text:
The Manzanar Mangrove Initiative
An economic, incentive driven approach to end global warming
The object of the Manzanar Mangrove initiative is to create whole new forests of mangrove trees in vast areas of the world where mangrove trees do not grow at the present time. This will contribute to alleviating poverty in parts of the world and to diminishing the threat of global warming. Poverty would be alleviated by creating a renewable resource - mangrove trees which produce valuable timber, and by enriching the fish populations of adjacent seas. The mangrove forests would fix CO2 by photosynthesis into mangrove lumber and thus decrease the possibility of a catastrophic series of events - global warming by atmospheric CO2, melting of the polar ice caps, and inundation of the great coastal cities of the world.
How and where could this be achieved? The how is addressed by some simple considerations of hydroponics technology. Plants can be grown in an inert medium such as sand or even in water so long as certain conditions are fulfilled. The pH and salinity of the water must be at levels tolerated by the plant, the water must contain the mineral nutrients known to be required by plants, air must be provided to the roots, and the temperature range of the habitat must be tolerated by the plant. In short term experiments we have determined that mangrove trees can tolerate pH from 6 to 9. The pH of seawater is approximately 8. Mangroves grow in seawater, so obviously they can tolerate the salinity of seawater, and in fact can survive at salinity's a little higher than that of seawater. We have compared the composition of complex algae media to seawater and found that the only elements in short supply in seawater were nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. If a flask of seawater is placed in the bright sun, algae grows slowly. If ammonium phosphate is added to the seawater, algae still grows slowly. If ammonium phosphate and iron are added to seawater, algae grow rapidly. This means that if a plant can grow in seawater, we only need to add ammonium phosphate and iron to satisfy its nutritional needs. This also means that mangrove trees can be grown where they now do not grow if the seawater is fortified with ammonium phosphate and iron.
Where can mangroves be grown where they now do not grow? We will consider three general categories of sites: intertidal zones, deserts above the high tide line, and sites such as the Aegean islands where the tidal variation is small.
Let us first consider the intertidal zone of the desert shores of Eritrea. Fifteen percent of the intertidal zone contains mangrove trees. Why should this be so? On examination it is found that the mangroves grow in mersas where the scant seasonal rains are channeled to enter the sea. Is it possible that the reasons the trees survive are because they have water of a lower salinity a few days each year. Highly unlikely! It is difficult to think of a mechanism to account for the survival of a tree only if it has water of lower salinity a few days a year. The rains also bring clay so the mersas contain heavy mud with decaying organic material. Is it possible that mangroves only grow in mersas because they need mud? This is unlikely because as mentioned before plants can grow in an inert supporting material if conditions of salinity, pH, mineral nutrients, etc. are satisfied. Our explanation for why trees grow in mersas is that the rains bring the nutrients from inland, and the vital nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. To test this hypothesis, mangrove seedlings were planted in a section of intertidal zone where no mangroves existed. After about three months, all of these seedlings (20) were dead. Another five hundred were planted in intertidal zones lacking mangrove trees, including a barren, dead coral reef This time each tree was provided with slow release fertilizer, consisting of diammonium phosphate and iron oxide. This was accomplished by placing about two hundred grams of diammonium phosphate, and ten grams of iron oxide in a plastic bag that was tied shut and punctured ten times with a ten penny nail. The bag was buried a few inches from the tree. With few exceptions these trees have survived and flourished - some for up to a year. We conclude that intertidal zones of coastal deserts in tropical and subtropical climes, which now contain no mangrove trees, can be filled with mangrove trees if seedlings are planted and provided with slow release fertilizer.
Eritrea has an intertidal zone approximately 1000 kilometers long and one hundred meters wide. At a density of 1000 trees per hectare, we could plant 10 million trees in the intertidal zone of Eritrea. If the entire Red Sea intertidal zone were planted we could plant about fifty million trees. Other desert intertidal zones also show great promise. The gulf of California has a tidal variation of about 6 meters, and therefore has an enormous intertidal zone of about a kilometer in width. The shore line of the gulf of California is about two thousand kilometers long, so about two hundred million mangroves could be planted in the intertidal zone of the gulf of California,
What are the economic benefits, and what are the costs of planting desert intertidal zones in tropical and subtropical regions? First of all fish production would increase in adjacent seas. Secondly, if mangroves such as Rhizophera, which produce valuable lumber were planted, a valuable renewable resource would be established. Finally the economic benefit of averting global warming, melting of the polar ice caps, and flooding of the worlds harbor cities are enormous. The value of the tree after twenty years would be roughly 100 USD, and as lumber about 400 USD. Eritrea's ten thousand hectares of intertidal zone could produce four billion USD in twenty years or 200 million USD per year. Mexico's 200 thousand hectares of intertidal zone on the Gulf of California could produce four billion USD per year. This would be powerful economic incentive for such countries to do their share as world citizens to avert the global catastrophe threatened by global warming. The cost of such a program would be mostly labor. We calculate it would require about one man-hour per tree to plant and tend the tree for twenty years. This would include gathering the propagules, growing them in small plastic bags in a nursery, transplanting the trees, and applying once a year a slow release fertilizer. We calculate that the trees would require about ten kilograms of diammonium phosphate over the twenty years at a cost of about two USD per tree.
The Greek, Aegan and Adriatic islands, and the northern shores of Africa on the Mediterranean have no mangrove trees. Here the tidal variation is too small to bring air to the roots as the tides recede. A simple approach would be to plant trees inland, above the high tide line and irrigate by pumping seawater. The trees should be fertilized with slow release nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron and planted in such a way that good drainage assures that salt buildup does not occur. In Eritrea we have planted trees above the high tide line and irrigated them with seawater. They thrive if fertilizer is applied and drainage is adequate.
The great deserts of the world, such as the Sahara, the Arabian peninsula, and the Atacama could be converted to mangrove forests with seawater irrigation. Since these regions are so vast, the economic contribution of the trees would be very large, and such forests would banish the problem of global warming.
We believe that planting mangrove trees in areas where they do not grow is the only feasible and cost effective approach to global warming. In addition, the economic contribution of such a program diminishes the chances that a second catastrophe does not overtake the human race. This would be human overpopulation caused by its linkage to poverty. Dr. Gordon Sato January 1998 Eritrea
The Manzanar Project: Towards a Solution to Poverty, Hunger, Environmental Pollution, and Global Warming Through Sea Water Aquaculture and Silvaculture in Deserts
Gordon H. Sato, Tesfom Ghezae, and Samuel Negassi
Ministry of Fisheries, State of Eritrea, Box 923, Asmara, Eritrea
In recent memory, famine and poverty have plagued two countries with extensive coastal desertsEritrea (a former colony of Ethiopia) and Somalia. The premise of the Manzanar project is that such coastal deserts can be converted to rich agricultural fields through the culture of microscopic algae (blue green bacteria) in sea water ponds, and the cultivation of mangrove species valuable for their timber through sea water irrigation.
Conversion of algae biomass to salt water fish. Algae grow so vigorously that most algal specialists are preoccupied with preventing its growth in swimming pools, reservoirs, and recreational lakes. We can deduce that algae are extremely efficient in scavenging nutrients and using sunlight for photosynthesis. The problem is then not how to grow algae but how to insure that only desired algae grow to any significant extent, and to convert its protein, carbohydrate, and vitamins to products useful to man.
Our first approach was to convert algae to fish. In 1987, during Eritrea's war of independence from Ethiopia, one of us (GS) went into rebel held areas to assist in food production. Simple ponds were dug along the shore to a depth of about one half meter below the low tide line and about two hundred square meters in area. The ponds were filled with sea water, fertilized with chemical fertilizers to grow algae and inoculated with mullet fingerlings at a rate of one fingerling per square meter. After four months, each fish weighed about one pound. Less than one percent mortality was detected among these algae eating fish, which are famous for their hardiness in resisting disease and low oxygen concentrations. This is equivalent to a rate of production of about fifteen tons per hectare per year and demonstrated that desert shores could produce enough food to justify cultivation on a large scale. This was not surprising. In Southeast Asia, fresh water ponds have been fertilized to grow algae and inoculated with algae eating fishes for centuries. Our only variation on this time proven practice was to substitute seawater for fresh water and marine fish and algae for fresh water fish and algae.
Artemia salina (brine shrimp) as an intermediate. Another of our approaches has been to use the brine shrimp, Artemia salina. The brine shrimp is a small brachiopod that reaches a length of about 1.5 centimeters and a weight of 10 milligrams. It is extremely salt tolerant. It is avidly eaten by fishes, shrimp, birds, aquatic insects, etc. For this reason, it would be an excellent food stock for most any aquaculture or agriculture venture. If it is preyed on by so many of its fellow denizens of the wild how does this hapless creature manage to survive as a species, and how can its strategy for survival be adapted to its large scale production? The survival strategy of the brine shrimp is simple and effective. It begins life as a cyst on the banks of a dry pond devoid of predators such as fishes, aquatic insects, and birds. The cysts remain viable in the dry state for many years. When the rains come, the cysts hatch in about 24 hours, and the hatchling begin to filter feed on the microscopic algae that grow in the pond. In about ten days they reach sexual maturity and reproduce at a rapid rate. The females produce about one hundred live young, nauplii, per day when the salinity is below eight percent. As the salinity approaches eight percent through evaporation, the females switch from producing live young to producing cysts that cannot hatch at high salinity. The cysts are washed onto the banks by the wind, and the pond evaporates to dryness. The strategy for survival of the species is: 1) begin life without enemies in a dry pond as cysts, 2) hatch quickly when the rains come and in a short time reproduce at a rapid rate, 3) live in water so salty as to exclude many potential predators, and 4) end the cycle as an unpalatable dry cyst that awaits the next rain. We have mass cultured brine shrimp using a strategy similar to the strategy of the brine shrimp in the wild.
Mass cultivation of brine shrimp. Brine shrimp cysts from the Great Salt Lake, Utah, were purchased from the Petco Corp. and were used to generate the initial brine shrimp populations. The work was carried out on Halib Island about thirty kilometers offshore from Assab, Eritrea on the Red Sea. Three ponds, each about two hundred square meters in area, were dug to a depth of about 0.5 meters below the low tide line. The ponds were situated about twenty meters from shore. Water seeped into the ponds through the soil. Tidal variation at Assab averages about 0.5 meters, and rainfall averages about two centimeters per year. Both conditions are favorable for brine shrimp production because rapid salinity changes are not effected by rain or exchange with ground water, and fertilizer losses through leaching are minimized.
When water first enters the pond, its salinity is about six percent, and rises to about eight percent after three weeks, the length of the production cycle. The cycle was initiated by pumping the ponds to near dryness leaving about one cubic meter in a depression. Five hundred grams of laundry detergent (Omo), were dissolved in the residual water, and with a pump the pond was washed with detergent. In some cases, three hundred grams of sodium hypochlorite were also added. Water re-entered the pond by seepage, and reached sea level in one day. At this point, two hundred grams of adult brine shrimp were added, and di-ammonium phosphate was added at a rate of 2.5 kilograms per three weeks or about 120 grams per day.
Within four days, the ponds were visibly green with algae, and the peak of algae density was reached in about ten days. At first the algae grew faster than they could be consumed by the brine shrimp, but the brine shrimp population overtook the algae at about day twenty of the cycle. The pond suddenly cleared of algae, and the brine shrimp were harvested, drained, and weighed. The bulk of the brine shrimp were harvested by attracting them to the light of flashlights suspended over the edge of the pond. The aggregated brine shrimp were easily harvested with a scoop net. The remainder of the brine shrimp was harvested by pumping out the pond through a chiffon filter. The pond was washed with detergent, and the cycle repeated.
Brine shrimp yields were 17.6, 13.0, 12.8, and 11.7 kg. wet weight per twenty one day cycle per two hundred square meters. The results extrapolate to the equivalent of 10 to 15 metric tons per hectare per year. This has great promise for rendering desolate desert land productive. Brine shrimp can serve as food for a diversity of marine organisms such as fish and shrimp, and could serve as a major source of protein for chickens, cattle, and goats. This work was carried out without benefit of electricity or pumps for aeration. With proper equipment, we predict that much higher yields can be routinely achieved.
Predators and parasites. When the ponds were first established, aquatic beetles were observed momentarily surfacing to take air, and quickly diving to covert positions on the bottom. When one beetle, approximately 1.0 cm. in length was placed in a sea water jar with twenty adult brine shrimp, the brine shrimp were all consumed within a few hours. The beetles were attracted to the light of a flashlight at night. A trap was constructed with an inverted glass funnel illuminated by a flashlight. The beetles would enter the large opening of the funnel, and drown in a submerged chamber. When such a trap was deployed for three successive nights, many beetles were caught, and beetles could no longer be observed surfacing during the day. Dead immature beetles were also observed in the detergent wash water.
Contamination by wild or toxic algae. The predominant algae in our ponds were identified as Synechococcus (about 80%), and Dunaliella (about 20%). They are obviously appropriate food for brine shrimp. This observation draws attention to the unpleasant possibility that the ponds could be overtaken by toxic algae. To test the possibility that some degree of control could be exercised over the composition of the algae population in the ponds, one pond was washed with detergent and the other pond was washed with detergent and hypochlorite. The ponds were fertilized in the usual manner. The pond washed with detergent was dark green after ten days while the pond washed with detergent and hypochlorite was not even faintly green. This indicates that when ponds are washed with chlorine they are virtually devoid of a starting population of algae, and that in the future we can control the algae population by controlling the inoculum.
Novelty of the approach. Our approach to the mass culture of brine shrimp and algae differs in basic respects from current practice. Mass culture of brine shrimp is usually carried out in expensively constructed concrete raceways elaborately equipped with air and water pumps. The refinement of raceways has gone so far as to include elaborate traps for sequestering and eliminating brine shrimp feces. For lack of mass cultures of algae, due to the conventional belief that large outdoor ponds are not feasible due to contamination, brine shrimp are fed artificial diets such as finely milled rice bran (1). In contrast, we have employed simple ponds taking advantage of the vast area and abundant sunlight of coastal deserts to mass culture algae and brine shrimp. Clearly, extensive use of the large areas of coastal deserts is indicated if algae and brine shrimp are to make a significant contribution to the food supply and wealth of impoverished regions of the world.
Batch versus continuous culture. We use batch culture as opposed to conventional continuous culture to minimize the time and opportunity for the entry, establishment, and eventual domination by unwanted algae, pathogens, and predators. Our batch cycle time of three weeks is short, and our ponds are effectively disinfected by washing between cycles. We envision having considerable control over the composition of our algae populations by maintaining stock cultures in the laboratory, expanding them in moderate sized open cultures under selective conditions, and inoculating them into ponds that have been washed with chlorine. It should also be borne in mind that sea water microorganisms are removed as the water filters into the ponds through the soil. Currently we are employing selection techniques for the improvement of algae stocks to obtain thermophilic algae that will withstand the highest temperatures possible and herbicide-resistant algae in the presence of herbicides (2,3).
Mangrove forests as alternative for decreasing rain forests. Theories of global warming, polar cap melting and coastal flooding have been linked to global rain forest destruction and consumption of fossil fuels. Remedies under consideration related to rain forests and reduction of consumption of fossil fuels are unlikely to be adequate for economic and political reasons. During the course of our work we planted mangroves around the periphery of ponds to stabilize banks and at sites well above sea level where the trees are irrigated with sea water. We noted that in almost all cases the trees grew as well as in their natural habitat.
Our observations on the growth and function of mangroves in that context leads us to suggest that a replacement approach, e.g. to convert the great deserts of the world to mangrove forests, might be a more positive and politically, even economically, acceptable approach to counter de-forestation. Mangrove trees grow in sea water, and in nature they grow in the inter-tidal zone. Growth is limited too far above the high tide line because they need sea water and too far below the low tide line because their roots need the air available at low tide. The need for tidal movement to bring air to roots is the probable explanation for the lack of mangroves in the Aegean Sea region where tidal variation is small. This suggests that mangroves could be cultivated on barren Greek islands if planted well above sea level, and irrigated with sea water.
The growth requirements of plants are well known. Any plant can be grown on an inert substrate such as sand so long as it is watered with a solution at the right pH containing the known mineral nutrients, and the roots are provided with air. Mangrove swamps contain a dark mud in which organic material is continuously oxidizing and providing organic acids which slightly lower the pH below that of sea water. We propose that vast deserts such as the Sahara can be planted with mangroves and irrigated with slightly acidified sea water. In addition we propose that sewage sludge can be incorporated in the soil around the trees to provide nutrients, mimic the rich organic muds of mangrove swamps and solve the problem of sludge disposal. Some mangroves, such as some of the Rhizophora species make good quality timber, which could be farmed as a renewable resource. The cost of moving sea water for irrigation will not be prohibitive. In fresh water agriculture, it is not uncommon to pump water from deep aquifers or to bring water from great distances through canals. Preliminary success has already been observed with growing mangroves in deserts with sea water irrigation (4). Barth and Leith made extensive plantings above sea level alongside a channel for water from a reverse osmosis plant.
Conclusion. Vast areas of the world are barren deserts with access to the sea, usually in impoverished countries. If brought into useful production, they would make a major contribution to breaking the cycle of poverty and overpopulation, one of the most urgent problems facing the human race. Taken together, the results we have achieved, the techniques developed, and the considerations raised all suggest that some of the most urgent and vexing problems of the world can be approached through application of simple technology applying the scientific method.
Acknowledgements. This paper is dedicated to Shingo Nomura of the Centre for Global Action whose aid enabled GS to start the Manzanar Project with Eritreans during their war for independence and to materially aid their efforts. The Manzanar Project is named after a relocation camp in central California where GS was interned during the Second World War and first began thinking of producing food in the desert. GS expresses gratitude and admiration to the current and former members of the Manzanar committee; Stanley Cohen, Lawrence Grossman, Niels Jerne (deceased), Tom Maciag, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Shingo Nomura, Jesse Roth, Martin Rodbell, Jonas Salk (deceased), Howard Schneiderman, Lewis Thomas (deceased), Susumu Tonegawa, Gary Trudeau, and Jim Watson for their courage and public spirit in lending their prestigious names in the endorsement of a project with high intentions, but uncertain prospects for success. We thank Richard Petterson of the Hydro Corp. for donating cargo ship spillage of di-ammonium phosphate. GS thanks Charles Crocker, David Rammler, and the Mary A. Crocker foundation for enabling him to start brine shrimp culture on the Salton Sea. We thank Petros Solomon, Eritrean Minister of Fisheries, for encouragement and support. Currently, the ministry of fisheries is supporting the development of a ten hectare site for algae, brine shrimp, and mangrove production.
Published in In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Animal, Volume 34, No. 7, July-August 1998. Reprinted with permission.
Planting Mangroves In Non-Native Environments
Simon Tecleab, Millien Ghermai, Samuel Negassi, Tesfom Ghezae, Robert Riley and Gordon Sato
The world population of human beings reached six billion in 1999. By mid century ten to eleven billion humans will inhabit this earth. To predict the consequences, we need only look at present day problems and estimate how they will be worsened by the increased population. The poor countries of the world, about 80% of the worlds population, will be even poorer. The desperate poverty will result in ever increasing chaos, disorder, crime and violence. Military dictators will emerge, and they will be corrupt. Their coterie of thugs will administer the corruption, share in the profits, and effectively suppress any disssension. The population problem will grow worse. Poor people do not have knowledge of contraception, are too poor to purchase the paraphernalia, and want more children to keep them from starving in their old age. The hope of ever emerging from this desperate situation will be small.
Six billion people are pretty effective in despoiling the earths environment. How much more effective will ten or twenty billion people be? At the present time we add three and a half billion tons of CO2 to the atmosphere each year. Scientific opinion is divided as to what the consequences will be, but if global warming occurs, and the polar ice caps melt, countries like Holland and Japan will disappear, and all the great coastal cities of the world will be under the sea. Despite our uncertainty as to whether or not this catastrophe will result, we must pay close attention to this problem. We are growing mangrove trees where they do not naturally occur, and developing seawater agriculture and mariculture as one possible contribution to averting the problems we have mentioned. We are hopeful that with the passage of time more and more people will turn their attention to these urgent, practical problems.
Mangroves occur in nature in the intertidal zones of tropical countries. They provide nursery grounds for fishes, and shrimps. Their falling leaves, through a complex food chain, provide food for a multitude of marine animals. The leaves of Avicennia, the most common mangrove in Eritrea, are more nutritious than alfalfa, ( their dry weight is fifteen percent protein). It is excellent fodder for camels, goats, and cattle. We can estimate their economic value from the observation that a hectare of Avicennia drops up to ten tons of litter per hectare per year. It is reasonable that a hectare of Avicennia produces about twenty tons, dry weight, of leaves per hectare per year, or three tons of protein. If converted directly into beef with 100% efficiency, we could produce ten tons of beef per hectare per year. Cattle are notoriously inefficient in food conversion so a hectare of trees would produce one ton of beef per year. This has a value of about 3000 USD, or equivalent to four times the annual salary of a fully employed Eritrean worker at this time. One worker could manage up to five hectares with a helper to manage the cattle. There are many ways to convert mangroves to valuable products, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the economic feasibility of growing mangroves. The cost of establishing, and maintaining a hectare of mangrove trees is presented in Table 1. The cost is a small fraction of the value produced. Depending on the density of planting, fodder cannot be harvested for two or three years after planting. This delay is a relatively small factor in assessing the cost/benefit value of planting mangroves.
Cost of establishing 1000 trees in the nursery 20 USD
Cost of planting seedlings in final site 20 USD
Cost of fertilizer 50 USD
Cost of Fences for one hectare 50 USD
Cost of guard per hectare per year 50USD
The cost of labor in Eritrea at the present time is 2.00 USD per man per day. We estimate it will require at most ten man days to gather 1000 seeds and plant them in plastic bags in the nursery. It will require no more than ten man days to plant 1000 trees in each hectare. At the initial planting each tree will be provided 500 grams of Diammonium phosphate, or 0.5 tons per hectare. This fertilizer should last two years when the trees are small. After the second year we will provide about one and a half tons of diammonium phosphate per year. Because of the layout of the plots, each hectare of plot will require about 100 meters of barbed wire fence. The duty of the guards who can care for about twenty hectares will be to prevent camels from breaking in and destroying trees, and at certain seasons to remove encircling wrasse from young trees.
Only fifteen percent of the coast of Eritrea contains mangroves. The mangroves typically grow in mersas where the seasonal rains are channeled to enter the sea. We reasoned that the rains must be bringing needed mineral nutrients from land. When we compared the composition of sea water to that of a complete algae medium, we found three elements in short supply in sea water-----nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. To test our explanation for the occurrence of mangroves in mersas, we planted trees in intertidal areas where trees had never grown before, and provided them with a slow release fertilizer. We place five hundred grams of diammonium phosphate, DAP, and a few grams of iron oxide in a plastic bag. seal it shut, and punch two holes on one side of the bag with a small nail. The bag is buried next to the tree with the holes facing the tree. The fertilizer diffuses out through the nail holes over a period of years. Figure 1, shows an Avicennia after two years of growth in an intertidal area where trees had never before grown, but can grow if provided with DAP and iron. The tree is approximately two meters tall. Many negative control experiments were inadverdently performed. Before we knew the importance of DAP and iron, hundreds of trees were planted and failed to become established. With the provision of DAP and iron the trees are routinely established.
Near the city of Massawa, the Italians built a jetty. Before the jetty was built mangrove trees grew on both sides of the jetty. After the jetty was built trees on one side of the jetty died out. We reasoned that the jetty prevented the flow of water carrying the nutrients in the seasonal floods from reaching the area. To test this hypothesis, we planted trees in the area where they had died out and provided them with DAP and iron. Figure 2 shows trees growing in this area. After one year they are approximately one meter tall.
Where trees do grow in the intertidal zone in Eritrea, they typically form a narrow fringe no more than 100 meters wide. Often beyond this fringe mud flats extend as much a kilometer out to the low tide line. The reason for the restriction of trees to the first hundred meters from the high tide line is that as nutrients are brought by the seasonal rains they are too dilute after the first hundred meters to nourish the trees. To test this idea, we have planted trees several hundred meters from the high tide line in areas where trees had never grown before, and they grow well if fertilized by our methods.
We conclude that the entire 1200 kilometer coast could be planted with mangrove trees with an average width of about 500 meters in the intertidal zone. This could increase the economic productivity of the country by about 50%.
We have also planted trees in the desert away from the sea. Here we dig a hole one meter deep and fill it with sand to provide drainage. The trees are planted in the sand, fertilized as described, and irrigated by a pump with sea water every few days. Drainage is important for preventing the accumulation of salt and providing air for the roots. Between the trees we have planted a grass, Distichlis spicata, which can grow with sea water irrigation, and is good fodder for ruminants. Figure 3 shows mangroves growing in such a site along with the grass.
We conclude that large areas of the Eritrean desert could be converted into lawn covered forests, with trees and grasses that would provide food for cattle, goats and camels. If the area to be irrigated were only 10 kilometers wide, the economic production of Eritrea could be increased ten fold.
Planting mangroves in areas where they do no naturally occur can do much to alleviate the poverty of much of the developing world. It can also relieve much of the tensions that develop over competition for fresh water. In addition if large deserts such as the Sahara, the Arabian peninsula, and the Atacama were planted with mangroves and irrigated with sea water, these forests could fix all the CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels. The cost of such a program could seem daunting but is miniscule compared to the economic devastation caused by the melting of the polar ice caps.
At the present time (August, 2000), we have forty thousand mangroves established in our nursery (Figure 4), and these will all be planted by the end of the year in four hectares of the intertidal zone at one thousand trees per hectare. We calculate that this will provide a full canopy by the time the trees are mature. In the year 2001, we will plant one million trees to occupy one thousand hectares of intertidal zone near the village of Hargigo about ten kilometers from Massawa.
This work can be carried out in Eritrea because of the special conditions found in the country. The leaders of the country are men and women dedicated to the well being of the people. There is no corruption. The international business community knows that Eritrea is a country where business is conducted without payment of bribes to government officials. The government is enthusiastically supporting work to develop the work of the Manzanar project and the program of the Seaphire corporation to develop shrimp farming and Salicornia farming in Eritrea. Salicornia is a succulent shrub that can grow with sea water irrigation, produces seed oil of high quality, and its stems when dried can be used as cooking fuel. These unconventional approaches are encouraged by the government because the country is poor in known natural resources, and conventional agriculture is insufficient to feed the nation. In contrast to Eritrea, two neighboring countries, Ethiopia and Sudan, do not even develop their known resources for the benefit of their people. Eighty percent of the arable land of Ethiopia is not farmed, and the country suffers from famine. The Sudan has forty six million acres of potential farm land and the waters of the Blue and White Nile. If farmed, the Sudan could feed all of Africa. The Sudan suffers from famine. In Eritrea there are nine ethnic groups, and two main religions, Christianity and Islam. All live together in harmony, and share in the power of governance. Eritrea has all the conditions favorable for development-----dedicated, and competent leadership, no corruption, and remarkable national unity in an ethnic and religiously diverse society.
*Manzanar is the name of the camp where GS was interned during WWII. GS expresses gratitude to the current and former members of the Manzanar committee; Stanley Cohen, Lawrence Grossman, Niels Jerne (deceased), Tom Maciag, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Shingo Nomura, Jesse Roth, Martin Rodbell (deceased), Jonas Salk (deceased), Howard Schneiderman (deceased), Lewis Thomas (deceased), Susumu Tonegawa, Gary Trudeau, and Jim Watson for their support and encouragement.
Figure 1: Tree planted as a small seedling
in the intertidal zone where trees had never grown before with fertilization. After two
years the tree is about two meters high. Many trees had been planted here without
fertilization and uniformly failed to become established.
See: Mangrove Husbandry in Eritrea
� 1998-2006, Wallace L. McKeehan, All Rights Reserved


text:
Antique Japanese Boxes
Decorative Japanese boxes include everything from lacquer containers to ones embellished in cloisonné. Although lacquering techniques are thought to have originated in China, while cloisonné is considered a product of what is now Turkey, both were elevated to a fine art in Japan.
Lacquerware was a natural for Japan since the lacquer tree, whose sap is used to produce the resinous coating, is found in many parts of the island nation. Japanese lacquerware began to differentiate itself from its Chinese forebear, though, in the eighth and ninth centuries, when techniques such as maki-e (the practice of mixing powdered gold or silver into the lacquer) and inlay using shell or mother-of-pearl became popular with the royals. Objects made of lacquerware included writing boxes, incense containers, and boxes for stationery, documents, or toiletries. Smaller, portable lacquered boxes called inro were secured to the sashes that bound a wearer's kimono, often by a tiny carving called netsuke.
Cloisonné actually arrived rather late in Japan, probably no earlier than the 16th century, and cloisonné boxes were not common until the middle of the 19th, when Westerners were obsessed with "the Orient," spawning in Europe a decorative style called Japonisme. In Japanese, cloisonné artisans frequently used flowers such as peonies and chrysanthemums as their design motifs, as well as birds such as doves and cranes.
Best of the Web ("Hall of Fame")
Asian Art Museum
You can get happily lost searching through the 10,000 or so objects on the Asian Art Museum's website. For example,… [read review or visit site]
Jan-Erik Nilsson's extensive reference on antique Chinese porcelain. Jam-packed with information (e.g. on porcelain… [read review or visit site]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
JEFF-MAC112 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
All work is quality assured, very clean & tidy and carried out by a professional honest & reliable tradesman. Please request a quote through mybuilder.com for a free estimate.
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By nadia_447 on 19th Sep, 2016
First Choice Building & Home Improvements LTD75 Feedback reviews, 97% positive
We have very high standards and very competitive prices. We believe in great customer service and offer our customers the best that we can in terms of planning, pricing and installing. We offer a free quotation, leave a brochure with you and there's absolutely no obligation....
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By zizzi0101 on 26th Jun, 2017
STAC Landscaping145 Feedback reviews, 99% positive
Hi I am stephen from STAC which specialises in all types of landscaping,Brickwork,out buildings, and driveways.l also undertake extensions.I have been in the building industry for over 25 years.I am always reliable ,punctual and assure high class quality workmanship with...
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By enzo_83 on 19th Dec, 2015
Abbotts paving and building11 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
Abbotts paving and building offer a first class professional service as we take pride in what we do. We have 20 years of experience we are a family run business we do not use sales people or subcontractors, we strive to impress with every opportunity given. We use nothing...
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By mike_14c7 on 14th Jun, 2017
Jordan and Sons Ltd.22 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
We are a family run buisness and specialise in driveways, resin bound,patios, brickwork ,groundwork and landscaping. We have been in the building industry for 30 years and we pride ourselves on our professional and experienced team. We are reliable, punctual and keep you...
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By monica_543 on 11th Jun, 2017
Stately Drives Ltd16 Feedback reviews, 94% positive
We accept no deposits from any of our customers, they pay no money until the work is complete and they are 100% satisfied with every aspect of the job that's been done. I have portfolios, references, samples and designs from drawing board to driveway or landscaping etc to...
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By hobart_52 on 17th Nov, 2016
s.balkin67 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
Hello My name is Steve. I am a married man with two children and live in Welwyn Garden City. I specialise in landscape gardening and driveway construction and always endeavour to carry out a professional job for a competitive quote.
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By al8_jbc on 15th Oct, 2016
U & A Builder31 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
We've been ground-workers for 14 years now and we've got lots of experience. We specialise in many aspects such as groundwork, driveways, landscape gardening, underpinning, paving, foundations, extensions, fencing and general building work. Our jobs have a warranty and...
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By clive_record on 14th Oct, 2016
Scapes Landscapes7 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
Scapes Landscapes are a reputable landscape construction company with many years experience in both commercial and domestic markets. Customer satisfaction and delivering a quality job is our priority We pride ourselves on being able to deliver a quality job completed on...
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By granna on 15th Nov, 2016
Herts and Essex Landscapes23 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
We offer a free no obligation quote at an affordable rate by choosing Herts and Essex landscapes we will do our best to give you 100% good job, all are work is done by our self's no use of sub contractors. Look forward to hearing from you
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By jesstar on 18th Mar, 2015
MNC Builders Ltd5 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
MNC Builders is a Hertfordshire based building company which offers an extensive range of building services to meet all your requirements. We offer value for money solutions without compromising on quality or service.
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By marc_stevenson on 18th May, 2017
P Lovett Building Services19 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
I have plenty of experience in all aspects of building works. I am quick, neat and tidy, fairly priced.
Latest Driveways client reference:
Reference taken by MyBuilder on 14th Feb, 2014
Rosenberrys Ltd27 Feedback reviews, 93% positive
Rosenberrys LTD is here to help, we thrive off happy customer, No job to large or small, let us turn your frown upside down
Latest Driveways feedback review:
By danil_17 on 20th Nov, 2015
B W Brickwork3 Feedback reviews, 100% positive
I have been established for over 30 years we carry out most building work and paving and driveways we also specialise in brickwork to a high standard
Latest Driveways client reference:
Reference taken by MyBuilder on 24th Sep, 2014
PaveForce3 Feedback reviews, 67% positive
Hi my name is Joe from PaveForce driveways. We are a family run Driveways and patios firm based in St. Albans with over 30 years experience and are highly recomended in Middlesex,Hertfordshire, buckinghamshire and Essex. we are committed to provide the very best, priding...
Latest Driveways client reference:
Reference taken by MyBuilder on 18th Jan, 2017
Need a tradesman?
Post a job on MyBuilder to find a quality, local tradesperson.
How MyBuilder works
1. Post a job
First, create a job listing for your driveways project. It's quick, easy and free - the first step to finding recommended driveway pavers in EN10, Broxbourne.
2. Hire a tradesman
Having met our recommended driveway pavers in EN10, Broxbourne and read customer reviews, you're ready to decide which driveway pavers to hire.
3. Leave feedback
After your project is successfully completed, you can leave a review for your driveway pavers. This review helps you and future MyBuilder users.
What our customers say
- "Great place to find tradesmen to carry out work, and the website is so easy to use. Wish I had known about it a few years ago. "
- Allan Parton
Tradesmen in EN10, Broxbourne
- Architectural Designers
- Bathroom Fitters
- Bricklayers
- Carpenters & Joiners
- Carpet Fitters
- Chimney & Fireplace Specialists
- Conservatory Installers
- Conversion Specialists
- Damp Proofing Specialists
- Demolition Contractors
- Driveway Pavers
- Electricians
- Extension Builders
- Fascias, Soffits and Guttering Specialists
- Fencers
- Flooring Fitters
- Gas Engineers
- Groundworkers
- Handymen
- Heating Engineers
- Insulation Installers
- Kitchen Fitters
- Landscape Gardeners
- Locksmiths
- Loft Conversion Specialists
- New Home Builders
- Painters & Decorators
- Plasterers
- Plumbers
- Restoration & Refurb Specialists
- Roofers
- Security System Installers
- Stonemasons
- Tilers
- Tree Surgeons
- Window Fitters
- All Tradesmen


text: Scripting has landed on the microcontroller. Scripting isn't new for many embedded developers. We've been doing it for years in our test system, our build system and code generators. Scripting is at the core of many embedded Linux systems. And scripting is finally well within the reach of microcontrollers. Scriptable microcontrollers are a game-changer for prototyping: Fewer lines of code, less compiling and flashing, powerful libraries, no memory management. It Continue reading


text:
Alexandra Burke
Date of birth: August 25, 1988
Official website
Email address:
Last feedback received on: 8/9/2011 >>>
Feedback received
Send your feedback
Send me an email next time a feedback is posted
|Actors | Actresses | Directors | Singers | Music Groups | Models | TV Presenters | Wrestlers | Authors | More...
Alexandra Burke
Date of birth: August 25, 1988
Official website
Email address:
Last feedback received on: 8/9/2011 >>>
Feedback received
Send your feedback
Send me an email next time a feedback is posted
Fan Mail Address:
Alexandra Burke
Cole Kitchenn Personal Management Ltd.
ROAR House
46 Charlotte Street
London, W1T 2GS
Not an updated address? Please let us know!
Address Information:
Cole Kitchenn Personal Management Ltd.
(Talent Agency)
ROAR House
46 Charlotte Street
London, W1T 2GS
Phone: +44 (0)20-7427 5681
Official website
View Larger Map
|Last feedback received:
8/15/2011 - Hi everyone,
I sent out my pictures and letter with my SASE to the address on the site around April time. I think. And I got it back a week ago. I want to tell you all from the begining.
Alexandra Burke
Modest! Management
The Matrix Complex
91 Peterborough Rd
London, SW6 3BU
Ive been away for two weeks and have only had my phone for internet access. I was checking my twitter when I saw a tweet to me from Alexandra Burke. It said: "Thank you for your lovely letter...so sweet xxx" At first I was just taken that she tweeted me and wondered if she had saw a tweet I directed at her. But then I remember that I put my Twitter name on the letter just to look out for me
So then I knew she had recieved it and was going to send my stuff back to me signed.
I am going to write to her just simply thanking her for signing my pictures etc.
http://i1096.photobucket.com/albums/g32 ... G_0001.jpg
http://i1096.photobucket.com/albums/g32 ... 14/IMG.jpg Continue >>
5/09/2011 - Today I found a wonderful reply from Alexandra Burke in the post which I was really not expecting.
It came in a massive padded packet so I didn't expect it to be an autograph but it was a signed CD from Alexandra Burke, which I was surprised with because I only sent her a letter.
Sent- 2/05/11 with SAE
Recieved- 9/05/11
|Fanmail toolbar
|Fanmail alerts
|Help for your charity fundraiser
|Suggest an improvement for this page
|Do you represent Alexandra Burke? Update/add address here


text:
Have questions? Call (800) 615-3055 to speak to a cancer information specialist.
Computed tomography (CT) scan: A CT scan can provide information about the size, shape and position of any tumors, and may also help identify enlarged lymph nodes that may contain cancer cells.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): An MRI scan may be used to examine head and neck cancer.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan: For patients who have received a head and neck cancer diagnosis, a PET scan may be useful for seeing if cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, for determining the originating site of cancer when it is found in the lymph nodes first or for checking the entire body for any spreading of cancer cells.
If a head and neck cancer diagnosis is made, various kinds of imaging tests can help determine the extent of the disease. If questions remain after a biopsy, then an imaging test may also be used to help determine whether cancer is present.
Back to all diagnostic evaluations
Fill out all of the form below and we will connect you to someone to assist you.
First Name:
Last Name:
Email Address
Who are you seeking cancer care for?
What type of insurance do you have?
Chat now


text:
After being diagnosed with a rare skin disease at 11 years old, Francesca Tenconi felt there was a lack of support for children with skin disease and their families. Francesca felt an organization was necessary to focus on the unique problems of children and teenagers who suffer from skin disease. For her Sweet Sixteen, she asked for donations instead of presents. These donations created the Children's Skin Disease Foundation (CSDF) and helped establish Camp Wonder.
Our mission is to improve the quality of life of children with skin disease by creating a strong support network and increasing education and awareness about these severe, life-threatening conditions. We are also dedicated to raising money to fund medical research to improve treatment of and find cures for skin diseases that afflict children.
CSDF relies primarily on volunteer staff and board to ensure that the donations received go toward improving the lives of children with skin disease and their families. Over 94% of our funds go directly toward programs like Camp Wonder, scholarships and research.
Camp Wonder is a medically staffed summer camp for children with chronic and life-threatening skin disease. CSDF sponsors the only medically staffed camp in the western United States. Our camp is free to all campers – an important benefit for the families of children living with skin disease who often struggle with large medical bills.
Camp Wonder takes place at Camp Arroyo in Livermore, Calif., 33 miles southeast of Oakland Airport.
CSDF conducts fundraising events and receives donations from foundations, pharmaceutical companies, skin care companies, and individuals to fund Camp Wonder.
Send a child to Camp Wonder
Donate your frequent flyer miles to Children's Skin Disease Foundation so campers have transportation to Camp Wonder
Donate your car
Donate goods or services for Camp Wonder or for our fundraising events
Make a tax-deductible monetary donation (especially if your company will match your gift)
Make a corporate or foundation grant
Delegate CSDF to receive your United Way contribution
Recommend Camp Wonder as your company's focus for the year
Make CSDF or Camp Wonder a business, organization or school project
Hold a fundraiser at your home, school, company or civic organization
Assist with fundraising events or distribute event information
Encourage a company to support Camp Wonder and CSDF
Give through a bequest in your will
Honor a loved one with a memorial gift
While CSDF benefits children with skin disease and their families in many ways, others also benefit from its activities. Doctors and nurses gain knowledge, skills and clinical experience from working at Camp Wonder, as well as participating in other activities.
Teenagers and volunteers receive many lasting rewards and eye-opening experiences from their contact with these special children.
Your contributions to CSDF are tax-deductible. We accept direct donations or contributions for our fundraising events.
We appreciate every contribution, whether it's monetary, supplies or in-kind donations. Every little bit helps. Volunteering is another important way to contribute.
We work with medical academies and societies, as well as other skin disease organizations, to coordinate research efforts and raise public awareness about the need for and benefits of skin disease research.
We meet with the Departments of Dermatology at several major universities to discuss the special medical needs of children with skin diseases and to explore ways to meet these needs.
Our CSDF representatives have testified before the California legislature on topics important to children with serious skin diseases to highlight patient care and health insurance issues. We also keep elected state and federal representatives informed of issues important to children with skin diseases and their families.
Serious diseases of the skin affect thousands of American children each year. These diseases cause discomfort, pain, disfigurement, disability, dependency and even death. They affect not only the children, but also their entire families.
Many skin diseases are caused by a breakdown of the autoimmune system or mechanisms shared with other diseases. In the fight against autoimmune diseases like AIDS and lupus, skin disease research offers a unique opportunity to observe the cellular progression of the mechanisms of disease without invading or damaging the body.
Click OK to proceed to outside site or CANCEL to return to www.CSDF.org


text:
As the media frenzy and public fears about swine flu/H1N1 rescinds, health experts are worried that hand washing vigilance will slack.
"Just weeks ago, Americans were hearing similar, daily pleas from health officials and even President Obama as initial fears about a new flu virus, called H1N1 or swine flu, peaked. In a phone survey in early May, 67% of adults said they or others in their homes were washing their hands more often, reported the Harvard School of Public Health. Richard Besser, acting chief of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said the increase might produce health benefits well beyond controlling H1N1.
For now, those who make it their business to promote hand-washing — to prevent flus, colds, food poisoning, infectious diarrhea, skin infections and other hand-borne illnesses — are hopeful but doubtful.
"I'm sure there are more people washing hands, but I don't think it's going to last," says B. Susie Craig, a food safety specialist and hand-washing expert at Washington State University's extension service."
Let's hope this is not the case! Hand washing is vital for everyday health and this is the message that should be getting accross.
Please login/join to leave a comment


text:
The Monocle is APSU's award-winning yearbook that is entirely produced by the student staff. It includes about 250 full-color pages designed by the yearbook staff using photos and stories produced by fellow Student Publications staff members.
The Monocle is a great place to get professional and leadership experience while in college, not to mention a perfect way to meet new people and get involved on campus and become a part of the APSU community.
If you have any questions about The Monocle or the office of Student Publications, please call us at 221-7376 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please check which position you are applying for. All positions are paid in scholarship form. Editor positions typically require previous experience. Editors will be required to attend weekly meetings. Staff positions require a minimum 2.0 GPA, and the editor positions require a minimum 2.5 GPA.


text:
Old School Scholar
"Designing, producing, and publishing dopeness for the People of Hip Hop.
The Call of the Wild Style
"Hip Hop is not something you contain in a box.
It's a dynamic, maverick culture of expression born free without rules and barriers.
It's roar is global and only the Def can hear it."
The True Essence of Hip Hop
"Culture is a way of life.
The culture of Hip Hop is a movement to create and communicate
Peace, Love, Unity, and Having Fun.
That is our tradition."
Word is Bond
"Old School Scholar is another force on Planet Rock
here to keep Hip Hop street in our relationship with you.
That's how we are living."


text:
Uterine Cancer Statistics
Uterine cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the United States and the most commonly diagnosed gynecologic cancer.†In 2013 (the most recent year numbers are available)—
- 50,560 women in the United States were diagnosed with uterine cancer.*†
- 9,325 women in the United States died from uterine cancer.*†
*Incidence counts cover about 99% of the U.S. population; death counts cover about 100% of the U.S. population. Use caution when comparing incidence and death counts.
†Source: U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group. United States Cancer Statistics: 1999–2013 Incidence and Mortality Web-based Report. Atlanta (GA): Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and National Cancer Institute; 2016. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/uscs.
- Page last reviewed: August 20, 2015
- Page last updated: June 21, 2016
- Content source:
- Maintained By:


text:
Annular ligament of radius
|Annular ligament
Capsule of elbow-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.
Annular ligament of radius, from above. The head of the radius has been sawn off and the bone dislodged from the ligament.
|ligamentum anulare radii
|δακτυλιοειδής σύνδεσμος
|Anatomical terminology
The anular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers that encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna.[1]
Per Terminologia Anatomica, the spelling is "anular",[2] but the spelling "annular" is frequently encountered.
The anular ligament is attached by both its ends to the anterior and posterior margins of the radial notch of the ulna, together with which it forms the articular surface that surrounds the head and neck of the radius. The ligament is strong and well defined, yet its flexibility permits the slightly oval head of the radius to rotate freely during pronation and supination.[3]
The head of the radius is wider than the bone's neck, and, because the anular ligament embraces both, the radial head is "trapped" inside the ligament which thus acts to prevent distal displacement of the radius.[3]
Superiorly, the ligament is supported by attachments to the radial collateral ligament and the fibrous capsule of the elbow joint. Inferiorly, a few fibres attached to the neck of the radius support a fold of the synovial membrane without interfering with the movements at the joint.[3]
The fibrocartilage on the upper part of the ligament is continuous with the hyaline cartilage of the radial notch. At the posterior attachment the ligament widens to reach above and below the radial notch.[3]
A thickened band which extends from the inferior border of the anular ligament below the radial notch to the neck of the radius is known as the quadrate ligament.[1]
Clinical significance[edit]
Children who have not finished fusing their proximal radial epiphyseal plate may suffer dislocations of this joint. This frequently happens when parents sharply jerk their children by their arms, e.g. the act of grabbing a child away from traffic.
Additional images[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
- ^ a b Gray's Anatomy (1918), see infobox
- ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (1998). Terminologia anatomica: international anatomical terminology. Thieme. ISBN 978-3-13-114361-7. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (2012). Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function (6th ed.). Elsevier. p. 141. ISBN 9780702040535.
External links[edit]
- Anatomy figure: 10:5a-02 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center


text:
Anders Breivik verdict: Norway mass killer declared sane and convicted of terrorism
Source: belfasttelegraph.co.uk
Anders Behring Breivik has been convicted of terrorism and premeditated murder for bomb and gun attacks that killed 77 people and sentenced to a special prison term that would allow authorities to keep him locked up for as long as he is considered dangerous.
Breivik, a self-styled anti-Muslim militant, looked pleased as Judge Wenche Elisabeth Arntzen read the ruling, declaring him sane enough to be held criminally responsible for Norway's worst peacetime attacks.
Lawyers for the 33-year-old Norwegian said before the decision that Breivik would appeal any insanity ruling but accept a prison sentence.
Anders Behring Breivik sits beside his lawyer Geir Lippestad, left, in the courtroom, Friday, Aug. 24, 2012, in Oslo, Norway.
Going against the recommendation of prosecutors, who had asked for an insanity ruling, Arntzen imposed a sentence of "preventive detention", a special prison term for criminals considered dangerous to society.
She set the minimum length of imprisonment to 10 years and the maximum at 21 years, the longest allowed under Norwegian law.
However, such sentences can be extended under Norwegian law as long as an inmate is considered dangerous.
Wearing a dark suit and sporting a thin beard, Breivik smirked as he walked in to the courtroom to hear his sentence and raised a clenched-fist salute.
Breivik, 33, confessed to the attacks during the trial, describing in gruesome detail how he detonated a car bomb at the government headquarters in Oslo and then opened fire at the annual summer camp of the governing Labour Party's youth wing.
Eight people were killed and more than 200 injured by the explosion.
Sixty-nine people, mostly teenagers, were killed in the shooting massacre on Utoya island. The youngest victim was 14.
Read the full article at: belfasttelegraph.co.uk
Breivik won't appeal sentence, apologizes for not killing more
Breivik verdict: Don't mention the Freemasons!
Radio journalist, and Red Ice Radio guest, Tony Gosling [Bilderberg.org] makes a point about a seldom-addressed aspect of the Breivik case:
Don't mention the Freemasons!
[...]not a single of the 2.5 thousand or so articles today
mention's Breivik's belief system, the fact that he was a member of this
Zionist Religious Cult.
Neo-Nazi Anders Breivik bombs Oslo, massacres summer camp
Breivik said he regarded himself as a successor to the medieval Knights Templar, a Christian Zionist group that sought to reclaim Jerusalem from Islamic occupation.
Signing the document as "Andrew Berwick", an Anglicised version of his name, Breivik boasts of 80 "solo martyr cells" having been recruited throughout Western Europe who were ready to follow his example of trying to overthrow governments tolerant of Islam.
Breivik specifically mentioned meeting members of the English Defence League, and urged "them to use conscious strategies." However, he dismissed the group as "naive fools" for refusing to sanction violence.
Not to mention the perverse attempt to get Breivik classed as 'insane' one of the strangest things about the trial is the Norwegian police's hamfisted attempt to paint Breivik as acting alone.
This evil man quite clearly had a lot of friends - on Facebook 5000 when the attacks happened
And as a Freemason had at the very least a dozen or so fellow secret lodge or coven members.
Paul Ray says he never met Beivik and the Norwegian police simply believed him.
This trial absolutely stinks to high heaven of a masonic cover-up.
Anders Breivik has insisted at his trial that he attended a meeting in London in 2002 in which his violent right-wing group, the so-called "Knights Templar," was founded.
EDL member Paul Ray in Malta, left. He noted similarities between his blog and the manifesto written by Anders Breivik, right
Anders Behring Breivik trial: the 'real' Lionheart
By Duncan Gardham | Telegraph.co.uk
When prosecutor Inga Bejer Engh challenged him on whether the meeting had taken place at all, Breivik told her: "There is nothing that is made up, but you have to see what is written in a context. It is a glorification of certain ideals."
Three days after the Norway attacks, the Daily Telegraph identified and tracked down a British man calling himself Paul Ray, who admitted that he could have been the inspiration for Breivik, although he denied ever meeting him.
British and Norwegian investigators are convinced that Breivik's Knights Templars do not exist but say it is possible that he was inspired by information he found on the internet. If he was, Ray appears to be the man he modeled himself on.
In his 1,500 page manifesto, Breivik wrote that his "assigned mentor" at the founding meeting was "referred to as Richard (the Lionhearted)."
Ray, who blogged under the name "Lionheart," wrote in 2007: "God will revive the ancient order of the Knights Templar and count me worthy to die amongst them in service of my God in protection of the Christian and Jewish world."
He described himself as one of the "founding fathers" of the right-wing English Defence League, which he later abandoned – similarly Breivik wrote: "I wonder sometimes if one of the EDL founders was one of the co-founders of [the Knights Templar], I guess I'll never know for sure."
Ray went on to become a member of a group calling itself Order 777 that appeared to advocate a violent struggle against Muslims.
Order 777 posted videos online featuring a depiction of a Templar Knight and footage of a variety of armed gangs, including Serbian nationalists and Liberian fighters such as Charles Taylor.
Breivik wrote that he had attended the founding meeting of the "Knights Templar Europe" in London "after visiting one of the initial facilitators, a Serbian Crusader Commander and war hero, in Monrovia, Liberia."
Both the videos and the manifesto featured a man called Milorad Ulemek, a former commander of a unit of the Serbian security services who was arrested in 2004 and convicted of the assassinations of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic and former Serbian President Ivan Stambolic.
Mr Ray, who later moved to Malta, is originally from Luton, Bedfordshire, a place that Breivik referred to repeatedly in court.
Lastly, the videos featured a thumping trance music soundtrack, exactly the kind of music Breivik listened to obsessively as he prepared his attacks.
Despite the similarities, Ray pointed out that the right-wing anti-Muslim movement did not begin in Britain until 2006 – which by coincidence is the same date Breivik claims to have started writing his manifesto.
Ray told the Daily Telegraph last July: "I am convinced that I have never met him and I can clear my name, but it does worry me that he got inspiration from my blog and it does look that way.
"I do worry that he has taken what I say and overreacted to it. I worry about that. That is my main worry."
Mr Ray said he had been "racking my brains about this guy" and that Breivik may have approached him on the Facebook social network site but that he could not be sure.
"He has just taken stuff off the videos and used it for his own gain," he added.
[Before the shooting] "...controversially, as Norway's TV 2 reported last Thursday, the Norwegian foreign minister was also confronted, as he arrived on Utoya to meet the activists, with another banner, which called for a boycott of Israel." Article: The Ideas of Norway's Young Victims Also Draw Praise and Criticism
TheGlobeAndMail.com Aug. 24, 2012:
The court didn't believe Mr. Breivik's claims of belonging to a secretive network of "Justiciar Knights," or "Knights Templar." Investigators say it doesn't exist.
The trial could not answer whether the network was a delusion — Mr. Breivik insisted it exists — or an attempt by him to inspire like-minded to form such a network.
"When incarcerated, the Justiciar Knight should do everything in his power to escape from prison," he wrote. If successful, the "knight" should plot between three to five assassinations as a "bonus operation."
Tune into Red Ice Radio:
Tony Gosling - Bilderberg & New World Order
Brit Dee & Tom Secker - Hour 1 - The Anders Behring Breivik Case & Trial
Brit Dee & Tom Secker - Hour 2 - The Anders Behring Breivik Case & Trial
Peter Dale Scott - Hour 1 - Norway's Massacre, Breivik & Deep Events
Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde - The Norway Massacre, Anders Behring Breivik & Mind Control
Loren Coleman - The Copy Cat Effect & The Aurora Shooting


text:
T-BOMB 3Xtreme
by MHP
168 tablets$43.95
- Increases Free Bioactive Testosterone by 32%*
- Elevates the Testosterone-to-Estrogen ratio*
- Reduces Conversion to DHT*
MHP T-Bomb 3xtreme is a third generation product of MHP's popular hormone optimizing supplement T-Bomb II. T-Bomb 3xtreme has 20% greater potency in key active ingredients than its predecessor, and is also supported by clinical research.*
Find a similar product


text:
Rep. Sam Smith to retire
HARRISBURG — Pennsylvania House Speaker Sam Smith announced this morning that he will leave the chamber's top post and retire when his 14th term ends on Nov. 30.
Smith, 58, R-Punxsutawney, made the announcement a day after telling friends and associates about it privately.
"While friends and supporters have been overwhelming in encouraging me to continue to run, the truth is, my heart is not in it, and my effort would be subpar, and that would not be fair or good for any of us," Smith said in a statement issued this morning. "The job of state representative demands 100 percent attention to every constituent's view or problem, while trying to present a voice of reason at the statewide level of government. Upon some deep reflection, I no longer feel I can give the residents of the 66th the 100 percent commitment the job requires.
"And to me, that is important. The reason I first ran for office was to make sure our rural voice was heard in Harrisburg. Rural Pennsylvania sometimes gets lost in the shuffle, especially on issues that cut along geographic lines versus traditional Republican or Democratic political lines.
"To enhance our voice in the House, I worked to get elected to leadership. Running for House leadership, and ultimately as speaker of the House, proved to be the right thing to do for the people of the 66th District, as well as rural Pennsylvania in general. Being able to run for the position of speaker was only an option as long as the citizens of this area gave me the honor of being their voice in the House."
Among issues Smith said he has worked to address were changing laws to enhance mine remediation and clean up streams, protecting the unborn, stopping child abusers and fighting the negative impact of the building code.
Smith also said he said he was proud of improved airport access in Jefferson County, the rebirth of the Indiana University of Pennsylvania campus in Punxsutawney, and expanded water and sewer lines in small towns such as Rossiter, Plumville and Glen Campbell in Indiana County.
Smith's retirement will end his service as the top state House official after four years. Smith, a Republican from Punxsutawney whose father also served in the House, was facing a potentially tough primary challenge in his 66th District seat.
Smith was first elected in 1986 and became speaker in 2011 after six years as the House Republican floor leader.
"I want to personally thank the citizens of the 66th District for entrusting me with the honor and responsibility of representing them in the oldest elected body in America, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. I am proud of my record of leadership and accomplishment on their behalf," he said.


text:
Spot Gold Forecast for 03/06 by Daytradeideas.com
Spot Gold held support at 1569/67 as hoped & halted at 1587/88 resistance as predicted Below 1579 we could now test support at 1569/67 again today & a break below 1565 could signal a retest of February lows at 1555.
We will need to get back and hold above 1579/80 for another test of 1587/88 resistance. This could hold the top of the market again today but if we start to push higher look for 1595 with 1605/09 the target above.
Long term levels
1754.46 Nov High
1723.45 Dec High
1709.09 100 Day Moving Average
1696.20 Jan High
1655 100 Week Moving Average
1635.75 Dec Low
1626.68 Jan Low
1620 Last Week's High
1611 23.6% Fibonacci
1565 Last Week's Low
The article was first published by DayTradeIdeas.com


text:
Start : Thursday, August 25, 2011 06:00 PM
End : Thursday, August 25, 2011 08:30 PM
Add To Your Calendar
The Governors Club
202½ South Adams Street
The Governors Club
202½ South Adams Street
Charles Trippe, General Counsel to Governor Scott
Charles Trippe is General Counsel for the Executive Office of the Governor of Florida. Prior to being named General Counsel, Mr. Trippe was partner with the Moseley Prichard Parrish Knight & Jones law firm, General Counsel for litigation for CSX Transportation Inc., and partner with the Jones Day law firm.
Registration details:
6:00 p.m. - Social Hour
Tickets are $10 / person and include hors d'oeuvres and beverages. Please RSVP to Matt Carson by Thursday, August 18th at 850-222-6550 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
6:00 p.m. - Social Hour
7:00 p.m. - Speaking Event


text:
Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.
Email Address
Luther, can we define what a "TAPster" is here? I mean, it seems there is some secret TAPster element here on http://www.talkingaboutpolitics.com. I mean, I hear so much presented from Gary about "TAPsters" saying this or that…yet, never, ever do we see these folks presenting anything on the front page or on the Forum. Who are these "TAPsters", actually?
I think what Gary believs are TAPsters are his fellow "followers" and friends in his liberal/progressive thought. No one can be a TAPster if they don't take part in the discussion here…IMO.
Maybe I'm not seeing who these people are. Can you explain that to us?
Sure, Gary calls people who email him or talk to him about a blog he has posted or a general fan/reader a "Tapster". Some are anonymous and some are not. Gary usually names the ones who are. Nation Hahn is one.


text:
Tips and suggestions for replacing destroyed E39 driver seat adjustment control panel
1 Attachment(s)
My E39 driver's-side lower seat control panel is destroyed. I guess all I need to do is replace it and plug it in. Before I do that, I wonder if you have any advice for me to build my courage up to tackle this repair? It's still hanging by a thread (in back, somehow).
Is there only one major connector powering the seat controls?
1 Attachment(s)
Twisting the broken seat control panel a bit as it's held on somewhere in the back only ... I can see a single connector with tons of pins, with some of those pins bent ... so I guess the first order of business is for me to see if I can get the connector back on and to see if things actually work.
The black box with pins -> Where does it come from?
1 Attachment(s)
Some quick questions ...
Which color would you get? Is it "grau"?
And, where is the part found for that million-pin black box?
Is that black box part of the outer cover?'
That black box is not apart of that trim piece, so it xcan come out and be replaced.... I think it is called the seat control module......
If you get in the back seat and follow the trim to the back of the seat you wwill see a torx (*) screw that holds it in place there.... It is not an impossible replacement, youcan do it..... Just be patient and take your time to make sure you get all the screws out and back in.. If you line up the broken one, I bet the old screws are still there.
I have no idea what color that is....
when i took mine out i belive there will be a piece on the back of the panel the is wedge inbetween the upper seatback and lower seat. i think there is push in clip that holds it in place, a little forcefull prying got mine out. stupid thing!
I just changed my outer covers last week, so I think I can help here.
"Is this black box with pins part of the cover or is it a separate part to order?"
The black box is a separate part independent of the cover. Personally, I would try the plug first before even considering ordering the black electrical box. Electronics in our cars are insanely expensive, and the cost for that part may very well be close to the cost for a used driver's seat that would come with that part, and more.
Which color would you get? Is it "grau"?
You would get grau, yes. However, notice that your seat cover is scratched and the white plastic is showing through. My grau seat covers were in a similar condition and fixing the cosmetic defect was the genesis of my replacement effort. I would suggest getting schwarz (black, BMW part #52 10 7 058 008), because black will hide the future scratches that are inevitable. This is possible because the black seat covers are made of black ABS plastic and not painted, thus a scratch will not take off paint and expose an off-color base material.
Some tips, since you asked:
- The seat control buttons simply pop off, but are held on very securely. It's nerve wracking, but they're just on there tight.
- The seat covers themselves are each held on with two Torx screws and three plastic rivets. Again, the plastic rivets are in very tight and will likely necessitate destruction for removal. These rivets create a lot of frustration. Replacement plastic rivets are sold in sets of six (BMW part#52 10 8 150 020) and are markedly inexpensive, so I would urge you to get these as well.
- The seat covers are sold in a set of two, and come with one out of six holes filled in with a button cover. Since you have the "basic" electric seat like I do, your controls will fill three more holes, so if you wish to change colors you'll need to purchase the final two button covers, which curiously enough come with two each of the button covers that already come with the seat covers. If you purchase the seat covers and the button covers, you'll end up with two extra button covers per side. Now I'm not sure if this was an idiosyncrasy with my dealer, but a set of seat covers came with two - one for the driver and one for the passenger - while a set of button covers was for only one side. I needed to order an additional set of button covers. To summarize, I purchased one set of seat covers and two sets of button covers. This will fill in all of the holes with four identical button covers to spare. I have leftover buttons in both grau and schwarz, as well as the passenger's side seat cover. If you wish I can sell them to you for a dollar or two over what it will cost me to ship them.
To remove the rivets and the control buttons, I would highly recommend interior trim panel tools. I acquired the first two of the following three sets from Harbor Freight Tools for about five dollars each. The set of yellow tools is particularly durable and desirable and has proven to be worth much more than the asking price to me:
http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/pho...5299/95214.gif http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/pho...5599/95532.gif http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/pho...5499/95432.gif
If you need more information, please see the following thread in which these seat covers are discussed ad nauseum:
I have both gray outer and inner covers for sale if interested. There in new condition and actually the passenger side was replaced new under warranty just before the warranty expired not long ago.
The REALOEM site seems to show both BMW E39 seat covers (passenger and driver) are the same part number (i.e., 52107058009, $39.62) ...
Yet the Maxmillian site seems to show the two covers as different part numbers - where the driver side being BMW part number 52108207249 & the passenger side being BMW part number 52108207250 (both $39.39 each) - yet - the driver side (which I need) says "ENDED" (which I presume to mean you can't get it).
Is the passenger side "outer cover" the same part as the driver side (I need the driver's side) or different? I don't mind replacing both the driver and passenger side outer covers as they're all scratched up ... but it would be nice to be able to figure this out ahead of time.
^^ What sidneyj said. If you'll notice, the separate part numbers have been superceded by newer ones, meaning that they used to be sold individually but are now sold as a set. If you re-read post #6 of mine, you should note that while a set of outer covers includes both a driver and passenger side, a set of the requisite buttons is for only one side.
I was as confused as you are when I was about to order the outer covers for my 2000 528i, and a little apprehensive on purchasing a part without knowing absolutely that it would be the right one, but it worked out. Take it from someone who has done it and who has the same car and seats as you.
If you want them in grey, get both sides from sidneyj or the passenger's side from me (though I'm not sure why you would want just the one). The part number for both sides in grey is 52 10 7 058 009. If you want black, you'll want to purchase part #52 10 7 058 009. Again, be sure to get a set of six rivets - BMW part#52 10 8 150 020 - so you can replace any broken ones.
1 Attachment(s)
I read the referenced thread and saw the pics of the black outer seat covers on a gray seat but I prefer the gray (despite its propensity to scratch to the white underplastic) so I won't need the hole covers (but your timely admonishment to get them as a set is duly noted for others to heed).
That might've been true 50 years ago, but it's 2008.
To clarify, I meant the underlying plastic under the black paint of the BMW seat is black.
But, the underlying plastic under the gray skin of the gray paint of the BMW seat is white. Likewise, I believe, with the tan skin.
So, when the tan or gray seats scratch, which all of them do, the scratch shows up as a white streak whereas the black scratches show up as black and hence are not onerous.
Black won't scratch white, 50 years ago... all of that... thems was jokes! I was humorously commenting on racial and social issues plauging our nation, and their propagation to today and likely, sadly, beyond.
How do I remove the black box control part?
Oh, ok. I wasn't sure.
Anyway, I had to guess which way the connector went on the seat because that big black control box was partly broken so the connector would go on either way.
Luckily I guessed correctly (the wire bundle being on the left in the first photo I posted and not on the right as the connector was plugged in).
Do others agree that the connector goes on with the wiring bundle coming from the left? (The seat works when I plugged it in so it must be correct but I'd like to double check!).
Also, when I buy the new part, how do I pop out that black rectangular box with the controls in it? Does it just pop out?
I have the same problem. Went to the BMW dealer and if I wanted a replacement I had to pay for the set, not just the one I needed. This was sometime last year and they were in stock. Reading above I see they are no longer; just didn't want to pay that much for needing only one.
Seat control unit harness connector can go on either way (only 1 of which is right)
1 Attachment(s)
Since the black plastic surrounding the seat control unit harness connector is broken, I presume that a stop of some sort would have prevented the seat control unit harness connector from fitting on the wrong way - but - without that plastic stop - the seat control unit harness connector (in my case) can go in either way - only one of which can be the correct way.
When I put the new seat outer cover on, I'll snap pictures and write up how so others can read and follow suit.
Does this look like the right way to put the seat control unit harness connector on?
I'm 99% sure all connectors can only go on one way. Even if you broke a tab it still should only come togther one way. Don't force anything. Look at the the pins closely and or wire colors and match it up.
1 Attachment(s)
This would be the case here too but notice how badly the seat control module shell is destroyed around the harness connector. Whatever was there to force an only-one-way connection is lost.
I strongly suspect there was a stop in the plastic housing around the switch in the seat control module but it's long gone. It's as if Godzilla herself stomped on the seat outer cover, breaking it apart.
I guess I should spring for a new seat control module ... but it is working the way I plugged it in (I had a 50% chance of success or failure) and, if I have the exploded diagram right at the realoem site, it's two hundred dollars out the door so it's not cheap to replace (for something that's working).
This looks similar but not exact to what I have for a seat control module.
Do you think this is the same black plastic unit that the harness connector plugs into?
The price for the seat cover set, shipped and taxed, is about $45
I finally returned to the states from Germany and ordered the parts for my broken seat cover.
For others to benefit, here was the quick pricing survey, shipped and taxed to California.
Fremont BMW 866-561-1968 52107058009 $63.02 + 8.25% tax
Bavauto BMW 800-535-2002 52107058009 $39.95 + $11.95 shipping
Pelican BMW 888-280-7799 52107058009 $48.75 + 8.25% tax
Circle BMW 732-440-1238 52107058009 $37.06 + $9.00 shipping
AllEuro BMW 866-286-2051 52107058009 $42.00 (no shipping, no tax)
If it's any help, the wires going to the connector are toward the forward on my 2001 530i. So it appears you have it connected correctly in the last photograph.
I was worried about that and nobody had confirmed so I didn't want to be a pain. There was nothing about how it connected in the manual, nor on RealOEM, and because of the broken parts, it hooked up either way.
I'm sure in an unbroken situation, it would only go one way ... but it's nice to know that we now know how it hooks up when the new part arrives. I hope the control module isn't too badly damaged that I can still reuse it in the new seat cover.
|All times are GMT -7. The time now is 02:14 PM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.7
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
© 2001-2015 performanceIX, Inc. All Rights Reserved .: guidelines .:. privacy .:. terms


text:
On this page you will find prices and informations to buy your external hard drives Freecom FHD-XS 60 GB with confidence. Wikio Shopping also provide a price evolution based on lasts six weeks, some customers reviews and photos to help you choose the best Freecom products at the best price.
Just 12mm thick and 85mm on a side, the FHD-XS is very small indeed for a 20GB portable storage devi


text:
Alright guys just as the title says.
Fits all 2004-2006 2.5L Subarus
TurboXS UTEC Version 002 + MAP SELECTOR
Plus serial cable for hooking it up to the computer.
Just recently picked it up, decided to just stick with the AP and get it protuned, as I do not have the time to enjoy the full capabilities of the UTEC.
NEW! Pics:
Price: $220 shipped/Paypaled OBO
Trades: Would like a Perrin TMIC, I add cash
or any upgrades in general, I am open to ideas.


text:
ActiveWake.com has all of the new Slingshot Wakeboards and Boots in stock with free shipping. We have one of the largest selections of Slingshot wakeboards, bindings and accessories. Go take a look at all the new Slingshot Wake wakeboard packages. Check out the world famous FLEX that has made Slingshot one of the hottest brands to hit wakeboarding. Every Slingshot wakeboard is made in the USA by their manufacturer Moonshine MFG and the 4G graphics Slingshot came out with this year are insane.
1 Item(s)
|1 Item(s)
Grid List
Slingshot 2017 Windsor + KTV Boots
2017 KTV: The 2017 KTV features an upgraded interior for added ergonomics and cushion and a three-piece Gummy Strap closure system that will have you booted-up and ready to ride in no time. With a medium flex, the KTV is the ideal boot for riders who like a little more give in their setup, whether for causal cruising or tweaking-out grabs.
Learn More
1 Item(s)
|1 Item(s)
Grid List


text:
Hurricane Spin
Finally, a cautionary note seems warranted. Suppose that the V+S findings are in fact correct, and that increased wind shear will play a substantial role in future changes in TC behavior. This could be a mixed blessing. Wind shear in the tropical Atlantic will remain highly variable from year to year, changing at the whim of individual El Niño and La Niña events which influence the Walker Circulation. Temperature trends, on the other hand, are far more steady over time, and every simulation examined by the Vecchi and Soden predicts substantial warming in the main development region for TCs in the tropical Atlantic in the decades ahead. While increases in wind shear could offset the impact of tropical temperatures in some — maybe even the majority — of storm seasons, one might worry about what happens during those seasons where there is anomalously low shear (e.g., a very strong La Niña event). The warm ocean will still be sitting there, waiting to produce tropical cyclones and Hurricanes–and the prospects for destructive Hurricane activity during those seasons could be especially grim. In short, the V+S results could presage a future where there is increased interannual variability in TC behavior, and where the worst Hurricane seasons are considerably more destructive than today.
The findings of V+S represent an important contribution to the ongoing scientific discourse on the issue of climate change impacts on tropical cyclones, and the study should spur additional work looking at the complicated issues involved in greater detail. It remains the case that the modeling of Hurricane-climate change interactions is still at a relatively primitive stage and this study is very unlikely to be the last word. We will of course follow the future developments closely.
Page 3 of 3 | Previous page


text:
COTA Vision
The Canada Organic Trade Association envisions organic products becoming a significant part of everyday life, enhancing people's lives and the environment. Through our leadership and collaboration, COTA provides a strong voice for organic in Canada.
COTA Mission and Statement of Principle
COTA's mission is to promote and protect the growth of organic trade to benefit the environment, farmers, the public and the economy. COTA recognizes the business of organic farming as the foundation of the organic sector, and works to connect everyone along the organic supply chain. We develop new markets and foster strong networks.
Who We Are and What We Do
The Canada Organic Trade Association is the membership-based trade association for the organic sector in Canada, representing growers, shippers, processors, certifiers, farmers associations, distributors, importers, exporters, consultants, retailers and all points along the organic value chain.
COTA enables all members of the organic sector to share a strong voice to ensure the protection of the organic sector and encourage its continued growth. COTA represents our members to government on sector issues, market development, and the need for strong organic standards and regulations.
COTA maintains an active Canadian media presence, promoting the organic sector, educating the public and protecting organic product integrity. COTA raises public and government awareness to the organic industry through initiatives like the national Organic Week and the Think Before You Eat consumer outreach and education campaign.
COTA supports its members with the latest information and quick answers on organic regulations and standards in Canada and around the world, with advocacy and representation, by connecting and strengthening the organic business community, and through our leadership in the organic sector.
COTA strives to use our resources in a sustainable and financially responsible manner, with attention to the environmental and ethical principles upon which the organic sector is founded.
Contact COTA:
Tia Loftsgard, Executive Director
Ann Fisbein, Executive Office Manager
Kirsten Cole, International Relations & Membership Manager
Lauren Martin, Government Relations & Regulatory Affairs Manager
Jill Guerra, Research & Special Projects Coordinator
Rebecca Schwartz, Communications Coordinator
Office number: (613) 482-1717.
We moved! You can find COTA at:
4 Florence Street, Suite 210
Ottawa, ON K2P 0W7


text:
CTP Technical Ceramics is a customer focused business with the right tools the right people and the right competitive price for your demanding ceramic processing needs.
CTP specializes in Alumina and Zirconia ceramic components with complex geometries. CTP Technical Ceramics is eager to achieve your goals - be it a total process, a single component, a temporary backlog assist or thousands of components.
The processing of ceramics with properties, at or near theoretical requires great attention to processing details from the raw materials to finished machining. CTP Technical Ceramics has the expertise and experience from powder selection to dense ready to ship components.
CTP Technical Ceramics has a fully equipped analytical lab that allows CTP to give you confident and timely solutions to your ceramic processing issues. Included in its in-house arsenal of tools are SEM/EDS , TGA , DTA , PSA , SA , as well as all the standard and necessary tools of a well equipped and organized laboratory and machine shop. These services are offered as part of a development contract or as a separate analytical service. CTP Technical Ceramics employs qualified personnel to operate this equipment and to understand and decipher the results.
Assuring satisfaction to its customers is CTP Technical Ceramics primary goal. Contact CTP Technical Ceramics and prepare to be surprised at what they can do for you!


text:
There are many reasons why people visit Seven View Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram from all around Ontario for New cars in Vaughan just North of Toronto . One reason is our selection of quality sought-after New vehicles. The second is our commitment to our customers. At Seven View Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram, we don't believe in gimmicks, just good cars and great people. Seven View Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram has an expansive inventory of cars, trucks and SUVs. No matter if you are looking for used Nissan, Toyota, Honda, Infiniti, Ford, Kia, Hyundai, Dodge, Jeep, Ram or Chevrolet we have something for you. Whether you live in Toronto, Etobicoke, Richmond Hill, Burlington, Brampton, Hamilton, Mississauga, Oakville, Vaughan or Toronto, come in and see why all of our customers keep coming back. Other restriction may apply. Call for details.
* Prices in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia include OMVIC/AMVIC fee (where applicable), dealer installed options, accessories, administration and other retailer charges and exclude taxes, license, insurance and other applicable fees. Prices in Quebec exclude only license, insurance, duties on new tires ($15) and applicable taxes which will be required at time of purchase. In the rest of Canada, Prices exclude taxes, license, insurance and other applicable fees and may not include dealer-installed options, accessories, administration and other retailer charges.
All prices are in Canadian dollars (unless otherwise indicated). Retailers are free to set individual prices.Click To Expand
Although the intention is to capture current incentives and prices as of the date of publication, pricing is subject to change without notice, and may not be accurate or completely current. While every reasonable effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this data, we are not responsible for any errors or omissions contained on these pages. Please verify any information in question with a dealership sales representative.
Information provided at this site does not constitute an offer or guarantee of available prices or financing. The estimated selling price that appears after calculating dealer offers is for informational purposes, only. All product illustrations, prices and specifications are based upon current information at the time of programming. Although descriptions are believed correct, complete accuracy cannot be guaranteed. We reserve the right to make changes at any time, without notice or obligation, in the information contained on this site including and without limitation to prices, specifications, equipment, colours, and materials.
Images, pricing and options shown may be examples and may not reflect exact vehicle colour, trim, options, pricing or other specifications.Click to hide