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Posted by Paul Hagen on February 14, 2011
Building a customer-centric culture is occupying the minds and activities of a lot of companies that I'm talking with lately. This is great, because culture is the difference between going through the motions of a script and internalizing a set of values that dictate actions beyond the script.
Let me give an example: I recently was on the phone with an incredibly chipper call center rep at a telecommunications company. He didn't answer either of the two questions that I had, yet remained friendly throughout the call. As the call ended, he said: "We aim not just to meet your expectations, but exceed them. Have I done that for you today?" Not only was the question a setup that will skew results, but the asking of the question made it clear that the company hadn't succeeded in infusing customer-centric DNA into at least this person. A more customer-centric response is what you typically get from Vanguard or Fidelity: "I'm sorry that I can't answer your questions. Let me find someone who can. Would you like to hold or can I call you back?"
Don't get me wrong: Company intentions are important. Before I get into the culture part, I always step back with clients and ask "what kind of culture?" Don Norman's story about Southwest Airlines, in which the company refused to give customers reserved seats, food, and baggage transfers is a great example. The company's primary value proposition to customers is low prices (along with on-time service that's fun). That sets the stage for the kind of culture the company sets out to create. It's not customer-centric at all costs. It's focused on what's valuable to customers.


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Great Products and Lovely Pashmina Scarf
Par LOVE TO SHOP
de OLDS
I love all the products that come with this set, especially the unique face brush and the eye cream. I find with Elizabeth's products, less is more, otherwise I end up with a sticky feeling if I put too much on. I find the vitamin C line very healing for your skin. I bought the Champagne colour pashmina scarf set, and I love the Champagne colour because it goes with absolutely every other colour of clothing you would want to wear it with. Very happy with it and would definitely recommend this set.
En résumé
Oui, je recommanderais ceci à un ami
( 2 of 2 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
Vitamin C works, love the scarf
Par KATHY
de CALGARY
I like to use the peel in the morning, it helps remove any dead skinn which helps my serums and moisturizers to absorb better. When I travel I always take the Vitamin C with me.The bonus scarf is beautiful, I ordered in purple, it is a good size, soft and looks expensive. Thanks Elizabeth, you are an inspiration and very generous.
( 1 of 1 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
Excellent Product with a gorgeous Scarf!
Par Irene_PhD
de Winnipeg
I love how my face is responding to the Vitamin-C line, as well. Since I seem to love all the products, and have so many, I decided to use the Vitamin C for now, and then continue with all the other lines, intermittently. In fact, I love this product so much, and the scarf is absolutely lovely, that I purchased two. Thank you Elizabeth, for this! Also, thank you to Suzanne, who also brings style and grace to the Shopping Channel. The two of you are a dynamic duo. And, so is your Vitamin C line.
Excellent products
Par SSS
de Orillia
This C line is excellent. I first fell in love with Elizabeth's C cream which is not available anymore. I tried this C line and it works well to even skin tone and help with my fine lines. The bracelet is a nice gift too. I purchased the silver tone one. It is heavy - substantial and fits a large wrist. The price is very right too!! Thanks Elizabeth.
( 4 of 4 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
A very pleased purchase!
Par prairie girl
de Wpg MB
Purchased one to keep, and one to gift. The large Zebra scarf/pashmina wrap is even prettier than seen on tv. Great price and terrific quality of both Elizabeth's Vitamin C Collection and Scarf, and I highly recommend!
( 7 of 10 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
Par Always look for Elizabeth Grant Products
de Waterloo, Ontario
I agree with the other reviewer that this is top quality. So soft and like she said it is great for day wear or night wear. Very classy. And yes elizabeth it is great to see you on tv. You are such an inspiration to all of us.
( 9 of 9 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
Quality unsurpassed
Par Sandy
de Falkland,BC
I have been an Elizabeth Grant "girl" for some time now. Her products never fail to better ones' skin and therefore our looks. Young is definately in!!I have purchased Elizabeths' pashimina's (tiger and leopard)when offered along with her so feminine yet exotic perfumes on an earlier visit. The quality of the pashimina is "undeniably top drawer" and so soft and wearable.It makes the casual outfit soar to bold and flirty and evening wear to strikingly glamorous.I love that they are offered once more which is such a wonderful early Christmas gift to all of "her girls".Thank-you!! I also purchased the ESSENCE OF TORRICELUMN with the along with the evening bag as it was such a wonderful chance at both a classy evening bag and a tremendous price for the essence of torricelumn. If you never have tried it before now is the time! Thank-you Elizabeth for all your hard work in this field and it is always so wonderful to see you on set. Your one grand "Lady"!!!
( 5 of 10 clients ont trouvé ce commentaire utile)
So very disappointed...
Par Sheshopsalot
de Medicine Hat, Alberta
I used to be an Elizabeth Grant girl all the way. Especially when I purchased a set (many months ago) with Vitamin C facial moisturizer in it. I was instantly hooked on this moisturizer but was deflated to find that it's not made in a regular size for repeat purchases. Even after an email assurance from the company that it was coming, it has not showed up in the many months since. Sorry Elizabeth, I've moved on to another skin care line. Very disappointed you couldn't provide this product, especially since I would have purchased it in a gallon jug with a pump for the rest of my life if you'd made it.
En résumé
Non, je ne recommanderais pas ceci à un ami

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Did you miss out on the adventures of Command Shepard and his crew saving the galaxy the first time around? No need to worry because BioWare has announced the release of the Mass Effect Trilogy box set.
As you can guess, this fancy collection includes all three Mass Effect titles along with some neat packaging and artwork thrown in. There was no word on if this will also include previously released DLC such as ME2's "Lair of the Shadow Broker" or ME3's "From Ashes". Considering how it wasn't explicitly mentioned upon announcements, I wouldn't get your hopes up.
This set will be released on November 6th, a day before N7 Day (eh? eh?), for Xbox 360 and PC. A PlayStation 3 version will be released at a later date not yet revealed. This will mark the first time PS3 owners will get to play the original title.
What say you? Is this something you plan to pick up? Is it even worth it without any of the DLC included? Sound off below with your thoughts!


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My perspective on the springs is biased by the fact that my 2 prior cars were a 2008 M3 and before that a 2000 M5. Although the M3 was a thrill ride and blast to drive, it was a little hard on my back and butt on rough midwest roads, especially in the winter. Then I test drove the stock 550i and I thought it was a bit like being on a boat in water when I turned corners sharply. The Dinan springs took the roll away but did not significantly roughen the ride in my view - I think by the way, that any roughness in the ride has more to do with the OEM all-season runflats that came with the car - I'm probably going to change them this summer to Conti Extreme Contacts. As far as the exhaust - I love the note. It is a bit throatier than the M3 but not overdone - I like it. Might change the tips though - or perhaps a diffuser. I could get carried away - my next cosmetic thing is to get an M grill.
I think some M drivers wonder what the point of all this is - M5 doesn't come in AWD. This is about as close as you get to an M5 with AWD. Just watch, though - the MB E63 AMG is coming out in AWD next year I believe. AWD M5 is just a little while away I suspect.
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Originally Posted by exoticices
Whatever QJ do in the future, it shouldn't detract from the 900/1130 Tre as these were designed in the pre-Chinese Andrea Merloni era.
There is one thing they could do... they could re start production of these in China as copies of the original but cheapen it up for the mass market. Sort of what happened to Indian lambrettas .
Current bikes: Benelli Tornado 900 | Vespa 50 Special
Past bikes: Moto Guzzi V11 Sport | Gilera Runner FXR | Yamaha TDR250
Originally Posted by exoticices
I remember that one of the main Chinese m/c companies (not QJ I think) used to race a GSXR Suzuki in World Endurance a few years ago,
Zhongshen I believe..........
here's to another trouble free year of Benelli riding
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By Chris Harris
William Gallas is back to his best, according to Arsène Wenger.
The French defender was replaced as Arsenal captain in November but he has emerged from a turbulent spell with great credit. Gallas has made his mark at both ends of the pitch, scoring a vital winner against Portsmouth in December, while helping to stiffen a back four which has conceded just three times in the last eight games.
The 31-year-old kept the in-form Carlton Cole quiet when West Ham visited Emirates Stadium a fortnight ago and was probably the outstanding player on the pitch when Arsenal's ten men kept Tottenham at bay in last Sunday's North London derby.
Wenger may have taken the captain's armband from Gallas but he remains a big fan of his fellow Frenchman.
"Yes, he is playing well," said the manager.
"I have said many times that after a major incident he has responded like a real professional and has dealt well with the situation and that is what we want."Copyright 2017 The Arsenal Football Club plc. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.arsenal.com as the source


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Home > Christmas> Bring A Torch, Jeanette, Isabella: Voice
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Notes: Bring a Torch, Jeanette, Isabella. English version of a traditional French Provencal carol for voice and piano.
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What's on Your Bedroom Playlist?
- At February 08, 2012
- By Amber
- In His Wife, Romance Wednesday, Uncategorized
- 14
Mmm-hmm. With today's post I'm gettin' all up in yo' bedroom biznazzz!
Music plays a special part in romantic relationships. Why else do we go through so much to pick the "perfect" song for the first dance at a wedding?
There's something about a song lyric being able to convey the emotions and feelings we simply can't conjure up with our own words. Like this:
"You found me such a mess
And still, you took my hand
And held me out of numbness
Became my truest friend"
Sweet, right?
It's no surprise then, that music and the bedroom go hand in hand. Special things happen when certain songs get played at the right time, if you know what I mean. The legendary concept of "the mood" comes to mind here.
Unfortunately for us at the moment (and I'm just keeping it real) with a one year old sleeping in our bedroom, "Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star" gets heard more often than our best love making jams. *sigh* That'll change this year, though.
Once we do move, you betta believe that iPod playlist will be on and cracking!
I'm talking real, grown folk music. None of that "Kiss Me Thru the Phone" business!
Here are some quick "steamy" picks from yours truly:
"Sex Therapy" – Robin Thicke
"So Gone" – Jill Scott
"Love Scene" – Joe
"Say Yes" – Floetry
"Sweet Love" – 112
"Stop the World" – Maxwell
I think it would be fun to share…
What's on your bedroom playlist?
14 comments
We don't have a play list. Don't need one.February 08, 2012
Dang, Gina! You could have at least played along and picked a song! LOL!!!!February 08, 2012
LOL I'm with Krissy. We have a playlist but it's been awhile since it's been played. Honestly with our 4 year son we have to just go for it when we can!
However, most of the songs are pretty old school for us that are on the playlist. I'm talking about Marvin Gaye to Jodeci to R Kelly to Keith Sweat, Brian McKnight, etc. etc.!! 😉February 08, 2012
I feel you about getting it in when you can! And you are a woman after my own heart with some of those R&B acts you listed!February 09, 2012
never had one… womp womp.February 08, 2012
That doesn't mean you can't make one! If not the bedroom you can make a playlist of your fave love songs to play in the car when you go out on dates!February 09, 2012
So I am not married ( read yet) but you better BELIEVE I have a playlist in mind for our special first night.
1. Adore -Prince (huge Prince fan)
2. Sexual Healing -Marvin Gaye
3. Lost without you-Robin Thicke
4. 1+1- Beyonce (new fave)
5. For the Love of You-Isley Brothers
6. Drowndeep Hula-Maxwell
7. No ordinary love- SadeFebruary 08, 2012
That's what I'm talkinbout, Lee! Love this list!February 09, 2012
If I had a husband, I'd play the songs in my iPad..which is a lot of Rick Ross and TI.
Rap songs create a new dynamic during relations.February 08, 2012
Hahahahaha hmmm interesting…February 09, 2012
Ha! That sounds like a separate blog post in and of itself! LOLFebruary 09, 2012
I don't have a list per se but we do have special songs that remind us of back in the day when we didn't have children and we could actually play music in the background
"feenin" Jodeci
"for you" Kenny LattimoreFebruary 09, 2012
Nice! Both of those are classic jams! Thanks for stopping by!February 09, 2012
Trading Places-Usher
Red Light Special-TLC
I Want You-Marvin Gaye
If I Hit- 112February 17, 2012
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Ranchi, Feb. 13: Jharkhand's roar has ended in a whimper.
An ambitious 10-year plan to check the majestic big cat's dwindling numbers at Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), which was drafted by the erstwhile state government for more than Rs 1 lakh, has been spurned by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) for being "outdated" and "unscientific".
"The plan lacked basic details, didn't set priorities and was kind of vague," P.K. Sen, a member on the NTCA review board, told The Telegraph from Delhi this morning.
The authority has now offered to do some handholding to help PTR tide over the crisis.
"We have returned the draft and asked PTR officials to rework it with a much holistic and scientific approach as soon as possible. The state will be responsible if it delays the plan any further because there is a rider that the 2013-14 fiscal funds will be released only after this exercise," Sen, a veteran wildlife expert who also served at the Palamau reserve in undivided Bihar, said.
In 2009-10, the NTCA had directed all states with tiger reserves to present viable conservation ideas. The plans were submitted on February 8 in New Delhi.
According to the NTCA's guidelines on tiger reserves, which are also under the Supreme Court's surveillance, each gamepark had to come up with a plan on core and buffer areas, habitation improvement, minimising man-animal conflict, anti-poaching measures and firefighting steps among several other parameters.
Tiger reserves and national parks in Mudumalai (Tamil Nadu), Nagarhole (Karnataka) and Nainital (Uttarakhand) cleared the test in the first shot, while Palamau did not.
Drawing comparisons, Sen pointed out that Nainital's Jim Corbett National Park, which is the oldest in the country, had great detailing and scientific approach. "Priorities were clear. Each had a set deadline and budget details. Officials had written down what the reserve would be like 10 years from now. This was missing in the PTR plan," he said.
"For instance, there are three villages in the core areas (which ideally shouldn't be the case), but the draft doesn't say how to solve the problem ' whether villagers will be evicted or the areas demarcated afresh. If there is dearth of food, PTR doesn't know how to turn around the situation. The reserve has not fixed its priorities, which is a must because everything cannot be done in just 10 years," Sen said.
The Palamau reserve's problem is manifold, ranging from cattle pressure, lack of watering holes, poor or no connectivity to remote areas to 85 per cent vacancies and lack of experienced foresters.
To top it all, it never manages to receive funds on time. "Even under President's Rule, the state is facing manpower crunch. It is a pity for Jharkhand's forest and wildlife," remarked Sen.
Wildlife expert D.S. Srivastava claimed he wasn't surprised that the Palamau plan had been nixed. "The draft was prepared three-four years ago by spending over Rs 1 lakh. But, lackadaisical officials never felt the need to update it," he said.
When contacted, PTR field director S.H. Kazmi admitted that their plan had been returned. "It has to be reworked now," he said, refusing to speak any further.


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Charleston, SC, USA < change city >
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Charleston Flower Market
1952 Maybank Hwy
Charleston, SC, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
I was happy with my flowers but I would give them a B- on customer service and or...
Lotus Flower
32 Laurens Street
Charleston, SC, USA
2 ratings, 1 review, 2 weddings
Gorgeous, Gorgeous, Gorgeous! They produced more than I could have imagined! We g...
MOD events
618 Eighty Oak Avenue
Mount Pleasant, SC 29464, USA
Decorations, Florists, Coor...
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
The flowers were fantastic!!! They were fresh (she got them the night before) an...
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130 West Richardson Avenue
Summerville, South Carolina 29483, USA
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1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Dale was absolutely incredible. He is truly an artist, and such a sincerely nice...
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Charleston, SC, United States
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1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Debi did an amazing job with our wedding! I had no idea what I wanted flower-wis...
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Folly Beach, SC, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Judy live in our hometown and has a house in Mt. Pleasant. She and her sister did...
Fredrick's Weddings And ...
4142 Rivers Avenue
North Charleston, SC, United States
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Flowers were beautiful. I only knew a couple of flowers that I wanted and Lillie...
Nancy's Exotic.
Hollywood, SC, United States
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Nancy doesn't have a web page or an email address and her shop is not very inviti...
Distinctive Events
115 Calhoun Street
Charleston, SC, United States
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Gorgeous! I pretty much gave them creative freedom and they blew me away! It was ...
Duvall Events- Shannon H...
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Shannon at the Duvall team designed all of our ceremony and reception florals. T...


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A. Origin of Ontario's Class Proceedings Act[1]
Ontario's Class Proceedings Act (CPA) came into force in 1993, with three goals: to improve access to justice, to enable more efficient and effective judicial management of complex cases of mass injury, and to coerce behavioral modification through public accountability.
Prior to the CPA, class actions in Ontario were prescribed by one rule – Rule 75 of the Rules of Practice, Supreme Court of Ontario:
Where there are numerous persons having the same interest, one or more may sue or be sued or may be authorized by the court to defend on behalf of, or for the benefit of, all. [2]
Rule 75 allowed a representative plaintiff to commence an action on behalf of a class, thereby binding it, without the knowledge and consent of its absent members and without any judicial oversight to ensure their interests were considered.
When the Honourable Mr. Justice Estey, in G.M. (Canada) v. Naken, chided that the rule was "totally inadequate" for the task of managing a complex and unwieldy action involving a potential class of 2000 members,[3] the Ontario government of the day had already turned its mind to the enormous task of building a comprehensive procedure for class actions, virtually out of nothing.
In 1976, then Attorney General, the Honourable Roy McMurtry, formally referred the matter to the Ontario Law Reform Commission (OLRC) to develop recommendations for a class action procedure for Ontario. The OLRC released its report in 1982.[4] It was an exceptional and voluminous treatise that comprehensively explored the numerous policy and practice challenges evident at the time, while recommending thoughtful options for a class procedure going forward.
That report formed the foundational blue print for eventual legislation in many other provinces. Ontario took a slightly different route, and created legislation that more closely reflected the recommendations of the Ontario Attorney General's Advisory Committee on Class Action Reform (AG's Advisory Committee Report), which was established in 1989, with a report released in 1990.[5]
To support the goals of the legislation, and in recognition that the procedure would be of limited assistance if the plaintiff could not fund costly litigation, the government created the Class Proceedings Fund (CPF) by amendments to the Law Society Act.[6] It was funded by an initial $500,000 endowment from the Law Foundation of Ontario (LFO). Currently, the CPF is funded through a 10 per cent statutory levy on all awards in matters funded by it. The amount received through levies is unpredictable, and may not be sufficient to offset cost awards for which the CPF may be liable in matters where certification was refused.[7]
B. Reasons for the Current Review
A review of Ontario's class action framework is timely, if not overdue; twenty years have passed since Ontario first developed a framework tailored to the class action challenges of the time. Many cases have come and gone through the system in accordance with the CPA procedure. They have spanned the gamut of causes of action: product liability, consumer protection (e.g., payday loans/criminal interest rates), environmental mass tort (e.g., Walkerton), mass personal injury, labour (e.g., employee misclassification) and government action (e.g., Residential Schools). In addition, new statutory forms of civil liability, such as secondary market misrepresentation under the Ontario Securities Act,[8] have been developed that are amenable to class proceedings. Also, private third party funders are entering the fray, and they bring with them some new considerations for the administration of justice.[9]
It is unclear whether the CPA is working as intended and many unforeseen challenges associated with it have become fodder for discussion in conferences, academic papers, professional associations, social media and other commentary.
The OLRC noted in its report that when choosing a procedural model for class actions, it was important to consider the extent to which the scheme "will operate to ensure (1) that actions are actually commenced in situations where mass wrongs deserve redress, (2) that the interests of absent class members are protected, and (3) that class actions that should not be allowed to proceed are effectively weeded out."[10] Are the procedures enabling practitioners effectively to achieve these objectives?
In the concluding sentences of the AG's Advisory Committee Report, under the heading "Monitoring the Legislation", the Committee spoke of the importance of ongoing review as follows:
In the early years of such a procedure it will be important to know what sorts of substantive claims are advanced within a class proceeding, how numerous are the classes, what effect does certification (and each element of the test) have on advancement of claim, how long does a proceeding take, at what rate and point are cases settled and on what terms, whether a judicial attitude about the procedure has emerged, the role of the legal profession and contingency fees and so on. This type of information will allow a balanced review of the procedure and will form the basis of discussions around fine tuning the procedure or any possible need for more significant change.[11]
The LCO's review will address many of these issues, as well as others that have arisen since the actual implementation of the legislation.
A. Introduction
While the CPA is procedural in nature, its objectives of access to justice, judicial economy and behavioral modification make it a potentially powerful tool when applied to a wide array of complex, high-stakes litigation. This is especially so, given the significant discretion courts have to tailor the procedure to the particular challenges of various class actions.
The review will also consider challenges beyond the four corners of the legislation, such as the sustainability of the CPF, concerns around self-dealing and challenges in relation to national actions.
The following issues have been specifically identified through preliminary research and informal consultations with Ontario counsel, academics and others as important for examination. The list is far from exhaustive and is the result of preliminary consultations only. As with all LCO projects, further consultation will raise additional issues that will be included in the review (similarly, it may be that consultations will indicate that issues identified in this document will not need to be further considered).
B. Issues to be addressed
1. Access to Justice
Rate of take-up
In support of a class action procedure, the OLRC discussed in detail the potential for social, psychological and economic circumstances that can thwart one's individual access to the courts for compensation in a meritorious claim.[12]
And the OLRC acknowledged that, in some instances, a class proceeding may not be enough to mitigate the impact of social and psychological barriers. Such barriers may manifest in poor take-up of claims for compensation by eligible claimants. The OLRC posited that low take-up rates should not be taken as either an indication of disinterest by class members or a failure of the procedure, so long as "the proportion of class members who file claims is reasonable in the light of the practical obstacles to the distribution of the recovery in the particular case."[13] This raises the question – is there a rate of take-up by class members that is never acceptable, regardless of the circumstances?
The LCO has heard anecdotally from different stakeholders that in Ontario (and Canada) there is insufficient empirical evidence on take-up rates to know whether class action procedure is effective in mitigating the social, psychological and economic barriers to accessing justice; to the extent that data exist, the numbers are disturbing.[14]
In a 2009 Ontario survey of 16 plaintiff class action firms that inquired, in part, about the take-up rates in settled matters, one firm indicated that out of four settled actions, two had take-up rates of less than one percent. Other firms reported that take up rates could simply not be determined. What ought to be the response, legislative or otherwise, when take-up rates are not adequate on any measure?[15]
Consistently low take-up rates raise the following important questions to be considered in the course of this review:
- Why are take-up rates so low?
- Are notices alerting class members about key stages of the litigation reaching their targets?
- Are the notices understood?
- How creative are private class administrators in their efforts to reach class members? What are their reporting requirements to the court with respect to take-up rates? How are class administrators selected?
- How significant is the choice of claims process to settlement negotiations?
- How does the claims process, including requirements that class members verify their injury and complete complicated claims forms, impact take-up?
- Do any other factors explain low take-up rates?
Sections 17 to 19 of the CPA set out the basic content that must be included in notices to class members, whether in respect of certification of the class action, in advance of a fairness hearing to consider a settlement motion, or when their individual participation is required in order to make a claim for compensation. Courts are required to approve these notices, yet take-up rates appear to remain chronically dismal.
The courts are becoming increasingly aware of the challenges with take-up rates and are looking for novel ways to increase these numbers. In Lavier v. MyTravel Canada Holidays, the Ontario Court of Appeal considered whether plaintiff counsel's request for approval of further fees beyond that contained in the settlement agreement was excessive in all the circumstances. The Court found that given that there was only a 9 per cent take-up rate, which disposed of only 17 per cent of the $2.25 million award, the extra fees were exorbitant in the circumstances, and that take up rates are an important measure of access to justice in class actions.[16] Interestingly, the settlement agreement in that matter also included a provision whereby any amount remaining in the fund for class members would eventually revert back to MyTravel. Given that only approximately $333,000 had been distributed through the claims process, the end result would be that MyTravel's actual out of pocket payment is much less than appears in the (court approved) Settlement Agreement.
If the discussion of take up rates, and other gauges of the CPA's effectiveness are to be evidence-based, more quantitative research is required. The LCO's undertaking of this project on class actions may offer sufficient leverage to encourage cooperation and to generate the needed raw data from a variety of stakeholders, including class counsel and private claims administrators, to allow for analysis.
Procedural efficiency
The CPA was structured to provide judges with sufficient power to manage large, complicated matters efficiently and to deliver timely results. Any analysis of access to justice must consider the key provisions and litigation steps that impact the direction of the proceedings and the rights of class members in a representative action. To that end the LCO has heard about, and will consider, a number of procedural challenges that have been exposed through practice and that require melioration, as appropriate. They are:
- the test for certification, burden of proof and evidentiary requirements;
- the appeal routes;
- the ordering of various motions;
- carriage motions; and
- notice provisions.
2. The Class Proceedings Fund
The ongoing sustainability of the CPF has been raised as a priority issue by academics, both sides of the bar and the judiciary. The CPF covers disbursements and any adverse cost awards in cases it has approved for funding. There is a statutory 10 per cent levy on all plaintiff awards in CPF-funded matters for the sustenance of the fund.[17] Since its inception, the CPF has considered more than 130 applications for funding and has approved 82 of them, 30 of which have resulted in settlements or awards.[18]
Given that Ontario's class proceedings legislation adopted "ordinary" costs rules for class proceedings (instead of a regime of "no costs") there appears to be some agreement amongst all that a sustainable public fund is required to achieve meaningful access to justice for litigants.
As noted earlier, the AG's Advisory Committee Report recommended the creation of a sustainable public fund. The Committee believed a sustainable public fund would help to mitigate the disincentives, such as adverse cost awards, to assuming the role of class representative, when individual plaintiff recovery may be trifling; and would relieve plaintiff counsel from having to assume the risks of litigation that ought to be pursued in the public interest.
A public interest component of the litigation is a necessary prerequisite for CPF eligibility. This public interest is triggered in a number of different litigation contexts, such as misclassification of employees resulting in unpaid overtime;[19] breaches of government duty in the operation of facilities for disabled minors;[20] and environmental damage.[21]
Today, the CPF is grappling with lengthy funded litigation involving multiple appeals, and the unpredictability of adverse cost awards. By way of context, in the fall of 2012 an adverse cost award of $1.766 million in the matter of Smith v. Inco[22] was made in favour of Inco against the LFO as public funder for the plaintiff class. The amount ordered was half that requested by the defendant. It came after long and protracted litigation which commenced in 2001. In his reasons in the Smith v. Inco matter, Justice Henderson stated,
The Fund is available for the purpose of facilitating access to justice for large groups of the population who may wish to pursue a class proceeding. However, the Fund is not bottomless and a costs order that would cripple the Fund should not be made as it could unduly stifle subsequent claims.[23]
The potential size of adverse cost awards in the class actions context has shone the light on some potential frailties within Ontario's existing CPF structure.
Firstly, it is not publicly insured. If the CPF were to run out of funds, there is no statutory guarantee that the government would step in to prevent a fiscal cliff.
Secondly, while the LFO must find that the public interest is engaged before it will grant funding to a plaintiff applicant, there is no comfort that the court will agree that the matter in fact does engage the public interest, or that the costs will be significantly discounted to reflect that fact. Case law on the issue of certification and the determination of costs offers little consistency and predictability for the LFO when assessing the litigation risk.
Thirdly, the 10 per cent statutory levy on all awards or settlements fails to offer the LFO sufficient flexibility to alter the size of the levy to reflect more accurately the risk and better to compete with private third party funders for less risky matters with the potential for a large award.
The LCO will conduct a comprehensive review of the CPF, and its policy and funding framework, having regard to other public funding models, such as Le Fonds in Quebec.
3. Third Party Funders of Class Actions
Academics and members of both the plaintiff and defence bar have asked that private third party funding be considered in the course of any comprehensive review of class proceedings in Ontario. We agree that this is an appropriate subject for review.
Courts have recently examined the propriety of third party funding beyond that provided by the CPF, or through contingency arrangements (under section 33(1) of the CPA).
Whether third party funding is inherently champertous was considered in the context of class actions in Metzler Investment GMBH v. Gildan Activewear Inc.[24] The Court in Metzler determined that third party agreements are not inherently champertous, but can become so in the presence of an improper purpose. Over-compensation, improper motive and the potential for "officious intermeddling" in the litigation have been identified as examples of improper purpose.
As importantly, the Court in Dugal v. Manulife Financial Corporation viewed such arrangements as having the potential to enhance access to justice by offering an alternative to contingency fee arrangements or the CPF.[25] On this point, Justice Strathy noted that "[the CPF] may or may not accept the application. If it accepts the application, its fee is an inflexible 10% of the recovery."[26] He went on to remark that
[t]he funding agreement helps to promote one of the important goals of the CPA – providing access to justice. That goal would be illusory if access to justice were deterred by the prospect of a crushing costs award to be borne by the representative plaintiff or counsel. In this sense, the agreement is beneficial to the proper administration of justice.[27]
In Ontario, courts are aware of the risks and benefits posed by third party funders and make best efforts to craft provisions to protect the class from improper interference by third party funders.[28]
Yet the LCO has heard that it is the very nature of class actions (where individual class members may not know or care about the litigation) that may give rise to a situation where plaintiff counsel have effective free rein in significant decision-making, and where their interests may be more closely aligned with the funder vis à vis the costs and benefits of different litigation strategies. Negotiated settlements that include significant fees to be paid out to plaintiff counsel (and funder, pursuant to the funding agreement), always include the necessary language to speak to any judicial concerns about self-dealing, statements attesting to the fact that counsel have acted professionally, and at arms-length.
In the absence of a savvy or interested plaintiff representative to supervise the litigation, and in the face of the financial temptations that class actions offer, how can the court reduce the risk of self-dealing? Does the CPA offer sufficient tools and guidance to the courts to assist in this regard?
Some of those we consulted (academics, the defence bar and the judiciary) raised concern about whether the LSUC's existing Rules of Professional Conduct are an effective regulatory mechanism to ensure against self-dealing. We were urged during discussions not to meander too far in this inquiry into a discussion of the general adequacy of existing Rules of Professional Conduct for effectively regulating the behaviour of counsel; rather, the project ought to consider where across the continuum of class proceedings the risk of conflict of interest may crystallize, so that adequate safeguards and mitigation strategies can be developed and implemented. The Law Society is then in the best place to determine whether its rules should be strengthened to deal with identified risks.
4. Adverse Costs
Initial consultations with members of both the plaintiff and defence class action bar in Ontario reflect a concern that the general 'costs follow the event' rules in Ontario applicable to individual actions may be ineffective and inappropriate in the context of class actions.
In Ontario, the Court's authority and discretion to award costs to the successful party flows from section 131 of the Courts of Justice Act.[29] Pursuant to section 31 of the CPA, the Court, in assessing costs, may consider whether the class action was a "test case, raised a novel point of law, or involved a matter of public interest". It is clear from Kerr v Daniel Leather Inc and McCracken v Canadian National Railway that section 31 is to be interpreted as a "permissive" section and therefore the Court is not necessarily obligated to discount costs simply because the public interest is triggered by the litigation.[30]
Cost orders in favour of the winning party in relation to contested motions within the litigation process, such as certification motions, are to be paid within 30 days of the ruling. In contrast to Ontario, there is a "no cost" rule in each of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Newfoundland, unless the Court finds in a given matter that there has been vexatious, frivolous or abusive conduct on the part of any party.
In some recent decisions, judges have raised concerns that the current cost rules in Ontario may frustrate the access to justice objective of the CPA.
Firstly, in the 2011 decision Dugal, when considering the propriety of third party funding of class actions, Mr. Justice Strathy stated,
One of the important goals of class proceedings is to provide access to justice to large groups of people who have claims that cannot be economically pursued individually. In Ontario, the costs rules applicable to ordinary actions apply to class proceedings – the loser pays. The costs of losing can be astronomical – well beyond the reach of all but the powerful and very wealthy – not exactly the group the legislature had in mind when the C.P.A. was enacted.[31]
Secondly, in Bayens v Kinross Gold Corporation, Justice Perell questioned why the AG's Advisory Committee Report rejected the no-cost regime proposed by the OLRC in favour of a loser-pays regime, when such a regime creates a strong economic disincentive for plaintiffs to bring claims.[32]
After describing indemnity agreements by class counsel and third party funding beyond that provided by the CPF as the outcome of adverse cost rules, Justice Perell went on to say,
It may be wise for the Legislature to revisit whether any of this is what it intended when it rejected the Law Reform Commission's recommendation that class actions be governed by the loser pays principle. In the meantime, the court is now challenged with developing the jurisdiction to determine when third party funding should be approved for a particular case.[33]
Thirdly, in a recent trilogy of decisions on costs, Justice Belobaba bemoaned Ontario's existing cost regime, noting that risk and reality of high cost awards following the certification motion could detrimentally affect the number and nature of class actions going forward.[34]
The LCO has heard anecdotally that the failure of a certification motion can motivate an isolated plaintiff representative on advice of counsel who has provided an indemnity for costs, to seek the best terms for exit from the litigation including agreeing to abandon any right of appeal, in exchange for an agreement by the defendant to waive costs in the matter. In such a situation, it is plausible that the financial interests of the representative plaintiff (or plaintiff counsel or third party funder or both) may diverge from the putative class, whose interests may support an appeal of the refusal to certify. Subsections 30(4) and 30(5) of the CPA provide some protection to class members by allowing a class member to appeal either an order dismissing certification or an order with respect to the value of the individual's claim. The extent to which these provisions have been relied upon, however, is unclear.
Conversely, the LCO has heard that an order for costs against a defendant who has lost the certification motion, can act as significant leverage for plaintiff counsel in settlement negotiations.
The LCO has also been asked to consider the impact of costs motions on judicial resources. Provinces without an adverse cost regime do not have to contend with such issues. A comparative analysis of the way in which adverse costs alter the landscape of class actions in Canada would assist to paint a clearer picture of its impact.
In its 1982 Report, the OLRC acknowledged that there was insufficient jurisprudence at the time on the issue of whether the regular loser-pays rule ought to apply in class actions, to assist it to make informed recommendations on the question of cost rules in class actions.[35] Twenty years after the CPA came into force, a sufficient number of cost awards have been made, and there is now an opportunity to re-examine the issue, informed by the evidence.
The viability of the CPF, concerns about third party funding and adverse costs are all inter-related. The CPF and third party funders are creatures of an adverse cost regime.
5. Remedies
It has been argued that take-up rates as a measure of access to justice by class members are not the only indicator of the CPA's success. On this view, a remedy which has the effect of deterring and modifying poor corporate behavior through forced disgorgement of related profits is deemed to be a class procedure success story regardless of whether any individual class member receives any direct compensation.
On this argument, access to justice as measured by strong take-up does not have a preferred status (as argued by the OLRC[36]) over the other goals of court efficiency or behavioural modification, and need not be satisfied if the important societal goal of behavioural modification will result.
"Waiver of tort" has recently surfaced in Ontario as a manifestation of this idea that class actions can be strictly regulatory in scope, with the goal of holding large defendant companies responsible through disgorgement of their improperly earned profits. Waiver of tort appears in the law of restitution as an action based upon restitution for wrongdoing rather than as an autonomous unjust enrichment claim. In an autonomous unjust enrichment claim, one must establish an unjust enrichment of the defendant at the expense of the class. In a claim for restitution for wrongdoing, compensable loss to the claimant is not a necessary part of the claim, and therefore need not be part of the relief.
An issue to be definitively determined in Ontario is the exact nature of a waiver of tort claim. Is it an independent cause of action; an alternative articulation of a claim in tort that gives rise to disgorgement but still dependent upon proof of a tort; or merely a remedial response that provides for disgorgement in places where compensatory damages are available? Although these matters have been raised in a number of class action cases in Ontario, the actions have settled before the questions could be argued on their merits.
6. Cy Près Doctrine, Reversion, Forfeiture
Cy Près
Cy près ("as close as practically possible") is an equitable doctrine relied upon by a court when a testator's charitable gift cannot be implemented, because it would be either impractical or illegal. Through reliance on this doctrine, the court may order that a gift be distributed to an alternative charitable source which as closely as possible reflects the testator's intention.
Pursuant to section 26(1) of the CPA, courts have broad statutory discretion when tailoring the distribution of an aggregate award, permitting "[t]he court [to] direct any means of distribution of amounts awarded under section 24 or 25 that it considers appropriate".
The option of a "cy près-like" award is set out in section 26(4) of the CPA for use when it would be impractical (cost of distribution vis à vis the size of individual compensation) or impossible to distribute all or part of the award directly. When distribution to the class is either impracticable or impossible, cy près distributions are designed, at least in theory, to benefit class members tangibly, if indirectly, and to prevent awards from reverting back to the defendant in the event that they are unclaimed. Cy près as part of settlement can arise in three instances: to distribute the entirety of the award, a portion, or the residue, after all attempts at direct distribution have failed.[37]
Since the funds ostensibly belong to the class, the only restriction on the court's jurisdiction to order distribution cy près, is that it be satisfied that the award "be applied in any manner that may reasonably be expected to benefit class members" and that "a reasonable number of class members who would not otherwise receive monetary relief would benefit from the order".[38]
It is important to note that in the Ontario context, the vast majority of class actions resolve by way of settlement rather than contested common issues trials. In Ontario, out of hundreds of class actions that have been commenced, only 17 have led to common issues trials.[39] While courts are required to approve settlement proposals, they are guided by the common law doctrine that arms-length, negotiated settlement proposals are presumed to be fair and reasonable.
The LCO has heard concerns about cy près on a number of fronts:
- that section 26(4) offers insufficient guidance to ensure judicial consistency in approach when determining the propriety of a proposed cy près recipient;
- that there have been a number of approved settlements without an apparent link between the cy près recipient and the nature of the harm experienced by the plaintiff class; and
- that there are inadequate accountability measures, such as a report-back to the court requirement, to assess whether, at the end of the day, the funds are applied as intended.
The case cited most frequently as an example of the misappropriation of cy près, is the Garland v. Consumers Gas class action that dealt with an allegation of criminal interest rates. The matter settled for $22 million, with $9 million by way of cy près going to the Winter Warmth Program, which provides financial assistance to families who could not otherwise pay their gas bill. The flaw in the plan, its critics argue, is that it is Enbridge who benefits from the funnelling of money to this particular organization, as it helps to ensure gas bills are paid. Of note, as well, is that Enbridge (the successor of Consumers Gas) ultimately filed for a price hike before the Ontario Energy Board (which was approved) to help it absorb the costs of the Garland settlement, effectively downloading the cost of the lawsuit to existing customers.[40] In such a situation, where is the deterrence factor and who is receiving access to justice? In other matters, awards have been made cy près to an organization which itself is committed to the goal of access to justice.[41]
In Sorenson v Easyhome Ltd, Justice Perrell first approved a proposed cy près beneficiary, but then rejected it when he learned from defence counsel that there was a pre-existing relationship between the charitable organization, FAIR Canada, and plaintiff counsel. He explained,
The court should have regard to the objectives of access to justice for class members and behaviour modification of the defendant as factors in considering whether or not to approve a particular cy près distribution
However well meaning, the prospect of a cy près distribution should not be used by Class Counsel, defence counsel, the defendant, or a judge as an opportunity to benefit charities with which they may be associated or which they may favour. To maintain the integrity of the class action regime, the indirect benefits of the class action should be exclusively for the class members.[42]
Interestingly, in a different class action settlement which preceded Sorenson, and which involved the same plaintiff counsel but a different judge, FAIR Canada was approved as an appropriate cy près charity – most likely because the pre-existing relationship between plaintiff counsel and FAIR Canada was not made known to the Court.[43]
In the context of class actions which generate large awards, is money intended for class members actually distributed in a manner that is as close as practically possible?
Arguably, the cy près option was a legislative effort to neutralize the impact of the reversionary provision in section 26(10) of the CPA, which requires that any monies not distributed within a timeframe set by the court, be returned to the defendant, without further motion to the court. Such a provision was recommended by the AG's Advisory Committee Report in accordance with the direction of the Attorney General of the day as the preferred route to the forfeiture of any award residue to the Crown.[44]
It is not clear why the AG's Advisory Committee Report recommended section 26(10), when such a provision potentially undermines behavioral modification. Since it need not require a fresh motion, there is no court record that would reflect the frequency of its use in practice. However, it is not uncommon to see a reversion clause included in settlement agreements. The LCO has heard that defense counsel may insist upon a reversion clause as part of a negotiated settlement. A reversion clause combined with a complicated claims process can have the global effect of reducing the amount actually spent out of the settlement fund, the remainder of unspent funds reverting back to the defendant.
The OLRC had rejected the notion of reversion as one that would run counter to the goal of behavioural modification, and one that would reduce any incentive by the defendant to assist in the identification of individual class members. In contrast, the OLRC recommended the inclusion of a forfeiture provision to require that any remainder of an award be forfeited to the Crown.[45]
The LCO will examine the policy, procedure and jurisprudence with respect to cy près, reversion and forfeiture, having regard to the issues raised herein.
7. Securities Class Actions
Statutory liability for a securities issuer's material misrepresentations has been available for some time in Ontario for primary market purchasers (i.e., those who buy securities directly from an issuer or its underwriter) under the Securities Act (SA). A negligent misrepresentation cause of action may also be available at common law in certain circumstances. The difference between the two causes of action is that the statutory cause of action includes a "deemed reliance" provision relieving the plaintiff from having to prove reliance, whereas at common law, individual reliance must always be proven.
In 2005 a new section was added to the SA which created a new right of action for secondary-market security holders. The enactment of Part XXIII.1 of the SA provided relief for secondary security holders. This was particularly significant. Previously, potential plaintiffs who had obtained securities through the secondary market (e.g., through a stock exchange) lacked privity of contract with the defendant issuer, and therefore had limited legal recourse. Also the requirement of the common law tort of misrepresentation for proof of individual reliance was a formidable hurdle, and one that is not particularly suitable to class procedure. With the new SA provisions, there is a statutory assumption of reliance which makes class procedure more tenable.
The LCO has heard that secondary market class actions have changed, and continue to change, the landscape of class actions in Ontario and in Canada. At the end of 2011, it was reported that 35 of these kinds of class actions had been filed in Ontario since the SA was amended. Out of those, 24 remained active in early 2012.[46]
Secondary market securities class action litigation typically involves sophisticated securities purchasers, including pension and other sorts of investment funds. Stakeholders have suggested that secondary market securities class actions are not the sort of actions that were anticipated by the OLRC, when it set out to build a compensatory regime for psychologically, socially or economically marginalized claimants.[47]
The LCO has also heard a concern that secondary market securities actions have the potential to generate "strike suits" whereby plaintiffs launch actions with the sole intent to mount pressure toward a quick settlement of the matter. The balancing act apparently sought by legislators to mitigate such concerns involved the placement of a statutory cap on potential recovery of $1 million (or 5 percent of its market capitalization, as defined by regulation) for actions brought pursuant to Section 138.3, as set out in Section 138.1.
In recent years however, a number of Ontario class actions have been raised claiming the American common law doctrine of "fraud on the market"[48] in an effort to pursue class actions that will be unaffected by statutory caps but still able to dispense with the need for proof of individual reliance. Whether this doctrine will ultimately be adopted is uncertain and there is concern that its adoption may upset the legislative balance.[49] In the meantime, the LCO will consider the appropriate interplay between securities class actions based on common law, and those that are statutorily based.
The secondary market liability regime in Ontario's SA has a number of important procedural features, including a preliminary merit-based leave test that litigants must satisfy to be able to proceed, as well as a strict limitation period. Recent jurisprudence has dealt principally with these procedural features and how they interact, or conflict, with certain provisions of the CPA. For instance, the strict limitation period within which a secondary market action can be launched under section 138.3 of the SA cannot be reconciled with section 28 of the CPA, which allows for the staying of limitation periods pending the commencement of an action.
The inconsistency in these two provisions is currently before the Court of Appeal in a number of cases,[50] and will be considered as part of this project.
The LCO intends to consider securities class actions brought pursuant to the SA, to determine whether the CPA sufficiently equips courts to effectively manage these matters, while ensuring that the interests of absent class members are properly considered. Also, the LCO proposes to explore opportunities for better harmonization between the CPA and SA, having regard to challenges already mentioned.
8. The National Class
In Canada, the Federal Court has limited constitutional jurisdiction over subject matter, yet broad geographic jurisdiction, whereas provincial courts have broad subject matter jurisdiction, and restricted geographical jurisdiction. The result is that actions can be commenced by different plaintiffs in each province simultaneously, without the court or the parties knowing about the others' activities. And each action may attempt to bind the entire class. There is no reliable database to help prospective plaintiffs to see whether a potential matter has already been launched in another province.[51] This can lead to needless duplication of effort. There is no easy way to determine which claim, out of competing claims, should go forward, and if each goes forward, what will it mean for class members?
In 2005, the Uniform Law Conference of Canada recommended the development of a national database to help plaintiff counsel to determine whether an action has been started in a different jurisdiction. The challenge is that few plaintiff counsel are willing to put information about their specific claim (a copy of the statement of claim must be filed), on a national data base, for fear that another potential plaintiff counsel will steal their work product. Without reasonable compliance by plaintiff counsel in this regard, that database cannot be relied upon for very much.
The defence and plaintiff bar, the judiciary and academics all share concerns with respect to national class actions. When a matter is brought in Ontario, can it purport to represent the interests of class members outside the province? How are certification and other orders issued in one province, enforced in other provinces?
National class actions are not unique to securities matters. Product liability (such as breast implant failure) can involve consumers from across the country. Duplication of actions can only confuse class members who may be members of different class actions.
The existence and effective management of duplicate actions commenced across jurisdictions has been the subject of significant discussion and debate. Canada's constitutional framework does not allow a court in Ontario to assume jurisdiction over an identical action in Nova Scotia. Similarly, it does not lend itself to a system such as the multi-district litigation system established in the United States, wherein a panel of federal judges coordinate inter-state actions and ensure orderly management of cross-jurisdictional challenges.
The Uniform Law Conference of Canada recommended some options for better uniformity and harmony in provincial class action legislation across Canada. For instance, it looked at the opt-out provisions of provincial class action legislation, which includes members by default, unless they opt out.[52] However, in the context of the national class, a person may want to opt-out of an action in her home province of Ontario, in favour of an action in British Columbia. To allow this to occur, British Columbia ultimately included a provision in its statute that would allow an out-of-province class member to opt-in to the action, during the period within which British Columbia residents could opt out, following certification. Such a provision recognized the legitimate and different interests of inter-province versus extra-province claimants, and accommodates those interests accordingly. Ontario does not have any similar provision. It has been suggested that the lack of such a provision in Ontario reduces the rights of a class member to choose his or her preferred avenue of redress, even if it is outside of Ontario.
There are other disparities amongst the different class proceeding regimes in Canada, which can serve to exponentially confound class members and the courts as they try to parse the differences and their ramifications. Tests for certification and rules around costs only become more troublesome in the context of the national class.
There have been strong efforts to respond to the various challenges of the national class. The Canadian Bar Association facilitated the development of a protocol for the management of multi-jurisdictional class actions that was approved by all Chief Justices in Canada and by the Canadian Judicial Council. It is similar to that developed by the American Bar Association, albeit there are constitutional differences between Canada and the States, which make direct comparison difficult.
The Courts have engaged some novel and constructive efforts to overcome some of the problems of jurisdiction in national actions. For instance, in Parsons v. The Canadian Red Cross Society (the Hepatitis C settlement), Winkler CJO found that neither constitutional, statutory nor common law precluded the Court from sitting outside its geographic jurisdiction if it would assist access to justice and judicial efficiency. In that matter, Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec had supervisory jurisdiction over the ongoing administration of the national settlement. A motion was brought asking all three courts to approve an extension of the period within which claims could be filed. Rather than holding three hearings in three separate provinces, Justice Winkler saw the benefit of holding one hearing, presided over by a justice of each of the three provinces. He noted that
It is apparent that holding a single hearing instead of three will save expense and valuable resources. Equally important is that a single hearing will help to avoid potential additional costs by facilitating the process of rendering consistent judgments as mandated by the settlement agreement. Should the courts reach inconsistent orders, the parties may be required to re-attend, thereby requiring further legal costs that would be borne by the settlement trust.[53]
The LCO intends to consider opportunities across the litigation continuum, where the procedure could be amended with the following objectives:
- to provide Ontario's courts with better tools to manage such actions; and
- to provide Ontario's class members with sufficient protection, regardless of where the action has been commenced.
A full methodology will be developed. Briefly, the project plan is as follows:
- The MAG LCO Counsel in Residence will lead the project. Support will be available from the LCO Research Lawyer, depending upon need and availability.
- The LCO's student program will provide some part-time supports during the academic year (approximately 5 to 10 hours per week), as well as the support of a dedicated full-time student during the summer months.
- The LCO's administrative staff will provide the standard supports for consultation activities and administration.
- The LCO will make a call for commissioned research papers to fill certain research needs, which are beyond the resources of the LCO.
- The next step will be the development of a methodology document to be brought to the Board for approval.
- The LCO will develop a discussion paper and develop and implement a plan for formal and pro-active consultations with relevant constituencies.
- The LCO will consider consultative tools such a forums and symposia, as the project moves forward. It may develop discrete events dedicated to any element of this topic, if such a forum would be helpful and constructive for the project.
- It will release an interim report with draft recommendations after approval by the Board for feedback.
- The LCO will prepare a final report that incorporates the feedback to the interim report and any additional research and consultation that will be required.


text:
Location: Children's Nutrition Research CenterTitle: A ready-to-use therapeutic food containing 10% milk is less effective than one with 25% milk in the treatment of severely malnourished children Author
|Oakley, Eleanor
|Reinking, Jason
|Sandige, Heidi
|Trehan, Indi
|Kennedy, Gregg
|Maleta, Kenneth
|Manary, Mark
Submitted to: Journal of Nutrition
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/27/2010
Publication Date: 12/1/2010
Citation: Oakley, E., Reinking, J., Sandige, H., Trehan, I., Kennedy, G., Maleta, K., Manary, M. 2010. A ready-to-use therapeutic food containing 10% milk is less effective than one with 25% milk in the treatment of severely malnourished children. Journal of Nutrition. 140(12):2248-2252. Interpretive Summary: Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) has become standard treatment for children with severe acute malnutrition and has achieved recovery rates of up to 90%. Milk is the most expensive ingredient in RUTF and in an effort to reduce cost and make RUTF more widely available, replacing milk with soy has been suggested. This study compares the efficacy of RUTF recipes containing 25% milk and 10% milk with soy. The study found higher recovery rates for children fed with the 25% milk RUTF as well as higher rates of height and weight gain. The results of this study recommends maintaining milk at 25% in RUTF and highlights the importance of testing the efficacy of new therapeutic food recipes before they are widely introduced in such populations.
Technical Abstract: Standard therapy for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) containing 25% milk. In an effort to lower the cost of RUTF and increase availability, some have suggested that a portion of milk be replaced with soy. This trial was designed to determine whether treating children with SAM with 10% milk RUTF containing soy would result in a similar recovery rate compared with the 25% milk RUTF. This was a randomized, doubleblind, controlled, clinical, quasi-effectiveness trial of isoenergetic amounts of 2 locally produced RUTF to treat SAM in Malawi among children aged 6–59 mo. A total of 1874 children were enrolled. Children were assessed every fortnight and participated in the study until they clinically recovered or received 8 wk of treatment. The primary outcome was recovery (weight-for-height Z score . 22 and no edema). Secondary outcomes were rates of weight and height gain. Survival analysis was used to compare the recovery rates. Recovery among children receiving 25% milk RUTF was greater than children receiving 10% milk RUTF, 64% compared with 57% after 4 wk, and 84% compared with 81% after 8 wk (P<0.001). Children receiving 25% milk RUTF also had higher rates of weight and height gain compared with children receiving 10% milk RUTF. Treating children with SAM with 10% milk RUTF is less effective compared with treatment with the standard 25% milk RUTF. These findings also emphasize that clinical evidence should be examined before recommending any changes to the formulation of RUTF.


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Victoria College's Workforce and Continuing Education Department is offering an Excel Ninja Brown Bag class on Thursday, March 21.
The class will be held from noon to 1:30 p.m. in VC's Continuing Education Center, Room 208.
"This course is designed for busy professionals who want to learn shortcuts and tips to improve their Excel productivity," said Sherri Pall, director of VC's Workforce and Continuing Education Department.
Participants will learn how to quickly create, manipulate, modify, and unlock the power of Excel's powerful time-saving features. Drinks and cookies will be provided, but participants must furnish their own lunch.
WHAT: Excel Ninja Brown Bag
WHERE: VC Continuing Education Center, Room 208, VC Main Campus
WHEN: Noon-1:30 p.m., Thursday, March 21
COST: $25 per person
FOR MORE INFORMATION: Contact the VC Workforce & Continuing Education Department at 361-582-2528


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You're an adorable little baby Loki!!! Don't think I've seen little geckos before! Congrats on being POTD!
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You're an adorable little baby Loki!!! Don't think I've seen little geckos before! Congrats on being POTD!
Forever in my heart...Casey.Ginger.Corey.Mandy.Sassy.Lacey.Angel .Missy
Congratulations, Loki, on being POTD at your young age! You are a cutie and so photogenic! We absolutely LOVE the photos where you're with your proud mother! (Adorable!) We're so glad that you and your parents are so loved and appreciated by your great human parent/best friend! We hope you have a wonderful day and a happy, long, stress-free life! XOXO P.S. We love your heartwarming smile, too! http://www.guineapigsrfun.net
Hi Loki! Happy Pet of the Day! What a beautiful, precious, oh so special Gecko girl (?) you are! Just look at that smile, those big, beautiful eyes, that stunning red coloring! You're everything your human could ever hope for in a Gecko and more, sweetheart! And oh, don't you look adorable perched on your Gecko mommy's head! Silly little one! Yes, you and your entire Gecko family are so very lucky to be in the loving care of such a devoted human! And how lucky is she/he, being surrounded by so much Gecko love! Thanks for the BIG smiles, cutie pie! Hope you and your entire Gecko family, momma Daeva and daddy Ineru, are enjoying a very special day, being loved and pampered to pieces! Lots of love to you and your entire Gecko family, adorable Loki! Long and happy life to you all! (Off to check out your links!)
Star,Tigg'r , Mollie and the10 Gallon Gang!
And my Rainbow Bridge Furangels...Jingles, Cody, Fritz, Chessa, Satin, Buddy, Lizzie, Oliver, Squeaker, Moonbeam, Rosie, Ruby~
Loki what an adorable little surprise you are!!!
It sounds like you are a bundle of surprises; that you were born, then that you are a red head!!! I can tell you are going to grow up to be one special gecko!!! How lucky your human is to be able to watch grow into the gorgeous creature you will become. Please thank him/her for sharing you with us. You certainly brightened up my cold gloomy day.
Congratulations, sweet Loke, on being our very special Pet of the Day!!!
No matter what anyone does, someone some where will be offended some how!!!!
Grandma (RB), Chester, Angel, Chip
Leonardo (RB), Luke (RB), Winnie, Chuck,
Loki, you are such a handsome little crested gecko! Love your colors. You especially stand out against your momma. Congrats on being POTD!
~Kimmy, Chipper, Zam, Logan, Raptor, Nimrod, June, Mei, Jasper, Esme, Lucy Inara, & Morla
RIP my sweet Kia
Thanks Kfamr for the sig!
Copyright © 2001-2013 Pet of the Day.com


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15.5 cu.ft Undercounter Refrigerator w/ 2 Stainless Doors
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Etude of contact
Nyuu~ ambush!
Just when I thought this was a more laidback episode…. ▼
… Kyo Ani springs this on us. I'll just have to say one thing… that was some awesome cinematography going along with that scene. Never look down on KyoAni… never…
Well, with this kiss, I guess it's really "Sayonara" for those still holding up the slight hope of having Nayuki ending. Even Nayuki herself has admitted defeat in one of the possibly best scripted sequences for Kanon 2006. I really like how she took her "rejection", but personally, there's a part in me that wants to see her go all yandere on Yuuichi. It's more of a twisted way of how my mind actually pities poor Nayuki. Well, I shall just pray for her to achieve her own happiness somehow.
Also, for the Shiori worshippers, it's just too bad there wasn't much revelation on Shiori's current fate, apart from her being out of sight for a while, along with Kaori… sigh…
Addendum: Before people start putting out wild theories on why loli-Ayu didn't want loli-Yuuichi to see her climbing up the tree in, I'll tell you why…. SHE DIDN'T WANT YUUICHI TO SEE HER TAIYAKI PANTSU!!!


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Walmart cuts prices on staples in Western Canada
TORONTO (Reuters) - Walmart Canada said on Friday that it plans to cut prices on staple goods in Western Canada as it ramps up a price war in that hotly contested area.
The company, a subsidiary of U.S.-based Wal-Mart Stores Inc (WMT.N: Quote) (WMT.N: Quote), said the items include everything from milk and bread to eggs and butter.
The move comes as competitors such as Loblaw Cos Ltd (L.TO: Quote), the country's biggest grocer, and Sobey's, a division of Empire Co Ltd (EMPa.TO: Quote), continue to expand in that area.
Loblaw has opened a number of its discount No-Frills stores over the past few years, which offer low prices on all their goods.
Walmart, which has 317 stores across the country, has also opened a number of its larger-format supercenters in western Canada, which offer groceries and general merchandise under one roof.
"This is probably a reaction to the increased discount competition that they (Walmart) are facing," Bill Chisholm, a retail analyst at MacDougall, MacDougall and MacTier, in Toronto, said of Walmart's latest move.
Last month, Walmart also said it planned to spend C$115 million ($113.1 million) to open a refrigerated distribution center in Alberta later this year, which would serve a large part of Western Canada.
($1=$1.02 Canadian)
(Reporting by Scott Anderson, editing by Gerald E. McCormick)
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


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Experience Christmas Made Lovingly By us
Christmas treats, champagne sparkles and a sprinkling of Christmas magic at Drake & Morgan.
Whether sparkling reception or beautiful banquet, D&M has Christmas all wrapped up across its nine elegant bars & restaurants. Enjoy festive flutes or seasonal cocktails alongside our seasonal, British food from canapes & buffets to sit-down lunches & suppers. Service is second-to-none with an expert team on-hand for a seamless season from first drink to last dance.


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The story goes: almost 900 years ago in Ethiopia there lived a visionary king named Lalibela.
Lalibela traveled far and wide, including an extended pilgrimage he took to Jerusalem, after which he brought back home to Ethiopia all he'd seen and learned.
When Muslims conquered Jerusalem in the late 12th century and it became too dangerous for devout Ethiopian Christians to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem itself, Lalibela fashioned a work-around: to build a New Jerusalem in his home country.
But this New Jerusalem was no ordinary holy place.
The foundation of Lalibela's vision was to build churches in the ground. Today, each of his eleven rock-hewn churches stands carved out top-down from a single piece of solid rock — all so that foreign invaders would not see them above ground from afar.
Construction was a remarkable feat of execution. Once the rough shape of the structure was carved away from the rock, work would then begin on carving the church from the outside in.
Remember: all of this engineering took place 900 years ago without the aid of today's machinery and sophisticated measurement tools. No wonder local legend says that Lalibela claims to have had a vision of the churches — including detailed instruction as to how they ought to be built — directly from God.
Open up the panorama below to see the inside of our favorite Lalibela rock-hewn church, Biete Maryam (House of Mary). Be sure to use the up arrow and check out the engraved arches and ceilings covered in original frescoes.
What makes these churches even more remarkable: they have been used continually, filling with hundreds of people chanting and praying every Sunday for almost 900 years.
Ethiopia is a land of living history where you can get a glimpse of the past through present-day society and culture. We look forward to sharing much more on this fascinating country very soon.


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JEREMY HOBSON: President Obama is en route to Puerto Rico at this hour. He'll be talking jobs and the economic recovery and hosting a campaign fundraiser. He's the first President in decades to set foot on the island, which, as Marketplace's Jeff Horwich reports, is the most economically depressed place in the United States.
JEFF HORWICH: The Puerto Rican economy is 12 percent smaller than it was four years ago. Economists estimate nearly one-third of Puerto Ricans are out of work.
Business consultant Jose Villamil says the economy's been essentially stagnant for decades.
JOSE VILLAMIL: We tried to keep an approach to economic development that ran out of gas many years ago. The world changed, the global economy changed and we assumed that it hadn't.
Discount manufacturing center, oil refining hub, pharmaceutical hot-spot -- the island's tried a lot of things over the years.
Now economist Dionisio Montalvo says businesses in Puerto Rico face too many obstacles.
DIONISIO MONTALVO: The payments for electricity and water are high. The transportation -- we don't have good transportation in Puerto Rico.
Obama's visit includes historical sites and meetings on the territory's political status. But Montalvo and Villamil say Puerto Ricans mostly want to hear about one thing: Es la Economia, estupido.
I'm Jeff Horwich for Marketplace.
STEVE CHIOTAKIS: President Obama is on the road this week talking about jobs and maybe politicking to save his own. Today he visits one of the slowest-growing economies in the world. And he doesn't even have to leave the U.S.
Marketplace's Jeff Horwich is here to explain -- Jeff, where's the president going?
JEFF HORWICH: Puerto Rico.
CHIOTAKIS: Puerto Rico? One of the slowest-growing economies in the world?
HORWICH: It is stunningly bad there as a matter of fact. The economy of Puerto Rico is probably going to shrink more than 4 percent this year. Now that's worse GDP growth than Greece. And per capita income for Puerto Ricans is already one-third the U.S. mainland.
Dionisio Montalvo is an economics professor there. You want to talk about jobs? He says look at their unemployment rate.
DIONISIO MONTALVO: The government says its 16, but really I think it's about 25 to 30 percent.
That's if you include all the people who have quit looking. Montalvo says last year the territory's government cut 30,000 jobs -- and it's still got a billion dollar budget deficit.
CHIOTAKIS: All right, a weaker economy -- plus, we've heard that no U.S. president, Jeff, has made an official visit to Puerto Rico since 1961. Why would Mr. Obama go there?
HORWICH: Well, as a political visit -- Puerto Ricans can't vote for president, but their relatives in Florida can. And if the message of the moment is turning the economy around, it's hard to find a bigger potential turnaround story.
Jose Villamil is an economic consultant in San Juan.
JOSE VILLAMIL: Puerto Rico has to become a service exporting economy -- we can export health services, financial services, we have a very good engineering industry.
Villamil says years of economic development aid left the island with a strong professional class, a lot of educated people. It's a matter of adapting those skills to the global economy.
CHIOTAKIS: Marketplace's Jeff Horwich, thanks.
HORWICH: You're welcome.


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Have you ever been so tired of doing something that you refused to do it? Or wanted to do something so badly that you didn't quit asking until you got what you wanted? Over 230 years ago, people in this country had to obey the law of England. And there were British soldiers and officials in this country to enforce that law. People paid taxes, had to obey laws, and were punished if they broke the law, similar to what they do today.
With one exception. The people in this country had no say in how much tax they paid, what laws were formed, or what punishment should be. As the king of England increased the taxes and made punishment more severe, people in the colonies became very angry. In response, a group of men dressed as Indians went to the Boston Harbor and jumped on the ships that had docked to deliver tea to the colonists. For several hours, they threw the large, heavy boxes of tea into the water until they were all gone. This made the British get angry.
The American Revolution began as the colonists worked together to get rid of the British rule and become the independent country that we are today. Often, however, because we haven't had to fight for our freedom, we take that freedom for granted. The Voices of Freedom Project is a way to help you think about what freedom means to you and what kinds of examples of freedom you can find in your community. This site is dedicated to teaching you about North Carolina's role in the War for Independence and sharing what other kids in North Carolina think freedom really means.
As you read through their stories, think about what freedom means to you, in your community, in this century.
What does freedom mean to you?
Student Activities
Student Activity: Learning About North Carolina's Role in the American Revolution
The American Revolution had many ramifications on life today: our political system, our rights and our identity as a nation. North Carolina had its own role to play and even drafted its own declaration of independence. The war impacted North Carolina greatly, especially since it was an agricultural state. But NC citizens thought that the right to elect their own government was worth the cost.
As students learn about North Carolina's role in the War for Independence, they will also consider how that role has influenced life in the state today.
Estimated Time
In addition to out of class reading, students should prepare to devote at least 2 class periods to this discussion.
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Relevant NC Curriculum Standards
NC History Standards
Political Science


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Senior guard Brandon Price scored a game-high 25 points to lead the John Hardin Bulldogs to a 71-64 win over Barren County in the semifinals of the T.J.
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text: SAN DIEGO, Aug. 25, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Royale Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ:ROYL) announced Tim Pawlenty, former Governor of Minnesota and recent GOP presidential candidate, is joining the line-up of speakers at Royale Energy's next West Coast Energy Summit Conference, September 15-17 in Santa Barbara, California. Gov. Pawlenty will speak at a special Reagan Ranch Roundtable event that Royale Conference members will also attend. During his two terms as Governor of Minnesota, Tim Pawlenty was lauded for his innovative conservative leadership. He balanced the state's budget; cut spending, reformed health care and improved schools without raising taxes. Last year the fiscally conservative Cato Institute gave Governor Pawlenty an A grade for his fiscal management. Next month's Energy Summit will be held at the luxurious Bacara Resort. The conference will include a private tour of Rancho Del Cielo, Ronald Reagan's "Western White House". Visitors to the 688 acre home site have included Queen Elizabeth, Margaret Thatcher and Mikhail Gorbachev. The Ranch is not open to the general public. Conference attendees will also enjoy a private tour of the new Reagan Ranch Center museum Royale Co-CEO Stephen Hosmer notes, "At our initial conference, I visited the Ranch for the first time. I came away renewed and encouraged. Spending the day there was awe inspiring. For those who wish to see Reagan's principles triumph again, joining us for this conference will bolster, resolve and restore hope." Keynoting the September Summit will be the President's son, Michael Reagan, author of The New Reagan Revolution. Other featured speakers will include Christopher Horner, author of Power Grab and The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming and Environmentalism and David Kim, CEO of Baja Fresh Restaurants. Mr. Kim was recently featured on CBS-TV's "Undercover Boss" and is the author of IGNITE: The 12 Values That Fuel Billionaire Success. Since Royale's first West Coast Energy Conference in 2009, the company has provided more events and special guest speakers. Attendees to the invitation-only meetings have heard from industry, political and economic experts including T. Boone Pickens, Ambassador John Bolton, and nationally syndicated columnist Cal Thomas. Earlier this year the Summit expanded to the East Coast in Washington, DC where former Ambassador and Congressman Tony Hall (also a Royale Board Member) provided a private tour of the U.S. Capitol. Special briefings on key issues were part of the event held at the historical Willard Hotel. Governor George Allen also shared his insights into U.S. energy policy at an intimate luncheon held at George Washington's Mount Vernon. For more information on attending the September conference contact Royale Energy at (619) 881-2800.


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I love my naturally curly hair. Really I do. And as I always say — wearing your hair as close to its natural state is a girl's best bet for easy, manageable hair. I actually committed to abandoning my flat iron for the Spring. But you know how the old saying goes. . . it's a woman's prerogative to dot dot dot. So, in exercising my prerogative to change my mind, I recently decided to ditch my coily curls and go straight. Whenever I straighten my hair I ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS reach for products that protect my hair during heat styling (blow drying, flat ironing, curling, etc.)
John Frieda Full Repair™ Style Revival™ Heat-Activated Styling Spray is helping me keep my hair protected from root to tip. The lightweight styling spray is infused with Inca Inchi Oil for manageability and shine. Whether hair is color-treated and chemically-treated, John Frieda Full Repair™ Style Revival™ Heat-Activated Styling Spray helps to protect hair from the vicious effects of styling tools.
I spray John Frieda Full Repair™ Style Revival™ Heat-Activated Styling Spray onto my hair section by section, work it through, comb to detangle, and then blow dry. The end result is smooth and touchable. There's no sticky icky residue to speak of. Just soft, touchable, sleek hair.
Do you heat style? How do you protect your hair? Share!


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Napolean Dynamite Jewfro? Help?
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Join Date: Aug 2011
Posts: 574
Thursday, October 18, 2012 at 09:12PM
Oh man - I am
sorry, but I am laughing out loud. Your hair looks
like my sons (ages 18 and 13)! (Their hair colors are different from yours, but otherwise, you're practically triplets.) You are
handsome and your hair is wonderful.
We joke about our Jewfros too, and I know for sure it's an affectionate term for us. Now one of my son's friends calls his own hair an "IndioFro"...and it's definitely for humor, not insult in any way. I'm assuming your are simply using the terminology of your age group, and not being negative about being Jewish.
My 13 year old son is hating his hair the same way you are. He had a terrible cut a few weeks ago from someone who had absolutely no idea how to cut curly hair. Recently he started using some of my products. They are in black bottles, and even though no one else uses his bathroom, for some reason the masculine looking bottles are necessary. The brand he's using is called "
Design Essentials
", and he's having success with using
of product to control frizz and keep some semblance of shape in his hair.
Your hair will be a positive "signature" for you - I promise! When my older son was in high school, young ladies were fascinated with his hair. He used it to his advantage and wound up being a guitarist and drummer in a popular band. The hair worked with his musician image. Hair like your hair is easy to spot, and easy to remember. He played saxophone in marching band, and we could never find him until the band took off their shakos. Then we would all look for
The Hair
and find him easily.
He's now a freshman in college, and he "rocks" his fro. Apparently it gets very positive attention. He has a bit of a vintage Jim Morrison look, but more curly than wavy. He did get a cut recently, but he still keeps it relatively long so he gets the weight to pull it down and not form into springs.
The HUGE thing, as others have said, is to get the right cut from somebody who understands curly hair. The right person can cut it so the weight distributes better and it can either elongate or curl into a shape, depending on what you want. That person can also help you with the gobs of product you're probably going to need to control that head of hair.
Have a look at this:
Matt Stone's Jewfro | Cool Men's Hairstyles Pictures & Styling Tips
On an opposite note, my 75 year old uncle, who bears an extremely strong resemblance to Gene Wilder, only recently gave up his Robert Plant 'Fro. In this case, the 'do wasn't quite as attractive...However, it served him well for ages, literally.
3b/c, Coarse, Low Porosity, Desert Climate
CG since August 2011/Occasionally Minimally Modified since 2013
: Beautiful Nutrition Cocoa Curl Cleansing Conditioner, Beautiful Nutrition Cocoa Curl High Definition Moisture Gel, Beautiful Nutrition UltraLight Lime Jel Control Serum, Beautiful Nutrition Lemon Rinse Clarifying Treatment
Last edited by gardencurls; 10-18-2012 at


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The Tampa Bay Rays finished 10 games below .500 in 2015, despite having one of the best pitching rotations in baseball. With a subdued offseason, they will need to see significant improvement at the plate to make any waves in the AL East this season. Despite dealing Nate Karns, the Ray's rotation is stacked and is coming off an AL leading ERA of 3.63 last season. Chris Archer is emerging as the "it" guy of the franchise with his 95mph fastball and sparkling personality. Drew Smyly missed over 100 games due to an injured shoulder, but glittered in September. Jake Odorizzi and Erasmo Ramirez should stay the course and excel for Tampa Bay in 2016. The Rays have an interesting mix in the bullpen who may or may not pan out this season. Brad Boxberger had 41 saves last season, however also gave up six walk-off defeats plus many blown saves. Some other relevant bullpen guys will be Danny Farquhar, Steve Geltz and Alex Colme so be sure to keep an eye on them. Logan Forsythe at second base, should continue to elevate the roster both in key stats and defensively while Brad Miller, who was acquired in the Karns deal, will do a decent job replacing Asdrubal Cabrera at shortstop. At third, Evan Longoria has experienced a slump the past few seasons at the plate, yet his .976 fielding percentage led the AL at his position last year. Center fielder Kevin Kiermaier is a star with his glove and at right field sophomore Steven Souza Jr. needs to get his bat swinging in 2016 to help out this Ray's team.
In order to emerge from the AL East basement, the 2016 Tampa Bay squad will need to make a significant jump offensively. Tampa Bay Rays ticket holders are very supportive and are ready for this franchise to get to the next level. Be sure to secure your Tampa bay Rays tickets for this upcoming season and watch it all unfold.


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CableTV.com Recommends that your Best TV Service Option is DIRECTV
Using rating data collected from a number of independent consumer surveys, we have analyzed each of the cable companies and other television services available in your area and ranked them in order to help you determine which one will best suit your lifestyle. Based on this information, we've ranked DIRECTV as the top TV service provider among all satellite TV and cable companies in Hineston, LA.
Everyone wants to find the best price on TV service, but the best cable company in Hineston, LA should give you so much more. You should also take a look at each package's channels selection and features when comparing TV services. We rank and sort the highest rated providers available in Hineston so you can see clearly which channels and features are offered by each company. You'll find that most TV packages in Hineston offer the same major channels, but there's a much bigger variety when it comes to smaller channels. Find the package that caters to your entertainment needsâ??whether you can't miss a or New Orleans Saints game or don't want to get behind on your favorite shows.
When you pick a cable company in Hineston, LA, you want to choose one that will meet your needs and provide experienced help if you have any issues. CableTV.com considers the reliability of each cable and satellite companies—as well as how effectively they meet their customers' needs—before making recommendations. With our help, you can find the friendly, dependable TV provider you've been looking for.


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additional accessories that can be bought seprately
$360 picked up, $380 shipped
MSRP is $600 retails @$499+tax+shipping, here's a chance to save$$$$$$$$$$$
e-Boost2 is a natural evolution of the original e-Boost. The feedback provided by the users proved invaluable for continual development of the product with many of the suggestions being incorporated into the final design of the second-generation unit.
e-Boost2 puts the user in total control of his/her turbocharger. With a host of new features and state-of-the-art software, e-Boost2 is the one accessory all owners of turbocharged cars should have! Easy to use, yet sophisticated and technologically advanced, the e-Boost2 is equally at home in a street-going vehicle as it is in a top-level racecar.
It's a tach!
e-Boost2 displays RPM with a much greater accuracy than the common analogue tachometer!
It's a boost gauge!
With high accuracy boost and vacuum display, e-Boost2 outperforms most analogue boost gauges!
It's a shift light!
With an optional single or double LED ring, e-Boost2 controls up to 2 warning/shift lights!
It's a NOS switch!
With a fully programmable auxiliary output e-Boost2 gives you control over water spray, methanol or nitrous injection!
It's the mother of all Boost Controllers!
Up to 6 alternate boost mapping functions with specific boost mapping for FWD, RWD, AWD, Bike and Drag racing applications.
A specifically developed Correction Feature eliminates boost drop-off at high RPM
Boost levels can now be mapped against TIME or RPM
Special gate pressure function eliminates wastegate creep
Peak Hold/Max Boost Recall function monitors the boost and RPM
The display can be configured to KPA, Bar or PSI
Choice of 40 or 60-psi models
Choice of bezel/face colour combinations
Back-lit, easy to access function buttons
Auto dimming
Programmable audible warning alarm
Advanced short circuit protection
Suitable for panel, gauge pod or pillar mounting
Easy to read, 7-segment display with bar graph
Housing and accessories made out of tough, billet aluminium
(these are things that are sold separately, I do no have them)
Optional Accessories
Single or double LED ring. Available in bezel-matching colours
Shift/warning lights complete with a plug-in wiring loom, available in four colours (Red, Green, Amber, Blue)
Remote-mount shift light
Dash mounting kit. Tough and sturdy with tilt and directional adjustment