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Complete Guide to an Online History Degree
A degree in history can provide students with a nuanced understanding of history throughout the world and an improved capacity for processing and analyzing information. A history major cultivates critical thinking skills and the ability to see events from the perspective of numerous stakeholders. Online history degrees can be a good fit for employment in sectors that require strong liberal arts, communication, and research skills. Some possible postgraduate roles include archivist, museum technician, or research assistant. Historical understanding and communication skills can be useful for roles outside of history areas as well, such as positions in political science or business.
Prospective history students should look for a degree program that is being offered by an accredited institution. This is vital for any online postsecondary education program. The US Department of Education has a useful database of accredited degree programs and legitimate accrediting bodies. Read More
Comprehensive List of Accredited Online Schools - History Degrees (74)
Online History Degree Overview & Career Information
An online associate degree in history combines classes in world history with other humanities and liberal arts classes. Foundational courses explore subjects such as philosophy, natural science, social science, and fine arts. Associate degrees are good preparation for students who plan on earning a bachelor's degree in history.
An online bachelor's degree in history covers the process of researching and examining history, as well as studying the histories of different regions around the globe. Common courses discuss the history of Western civilization, the history of Europe, United States history, and Middle Eastern history. Other courses may look at the historical development of particular populations or topics, such as women's history, the history of religion, or the history of film. Some programs allow or require students to specialize the degree in an area like the history of science, African American history, or art history.
Online master's degrees in history enable students to focus heavily on a particular historical region, era, person, or event. Several programs also allow students to assess and compare factors that have impacted the United States and other countries. The programs often draw from other disciplines, such as sociology, political science, economics, English literature, and environmental studies. Graduate certificates are available for educators or other working professionals who want to closely examine the history of a particular region or a historical event, such as American history, military history, the Civil War, or classical history.
Online Associate Degrees in History
History plays a significant role in framing the direction of the future. Students who are serious about studying history often pursue associate degrees in order to learn basic information about the subject without having to commit to four years of full-time study. Associate degree programs usually take two years to complete and contain about 60 credit hours. Schools accept those with high school diplomas or GED certificates.
Associate degrees in history teach students fundamental tools that can be applied to a wide range of jobs and activities. General education courses may include English literature, biology, and mathematics. Students also explore additional classes in the program, such as an introduction to history, Eastern religions, history of Western civilization, world history, regional history, art history, historical geology, world politics, and the history of human rights.
Job opportunities for associate degree holder in history range from teaching assistantships and park historians to document archivists and research assistants. Many graduates continue their education by obtaining a bachelor's or master's degree in a specialized area of historical study.
Online Bachelor's Degrees in History
The online bachelor's degree in history teaches students about major events and themes in human development, from ancient times to today. In the process, students gain a historical context for current events, as well as research and critical thinking skills. These programs require four years and 120 credit hours of work. A high school diploma or GED is required to apply.
The curriculum in the history online bachelor's degree surveys history in varying regions around the world, from prehistoric events to today. Common core classes include overviews of history research methods, ancient history, medieval history, US history, and the history of ethnicity and race in the United States. Students are also required to take survey courses in the history of particular geopolitical regions, such as Asian, Latin American, or African history.
Along with taking the major courses in an array of history areas, students can also specialize the bachelor's degree in a particular history subtopic, such as women's history, European history, or the history of science. Most programs require a capstone course or thesis project, in which students complete a significant research paper in their focus area.
Online history bachelor's graduates are may be prepared for a variety of careers that require critical thinking, writing, and reading skills. Graduates can apply for positions as administrators, human resource managers, legal assistants, and marketing analysts, to name a few. Others pursue teacher certification to teach history at the high school level. Still others go on to graduate study in law, library science, political science, or another humanities area.
Online Master's in History
Exploring the history of various civilizations can be a rewarding experience for the right person. If you're interested in taking your education to the next level and learning advanced topics in this discipline, a master's degree would be an excellent option. These programs essentially take two to three years to complete and consist of approximately 36 credit hours. Applicants with bachelor's degrees in a related area are eligible for enrollment.
Master's degree programs in history help broaden students' perspectives of different cultures and economies. Students focus on obtaining knowledge related to influential time periods, people, and events. They're expected to delve into independent research, as well as complete a capstone project. In some cases, the required project is replaced by a thesis. Examples of core classes include colonialism; cultural and religious history; diplomatic history; imperialism; historiography; Roman history; slavery; women's suffrage; and race, class, and gender history. Other common classroom topics may include research methods of historians, popular culture throughout history, early American history, analyzing historical data and samples, history of ancient Greece, and history of ancient indigenous people.
Graduates are eligible to become museum administrators, teachers, archivists, librarians, and writers; many master's graduates become college instructors. Those who are interested in becoming consultants or scholars in the field should consider earning a doctorate degree as well.
Online Certificates in History
Applicants to a certificate in history program must usually hold a bachelor's degree to be considered. Prospective students will need to submit official transcripts from all postsecondary programs they have attended. An 18-credit certificate can be completed in less than one year.
The courses required for a history certificate program depend on the particular concentration a student selects. An American history certificate may include courses in US constitutional history, the American Revolution in context, the Civil War, the United States in the 20th century, and history and popular culture. A student focused on ancient and classical history could expect to take courses focusing on Medieval Europe, late antiquity and Byzantium, the Greek civilization, the Roman Republic and Empire, and the Renaissance and Reformation. Requirements for a certificate in European history would include classes in the Great War, World War II in context, modern European history, 18th and 19th century Europe, and the history of the Enlightenment.
Credits from an accredited certificate in history may be transferred toward completion of a bachelor's or master's degree. This program would also benefit teachers or anyone who would like to increase their knowledge of history for personal or professional reasons.
It's important to enroll in an online degree program that is properly accredited in order to ensure a favorable learning experience. Accreditation is a term used to describe schools and degree programs that have been carefully evaluated in terms of their curricula, faculty, student resources and outcomes, and research capabilities. Attending an accredited school will enable you to access any federal financial aid you might qualify for and help you meet eligibility requirements for transferring credits from one accredited institution to another. This is especially important for students who plan to attend graduate school.
While there isn't a specific programmatic accrediting agency for history degree programs, many online schools that have received accreditation do offer history degrees. The Council for Higher Education Accreditation and the US Department of Education formally recognize several regional accrediting agencies and provide databases of accredited schools on their websites for prospective students. Please visit the Guide to Online Schools accreditation hub for more information about how accreditation works and why it's important.
Career Opportunities for History Majors
History is a liberal arts major, so it helps students develop critical thinking skills and a broad understanding of culture. The major is not intended to prepare graduates for a particular field, like an information technology or nursing degree would. Because of this, some people make the mistake of thinking that a history degree has no practical applications to the real world. In reality, a history degree opens up many possible careers in fields such as education, consulting, law, business, financial services, government service, and non-profit administration. Here are just a few examples of potential career options for history majors:
History Teacher (Secondary Education)
A history teacher at a high school will usually teach a very general year-long course, such as American history, European history or world history. History teachers are charged with the important job of passing on the history of our world and our country to the next generation of students, a monumental task that requires patience, innovation, and passion.
History Professor (Postsecondary Education)
Because it requires extensive education, only people who are truly dedicated to the academic study of history should consider pursuing a career as a postsecondary history teacher. In order to work as a professor of history at a university—jobs that are extremely competitive—one must first earn a doctoral degree in history, with a concentration in whichever area of history he or she is most interested in. To work as a history teacher at a community college, students must complete at least a master's degree in history, again with a specialization in a particular facet of history. Professors usually have excellent job security, and they usually have resources that allow them to conduct their own original research, in addition to teaching undergraduate and graduate classes.
Journalists are actually writing the history of tomorrow. Though journalism is now described by some as a dying art form, it is in fact still very important to the world we live in. Journalists research articles, interview people, and write articles that explain what has happened and why. Their work is now mostly published online, although many print newspapers and magazines do exist. Some journalists specialize in broadcast journalism and work in TV, radio, and other forms of media. A history major with a strong communications background may be a unique candidate for journalist positions.
With their extensive background in research, history majors are ideally poised to begin careers as librarians. Most libraries require applying librarians to have Master of Library Science degrees, which take one to two years to complete. Librarians organize their books and electronic resources to make them easily accessible to patrons. They train other staff members to use their systems, and they monitor the content that is coming in and out of a library to keep track of resources. Since libraries are increasingly reliant on technology, people who are interested in being librarians should study web design and basic computer functions.
Museum Curator
Museum jobs are extremely competitive. There are relatively few museums in the United States and even fewer that are dedicated to general history (students of art history will obviously find their niche with art museums). Museums are nearly always poorly funded, and they can only maintain small staffs. In fact, many museum jobs are exclusively for volunteers. Anyone who hopes to work at a history museum must be trained in handling historical relics and must be able to speak knowledgeably about the period of history that he or she will represent at a certain museum. Participating in volunteer work or internships while in college can help graduates get a foot in the door at museums once they complete their degree program.
Travel Writer
Those who have backgrounds in history can provide a unique perspective on travel. A person who majored in history with an emphasis on Asia, for example, would make an excellent travel writer for books and articles on China. Companies like Lonely Planet hire people to travel around a given country or region and review sights, restaurants, travel, and accommodations for other travelers. These jobs can be exciting and interesting, though the industry is a difficult one to break in to. Studying a language (or languages) at a higher level while in college can make it easier to begin such a career.
- Archivists, Curators, and Museum Workers. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor. Published January 8, 2014. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/curators-museum-technicians-and-conservators.htm.
- High School Teachers. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor. Published January 8, 2014. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/high-school-teachers.htm.
- Historians. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor. Published January 8, 2014. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/historians.htm.
- Librarians. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor. Published January 8, 2014. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/librarians.htm.
- Postsecondary Teachers. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor. Published January 8, 2014. http://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm.


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Corporate Restructuring
Goodmans' Corporate Restructuring Group has become one of the largest and best in Canada by developing cross-functional abilities and building a diverse track-record. Over the years, our lawyers have acted for every major stakeholder in every type of restructuring in the country. The scope of our credentials in restructuring is unmatched.*
Our group is well-versed in complex issues which frequently arise in the course of reorganizing or restructuring corporations and the scope of our client list is remarkable. It includes debtors, banks and bank syndicates, noteholders, equity sponsors and purchasers, shareholders and directors, funds, accounting firms, creditors' and noteholders' committees, and governments. Many of these clients are public and private corporations, Canadian and U.S. financial institutions, and international corporations. We are widely-regarded for our success advising on cross-border restructurings, and are well-known to key U.S. players. The group has participated, in a significant manner, in most major insolvency cases in Canada.
Since our lawyers have acted for all sides in restructuring situations, they have gained a truly complete understanding of the intricacies involved, and can work literally from every vantage point. The group's philosophy is to partner with clients as business and legal advisors to effectively address objectives and deliver the right solutions. We offer an unparalleled, multi-disciplinary team of restructuring professionals from a range of practice specialties including mergers and acquisitions, corporate finance, banking, tax, litigation, real estate and regulatory law who provide advice, creative solutions and a dedicated commitment to meet clients' needs.
For the 15th year in a row, Goodmans' Corporate Restructuring Team has been ranked by Chambers Global as the #1 restructuring practice in Canada.
Since 2001, Goodmans' restructuring practice has been the sole recipient of the guide's highest ranking. With more lawyers listed than any other firm in the category of Restructuring / Insolvency, Chambers continues to recognize the team for its leading position in exploring strategic alternatives for a broad range of clients. Our success is directly attributable to the strong support of our clients.
Other international legal publications also rank Goodmans as the leading Canadian law firm in restructuring and insolvency law. The Legal 500 Canada 2015 ranks Goodmans the only Tier 1 firm for restructuring and insolvency saying that Goodmans is recognized as "absolutely A-star" and its practitioners are considered "the cream of the crop for restructuring matters, from senior partners right down to junior level". The Canadian Legal Lexpert Directory has ranked Goodmans the only "most frequently recommended" law firm for insolvency and corporate restructuring for the past ten years and IFLR 1000 has also ranked the Goodmans' team as Tier 1 for ten consecutive years. Best Lawyers in Canada has ranked Goodmans the #1 firm in Toronto for restructuring since 2009.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Low-Carb Diets Snacks Peanut Butter Protein Balls By Verywell Editor Updated June 19, 2017 Share Pin Email Print Michael Brauner / Getty Images More in Low-Carb Diets Snacks Basics Food Lists Carb Counts for Common Foods Low-Carb Cooking Tips for Dining Out Nutrition Side Dishes Desserts Product Reviews Atkins Diet Information Menus Main Dishes Recipes Low-Carb Recipes Popular Diet Plans Glossary View All (17 ratings) Total Time 15 min Prep 15 min, Cook 0 min Yield 16 balls (150 calories each) This peanut butter protein balls recipe is so easy to make and it's the ideal snack when your energy is flagging and you need a quick nosh to get up to speed.The exact ratio of ingredients and resulting taste will depend a little on the types of protein powder and peanut butter you use. This basic recipe was made with a French Vanilla flavor protein powder but chocolate and other flavors work fine as well. The agave syrup goes a long way in giving it some sweetness. Ingredients 1 cup natural peanut butter 4 scoops (or 1 1/3 cups) any flavor whey protein powder 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 1/2 cup agave syrup or to taste Crushed nuts or almond flour/almond meal, optional Preparation In a medium bowl, mix together all of the ingredients until thoroughly combined. A stand mixer works great for this, but a food processor or a wooden spoon work fine as well. You might need to add more protein powder if the mixture is too wet or more agave syrup if it's too dry.Roll the mixture into 1-inch balls.If you like, roll in crushed nuts or almond flour/almond meal (the calorie count given does not include the nuts or almond flour). Preparation TipsIf the peanut butter you use has a lot of oil (natural peanut butter will vary quite a bit in the amount of oil), you'll probably need more protein powder. Also, the amount of agave syrup you use is obviously dependent on your personal taste.Note that these balls are soft at room temperature so you can't throw them in a bag and expect that they will hold their shape. Rate this Recipe You've already rated this recipe. Thanks for your rating! Show Full Article Up Next Up Next Recipe Sugar-Free Low-Carb Christmas Cookies! Up Next Recipe Try These Gluten-Free Chocolate Rum Balls That are Also Sugar-Free Up Next Recipe How to Make Sugar-Free Haystack Cookies in Just 10 Minutes Up Next List The Top 12 Low-Carb Dessert Recipes


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The Secular Vision of a New Humanity in Peoples China
by Donald MacInnis
Dr. MacInnis, director of the China Program for the National Council ofChurches, traveled in China for 22 days in 1973. This article appeared in the Christian Century, March 12, 1974, pp. 249-253. Copyright by The Christian Century Foundation; used by permission. Current articles and subscription information can be found atwww.christiancentury.org. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock.
To travel in China for the first time in 25 years, as I did last summer, is a profoundly moving experience. One returns to America with an altered vision. Our various crises are grim enough -- but so were Chinas in the late 1940s. Signs in New Yorks subways shock: "Dial 911 for Rape" and "Fight Drug Abuse." Why should New Yorkers be afraid to walk in Central Park without a dog? We walked the streets of Chinas great cities at night alone, chatting freely with strangers -- and with no sense of fear. Young girls strolled arm in arm, children played games mothers cradled babies and talked quietly with neighbors, old men played chess by streetlight.
A Collective Sense of Purpose
We saw no private automobiles in China. Not having a car would seem a hardship in America; I would hate to give up the easy mobility and other personal options I take for granted. But we still have elbowroom in North America, surplus grain and resources, and surviving areas of frontier space and spirit. Thousands of acres lie fallow, or grow up in uncultivated forestland. China has four times the population of the U S. within a land area of roughly the same size. With intensive labor, scrupulous conservation of resources and recycling of human and animal wastes, the Chinese are feeding and supporting themselves without outside aid.
Without private cars, air pollution is minimal, bicycle and bus traffic flows smoothly, and China is self-sufficient in petroleum. If auto ownership in China were proportionate to that in the U.S., there would he 400 million cars alone, and 98 million trucks and buses. Some 72 million new cars would have to be built every year, and one-sixth of the work force would be building or servicing them. Eighty per cent of Chinas people still live in rural villages; migration to the cities is balanced by the policy of sending youth to the countryside for a time -- over 10 million in the past six years.
Chinas markets were stocked with fresh fruits and vegetables, eggs, poultry, fish, pork, dried shrimps, peanuts and grain. The tomatoes were delicious -- at 2 cents a pound. Prices had not changed since 1958, an old friend in Peking told us. A Chinese visitor to the U.S. last year was shocked at our casual waste and self-indulgence, as well as at our prices. I, too, now see our profligacy with clarity. Current inflation should not surprise us.
Many visitors have described the contrasts between old and new China in standard of living and basic social securities for working people. Beyond that, one senses a new spirit, a collective sense of purpose that makes almost any goal seem possible. There is a new value system, a communitarian ethic summed up in the title of Chairman Maos best-known essay, "Serve the People." Surely in that ethic lies the secret of Peoples China -- the mobilization of human muscle and spirit for building a new way of life.
Yet in China one continually wants to ask, What is the source of that spirit? The visitor is overwhelmed by the total secularization of a society and culture that once placed high value on religious shrines, festivals and symbols. During our visit we saw almost no evidence of surviving religious practice. Among the three major religious groups of pre-liberation China, the public practice of worship appears to have dwindled to little more than token observances.
If religion is seen as the dynamic for social cohesion and personal commitment, then is Maoism a religion? Not if you ask the Chinese: one bright, articulate college student told us that though the Chinese people have freedom of religious belief, "they also have the right not to believe, and the right to propagate atheism." Do any of the young people keep the old religious practices? I asked. "Theres no need to," she insisted. "With scientific materialism as the basis of the new society, the old superstitions were proved false." Only old people, if any, are seen worshiping in the temples. (Indeed, in the temple-museums we visited, no one was worshiping.)
But might not the young people want to talk with older religious believers "to learn from the past," as they often do learn from old peasants and workers? "Why would anyone want to discuss Buddhism?" the student asked. "What does that have to do with our new society? It simply would not interest young people. Its irrelevant."
Self-Reliant Churches
The Sunday service in the former Bible Society headquarters on Rice Market Street in Peking reportedly has been since 1966 the only Protestant service in China attended by visitors. Sixteen persons were present the Sunday I was there, most of them members of the foreign diplomatic or student community. Three were African Christians. There were seats for about 50 persons in a second-floor meeting room furnished with a grand piano, an organ, and a chancel with lectern, altar table and cross. The service was in Chinese; worshipers followed the liturgy and hymns from mimeographed pages in English and Chinese. There was no sermon, but the pastor read three long Scripture passages from Old and New Testaments. The communion ritual, familiar to me, was conducted by Pastor Kan Hsueh-ching, who was trained as a Methodist. (There are no denominational distinctions now in China.)
After the service the two Chinese pastors told me that weekly services were resumed here Easter Sunday 1972, after a five-and-a-half-year lapse during the Cultural Revolution. These Protestants have no contacts with the Roman Catholics of Peking, who hold services weekly in a church in another part of the city, using the pre-Vatican II Latin rite. Nor do they have ties with Protestants elsewhere in China. There are about 500 Protestants in Peking now, they said.
One of the pastors is on duty at the church daily to meet with Chinese Christians who work on Sundays, or who cannot come for other reasons. Pastor Kan and Pastor Yin Chi-tseng take turns on alternate weeks leading the Sunday service. Since the only Chinese present had been older persons, I asked about the young people. Few of them come to the church, I was told. "They are too busy on Sunday, and they have other interests now."
The building was in excellent condition, with repairs in progress on the tile roof. The pastors explained that the church has its own funds for repairs and maintenance, but that the government sometimes helps with major expenses.
In Nanking we spent an evening in the home of Bishop Ting Kuang-hsun, a former Anglican, and his wife, Hsiu-mei. Both had been in the U.S. for graduate studies in the 1940s and were working for the ecumenical church in Geneva when they decided to return to China in 1951, two years after liberation. Mrs. Ting is a teacher of English at Nanking University and an official of the Provincial Womens Federation. Bishop Ting, now president of the Nanking Theological College and a deputy to the National Peoples Congress, explained that the Anglican Church in China no longer exists. All denominations were merged into a single Protestant Christian Church in the early 1950s. This union made possible the churchs Three-Self Movement, with its emphasis on "self-support, self-government, self-propagation"
Bishop Ting verified our understanding that none of the 38 church buildings in Nanking formerly occupied by Protestant congregations is now used for religious services. The Christians prefer to meet in homes or in schoolrooms, he said, to avoid the stigma of the Western-style churches built during the period of mission expansion in China and linked to the period of foreign imperialist penetration. Four groups meet regularly for worship in Nanking.
The self-reliance of the churches, paralleling the nations self-reliant development model, is, in the bishops view, one of the two important changes in the Chinese church. "We have severed our dependence on materialism. We have a strong point of view regarding the relationship between the missionary movement and imperialism. Since the early post-liberation years our emphasis has been on severing all relationships with mission organizations."
The second change has been change itself: "Our society is not static; it is changing all the time. Our church cannot simply remain on the level of three-self autonomy. We are changing too. What we are witnessing now is the withering of organized religion. Protestantism is becoming more and more deinstitutionalized and declericalized; more and more it is a world view held by those who call themselves Christian, and the fellowship among them.
One can understand Chinese Christians reluctance to identify with that earlier period. Everywhere we went we saw evidence of the Chinese peoples pride in the self-reliance of their nation, neither exploited by nor dependent on other nations. We were told how the great Yangtze River bridge at Nanking -- the first of its kind -- had been designed and built entirely by Chinese.
Bishop Ting confirmed the fact that groups of Christians in Nanking continue to meet together for worship, and that the theological college, which suspended classes in 1966, is now searching for new and relevant ways to train young pastors. Probably they will not study together in a conventional five-year theological course as before, he said; they will more likely remain in the towns and villages to live and work among the people while they study, to avoid an elitist approach to education that would alienate them from the people. This theological program would correlate with the "open door" education now emphasized in the three universities we visited.
Museums for the People
Occasionally, driving through the streets of the cities, we saw church buildings, relics of former days, some of them broken and abandoned, some converted to use as schools, clinics, kindergartens or storehouses. In the midst of the rich green rice fields of the Hsin Min Peoples Commune outside Shanghai we saw a huge stone building with a basilisk dome -- obviously a church. Anti-Confucius slogans had been painted in white across the crumbling masonry walls. Our local guide confirmed that this had once been a Roman Catholic church. No longer used, it appeared to be an embarrassment and a nuisance to the commune residents, for it occupied space in the fields needed for food crops. The building was now useful only to store grain.
We saw no functioning Buddhist temples. Some of those we visited had been converted to use as tea houses, hostels or assembly halls; others were maintained as museums. We knew from the reports of other recent visitors, specialists in Buddhism, that they had visited a dozen or more monasteries and temples with resident monks or nuns; still, that number is minuscule for a nation that was nominally Buddhist just one generation ago.
At the Tsu Miao temple in the town of Fo Shan, near Canton, we saw an 800-year-old temple, now maintained as a museum. Many Chinese visitors were viewing it with the curiosity of tourists. According to the museum director, the temple was built during the Sung dynasty by a local landlord who embezzled much of the money he raised from the people for its construction. The directors explanation of the temples role in society was typical of contemporary views of the old religions we heard elsewhere. "Before liberation, this temple was a place for the people to worship the gods," he said, gesturing at the painted wooden idols grimacing in frozen postures. "It was also used by the ruling class to swindle the people with superstitious religious beliefs. After liberation, we opened it as a museum for the people. We show, on the one hand, how the ruling class used the gods to fool and cheat the people; on the other hand, we display the fine workmanship and hard labor of the working people of those times."
I asked the museum director if there are any who still maintain the old religious beliefs. A few old people do, he said. "But thats unavoidable," he added. "They hold onto old ideas. But they dont worship here any more. The young people, of course, see it all as superstition.
In a long conversation with the 61 year-old imam in charge of the Chinese Muslim mosque in Hang-chow, I asked about the religious life of his congregation. He indicated that from 30 to 50 persons attend religious services each Friday, and that larger numbers come together for the three festivals each year. But most of them are older persons, he noted. He confirmed the impression given to us by others that Chinas young people have a new belief system, one that precludes religion. "They are too busy, and have new values. They believe in socialism and see no need for religion."
The Teaching of Moral Values
If this is true -- and our conversations with a number of the young Chinese reflected this view -- then what is the source of the communitarian values and ethics that seem to motivate Chinas people today? We saw no evidence of new religious sects -- no Hare Krishna, no Sokka Gakai or Children of God. Yet the youth of China seem as disciplined and committed as adherents of any of these religious groups. We were told by the students and teachers in every school we visited -- kindergartens, primary schools, middle schools and universities -- that training in moral values is central in the entire educational task.
Organized religion -- defined in conventional terms as an institution with a priesthood or clergy, a doctrinal creed, a liturgy and theology, and a theistic belief with spiritual dimensions transcending this world -- finds no parallel in the experience of Chinas youth today, at least among those with whom we talked. But the fruits of religion -- the practice of a moral life, particularly with respect to concern for ones neighbor and for society -- are in many ways more evident in China than in the West.
Everywhere we went, particularly in the schools, I asked: "What are the moral values that are taught in China today, and how are they transmitted to the young people?" The response invariably began with a recitation of Chairman Maos instruction: "Our educational policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally, intellectually and physically and to become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture."
Said the chairman of the revolutionary committee of the Yangtze River Road Primary School in Nanking: "All our school work aims at transforming the ideology [i.e., values] of our pupils."
In responses of many persons, three themes recurred:
1. The central value is communitarian, a surrender of self on behalf of the community: "Serve the people"; "Fight self, repudiate revisionism" "Remember class struggle"; "Learn from the workers and peasants.
2. There is an eschatological dimension, a commitment to goals beyond self in todays society and tomorrows history, a belief that one day the communist goals for all the people will be achieved at home -- and for all the working people of the world as well.
3. There is a vision of the whole person, a belief that the individual can be changed, transformed and converted, and that society will be changed in the process.
It was customary for the host group at each institution to answer questions from us 18 Americans. At the No. 5 district of the Shanghai dockyards, for example, six of the eight young men and women workers present responded spontaneously to our many questions. At the schools, students answered as readily as teachers. After many such conversations in schools, communes, factories and neighborhoods, it seemed clear to us that moral values are learned both in group study sessions and in practice. The mandatory physical labor of students and teachers in all schools -- up to three months out of each year -- serves to implement the instruction "Learn from the workers and peasants." This practice becomes a powerful instrument for instilling communitarian (proletarian) values.
The aim of the entire educational system thus is related to the teaching of moral values. A new selfless ethic is being stressed -- one aimed at preventing the formation of a class of "intellectual mandarins" who are isolated from the working people of China like the former Confucian-scholar bureaucrats. This goal seemed to be at the heart of the campaign against Confucius and Lin Piao.
The Future of Religion
Will religion survive in China? We were told repeatedly that the constitution of the Peoples Republic guarantees freedom of religious belief. We knew that Chairman Mao had spoken against the use of coercion on a number of occasions. His most frequently quoted guideline is taken from his landmark speech of 1957, "On the Correct Handling of Contradictions": "We cannot abolish religion by administrative decree or force people to give up idealism, any more than we can force them to believe in Marxism. The only way to settle questions of an ideological nature or controversial issues among the people is by the democratic method, the method of discussion, of criticism, of persuasion and education, and not by the method of coercion or repression."
At the National Minorities Institute in Peking, and in other exhibitions, we saw photographs and displays of superstitious and oppressive practices of the old religions, particularly Tibetan Buddhism. To the young Chinese, nothing could be further from the spirit and style of the new China than the traditional indigenous religions. Christianity is castigated for its role in the period of imperialist penetration of China. We saw an exhibition in the Shanghai Workers Cultural Palace of the history of foreign imperialism, beginning with the Opium War and the "unequal treaties." One panel contained photographs documenting ways in which former Christian mission institutions purportedly practiced cultural imperialism.
Some Chinese with whom we talked were curious about religion. They were amazed to learn that educated persons in the West continue to believe and practice religion. For them, they said, the study of scientific materialism had exposed the logical fallacies and absurdities of religion.
Nonetheless, fundamental religious questions remain. How do the Chinese understand the meaning of life and death? Death is seen in materialist terms, as the termination of ones time of service for the people. Traditional funeral rites and customs are "vestiges of the feudal superstructure." I asked the chief engineer at the Hsing An Hydroelectric Project how the question of ancestors graves was handled when 250,000 peasants from 40 villages were moved from the site of the new reservoir. This was a matter of political education, he said; people had to learn that bones and graves are meaningless material remains. In most cases the graves were excavated and the bones ground up for fertilizer. For those uneducable elderly people who insisted, he said, the graves were moved to new sites. The entire reservoir floor, an area of 580 square kilometers, was scraped clean before it was flooded.
We asked three doctors at the Hsin Hua Hospital in Shanghai how they dealt with cases of terminal illness. Do they practice euthanasia if such patients do not want their lives prolonged? "In China the situation is different," they explained. "Few people do not wish to live, because our social system is different from yours. We try by every means to save the patient. We do ideological work with them to raise their will to live."
What about a hopeless case, in a terminal coma? "Even for these, we do all we can to save them. Medical science keeps advancing; sometimes incurable cases become curable. We understand the problem of the suffering of patients and family. But doctors cant think this way. Well try, if there is only 1 per cent of hope.... We once saved a patient whose heart had stopped for 23 minutes. Before the Cultural Revolution we never would have tried. But we saved him by the collective efforts of all our staff, old and young."
Resolving the Contradictions
Life and death, love and grief, human sin and finitude, ultimate mysteries -- I asked the Muslim imam in Hangchow whether or not religious needs will persist in a socialist society. With regard to understanding death and coping with grief, he affirmed that religious faith is, for him, essential. He agreed that there are basic religious needs in any society, but hastened to add that, having been raised in the old society with a firm religious training, he is "half new, half old." His faith provides strength, comfort and meaning in times of personal loss or grief. But for those who have grown up under socialism, "there are contradictions."
He does not believe, however, that there is an insoluble contradiction between religion and socialism. "The integration of religious faith with social reality can be resolved by an understanding of social and scientific progress and development. We acknowledge God as omnipotent. Our religious teaching will confirm, then, that the progress and development of society is also under Gods guidance. The history of social development is inexorable. You cant turn it around; you must comply with what God has set in motion.
The secularization process for China was, in part, a rejection of primitive superstition and social irrelevance in the traditional religions, and a repudiation of Western cultural imperialism and sterile pietism in the Christian churches. Secularization is a rejection of religious solutions for Chinas human and social problems, an affirmation that in humanity alone can be found the source of salvation. This secularizing trend in China, based in the Confucian tradition, can be found in all the reformist and revolutionary movements that followed the collapse of the Manchu dynasty in 1911.
On the other hand, there were significant new movements in both Chinese Buddhism and indigenous Christianity in the three decades prior to 1949. A religious dynamic was at the heart of peasant movements throughout Chinese history, based in chiliastic Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity (in the case of the Taiping Rebellion). Groups of believers still practice their faith in China, under the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religious belief, and the presence of these communities sustains a religious dimension that can enrich an increasingly secularized culture.


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Five Random Facts About Cardboard Boxes
Cardboard boxes, whether small, large or custom-made are a handy necessity. Here are some less known facts which quietly contribute to their popularity:
- cardboard is just a popular name. Proper term here is corrugated fiberboard. It is clear why the long corrugated fiberboard boxes "keyword" is replaced with cardboard boxes
- original cardboard design revolved around stacking pieces of paper together and gluing them until desired strength is reached. This engineering specification was flawed and required innovation – cardboard is now made by (typically) at least three pieces of paper – top, bottom and middle. The one in the middle looks like tiny triangles – they come from a press called the corrugator. The wavy triangles in the middle are called flutes
- cardboard boxes inherit the qualities of their building blocks – corrugated fiberboard. As such, boxes differ by strength, weight capacity, edge crush test and puncture resistance
- some cardboard boxes can add certain amount of extravagance – such as water or even fire resistance. This is accomplished by applying proper paints and solutions to the outside walls
- almost 100% of the manufacturing process for cardboard boxes involves recycled material. What is more, the cut-offs from the cutting and folding presses are fed right back into the production line
- cardboard boxes differ in color before painting based on the ratio of new to recycled fibers. Various paints and bleach can then be applied to them. Some of the "greener" paints are chemical free and use soy inks etc.
Here is one fact which I will leave for last and conclude – corrugated fiberboard is one hundred percent recyclable and bio degradable when dry. Water and oil do damage to its walls and affect its ability to regenerate itself (or biodegrade). What is more, both oil and water in the paper tend to spoil the quality of the recycled large and small cardboard boxes – so best keep them separate.
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Paper Cup Holders
Paper cup holders are made uniquely and entirely from corrugated fiberboard. While this is little surprise, it is the exceptional properties of cardboard which makes them so versatile and accounts for their good thermo insulation qualities. In other words, one could say that corrugated board, similar to polystyrene sheets, has low thermal conductivity. This does not make it a good insulation material rather popular among construction companies and electrical engineering businesses. While holding a cup full of hot liquid is not completely uneventful even with the paper cup holder protection, it is a lot better than without it. An interesting fact is that the more one squeezes the cup, the higher the chances of getting burned.
One way of looking and explaining the fact is that by pressuring the cup on the outside, fingers get closer to the heat source and naturally the feeling of touching hot surfaces enhances. There is another reason – by applying pressure to the lid, a person squashes the corrugated flutes inside the walls of the paper cup holder and ultimately gets closer to the scorching coffee in there. These flutes are the mini paperboard triangles which live inside cardboard walls. They provide cushion, suspension, barrier protection and insulation. Typically they are used to protect the contents of small and large shipping boxes while traveling and make sure they get to their destination safely. In this particular scenario, the corrugated wavy flutes actually protect the human hands and other surfaces from the calorific contents.
It is somewhat wasteful to use paper cup holders. It almost seems like they contribute to yet another piece of post consumer waste which has to be collected and makes the lives of waste management folks and curbside collection harder and more difficult. The upside to this is that all three samples used in this article writeup were made locally in Canada and not imported from overseas or countries with questionable environmental policies and routines. What is more, they did not all look boring and bland – some of them had quite some character and looks. Also, all three of them claimed to be made from one hundred percent recycled fibers. One claimed that the recycled fibers came from ninety percent post consumer waste and used nothing but water-based link. This last fact means that less chemical compounds would go in the recycling mix and produce cleaner recycled fibers with less need to bleach and improve printing qualities.
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Recycling Does Not Have to Be Boring
The easiest way to achieve reduce reuse recycle equilibrium is if we do not use anything at all. This would make it really easy on the environment and bring carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions to almost negligible levels. Small cardboard boxes would no longer need to be recycled since they would not be needed to begin with. Such a lethargic state of affairs would probably have a detrimental effect on he economic environment and lead to unimaginable consequences – once business stops, people would have to make some fundamental changes which might simply not be possible anymore in modern times.
Instead, we could focus on making the reduce and reuse processes a bit more fun and – they would come naturally after getting the buy-in of as many stakeholders are possible. Children and adolescents would often sink in behavioral patterns and act accordingly with parents and people whom they admire being the strongest sources of influence. Even the rowdiest bullies in class will recycle their root beer can since this is what they see at home, in class and on TV. This is actually one of the good aspects and positive impacts of modern culture on human recycling minds and attitudes.
Cardboard boxes are no exception. Once used, they have to be flattened and stored for subsequent reuse or properly placed in a recycling bin or the latest rage – a solar compactor. Investing in such alternative power driven appliances is certainly costly however the long-term effects of it can be far reaching and a lot more advantageous than simply writing checks to novelty engineering companies. The picture below shows rather common recycling station. What is less usual there is the fact that the recycling bins are all new shiny and clearly marked for easy identification. In a sense, they scream "recycle me" and make people take the extra effort in proper garbage disposal routines.
In the end, this is good for local waste management companies also. They will have to maybe maintain the pretty sight of the shiny polished recycling mini stations. In return, they will get a lot less mess and a neatly packed mass of properly organized bottles and cans or recycled cardboard shipping boxes. This can optimize trips, waste less time for cleanup and save fuel on idle time while the folks are organizing and restoring tidiness. What is more, it can develop the feeling that reduce, reuse and recycle is something we like to do, rather than something we must do.
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Antibacterial Cloth Bags
In efforts to maintain sustainable development without disrupting the environment continually, retailers have turned to more reusable technology on how to get groceries home. Whether this is a marketing trick or healing guilt and remorse feelings from the thermoform and clamshell packaging – which can be super frustrating to open, yet really popular – we would probably never know. Some stores have implemented fees on plastic bags which can be annoying especially when customers have to only grab one or two smaller things which do need to go in a bag of sorts. The newer generation of cloth shopping bags seems to bridge this divide rather well. They are reusable, they do lead to reduction in packaging materials such as plastic and paper, and they match the recyclability criteria also. Some of them even carry a little tag saying that the material used came from recycled plastic bottles. This is a great implementation of the remanufacturing principle – some items cannot be recycled and transforming them into something usable may be the only option before the landfill.
Unlike the majority of small and large cardboard boxes or shipping containers, these cloth bags do not have to be dull and unattractive – they come in a riot of colors, matching seasons, moods even shopping outfits. Many customers feel mandated to own more than one to fit any occasion. What is more, the latest craze in the shopping bags development is adding antibacterial agents which help food stay fresher and fight food born diseases. Top of the line shopping tote baggies are also reliable enough to keep their antibacterial properties even exposed to high temperatures and after they get washed. The one pictured below even has internal compartments for placing bottles or sturdier items which typically rip right through the plastic bags and eliminate the need to double and triple bag heavier loads. One issue which is still to be addressed is carrying the gallon-size milk containers – they are plain awkward and simply uncomfortable. The price of these new carrying containers is under one dollar – well worth the investment when one comes to think about it.
While these bags will not completely replace all plastics and packaging paper bags used in stores, they help everyone – bottom lines of retailers will improve by a few pennies when they have to stock less bags. Consumers will not have to feel bad about the amounts of light bulky bags which seem to clog up the recycling stream and ultimately waste management folks would be happier during curbside collection times.
Read more on antibacterial paper and large shipping boxes.
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Motor Oil in Cardboard Boxes?
In their efforts to limit environmental impact and to mitigate some cost, Walmart and Castrol recently went into a mutual packaging agreement. It was announced as a delivery contract where Castrol will no longer ship oil in plastic drums or individual quart-size bottles to Walmart lube shops. The public relations people around this press release claim that there is less residual oil as compared to plastic bottles, among other advantages.
The new oil packs are called enviro-pack or e-pack. Castrol has a PDF tutorial on how to open them safely and stack them on shelves or commercial floors – not more than eight high. They are lighter than traditional oil drums and take a lot less space. What is more, once emptied, the plastic insert of packages can be recycled while the corrugated fiberboard casing can be easily broken down and placed in a cardboard recycle bins. Some issues around usability will be additionally worked out. Certain options looked a bit chores-prone such as the fact that initially the cardboard container has to be placed up, then some oil poured out onto a pitcher to relieve pressure and eventually the spout gets placed in for controlled pours.
As it turns out these economy packs have been out for quite some time. Pennzoil has had them for a while. Some environment and usability advantages are evident – less amount of bottles in the garbage as these smaller packs can be maneuvered manually, less clutter around the shop, lighter packs as opposed to drums which need a hand cart and two people etc. In addition, the plastic bottles from oil are excluded from the recycling stream since they can contaminate it heavily. This fact is sad as both water and motor oil bottles come from resin code 1 which is PET or PETE – polyethylene terephthalate. The drawbacks here are that sometimes these oil boxes are tough to pour out of, they will require a bit more labor involvement and may cost some to shop owners in terms of ability to service cars fast and efficiently. Another good and bad consideration is that the large plastic drums are nearly indestructible. They protect their content well and then we have to figure out what to do with them after their end of life. Plastics small cardboard boxes full of engine lubricants might not be so lucky and cause a spill or two here and there due to naturally lower puncture resistance. Either way, the environmental improvement is well worth the effort.
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What are Antiviral Tissues?
After antibacterial soap, hand sanitizer and antibacterial paper, antiviral tissues are a natural follower. In recent past, antibacterial material was seen in sponges, viscose wipes and some kitchen specialty products. Antiviral tissues make a lot of sense in times when flu comes around and can be of immeasurable value in office and shared space environments. Think of it this way – when someone blows their nose and throws the wipe in the trashcan, this does not mean that germs simply stop existing and comply with our desire to keep them as far as possible from us. What is, more when the janitors come to pick up the garbage at the end of the day, they are again exposed to the same contagious matter – the fact that tissues are in the trash does not make them less toxic. When this effect is multiplied times twenty in an open-space office area full of a number of smaller trashcans, a virus could really escalate and propagate fast. Additionally, a number of property management teams would not invest and spend the extra few dollars on antibacterial air conditioning filters. If some of this hazardous whiff is trapped in the ducts, it can really cause some health damage.
Antiviral tissues have three layers rather similar to the corrugated fiberboard sandwich used in large and small cardboard boxes. The middle tissue layer, just like the wavy flutes, is the magic one which traps germs after it becomes in contact with moisture. An original hypothesis was that this medium part contains silver nano particles which can destroy bacteria. This has proven true in wrap paper and other mainly food packaging and the only argument against it going mainstream is price – scientists simply cannot get it manufactured cheaply enough. On the other hand, some references claim that antiviral tissues contain almost nothing but lemon acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate (common ingredient in cleaning agents). In other words, capture viruses with lemon and soda – what a neat and simple idea! So why not, these tissues are not hugely expensive.
Bottom line – can these antiviral tissues stop viruses and prevent flu spread? They are an excellent addition to the existing toolset against germs and bacteria. A sad part of the truth is that the majority of people simply do not wash their hands either at all or not often or good enough. Think before you get on someone else's keyboard and really do not allow anyone to touch yours. ATM machines and public phones are the other two pieces of needed public infrastructure to be most careful with.
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How Are Cardboard Boxes Made?
This blog has touched on many occasions on what cardboard boxes are and what corrugated fiberboard is – their basic building material. Almost always a cardboard box has two liners and corrugated wavy flutes in the middle for extra strength. Now is the time to shed some light on basics of the manufacturing process itself.
It all typically starts with a large roll of containerboard – a special, thick, heavy paper. Most of the time this is paper with high or one hundred percent recycled content. The paper is fed onto a belted corrugator machine. There heavy rollers with grooves together with hot steam press into the paper medium in a controlled manner to form the flute waves. Next immediate step is to apply glue onto the sides of the newly produced corrugated medium. An insulating air cushion is formed in the process between the flutes and the liner – the size of the flutes (and thus the insulating amount of air in-between) can be used as barrier protection and can be customized up to product requirements. The adhesive used here is in its simplest form – starch plus water combination. Often glue is made of urea, ammonium and hard water – such a mixture might have unforeseeable consequences on food shipped in cardboard boxes so the starch-water mixture is a lot safer. Another liner is applied to the other side of the flutes and the combination can be repeated if extra heavy items are to be shipped.
Further down the production line, corrugated fiberboard runs through the trimmer where sheets are nicely trimmed by a circular saw and stacked into uniform equal pieces. Special machine "fingers" separate the boards from each other into sheets which will later be folded into boxes. Next, perforators drive holes into the cardboard for folds or handles. Excess and trimmed leftovers are fed back into the recycling process for further reuse up to several times over.
Folding machine is the next station – this is where the corrugated fiberboard is gradually starting to resemble cardboard boxes as we know them from the packaging supplier shelves. Before a box is all set to be stacked into production pallets and shipped off to warehouses, the paperboard will go through the ink kitchen. This is where dyes and colors are electronically mixed into desired shades and tones. Almost always the paint used here is water-based to ensure fast drying and prevent chemical bonding with oil-based colors. The printing presses of these corrugated paper mills are of two varieties:
- Flexographic – used for drawings and text
- Lithographic – for photographs and more complex imaging
Bleach can be added in advance in the paper manufacturing process to improve printing qualities of boxes as needed.
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Cardboard Boxes In the IT Cloud?
While the packaging industry is constantly undergoing development and improvements, it is typically a lot less vibrant than the information systems area. There, the latest hype for about two years plus now, has been cloud computing. It could appear that the two spheres share a lot more in common. This is suggested by a fairly recent real-time virtual marketplace for paper and cardboard manufacturers. It is deployed in the cloud and all interested stakeholders – paper mills, packaging suppliers, paper brokers etc. – have a nice and clean electronic media to communicate and monitor prices, supplies, demand, inventory levels and current order status. This style of online paper trading has dramatically cut costs, improved and simplified flexibility, inventory management and overall resource stewardship. All they need to get access is a browser and proper accounts/subscription into the system.
A natural next step in such an Internet-based exchange could be to include materials recycling facilities. This would be beneficial for local waste management and enterprises in the cardboard and shipping boxes businesses to stay current on price fluctuations of recycled versus raw materials. The ultimate goal of curbside corrugated fiberboard recycling is to build a reliable and sustainable closed cycle of plastics, glass, cardboard etc. manufacturing, use, disposal, collection and reuse/re-manufacturing. Challenges in this area typically come from an increased share of manual labor in the process which could drive the price of recycled raw materials above their virgin counterparts. This would be counter productive for recycling facilities and raise flags in their financial departments and local communities questioning their funding and use.
Certain manufacturers, such as Kleenex for example, have sometimes been criticized of having a greater share of virgin fibers in their materials mix. Part of this is due to business specifics and reputation issues – Kleenex maintain that to preserve the softness and gentle touch of their paper products, the well familiar tall or flat small cardboard boxes of tissues have to contain wipes etc. made from fresh paper. On the upside, they claim to have over 95 percent of recycled fibers in their actual outer corrugated boxes where the tissues live.
It would be impossible to influence all paper mills and cardboard boxes manufacturers to follow a certain type of strict business guidelines. Such attempts would decrease competitiveness and ultimately have an unexpected reflection upon markets. It is however undisputed that the mighty cloud could create and edge for some companies who choose to make a full use of its qualities and stay current on cardboard boxes materials with its help. Such solutions could be deployed on already existing cloud platforms or by in-house means for larger enterprises.
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Small Boxes in the Shipping and Packaging Industry
The majority of parcels in business to business and business to consumer trade are large shipping boxes. It is not uncommon to get a small item such as a missing PlayStation or TV controller or a wireless bluetooth mouse, for example, in a huge box. Retailers sometimes run out or do not even stock smaller shipping boxes. Books and CDs are typically well adjusted and sized – Amazon have taken this commercial frugality to the next level and ship items in proper cardboard boxes.
Shipping to friends and family may be a different task altogether. Often people try to pack and shove larger and bulkier items in small cardboard boxes. This is at the expense of improper packaging and over-abuse with packing tape and bubble wrap. Using loose and void fill is a step in the right direction. Yet, boxes with protrusions, extra heavy and looking like they are about to bust open any second are unlikely to make it. Even a small box should withstand some abuse and be prepared to survive reasonable handling and at least a three-foot free fall. Small cardboard boxes are prone to a bit more throwing and kicking severely dependent on the mood of a mailman or a delivery courier. General rule of thumb is that packages and shipping containers should be ready even for their bad days. The alternative is to deal with insurance claims and shipping delays borderline with customer frustration and aggravation.
It is always a good idea to pack responsibly and allow for some handling margin. While not everything can be planned for, some best shipping and packaging practices come into play and become relevant. Small packages should be tightly and neatly packed with custom foam or polystyrene packaging peanuts. Items inside should not slide or move freely sustaining damages in the process and they should not be in direct contact with each other or the walls of the shipping plastic or cardboard enclosure. Heavy and extra fragile items should go in large shipping boxes as placing "this side up" on their smaller counterparts might not help too much due to their tiny nature. Proper packing tape should be preferred to duct, frog or electrical tape. Filament tape is also acceptable and recommended for heavy stuff.
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Flat and Tall Small Cardboard Boxes
Tissue boxes are a good example of small cardboard boxes. Many manufacturers choose to make the actual tissues from virgin raw materials in order to preserve the quality of their trademarks and paper, tissues and boxes. Recycled fibers are used in the paperboard part of these small vanity boxes – their outer shell. This raises a number of questions from green packaging organizations and environmentalists. Reason is that not all sources of timber, the major source of paper raw materials together with some crops such as cotton, jute etc., come from forests whose management is compliant with sustainable forestry management regulations. Most of the timber coming from Western Europe and North America adheres to these procedures and, by and large, manufacturers can be sure that their paper products are aligned with newer green packaging initiatives.
This might not be the same for places such as the BRIC countries for example. Many of the forestry management companies there are run by people with short lived intentions whose only objective is to amass wealth at whatever cost to the environment and get out. It is quite natural that they will use any and all tactics to gain access to markets such as the western world. One such approach is to undermine the supply of virgin raw materials with price. When a large manufacturer of flat or small cardboard boxes is faced with this ethical dilemma – the economics of the situation might push the scales into favor of the lesser price.
This could have a number of interesting implications. Cheap raw material prices are detrimental to many municipalities engaged in proper recycling of paper and cardboard – often this is a laborious process with manual work at high cost to prevent paper from getting mixed with the comingled waste. What is more, once the raw materials from such an example as above become less expensive, local paper mills might stop purchasing the recycled supply and introduce a new set of problem making it really challenging for material recycling facilities to stay afloat and justify taxpayers' expense.
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Why No One Listens To The Radio Anymore
So did MTV put these pinheads up to this? "The Hills"' Heidi, Spencer and Lauren Conrad's feud rages on and it's as douchey as douche can be. Lauren called into the same radio station this morning that Plastic Cones and her gay boyfriend did and bitched them out. Or something. I don't know. I know I would only actually watch this show if one of them killed each other. "Ohmygod you guys, Heidi's totally dead! Augh!"
"What are you gonna do? It could be a lot worse," she told the radio hosts on Friday. "It could be someone I actually care about saying those things."
She added: "I don't have that high of expectations for them."
When the deejays asked if she ever wanted to be friends with Montag again, Conrad replied, "No, not really."
Seriously, this is why people have Sirius. I'd rather listen to Channel 3,010 – The Kenny Rogers' Morning Digestion Hour than this shit. You picked a fine time to leave me, Lucille.


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WOOSTER -- Dr. Joel Fuller Pratt, of Wooster, died Thursday, June 19 at Wooster Community Hospital after a brief illness with his family present.
He was born April 26, 1922 in Fremont, Ohio, to Howard and Annis (Fuller) Pratt and grew up in Clyde, Ohio. He graduated from Clyde High School in 1940 and Phi Beta Kappa from The College of Wooster in 1943. He graduated from the OSU College of Medicine in 1946. While in medical school, he also served his country in the U.S. Army medical corps and later at Camp Stomen until his discharge in 1949.
He then started his medical practice in Wooster in 1949, initially with Dr. Robert N. Wright. He was on the staff of Wooster Community Hospital from 1949-1986 when he retired from his medical practice. He was also medical director for the Wayne County Care Center from 1950-1986. He was team physician for The College of Wooster's football team from 1951-1981, and Waynedale High School from 1959-1976. He was a member of the Wayne County Medical Society where he had served as secretary-treasurer from 1953-1959.
Joel had a life-long concern with environmental issues, and was a member of several organizations concerned with those issues. He was also a supporter of social justice organizations. He was an avid golfer, enjoyed reading, especially history of the civil war, baseball, classical music, good jokes and, most of all, time spent with family and friends.
He is survived by Becky, his wife of 35 years. Also surviving are his children, Michael (Linda) Pratt, Jeff Pratt, Christie (Stuart) Spaulding; step-children Justin (Kristen) Smith, Abby Smith; daughter-in-law Linda S. Pratt; grandchildren, Alyssa (Jason) Pratt-Miranda, Taylor (Almeera) Pratt, Sean Spaulding, Megan Spaulding; step-grandsons, Adam and Samuel Smith; and great-grandsons, Jude and Toby Miranda.
In addition to his parents, he was preceded in death by his first wife, Suzanne; and a sister, Martha Lawry.
To honor Joel's wishes, there will be no services.
Those who wish may contribute to Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011: Southern Poverty Law Center, 400 Washington Ave., Montgomery, AL 36104: or Every Woman's House, 104 Spink St., Wooster, OH 44691.
Arrangements have been made by McIntire, Bradham & Sleek Funeral Home. Online condolences for the family may be left at www.mcintirebradhamsleek.com.
The bustle in a house
The morning after death
Is solemnest of industries
Enacted upon earth, --
The sweeping up the heart,
And putting love away
We shall not want to use again
Until eternity.
--Emily Dickinson
Dr. Pratt was a great human being and apparently my parents thought so too since they named my little brother after him. Too many fond memories to list here but remember a house call circa 1961 for bronchitis, 58 stitches at the ER circa 1962, and a visit while on leave from the Army in 1973. That may have been the last time I saw him as a patient and he not only repaired my ingrown toe nail but showed me how to make future repairs myself. It was nice to have a family Doctor that cared about his patients more than his own bottom line. I am blessed to have known him and the world was left a better place because of him. Godspeed Dr. Pratt... until we meet again. Bill Gray


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Steel Knight at 29 Palms Marine base
More than 60 thousand US troops remain in Afghanistan fighting a war that began in 2001. Each month, troops return home as the war winds down. Though the war in afghanistan might be ending, the u-s still needs protection. the US Marine Corps continues to train men and women to serve our country in some of the world's most dangerous places. Greg Lee reports, before they deploy, they come to the desert.


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At least sound quality is up to iRiver's usual high standards. I hooked up my reference headphones - a pair of Grado SR325is - and kicked off some listening tests with a blast of Metallica's Sad But True and found the E100 capable of a clean, yet powerful sound similar to that achieved by Creative's Zen. It's immediately clear it's a cut above the Meizu MiniPlayer SL.
The bassline isn't quite as juicy and warm as it is with Apple's accomplished nano, but there's a little more sense of detail, space and airiness to the music. And when you switch to something more acoustic, such as Newton Faulkner's Handbuilt By Robots, that quality is emphasised: the twanging strings of Faulkner's acoustic guitar have realistic metallic bite and clarity that isn't quite there on the nano.
Classical music is handled equally well. I piped one of my favourite test tracks through it - a portion of Mozart's Requiem - and it handled all the complex nuances of the choral arrangements with a light touch and ease that really impressed. As with other premium pocket MP3 players, it isn't entirely perfect: as I've mentioned, the bass isn't as full and warm as some might prefer and as such it can't compete with the superlative sound quality of the Sony NWZ-A829, but it's right up there with the likes of Creative's Zen, Apple's nano and is noticeably superior to the Sandisk Sansa View.
But, all-in-all, the E100 is not a player I'd be happy recommending. Apart from its good quality audio output, decent range of features and Flac support, there's very little about this player that makes it stand out from the competition. And it has its share of foibles and annoyances too. The price tag of £100 is reasonable and much cheaper than the 8GB Sony NWZ-A829, but again it's nothing special. Unless Flac playback is absolutely critical, the 16GB Creative Zen which is now available for the same money, is by far the better deal.
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Blake Shelton Tweets Adam Levine's REAL Phone Number!
You do NOT want to mess around with Blake Shelton! He proved that last night to Adam Levine. After a little back-and-forth teasing between Blake and Adam, Blake decided to take it to the next level... By TWEETING Adam's REAL phone number!
.@adamlevine… I just found the craziest thing in my phone!!! Your PERSONAL cell phone number… hope I'm not stupid enough to tweet it out…
— Blake Shelton (@blakeshelton) April 28, 2014
Ya'll! @adamlevine doesn't think I will actually tweet out his personal cell number… he's flirting with danger….
— Blake Shelton (@blakeshelton) April 28, 2014
HEY EVERYONE!!! Here it is: (310) 493-7939 <-- @adamlevine's CELL NUMBER! Think I'm kidding? Try calling it!! Bitch!!!
— Blake Shelton (@blakeshelton) April 29, 2014
I'm seriously amazed at @blakeshelton's stupidity…
— Adam Levine (@adamlevine) April 28, 2014
Carson Daly as well as other friends of Adam have confirmed that yes, that is Adam's real number. Looks like someone needs to get a new number ASAP!
PHOTO GALLERY: Blake Photobombs


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Freelove Freeway chords by Ricky Gervais, added: March 8th, 2005
Profile History
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The tab submitted before me is correct in essence, however you would have to drop the
tuning by a tone to D. The song goes B E G#m F#, and is palm muted for the first verse
... so basically insights to what I'm about yeah
Verse 1
B E G#m F#
Pretty girl on the hood of a cadillac, yeah
B E G#m F#
She's broken down on Freeway 9.
B E G#m F#
I take a look, I get her engine started, and
B E G#m F#
leave her purring and I roll on by. Bye, bye
B E G#m F#
Free love on the freelove freeway, the
B E G#m F#
Love is free and the freeway's long, I got some
B E G#m F#
Hot love on the hotlove highway, ain't
B E G#m F#
Going home 'cause my baby's gone (she's gone)
Verse 2:
A little while later, see a Senorita,
She's caught a flat trying to make it home.
She says, "Por favor, can you pump me up?"
I say, "Muchos gracias, adios. Bye, bye."
Verse 3:
A long time later I see a cowboy crying
"Hey buddy, what can I do?"
He says, "I lived a good life, had about a thousand women,"
I said, "Why the tears?", he says, " ' Cause none of them was you".
hi i dont mean to offend you or anything but i think that is completly rong. the chords are rong completyly. have you confused the song


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One of the most renowned architects ever, he created one of America's greatest engineering wonders, a structure that became a symbol of the country's economic vitality. It would soar 110 stories above the ground, reaching 1,353 feet into the sky. From its observation decks, it was possible to see 45 miles in every direction. It housed close to 10 million square feet of working space, enough to comfortably accommodate 50,000 people.
Yamasaki's creation was inaugurated in New York City on April 4, 1973. From this point on, it was internationally known as the World Trade Center. Yamasaki insisted that the World Trade Center "should, because of its importance, become a representation of man's belief in humanity, his need for individual dignity, his belief in the cooperation of men and, through cooperation, his ability to find greatness."
Some things were made to last forever. For many, the World Trade Center fell into this category — until Sept. 11, 2001.
The world saw the massive Twin Towers crumble into a heap of ash and soot that covered everything in lower Manhattan. Time magazine was the first to call Sept. 11 "Ash Tuesday." The term fits the description of what happened. Everything around where the World Trade Center once stood seemed to be reduced to dust.
It is interesting that the creative editors at the national newsweekly played off Ash Wednesday, the day that marks the beginning of Lent in preparation for Easter. On this day, the priest traces on our foreheads the sign of the cross with ashes and says: "Remember, man, that you are dust, and unto dust you shall return." Why does the Church smear ashes on our foreheads to begin Lent?
It's God's reminder of what we are. He makes this point rather emphatically in Scripture. "For out of the earth you were taken; you are dust and to dust you shall return" (Genesis 3:19). In the Psalter we read: "For [God] knows our frame; he remembers that we are dust" (Psalm 103:14). The book of Ecclesiastes says nearly the same: "All are from the dust and all turn to dust again" (3:20). How can we boast about who we are or what we may have if we are only dust?
Dust is an image of the commonplace. There is always too much of it. One speck of it is as good as the next. There's nothing special about it. Our humble origin keeps us in check. We are dust. How could we ever brag about anything?
There's another reason for having our foreheads marked with ash, and many of us don't like this one: It's God's way of reminding us that we are sinners. Ash symbolizes our moral weakness. Dust or ash is easily stirred up, blown about, and stepped on. Our sins blow us, like dust or ash, in all directions except the right one — toward God. At the same time, our ashes mean repentance.
It's way of saying to God and neighbor, "I'm sorry." Ash Wednesday sets a clear agenda on how to live the 40 days of Lent as penitents.
A good penitent nourishes his prayer with fasting. The idea of fasting scares many people — especially Americans. It shouldn't. St. Augustine, who had such a turbulent youth, saw fasting as a bitter, yet sweet, medicine: "No one can doubt … that fasting is profitable; for when a man imposes on himself the burden of fasting, he shows that he really wants what he is asking for," he wrote. "That is why it is that 'prayer is good when accompanied by fasting.'" However, some would argue that fasting is beyond the possibility of many because of the physical intensity of their work or lifestyle.
Is there any way to gain the spiritual benefits of fasting without eating less? St. John Chrysostom says Yes. How? "By enjoying food while having no taste for sin. This is a far better kind of fasting, and easier as well." We can all do this type of fasting.
A good penitent always joins his prayer and fasting to almsgiving. Almsgiving is more than writing a check for the needy.
It requires us to practice fraternal charity by forgiving others and rooting out any form of hatred in our hearts. Almsgiving proves our charity is real by works of mercy.
Ash Wednesday sets a tough agenda for Lent — no doubt about that. But the benefits outweigh the sacrifices when we think of our future reward: The Resurrection.
A good penitent prays. Prayer is the most important activity of Lent. If our prayer life has been slipping lately because of our job, our responsibilities at home, or any other activities, Lent is the perfect time to rededicate ourselves to spending time with God. Look for a place to be alone with God.
Meditate often on the eternal truths: death and judgment, heaven and hell. Ask for help discerning whether or not your life is headed in the right direction. If you're on the right road, stay on it. If you have taken a bad turn, change directions today. Don't wait. Now is the time of salvation.
This is the message of Ash Tuesday. It's also the message of Lent.
Legionary Father Andrew McNair teaches at Mater Ecclesiae International Center of Studies in Greenville, Rhode Island.


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September 30, 2013
London, UK (rushPRnews) 09/30/13 — Even a casual observer of financial markets notices the propensity to use charts and graphs to interpret the financial results of any market or time period. Every analysis uses them as a basis to demonstrate what has happened in the past with the idea that this information can be used to help predict future trends. Despite their constant use to convey vast amounts of information, most observers get little from them except to notice a start point and an end point to determine if it was an "up" or "down" day. While this easy visual reference does do that well, if that were the only purpose a simple open and close price that is also included would be all that is needed to demonstrate an up or down for any time period.
While knowing that there is more information to be derived from that in a chart, it is the complexity of many of these charts that make many would be investors shy away from their use. To understand financial charting, one must also understand the terms of what is being charted and what information that will convey. This is the first step to chart analyses for financial forecasting. While the actual name of the chart may remain a mystery, if you see the key and it is diagramming cost per unit vs. time period you can deduce it is showing not only the increase and decrease in value, but the volatility based on how often the up or down changes in any time period.
This is the reason charts are used as opposed to simply numbers at the beginning or end. Volatility is what allows an investor to predict how rapidly things change in any field measured to assign risk as well as to determine potential for profit. While large changes means there is more potential risk on an investment, little or no change means there is little potential for profit as well as most profits in investing are derived from the fluctuation in pricing.
When comparing multiple different things, the charts are instrumental. It is not enough to know just the prices of different things to make sound investments. To make investments based on more than guessing, you need to know how one thing reacts to another. A common example of this would be to show how the rate of inflation is effecting the stock market. If it shows that nearly every time inflation goes up, a particular stock trends up as well, then you have information that you can use to forecast. Looking at that chart and seeing on the news that inflation is getting higher would be actionable information to allow you to consider purchasing that stock to realize a profit. Separate numbers of inflation rate and stock price alone will not allow you to do that.
Advance Chart Types
After the basics, charts are used to show advanced concepts. These include known economic principles that have been proven over time. The proper way to use these involves being able to identify the principle. This is what separates the experts from the merely informed. While it may take years of practice and substantial background to be able to identify these patterns and trends, there is charting software available now that will allow you to put your own data (or pull it from other sources) and not only make the chart, but identify the trend that is taking place to forecast where the chart will move in the future. It is this knowledge that makes charts of such value to the investor.
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Canal Plus
As the Tribeca New Music Festival turns ten and sets its sights (and sites) on three venues above and below Canal Street, we catch up with two of the festival's busy artists: Pianist Kathleen Supové and composer Tristan Perich. Chat with us in the window below or via Twitter with the hashtag #q2new. Can't wait til then? Leave your questions for Tristan and Kathy in the comments below.
Every time I see Tristan or Kathleen on a program, I get ridiculously excited—either or both of their names guarantee a snazzy evening. He rocked our ears and collective technophilia last summer when he released his 1-Bit Symphony, an electronic composition housed on a single microchip and within a CD jewel case that becomes part of the performance when turned on. She continually gives explosive recitals and champions new composers all around town with her signature red-hot touch (and bob).
We're currently in the thick of this year's TNMF and are programming from the trenches, as it were. We'll hear works by Supové (including one familiar tune to our regular Q2 listeners, taken from her most recent album, The Exploding Piano) and Perich (whose latest work, Interference Logic, was premiered by Dither at the Festival on May 26). We'll also check in with the lusciously exquisite ensemble Redhooker and violinist Jennifer Choi, who also have some coveted spots on this year's festival lineup.


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Paul S. Geller, Esq.
Persistence, Knowledge, Dedication.
We at the Law Offices of Paul S. Geller are dedicated to providing the type of criminal defense you should expect when hiring private counsel. These are the characteristics which are common among all of our goals.
First, we want you to have an understanding of the events and proceedings during our representation. It is extremely important to us that you clearly understand the charges you're being faced with, the potential consequences, and the criminal process. We will take the time to explain anything which seems confusing, and will make ourselves as available as possible to answer your questions and concerns, even after hours.
Second, we strive to keep an open line of communication between our clients and the firm. We are firm believers that in building your defense, we need to work as partners with our clients. The trust between a lawyer and his client must be held in the strictest confidence to ensure the best possible defense.
Lastly, expect to be handled with the utmost professionalism, with an eye not only on keeping you out of jail and minimizing the criminal penalties you could be faced with, but also with the awareness of how the criminal charges can affect other aspects of your life. Many of our clients are professionals and could face additional penalties affecting their professional licenses, such as chiropractors, doctors, lawyers, physical therapists, etc. Additionally, many crimes could have an effect on your driver's license, auto insurance, etc. We will do everything in your best interest not only in defending your criminal case, but with an awareness on other potential consequences.
Having a diverse background is one of the reasons Mr. Geller can negotiate and argue cases so effectively. Although a native of southern California , Mr. Geller displayed his leadership skills playing college baseball and obtaining his Bachelor of Science from the University of Colorado at Boulder . After working in the corporate world in San Francisco for two years, he returned to Los Angeles , attending Southwestern University School of Law. He volunteered and worked throughout law school for the Los Angeles District Attorney's Office. Upon graduating from law school, he was employed with the L.A. D.A.'s Office for several years as a trial attorney, where he tried all types of cases from DUIs to murder. He has always been active in professional and community activities, including the Los Angeles County Bar Association, the Beverly Hills Bar Association, the Indigent Criminal Defense Appointments Program, coaching trial advocacy teams at Southwestern University , and judging trial advocacy competitions. It is Mr. Geller's well roundedness that has enabled him to succeed as a criminal defense attorney. His dedication and ability to relate and communicate with people has enabled him to negotiate settlements and dismissals, often on the eve of trial
Organizations and Memberships:
- California DUI Lawyers Association;
- Los Angeles County Bar Association;
- Pasadena Bar Association;
- former Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney;
- Indigent Criminal Defense Appointments Program;
- Bachelor of Science and Juris Doctorate;
- Specialized Driving Under the Influence Defense Training by the National College for DUI Defense;
- Certified Training on Field Sobriety Tests and DUI/DWI Detection
- Certified in use and calibration of the Alco-Sensor IV alcohol detection device
Paul S. Geller The Law Offices of Paul S. Geller"email@example.com"Attorney80 South Lake Ave.Suite 500Pasadena,CA91101USA
(626) 225-0969


text:
He's mapped every plant in Britain and ballooned to the top of an African rainforest, now botanist Dr Trevor Dines is examining plants closer to home for a new TV series. Abbie Wightwick finds out more
You may not think vanishing Welsh juniper bushes have much to do with you, but if you enjoy the occasional gin and tonic you should think again.
Berries from the bush, one of the nation's oldest plants, flavour the drink as well as being an iconic part of our mountain scenery.
With the juniper threatened by over grazing in Snowdonia uplands where it grows, a new television series examines its future along with the rest of our changing landscape.
Wild Things, a six-part Channel 4 series made by Caernarfon-based independent production company Cwmni Da, investigates how pollution, farming, changing weather and even gardening are all altering the look of our countryside.
The show is co-presented by acclaimed botanist Dr Trevor Dines who has spent the past 25 years studying plants and who helped map every plant in Britain for the renowned Atlas Project.
"We want to bring plants to life, show how they're changing and encourage people to look at wildlife that's under their noses," he explains
"The show is fast, exciting and relevant. We are looking at plants people can see outside their front doors."
Together with Royal Horticultural Society gold medallist and garden designer Chris Myers and lichenologist Sally Eaton, he explores the landscape from remote mountain tops to murky urban bogs to find out how and why our plants are changing.
Everything from salt poured on icy roads to pollution from industry helps and hinders our flora, says Trevor.
And those pretty bluebells you bought at the garden centre? They may be Spanish flowers now threatening to wipe out our native breed along with their unique smell.
"It think it matters because we have our iconic British bluebell and that's now under threat," he warns.
"They are cross breeding to create a hybrid.
"Britain's landscape has changed dramatically over the last 50 years with wild plants disappearing and strange new plants becoming familiar.
"This series opens up a completely different view on the world around us and reveals how plants offer an understanding of changing British wildlife."
Viewers will see the team carry out experiments including controlled explosions in military no-go zones on Salisbury Plain, to oven-roasting microbes that live by our roadsides to help explain why some plants have moved in, others have disappeared, and why this matters to us.
"One plant we look at is the juniper. People don't realise the juniper berry flavours gin.
"Junipers are very threatened by over-grazing in Snowdonia. It's a plant that's been in Britain since the ice age, moving in from Europe when the ice retreated and now it's disappearing. It's now very rare.
"The question we ask is – can we bring it back?"
On a happier note Wild Things also shows how some lichens threatened by air pollution have developed a 'sneaky trick' to survive and how tropical plants are thriving in some urban areas.
Trevor, who came to Wales 25 years ago to study at Bangor University, now lives and works in Snowdonia as conservation manager of Plantlife Cymru, an organisation working to raise awareness of threatened plants on our doorstep.
He hopes Wild Things will make viewers realise how the world outside their homes is changing, what changes are bad and which good.
Having worked on the Atlas Project to map all the plants in Britain, he can confidently say he knows exactly where human behaviour has changed the landscape of both urban and rural areas.
In the past his love of plants has taken him further afield to the rain forests of Africa, which he visited as part of PhD studies at Bangor University.
"I had to work out a way to get to the top of the tree canopy without damaging the trees so I went up in a hot air balloon.
"We landed on the trees on an enormous raft designed by the guy who used to design sets for the old television show It's A Knockout.
"We slept high up in the trees on the raft and it was just astonishing."
The plant life back home in Wales is no less astonishing, he adds.
One of the most exciting things featured on Wild Things are microscopic creatures living on lichens.
As the doctor puts it: "This world within a world is just one more clue to how and why the landscape we see every day in Wales is slowly altering."
Wild Things continues on Channel 4 on Monday at 8.30pm