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A distortion of image quality or color rendition within a photographic image caused by optical limitations of the lens used to produce the image. Aberrations commonly show up in the form of halation around contrasty portions of the image and/or 'smearing' of color toward the edges of the frame.
Absolute resolution
Image resolution as expressed in horizontal versus vertical pixels. (E.g. 1600x1200 Pixels is the absolute resolution, and is also expressed as 2.1 Megapixel)
A-D Converter
The A-D Converter converts the analog signal that is emitted from the image sensor into a digital signal.
To import digital image files into a software application for processing or editing purposes. The term is often applied differently within different types of software.
Adobe RGB (Adobe RGB 1998)
A widely accepted color space that encompasses a wider range of color than the more commonly used sRGB color space. Adobe RGB is the preferred color space for images intended for prepress applications.
AF Servo
A.k.a. Continuous Focus, AF Servo, is maintained by partially pressing the camera's shutter release button, which enables you to maintain focus on a moving subject as the subject moves within the frame. Shutter response times are usually faster in AF Servo since the subject is already in focus.
The process by which smooth curves and lines that run diagonally across the screen of a low-resolution digital file take on a 'jagged' look as opposed to a smooth, natural rendition. Smoothing and anti-aliasing techniques can reduce the effect of aliasing.
Anti Shake
Also known as Image Stabilization (IS) or Vibration Reduction (VR), anti-shake technology is a method of reducing the effects of camera movement to the photographic image. Image stabilization can be achieved in the lens or in the camera body. In-camera Image Stabilization is achieved by mounting the camera sensor on a 'floating' micro-geared stage that rapidly shifts the sensor in the opposite direction of the camera's movement, which effectively cancels out the image movement.
The alternative method of canceling camera movement is by employing a gyroscopically-driven 'floating' element in the rear portion of the lens that rapidly shifts the element in the opposite direction of the camera movement. Needless to say, either process is quite complex and requires extreme high-speed data processing coupled with precision lens/sensor movements in order to achieve the desired effect.
The ultimate benefit of IS technology is that it enables you to hand-hold a camera three to four shutter-speeds slower than non-IS enabled cameras or lenses.
The adjustable opening, or f-stop of a lens, determines how much light passes through the lens as it travels to the film plane, or surface of the camera's imaging sensor. 'Faster' lenses have wider apertures, which in turn allow for faster shutter speeds. The wider the aperture is set, the shallower the depth-of-field of the image.
Wider apertures allow for 'selective focus', or the ability to isolate your subject within the frame. Conversely, if you stop the lens aperture down to its smallest openings, you increase the depth-of-field, or how much of the image is in focus. Generally speaking, most lenses display the highest level of resolution when set to about 3 stops down from the widest aperture.
Note- Highest resolution does not mean the greatest level of depth-of-field. It just means what is in focus cannot be rendered any sharper by that particular lens regardless of the images depth-of-field.
Aperture Priority
A metering mode in which the photographer sets the desired lens aperture (f-stop) and the camera in turn automatically sets the appropriate shutter speed to match the scene being recorded. Portrait photographers usually prefer wider apertures, while landscape photographers prefer smaller apertures, regardless of the lighting conditions. Aperture priority is a preferred method to maintain a fixed degree of depth-of-field while shooting under rapidly changing lighting conditions.
A term used to describe the size of a digital camera sensor with a 1.5x magnification factor. The name is derived from the APS (Advanced Photo System) film format that was introduced in 1996 for the amateur point-and-shoot market. The APS format is 50% smaller than a standard 35mm frame. All Nikon, Pentax, Fuji , and Sony (Alpha) DSLRs contain APS-C sized imaging sensors. Canon's EOS Rebel-series, 20D, and 30D DSLRs are also described as containing APS-C sized sensors even though their sensors are about 20% smaller (1.6x).
Artifacts refer to distortions within the image as a result of image compression or interpolation. Artifacts can be seen as light halos around dark areas of an image or as 'blockiness' of a highlight area of an image. Forms of artifacts include blooming, chromatic aberrations, 'jaggies', moiré, noise, and halation.
An abbreviation of the American Standards Association, ASA is the term used for film-speed -or light-sensitivity - ratings, which are expressed in numerical terms. The higher the number, the more sensitive and faster the film is. While traditional cameras don't have a specific ASA rating, digital camera sensors have variable ISO sensitivities, e.g. ISO 100 - 1600. The lower ratings offer better color, sharpness levels, and tonal qualities, as well as less noise and 'grain'. The terms ASA and ISO (International Standards Organization) are interchangeable.
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio refers to the shape, or format, of the image produced by a camera. The formula is derived by dividing the width of the image by its height. The aspect ratio of a 35mm image is 3:2. Most computer monitors and digicams have a 4:3 aspect ratio. Many digicams offer the choice of 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratios.
Aspherical surface
An Aspherical lens surface possesses more than one radius of curvature, which allows for the correction of lens aberrations common in simpler lens designs. Sharper definition towards the edges of an image is the most common benefit of a lens containing aspheric elements.
Audio Annotation
Many digital cameras have the ability (via built-in microphone) to capture short segments of sound associated with an image. This feature can be used for creating audio notes related to the image such as location info, subject IDs or to capture the ambient sound at the time the image is taken. Audio annotations are embedded into the file and can be called up as needed.
Average Metering
Average metering takes all of the light values for a given scene - highlights, shadows, and mid-tones - and averages them together to establish a good overall exposure. Average metering is best used for front-lit subjects. Backlit subjects tend to be silhouetted when metered in Average mode.
AWB- (Auto White Balance)
An in-camera function that automatically adjusts the white balance of the scene to a neutral setting regardless of the ambient light source.
Barrel Distortion
An optical distortion in which the image 'bows' out of square. Barrel distortion is usually associated with less-expensive wide-angle lenses and digicams, and is most apparent in architectural photographs or images containing lines that run parallel to each other in the horizontal or vertical plane.
Batch Scan
The ability to scan and process more than one image in a single action.
A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of digital information. Eight bits equals one byte. Digital images are often described by the number of bits used to represent each pixel. I.e. a 1-bit image is monochrome; an 8-bit image supports 256 colors or grayscales; while 24 or 32-bit supports an even greater range of color.
A method of storing digital information by mapping out an image bit by bit. The density of the pixels determines how sharp the image resolution will be. Most image files are bit mapped. Bitmap images are compatible with all types of computers.
Blocked Shadows
Term for lack of, or loss of, shadow detail in a photographic image, usually the result of underexposure or lower resolution (and less dynamic) imaging sensor. Can sometimes be partially corrected in Photoshop or similar photo editing applications.
The appearance of a bright or colored halo around brighter areas of digital image files. Blooming is caused when a portion of the imaging sensor in a digital camera is exposed to too much light, causing signal "leaks" to the neighboring pixels.
*Also see Chromatic Aberration.
Blowout is caused by overexposure, which results in a complete loss of highlight details. With the exception of RAW files captured within 2-stops of the correct exposure, 'blown' highlights are difficult, if not impossible, to correct after the fact.
A bit-mapped file format used by Microsoft Windows. The BMP format supports RGB, indexed-color, grayscale, and Bitmap color modes.
Bracketing involves taking multiple images of the same scene, usually in 1/3, 1/2, or full-stop increments in order to have a choice of exposure options. Many cameras offer the option of 'bracketing' as a custom function.
Buffer Memory
Memory that is built into a device such as a printer or camera that temporarily holds the data until the device can process and/or transfer the information to a memory card or other storage device.
Burst Rate
The number of consecutive images a digital camera can capture continuously before filling the buffer memory.
A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another. You can think of a bus as a highway on which data travels within a computer.
Abbreviation for binary term, which is a unit of storage capable of holding a single character. On almost all modern computers, a byte is equal to 8 bits. Large amounts of memory are indicated in terms of kilobytes (1,024 bytes), megabytes (1,048,576 bytes), and gigabytes (1,073,741,824 bytes). A disk that can hold 1.44 megabytes, for example, is capable of storing approximately 1.4 million characters, or about 3,000 pages of text information.
Card Reader/Writer
A device that allows you to transfer data directly from a camera's removable memory card to the computer without the need to connect the camera to the computer.
CCD ( Charge-Coupled Device)
A semiconductor device that converts optical images into electronic signals. CCDs contain rows and columns of ultra-small light-sensitive mechanisms (pixels) that, when electronically charged and exposed to light, generate electronic pulses that work in conjunction with millions of surrounding pixels to collectively produce a photographic image.
Area CCD
A square or rectangular CCD that can capture an entire image at once, which is essential for dynamic subjects and flash photography.
Linear CCD
A.k.a. scanner-type CCD, these sensors are long and thin, and capture an image by recording a vast number of individual "exposures" while scanning across the picture frame. These are best suited for still subjects and continuous illumination.
CD-R ( Compact Disk-Recordable)
A type of data storage disc that enables you to securely record up to 700Mb of back-up and/or storage data. Depending on the brand and materials used in the manufacturing process, many CDs claim up to 80-plus years of storage stability.
CD-ROM ( Compact Disk -Read Only Memory)
A type of optical disk capable of storing large amounts of data. CD-ROMs are stamped by the vendor, and once stamped they cannot be erased and filled with new data.
CD-RW ( Compact Disk- Re-Writable)
A type of CD disk that enables you to write onto it in multiple sessions. With CD-RW drives and disks, you can treat the optical disk just like a floppy or hard disk, writing and erasing data onto it multiple times. CD-RWs do not have the same level of stability as CD-Rs.
CMOS ( Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)
A type of Imaging Sensor. CMOS chips are less energy consuming than CCD Type sensors and are becoming increasingly common in pro DSLRs, most notably in Canon DSLRs.
CMY Color ( Cyan, Magenta and Yellow)
These three secondary colors can be combined to recreate all other colors. Like CMYK, CMY is used in printing to create the colors seen in a print, though with less density in the 'blacks' as compared to CMYK color.
CMYK Color ( Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black)
The color model in which all colors are described as combinations of these four colors. Most color printers (ink-jet, laser, dye-sublimation, Wax thermal) are based on CMYK color; even if they contain additional colors, i.e. dilute magenta, dilute cyan, red, blue, etc.
Color Calibration
A process by which the image source (digital camera or scanner), monitor, and output (printer) are matched to use the same or similar color palette. This insures that the image viewed on the monitor has the same range of colors as the image that is printed, and any adjustments made to the color of the image in the computer are accurately represented when the image is printed.
Color Depth
The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a piece of hardware or software. Color depth is sometimes referred to as bit depth because it is directly related to the number of bits used for each pixel. A 24-bit Digital Camera, for example, has a color depth of 2 to the 24th power (about 16.7 million) colors.
Color Management
A system of coordinating and calibrating the color responses of digital cameras (or scanners), monitors, and printers to ensure the color and tonal values of the image you see on the screen matches the final print image.
Color Palette
A palette is the set of available colors. For a given application, the palette may be only a subset of all the colors that can be physically displayed. For example, many computer systems can display 16-million unique colors, but a given program would use only 256 of them at a time if the display is in 256-color mode. The computer system's palette, therefore, would consist of the 16 million colors, but the program's palette would contain only the 256-color subset.
Color Space
The range of colors that can be reproduced on a computer monitor or in print form. The most commonly used color spaces for digital imaging are the baseline sRGB and wider-gamut Adobe RGB (1998).
Compact Flash Card (CF card)
A popular flash memory device, which is available in a number of storage capacities. Unlike earlier mechanically-driven MicroDrives, newer CF cards are solid-state, quite stable, and are capable of operating under extreme environmental conditions.
A method of reducing the size of a digital image file in order to free up the storage capacity of memory cards and hard-drives . Compression techniques are distinguished from each other by whether they remove detail and color from the image. Lossless techniques compress image data without removing detail, while "lossy" techniques compress images by removing some detail.
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is a lossy compression technique supported by JPEG, PDF, and PostScript language file formats.
Chromatic Aberration
Also known as color fringing, chromatic aberration occurs when the collective color wavelengths of an image fail to focus on a common plane. The results of chromatic aberration are most noticeable around the edges of contrasty images, especially towards the edges of the frame. Chromatic aberration is most common on less expensive lenses, although even the best optics can occasionally display lower levels of chromatic aberration under certain conditions.
Another form of chromatic aberration is called 'purple fringing', which are the purple streaks or halos that often appear within images produced by digicams. Purple fringing originates from light refracting off of the light-gathering microlenses that cap the sensor's pixels. In backlit scenes, this form of purple fringing is commonly called 'blooming.
Color Temperature
A linear scale for measuring the color of ambient light with warm (yellow) light measured in lower numbers and cool (blue) light measured in higher numbers. Measured in terms of 'degrees Kelvin', daylight (mid-day) is approximately 5600-degrees Kelvin, a candle is approximately 800-degrees, an incandescent lamp is approximately 2800-degrees, a photoflood lamp is 3200 - 3400-degrees, and a mid-day blue sky is approximately 60,000-degrees Kelvin.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The heart of a computer, the CPU is responsible for most all of a computer's basic data processing functions.
Dark Current
Pixels collect signal-charges in the absence of light over time, which can vary from pixel to pixel. The result is known as dark current, or more commonly as noise.
Digital Zoom
Unlike an optical zoom, the digital zoom takes the central portion of a digital image and crops into it to achieve the effect of a zoom. This means that the existing data is not enhanced or added to, merely displayed at a lower resolution, thereby giving an illusion of an enlarged image.
Disk Drive
A device that both reads data from a disk and writes data onto a disk. A disk drive spins the disk at high RPMs while one or more heads that read and write data. There are different types of disk drives for different types of disks. For example, a hard disk drive (HDD) reads and writes hard disks, and a floppy drive (FDD) accesses floppy disks. A magnetic disk drive reads magnetic disks, and an optical drive reads optical disks. Disk drives can be either internal (housed within the computer) or external (housed in a separate box that connects to the computer).
DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex)
A digital single lens reflex camera.
A printing method where a waxy ink is heated to temperatures high enough for the ink to vaporize, and is then forced to bond with a special receiver paper. The dye sublimation (dye-sub) printing method produces images with continuous tone color.
Dynamic Range
The range of brightness and tonality reproduced in a digital (or traditional) photographic image. Wider dynamic range translates into greater tonal values between the darkest shadow details and the brightest highlight details.
DPI (Dots-Per-Inch)
Printing term for resolution. Also referred to as PPI (Pixels-per-Inch) when describing monitor resolution. The higher the PPI/DPI, the higher the resolution of the resulting image will be. For viewing images at magnifications of up to life-size on a computer screen you only need 72 DPI. For off-set printing the image must be set to 300 DPI at the desired print size, and for inkjet prints anywhere from 180 to 360 DPI at the desired print size.
Note- DPI settings above 400 can actually diminish the quality of inkjet output.
A program that controls the sequencing of commands for an input/output device. Every device, whether it is a printer, disk drive, or keyboard, must have a driver program. A driver acts like a translator between the device and programs that use the device. Each device has its own set of specialized commands that only its driver knows.
Effective Pixels
The effective pixels of a sensor are a measurement of the number of pixels of a sensor that actually record the photographic image. As an example a camera might contain a sensor that contains 10.5 megapixels, but an effective pixel count of 10.2 megapixels. The reason for this discrepancy is because digital imaging sensors have to dedicate a certain percentage of available pixels to establish a black reference point. These pixels are usually arranged frame-like along the edge of the sensor, out of range of the recorded image.
EXIF (Exchangeable Image File)
Commonly used header format for storing metadata (e.g. camera/lens/exposure information, time/date/, etc) within digital image files.
The act of sending a file out through a specialized mini-application or plug-in so as to print or compress it. The term is also used to describe the action of saving the data to a specialized file format, i.e. JPEG, or GIF.
Exposure explains how light acts on a photographic material. The lens opening (f-stop or aperture) controls light intensity, while the duration is controlled by the shutter speed. A camera with auto-exposure can automatically control the exposure. The same principle works with digital cameras where film is replaced by the CCD.
Exposure Compensation
Adding to or subtracting from the 'correct' exposure time indicated by the camera's meter, which results in a final exposure that is either lighter or darker than the recommended exposure time. Most cameras allow for exposure compensation in ½, 1/3, or full-stop increments.
A term used to describe the aperture, or opening of a lens. F-stops are defined numerically - f1/4, f5.6, f22, etc. Larger, or wider apertures, allow more light to enter the lens, which results in faster shutter speeds. Faster apertures also allow for selective focus (narrow depth-of-field), while smaller (slower) apertures allow for greater depth-of-field. Wider apertures are preferred for portraits, while smaller apertures are preferred for landscapes.
File format
The way an image is saved to a digital camera's memory. The JPEG format is the most common file format found in digital cameras. Other commonly used formats include Tiff, RAW, PSD, and Bitmap
Software programs or data that has been written onto read-only memory (ROM). Firmware is a combination of software and hardware. In digital cameras, the Firmware is the program that allows the user to activate and control the features of the camera.
Flash Sync
Flash sync is used to describe either the connection point where you plug an external electronic flash into your camera (usually a PC port or the camera's hot-shoe), or the fastest shutter speed your camera can 'sync' with an external flash. Most DSLRs have top sync speeds of 1/125 th to 1/250 th, though some camera/flash combinations can be synced at speeds of up to 1/15,000 th.
Focal Length Magnifier
Also known as Magnification Factor, this term is used to describe the angle of view of a lens used on a DSLR in terms of how it would appear on a full-frame 35mm camera. Nikon, Pentax, Fuji , and Sony (Alpha A100) DSLRs contain APS-C sized sensors that are 50% smaller (1.5x) than a standard 35mm frame. As a result, the effective focal length of a 50mm lens on any of theses DSLRs would be 'cropped' to 75mm. Canon EOS Rebels and the Canon EOS 30D have a 1.6x magnification factor which would make a 50mm lens effectively an 80mm lens, while on a Canon EOS 1D Mark II (1.3x) a 50mm would effectively be the equivalent of a 65mm lens.
Fringing, commonly associated with less-expensive lenses, describes the 'bleeding' of color along the edges of contrasty portions of a digital image. Fringing often shows up as cyan blurring on one side of a contrasty object complimented by red or magenta blurring on the opposite side of the object.
The brightness curve of the color spectrum as displayed (or reproduced) on a computer monitor, a printer, or scanner.
Gain refers to the relationship between the input signal and the output signal of any electronic system. Higher levels of gain amplify the signal, resulting in greater levels of brightness and contrast. Lower levels of gain will darken the image, and soften the contrast. Effectively, gain adjustment affects the sensitivity to light of the CCD or CMOS sensor. In a digital camera, this concept is analogous to the ISO or ASA ratings of silver halide films.
Graphic Interface designed by CompuServe for using images online. This is a 256-color or 8 bit image.
One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes. Gigabyte is often abbreviated as G or GB.
GUI ( Graphic User Interface )
Pronounced "Gooey." Refers to a program interface that takes advantage of the computer's graphics capabilities to make the program easier to use.
Hardware Calibration
A method of calibrating a digital camera, scanner, printer, or monitor using specialized hardware.
A visual representation of the exposure values of a digital image. Histograms are most commonly illustrated in graph form by displaying the light values of the image's shadows, mid-tones, and highlights as vertical peaks and valleys along a horizontal plane.
Hot Shoe
A 'live' accessory shoe, usually located on the top of the camera prism housing that enables you to mount and trigger an electronic flash or wireless transmitter.
Hot Swap
The ability to add or remove peripheral devices (scanners, disk drives, etc.) to a computer without having to re-boot the system. USB and FireWire interfaces are 'hot-swappable' interfaces.
ICC Profile (International Color Consortium profile)
A universally recognized color management standard for specifying the color attributes of digital imaging devices (scanners, digital cameras, monitors and printers) in order to maintain accurate color consistency of an image from the point of capture through the output stage.
IEEE-1394 interface (FireWire)
A very fast external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps (400 million bits per second). Products supporting the 1394 standard go under different names, depending on the company. Apple, which originally developed the technology, uses the trademarked name FireWire. Other companies use other names, such as i.link and Lynx, to describe their 1394 products. In addition to its high speed, 1394 also supports isochronous data -- delivering data at a guaranteed rate. This makes it ideal for devices that need to transfer high levels of data in real-time, such as video devices.
Image Editing Software
Software that allows you to electronically retouch digital image files including the ability to adjust the color, contrast, sharpness, size, and other tonal characteristics of the file.
Image Stabilization (See Anti Shake)
A printing method where the printer sprays ionized ink at a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink's path direct the ink onto the paper in the desired shapes and patterns to make an image.
The connection and interaction between hardware, software and the end-user. Hardware interfaces are the plugs, sockets, wires and the electrical pulses traveling through them in a particular pattern. Software, or programming, interfaces are the languages, codes and messages programs use to communicate with each other and to the hardware. User interfaces are the keyboards, mice, commands and menus used for communication between you and the computer.
Method used in software to increase the resolution of a digital image. The software adds pixels to an image based on the value of surrounding pixels, thereby increasing its resolution. This method can cause artifacts.
ISO (International Standards Organization)
Film speed rating expressed as a number indicating a film's (image sensor's) sensitivity to light. The higher the number, the more sensitive and faster the film (digital sensor) is. While traditional cameras don't have a specific ISO rating, digital cameras do as a way to express their sensitivity to light. ISO is equivalent to ASA.
Term for the stair-stepped appearance of curved or angled lines in a digital image file. The smaller the pixels and/or the greater their number, the less apparent the "jaggies".
JPEG ( Joint Photographic Experts Group)
The de facto standard for image compression in digital imaging devices. JPEG is a 'lossy' compression technique, capable of reducing digital image files to about 5% of their normal size. The results in decompression of the files can cause "blockiness," the "jaggies," or "pixelization" in certain digital images. The greater the compression levels the more pixelization or "blockiness" that will occur. The greater the pixel count, the less pixelization that may occur.
1,024 bytes, written KB, used to refer to size of files, which relates to the amount of information in a file.
LAB Color
A perceptually linear color space (RGB and CMYK are non-linear color spaces) that utilizes luminance as a means of increasing contrast and color saturation.
Lag Time
Also known as shutter lag, lag time refers to the delay that sometimes occurs between the time the shutter button is pressed and the time the shutter actually fires. Shutter lag is most prevalent when using less expensive point-and-shoot cameras.
LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display )
LCD screens, usually found on the rear of digital cameras, allow you to preview and/or review photographs you have taken. LCDs utilize two sheets of polarizing material with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align so light cannot pass through them. Each crystal, therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass through or blocking the light.
A type of rechargeable battery that was originally developed for use with camcorders, and is now used as a power source for many digital still cameras
A data compression technique that can reduce the detail of a digital image file. Most video compression techniques utilize lossy compression.
Low-Pass Filter
Used with digital imaging, low-pass filters are integrated into many digital sensors to suppress color ghosting and the effects of infra-red light.
Matrix Metering
Also known as Segmented Metering, Matrix metering takes the total image area and breaks it into sections, which are analyzed by the camera's light meter and compared to the light values of the surrounding sections. The results are then compared to similar lighting situations stored in the camera's memory, and a correct exposure is established. This entire process occurs in a few microseconds.
1024 Kilobytes, written MB, used to refer to the size of files or media such as hard drives. Refers to the amount of information in a file or how much information can be contained on a hard drive or disk.
Megapixel ( 1,000,000 pixels)
Digital Camera resolution is often expressed as Megapixels (e.g. PowerShot G7 - 10-Megapixel Digital Camera)
The camera's file storage medium. Most Cameras use Flash memory, which is a safe, highly reliable form of storage that doesn't need power to hold the images after they are saved. It won't erase the images unless the user chooses to do so.
Memory Card
In Digital Photography, a Memory Card is a removable device used in digital cameras to store the images captured by the camera. There are several different types of memory cards available including Compact Flash, SmartMedia , SD , xD, and Memory Stick.
Developed by IBM, microdrives are extremely small hard disks that can fit in a CompactFlash memory card slot. Most photographers opt for solid-state CompactFlash cards as they are far more reliable due to the lack of moving parts.
Microlenses are commonly mounted onto the tops of the light-gathering portion of pixels (a.k.a. photon). Microlenses capture the light striking the top portion of the camera sensor's pixels and redirect it into the pixel for processing. Microlenses are often angled along the edges of camera sensors in order to capture and redirect light back into the pixel as a method of reducing light falloff on the edges of the image.
Patterns formed in portions of a photographic image as a result of confusion between a pattern within the photographic scene and the pattern of pixels within the sensor. Moiré can often be eliminated, or greatly reduced, by moving either closer to or further from your subject. Higher-resolution imaging sensors tend to be less prone to moiré problems.
NiCD ( Nickel-Cadmium )
A type of rechargeable battery. The NiCD battery was one of the first successful rechargeable batteries used in small electronics such as digital cameras.
NiMH ( Nickel-Metal Hydride )
A commonly used rechargeable battery for digital cameras and camcorders.
A common bugaboo of JPEG files, noise is the appearance of color artifacts within a digital image. Mostly noticeable in the shadow areas of images captured at higher ISO ratings, the image processors used in many current digital cameras utilize noise-suppression software to minimize the appearance of noise artifacts. Heat build-up due to continuous shooting in hot environments can also cause noise artifacts within digital images.
Noise Reduction
A process within a digital camera's image processor in which the artifacts caused by 'pushed' ISO ratings and/or other electrical or heat-related artifacts are suppressed or eliminated in an image
Non-lossy (a.k.a. lossless)
A term that refers to data compression techniques that do not remove image data details in order to achieve compression. This method is generally less effective than lossy methods in terms of resulting file size, but retains the entire original image. See also lossy.
Non-Volatile Memory
A type of memory card that retains data when power is turned off. Camera Memory Cards (Compact Flash, SmartMedia, etc.) use non-volatile memory.
Operating System
Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system to run other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Optical Resolution
The physical resolution at which a device can capture an image. The term is used most frequently in reference to optical scanners and digital cameras.
Optical Zoom
An optical zoom is made to bring you closer to your subject, without you having to move. Zooms are constructed to allow a continuously variable focal length, without disturbing focus.
Parallel Port (a.k.a. IEEE1286)
A computer interface capable of transferring more than one bit of data simultaneously. Almost all Windows Based personal computers come with at least one parallel port. On PCs, the parallel port uses a 25-pin connector (type DB-25) and is used to connect printers, computers and other devices that need relatively high bandwidth. It is often called a Centronics interface after the company that designed the original standard for parallel communication between a computer and printer. A newer type of parallel port, which supports the same connectors as the Centronics interface, is the EPP ( Enhanced Parallel Port ) or ECP ( Extended Capabilities Port ). Both of these parallel ports support bi-directional communication and transfer rates ten times as fast as the Centronics port.
The difference between the image seen by a viewing system and the image recorded by the imaging sensor. In point-and-shoot cameras, as subjects move closer to the lens, the variance increases. Only through the lens (TTL) viewing systems avoid parallax error.
PC Card ( PCMCIA Card)
PC cards are about the size of a credit card and were developed to be a standard for hardware capability expanding devices. PCMCIA cards provide an easy way to transfer photos from the camera to a notebook or desktop PC.
PC Sync
A standardized connector for 'syncing' external electronic flash units (strobes) to cameras.
An image editing software package created and sold by Adobe Systems Inc. PhotoShop is the most commonly used image editing software used by professional photographers and graphic artists.
PhotoShop Plug-in
A software application that allows a camera, scanner or printer to work directly with Adobe PhotoShop software.
The PICT format was originally developed by Apple Computer in the mid-1980s. The PICT format supports RGB files with a single alpha channel, and indexed-color, grayscale, and Bitmap files without alpha channels. The PICT format is especially effective at compressing images with large areas of solid color.
Short for picture element, Pixels are the tiny components that, working together, capture the digital image record in your camera, and later view on a computer monitor. The more pixels that there are, the higher the screen or image resolution will be.
The 'break-up' of a digital image file that has been scaled up (enlarged) to a point where the pixels no longer blend together to form a smooth image.
Pixelization can also appear in the form of step-like, or choppy curves and angled lines (also known as the 'jaggies'). As a rule the greater the number of pixels within an image, the less likely you will see pixelization within an image.
Pincushion Distortion
An optical distortion, common in less expensive lenses, where parallel lines on the horizontal and/or vertical plane bow inward. Pincushion distortion is the opposite of barrel distortion.
Refers to the ability of a computer system to automatically configure expansion boards and other devices without having to restart the CPU or reset DIP switches, jumpers, and other configuration elements.
PNG ( Portable Network Graphics )
Developed as a patent-free alternative to GIF, this format is used for lossless compression for the purposes of displaying images on the World Wide Web. Adopted by the WWW consortium as a replacement for GIF, some older versions of Web browsers may not support PNG images.
An interface on a computer to which you can connect a device. Most personal computers have USB, USB 2.0, and/or FireWire ports.
PPI (Pixels-Per-Inch)
Also referred to as DPI (Dots per Inch), the higher the PPI, the higher the image quality of the final print.
Random Access Memory. A type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly. Most computers allow for installing additional RAM, which increases the computer's ability to process data faster.
RAW Files
Many pro and semi-pro digital cameras have the option of capturing RAW files, which unlike JPEGs, TIFFs, and other file formats contain all of the data captured during the exposure in an un-edited format. When processed, RAW files can be adjusted far more extensively than images captured in other imaging formats, and can be saved as JPEGs, TIFFs, etc. The original RAW file remains unaltered and can be reprocessed at any time for other purposes.
Red-eye is the term used to describe the reddened pupils of the eyes that sometimes occurs when photographing people or pets with an electronic flash. The red color appears when the pupil of the eye is dilated, usually in a low light environment when the light of the flash strikes the rear portion of the eye and illuminates the blood vessels located in the rear portion of the eye. Red-eye can often be avoided by placing the flash further than 6" from the camera lens.
The reason red-eye is most common with compact digicams because the flashtube is often adjacent to the lens.
Red-eye Reduction
A method of reducing or eliminating red-eye from flash photographs by using a short burst of light, or pre-flash, to momentarily 'stop-down' the pupils of the subject's eyes prior to the actual flash exposure. Red-eye can also be eliminated electronically after-the-fact in many photo-editing programs. Many digicams contain software applications that electronically eliminate red-eye in-camera.
A reflex camera is one that utilizes a mirror system to reflect the light (the image) coming through the lens, to a visible screen. The image seen in the camera's viewfinder is the same image that strikes the camera's imaging sensor (or filmplane). This system provides the most accurate framing and focusing. The reflex system avoids the parallax problem that plagues most direct view cameras. Reflex cameras are also called SLRs, or DSLRs.
Remote Capture
The ability to trip the camera shutter from a distance using a cable release or wireless device.
Refers to the number of pixels, both horizontally and vertically, used to either capture an image or display it. The higher the resolution, the finer the image details.
RGB Color ( Red Green Blue)
Computers and other digital devices handle color information as shades of red, green and blue. A 24-bit digital camera, for example, will have 8 bits per channel in red green and blue, resulting in 256 shades of color per channel.
Saturation is the depth of the colors within a photographic image. Photographs with deep levels of color are described as being heavily saturated. A photograph with lighter levels of saturation is described as having a muted color palate. A totally de-saturated color photograph becomes monotone – or black and white.
SCSI Port
Small Computer System Interface. Pronounced "scuzzy," SCSI is a parallel interface standard used by Apple Macintosh computers (excluding certain early Macs and recent iMacs), PCs, and many UNIX systems for attaching peripheral devices to computers.
SD Card (Secure Digital)
Far smaller than CompactFlash cards (CF), Secure Digital memory cards have enabled camera manufacturers to further reduce the size of digicams. They are also commonly found in cell phones, PDAs, and other small electronic devices that incorporate removable memory.
Serial Port
A port, or interface, that can be used for serial communication in which only 1 bit is transmitted at a time. Most serial ports on personal computers conform to the RS-232C or RS-422 standards. A serial port is a general-purpose interface that can be used for almost any type of device, including modems, mice, and printers
Digital images are inherently soft due to the nature of pixels and how we perceive the images they collectively produce. Sharpening is a method of adjusting the contrast levels between adjacent pixels to give the appearance of a sharper image. Un-sharp mask is the most common sharpening filter for this purpose.
A mechanism in the camera that controls how much light reaches the film.
Shutter Priority
A metering mode in which the shutter-speed is fixed and the exposure is controlled by opening or closing the lens aperture. Most modern cameras have step-less shutters that can be triggered to open and close infinitely between the camera's fastest and slowest shutter speeds, i.e. 1/236 th, 1/54 th, 1/5829 th, etc..
Shutter speed
The length of time the shutter remains open when the shutter release is activated, expressed in fractions or multiples of a second.
SLR (Single-Lens-Reflex)
A camera that utilizes a prism and mirror system to project the image seen by the lens onto a focusing screen located below the prism housing. The image the user sees in the viewfinder is identical to the image being recorded.
Operating instructions for specific task based applications. The computer's processor carries out these instructions. Software has to be written for a specific computer Operating System (OS).
Software Calibration
Calibrating a computer, monitor, or printer using a software application as opposed to a hardware-driven calibration.
Spot metering
Spot metering allows for the measurement of smaller areas of the total picture area. Older cameras, as well as less-expensive digicams, only offer a single, centrally-located measuring point, usually between 1 to 5 degrees in coverage. Many newer cameras offer a selection of 3, 5, 7, 11-or-more reference points for selective metering, which enable you to selectively measure important areas of the photograph, including areas off-center to the frame.
The standard color gamut for Windows operating systems.
Storage Card
A compact memory storage device used to store data captured by a digital camera, camcorder, cell phone, PDA, etc. Storage card formats include CompactFlash (CF), Secure Digital (SD), xD, SmartMedia, and Memory Sticks.
Small, contact sheet-sized image files used to reference and/or edit digital images. The images that appear on a camera's LCD are thumbnail images of the larger file.
TIFF ( Tagged-Image File Format)
TIFF files are flexible bitmap image files supported by virtually all paint, image-editing, and page-layout applications. Also, virtually all desktop scanners can produce TIFF images. This format, which uses the .tif extension, supports CMYK, RGB, Lab, grayscale files with alpha channels, and Bitmap files without alpha channels. TIFF also supports LZW compression, a lossless compression format.
Time Lapse
A series of photographs captured over a period of time. These images can be captured in variable or set time intervals over the course of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, etc.
While several more advanced cameras offer the option of custom-function time-lapse imaging, most cameras require optional hard-wired or remotely operated triggering devices to capture time lapse imagery.
Tonal Range
A term used to describe the quality of color and tone ranging from an image's shadow details through the brightest highlight details, including all of the transitions in between these extreme points.
TTL (Through-The-Lens)
TTL refers to a metering system that determines the proper exposure based on measuring the light that strikes the imaging sensor (or film-plane) after passing through the camera's lens. TTL readings are usually more accurate than 'hand-held' meter readings as all exposure factors, including filtration and any optical peculiarities, are taken into account when determining the final exposure. Many dedicated camera flashes also utilize TTL metering in determining the proper flash exposure.
An 'acquire', or import interface, developed as a standard for communications between scanners, imaging devices, digital cameras and the computer software. TWAIN allows you to import (acquire) an image into your software. This is the generally the interface of choice on the Windows platform.
The result of recording too little light when taking a picture, which results in a dark image. In digital imaging, under-exposure can usually be corrected to a certain extent by the use of image editing software. RAW files offer more latitude as compared to JPEGs and TIFFs for correcting over or under-exposure.
USB ( Universal Serial Bus)
An external bus standard that supports data transfer rates of 480 Mbps (480 million bits per second). A USB port can be used to connect peripheral devices, such as mice, modems, and keyboards, as well as digital cameras and scanners. USB also supports Plug-and-Play installation
Unsharp Mask
The most commonly used 'sharpening' filter in Photoshop.
Video Mode
The ability of a digital still camera to capture short segments of low-resolution video intended for use in e-mail or web pages.
System used for composing and/or focusing the subject being photographed. Aside from the more traditional rangefinder and reflex viewfinders, many compact digicams utilize LCD screens in place of a conventional viewfinder as a method of reducing the size (and number of parts) of the camera.
Fall-off, or darkening of the edges of a photographic image due to the inability of a lens to distribute light evenly to the corners of the frame. While correctable with filtration using on-camera center-weighted neutral density filters or electronically in Photoshop, it is often used as a creative device to direct the eye back to the center of the frame.
Volatile Memory
A Type of memory that loses its contents when the power is turned off. Computer RAM is typically volatile memory
Traditionally, a watermark is an image or icon that is embedded into paper for security purposes (American paper money has a watermark). In digital photography, a watermark refers to information that is embedded in the image data to protect the copyrights of the image.
White Balance
The camera's ability to correct color and/or tint when shooting under different lighting conditions including daylight, indoor, fluorescent lighting as well as electronic flash.
xD Cards
A small, narrow-profile memory card format designed for use with the smallest digicams, PDAs, and cell phones that accept additional memory.
Zoom lens
A lens whose focal length can be continuously adjusted through a fixed range of focal lengths.


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Help with heating: diverter tee system
I have a house built in 1950 that uses a hydronic single pipe diverter tee system. The system is plumbed with iron and steel and has started rusting and leaking. My wife and I have decided to replace it with copper.
The original system was hung from the joists in the basement using pipe strapping. It's about 3-4" down. In the new system I'd like to notch the joists and mount the pipe directly (loosely, of course, to allow for expansion) to them, since I'm finishing the basement and would prefer to hide the pipes. Any caveats with this?
Also, we need to add an additional room to the system, but it uses baseboard radiators, not the in-wall type that the rest of the house has. From an article I read (http://www.heatinghelp.com/heating_howcome3.cfm), it appears that this should be installed at the end of the line. Any comments?
Your suggestions are welcomed.
How long is the span of the joists?
What is the thickness and height of the joists?
Span is about 12 feet, joists are a nonstandard size of 2.5x7 (I had been calling them 3x8s until I actually measured them)...
Keep in mind, I was only planning on notching them about a half inch or so...
When you say one pipe hydronic that perks my ears.When you have only one pipe that leads me to believe you have a stem boiler which you may not want to move the pipes if you like having heat.could you clarify what you mean by one pipe
It's a standard one pipe hot water system (see the page I linked to in my first post). They were very popular up through the 1950s.
SMW, How did you make out? I have the same system that I wish to upgrade to either coppper or PEX. Feel free to email me with any information!!
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The bible as sanction.It can be used to support(sanction) our ideas, words and actions. It can be used to oppose(sanction) our ideas, words and actions.It is our hermeneutic that rules.(Have you heard of our online community The Lasting Supper? We talk about this kind of stuff in a non-confrontational environment.) … [Read more...]
anyone can use the bible for anything
God said it I believe it
You can by all kinds of my cartoons like this one, art and Sophias, originals and reproductions, in my online gallery!I had a funny thought last night. I'm painfully aware that many people don't find funny what I find funny. At least I thought it was funny. I thought: what if the early councils where they canonized books of the bible were the same as, say, our Pulitzer Prize or National Book Award? It was their way of saying, "Great book! In fact, we want to recommend this to everybody." … [Read more...]
Jesus has something to say about the Bible
Of course this is true.Just because something isn't factually or historically true, it doesn't mean it isn't truthfully true.True?(Hey! You know about my online community The Lasting Supper, don't you?) … [Read more...]
diagnosed with bible blindness
Jesus said, "You study the scriptures diligently because you think that in them you have eternal life." (John 5:39) He told them that they actually point to him. But they couldn't see that. He diagnosed them with bible blindness.He didn't always go around quoting scripture, although it was certainly embedded in what he was saying. Instead, he talked about food, flowers, birds, earth, wind and fire.Are we so captivated by our knowledge of scripture and our theology that we cannot see … [Read more...]
who's in who's image?
The number one commandment is against idolatry because it's our number one problem. And it begins in the mind. A thought of God is formed and we bow down before it and worship it.The word is not the thing. The thought is not the thing.Imagine that! … [Read more...]
the bible and magical thinking
What came first? The magical thinking or the bible? Do our minds crave magic and we use the bible to substantiate this? Or did the bible encourage us to start thinking magically?Actually it's not a very good question because the bible was written by men. Ancient men from ancient cultures where magic was just as much a part of the intellectual landscape as it is today, if not more so. No... actually I don't think any more so because we still think magically.True liberation from this … [Read more...]
God's Bible
Someone might respond with, "The word of the Lord lasts forever" (1 Peter 1:25). But we all know that's not talking about the bible. It's talking about what is True. What is Reality.That-Which-We-Call-God doesn't have a favorite translation, doesn't use the red-letter edition, doesn't read it every day or any day.That-Which-We-Call-God doesn't have a bible.Which is why in the cartoon God is laughing his head off, along with all kinds of other reasons.Purchase my art, including cartoons, … [Read more...]
biblically fueled superiority
(*Several of my original cartoon drawings and prints are available, including this one! Email me if interested. Originals are $99 and prints are $25... plus shipping.)I know nakedpastor stirs things up. Intentionally! Just because arrogance is biblically fueled, it is still arrogance. Plain and simple.(Would you like to be a part of an online community that provides a safe, non-confrontational space for people from around the world to share their stories and ideas and to process their … [Read more...]
a fundamentalist
(*Several of my original cartoon drawings are available, as well as prints. Email me if interested.)What I think is really interesting about this cartoon is that many people believe this is the way it should be. … [Read more...]


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CashFlow Free Expense manager
by: AB Software • 226
All Android applications categories
by: AB Software • 226
CashFlow is the money tracker app that help you managing personal finances, so quickly and easily as possible.
It's intuitive and attractive user interface allows you to instantly collect and analyze financial data.
Features cash tracker include:
• Managing personal finances easy and quick
• Interactive charts and reports that help you analyze your income, expenses, cash flow and balance for different periods and accounts.
• Includes widget for faster adding income or expense. Useful for daily expense tracking.
• Customizable income and expense categories, for detail finance managing.
• Customizable currency
• PIN-code protection
• Transactions patterns
• Backup
• Track and manage expense and income for multiple accounts [pro version]
• Configurable automatic backup (at start, daily, weekly, monthly) [pro version]
• Export CVS, E-mail, DropBox, Google Disk ect. [pro version]
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text:
Room Service To End At Midtown Hilton
The Hilton Hotel in Midtown will end room service in August, replacing it with a cafeteria-style eatery.
The move will affect more than a customer's need for eggs at 1 a.m.: 55 jobs will be eliminated, from kitchen workers to staff who deliver meals.
Jacob Tomsky, author of Heads in Beds, a behind-the-scenes memoir of the hotel industry, worried that the cuts could spread to other hotels. "It's sad," he said. "The first thing I think of is the employees who lost their jobs. But when I think of the business model, I find it hard to see it going any other way."
Providing room service is a typically staff-intensive, money-losing proposition, he said — but customers expect it at a certain class of hotel.
The Midtown Hilton is the city's largest hotel with nearly 2,000 rooms. Hilton Hotels & Resorts owns the Waldorf Astoria on Park Avenue, where room service was introduced in the 1930s.


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About the Book
Eva Maria (Eva van den Hamsvoort) graduated in 1993 with a bachelor's degree from the School of Fine Art and Design St Joost in Breda. She has worked as an artist and graphic designer since.
"My art work is very diverse: portraits, landscapes and abstract work. I use different techniques for my artworks: paint, pencil, photography and mixed media. My artwork is flowing, loose, but sometimes also has a more graphic look. I try to catch a memory in an image. The memory can be related to a place I visited, to a face, to a symbol or a feeling. I like to work with different layers to shape an image, which makes it artistic and it shows it has developed over time. The aim is to create an aesthetic image which comes across to people in a pleasant and sometimes stimulating way. The artwork comes from within me but will affect someone else.It is interesting that I never know where the artwork ends up. Art is for everybody and it provides something to think about and to enjoy. I also work on request, especially portraits. I unravel a face to rebuild it in a way the soul and the essence of it become visible. Each time I deliver a portrait and I see the people are moved, I know I have touched the essence."
Features & Details
- Category Fine Art
6×9 in, 15×23 cm
100 Pages
- Publish Date Dec 05, 2012
- Language Dutch
- Tags Eva van den Hamsvoort, portraits, ART Eva Maria
About the Creator
Dutch Artist & Graphic Designer • Portraits • Landscapes • Abstracts • Paintings • Yoga Teacher
Log in or create an account to post a comment.


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Flax seed gel that does not thicken?!
Hello Curlies :)
I finally tried making my own flaxseed gel this morning and it was a complete disaster. After the water boiled, I was hoping it would get thicker...but it never did. I stirred it for over thirty minutes! I drained the water and tried again but to no avail. Then this evening, I pumped myself up enough to try another time and I failed yet again. This time, a bit of sticky stuff showed up on the spoon when I scraped the edges but the suspension of seeds in the liquid never happened. I tried for over thirty minutes. I used golden flax seeds bought in bulk for at Whole Foods if that helps explain anything...?
What did I do wrong?!?! :(
Any words of advice would be greatly appreciated, thank you
Did u buy raw or roasted? It's the raw ones that are used for gel.
I don't remember it saying whether it was raw or roasted and the receipt doesn't say what it is either way
This is my first post here, but I saw your post and since I just used the same seeds I thought I would reply. The bulk golden flax seeds at Whole Foods are raw, and they should have worked just fine. I made gel with them a few days ago, no problems. Did you use a standard recipe? The only thing I can think of is if you used too much water, the mucilage would've been excessively thinned. To test the seeds, try soaking a few seeds in plain water for a few minutes; they should start to feel slimy fairly quickly. If the seeds are good, then there must be something else going on.
ETA: I signed up almost a year ago, but then never ended up posting because I was still wavering on CG. I'm a regular over at LHC, though.
FSG on it's own is never going to be as thick as normal gels. It will thicken up as it cools down, so try giving it more time.
1/4 C seeds
2 C water
(epsom salt if using)
Place both in a medium pot and bring to a boil. Turn the heat down enough to keep the seeds in a rolling boil, without boiling over. Set the timer for 6 min and stir occasionally. Strain immediately and add any extras that you want.
Using that method, the gel will still be on the thin side, but will thicken up more as it cools and turn into the lovely 'snotty' mixture. I find the thin FSG is nice and easy to distribute through the hair, but that said, I do use a thickener myself.
Don't give up, it's good stuff! :)
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New residents to the City of Round Rock, TX have joined one of the fastest growing communities in the nation. In 1970 there were only 2,700 residents in this town, today there are more than 100,000 individuals calling Round Rock home. (See Google map; Round Rock is located at latitude 30° 30' 76" N.; longitude 97° 42' 30" W.; elevation 709')
We often get questions about schools, neighborhood associations, the political structure, and how to connect water, wastewater, electric, and gas. This page provides some general information.
Water, wastewater, and garbage pickup are billed through the city's Utility Department. Visit the Utility Department web page for more information. You'll find that you can apply for the water and wastewater services through the mail.
Round Rock contracts with Round Rock Refuse to provide curbside recycling and garbage collection service for all residential customers. Residents are provided two 96-gallon containers, a brown one for garbage and a green one for recycling. Garbage will be collected once per week and recycling collected every other week. The only holidays are Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day, if they fall on a collection day. For information, call Round Rock Refuse at 255-4980.
Gas is provided by Atmos Energy. Please contact them to set up these utilities. Their customer service number for Central Texas is 1-800-460-3030.
The electricity transmission and service provider is Oncor. In most areas of the City, electric service is open to competition; check with your builder or Realtor to be certain. To learn about the retail service options available, visitPowertochoose.org.
Power out?Oncor provides 24/7 outage information here. The City of Round Rock is not responsible for electricity service.
The Round Rock Independent School District (RRISD) serves Round Rock, parts of Williamson County, parts of Travis County, and parts of Cedar Park and Austin. In some states, city governments administer the school district. In Texas, however, school districts are independent tax entities with their own taxing authority and governing board. The school district serves several cities and two counties. Questions about the school system should be directed to RRISD.
Neighborhood associations
Depending on the subdivision in which you live, there may be a neighborhood association which can be either an informal group of individuals who get together to socialize or are formed for more formal purposes as defined by deed restrictions or to maintain agreements between the home owners and developers. Please ask your realtor for more information.
City services
City services that have a direct impact on the public include Police, Fire, Library, Parks and Recreation, Transportation,Utilities and Environmental Services, Planning and Development Services, Water (Utility) Billing, and Municipal Court. Other departments in the city include City Administration, Finance, Human Resources, and Purchasing. Code Enforcementis a division of the Planning Department. Animal Control is a division of the Police Department.
In most cases, the city provides services only to those located within the corporate city limits of Round Rock. Postal addresses do not reflect city residency. If you are unclear as to residency, you should check with your realtor, the county tax office (512-248-3278) or the city's Planning and Development Services (512-218- 5428)
City government
The city has what is called a Manager-Council form of government. Council members do not serve in a particular district, but are elected to serve the entire city. City elections seldom have party politics involved — this may be different from what you are used to. See the Council page for more information on this topic.
County government
County government has limited responsibility within the city limits. Its responsibilities are defined by state government. Round Rock is located primarily in Williamson County, with just a small area in Travis County to the south along IH 35. Austin is located in Travis County.
If you find that you do not live within the city limits of Round Rock, you will most likely be in Williamson or Travis County. Williamson County provides police safety for city non-residents through the Sheriff's office, some human services, county road and bridge maintenance, and the County Court system. The County maintains records for marriage, divorce, births and deaths. Visit the Williamson County web site for more county services. County Commissioners are elected by precinct and the elections are based on party affiliation.
For the non-resident, fire protection is provided by volunteer fire departments which have taxing authority. Water and sewer will be handled either through septic systems and wells on your property, or through a quasi-governmental entity called a "MUD", or municipal utility district, not affiliated with any city government. MUD responsibilities are defined by state law. The MUD is governed by a board elected by the residents served by the MUD. In some areas of the county, water and electrical may be provided by a neighboring city.
State government
The city and county is currently split in terms of State Senatorial and County Commission representation. This may change during redistricting. To determine your precincts, you can either register to vote (the numbers are on the voter's registration card) or call 512-943-1630.
What's going on
Though not exhaustive, the city does provide a calendar of events. Government meetings, community-wide events, and neighborhood activities are listed on this page. Items are added at the request of the event sponsor or governmental agency. Also, visit the Round Rock Convention and Visitor's Bureau's web site for area attractions, shopping, meeting facilities and more.


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Oct. 7, 2013
Bearcat Invitational Results - First RoundHEBRON, Ky. - University of Cincinnati junior Baxter Reeves (Montgomery, Ala./Brewbaker Tech/Central Alabama CC) carded a 2-under par 70 to tie for fourth place, two strokes off the lead Monday after the opening round of the Bearcat Invitational at Traditions Golf Club (par 72; 7,100 yards). Reeves posted three birdies on holes No. 10, 15 and 17 to record a 3-under 33 on the back nine to tie Marshall's Jeremy Rogers (70) for fourth place. Tennessee Tech's Mitchell Thomas leads the 80-player field after earning a 4-under 68. Austin Peay's Anthony Bradley (69) and Tennessee Tech's Lee Whitehead (69) are tied for second. "Baxter continues to be very solid," UC head coach Doug Martin said. "He shot 70 in the first round and really didn't get off to a good start. He was 2-over through nine holes but made a good rally coming in. We need to keep that performance up from him the rest of this tournament."Cincinnati has two squads competing in the 16 team field. The Red squad is in fourth place at even par 288. The Black squad is tied for 12th at 301.Tennessee Tech leads the team standings at 4-under 284, followed by Austin Peay (3-under 285) and Marshall (1-under 287). "It was a good start for us," Martin said. "It was a little cool and quite breezy this morning and, obviously, all the rain over the weekend made for very soft conditions. I'm happy with the start. We need to get something going in the second round though."UC Red squad teammates junior Jared Howard (Dublin, Ohio/Jerome High School) and freshman Jared O'Kelley (Canton, Ga./Creekview High School) are tied for ninth at even par 72. Other UC Red team finishes include junior John Michael O'Toole (Pinson, Ala./Pinson Valley High School/Central Alabama CC) tied for 27th at 2-over 74 and sophomore Emerson Newsome (Dacula, Ga./Mill Creek High School) tied for 38th at 3-over 75.The UC Black team is led by sophomore Adam Millson (Florence, Ky./Randall U. Cooper High School), who is tied for 18th place at 1-over 73. Sophomore Blake Hamilton (Union, Ky./Ryle High School) is tied for 27th at 2-over 74. Freshman Chad Howard (Dublin, Ohio/Jerome High School) is tied for 48th at 4-over 76. Freshman Brennen Walsh (Cincinnati, Ohio/Elder High School) had a 6-over 78 to tie for 61st place. Junior Michael Wolf (Cincinnati, Ohio/Moeller High School) is tied for 75th place at 82. The second round was halted due to darkness and will resume Tuesday at 9 a.m. The final round will begin afterward.


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image: maddensresort.wordpress.com
Craft sticks and glue are all you need to create a unique picture frame.What You Need:
I have my talented art students teach a lesson each March for Youth Art Month. This year my 4th grade student, Ryan Hecker, created a really neat plan. You make a picture frame on paper and then draw a picture inside of it. They really turned out very nicely!
It is so easy and the results are so neat! I hope you enjoy it!Recommended Books/Products:
Family Fun Crafts : 500 Creative Activities for You and Your Kids
by: The Editors of FamilyFun Magazine
Creating by Recycling (Crafts for All Seasons)
by Laia Sadurni, Anna Llimos
Create art with objects from around the house.


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Dictionary of American Regional English
Explore the links that offer a taste of the kind of information gathered in the decades-old project called The Dictionary of American Regional English, which recently published the final volume of their massive reference work. Examine a Sample Page. Survey a large selection of sample entries. How many of these words do you recognize? Listen to some audio files, including 'Arthur the Rat', in which Americans from different regions are pieced together in an audio collage to show the impressive range of dialects. Most of the information was collected in the middle of the twentieth century, and most of the informants were older people who lived their lives in one region.
This link will take you to the African-American and Gullah Project of the Linguistics Atlas Projects website. The Gullah part makes use of the data gathered by Lorenzo Dow Turner, which went in to his 1949 book. Some of the informants he interviewed were born into slavery. Use the "Browse" button to see a list of informants (identified by an alpha-numeric code), and then follow that link to explore the information collected from them.
Northern Cities Vowel Shift
A surprising sound change going on in contemporary English even as we speak! U Penn linguist William Labov discusses the shift affecting short vowels in Buffalo, Rochester, and other northern cities. Read more about it here.
Linguistic Atlas and Mapping Projects
The Linguistic Atlas Project: spend some time exploring this database. Does the information it gives for the dialect in the regions that you know line up with what you hear? Bring your observations to section.
The Telsur Project (includes North American regional dialect maps). You might begin with the maps (link near the top of page). See, for example, the map of the pin/pen merger in the southern US. Spend some time exploring, and bring your observations to section.
An excerpt from the Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change showing rhoticity or r-vocalization in American English. Do you always pronounce a rhotic r after a vowel?
New Yawk Tawk: March 12, 1999 NPR interview with William Labov on his forty-year study of the various accents of New York City.
The Great Pop vs. Soda Controversy: A study, with interative maps and a user-survey, of American terms for soft drinks by county. You can contribute to the database!
Beyond the Great Pop vs. Soda Controversy: Dialect Survey Maps: Statistician Joshua Katz at NC State University has taken data from the Harvard Dialect Survey, conducted by Bert Vaux and Scott Golden, and has compiled maps showing how 122 different words or phrases are pronounced across America. You can explore the survey maps here, or take this quiz to see which region of the United States your accent most closely resembles.
Audio Quiz on American Dialects (from PBS's 'Do You Speak American?' project)


text:
The greatest tournament in all of sports where the stakes aren't just team against team, but rather nation against nation.
The budding rivalries from annual sports take a backseat, as every fan of the sport of soccer come together as one. It was a wild ride filled with controversy as well as being tied for the most goals scored ever in a World Cup.
This happens just once every four years. Whether a fan of the world's game or not, the most popular sport in the world fills pubs, living rooms and stadiums across the globe. Below is a montage of the events that took place over the last month in Brazil.


text:
BERKELEY, Calif. -- It wasn't flashy and it won't be all too memorable, but Stanford's 21-3 win over Cal in the 115th Big Game was exactly the type of game Cardinal coach David Shaw was looking for.
"Very proud of our guys for bringing the [Stanford Axe] back home to Stanford," Shaw said. "It was a great effort, in particular on defense. Dominating, suffocating defense."
His description wasn't an exaggeration. The Cardinal held the Pac-12's No. 3 rushing team to just 3 yards on the ground and kept the Bears out of the red zone on all but two occasions. On their first trip, the Bears couldn't punch it in after facing first-and-goal from the 2, and the second ended on sophomore Wayne Lyons' first career interception.
"This was a blueprint game," Shaw said. "This is what we want to do. We don't care about stats. We don't care about any of that other stuff."
What he does care about is staying true to the model the program has been built on. That hasn't necessarily been the case at times this year, but Saturday's win fit the bill.
"We want to stop the run, we want to run the ball, limit the big plays in their pass game, make the big plays in our pass game, and in special teams, try to control where the ball is," Shaw said.
Easy to say after the fact, but Shaw could have put check marks next to each of those five priorities on Saturday.
In building a 21-3 halftime lead, the Cardinal took Cal out of its element. The Bears were forced to rely on quarterback Zach Maynard to make plays, and he didn't make enough of them. He was 19-for-31 for 214 yards and was sacked four times. His half-brother, standout receiver Keenan Allen, was held in check, too. Allen finished with four catches for 43 yards and didn't factor into any of the Bears' red zone trips.
"Their defense is as good as any defense we have played in this conference for years," Cal coach Jeff Tedford said. "They are very experienced, very physical and very multiple."
And Cal was very overwhelmed.
"We preach stopping the run every week," senior linebacker Chase Thomas said. "It doesn't matter who we're playing. First things first, stop the run, and make them one-dimensional and then get after them in the pass rush."
Thomas, an All-American candidate, finished with seven tackles, four for loss and a sack. He also forced two fumbles and returned one for 7 yards.
The standout performance falls in line with the expectations for Thomas, who considered leaving for the NFL after ranking second in the Pac-12 in sacks last season (8.5).
He credited the offense's job in running off time-consuming drives as a major factor in the defense's ability to stay fresh. Stanford held the ball for 36 minutes, 58 seconds, compared to 23:02 for Cal.
"I think that our defense played with a big chip on its shoulder from last week [against Notre Dame]," Thomas said. "I think, actually, the whole team did. The fact that our offense kept their defense on the field gave us a lot of time to catch our breath, get our legs back and have plenty of time to rest."
Thomas probably owes an individual thank-you to running back Stepfan Taylor, who ran for a career-high 189 yards on 29 carries. He passed Toby Gerhart for No. 2 on the school's all-time rushing list (3,616 yards) and, with five games left in the regular season, needs 418 yards to pass leader Darrin Nelson (4,033).
"Can't say enough about [Taylor] as a person," Shaw said. "Can't say enough about him as a player."
Taylor scored on a 7-yard touchdown with 4:42 left in the first quarter to end the Cardinal's recent road scoring woes. Before Saturday, Stanford hadn't scored an offensive touchdown in two games away from Stanford Stadium this season. Its last touchdown on the road -- not including the neutral-site Fiesta Bowl -- came in the fourth quarter of a trip to Oregon State on Nov. 5, 2011.
Stanford added two more touchdowns in the first half. The first was a 9-yard strike to tight end Levine Toilolo on freshman Kevin Hogan's first career pass attempt to make it 14-3.
The athletic freshman quarterback, who is listed as No. 3 on the depth chart, had been used sparingly to run option plays, but will factor into the game plan every week moving forward, according to Shaw. Stanford shied away from using read-option plays last season as it wanted to protect Andrew Luck while keeping him on the field as much as possible.
"That whole package has been called the Hogan package," Shaw said. "The last two weeks, that package has gotten better and better."
A 20-yard pass from starting quarterback Josh Nunes to tight end Zach Ertz with 8:15 in the first half resulted in the game's final points. Ertz set a career high with 134 yards receiving and tied his career best with six catches.


text:
Does your man simply have no clue? Doesn't he know that the cheeseball "plastique" vase of red carnations from the 7-11 (complete with the pricetag still affixed) equates to rock bottom?
For flowers that don't suck, check out Organic Bouquet . These delightful (and eco-friendly) arrangements are tasteful, well priced for the quality, and they have that "got it from a real floral designer" kind of look. Truth be told, red roses are a bit too much on the cliche train for some of us at Delight, but lavendar roses? Enough to put you in the purple haze of warm n' fuzzy.
Originally printed in the February 2006 issue of Delight
Organic Bouquet is the largest online provider of eco-friendly and organic floral gifts. All of our flowers are grown in a manner that is not only environmentally friendly but also provides outstanding resources for farm workers and artisans. Organic Bouquet partners with select flower farms in California, Ecuador and Colombia. All of our flower farms follow stringent growing practices which are monitored by multiple certification agencies and associations. When you purchase flowers from Organic Bouquet, you are helping to improve the life of a flower farm worker, their family and the local floral community.
Our eco-friendly flower arrangements include roses, calla lilies, tulips, gerbera daisies, hyacinths, sunflowers, alstromeria lilies and blue iris. In addition to a complete line of flower arrangements, we offer gift baskets, fruit baskets, nut baskets, gourmet chocolates, gourmet cookies, plants and wreaths. All of these products are certified eco-friendly and/or provide for environmental benefits through our participation in Carbon Offset programs.
Whatever the occasion, our flowers make the perfect gift- birthday celebration flowers, anniversary flowers, holiday flowers, or floral arrangements simply to say thank you. Sending flowers from Organic Bouquet says that you care not only about the person receiving the flowers, but also about the environment. All of our gift items are shipped nationwide to all 50 states. So whether you need to send flowers to Florida, New York, California, or Colorado, we can guarantee overnight delivery to ensure they arrive fresh and ready to put a smile on someone's face.
Whether you are purchasing online, or through one of our customer service specialists, you can be assured you are ordering the freshest quality of flowers and environmentally friendly gifts.


text:
Hostess of the copper hill by Gloom82Watch
©2012-2017 Gloom82
Photoshop CS | Wacom
Evil at its core
So beautiful!
Bishop of Death!
Медной горы хозяйка, так вот как вы ее представляете.
love the details~ especially the people in the cage underneath and the bits of ash floating around
among the darkest gloomiest I've seen ... i love it!
Мать всех уродов
You're great with texture!! The crown and horse-hair like fabric is beautiful. I also like the huge amount of detail you put into it, like the foresty sticks in the background and the hidden objects everywhere
Muy detallado ,muy genial (Y)
very original and unique
This is an incredible beautiful piece of art. I love the details.. well done
Amazing, soon on my faves
This one cool creature... it looks quite cerebral and calculating...
fascinating, amazing concept!
excellent! love your style!!!
Amazingly sinister
A very strong image!Bravo!
Holy crap, I love this, amazing work!
That is just pure art!
you do good things. Love your work.
I could lose myself in this; it is so eerily deep.
wonderfull textures!
awesomely creepy
So amazing!
That's extremely cool.
Wow!!! fantastic!!!
Absolutely amazing ! Love your work ! Can we have a full HD wallpaper of it pleaaaase ?
Amazing work
Oh shi... omg!
That's amazing! I love this piece. Well done and very deep
Fantastic ... I'm out of my mind......!!!
I'm totally agree with MarjorieCarmona about Becksinsk...!!!
I'm totally agree with MarjorieCarmona about Becksinsk...!!!
It's a great work. It reminds me a little the Becksinski's paintings
старательно! )
обожаю ваш стиль)
Wow, this image is creepy, crazy cool! Ace dark stylings!
Wow, fantastic technique, how in the world do you do that???


text:
Do you want to make Ohio.com your homepage?
By Donna Rovan
Ohio.com correspondent
Jackson Township Fire Department personnel gathered at the trustee meeting on Tuesday night to witness the swearing in of two firefighters to the position of captain.
Chief Tracy Hogue officially swore in Frank Schneider and Steve McKinney as fire department captains on Tuesday evening.
Click here to read or leave a comment(s) on this story.


text:
|1,400 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 - 4 nights
Now is the perfect time to hike and kayak in the Lake George Region. Minutes from the northern part of Lake George, this lovely modernized cabin sits on a wooded mountain side across from a babbling brook. Since we are located a few minutes from Lake George, we provide 3 single person kayaks for those people who would like to venture out on the lake. This house is about 20 minutes from Bolton Landing, which is a quaint town filled with boutiques and restaurants. Ten minutes from the house is the town, Ticonderoga, where the famous fort from the French and Indian War is located. Lake George Village is about 40 minutes south of the house. Hiking trails abound everywhere in and around our area. Waterfalls are numerous too. Perfect for families since we are about 45 minutes north of Six Flags. In the summer, the park has a water park section. Rutland, Vermont is an hour away.
The house has wooden siding and a large wrap around porch with glass railings. It sits on a mountain side across from a rushing brook. The kitchen is modern with a corian counter top, flat surface top stove, and oven. There is a small dining area that can fit about 5 people. The living room has a beautiful ceiling to floor blue slate stone fireplace with wooden floors, furnished by a Natuzzi black leather love seat and couch. This room has a ceiling fan with a remote to control the speeds. A spiral staircase leads to the master bedroom. The master bedroom has a king size bed and a ceil fan. There is an air-conditioning unit in that room. A private outside door from the master bedroom leads to a small landing and set of stairs for an additional entrance. The second bedroom has a bunk bed with a double bed on the bottom and a single bed above it. It is outfitted with a DVD and TV. The bathroom has a slate floor with a pebble tiled walk in shower. There is a large rectangular sink with a black granite counter top, mahogany ceiling with matching mahogany framed mirror and vanity. If you leave the windows open you will have a babbling brook sound all day long. The house is pretty secluded and quiet. There are neighbors up the street.
Once you stay, you'll want to return. A little piece of heaven and serenity.
Mike is a construction salesman and his wife Janice is an elementary school teacher. They have one daughter.
This house is a tranquil getaway that is centrally located in the Adirondacks. It's a short drive to restaurants and Lake George. Hiking trails are everywhere. Children can play in the babbling brook across the street. Adventurous mountain climbing and repelling are in Lake Placid about an 1hr and 15 minutes away. There are old train rides that can take you to Saratoga Springs (known for their horse racing) for the day.
You will love the porch with its glass railings, the floor to ceiling fireplace, and the grooved wooden floors that look rustic but are new. The sound of the babbling brook will complete this very peaceful retreat.
The house was perfect for my family. Great little getaway to get kids off the iPads and get them into a more natural setting. Owners were very accommodating and the process was very easy. Thank you!
This is very overdue . I had the please to stay here two times with my family . I like to go right at the end of summer when everybody leaves. I can enjoy the nice weather and peace and quiet on the lake .
I work in sales and in a very stressful environment . There's nothing better than coming to this cabin to detach from the rat race of life . The house is beautiful ,the scenery is beautiful and most important it's quiet . I went there with my wife an two kids , my 4yr old son an 18 month yr old daughter . There was more than enough for them to do to keep them occupied . This place is magical to me . If I had extre money I'd buy the place myself .
WONDERFUL, right from the start!
Soon as we pulled in the driveway our mouths dropped... From the house itself, to the bucolic setting, AMAZING!!
Then when you walk in the spiral staircase drops uour jaw again- the beautiful fireplace, and cozy but perfectly roomy design!
Then there was the shower... The pebble flooring was AWESOME!! It feels like a foot massage just standing there-
And the look of it is so cool! With beautiful multiple shower heads, 4 total,... All i can say is, wish i could LIVE there!
PS: the sheets were the softest most comfortable i have ever encountered !!! (On the downstairs lower big bunk bed)
Thank U again and Again !
The property is well maintained both inside and out. Everything was clean and ready for us to use. The bedrooms are great, and there's even an alcove with a bed above the kitchen that isn't mentioned in the description which turned out to be great for us. Turning to the outside, the grill worked right away and there's a stone fire pit on the outer edge of the property that's great for a nice relaxing evening. The selection of movies available was excellent for when we wanted to unwind after a day out.
However, there were a few hiccups. For one thing, the driveway up to the house is treacherous. The first 2 feet or so is just gravel, not pavement, so getting a grip is very difficult. It's also very low and I have a lower car, so I bottomed out when my friends and I arrived. Also, the power went out on us a few times. The owners left behind a manual with what to do in case that happened, so we were fine in the end. But just something to keep in mind so there's no surprises. Most importantly, be sure to discuss how to actually get into the house with the owners before arriving. I don't remember seeing how to enter the house and had to call them after getting up there. Again, this information may have been available to me and I just didn't see it. But definitely contact Mike and Janice if you aren't sure beforehand as cell coverage is nearly non existent up there.
Speaking of contacting the owners, they were incredibly helpful at every turn, whether it was calling about entering the house or confirming what to do when the power first went out. They are always accessible and very pleasant to speak with.
We were hopeful for a nice quiet getaway. This place is even nicer than the pictures! It's a lovely quality, very clean and quiet! We had a wonderful time. Mike and Janice were extremely responsive via email. When we had a minor question about how the shower worked, Mike was easy to reach by phone. We highly recommend this VRBO! We would come back again. Thank you.
Excellent home and the owners were the same. Ran into a hiccup, but it was quickly taken care of. Mike and Janice are very nice people, and I would recommend their vacation place to anyone. GOD BLESS !!!
Located in the Adirondack Mountains. About 45 minutes away, there are Garnet mines to explore, plenty of antique stores, watering holes to splash in and more.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
Jun 25 2017 - Sep 4 2017
4 night minimum stay
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
|Property Damage Protection
Drive way is steep. Please use your emergency brake when parking your car at the top. The driveway has room for 2 cars.
Orange newts (similar to a salamander) live on the property. They are hard to find. Please be nice to them. There is no wifi or cell service on the premise. Wifi and cell service can be found in town, and surrounding areas, about 10-15 minutes away.


text:
Submit News
Investigation of 787 Dreamliner Issues to Focus on Batteries
Tiffany Kaiser
January 18, 2013 1:13 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
The 787 Dreamliner's charred battery
(Source: nycaviation.com)
The battery will be sent to Tokyo for a deeper inspection
An opening investigation into
the safety of Boeing's 787 Dreamliner
is complete, and with the focus primarily on the 787's battery, more safety checks are on the way.
Boeing, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and Japanese officials have completed their initial investigation into the 787's battery problems in recent weeks. A battery that was involved in this week's incident will be sent to Tokyo for further investigation.
A Japanese safety official mentioned that the battery associated with this week's incident was charred, and that excessive electricity could be the reason it overheated. The battery looked like a burnt metal box that had liquid spilling from the inside.
Boeing uses rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for its main electrical system. GS Yuasa Corp., which makes the lithium-ion batteries used in the 787s, said the problem could be the battery, the power source or the electronics system.
Just this week,
a 787, which was an All Nippon Airways (ANA) flight to Tokyo, had an issue with its main battery only 15 minutes into a 90-minute flight. After 40 minutes, a burning smell made its way into the cabin and cockpit, and the plane made an emergency landing at Takamatsu Airport on the southern island of Shikoku.
This issue
caused all 787s to be grounded
in Japan, the U.S. and India until a safety investigation was conducted and the problems were corrected.
Unfortunately, this incident isn't where the 787's problems started. Early last week,
a 787
operated by Japan Airlines
experienced an electrical fire
at Boston's Logan International Airport
after coming in from Tokyo. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, a battery in the auxiliary power unit suffered severe fire damage.
Just one day later, a Boeing 787 operated by the same airline at the same airport suffered a fuel leak. The fuel leak was discovered at 12:25 p.m. ET right after the 787 left the gate for a trip to Tokyo. The flight was cancelled, and the plane was towed back to the gate where passengers were instructed to exit and stay in the airport. No one was injured.
As it turns out, about 40 gallons of fuel had leaked from the 787. The plane ended up being delayed four hours before leaving for Tokyo.
On Friday of last week,
two more issues occurred
It was discovered that a 787 Dreamliner with All Nippon Airways (ANA), which had arrived at the Matsuyama airport in western Japan from Tokyo on Friday, developed a web-like crack in the cockpit window. The pilot found it about 70 minutes into the flight, but no one was injured. In a separate incident on Friday, but also with ANA, another 787 Dreamliner had an oil leak after traveling to the Miyazaki airport in southern Japan. It is unclear how much oil had leaked.
"So far we have not seen a single Android device that does not infringe on our patents." -- Microsoft General Counsel Brad Smith
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