubility in water and organic liquids, permitting processes based on solubility rather than chemical affinity; molecular size and structure, permitting the selective adsorption on solid adsorbents, such as molecular sieves; and acidic nature and size and structure, permitting the use of permeable membranes for separation.
Natural gas is a general term which is applied to mixtures of inert and light hydrocarbon components which are derived from natural gas wells or from gas associated with the production of oil. Typically, the quality of the natural gas, as produced, will vary according to the content and amount of inert gases and other impurities in the natural gas. These inert gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and helium will reduce the heating value of the natural gas. Because natural gas is usually saturated with water, the presence of carbon dioxide in significant amounts may make the natural gas corrosive. Natural gas is conveyed from its source to the consumer in pipelines. As a result, very rigid guidelines have been established by the gas transmission industry to maintain a high quality, safe product. Typical specification for pipeline quality natural gas include: Nitr ogen less than 4%, and Carbon dioxide less than 4%.
The most important aspect of any process for treating natural gas is economics. The most critical characteristics of a CO2, removal process are its energy requirements and the concentration level to which CO2 can be lowered in the exit gas. Natural gas is treated in very high volumes making even slight differences of 1-2% in the capital or operating cost of the treating units very significant factors in the selection of process technology. Furthermore, because natural gas is a potentially dangerous and explosive fuel, processes are sought which have high reliability and represent a simplicity of operation.
Absorption systems are commonly used for the removal of CO2 from the natural gas. A physical solvent such as a dimethylether of polyethylene glycol or chemical solvents such as alkanolamines or alkali metal salts are used to wash out carbon dioxide. The CO2 rich solvent is subsequently regenerated by stripping of CO2 with heat. Alkanolamines are not only useful in absorbing carbon dioxide, but they have also been employed to absorb hydrogen sulfide or carbonyl sulfide from gas mixtures which may or may not contain carbon dioxide. Alkanolamines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of nonhydrogen substituents bonded to the nitrogen atom of the amino group. Monoethanolamine is an example of a well-known primary alkanolamine. Conventionally used secondary alkanolamines include diethanolamine and diisopropanolamine. Triethanolamine and methyldiethanolamine are examples of tertiary alkanolamines which have been used to absorb carbon dioxide from industrial gas mixtures.
After absorption of carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide and/or carbonyl sulfide in an alkanolamine solution, the solution is regenerated to remove absorbed gases. The regenerated alkanolamine solution can then be recycled for further absorption. Absorption and regeneration are usually carried out in different separatory columns containing packing or bubble plates for efficient operation. Regeneration is generally achieved in two stages. First, the absorbent solution's pressure is reduced so that absorbed carbon dioxide is vaporized from the solution in one or more flash regenerating columns. Next, the flashed absorbent is stripped with steam in a stripping regenerating column to remove residual absorbed carbon dioxide.
Alkali metal salts such as carbonates, phosphates, borates, phenates of sodium and potassium represent another category of absorbent liquid. The carbon dioxide absorption rates of such salts is, however, rather low, and, therefore, it has been necessary to add promoting agents to these salts. For example, an article by Sartori et al., entitled "Sterically Hindered Amines for CO2 Removal from Gases", Industrial Engineering Chemical Fundamentals, Vol. 22, pp. 239-49 (1983) ("Sartori article") discloses activating a basic salt for removing carbon dioxide from gaseous mixtures with sterically hindered amines or amino acids (i.e., a primary amine in which the amino group is attached to a tertiary carbon atom or a secondary amine in which the amino group is attached to a secondary or tertiary carbon atom). Primary and secondary alkanolamines undergo a fast direct reaction with carbon dioxide. However, considerable heat is required to break the bond between the alkanolamine and carbon dioxide in order to regenerate the absorbent. Because tertiary alkanolamines do not bond with carbon dioxide, they can be economically regenerated often by simply reducing pressure in the system (i.e, flash regenerating); little or no thermal regeneration is required. Although the absence of a direct reaction with carbon dioxide makes regeneration of tertiary alkanolamines more economical, large solvent circulation rates and high liquid to gas ratios (i.e., high liquid loadings) in the absorber are required due to the slow absorption of carbon dioxide. Consequently, systems utilizing tertiary alkanolamines require absorption columns of increased height and diameter compared to systems employing either primary or secondary alkanolamines. Typically, the use of either an alkali metal salt absorbent or an alkanolamine absorbent based wet-scrubbing process requires the use of a further dehydration step employing a glycol to dry the gas. Processes are sought which do not require significant amounts of heat for regeneration and which do not require the additional processing step of water removal.
Membranes such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,463 to Henis et al. are effective for separating at least one gas component from a gaseous mixture by permeation wherein the membranes are comprised of a coating in occluding contact with a porous separation membrane. Membranes may be used in a single stage or integrated in multiple stages to preferentially separate the more permeable component. However, the membranes will pass a portion of the less permeable gases along with the preferentially separated gas thereby limiting recovery of the non-permeable gases and producing a low quality permeate reject stream. As a result of this limitation, single stages of membranes are often combined with additional membrane stages and recycle of the permeate with the feed to the first stage to improve the separation and reduce losses. However, the additional membrane stages combined with the added recompression costs to recompress the permeate stream and recycle it to the first membrane stage are significant as membranes do not provide any economy of scale with increases in gas capacity for the same separation. The cost of membrane technology is directly proportional to the area of the membrane employed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,403 to Cooley et at. is an example of the use of multiple stages of membrane separation to obtain a carbon dioxide-rich permeating gas.
Alternatively carbon dioxide can be rejected from a multiple component gas stream comprising methane and carbon dioxide in a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system by recovering high purity methane product and rejecting the tail gas comprising carbon dioxide. However, the PSA process doesn't operate efficiently at the pressures at which the natural gas is available, requiting all of the gas feed to the PSA unit to be reduced to a lower adsorption pressure and all of the treated gas to be recompressed to the product gas pressure.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,188 discloses a process which combines a PSA and a membrane system to produce a high purity product essentially of a single gas. High purity hydrogen is recovered from a feed gas mixture containing hydrogen by passing the feed gas mixture to a selective adsorption unit to initially separate the hydrogen gas. The low pressure tail gas from the PSA is further treated by a membrane system to recover additional quantity of hydrogen. Alternatively and as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,398,926 and 4,701,187, the feed gas mixture may initially be separated in a membrane separation unit to provide bulk separation of hydrogen. The separated hydrogen may then be passed to a PSA unit to achieve high purity hydrogen gas at high recovery. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,187, the tail gas purge stream from the PSA adsorption unit is compressed and recycled with the feed gas mixture to the membrane unit to form an efficient system.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,863,492 a gas permeable membrane is combined with a PSA unit to produce a mixed gas product having a preset, adjustably-controlled gas ratio and a high purity second gas component. The permeate stream from the gas permeable membrane is fed to the PSA unit and the taft gas from the PSA unit is compressed and blended with the non-permeate steam to form the mixed gas product.
Membranes have been combined with PSA units to improve the recovery of light components. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,238,204 to Perry relates to a selective adsorption process for the recovery of a light gas, especially hydrogen, from a feed gas mixture by using a membrane permeator unit selectively permeable to the light gas to recover a more concentrated light gas from a stream comprising the light gas. The light gas is used to regenerate a selective adsorber unit. The more concentrated light gas is utilized in the selective adsorber unit, either blended with the feed gas mixture, or as a purging gas to improve the recovery of the highly purified light gas product.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,926 to Doshi relates to a process for recovery of hydrogen from a gas stream containing hydrogen and impurities. The process achieves the bulk separation of hydrogen from the gas stream in a membrane unit and then separates the hydrogen from the impurities in a PSA unit to produce a purified hydrogen product and a waste gas stream. A high pressure gas stream having a hydrogen content up to 90 mol % is passed to a permeable membrane capable of selectively permeating hydrogen. The separated hydrogen is recovered at reduced pressure and passed to a PSA unit adapted for operation at the reduced pressure. The non-permeate comprising hydrogen from the permeable membrane is recovered essentially at the higher pressure of the gas stream. A portion of the non-permeate is throttled to a lower pressure with appropriate power recovery and is passed to the PSA unit as a co-feed gas. The co-feed gas contributes to the recovery of the purified hydrogen product and a reduction in the operating costs for the desired hydrogen separation and purification.
Membrane and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes are safe and simple systems to operate. As dry systems, membrane and PSA processes, are less susceptible to corrosion and other operating problems associated with wet, amine based carbon dioxide removal systems. However, multistage membrane systems require large amounts of compression for efficient operation, which can represent large capital and energy costs. On the other hand, PSA systems are relatively inefficient at high pressures typically encountered in natural gas treating processes.
It is an objective of the invention to develop a simple dry process incorporating efficient use of the membrane and pressure swing processes to produce a natural gas depleted in carbon dioxide, at a high pressure with a minimum requirement of the gas compression.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a low cost, energy efficient process for the separation of carbon dioxide from a natural gas stream without the need for additional processes to remove water from the product natural gas
The process for the rejection of carbon dioxide from natural gas of the present invention provides a pipeline quality natural gas product at high pressure and a waste stream comprising carbon dioxide with no recompression or recycle of carbon dioxide, and essentially no loss of feedstream components in the system. The instant invention can provide a significant reduction, up to about 50%, in compression horsepower and up to about a 15% decrease in capital cost over a two-stage gas membrane system.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a process for the rejection of carbon dioxide from a natural gas feedstream. The feedstream comprises carbon dioxide and methane. The process comprises a number of steps. The natural gas feedstream is passed to a gas permeable membrane which operates at a pressure effective to separate the natural gas feedstream into a methane-depleted permeate stream and a carbon dioxide-depleted non-permeate stream. The permeate feedstream is passed to a pressure swing adsorption zone to produce a methane-rich stream essentially free of carbon dioxide and a tail gas stream comprising carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide-depleted non-permeate stream is combined with the methane-rich stream to provide a combined product natural gas stream having a desired concentration of carbon dioxide.
Additional advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying Figure which is a schematic drawing of the integrated system of the present invention.
Feed gas streams suitable for use in the process of the invention may be available as in well-head natural gas streams at a wide range of operating pressure. Pressures of from about 700 to about 13,800 kPa (about 100 to about 1500 psia) may be encountered, although pressures outside this range may also pertain in particular cases. If the feed gas is available at about 700 to about 2070 kPa (about 100 to about 300 psia), it may be desirable to thus compress the gas to a higher pressure, e.g., to about 3450 kPa (about 500 psia) or more for advantageous operation of the membrane system. In other instances, the feed gas stream may be at a higher pressure level than is needed or desired for the membrane separation operation in which case the feed gas stream may actually be depressurized prior to passage to the initial membrane stage at the desired pressure level.
Permeable membrane systems suitable for use in the practice of the invention are available in the art. Such gas separation systems contain a gas permeable membrane capable of selectively permeating a component such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide or other key component in the feed gas generally at relatively high pressures, e.g., pressures typically in excess of about 3450 kPa (about 500 psia), commonly up to about 13,800 kPa (about 2,000 psia) or higher. Inlet means are provided for passing a feed gas at the desired pressure to the feed inlet portion of the separator, with outlet means being provided for withdrawing the key component rich permeate gas from the separator at a reduced pressure. Other outlet means are provided for separately withdrawing the non-permeate portion of the gas stream, i.e., the portion not passing through the membrane, from the separator, essentially at the feed gas pressure. In commercially available embodiments, the permeable membrane is commonly in the form of either spiral wound or hollow fibers, made of cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, polysulfone material or any other suitable material, assembled within the separator structure. Such fibers may be assembled into compact bundles to provide a large membrane area available for the passage of the desired product gas therethrough. Using hollow fibers, the feed inlet portion of the separator and the non-permeate gas outlet means are conveniently in fluid communication within the separator on the outside of such hollow fibers. The permeate gas outlet means are then in fluid communication with the inside of the hollow fibers. In practical convenient embodiments, the non-permeate gas outlet means and the permeate gas outlet means are at opposite ends of the separator, with the feed inlet means being positioned near the permeate gas outlet means. In operation, the pressurized feed gas enters the separator, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide or other key component in the feed gas selectively permeates the membrane walls. The key component rich permeate gas passes through the interior of the membrane bores at reduced pressure and is delivered to the outlet means at one end of the separator, while non-permeate gas passes to the outlet means typically positioned at the opposite end of the separator.
Referring now to the Figure which illustrates the basic configuration of the integrated system of the present invention, a feed gas 10 is fed to a membrane separating unit 12 containing at least one gas permeable membrane 14. As one example, the feed gas 10 may be a multi-component high pressure gas stream, such as a natural gas feedstream, comprising carbon dioxide and methane. Typically, the natural gas will contain an amount of carbon dioxide ranging from about 1.0 to about 70 mol %, preferably between about 4 to about 50 mol % and be available at a pressure of between about 700 to about 13,800 kPa (about 100 to about 2000 psia) and preferably between about 3450 to about 10,300 kPa (about 500 to about 1500 psia).
A gas permeable membrane 12 is designed for bulk rejection of a permeable component from a natural gas feedstream. The gas permeable membrane 14 provides a methane-depleted gas stream 16 of permeate gas rich in carbon dioxide at reduced pressure and a high pressure carbon-depleted non-permeate stream 17 containing a mixture of the feed constituents comprising carbon dioxide at a reduced carbon dioxide concentration relative to the feed concentration of carbon dioxide. Thus, the carbon dioxide-depleted non-permeate stream 17 will comprise methane and carbon dioxide in a ratio which will vary based upon the partial pressure difference across the membrane 14 and the flow rate of the input feed natural gas 10. The outlet stream 17 is generally referred to in the art as the non-permeate gas stream. In commercial embodiments, the non-permeate gas stream and the permeate gas stream are discharged at opposite ends of the gas permeable membrane unit 12, with the feed inlet positioned near the permeate gas outlet. In operation, the pressurized feed gas or natural gas stream enters the gas permeable membrane and carbon dioxide selectively permeates the membrane walls. The carbon dioxide-rich permeate gas passes through the interior of the fiber bores at reduced pressure and is delivered to the permeate gas outlet at one end of the membrane, while non-permeate gas passes to the outlet at the opposite end of the membrane. The carbon dioxide-rich permeate stream 16 is fed to the feed end 18 of a PSA unit 20 as a permeate feedstream to the PSA unit.
A methane-rich stream 21 comprising methane and essentially free of carbon dioxide is discharged at one end of the PSA unit 20. The carbon dioxide content of the methane-rich stream will be 3 mol % or less, and be available at a pressure of about 10 psi below the adsorption pressure. The PSA unit 20 also delivers an output stream 19 comprising carbon dioxide from the adsorption beds, which is generally referred to as "tail gas". The tail gas 19 issues at a relatively low pressure. The composition of the tail gas 19 is enriched in carbon dioxide relative to the permeate feed gas stream 18 to the PSA unit. A compressor 23 is used to raise the pressure of the methane-rich stream 21 preferably to the pressure of the non-permeate gas stream 17 from the gas permeable membrane 12. The pressurized methane-rich stream 25 is combined with the carbon dioxide-depleted non-permeate stream 17 to form a combined product natural gas stream 27, having a desired concentration of carbon dioxide, without the requirement for any of the carbon dioxide recovered from the membrane unit and withdrawn in the PSA tail gas to be recompressed. Typically, the desired concentration of carbon dioxide in the combined product natural gas stream is between about 1 and 4 mol %. The tail gas 19 may be vented or used as fuel. Although not shown in the Figure, a portion of the feed gas 10, or natural gas feedstream may be by passed around the gas permeable membrane and combined with the non-permeate gas stream 17.
Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is of itself a well known means of separating and purifying a less readily adsorbable gas components contained in a feed gas mixture of said component with a more readily adsorbable second component, considered as an impurity or otherwise. Adsorption commonly occurs in multiple beds at an upper adsorption pressure, with the more selectively adsorbable second component thereafter being desorbed by pressure reduction to a lower desorption pressure. The beds may also be purged, typically at such lower pressure for further desorption and removal therefrom of said second component, i.e., the removal of impurities with respect to a high purity product gas, before repressurization of the beds to the upper adsorption pressure for the selective adsorption of said second component from additional quantities of the feed gas mixture as the processing sequence is carried out, on a cyclic basis, in each bed in the PSA system. Such PSA processing is disclosed in the Wagner patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,430,418, and in the Fuderer et al patent, U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,849, wherein cycles based on the use of multi bed systems are described in detail. Such cycles are commonly based on the release of void space gas from the product end of each bed, in so called cocurrent depressurization step(s), upon completion of the adsorption step, with the released gas typically being employed for pressure equalization and for purge gas purposes. The bed is thereafter countercurrently depressurized and/or purged to desorb the more selectively adsorbed component of the gas mixture from the adsorbent and to remove such gas from the feed end of the bed prior to the repressurization thereof to the adsorption pressure. An evacuation step may be added following the countercurrent depressurization step and before the repressurization step to further remove the adsorbed component from the adsorbent. Furthermore, a portion of the permeate feedstream may be used as a fuel gas stream.
It is within the scope of the present invention for the PSA system to produce a secondary product gas at a much lower pressure than the pressure of the high purity product gas. The secondary product from the PSA system is produced by the addition of a coeurrent depressurization step to the PSA cycle. In a typical PSA cycle, at least one adsorbent bed of a multiple adsorbent bed system undergoes an adsorption step wherein the feed gas is introduced at a feed end of the adsorbent bed and the high purity product or in this invention methane-rich stream is withdrawn from the effluent end of the adsorbent bed. The adsorbent bed is then cocurrently depressurized in an equalization step and the equalization gas is used to repressure another adsorbent bed. The cocurrent depressurization step is continued to provide a purge gas for regeneration of another adsorbent bed. At the end of the provide purge step, typically the adsorbent bed is countercurrently depressurized to the lowest desorption pressure. Typically, the lowest desorption pressure ranges from about 350 kPa (50 psia) to about atmospheric pressure. Preferably, the lowest desorption pressure is below atmospheric pressure. This countercurrent depressurization step is also known as a blowdown step. In the instant invention, for the production of the secondary product stream, the adsorption bed is cocurrently depressurized following the provide purge step to provide the secondary product gas. The adsorbent bed is then countercurrently depressurized and the waste gas, or tail gas stream is withdrawn. The tail gas stream may be vented, flashed or used as a low grade fuel. The secondary product gas stream would contain substantially more carbon dioxide impurity than the high purity product gas. In the operation of a PSA system of the present invention to reject carbon dioxide, preferably the high purity product gas or methane-rich stream essentially free of carbon dioxide will contain less than about 4 mol % carbon dioxide, more preferably less than about 1 to about 4 mol % and most preferably about 2 to about 4 mol %, and the secondary product gas stream will contain about 5 to about 15 mol % carbon dioxide. The secondary product gas can be used as a fuel, to drive the compressor, or to generate electrical power through the use of gas turbines.
The PSA system can be operated with at least one, and typically at least two adsorbent beds, as may be desirable in given applications, with from 3 to about 12 or more adsorbent beds commonly being employed in conventional practice. As in conventional practice, any suitable adsorbent material may be used in the PSA system of the invention. Suitable adsorbents known in the art and commercially available include crystalline molecular sieves, activated clays, silica gels, carbon molecular sieves and the like. Such adsorbent material or mixtures thereof will be understood to be suitable if the adsorbent material is capable of selectively adsorbing impurities such as carbon dioxide from a natural gas stream. The molecular sieves include, for example, the various forms of silicoaluminophosphates and aluminophosphates disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,440,871; 4,310,440 and 4,567,027, hereby incorporated by reference as well as zeolitic molecular sieves.
As used here, the term "molecular sieve" is defined as a class of adsorptive desiccants which are highly crystalline in nature, distinct from amorphous materials such as gamma-alumina. Preferred types of molecular sieves within this class of crystalline absorbents are aluminosilicate materials commonly known as zeolites. The term "zeolite" in general refers to a group of naturally occurring and synthetic hydrated metal aluminosilicates, many of which are crystalline in structure. There are, however, significant differences between the various synthetic and natural materials in chemical composition, crystal structure and physical properties such as X-ray powder diffraction patterns. The zeolites occur as agglomerates of fine crystals or are synthesized as fine powders and are preferably tableted or pelletized for large-scale adsorption uses. Pelletizing methods are known which are very satisfactory because the sorptive character of the zeolite, both with regard to selectivity and capacity, remains essentially unchanged.
The pore size of the zeolitic molecular sieves may be varied by employing different metal cations. For example, sodium zeolite A has an apparent pore size of about 4 Å units, whereas calcium zeolite A has an apparent pore size of about 5 Å units. The term apparent pore size as used herein may be defined as the maximum critical dimension of the molecular sieve in question under normal conditions. The apparent pore size will always be larger than the effective pore diameter, which may be defined as the free diameter of the appropriate silicate ring in the zeolite structure.
Zeolitic molecular sieves in the calcined form may be represented by the general formula;
Me2 O:Al2 O3 :xSiO2 :yH2 O
where Me is a cation, x has a value from about 2 to infinity, n is the cation valence and y has a value of from about 2 to 10.
The general chemical formula for a molecular sieve composition known commercially as type 13X is:
1.0±0.2Na2 O:1.00Al2 O3 :2.5±0.5SiO2
plus water of hydration. Type 13X has a cubic crystal structure which is characterized by a three-dimensional network with mutually connected intra-crystalline voids accessible through pore openings which will admit molecules with critical dimensions up to 10 Å. The void volume is 51 vol. % of the zeolite and most adsorption takes place in the crystalline voids.
Typical well-known zeolites which may be used include, chabazite, also referred to as Zeolite D, clinoptilolite, erionite, faujasite, also referred to as Zeolite X and Zeolite Y, ferrierite, mordenite, Zeolite A, and Zeolite P. Other zeolites suitable for use according to the present invention are those having a high silica content, i.e., those having silica to alumina ratios greater than 10 and typically greater than 100. One such high silica zeolite is silicalite, as the term used herein includes both the silicapolymorph disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,724 and also the F-silicate disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,073,865, hereby incorporated by reference. Detailed descriptions of some of the above-identified zeolites may be found in D. W. Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974, hereby incorporated by reference.
Another suitable zeolite molecular sieve material is Zeolite NU-1, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,060,590, hereby incorporated by reference. Preferably, the adsorbent selective for the adsorption of carbon dioxide is selected from the group consisting of molecular sieve zeolites such as 13X, Zinc X. Preferably, the adsorbent selective for the adsorption of carbon dioxide is selected from the group consisting of molecular sieve zeolites, such as 13X, Zinc X, NU-1 and mixtures thereof.
From the description above, it will be appreciated that the operating pressures employed will vary for each particular application, depending on a variety of factors such as the feed gas stream to be separated, the purity and recovery levels desired, the permeable membrane material employed, the adsorbent employed in the PSA system, the particular of the overall integrated system, the particular PSA cycle employed, the number of beds in the PSA system, the size and configuration of the membrane stages, and the like. In general, however, for efficient separation it Is desirable to employ the PSA system at an adsorption pressure below about 3450 kPa (about 500 psia). While such higher pressures can be employed in the PSA system, lower pressure levels are advantageous, particularly in the coordinating of the reduced pressure of the permeate gas from the membrane system with the upper adsorption pressure of the PSA system. An adsorption pressure of from about 350 to about 3450 kPa (about 50 to about 500 psia), preferably from about 350 to about 1725 kPa (about 50 to 250 psia) is generally convenient and preferred for the purposes of the invention. Similarly, membrane separation systems are commonly operated at higher pressure levels in excess or about 3450 kPa (about 500 psia), and up to about 13,800 kPa (about 2000 psia) or higher. As indicated above, the pressure of a feed gas to any membrane system of the invention, and the reduced permeate pressure, and hence the pressure differential across the membrane stage, can be determined to provide a desired degree of gas separation therein. The pressure differential across the membrane stage, determined by the pressure of the feed gas and/or of the permeate gas, will be related to the degree of separation desired at that separation stage and the overall recovery level desired for the gas separation operation, typically the result of a balance of recovery and compression costs as indicated above. In the operation of individual membrane stages, the lower the purity of the feed gas passed thereto, the higher will be the pressure differential, i.e, the driving force, across the membrane m achieve any particular level of permeate gas purity therefrom.
Further, it should be understood that the process at the instant invention may be used together with existing or new facilities to remove sulfur containing gases from natural gas. For example, the carbon-dioxide depleted non-permeate stream may be passed to sulfur removal unit (containing a sorbent or a chemisorbent, selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide or iron oxide and mixtures thereof to remove traces of H2 S and provide a sulfur-reduced non-permeate stream. Preferably, the traces of H2 S in the non-permeate stream will range between about 4 ppm-wt and about 50 ppm-wt. The sulfur-reduced non-permeate stream is combined with the methane-rich stream from the pressure swing adsorption zone to provide a combined product natural gas stream having a desired concentration of carbon dioxide and sulfur. The use of the membrane unit in conjunction with the desulfurizer reduces the required capacity of the desulfurizer by removing the carbon dioxide and a portion of the H2 S from the non-permeate stream.
In another embodiment of a multiple membrane module flowscheme, the methane-depleted permeate stream is recompressed and is passed to a second membrane module to further reject carbon dioxide from the methane-depleted permeate stream and to provide a second non-permeate stream depleted in carbon dioxide and a carbon dioxide-rich permeate stream. The carbon dioxide-rich permeate stream is withdrawn. The second non-permeate stream depleted in carbon dioxide is passed to the pressure swing adsorption zone to provide a methane-rich stream essentially free of carbon dioxide and a tail gas stream comprising carbon dioxide. The methane-rich stream is combined with the non-permeate stream from the first membrane module to produce the sales gas product. This scheme is employed to maintain the concentration of carbon dioxide in the feed to the pressure swing adsorption below about 50 mol % carbon dioxide. Excess carbon dioxide is withdrawn as a secondary product from the second membrane.
Still further, it should be understood that the process of the instant invention may be used with a gas permeable membrane consisting of one membrane module or at least two membrane modules in parallel or with any combination of membrane modules in series and parallel arrangements may be utilized in treating a natural gas. In one embodiment of a multiple membrane module flowscheme, the natural gas stream is passed to a first membrane module to provide a first non-permeate stream and a first permeate stream. The first non-permeate stream is passed to a second membrane module to provide the carbon dioxide-depleted non-permeate stream and a second permeate stream. The first and second permeate streams are combined and the combined permeate stream is passed to the pressure swing adsorption zone. Compression may be provided for the second permeate stream and the combined permeate stream to raise the pressure of the combined permeate stream to the PSA adsorption pressure. The addition of the second membrane stage permits the non-permeate stream to be brought closer to the desired carbon dioxide concentration prior to combining the non-permeate stream with the methane-rich gas from the PSA. This lowering of the pressure of the second permeate stream below the pressure of the first permeate stream boosts the driving force for the separation of carbon dioxide in the second membrane.
The invention will be further clarified by a consideration of the following examples which are based on engineering design calculations, and which are not intended to be limiting to the use of the invention.
A natural gas feedstream containing 15 mol % carbon dioxide, 85 mol % methane, and saturated with water and available at a pipeline pressure of 8,300 kPa (1200 psia) is treated in a two-stage membrane to reduce the carbon dioxide content to 4 mol %. The natural gas feedstream at a rate of 50 million standard cubic feed per day (MMSCFD) is admixed with a recycle stream at the rate of 6.3 MMSCFD at a pressure of 1200 psia. The recycle stream has a carbon dioxide content approximately equal to that of the feedstream at 15 mol %. The mixture is charged to a first membrane stage to provide a non-permeate product stream of 1.16 MMNm3 per day (43.3 MMSCFD) with carbon dioxide content of 4 mmol %, and a first permeate stream at a rate of 0.37 MMNm3 per day (13.0 MMSCFD), a pressure of 240 kPa (35 psia) and about 51.6 mol % carbon dioxide. The first permeate stream was compressed to a pressure of about 8300 kPa (1200 psia) and charged to the second membrane stage to provide a second non-permeate stream which is the recycle stream to the first membrane stage and a permeate carbon dioxide rich stream at a rate of about 0.18 MMNm3 per day (about 6.7 MMSCFD), at a pressure of 138 kPa (17 psia).
Example 2 illustrates the process of the instant invention as shown in the Figure as a combination of a permeable membrane and a pressure swing adsorption zone. In Example 2, the natural gas feedstream of Example 1 was charged to the permeable membrane at a rate of 1.34 MMNm3 /day (50 MMSCFD). No recycle of unrejected carbon dioxide is required. The non-permeate stream was produced at the rate of 1.01 MMNm3 /day (37.7 MMSCFD) with a 4 mmol % concentration of carbon dioxide. A permeate stream at a rate of 12.3 MMSCFD, a pressure of 580 kPa (85 psia) and with 48.6 mol % CO2 was withdrawn from the permeable membrane and passed to the PSA zone operating at an adsorption pressure of the permeate stream pressure. A PSA product stream comprising methane was withdrawn at a rate of 0.15 MMNm3 /day (5.6 MMSCFD) at a pressure of 510 kPa (75 psia) and having a concentration of about 4 mol % CO2. The PSA product stream after recompression was combined with the non-permeate stream to provide 1.16 MMNm3 /day (43.3 MMSCFD) of a combined product natural gas stream having a concentration of CO2 of 4 mol %. A tail gas stream comprising CO2 was withdrawn from the PSA zone at a rate of 0.18 MMNm3 /day (6.7 MMSCFD) and at a pressure of 117 kPa (17 psia). Regeneration of the PSA adsorbent was carried out at a subatmospheric pressure of about 35 kPa (5 psia).
Example 3 illustrates the process of instant invention as shown in the Figure as a combination of a permeable membrane and pressure swing adsorption zone. In Example 3, the permeate gas from the membrane unit was compressed to 1660 kPa (240 psia) to provide feed to the pressure swing adsorption unit operating at an adsorption pressure of the compressed permeate gas stream. The regeneration of the PSA adsorbent was carried out at atmospheric pressure eliminating the need for a vacuum compressor. The natural gas feedstream of Example 1 was charged to the permeable membrane at a rate of 1.34 MMNm3 /day (50 MMSCFD). No recycle of unrejected carbon dioxide was required. The non-permeate stream was produced at the rate of 1.01 MMNm3 /day (37.7 MMSCFD) with a 4 mol % concentration of carbon dioxide. A permeate stream at a rate of 12.3 MMSCFD, a pressure of 580 kPa (85 psia) and with 48.6 mol % CO2 was withdrawn from the membrane, compressed to a pressure of 1660 kPa (240 psia) and passed to the PSA zone. A methane-rich stream was withdrawn at a rate of 0.14 MMNm3 /day (5.4 MMSCFD) having a concentration of about 4 mol % CO2. The methane-rich stream was compressed from 1590 kPa (230 psia) and combined with the non-permeate stream to provide 43.1 MMSCFD of a combined natural gas product stream having a concentration of 4 mol % CO2. A tail gas stream comprising CO2 was withdrawn from the PSA zone at a rate of 0.185 MMNm3 /day (6.9 MMSCFD) and at a pressure of 117 kPa (17 psia).
Table 1 summarizes the capital and operating cost parameters of Examples 1, 2 and 3. By way of review, Example 1 employed two stages of membranes whereas Examples 2 and 3 by way of comparison employed the integrated membrane and PSA zone of the instant invention. A vacuum compressor was employed for adsorbent regeneration in Example 2. Example 3 used no vacuum regeneration since it operated at a much higher adsorption pressure of about 1660 kPa compared to the about 510 kPa adsorption pressure of Example 2. Examples 2 and 3 illustrated the versatility of the PSA zone for purification and removal of CO2. Since the PSA zone produced a product of the desired specification, the need for recycle to the semi permeable membrane is eliminated. The compression requirement of the instant invention is significantly reduced because purification of the CO2 -rich permeate gas is carded out at a substantially lower pressure in a PSA zone (an adsorption pressure of 85 to 240 psia) compared to a feed gas pressure of 1200 psia for the second stage of membrane in Example 1.
By comparison, the process of the instant invention as shown in Examples 2 and 3 resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in the amount of compression horsepower over Example 1 and about 10 to 15% savings in capital investment over Example 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Example 1 Example 2 Example 3______________________________________Feed, MMSCFD 50 50 50Purified Product MMSCFD 43.3 43.3 43.1Compression, BHP 3160 1340 1450Relative Capital Investment 1.0 0.87 0.9______________________________________
As indicated above, the driving force across the membrane can be adjusted to achieve various degrees of initial bulk separation by using different pressure levels for the permeate gas recovered. In the instant invention, such factors together with the pressure levels employed in the PSA cycle, can be varied, from case-to-case, to optimize the recovery level and compression costs associated with the production of high purity product gas.
The invention will thus be seen to enable permeable membranes to be advantageously employed for bulk separation of carbon dioxide from natural gas streams, while achieving desired high purity product gas by the advantageous use of PSA technology and systems. In this highly useful integration, desired product recovery levels can be maintained while the relationship of the product recovery to the compression and other costs associated with the gas separation operation can be balanced to reflect the needs and requirements pertaining to any given operation.
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|Clasificación de EE.UU.
|423/220, 423/230, 423/231, 95/51
|Clasificación internacional
|Clasificación cooperativa
|Clasificación europea
|31 Oct 1994
Owner name: UOP, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:DOSHI, KISHORE J.;DOLAN, WILLIAM B.;REEL/FRAME:007186/0693
Effective date: 19921218
|30 Oct 1998
|Fee payment
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|4 Nov 2002
|Fee payment
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text:
Ken Mizono, DDS
March 2005
Re: Dentist in N. Berkeley
I'd recommend Drs. Mizono and Kobayashi... they aren't in N. Berkeley, but they're close by in Albany on 730 Kains, right off of Solano... they are both excellent dentists, they use ultrasonic cleaning, do a great job with preventive dentistry, and have loyal hygienists and staff members who have been there for years! They are all very kind, attentive, and let them know your sensitivity and they will try there best to accomodate! They are well worth going a little out of your neigborhood. There no. is 510-525-2899. Good luck. Jill
Dec 2002
RE: Dentists Who Do Great Crowns
I have been seeing Ken Mizono for several years now in Albany. I had a gold crown done about 4-5 years ago and I was happy with the experience. He and his staff are competent, knowledgeable, friendly and reasonable. I have been denying x-rays for many visits, due to cost (no insurance at the time) and they never push anything on me. They seem to trust the patient if the patient takes responsibility for their care. The office is located at 730 Kains. Email me if you any other ques Mary

subset: commoncrawl


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These are different cars in so many ways. I had ordered a 2013 Carrera S in Platinum Silver. Two weeks from delivery, I was visiting my BMW dealer who coincidentally owns the Porsche dealer as well. Lucky for me!! A carbon black 650 had just come in and I spotted it. Cancelled the Porsche and the rest is history. Yes, the 911 handles unlike almost any car out there but to me, the visuals are as important. I am more impressed with the 650s interior and when I look at the cars side by side, the 911 now looks a bit dated. For me, I made the correct decision and I couldnt be happier.
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With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
Harmony Studios is a full fledged professional audio production company that can provide all of your audio and music needs. Editing, recording, mixing, composing, restoration, file management, consulting, - it can all be done here, with a final product that will exceed your expectations.
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New Delhi : None of the above (NOTA) will now have a symbol on the Electronic Voting Machines for the upcoming assembly elections in five states, Chief Election Commissioner Nasim Zaidi said here on Friday.
Disclaimer: Information, facts or opinions expressed in this news article are presented as sourced from IANS and do not reflect views of Moneylife and hence Moneylife is not responsible or liable for the same. As a source and news provider, IANS is responsible for accuracy, completeness, suitability and validity of any information in this article.


text:
Tyra Banks Discusses Future of Fashion in Wall Street Journal Op-Ed
We all like to imagine what things will be like in the future, and Tyra Banks is no different. The model penned a piece on what's to come in the world of fashion for the Wall Street Journal's Op-Ed page this week.
The "America's Next Top Model" host laid out some amusing thoughts on the direction fashion (and life) will take in the few next years and beyond.
Among the 40-year-old's predictions: hair extensions will be a thing of the past and "Plastic surgery will be as easy and quick as going to the drugstore for Tylenol. Emphasis will be on how unique and interesting one can look, as opposed to a cookie-cutter look. People will be vying for that cutting-edge, distinct look in the way that today celebs reach for baby names that defy convention."
Beyond the fashion world, Tyra predicts (among other things) robots becoming assistants and parents being able to pick out the features for their unborn children.
Photo Credit: Getty Images


text:
One of the easiest treats to dress up for holidays and birthdays is the cupcake. All you need is food coloring, cake decorator gel and frosting, and a little imagination.What You Need:
Prepare cake mix as directed. If desired, you can make colored cupcakes with either a flavored mix, such as cherry, or add a few drops of red food coloring to a prepared white mix to make pink, blue to make light blue, and so on. Put cupcake liners into muffin tin and fill liners as directed on box cake mix. Bake as directed and allow to cool thoroughly before frosting and decorating.
Prepare the white icing by following the recipe below. When finished, separate into five small dishes. Add a few drops of food coloring to each bowl and stir until thoroughly mixed. You can make pink , light green, light blue, purple, and yellow, or mix to make whatever colors you like.
In a medium bowl, with mixer at medium-low speed, beat all ingredients until the icing is smooth and of easy spreading consistency. Add a few drops of red food coloring, 3 for light pink, 6 or so for dark pink.
That's really not much to decorating cupcakes, especially in the eyes of your admiring children. Just a dollop of frosting is artistic enough for them! Here are a few simple tips that will help you decorate your holiday cupcakes.
Piping - Using the tip on the decorator frosting, pipe strips across the frosted cupcake to decorate like an Easter egg.
Sprinkles - The beauty of sprinkles is that there is no perfection involved. SImply drop them and let them ly where they fall. Use contrasting colors, and mix colors when pleasing. A great way for kids to decorate with sprinkles is to have them dip the top of the cupcake right into the container of sprinkles.
Sugars - Using colored sugars is easy, and doesn't have to be messy. Simply dip the entire top of the frosted cupcake into the sugar for a blanket look. Dip the edges of a frosted cupcake to create a border, and then decorate with a sprinkling of non pareils.
Bunny - Cut the bottoms off of two circus peanuts for the bunny's ears. Cut two small pieces of circus peanuts for the cheeks (see photo). Cut the tip of a gumdrop for the nose, and cut two teeth from a white gumdrop. Use licorice whips for whiskers and black decorator gel for the eyes.
Frosting only - Use the different colored frostings to decorate one cupcake. Spread half of a cupcake with one color, and carefully spread the other half with another. You can also spread a full coat of one color, and dot the center with another. Get creative and try swirls or other shapes by using only frosting.
Be sure to store your cupcakes in a tightly covered container so they do not harden or go stale. That is, if they last that long!Recommended Books/Products:
by: Joanne Weir
Recipes Inspired by Nature's Bounty


text:
Elite pundits presume to speak for "Middle America"
Blog ››› ››› JAMISON FOSER
MSNBC has spent all morning (and all night last night) assessing the theater of Sarah Palin's speech. They've taken a pass on assessing the content, or fact-checking Palin's claims. Instead, they keep speculating about whether Palin's speech would be successful with regular Americans (and almost universally agreeing it would.)
If they're going to focus entirely on the theater and on whether the speech will appeal to Middle America, maybe they should tell us how actual people reacted to it? The Detroit Free Press and Huffington Post have articles about focus groups that found undecided and independent voters weren't particularly impressed.
No, instead we're treated to a bunch of highly paid coastal elites like Brian Williams telling us how people in Middle America will react to the speech. Well ... how does he know? He doesn't. We'd be better served if the media would scrutinize the content and accuracy of the speech than guessing at how it will be recieved. But if they're going to focus on the speech's reception, they could at least include some actual reactions from actual undecided voters rather than presuming to speak for them.
UPDATE: After this post, MSNBC finally got around to telling us how some viewers reacted to Palin's speech -- people in Sarah Palin's hometown. After telling us that Sarah Palin's friends and neighbors liked her speech and dislike criticism of her, reporter Savannah Guthrie did admit "You can't expect this town to be objective." Right. So maybe MSNBC could find some people who are objective and tell us how they reacted?
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text: Get the gigantic snake of slither.io android and lead your society The slither.io android version is a better game that would produce a high addiction for the players. The android game can connect with the internet easily and they can play with their friends through such simple connection. The players can share their snake size to amaze their friends. Professional playing: It …Read More »


text:
Mills Free is a neat puzzle game for your Windows Phone that is simple to pick up, but a challenge to master. The game of Mills, also known as Nine Men's Morris, is one of the oldest strategy board games around. The game even landed a spot in the popular Xbox 360 title Assassin's Creed III as a mini-game.
As far as the Windows Phone version is concerned, Mills Free offers you three levels of difficulty and if you only have time to play for a few minutes, your game in progress will be saved for when you have time to pick things up again.
Mills Free is a challenging puzzle game for your Windows Phone and a nice addition to the Windows Phone gaming library.


text:
Vegetable-Parmesan Stew
Parmesan cheese rinds (which can be frozen for up to two months) add an enormous amount of deep, rich flavor to this hearty vegetable stew.
Slideshow:Quick Vegetable Main Dishes
- Total Time:
- Servings: 6
- 6 cups low-sodium chicken broth
- 3 Parmigiano-Reggiano rinds (about 2 ounces each)
- 1/4 cup plus 2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
- 3/4 pound small white button mushrooms, stemmed and caps quartered
- 1 pound small zucchini, halved lengthwise and cut crosswise into 1 1/2-inch pieces
- 2 red bell peppers, cut into 1 1/2-inch pieces
- 1 large leek, white and tender green parts only, quartered lengthwise and cut into 1 1/2-inch pieces
- Salt and freshly ground pepper
- 2 pounds tomatoes, peeled and coarsely chopped
- 3 ounces capellini, broken into 1/2-inch pieces
- 2 tablespoons finely chopped basil
- Toasted peasant bread, for serving
How to make this recipe
In a large saucepan, combine the broth and Parmigiano-Reggiano rinds and bring to a boil. Simmer over moderately low heat until the rinds are very soft and the broth is reduced to 4 cups, about 30 minutes.
Meanwhile, in a large enameled cast-iron casserole, heat 2 tablespoons of the oil. Add the mushrooms and cook over high heat, stirring occasionally, until lightly browned, about 8 minutes. Add 3 tablespoons of the oil along with the zucchini, peppers and leek and season lightly with salt and pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables are very lightly browned, about 5 minutes. Add the tomatoes and cook, stirring, until slightly broken down, about 2 minutes. Add the broth and the Parmigiano rinds and bring to a boil. Simmer over low heat until the vegetables are tender, about 20 minutes.
In a medium skillet, heat the remaining 1 tablespoon of olive oil. Add the broken pasta and cook over high heat, stirring constantly, until lightly browned, about 2 minutes. Stir the pasta into the stew and cook until al dente, about 2 minutes. Discard the rinds and stir in the basil. Serve the vegetable stew in deep bowls, passing toasted bread at the table.
Suggested Pairing
Parmesan rinds give this stew a rustic depth that makes it taste especially good with rosé.


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Why would you want to to?
have any of you tried to convert a .303 enfield to the russian 7.62X54R??
what was the outcome??
thanks, Dave
Why would you want to to?
A shooter at the range I go to had one last year on a #4. It only fed one round out of the magazine for him so it was a 2-shot rifle. Perhaps some work on the magazine could make it a better repeater. He didn't mention anything done to the bolt face/extractor. Maybe the hook had to be cut back a little as the Russian rim is quite a bit larger than the 303 I think. They make 45-70 conversions on the SMLE's and they seem to work OK.
He said he did the rechamber because of the availability of cheap milsurp 7.62 ammo. Still available by the case where 303 is almost non-existant in milsurp form.
All depends on how much shooting you plan on doing I guess and he was doing alot of it!
I'll just reload for my 303's and use my stash of HXP sparingly.
FWIW, when I was in my teens (long time ago!) a local gunsmith made quite a business of converting #4 SMLE rifles to 30-40Krag. Seems some people can't quite warm up to the 303. ,,,,and that was when 303 milsurp ammo was about $2 or $3/100 and commercial hunting loads were available of course.
I would suspect that he needs to work on the bolt head/extractor. The rims between the two rounds are dramatically different in shape and thickness.It only fed one round out of the magazine for him so it was a 2-shot rifle. Perhaps some work on the magazine could make it a better repeater.
I mentioned that perhaps some extractor hook mods may have to be done to make it work as the rims are much different. I suspect the magazine is a bit narrow for the Russian rounds to stack correctly w/o some changes to at least the feed lips. Maybe a straight line feed for the big Russian round would be easier to build and make work. Some of the 444 and 45-70 conversions are straight-lines
I should have taken more interest in the rifle but he wasn't too awfully talkative, except to explain how much more he could shoot with it in the new caliber.
There may be some receiver mods to the ring and left wall to allow the Russian round to work but I really don't know. Just speculating based on the size of the case and the close fit of the original round.
Sounds like it may be more work than it's worth. I'll stick with a Finn m39 for that caliber.
It has been done, but it would be cheaper to buy a Mosin to shoot instead.
Which 303 Enfield wasn't straight feed?
Good luck!
thanks for the impute, i had read online about this being done but very little info. was given so i figure i would ask here and see if anyone had first hand experiance. still sounds like a interesting project.
thanks, Dave
All of the Enfields are staggered feed. The only one I can think of that was originally straightline feed was the first model (MkI ?) Lee Metford with it's 8 shot in-line magazine. I think the Remington Lee uses the same magazine form.
Also,, I remembered that the Lee Sporters were chambered for the 8x50R cartridge and that uses a case that has the same base & rim as the Russian round. I think reloaders form 8x50R from 7.62x54R brass.
It must work OK and as a repeater. But as said, how much work to get it done. Would be a nice DIY project.
JPFO site had a writeup on this conversion. Their 'smith said it worked well and gave good accuracy. I have not tried it, since the M.95 Steyr makes a much nicer conversion for the Russian round. Now the .30-40 Krag? That one I have on hand, and like very much.
Pistol keeps me safe.
Shotgun keeps me fed.
Rifle keeps me free.
Hey Optimist, are the Krag and .303 same diameter, i.e. not .308? I would really like to make an M95 into a 54r as I love the size of the little beasts and they are straight pull as well. Is the bolt on the M95 the right dimensions for an easy conversion?
As to the M.95, the Russian case is a very good fit in the M.95 bolt face, and can use the original feed clips. I like the M.95 action, and I like the Russian cartridge, so the two go together well. As the M.95 Steyr is a single shot if you don't have feed clips for it, the good fit of the Russian shell is a definite plus. You may wish to use a longer barrel, of a bit bigger profile for the 7.62x54 due to recoil issues. The short carbine barrel is a firebreather.
Pistol keeps me safe.
Shotgun keeps me fed.
Rifle keeps me free.
I was hot to do a conversion to my Enfield a year ago and did a lot of searching on the internet. There is a smith in Santa Fe, NM and one in Nevada that advertised these conversions. One does a re-barrel job. I found my notes with an address for one of them: Santa Fe Gunsmithing, Inc. 505-438-4174.
I did not convert my .303 but had a semi-custom rifle built instead.
I have to wonder if a dainty No.1 Mk.3 action would handle the 54r as it isn't up to snuff on .308. I'm sure it would work until it failed I guess.
I second the "spend $80 and get a Mosin refurb" idea.....
I don't see why spending hundreds to alter an Enfield to shoot cheaper ammo is a better option than just buying a common 91/30 refurb and shooting that.......not like there's a shortage of them.
The only solution I offer for an Enfield in a more common caliber is the Ishapore 2A1 in 7.62 Nato. People say it's not a good idea but I have fired countless rounds of whatever .308 commercial I pick up at the store. I think people hear about all the "conversions" like the 1895 Chileans to 7.62, and wrongly think the 2A1 is a "conversion" but no, it is made as a 7.62 rifle with a much stronger receiver.
thanks all for the input, i have decided to scrap the idea altogether.
thanks, Dave
Why in the world would anyone say that? Are they under the mistaken impression that there is a difference in pressure between 7.62 NATO and 308 Winchester?People say it's not a good idea but I have fired countless rounds of whatever .308 commercial I pick up at the store.
Then we need to educate them. This is how internet myths get perpetuated. Refer them to the link in my earlier post.There ARE a LOT of people under that impression.
3 problems with .308:
1. Manufacturers try to push the performance. This may put it beyond the 7.62 NATO design limits but I doubt it'll blow up anything or shorten the life substantially.
2. Bubba really likes to show how much kick he can get out of a .308. It's the most popular "high performance" chambering and most likely by far to be stuffed full of a fast burning powder by the sanity challenged reloader.
3. The military 7.62 case has about 3 grains less capacity than the civilian .308 and will often have higher pressure if loaded to .308 specs, as much as 12,000 cup more, and that can be dangerous. Bubba the reloader likely thinks the military cases are stronger, which is true, and thus can take a hotter load. NOT TRUE!
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It is just a guess, but simply don't downgrade Trout's candidacy primarily based on his group's performance. That is what aggravates me.
On to #2; I might not be commissioner, ever. Changing guidelines happen, however they are all the time years in debate with homeowners. I'm betting the Blue Jays would have pretty much as good of a document as they do now in the event that they replaced Donaldson with Trout. Forcing tickets to go down in price will give homeowners much less to pay for high powered gamers. Because the worlds population keeps on rising, the worlds largest cities have change into essential to the worldwide financial system. As one element adjustments, it should affect some other space. The defending champion on this event has also been taking part in properly in 2015, as he gained the 2015 Zurich Traditional of New Orleans in April and lost a playoff on the Memorial in June.
The Champions League is the most popular m88 football competition in the world. Instructions: Print and cut out and glue on white tabs and fold over on black lines to appear to be VCR box.
I don't really care if Trout gets the MVP or not. As I discussed before, there are too many things to guard. But these are inclined to have the least amount of affect to team mechanics. His insistence that Ukraine's new leaders follow the terms of a European Union-brokered political agreement final month with Yanukovich goes down well.
I've listed all of the PGA golfers with odds of one hundred to 1 or less with feedback.
The Ohio State Buckeyes hope to remain undefeated and in control of a playoff spot as massive favorites in opposition to the Michigan State Spartans.
His calculation is that Obama has few levers at his disposal and no urge for food for struggle over a distant Black Sea peninsula with symbolic and strategic worth to Russia as dwelling to a Russian naval base, but little financial significance. These are the highest 5 Champions League aim scorers of all time. Change in player pay will cause tickets to go up. Donaldson is pretty deserving, and consider it or not, I attempt not to get too labored up over silly awards. Justin Rose is favored for at least two most important causes as a result of he has already received this match twice in 2010 and 2014. Putin is banking on salvaging something out of a battle over Ukraine that he appeared to have gained when Yanukovich spurned commerce and political offers with the European Union in November, but then seemed to lose when Yanukovich was ousted after three months of protests. Reclaiming Crimea, a former Russian territory handed to Ukraine by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in 1954, would win Putin kudos amongst core voters and particularly nationalists. The ten largest cities signify power and prestige, as they transfer this world forward. I don't assume Trout's candidacy for AL MVP ought to be downgraded as a result of the workforce round him isn't nearly as good because the crew around Donaldson. I've also listed just a few notables with larger than 100 to 1 odds who've either gained this tournament previously or been in the information lately. So, shall we say I make a choice to pressure wage cuts, or ticket price caps, or new rules to improve safety, or some other factor of the game. Every year the Spartans and the Wolverines battle for the bragging rights and the Paul Bunyan trophy. Michigan State soccer sport is likely one of the most heated college rivalries in college. One of the best players compete every year to get the CL trophy. However, referees are inclined to have a learning curve to adoption of how new guidelines are called.. Good luck to all the PGA golfers and particularly all the bettors this week on the 2015 Quicken Loans National! At 8 to 1 odds, Justin Rose is the betting favorite to win the 2015 Quicken Loans Nationwide.
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Technori Live: David Kadavy's "Design for Hackers" Book Tour
Wednesday, November 30, 2011 at 6:30 PM - Thursday, December 1, 2011 at 11:00 AM (CST)
Event Details
Discussion Detail:
For a void, white space sure gets a lot of attention. You hear people say that something "needs more white space," "has too much white space," or you might read a list of design tips that simply tells you to "use white space." But what, really, is white space (or negative space)? How much should you use and how can you use it to create clean and minimalist design?
Mr. Kadavy will illuminate the role of negative space in disciplines such as sculpture, architecture, and music, while explaining how you can use this knowledge to understand the grid, create clean typography and layouts, and always use just the right amount of white space.
6:30 - Registration
7:00 to 8:00 - Presentation
8:00 to 9:30 - Booksigning reception
Beverages and light food will be provided at 8:00 reception.
Copies of "Design For Hackers" will be available for $30, normally $40.
When & Where
Tribeca Flashpoint Academy
28 N. Clark St.
5th Floor
Wednesday, November 30, 2011 at 6:30 PM - Thursday, December 1, 2011 at 11:00 AM (CST)
Add to my calendar
We are a monthly showcase of the most innovative startups, pitching their latest technologies. Each month, hundreds of impassioned entrepreneurs, developers, designers, tech companies, investors and tech enthusiasts gather to watch these innovative startups launch and present their newest products and services.


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I use Ed browns on both my 1911s and I have not had any trouble.
This is a discussion on 1911 Ambi Thumb Safety Run Down within the General Firearm Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; I've been trying all the ambi thumb safeties I can, trying to find the best one for left handed use (and I have some very ...
I've been trying all the ambi thumb safeties I can, trying to find the best one for left handed use (and I have some very exacting, perhaps OCD standards). I've tried several now, and here are my experiences with each:
Mueschke: I've had two of these. They are made by (I believe) the MIM process. They are retained by the Colt method, an extended sear pin. The joints in both examples were sloppy and eventually broke. The sear pin is supposed to be weak as well, and the reason Colt abandoned this method of retention. I'd give this one star out of five.
Kimber: This is a quality thumb safety made via the MIM process. It is retained via a hammer pin. The joint is sloppy and needs to be tightened. The safety works as advertised. However, mine came from the factory a bit rough, and after I stoned it smooth, I noticed the plunger begin to dig into the safety, bringing everything to literal grinding halt. I did not know at the time that MIM can only be case hardened, and I had gone past the hardened part. A bonus is that it will usually drop into guns which are in spec. I'd give it three out of five stars.
Auto Ordnance: Believe it or not, this thing was probably my favorite. It appeared cast. The joint had absolutely no play as the safety was retained on the frame by a #4-40 screw that goes through the shaft. Very clean install. However, this was also its undoing: The design is supposed to be weak (I didn't experience this) and will only fit thinner frames. As well, it was not well finished. It was too tight on my carry gun, and so it went on race gun I had built from spare parts and subsequently traded to a gun shop for a 9mm carbine. But at around $16.00 from Numrich (Welcome to Numrich Gun Parts Corp.) it may be worth a shot if you're looking for something cheap to try. Two out of five stars, due to fit on some guns, and its poor finish.
King's Ambi: According to the factory, this safety is cast and looked it. Retention is via a hammer pin (King's method). The joint is sloppy, but can be tightened. I did run into a few problems though. First, the safety allowed overtravel of the sear. Without going into the workings of the 1911 too awful much, this allowed light strikes on the primer due to things rubbing the hammer and slowing it down. This would be an excellent safety if my gun were equipped with a trigger that has an overtravel stop. I will probably reinstall this one on my 1911 after I acquire an EGW trigger (fitted, but no screw to back out).
STI/SVI: This is retained by the Swenson method; there is a tab which rides under the grip panel. This safety is machined out of stock, and I've had mine the longest of any of these other safeties, on two different pistols. I can't break it. The joint actually snaps together with an audible click, and though it will ride out a bit, this can be fixed by tightening the groove even further. I ran it for a bit with no support on the right side, then carried it with Pachmayr grips (mushy), and the shaft torqued and sprang back with no complaint - and I really ride safeties hard when shooting. The stud has plenty of material to work with, unlike any other safety I've fitted. In fact, to get it through the frame, I had to take material off the circumference of the stud. When disengaged, the stud serves as a positive stop for the sear/trigger, making it feel almost like a fitted or adjustable trigger. From the safeties I've tried, this one gets four out of five stars: I dislike the Swenson retention style.
I have not yet tried an Ed Brown, Wilson Combat, or any other.
If any other lefties wish to do some write ups and add to this thread, please feel free. I'm posting this in the hopes that my time and money will help others who are do not have my penchant for experimentation get a good product which fits them the first time, or at the very least, the second time.
Additions, as I said, are welcome. I'll add more myself if I do any more "playing around."
Josh <><
I use Ed browns on both my 1911s and I have not had any trouble.
I have the Muscheke on my 1911s because when I built them I preferred the extended pin to the tab behind the grips. I did have to fit them more than the other styles. I had a customer with an Armscor 1911 and Muscheke safety that broke the sear pin, however the gun still functioned and the safety still worked. He didn't notice anything was wrong until I saw him shooting the gun and noticed. I use Muscheke or the Wilson model for most of the 1911s I do, depending on customer preference. I have never had any problem with Wilson. I have never seen those Auto Ord safeties before. It seems like a good, cheap option. I bet with money being tight I can sell a couple of those. I'm going to order a couple and try them out. Thanks for that. Colt 1911 Extended Ambidextrous Safeties*|*e-GunParts.com
The lack of a Good left-handed safety is about the only thing that prevents me from getting a 1911 again. :(
The SVI safety is very interesting, and likely has the same properties as the STI, albeit via a bit more complicated method.
From STI's website:Safety, Thumb, Ambi-Dexterous, (Blue Or Stainless)
STI thumb safeties are designed for 1911 and 2011 pistols. Offered in both ambidextrous and single sided models. These safeties have contoured and serrated pads that allow for the thumb to contact the safety in a natural position, providing a comfortable thumb placement for shooters. Carbon steel is 4140, stainless steel is 17-4.
From SVI's website:Confidence at your fingertips. Another Infinity first, these thumb safeties have been designed and fully precision machined from billet to provide you many times the strength and durability found in other safeties on the market. Available in 416 stainless steel or 4140 blued steel and manufactured to the tightest tolerances, these safeties are offered in multiple sizes and paddle widths in keeping with Infinity's commitment to providing you a full selection of premium quality handgun components.
Visit our website, Infinity Firearms or contact your nearest Infinity Firearms® distributor and experience the confidence and peace of mind inherent in the knowledge that you're entering your next competition with the finest components at your fingertips.
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And then...
Optifit Safety Installation
It looks like the SVI uses an additional locking mechanism - a set screw.
Otherwise, same metal, same design.
Interesting. Might have to upgrade to the SVI should the STI ever fail.
Josh <><
Wilson: This is a quality thumb safety. I cannot tell if it is machined or cast; it looks machined. It is retained via a press fit and Swenson method. There is plenty of "meat" to take off for a perfect fit. I did have to make the hole in my Ed Brown grip safety a bit larger as the press fit joint, when joined, rubbed the inside of the grip safety and did not allow it to move freely, even after I polished the thumb safety around the joint. The joint holds very securely, and has no slop. The paddles are the thinnest of the ones I've tested; they would to very well for carry. Engagement and disengagement are very positive. To remove this thumb safety from the pistol after installation, I had to tap lightly on the end of the right side safety lever, in toward the gun. While this didn't hurt the safety, it should be noted that this is how tightly it fits: I could not remove it by sliding a pick under the safety, and using the "floss method" just left me with a bunch of broken string. I'm rating this one 3.5 out of five stars. The only reason I am not giving it four is because of the extra work to the grip safety that had to be done.
Josh <><
I ordered a Caspian ambi thumb safety to try out on my 1911, and it arrived today.
Fitting was extensive on my particular pistol, a Rock Island Armory. I do not believe the same problems I ran into would be evident on a domestic frame as the Rock Island's frame seems to be a bit thicker than most (I've not quantified this; it's just an observation over the course of the build).
The safety feels much like a King's safety, and is retained by a modified hammer pin.
It is a very solid piece, with my only concern revolving around the joint. It came with a lot of slop, and the right side would not disengage the left side fully until I tightened it a bit.
Still, it's reminiscent of a small, square head screwdriver.
The left side of the fitted safety
Forgive the mess; there's wear showing from the previous safety. However, this pistol is quickly becoming a test bed for my next build, and I doubt I'll do much more refinishing to it.
The right side
I appreciate the clean looks of this safety as opposed to the traditional "ear". Additionally, the levers are about 1/4" wide and positioned so that you can't miss them unless you're trying.
This is my one misgiving...
That joint seems like it could be fragile. (03-30-2012: Most definitely NOT fragile. One of the strongest I've seen!) I took it out of the pistol and torqued on it, and it seems solid. However, having a background in auto mechanics, I've seen way too many stripped bolt and screw heads. If I didn't have to take this thing apart now and again, I'd just hit it with a weld bead and clean it up.
In short, if this thing holds up, I will be pleased. If not, I will try a Wilson Bullet Proof. I've tried a Kimber safety and it broke.
The next build gun is to have clean lines and a good finish applied by someone better in finishes than myself. I'm also a left hander. I am therefore insisting on hidden retention for the right side paddle.
"There is a secret pride in every human heart that revolts at tyranny. You may order and drive an individual, but you cannot make him respect you." William Hazlitt (1778 - 1830)
Best Choices for Self Defense Ammunition
Yup, I've not tried that yet.
Was going to try it when it first came out but decided to wait for the wide paddle, which was supposed to be coming out in the next year or so according to the Wilson rep.
Seems they started having trouble keeping up with the standard one, and I went to Caspian. It's not let me down.
My interests in the firearms world shifted shortly thereafter, but I still really want to try one of these with a wide paddle when they do get them out!


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Generally, we all know that the real estate agent is the one that is a bridge between the seller and the buyer of any property. He only charges a few amount on every transaction from both parties. The main responsibility of the commercial real estate agent is to complete the buying or selling process along with all the documentation. An agent plays various important roles for the process of buying or selling a property. A few important responsibilities of commercial real estate agents have been given below:
- The real estate agents give estimated price to the people who want to sale their property. They always keep themselves up to date about the current market price and respond accordingly. They can also give you an estimated price after checking the current condition of your property. Generally, the price of commercial property is greater than the price of residential property.
- The commercial real estate agents finds up the best buyer for your property and give enough attractive price that buyer purchase the property.
- The real estate agents highlight all the important points about your property so that they can attract maximum buyers and give you the best deal.
- The agents have a quality to find out and explain all important points in a positive way.
- During the process buying or selling process, it is the responsibility of the real estate agent to complete all the documents and follow the government rules of buying and selling so that they can make this transaction an authentic one.
- Another important role and responsibility of an agent is that, they advertise your property in different papers locally and nationally. It gives a huge compensation rate.
- Negotiating the terms and conditions of the property between the buyer and the seller is also the responsibility of the commercial real estate
In short, the responsibilities of the real agent include negotiations between buyer and seller, prepare the sale agreement between buyer and seller and complete all the processes according to the rules and requirements of the government and real estate industry.
Cost charged by the real estate agents
All the real estate advisors don't have same cost policy. The experienced real estate advisors charge a little bit more as compared to the ordinary real estate agent. In the same way, the advisors who give you quick and beneficial results also charge more or great amount. If you are consulting with an agent who has well organized office in a posh area and deals with multinational and national companies, then you will pay more. So the cost of the real estate agent depends upon the services level and the quality level of the agent.
It is advised that property is not an inexpensive product or a thing of daily use, so you must not take the risk. Always go for the best consultant and agent to get their services, no matter what they charge, but it will help you to get satisfactory services.


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