text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jun 6, 2006
|Filing date
|Jun 24, 2002
|Priority date
|Sep 13, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Gerhard Staufert
|Original Assignee
|Lucea Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (98), Classifications (26), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a tailorable light-emitting panel with light-emitting diodes, as well as to a carrier plate as a component of such.
A tailorable light-emitting panel is known from the document PCT/CH99/00051, which permits unhoused light-emitting diodes (LED-chips) to be connected in groups in series and parallel. The construction of the panel and the circuiting of the LEDS are designed such that the panel may be manufactured as an infinitely large surface. This surface may be separated into infinitely shaped part pieces as long as the size of these part pieces does not fall below a certain smallest sub-unit capable of functioning. The use of unhoused LED chips permits a selectively loose or compact arrangement of LEDs. In particular, a more compact arrangement than with conventional panels with housed light-emitting diodes is made possible. In conventional light-emitting panels, the LED density, depending on the cooling, reaches typical values in the region of approx. 4–9 LED/cm2. The panel of the document PCT/CH99/00051 may be equipped with 25 LED/cm2 without further ado.
A light-emitting panel is thus to be developed proceeding from the panel of the document PCT/CH99/00051, whose manufacture is further simplified. In particular, no complicated contacting of LEDs should need to be effected. The manufacturing costs, as a whole, should be reduced. Furthermore, the flexibility of the panel should be increased even further. It would be particularly desirable if an even more compact arrangement of LEDs were possible. The invention is directed to such a light-emitting panel.
The invention provides a light-emitting panel which is indeed simple in manufacture and is also suitable as an inexpensive mass product. A method for manufacturing such a light-emitting panel and a circuit board as an element of such a panel are also the subject-matter of the invention.
The tailorable light-emitting panel according to the invention contains the smallest of sub-units connected in parallel, with in each case at least two light-emitting bodies able to be operated with electricity and connected in series, for example light-emitting diodes. The light-emitting panel is later divided up into part pieces capable of functioning per se, with at least the size of a smallest sub-unit. The light-emitting panel comprises a base layer with an electrically conducting surface and a cover layer which is separated from this surface by way of an electrically insulating layer, wherein the base layer and the cover layer function as connection surfaces for the electrical parallel contacting of the sub-units. Electrically insulated conductor paths serve for the electrical connection of the various light-emitting bodies of the individual sub-units and are electrically insulated from the electrical contact surfaces.
The term "conductor paths" means at least one conductor layer separated into individual paths by structuring and, thus, a plurality of generally flat conductors present in or on an electrical connection element in a fixed manner. This is in contrast to later deposited conductors distanced to the base layer such as bonds, wire connections etc. The conductor paths have the advantage of a manufacture which has been standardized for some time and is thus inexpensive. Furthermore, according to preferred embodiments, the conductor paths permit a light-emitting body to be contacted directly on attachment to the conductor path—a significant simplification in manufacture.
The light-emitting panel, thus, more or less, has a carrier plate which forms or comprises an electrical connection element (for example circuit board) and light-emitting bodies attached thereon, as well as yet further units as the case may be.
One preferred embodiment of the light-emitting panel is designed such that the light-emitting bodies comprising for example two electrodes, are fastened directly on the base layer or a conductor path and are contacted by the same via one of the electrodes. For light-emitting bodies with an electrical contact on the base surface and with a second electrical contact on the cover surface, it is envisaged to fasten a first light-emitting body of each sub-unit with an electrically conducting contact means—for example a wire bond—directly on the conducting base layer and to simultaneously contact it. A commercially available electrically conductive adhesive (contact adhesive) or solder may be used as a contact means. Further light-emitting bodies of each sub-unit are, for example, deposited on a conductor path and are contacted by the conductor path.
There are also light-emitting bodies whose two electrical contacts are located on one and the same surface,namely the cover surface. The first light-emitting body of each sub-unit is then deposited on a conductor path with a not necessarily electrically conducting contact means, wherein the electrical contact between the base layer and the first electrical contact of the light-emitting means is ensured by way of a suitable electrical connection element, which leads from the contact surface of the light-emitting means through an opening in the insulating layer. For this, partial openings are necessary in the insulating layer. The insulating layer is, for example, formed by two insulating films, then the partial opening is an opening at least in the film which does not bear on the base layer. The respective second electrode of each light-emitting body may be electrically connected by way of a wire bond to a further conductor path or to a contact surface. "Bonding" is a standardized, automatic and economical method.
Alternatively to wire bonds, the electrical contacting of the light-emitting body electrodes may be ensured by way of conductor paths integrated in a flexible transparent layer. The conductor paths required for this may, for example, consist of an electrically conducting transparent layer, such as, for example, a so-called ITO-layer (In2O3—SnO2). The conductor paths may, however, also be formed by a grid of very thin metallic conductor paths. The local dimensions either of the transparent conductor paths or of the conducting grid are preferably selected such that, without incorrect contacting, one requires no special alignment effort.
Suitable light-emitting bodies obtainable on the market are unhoused light-emitting diodes. These are offered in various designs. On the one hand, their base surface, for example, varies between 250�250 μm and 500�500 μm, and on the other hand, the two electrodes for the electrical contacting are either both arranged on the cover surface or one electrode is located on the cover surface and the second electrode on the base surface. In principle, one may use any light-emitting diodes. In many cases, however, light-emitting diodes with an electrically conducting substrate, for example SiC, are to be preferred since then a direct contacting of one electrode may be effected by way of depositing on a contact surface (as already mentioned) and since the heat arising in the active region is led downwards more efficiently by way of electrical conductors.
The panel according to the invention may have light-emitting diodes of a certain color or a certain color composition. One may, howeverm also use blue or also violet or ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, e.g. with GaN or InGaN layers, preferably in combination with fluorescence means. The blue or ultraviolet light emitted by the light-emitting bodies is at least partly converted into longer-waved light by way of secondary emitting dye. The original blue or ultraviolet light superimposes with the longer-waved light, wherein white light results from the sum. As the case may be, in combination with color filter means in an arrangement yet to be described, by way of the light-emitting panel according to the invention, white light may be created in a trueness to color which has not yet been surpassed. The use of suitable laser diodes is also conceivable, which have the advantage of a considerably higher light emission which, however, is limited to a relatively restricted spatial [solid] angle. Such laser diodes are furthermore relatively expensive.
The light-emitting panel is preferably designed such that the density of the arrangement of the light-emitting bodies may be adapted downwards beginning from a maximum. The maximal density is dependent on the distance of the openings in the insulating layer and the length, resulting from this, of the individual discrete conductor paths for electrically contacting the light-emitting bodies. If a smaller density of light-emitting bodies is desired, then, for example, two light-emitting bodies arranged at larger distances to one another for this purpose, are electrically connected to one another. Here, this is effected in that the two light-emitting bodies, in each case, are connected to the conductor path lying closest to them and additionally all discrete conductor paths lying on the direct line of connection between these two light-emitting bodies are electrically connected to one another by way of additional contact means.
Moreover, the light-emitting panel is designed such that the sub-groups of light-emitting bodies, said sub-groups being connected to one another in series, may be supplemented by additional electrical components, for example resistors. These may be arranged on the conductor paths envisaged for the light-emitting bodies or be arranged directly next to these. A voltage adaptation for a complete sub-unit may thus be realized in that additionally a suitable resistance is connected in series to the light-emitting bodies of the sub-unit. One may realize a current adaptation for an individual or a group of light-emitting bodies by way of connecting a suitable resistance in parallel.
According to the design of a base layer, for additional stabilization, a light-emitting panel according to the invention may be deposited on a mechanical carrier, for example a plate.
The base layer may essentially be a metallic plate, for example, with spherical-calotte-shaped or parabolic recesses comprising a flat zone. One may deposit the light-emitting bodies on the flat zones in the recesses. This arrangement has the advantage that it gives a thin base layer mechanical stability, in particular, the rest surfaces for the light-emitting bodies.
The panel, as the case may be, has further addition layers by way of which the light emitted by the light-emitting bodies is directed.
According to one embodiment, one addition layer is a transparent protective layer. This layer protects the conducting and insulating layers, as well as the light-emitting diodes and the electrical connections, from external influences such as for example mechanical and chemical effects. They may also serve for directing the emitted light.
One example of an addition layer that simultaneously ensures a homogeneous light distribution is a soft-elastic silicone layer with integrated, small, light-reflecting particles. A light-emitting panel then, for example, has a suitable mixture of LEDs that emit light with the colors blue, green and red with suitable mixing ratios. A homogenizing layer is attached or deposited over this which ensures that the panel emits white light.
Another example for a transparent addition layer is one with a very high optical refractive index, such as titanium dioxide or ITO (In2O3—SnO2), which has a refractive index of the order of 2.2. If this layer has approximately the thickness of half an LED-chip width and is structured such that it may also laterally couple out light, this is one possibility as a whole of significantly increasing the light quantity coupled out of an LED-chip. Additionally, as mentioned further above, a suitably structured ITO-layer may directly serve for electrically contacting the LED-chips.
A special advantage is brought about by a further optional addition layer. This addition layer comprises colors which change the wavelength of the light emitted from the LEDs (with such a layer it is the case amongst other things of a fluorescing layer, thus of a layer with a secondary emitting dye. The wavelength is "changed" in such a layer in that the primary light is absorbed and after the absorption process secondary light of another larger wavelength is emitted through the layer. This addition layer provided with dyes serves for example for converting short-wave primary light into white light. Particularly warm light arises if apart from a plurality of LEDs producing blue light or violet light one yet uses a few red light-emitting diodes and/or yellow light-emitting diodes. In contrast to the housed LEDs according to the state of the art, the essentially flat layer covering several LEDs serves for the color conversion of the light of a multitude of electrodes lying underneath. Thus, edge effects, for example, rings, are avoided, as they are known from housed electrodes. Incidentally, such a layer could also be used for arrays of LEDs other than the tailorable LED panel according to the invention.
The essentially flat layer into which the dye or the dye mixture is introduced, for example of silicon or PMMA, as the case may be, serves simultaneously as a protective layer above the LEDs or the whole panel.
A further optional addition layer which may be identical to the protective layer is essentially transparent and serves for producing a homogeneous light distribution and for reducing possible thermal stress.
The functions of the upper transparent layers may also be fulfilled by a single layer or by any combination of layers.
The addition layer may be designed as a covering layer that is mechanically decoupled from the light-emitting bodies, for example stiff and fixed on the carrier plate (=base layer with conductor structures and a mechanical carrier as the case may be) by way of spacers. This is particularly advantageous in combination with a base layer provided with the mentioned recesses for the light-emitting bodies. If the light-emitting bodies are incorporated in recesses, the covering layer may be attached relatively close to the base layer without the bond connections between light-emitting bodies and conductor paths being compromised and without shear stresses being able to act on the light-emitting bodies.
In a preferred embodiment the base layer is designed such that it serves for conducting away heat. For this it consists essentially of electrically conducting and heat conducting materials and comprises additional structures serving the cooling, for example cooling ribs.
The base layer and possibly also the one or several addition layers are preferably designed such that they comprise predetermined breaking locations. Predetermined breaking locations are local structures which indicate where the light-emitting panel may be subdivided into smaller functioning part pieces and preferably simultaneously simplify such a division into pieces. Examples of predetermined breaking locations are rows of missing cooling ribs or local thinning of layers. The light-emitting panel may be divided into pieces along such break-off locations up to the smallest functioning sub-units or groups of smallest functioning sub-units.
The size of a smallest sub-unit may differ, and typically contains two, three, four, five or six LEDs. A panel may have sub-units of different sizes. This is possible with the design of the panel according to the invention without further ado and without great design expense. An installation for the automatic manufacture of the panel need only be simply programmed such that the LEDs and the bonds, or as the case may be, additional electrical components such as resistors, are attached at the corresponding locations. If one further takes into account the fact that variously colored LEDs may be placed in any manner, one recognizes that practically no limits are made on the flexibility and the design possibilities.
Conducting and insulating layers and conductor paths are deposited, for example, with methods from circuit board technology, which are known per se. These, for example, include the photo-structuring of conductor paths, as well as the laminating-on of plastic layers or sputtering-on of other electrically insulating layers. The conductor paths may, of course, however, also be manufactured with newer circuit board technologies, for example with a newly developed embossing method. The deposition of addition layers is also effected in a manner known per se. By way of this, the manufacturing process of the light-emitting panel is considerably simplified since it may be automated, and the light-emitting panels according to the invention are obtainable as pre-manufactured serial products. The manufacturing costs for individual panels may thus be kept considerably low. A further advantage is the fact that all structures may be designed very thinly and thus have an extremely low heat-conducting resistance. This permits an effective conducting-away of heat from the region of the LEDs. Together with the optionally present cooling structures, a more compact arrangement of LEDs is made possible by way of this. In turn, the flexibility when using the panel is increased even more by way of this.
The grouped, series circuiting of LEDs furthermore permits the use of commercially available voltage supplies, such as transformers which typically operate with voltages of 12V or 24V. Commercially available LEDs may typically be operated with only 2V or 4V. A series connection of for example 6�2V, 3�4V, 4�2V+1�4V, etc., permits the supply voltage of the whole light-emitting panel or of part pieces of this to be applied considerably higher than would be possible for individual LEDs. By way of the series and/or parallel connection of additional electrical resistances to a smallest operative sub-unit or to individual light-emitting body sub-groups, no limits are set on the possibilities for adapting the voltage or adapting the current. If the smallest of operative sub-units are additionally connected to one another in parallel via a base layer, then a light-emitting panel or a part piece of this emits light as soon as two connections of an LED are supplied with the required voltage difference.
The use of a higher voltage not only has advantages with respect to the selection of voltage sources, but also reduces the flowing currents. This reduction permits a reduction of the conductor cross sections and reduces the production of heat. The electrical supply voltage may be chosen selectively as a constant voltage or as an alternating voltage. With the use of alternating voltage however a reduced efficiency must be accepted.
The light-emitting panel according to the invention is explained hereinafter by way of exemplary embodiments.
A first insulating film 2 provided with local openings 7 is deposited on the base layer 1. The film consists, for example, essentially of SiN, SiC, or polymers which are common in circuit board technology. It has a thickness, for example, of 0.5–50 μm. A regular, grid-like arrangement of conductor paths 3, for example, of copper is located on the first film 2. The conductor paths 3 are electrically separated from the base layer 1 by the first insulating film 2.
Four sub-units of light-emitting diode chips (LED-chips or LEDs for short) 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, 4 n, 4 o, 4 p are shown in the figure, which are attached and distributed on the base layer 1 and the conductor paths 3 and are fastened with conducting contact adhesive. With the exception of three LEDs 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, they are contacted on the base side by the base layer 1 or a conductor path 3. Two first of the sub-units shown on the left in the figure have, in each case, three LEDs connected in series. The third sub-unit shown on the right is composed of 6 LEDs 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i connected in series.
Three sub-units, in each case, comprise an LED chip 4 a, 4 d, 4 n which is deposited directly on the base layer 1 with its first electrical contact surface arranged on the lower side of the chip, and which, in the following, we will consider as the first LEDs of each sub-unit. The first LED-chip 4 k of the second sub-unit (4 k, 4 l, 4 m) is arranged on a conductor path 3 and, by way of a wire bond 5, is electrically connected from its first electrical contact surface to the base layer 1 through an opening 7. The first LEDs are, in each case, connected by a wire bond 5 to a conductor path 3 in each case from their second electrical contact surface arranged on the upper side of the chip. The further LEDs 4 b, 4 c, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 l, 4 m, 4 o, 4 p which follow connected in series are, in each case, attached on a conductor path 3 which are connected to the or one of the top electrodes of the corresponding series connected LED chip by way of wire bonds 5. The top electrode of each last LED chip 4 c, 4 i, 4 m, 4 p in the series connection is contacted by a wire bond 5 which leads onto a cover layer which is not shown in the figure for the purpose of an improved overall view. In a fourth sub-unit, the light-emitting diodes 4 n, 4 o, 4 p are arranged with double the distance. The electrical interruptions between the individual conductor paths 3 for the electrical series connection of the LEDs 4 n, 4 o, 4 p caused by this are connected in one case by way of an additional wire bond as a conductor path contact means 8. In the second case, the conductor paths 3, for the purpose of voltage adaptation of the whole sub-unit, are bridged via an additional series connected resistance 10 and suitable wire bonds 5 for electrically contacting this. A further resistance 9 is arranged parallel to one of the light-emitting diodes 4 o, which results in a current adaptation for this one light-emitting diode 4.
The base layer 1 is provided with break-off locations 6 along which an LED panel, which, for example, is one square meter in size, may be divided into part pieces up to a smallest sub-unit. The break-off locations 6 may also surround units that comprise several sub-units. The insulating film 2, the conductor paths 3 and the bonds 5 may be manufactured with means and techniques known in the manufacture of circuit boards .
It is mainly the differences of the embodiments shown in the drawings to the embodiments already described which are explained by way of the following figures. A description of common features is not made.
A schematic oblique view of the construction of a further embodiment of the light panel according to the invention is shown in
The openings in the cover layer 29 may be designed such that they encompass the LED chips 24, as well as contactable surfaces of each adjacent conductor path. Thus, the cover layer may also be manufactured in an absolutely standardized manner, and permit any circuiting of the LEDs.
The conducting layer 29 may be designed in a mirroring manner in order to improve the efficiency of the light of the LEDs 24.
The sub-units of LEDs connected in series or the light-emitting panel or part pieces thereof emit light as soon as a constant voltage determined by the LEDs and their circuit arrangement is applied between the base layer 21 and the cover layer 29 which function as contact surfaces.
The thickness h of the base layer, including the cooling ribs, the electrically insulating layer and the cover layer, varies in a range between approx. 0.5 mm and a few mm, for example 3 mm. As already mentioned, the base layer may also be designed differently, for example without cooling ribs. In this case, the base layer is then, of course, correspondingly thinner. The values for the distance I from LED to LED is preferably approx. 1.4 mm–10 mm. This results in a light-emitting panel with an LED density of 1–49 LED/cm2. A typical value for I is 2.5 mm, which results in a light-emitting panel with an LED density of 16 LED/cm2. The LED density may be reduced or increased without further ado, wherein with the LEDs obtainable at present, an upper value would lie at roughly 64 LED/cm2.
Three addition layers 30–32 are deposited over the circuit arrangement of the LED chips 24. The first, transparent addition layer 30 is a soft, elastic cover layer, e.g. a layer consisting essentially of silicone to which small reflecting particles are added. It serves for ensuring a homogeneous light distribution. The first addition layer 30 may furthermore serve for reducing thermal stress which endangers the LED chips 24.
The second addition layer 31 is provided essentially with secondary emitting dye or a dye mixture, for example with luminescence dye. In this case, the LEDs are selected, depending on the color mixture, such that they emit blue light. By way of the second transparent layer, light emitted from the LEDs is at least partly converted into longer-waved light. The light radiated as a sum is then a superposition of different wavelengths depending on the dye mixture. Depending on the color of the LEDs and the quantity and nature of the dye, a light-emitting panel according to the invention or part pieces of this may emit light in practically any color. The layer-like arrangement of the addition layers additionally leads to a homogeneous light distribution without edge effects. This is in contrast to housed LEDs according to the state of the art. The housing of these may be provided with a luminescence layer. This, however, always leads to anisotropic colour distribution which is perceived as rings by the observer.
The third addition layer 32 is transparent and serves as a protective layer. It consists, for example, essentially of PMMA or PET. It may also contain optical elements that direct the light according to the wishes. The protective layer 32 is manufactured of a material which has a certain UV resistance.
According to the design of the panel, the functions of the three addition layers 30–32, may also be realized with a single, with two or with four or more partly transparent layers. It is also to be understood that the functions fulfilled by the addition layers are not essential for the functioning of the panel and, thus, the addition layers may also be completely or partly omitted.
A further embodiment of the light-emitting panel according to the invention is to be seen in
Two addition layers 50, 51 are designed in a manner such that they have semi-shell-shaped recesses 53 around the LED chips. The semi-shell-shaped recesses are preferably coated with a mirroring layer, e.g. have silver or aluminium so that the recesses act as a concave mirror. The light emitted by the LEDs is limited to the spatial [solid] angle which is predetermined by the concave mirror. The recesses 53 may be manufactured into the soft, transparent layers 50, 51 by way of embossing. For protecting the LEDs and insulating and conducting layers 50, 51 as well as electrical connections and a possible concave coating, the recesses may be filled with a transparent protective material, such as silicone or PMMA for example. It is also possible to incorporate the recesses only into the first addition layer 50, for example a homogenizing layer and/or one containing secondary emitting dye. The first addition layer may otherwise be completely opaque and only be provided with reflecting surfaces. The transparent protective layer 51 covers the whole panel in a protective manner, in particular also the LED chips and the semi-shell-shaped recesses 53.
A further embodiment of the panel according to the invention is to be seen in
The tailorable light-emitting panel according to one of the
A first electrically insulating film 2, 22, 42 with a regular array of first openings 7, 27, 47 is deposited on a base layer 1, 21, 41.
Conductor paths 3, 23, 43 are deposited on the first electrically insulating film such that they run in a regular array essentially between first openings. The structuring of the corresponding conductor materials is effected for example in a manner known per se by way of photo-structuring.
A second electrically insulating film 28, 48 is deposited onto the first film and the conductor paths, said film having second openings which encompass the first openings and are larger than these so that conductor paths neighbouring each first opening partly lie free.
The second electrical insulating film is at least partly covered with an electrically conducting cover layer 29, 49, which, again, are structured in a conventional manner.
LEDs 4 a, 4 b, 4 c, 4 d, 4 e, 4 f, 4 g, 4 h, 4 i, 4 k, 4 l, 4 m, 4 n, 4 o, 4 p, 24, 44 are deposited onto the created plate such that they lie within the second openings and are contacted at a first electrode either by the base layer or by the conductor paths.
Second electrodes of the LEDs and conductor paths or the cover layer 29, 49 are electrically connected, wherein the LEDs are so deposited, and the second electrodes of the LEDs are so connected to the conductor paths and the cover layer, that operative sub-units of LEDs connected in series are created.
Subsequently, as the case may be, the addition layers 30, 31, 32, 50, 51, 60 with light-changing and/or directing properties and/or as protective layers are yet to be attached.
The embodiment represented in
The cover layer 79 need not cover the insulating layer up to openings as is shown here, but may likewise be formed out by discrete conductor paths.
As is once again evident from this embodiment, the simple principle according to the invention with conductor paths insulated from electrical connection surfaces, by way of which the light-emitting bodies may be contacted, may be used in a comprehensive manner. The circuit principles shown in the embodiment examples are a pure selection of an unlimited amount of possibilities. In particular, one may deviate from the contacting attachment of one electrode of the light-emitting diodes on the base layer or on a conductor path, which is advantageous per se, and the conductor paths may be used purely as a means for bridging distances. This is of particular significance also with LEDs on an electrically insulating substrate, where electrodes lie on an upper lying surface. In this case, all LEDs may be fastened directly on locations in the base layer which are laid free, and all contacting runs via wire bonds.
The panel of
As already is the case from the preceding embodiments, it is here again increasingly clear that the cover layer in no way needs to be a covering layer. Cover layer is rather meant simply to be a second electrically conducting layer contacting the sub-units in parallel.
In comparison to the previously cited panels, the panel of
The panel of
The complete panel, just as is the case with all other panels, may have an all non-organic construction. In this case the insulating layer is not a polymer layer, as is usually the case per se and is possible also here, but for example is a metal oxide layer. Aluminium oxide is suitable in the example described here, with a base layer of aluminium.
An all non-organic construction has the advantage that all materials have a good endurance also at temperatures of more than 100� C. The panel should be able to endure temperatures for example of at least 120� C., perhaps even of more than 150� C. without becoming damaged.
A further embodiment is shown in
The base layer (base plate) 81 is metallic and, for example, consists of a good heat-conducting material, such as aluminium, copper, etc. It acts in a manner as described by way of the previous examples as a first parallel conductor and as a heat sink. The base layer 81 here may, of course, also yet comprise cooling ribs. The base layer 81 has several recesses 91 a, 91 b which have the shape of a part spherical shell or a cut-out of a rotation paraboloid. If the inner surface of the recesses reflects, the recess serves as a reflector element. A flat zone on the lower side of the recesses serves for placing an LED chip. In recesses 91 a without an insulation layer, the respective first LED chip 84 a of a sub-unit is placed directly onto the base layer, analogously to the previously discussed embodiment examples. The further LED chips 84 b of each sub-unit are located in the recesses with an electrical insulation layer 82 and with a discrete conductor layer 83 lying thereon acting also as a reflector layer, for contacting the remaining LED chips of a series LED chain. The cover layer 89, as already described in
The panel of
The covering layer 93 is an individual element separate from the carrier plate, i.e. it is not for example cast with the carrier plate or the light-emitting bodies lying thereon. It is mechanically decoupled from the carrier plate and the light-emitting bodies in the context that lateral deformations or a different thermal expansion of the carrier plate and the cover plate do not have the result of shear stresses acting of the light-emitting bodies.
The covering layer 93 may be provided with optical elements 93 b for influencing the light produced by the LEDs. In the drawing, these optical elements 93 b are Fresnel lenses. They may however also comprise reflecting (or mirrored) surfaces, possibly as cut-outs of a parabolic mirror or spherical mirror which may be subdivided into small sections in the manner of a Fresnel lens. The sections, as with a Fresnel lens, may be arranged essentially along one plane, namely the addition layer plane. At the same time, the light output irradiated at a certain desired angle may be increased in relation to the irradiated primary light output by way of a rectifying effect. By way of the excellent convergence, the efficiency may lie close to that of T1� housings. An optically effective layer system 94, possibly consisting of a single layer for the complete or partial conversion of blue, violet or ultraviolet light into longer-waved light, may be deposited on the inner side of the addition layer 93. Additionally, for example, by way of a separate layer in the layer system 94, one may envisage the filtering of any occurring excessively present blue light components. The secondary emitting dyes (phosphors) or also filtering substances may also be present in the covering layer as fine particles.
The covering layer is deposited onto the carrier plate (i.e. the base layer 91 with the electrically conducting and electrically insulating layers) with an adhesive layer 92. For the exact vertical positioning of the covering layer, spacer balls may be added to this. Adhesive layers with integrated spacer balls are obtainable today commercially as a film, for example from the company 3M. The thickness of the adhesive layer 92 or the diameter of the spacer balls 92 b is selected such that the wire bonds are not touched by the covering layer 93, for example are at least 50 μm. The adhesive layer 92 is structured such that it relieves [leaves open] at least the reflecting zones of the recesses 91 a, 91 b.
The rear-filling 95 of the optically effective zone with a transparent material is yet shown in the figure. Such a rear-filling may be used in order to ensure an improved coupling-out from the LED-chip and an improved coupling into the transparent covering layer 93. For this, it advantageously has a high refractive index, for example a higher refractive index than the covering layer 93. This rear-filling results in an improvement of the mechanical and chemical protection of the LED chip and of the electrical connections (wire bonds). It may be permanently elastic depending on the selected geometry in order to completely prevent shear stress from being able to act on the LEDs (wherein the LEDs lying in the recesses 91 a, 91 b are largely protected from shear stress already merely on account of the selected geometry, even if the material of the rear-filling 95 is not elastic).
In the figure, it is also shown how structures 96 of the covering layer 93 may also be present, as the case may be. These structures for example serve as break-off locations or break-off lines and also as decoupling locations for mechanical stresses.
An optional element of the panel of
The covering layer may also be composed of several part layers of identical or different materials (not drawn). For example, in the gap between two part layers, a film may be present with the secondary emitting dyes. The covering layer may, of course, also directly contain the secondary emitting dyes, wherein this variant in particular is suitable for covering layers of plastic.
The advantageous shape of the carrier plate with recesses are described below. Given an existing thickness, the stiffness is increased by the recesses. The recesses, as an at least approximate parabolic mirror, increase the light efficiency. The cover plate may be present as a plane element decoupled from the carrier plate which assumes additional tasks (focussing, filtering etc.). As a result of the mechanical decoupling, adverse effects on the LEDs due to thermal expansion shear stresses can be prevented. The cover plate, if it is separated from the carrier plate, permits addition layers to be present on the inner side, which are not subjected to any mechanical wear and therefore do not need to be wear-resistant. And finally, due to the shaping of the recesses, the surface is also increased which entails an improved conducting away of heat.
If the panel of
In principle, however, a carrier plate with a covering layer decoupled therefrom may also be formed out without the recesses. In this case, however, the distances of these two elements secured by the spacers must be significantly larger than the sum of the thickness of the light-emitting bodies and the height of the wire bond leading away from this, at present thus significantly larger than approx. 250 μm+200 μm. This is too much for many applications.
The manufacture of a carrier plate of a panel according to one of the
The carrier plate, formed as a printed circuit board for example, as a component of a light-emitting panel, comprises a base layer 1, 21, 41, 71, 81 with an electrically conducting surface, and with an electrically insulating layer deposited thereon with a regular array of first openings and with a regular grid of conductor paths electrically insulated from the base layer as well as with a cover layer electrically insulated from the base layer and the conductor paths and having a regular array of second openings which encompasses the first openings and are larger than these. Definitively, the carrier plate may, for example, be designed, as described by way of the description, of one of the above discussed light-emitting panels.
With the previous discussion, it was practically always assumed that the light-emitting bodies are designed as LEDs. In view of the present state of the art, LEDs are clearly the most suitable light-emitting bodies. It is, however, indeed possible for other light-emitting bodies with a similar functionality to be available in the future. The invention expressly includes such light-emitting bodies that are yet to be developed and are based on existing or new technologies.
The cover layer 29, 49 need not cover the complete panel up to the openings. It may also be only partly covering or may even consist of a system of conductor paths. Furthermore it may be interrupted for example at the break-off locations.
|Cited Patent
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|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: LUCEA AG, SWITZERLAND
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Michael Eisner 2.0 Will See You Now
It didn't take Kathleen Grace long to realize that Michael Eisner had become a New Media mogul. In Los Angeles with her business partner last spring to pitch an online series to the former Walt Disney Co. (DIS ) chief executive, Grace was surprised when Eisner whipped out a notebook filled with suggestions to improve an existing sitcom that the duo were already showing online. Within weeks, Grace's Dinosaur Diorama Productions Inc. had signed with Eisner's five-month old Vuguru studio to produce The All-For-Nots, an online series centered around musicians on tour. "It's kind of like The Monkees," says Grace. "I think that struck a chord with Michael."
Can a 65-year-old former Old Media lion recast himself as an online power player? He can if he's got 40 years of entertainment contacts, collected more than $1 billion from cashed-in Disney options, and, most important, still has the hunger to prove wrong the critics who hounded him out of his job in 2005. It didn't take long for Eisner to back a bona fide Internet hit: the teen angst drama Prom Queen. Premiering last April, the Web series is made up of 80, two-minute-long episodes that Eisner loaded with advertisements and product placements.
Eisner's still smallish media empire could grow sizably on Aug. 30. That's when shareholders of baseball card maker Topps Co. (TOPP ) are scheduled to vote on a $385 million takeover bid Eisner is making with private equity firm Madison Dearborn Partners. It's hardly a slam dunk: Even though rival bidder Upper Deck Co. has dropped out, some dissident shareholders continue a stop-Eisner campaign, claiming that he is underpaying for the company. If Eisner prevails, he'd have access not only to baseball cards and stats, but also trading cards and stickers for other Topps titles such as Star Wars, The Lord of the Rings, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
Eisner hasn't been talking about his plans for Topps. But it would join a hodgepodge of properties that Eisner has bought, including Team Baby Entertainment, which makes sports videos for toddlers. Content from both Team Baby and Topps are likely fodder for online shows that Eisner's Vuguru studio could make. And those shows could eventually find their way to Veoh.com, a fast-growing video site in which Eisner has invested. Does this start to look a little like Disney, with a studio, kiddie videos, and Veoh standing in for ABC? "He's taking what he experienced and bringing it into the 21st century," says Dmitry Shapiro, Veoh's founder.
Of course, no one would ever confuse Eisner's operations today with Disney in size and glitz. Eisner operates with fewer than a dozen executives from a two-story Beverly Hills building that houses a Coffee Bean shop. Famously tightfisted, Eisner was drawn by the low cost of entry to the Internet business. He paid only $200,000 for the rights to Prom Queen, says one of its creators, Ryan Wise.
It would be hard for anyone in New Media to match Eisner's Rolodex, but his business contacts also became a hot-button issue in the bid for Topps. Dissident shareholders have claimed--accusations that a Delaware judge later rejected--that the card company didn't get the best deal because Eisner negotiated with board member Steve Greenberg, who started the Classic Sports Network that Disney's ESPN bought in 1997.
Even if the Topps deal goes south for Eisner, he could still end up a winner: according to filings, he stands to get a chunk of a $12 million breakup fee. That kind of savvy could very well be why people still want to hear what Eisner has to say and why he is drawing six-figure fees on the lecture circuit. One recent topic: "Leadership: Success by Failing and Other Paradoxes."
Grover is Los Angeles bureau chief for BusinessWeek

subset: commoncrawl


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|April 22nd, 2007, 01:05 PM
(513) 891-8372
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Drummond Island 4-21-07 Made it Home Thread
I want to thank everyone for coming out. It was a blast. I hope all made it home safe and sound. Please post up that you made it so we know you made it home OK. There were a few that went home limping.
incogrhino I hope you made it home ok. I swung in the park on the way to the ferry and you were gone so that was a good sign. Don't worry about the flat side of your yoda...it's gives it character.
Blackjackbender, did you get your crap hauled over to Drummond's? I tried to raise him on the phone right after you left because we could have hauled your rig over on my trailer if he was already loaded but I couldn't get him. Hope it worked out ok for ya. I had a raging headache and couldn't even think straigh or I would have offered my trailer right then. Really sorry.
Pics will be up sometime....hopefully tonight. I am transfering them to the computer now. I think there is close to 1000 plus some short video clips. I host everything I have....except the "special" pics.:tonka: You'll have to host and post those yourself.
Thanks again for coming on the run, I don't think I have ever been on a run before where I have laughed so hard. Just a great group of people with no issues.....well.....i mean sglide has issues, but we won't get into that.
Really great to finally put a face to many of these screen names and good to see the ones I already knew.
Last edited by Buggy_Tim; April 22nd, 2007 at 06:14 PM.
|April 22nd, 2007, 03:11 PM
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i caught Drummond, he drove my f-150 back and I drove my jeep back over. The jeep is on the island looking like a a beaten town whore.
Yeah this run was fun as hell and funny as fukc . GroundHawg's stories kept me balling for hours haha.
Best run I have been on hands down. But I think Drummond is getting a bill for my back problems from that one damn trail
Last edited by Blackjackbender; April 22nd, 2007 at 03:17 PM.
|April 22nd, 2007, 03:57 PM
cold as ice
Join Date: 02-16-07
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Thanks all for one of the best times of my life.
I made it home...sorta. The jeep isn't drivable anymore. I kinda figured out just over the bridge that there were issues. I don't think the OX ever unlocked with all the linkage issues, and I don't think it is in 2 wheel drive. The driver front tire doesn't turn but I got it home.
and I think cube's ass has scarred me and Olivia for life.
|April 22nd, 2007, 05:01 PM
MTU 4x4
Join Date: 11-05-05
Location: Champaign, IL
Posts: 1,407
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yeah I made it home as well. Yeah Blackjacks stuff is at my place. We got him jump started, and drove it over there. Its nice, that everyone had cleared out and left him there, luckily I was still around Overall, I had a great trip, and would do it again in a heartbeat. The weather was awesome, and everyone seemed to have a great time. Carnage was at a minimum actually, for our group. Blackjack and I caught up with the NMU crew before we left, and they were having all sorts of problems. Broken control arms, couple shot alternators, a blown rear driveshaft on one jeep, bad water pump, and overall just having a tough time. Our carnage list I believe would be as follows...just add up if I forget something.
-Ford Nine Inch Pinion...yes that would be the pinion. Sam (sglide) Snapped it clear off, just after he replaced his rear drive shaft in the Upper Section. We came down to the lower, and he tried to go over the logs in the pond section, and grenaded it. I just dont understand how he could do that with his wheeling style...just not like him hes kinda a pussy wheeler if you dont know him:tonka:
-Broken steering arm, slashed tire because of that, and a wrinkled body side on incogrhino's Toyota. We fixed him up, and hopefully he makes it home all right.
Groundhog-.... Made it all work eventually.
Vacuum leak in Geezer's Sammi out on Marblehead, adapter plate to the carb came loose. Those little squirrels were really trying to get outta there:tonka:
Blackjackbender broke his front upper control arms, after he gave it hell and made it outta the pond section in Lower Turtle Ridge. He was the last guy, and the only guy besides me to make it, and that was after everyone tore it to hell. He ran into a giant tree, but got it done. Some of the best driving I have seen, especially when he was driving around with no upper control arms, and in 2WD in lower turtle Ridge
Numourous scratches, dents, and dings...the normal for Drummond Island.
Here are a couple pics, I will upload the rest later.
|April 22nd, 2007, 05:14 PM
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Hello to all......... We made it home just fine, pulled in around 4:00! I will get back to you all a little later very busy.......Trying to get the jeep started, I cant figure out what is wrong......It might be the starter
Thanks to MP and Drummond for putting this together it was great
|April 22nd, 2007, 05:36 PM
Mud Slut-Hit Every Hole!!
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|April 22nd, 2007, 06:19 PM
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Have to add my carnage. Snapped a shock clean off in the rear and my alternator exploded when I was loading onto the trailer. So far, that's all I know.
|April 22nd, 2007, 06:51 PM
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had a sweet time wheeled with some funny mother f*#kers had little over heating in the free dakota on the way home but made it w/ no real problems
it was my first time on drummond and loved every rocky /bumpy /muddy ass part of the trip glad team kamakaze coerced me into going (free bed) loved rippin in the off road park & testing out some new trails
|April 22nd, 2007, 07:13 PM
Gnarley Davidson
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i made it home okay just a shitty ass drive. got home and went straight to murrays to get some power steering fluid, anti-freeze also changed the diff fluid and flushed the radiator. Runnin hot all the way home. come to find out just mud caked in the raditors front. all is well still a little squeeky on the front drive-shaft but just gonna grease the joints. should be good to roll. OO btw im not doing that shit again until i have a tow rig haha. JK id go any day with that awesome group. thanx a lot for the good times and special thanx to drummond for the organization of it all.
|April 22nd, 2007, 07:22 PM
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wanna say thanks to Drummond for helping solving my problem w/ my vehicle and thanks to the TC guys for coming to get me back in the woods and putting up with my dumb ass shutting my jeep off with a shot starter.
Last edited by Blackjackbender; April 22nd, 2007 at 07:26 PM.
|April 22nd, 2007, 07:39 PM
Team Kamikaze 4X4
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The Geezer and the Wide white one made it home just fine. I was pretty happy once the whistleing squirrels were gagged, (adapter plate). Carnage was kept to a minimum, (for once).......sometimes helps when ya don't have much power I guess. Thanks to all who put this together. Had some of the best laugh's I have had in a while. Keep the team Kamikaze guys in mind if ya got any more of these great outtings in mind. Thanx again
|April 22nd, 2007, 07:42 PM
i pull out
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Well shit, I made it home bout 8 pm.Got just below the bridge and some bearing some where took a shit on me.Either it's the rear third member, it's pissin out everywhere or it's in the clutch area.Too fawkin load to locate right now.So on top of the steering "issue" I had a bearing screaming at me the whole way back.That and the first hill on the highway the truck didn't want to make it up.Had to pull over and clean the air cleaner.Let's just say I had a lil dirt in her.or was it mud.?The motor still purrs.I got off the highway at Wolverine and took 31 south the rest of the way.What a long drive.So I left at bout 10:50am after airing back up and got here at 8pm.Not to bad for limpin home the worse I have before.Oh, and to the yuppies cars I sprinkled in gear oil from my rear diff.....sorry : )
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With the debt limit talks at an apparent stalemate in Washington, DC, we're joined by David Korten, cofounder of Yes! Magazine, for his perspective on the federal budget debate. Click here to read David's recent piece How to Liberate America.


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Assembling, Amplifying, and Ascending: Recent Trends Among Women in Congress, 1977-2006
The fourth wave of women to enter Congress--from 1977 to 2006--was by far the largest and most diverse group. These 134 women accounted for more than half (58 percent) of all the women who have served in the history of Congress. In the House, the women formed a Congresswomen's Caucus (later called the Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues), to publicize legislative initiatives that were important to women. By honing their message and by cultivating political action groups to support female candidates, women became more powerful. Most important, as the numbers of Congresswomen increased and their legislative interests expanded, women accrued the seniority and influence to advance into the ranks of leadership.
Despite such achievements, women in Congress historically account for a only a small fraction—about 2 percent—of the approximately 12,000 individuals who have served in the U.S. Congress since 1789, although recent trends suggest that the presence of women in Congress will continue to increase. Based on gains principally in the House of Representatives, each of the 13 Congresses since 1981 has had a record number of women Members.
A defining moment of change was the general election of 1992 dubbed the "Year of the Woman." The arrival of 28 new women in Congress resulted from the confluence of historic circumstances that have not recurred since. Yet, the doubling of the number of women in Congress virtually overnight had far-reaching effects on the way women were perceived in the institution. Elected to the House in 1992, Lynn Schenk of San Diego, aptly summarized the changes. "After years in the trenches, more women are finally moving up to the front lines."1The elections of 1992 inaugurated a decade of gains for women in Congress—in regard to their number and their seniority. These gains were capped by the election of Representative Nancy Pelosi as House Democratic Leader in 2002. It was the first time a woman held the top post in a major U.S. political party.
1Barry M. Horstman, "Women Poised to Make Big Political Gains," 24 August 1992. Los Angeles Times.


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James Levine Cancels all Future Conducting Dates at the Met
James Levine, suffering from debilitating back problems, will withdraw from the remainder of his performances this season as music director of the Metropolitan Opera. He has also announced that he won't conduct at all during the 2012-13 season.
Fabio Luisi, who was appointed the Met's principal conductor in September after Levine cancelled his fall performances, will take over the three Wagner Ring Cycles scheduled for April and May, except for the last two dates, a May 9 Siegfried and a May 12 Gotterdammerung. The Met expects to announce other conductors for those dates shortly.
This marks the first time Levine has missed an entire season at the company since he made his debut in 1971.
Levine, 67, has withdrawn from numerous performances in recent seasons because of various health problems, and had operations to address spinal stenosis on May 31 and July 20. He had another surgery on Sept. 1 after falling and damaging a vertebrae.
In a statement, Levine said that he is making excellent progress but his recovery remains unpredictable, and he is consulting with general manager Peter Gelb and other members of the Met staff. "We have come to the conclusion that it would be profoundly unfair to the public and the Met company to announce a conducting schedule for me that may have to be altered at a later date," he said. "I do not want to risk having to withdraw from performances after the season has been announced and tickets sold."
The decision to cancel performances through 2012-13 was also made in order to give the Met time to find replacement conductors, whose schedules are mapped out sometimes years in advance. In the statement the Met went on to say that Levine is expected to gradually resume his other music director duties including coaching and planning, and artistic leadership of the Lindemann Young Artist Development Program.
The Italian-born Luisi was appointed the Met's principal guest conductor in April 2010, then was promoted to principal conductor in September. He has already stepped in for Levine this season in new productions of Don Giovanni, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. In order to replace Levine, Luisi cancelled performances in Rome, Genoa, Vienna and San Francisco.
The Met's 2012-13 season is expected to be announced in February.


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okay, this is probably a silly question, but how do you place sts on waste yarn? i understand that you do this to hold those stitches while you work elsewhere -- but can anyone explain this? and, instead of waste yarn, can i use stitch holders?
i'm working on my first sweater (jared's cobblestone pullover) and have been studying the pattern before i begin.
thanks in advance for any help! :hug:
In a mitten I did I used waste yarn for the thumb. I used the waste yarn and knit it in just like you would a new color or a new skein. Since the yarn was just holding the place I slipped those 7 stitches back on the RH needle and knit them with the regular yarn.
Not sure how this applies to your sweater, but I hope this helps!
I use stitch holders or another circular needle because getting them on to the yarn and off again seems too fiddly. I do it occasionally (like when I need the needles they're on) and use a small crochet hook to pull the yarn through the stitches.
thanks! i think i'll use stitch holders, as well. just wanted to get another opinion.
In some cases when you use waste yarn (like in a thumb gusset) and then knit onto the waste yarn, you get live stitches top and bottom when you remove the waste yarn. So then you wouldn't want to use a stitch holder, am I right?
in the pattern, it says to slip the sts to waste yarn -- so i don't believe that i would be knitting onto the waste yarn.
you could always use a large-eye blunt needle, and just go along, transferring the stitches over to the needle/waste yarn
I do it the way Orangeus suggests. Just thread the waste yarn (a smooth cotton yarn is perfect, but most anything will do) through a tapestry needle. Then holding your needle with the stitches on it in your left hand begin running the needle through the stitches. You can do quite a few at once. Then pull the yarn through and do some more until you have done all you need to do. You can then tie the ends of the waste yarn together so the stitches can't fall off, or just leave a generous end on each end and they will stay put.
I like using the waste yarn over the stitch holders myself. The stitch holders are unyielding and get in the way and the yarn holder doesn't. They also allow you to see how your project is shaping up better.
When it's time to put them back on a needle it helps to use a small sized needle and just feed it through much like you did with the tapestry needle. Then knit off in the size needle you need to use.
Whatever you prefer. Just thought I'd add my $00.02.
I like to put my waste stitches on a Boye circular cord, with discs on each end to hold it on. When I'm ready to use it again, I just add needle points, and I'm ready to go.


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Whole30® Nutrition Seminar - CrossFit Ignite (Park Ridge, NJ)
Whole9: Jack Ryan and Elke Nelson
Saturday, January 11, 2014 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM (EST)
Make this Whole30 your best Whole30 yet. Register for this event by December 25th and receive a FREE subscription to our Whole30 Daily newsletter!
What if you could increase your energy, sleep better, improve athletic performance, and lose weight--permanently?
What if you could break the unhealthy cycle of food cravings, indulgence, and guilt--forever?
What if you could stop dieting and start living a healthier lifestyle--effortlessly, without feeling like you are missing out on anything?
And what if you could eliminate the symptoms of your medical condition--just by changing the food you put on your plate?
"The Whole9 Nutrition Seminar is one of the best classes I have attended on nutrition--ever." -Dr. Daniel Kalish, founder, The Kalish Method
Join Elke Nelson and Jack Ryan of Whole9 (expert facilitators of our Whole30® Program) for an interactive, un-complicated, fun (really!) seminar designed to teach you everything you need to know about maximizing your Whole30 success, including:
This seminar is a must-attend, even if you've done the Whole30 before. You'll learn new tips and tricks, gain a sense of community during your January Whole30, and leave the event motivated and inspired to finish the last 19 days strong!
In a 2011 survey of more than 2,000 Whole9 nutrition plan followers, more than 95% lost weight or improved body composition...without consciously thinking about weight loss!
Workshops run from 9 AM - 4 PM, with a one-hour lunch break. Some events are catered (for a small fee); for the rest we encourage you to bring your own lunch and spend your break socializing with the presenters and your fellow attendees.
With your registration fee, you'll also receive a packet full of resources, recipes, meal planning tools, and special discounts. We'll also give you samples of some Whole30® Approved products we love!
With the Whole30, I was able to identify and eliminate which foods were causing me so much trouble. I lost weight in areas of my body that were difficult for years to shed. I can wear the jeans that I hid away 3 years ago! The Whole30 is a lifestyle for me now – I feel like I have finally found a program that works." -Catherine H., Albuquerque, NM
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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The King Has Left The Building
August is our official release month for our world famous Imperial Pumking Ale. We're brewing, packaging and shipping more than ever before. In fact, this year we're producing the equivalent of over 2 million pints! That's a lot of pumpkins.
Some people get upset when they see an autumn beers released in August. We know it's still summer, but please remember that we brew in small batches and it takes a lot of time to brew, ferment, package, ship, deliver, and distribute around the country. We're doing our best to make sure every beer is as fresh as can be. Sure, it's a bit early, but we'd rather err on that side. And keep in mind that we're going straight into Harvest Ale season, and soon after that Old Man Winter, 2XMas Spiced Ale and Krampus Imperial Helles Lager. All of this with a 50BBL brewhouse.
So yes, it is out early perhaps, but cellaring a bottle or two for Halloween and Thanksgiving is certainly an option. It just may take a little will power. Cheers!
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Episode 479: Behind The Label
On today's show, three stories about what how products and people get branded and what happens when you peel back the label and try to get the full story.
For more:
Will A Health Insurer Sponsor The Next 'Jackass' Movie?
Why Doesn't Everybody Buy Cheap, Generic Headache Medicine?
4 Reasons Why Millions Of Americans Are Leaving The Workforce
Music: GZA the Genius' "Labels," Chvrches' "Recover," Fergie's "Labels or Love," and Shout Out Louds' "Where You Come In." Find us: Twitter/ Facebook/ Spotify/ Tumblr. Download the Planet Money iPhone App. Here's your Route 99 mixtape.
Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.


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Developed as a direct and improved successor to the widely used Fisher Model 95 Sub-Sieve Sizer (FSSS), The Micromeritics SAS has improved the FSSS's performance by offering easy-to-use automated functions together with electronically recorded data.
The SAS is designed to generate "Fisher number" results identical to that of its predecessor (the Fisher FSSS). This is a crucial point, as the air permeability technique and the FSSS have been used as a benchmark for decades in many industries. Many applications use historical data and quality control standards, and a modern source of comparable, repeatable results is necessary.
What is Air-permeability Particle Sizing?
Features / Benefits:
ASTM Approval - Fully compliant with ASTM B330-12 and C721-14 standards for particle sizing of alumina, silica, and metal powders and related compounds. Fully compliant with ASTM B330-12 and C721-14 standards for particle sizing of alumina, silica, and metal powders and related compounds
Fully Automated Analysis - Sample compaction and pressure stability are computer controlled for high repeatability
Click here for a larger view of above diagram
Comparison trials between the Micromeritics SAS and Fisher FSSS have been carried out using a variety of samples. The graphs above compare the mean particle size data from the two instruments on powders of different sizes. One plot is based on results for inorganic (mainly tungsten) metal; the second on organic samples (mostly pharmaceuticals). There is exceptional correlation between the two sets of data. Numerous extensive studies have come to the same conclusion
Micromeritics Subsieve AutoSizer Brochure »
Consumables and Accessories Ordering Information »
Operator Manual »
Paper: "Air Permeability: A New (Old) Technique for Particle Size Measurements »
HEIGHT:55 cm (21.7 in)WIDTH:50 cm (19.7 in)DEPTH:38 cm (15 in)
WEIGHT:28 kg (61.7 lb)ELECTRICAL:Voltage: 120 - 240 VACFrequency: 50 - 60 HzCurrent: 1A
SIZE RANGE:0.5–75 micronPOROSITY RANGE:0.2–0.9COMPRESSION ACCURACY:
Contact Information:


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Science, narrative and heresy
Recent blog discussions have starkly highlighted the different values and priorities for scientists, bloggers and (some parts) of the mainstream media.
For working scientists, the priority in any discussion about science should be accuracy. Methods, results, and interpretations must be clear, logically connected and replicable by others. For people who haven't experienced a joint editing effort on a scientific paper, it might surprise them to see the strength with which seemingly minor word choices are argued over. This process is particularly stark in short format papers written for Science and Nature, (and increasingly for press releases), where every word is at a premium. For many scientists then, the first thing they look for in a colleagues more 'popular' offerings is whether the science is described clearly and correctly. Of course, this is often not the same as judging whether it succeeds in improving popular understanding.
Indeed, the quality of the science is almost always how a popular piece is judged by scientists, regardless of the final conclusion the author comes to. For instance, my review of Tim Flannery's The Weather Makers was very critical, because his conception of how the science worked was poor, regardless of the fact that his conclusions are aligned to my own in many respects. The furor over the Soon and Balinuas paper in 2003, was much less about their conclusions, than about the nonsensical manner in which they had arrived at them (combined with disgust at the way it was publicised and promoted). Our multiple criticisms of Henrik Svensmark have focused far more on the spin and illogic of his claims concerning the impact of cosmic rays on climate than it is on the viability of the basic mechanism (which remains to tested).
The underlying principle is that proposed by Daniel Moynihan, that people might be entitled to their own opinions, but not their own facts.
The media on the other hand is mostly fascinated by the strength of the narrative. The enduring 'heretic' meme – the plucky iconoclastic individual whose ideas are being repressed by the establishment – is never very far below the surface in almost all high-impact scientific profiles, for instance, Freeman Dyson's NY Times magazine piece last year. To be sure this is a powerful archetype even in how scientists see themselves (shades of Galilean hero-worship), and so it is no surprise that scientists play up to this image on a regular basis. Craig Venter is someone who very successfully does this, possibly with some justification (though YMMV). However, this image is portrayed far more widely than it is valid. Svensmark, for instance, has gone out of his way to mention that he works in a basement on a shoestring budget, having to work weekends and holidays (the horror!) to pursue his ideas. For such people any criticism is seen as the establishment reaction to the (supposedly revolutionary) consequences of their ideas. This of course would be the case for true revolutionaries, but it is a very common attitude among the merely mistaken.
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Brainwaves Necktie. Insomnia Print Tie
$ 36.00
Insomnia Necktie. EEG brainwaves print necktie. Got sleep? Tangled waveforms of Beta, Alpha, Theta, and Delta wave electrical-impulse horizontal stripes gradually change frequency up the length of the tie.
• Pattern: EEG Brainwaves.
• Fabric: Silky-soft microfiber.
• Printing ink: Non-toxic, waterbased ink.
• Print size: 18" from bottom point.
• Tie Size: Choose standard, narrow or skinny.
• Color: Many! Your choice from dropdown menu.
• Care: Hand wash, spot clean, or dry clean.
• Creases and folds? Gently iron medium.
From wakefulness (Beta) to Alpha, Theta, Delta, and REM sleep, this tie can almost replace your morning coffee! At the Tie Lab, we're probably some of the most severe insomniacs in the land, please send some Delta waves our way. Original illustration from an EEG test.
Shown: Black on silver, cream, charcoal sky blue. Plenty more color choices available too! Hand printed in the USA in our Detroit, Michigan studio.
Make this design uniquely yours by choosing custom ink and fabric colors.
If you would like help from the pros when choosing custom colors to match please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com
You can also call 855-LAB-TIES(522-8437) during Monday-Friday 9:00am-5:00pm


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Product Reference: 34896
Ultra slim snap on case for Samsung Galaxy Note
The Elago Breath Case for Galaxy Note is a non-compromising choice that complements your phone with its classical dark grey design whilst protecting it from all angles. Made specifially for the Note, this case simply clips to the back of your phone and stays fimly in place to ensure that your phone is always protected from damage.
Polycarbonate case for ultimate protection from scratches and damage
Manufactured from injection moulded polycarbonate, the Elago Breath Case is extremely durable and has a high tolerance for withstanding impact damage from everyday knocks and drops.
Additionally, the cases have also been subjected to a polyurethane coating and metallic dark grey finish so that case is resistant to scratches and scuffs whilst also keeping your phone looking fantastic.
Vented mesh design for virtually unnoticeable weigh increase
Designed to include a contemporary mesh style design, this Elago case greatly reduces the weight of the product so much so that you will hardly notice it when it is fixed to the phone. Furthermore, it helps increase airflow around the phone and effectively dissipate heat so that it prevents your Galaxy Note from overheating.
Quick and easy access to all features and functions of the Galaxy Note
Designed specifically for the Galaxy Note, you can be sure this case provides a perfect fit and flawless compatibility. It also features cut-outs for the camera, speaker, microphone and headphone jack, so you can still utilise the full functionality of your phone without having to take it out of the case.


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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
Copenhagen Admiral Hotel
Top City Hotel
Toldbodgade 24-28, 1253 Copenhagen, Capital Region
0.3 km from
Rp 1,493,333+
Great location in Copenhagen. Close to shops, restaurants and other sites. Clean and historic style hotel. Plentiful buffet breakfast.
Easy to find your way back to. Not far from food and shops. A neat place to stay, wish we had the time to stay longer. Corner of the bed sticking out where you bump your shin and trip as you pass through the room. A bit narrow between furniture and bed.
The location was excellent, near canals and cafes and the concierge staff was very helpful. My room had beams that kept me from easily getting out of bed, and I hit my head badly on one just sitting down in the chair. My phone had been turned off by the prior occupant, and so I missed my wakeup call. The maids should have looked for that and restored service so that didn't happen.
The architecture is a great mix of old world and contemporary. The wood ceiling and support beams in the guest rooms and the brick arches down the center of the hallways make this a one of a kind location. Not a lot of dining options. The brunch buffet was a bit pricey.
Parking was expensive
Beautiful rough hewn, 12" x 12" beams throughout; multiple skylights with custom coverings; easy access to taxis. See above
This is an iconic hotel on water in the very center of the city. Ofelia Plads is right next to the hotel (with tango on weekend nights in the summer). The breakfast buffet is one of the best I have seen (but it can get crowded if you go there at a wrong time). The rooms with windows facing the street, as opposed to water, are less nice and noisier.
We really liked the location in proximity to restaurants and sightseeing. Also the decor/look and feel was nice with the brick walls and old beams. Very comfortable and spacious compared to other Copenhagen properties. The staff was just okay.
cool hotel in good location with friendly and efficient front desk staff. Close to great shopping and good sites. Easy to get to from public transit. The hallways to the rooms sort of ruin the "luxury" impression of the hotel. The thick walls of the original structure run right through them, so they're difficult to navigate and closed in. I think some people would like the mystique of it, so depends on your view of that sort of thing.
The location was good. Mold in the bathroom, tiny windows, dungeon like feel walking to the rooms. Musty smell, overall dirty. I would never recommend this hotel to anyone.
The location of the hotel is very safe (near foreign embassies and the royal palace), on the waterfront facing the opera house, and close to wonderful restaurants. The buffet breakfast is great. The structure of the building was built in 1600 or 1700's as huge warehouse, The some large vertical beams are, unfortunately, in the middle of the guest rooms. The hallways feature long rows of brick arches. Have stayed in this hotel 4 times. Would be happy to stay there again despite somewhat high prices. The equipment stored between the hallway arches somewhat detracts from the ambience.
? Small breakfast rooms, small rooms
Great location, good price-quality, but definitely not up to 4 star standards, a good 3 stars. The room was nice and tidy but nothing special, no luxury. Good bed and a great hairdryer, though! The hotel was a bit run-down, needs upgrading. Breakfast arrangements were chaotic and the food was plain. The evening buffet was ok, but not very necessary. No shampoo or conditioner.
Central location Very small room and bed
If your room is around the main courtyard, you will hear crashing noises that keep you awake all night.
my flight on SAS 5/21 was cancelled due to Pilots strike so it was impossible for me to honor my res.at Hotel Neptune on 5/22. I called kayak to arrange refund and was assured that this would happen and you would call me back to confirm. As of today I have yet to hear back from you. Please let me know when I can expect to see the refund on my CC. If you need further documentation regarding the flight cancellations and pilots strike I can provide though I would assume you know about it since that is your business. Regards Jimmy Galle
Great location and décor. The renovations are nice and the staff were very courteous and helpful One of the elevators was a bit slow and the bathroom was a bit cramped as the door hit the sink.
Staff were all very nice in dealing with a poor hotel, facilities, and management. I do not fault the staff for the low quality of our stay. We did not have the right room, but were moved to a room that resembled the one I booked. In the morning there was no water. No cold water, no hot water - no water. We were told we could shower in another room and given a key. Luckily, the water was restored, but only after hours of waiting. Do not stay here until all the construction is finished.
The Location and value for $.
Perfect location nearby Nyhavn. Small room.
Excellent location Noisy ventilation in the room without possibility to turn off.
Charming hotel, superb location, friendly staff, cute room. Ridiculously overpriced breakfast (c. $30). There are several cafés in the area and you're better off going to one of them.
Very clean and modern. Room was very small, though.
Internet network was not very strong, Breakfast buffet was very weak compared to other hotel that I stay at in Copenhagen.
Excellent area; near city centre. Good size room. Nice breakfast. Very dated. Hairdryer faulty. Shower faulty. My room backed straight on to a washing up room, so v. noisy. No air conditioning.
Service, location, room as such No aircondition!!!
The room was clean. I use the wake-up call facility in the morning. On the two days, the wake-up calls were required as I would have continued to sleep !. The breakfast was fine. On this occasion, my wife did not accompany me so I did not dine in the hotel in the evening. PLease note that I stayed in the hotel previously, it is close to the EEA building where I had my meeting and my head office ma\de the booking on the internet. From a point of energy efficiency, it may be more efficient to keep guests in one side of the hotel and to have separate heating arrangements for each floor/side of the building and thus heat teh section immediately required.
Tha position
Location is great for city centre. It is just far enough away to be reasonably quiet at night as Copenhagen has many bars/nightclubs/raves, etc and can get rowdy. This is a repeat stay for me at Phoenix. be aware that "Superior room" in Europe is not same as expectations in North America. This would be a tight squeeze for 2 people but I knew that
The easy access this hotel has to many of the sites that are to be seen in Copenhagen. This hotel is only worth it, if you wish to have easy access to everything. I would not recommend staying at this hotel if individuals wish to have a nice hotel experience. My wife and I realized it was not worth staying at this hotel. We did not like that the rooms were way too small. The rooms portrayed online and through the websites make the rooms appear bigger than they are. It was hard for my wife and I to move around and we only had backpacks with us. The bathroom was another story and we hated it. The bathroom floor is literally one floor where you stand on which you shower, go bathroom, and use the mirror. The toilet holder was barely holding onto the wall and fell off a couple times and the towel holders were in the same condition.
Central position Breakfast service was 'average'
Large television in the room and the bathroom was clean. The breakfast has everything you could need. The room is small for how much we paid.
The breakfast room was understaffed when we came there about an hour before closing time
Really Good!
The location - the hotel is close to the waterfront and it was easy to walk to the Little Mermaid, the site of the old Kastell and the main Stroget shopping street.
Location Rooms are ridiculously small, especially when I know I didi not have the smallest one !
very good position
The view. One day it had not been cleaned. Another day I was promised a bycicle which was given to sombody else and my plan for that day was destroyed!!
Breakfast was not available due to unavailability of the hotel chef...
The location is very good and the room is okay,
Always nice cosy rooms, wonderful beds. Just downtown, but in the luxurious quiete part just by the water, Love this hotel They have taken away breakfast in the room and the espresso possibility in the morning.. only american coffee.
Excellent hotel and staff. Excellent location.
Easy atmosphere / friendly personell / food choise was ok
The location is perfect. Pretty big room. Very good breakfast While we were staying there was some sort of construction on the roof. They made a cargo elevator on the back of the building. So each morning we wre woken up with terrible sounds at 8 a.m. in the moning. We asked for extra bed in reservation comments, but it was not there when we arrived, so the kid had to sleep in our bad 1st night.
well decorated, good furniture,not air conditioned which I like, old fashioned exterior which is good, generaly low key and casual character which again I like. Not really
Fantastic friendly staff
Excellent staff and beautiful rooms and facilities!


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Listing information
- Beds: 5
- Stories: 0
- Foreclosure: No
- Lot Area: 25.00
- County: Van Buren
- Style: Single Family
- Baths: 4 (Full: 3 3/4: 0 1/2: 1 Other: 0)
- Parking Type Description: Attached 3 cars
- Total Square Footage: 5,000 ($157.80 per sq. foot)
- Lot Size: 1286x965x1055x750
- School District: Bangor
- Year Built: 2002
- Status: Active
- New Construction: No
- Above Ground Sq. Feet: 3,500
- Estimated Annual Taxes: $9,798
- Subdivision: S97 - Bangor Twp.
Access Feat: Accessibility Features No
Additional Items All Window Treatments, Attic Fan, Ceiling Fans, Central Vacuum, Ceramic Floor, Garage Door Opener, Generator, Guest Quarters, Satellite System, Water Softener/Owned, Whirlpool Tub, Wood Floor
Air Conditioning Central
Appliances Cook Top, Dishwasher, Dryer, Microwave, Oven, Refrigerator, Washer
Basement Yes
Design Contemporary
Driveway Paved
Exterior Features Deck(s), Patio, Porch(es), Scrn Porch
Exterior Material Stone, Vinyl
Fireplace Family, Gas Log, Living, Master Bedroom, Wood, Yes
Garage Type 3, Attached
Garage: Garage Yes
Heat Source Propane
Heat Type Radiant
Kitchen Features Center Island, Eating Area, Mud Room Access, Pantry, Snack Bar
Landscape Ground Cover, Terraced Yard, Underground Sprinkler
Lot Description Rolling Hills, Wooded
Manufactured: Manufactured Y/N No
Other Basement Rooms: Basement Bedrooms - 0, Basement Rooms: Basement Finished SQFT - 0.00, Basement Rooms: Basement Full Baths - 0, Basement Rooms: Basement Half Baths - 0, Basement Rooms: Total Basement SQFT - 0.00, Lower Rooms: Lower Half Baths - 0, Lower Rooms: Lower Bedrooms - 1, Lower Rooms: Lower Finished SQFT - 1500.00, Lower Rooms: Lower Full Baths - 1, Lower Rooms: Total Lower SQFT - 1975.00, Main Rooms: Main Bedrooms - 1, Main Rooms: Main Full Baths - 1, Main Rooms: Main Half Baths - 1, Main Rooms: Main Level SQFT - 2500.00, Road Frontage - 2251.00, Upper Rooms: Upper Bedrooms - 3, Upper Rooms: Upper Full Baths - 1, Upper Rooms: Upper Half Baths - 0, Upper Rooms: Upper Level Square Feet - 1000.00, Waterfront Options: Water Frontage - 750.00
Outbuildings Guest House
Property Sub-Type Single Family Residence
Roofing Comp Shingle
Sale Conditions None
Street Type Public
Substructure Full Basement, Walk Out
Terms Available Cash/Conventional
Utilities / Sewer Septic System
Water Fea. Amenities Private Frontage, View
Water Type Lake, Well
Waterfront Options: Body of Water School Section Lake
Waterfront Options: Water Access Y/N Yes
Waterfront Options: Waterfront Y/N Yes
Windows Insulated
Bedroom 2 U 12x15
Bedroom 3 U 14x14
Bedroom 4 U 14x14
Den M 11x14
Dining Room M 13x18
Kitchen M 17x18
Laundry Room M 9x10
Living Room M 18x22
Master Bathroom M 8x17
Master Bedroom M 14x17
Bedroom 5 L 13x15
Family Room L 20x50
Additional Room 6x11
Dining Area 13x13
Listing Courtesy of Elizabeth Ann Engel of Century 21 Affiliated


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Wednesday, September 30, 2009
NBA Live 10
Things are busy right now this the blog slowdown. My apologies. Todd's in Canada seeing Dragon Age this week. I am such a great boss.
I'm finishing up Marvel Ult Alliance 2. Fun game. Same stuff, though.
In our OOTP 10 league my team lost the divisional series matchup with my father's team 3 games to 2.
I lost 9-8 after having a 7-4 lead going into the 9th inning with a closer who had a 97% save percentage and had given up ZERO homers all season. One 3-run HR later and I'm knocked out.
Stupid game.
6 comments:
- google said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- September 30, 2009 at 4:14 PM
- Cody said...
I just got done playing the demo on the PS3. Ehh. I think the animation is better than years before but the commentary seems lackluster , especially compared to what I've heard from NBA 2k10 this year. I cannot wait to try that demo on the Ps3 or the PC if they make one.
- September 30, 2009 at 4:14 PM
- bill abner said...
Live's commentary is ...off.
Can you change the settings in the demo? With this game that is VITAL
- September 30, 2009 at 4:55 PM
- pdawg17 said...
What do you mean "off"...you aren't getting any commentary in games? Also, why can't you talk about Live? EA hasn't given the OK yet?
And I will be getting Live...I've been a 2k guy for years but it just seems to be getting stale...both games have their flaws but at least Live feels "fresher"...
- September 30, 2009 at 5:48 PM
- bill abner said...
Off as in "Greg Oden has such smooth moves getting to the basket..."
I love Greg Oden. But..um...no.
Yes embargo lifts on 10/6 so as far as I know I can't talk much about it.
I wish I could, though. Lots to talk about with this one so far.
- September 30, 2009 at 6:26 PM
- Cody said...
No way to change game settings in the demo. I had a feeling the sliders would make a big difference. I'll wait to hear your take on it to see if it's worth a full 60 bucks or if I'll just pay 20 bucks and get the pc version of NBA 2k10.
- October 1, 2009 at 11:24 AM


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Please see the CS department's webpage on admissions. There, you'll find information about all aspects of the application process (e.g., deadlines, your chances of being admitted), as well as information about the academic programs themselves.
You may also be interested in academic opportunities through the Data Science Institute, as well as the NSF IGERT program "From Data to Solutions".
If you are interested in working with me, you can mention this in your application (and also see the section below); this is likely the best way to draw my (and others') attention to your file. Note that there are several faculty members at Columbia working on machine learning, theory of computation, and foundations of data science. Unfortunately, I do not generally have time to reply to inquiries from prospective students.
I do not have summer internship positions available in 2017.
I work on algorithmic statistics and machine learning, with particular emphases on probabilistic models, interactive learning, and privacy. See my recent papers for examples of projects I've worked on. Most of my work involves algorithmic design and theoretical analysis, as motivated by problems in applied machine learning and statistics.
If you are a current (or already admitted) Columbia student and are interested in discussing a project with me, please feel free to contact me via e-mail or visit me during office hours.