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Palomar COMMUNITY COLLEGE History 107
Fall 2012
Daniella Ashburn
email: firstname.lastname@example.com Hours by Appointment
Please put 107 – in your email subject line
Campus Voice-mail: 760 744 1150 x 5678
SUBJECT AREA AND COURSE NUMBER:History 107 # 70837
MON/WED. 12:30pm-1:50pm Room MD-320
COURSE TITLE: World History to 1650 UNITS: 3.00
Grade Only
This course examines the comparative history of the world's civilizations in Europe ,Africa, and Asia, from the dawn of civilization to the dawn of the early modern era (1650). Topics in social, intellectual, economic, and political history will be covered through the use of lectures, primary source readings and class discussions. The objective of this course is neither to be comprehensive nor definitive but to introduce the student to key themes, events and personalities of the period and to develop their critical thinking , writing , reading and note-taking skills. This course is of interest to those planning to pursue a history major in the future as well as anyone seeking a global historical perspective.
Upon successful completion of the course the student should be reasonably familiar with:
1. Historical causation from a wide, comparative perspective.
2. The most significant cultural, political and social structures, forms of cultural expression in art and religion in discrete segments of the world's civilizations.
3. Key periods of world history and patterns of change from the dawn of civilization to the early modern period.
The relevance and importance of the origins of civilization to the modern era.
The historical frame of reference from the origins of civilization to the early modern era.
Methods of instruction may include, but are not limited to, the following:
* Lecture
* 1. In-class discussion and small group work and discussion that permits students to share their ideas and critique both primary and secondary sources.
* 2. Use of film and other audio-visual media and maps to illustrate the historical events being presented.
* 3. Use of the Internet and/or other computer-based technologies in doing historical
House Keeping Rules
– No Cell Phones, MP3 Players, laptops or any other electronic devices without prior permission .
– No food other than small snacks, or drinks in secure cups and or bottles.
– No book bags or other items on the desk other than those absolutely essential to the class.
– I will try to respond to your emails within 48 hours.
– Be a responsible student and do not assume I will follow up on missed lectures, exams and or assignments. What I do not know might hurt you. If you have a problem , talk to me!
TEXT: -Strayer, Robert W. : Ways of the World, Volume 1: A Global History with Sources
Publisher: Bedfords St. Martins 1st ed. 2011
E-Book available athttp://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/strayerdocutext1e/#t_625564____
NOVELS : -1: The Epic of Gilgamesh: An English Version with an Introduction (Penguin
Classics) (Paperback) Paperback: 128 pages
Publisher: Penguin Classics; Revised edition (December 30, 1960)
Language: English
Choose One of the following two titles:
-2. Lyons, Jonathan :The House of Wisdom ; How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization
Publisher: Bloomsbury Press. 1st Ed. 2010
-3. Schneider, Paul: Brutal Journey ; Cabeza de Vaca and the Epic First Crossing of North America.
Publisher: A John Macrae/Holt Paperbacks Book . 1st ed. 2007
Grading and Evaluation:
All graded assignments and exams must be completed to earn a passing grade.
Midterm 1 + 2 50 points each First Paper 30 points
Final Exam 60 points Second Paper 40 points
History Presentation 30 points
Attendance 30 points Video Quizzes 20 points
Discussion 60 points MC Assignments
(5 x13 + 5 if submitted all) 70 points
Paper/novel Discussions and Primary Source Discussions
There will be two(2) 4-5page papers due in this class. These will be analytical essays primarily based on the novels. It is very important that students begin reading and thinking about their choice of books well in advance of the day of discussion( see schedule below). A reading guide for each book containing 10-15 questions is available on the course Black Board site. Each student shall be given a personal note book in which to answer all discussion questions. Answer the questions in a couple sentences for each and make sure to note the page numbers on which to find the answers. Be ready to make additional notes while we discuss the reading in class. The reading guide and discussions will help you prepare for your papers as well as the exams. Notebooks will be collected after each discussion session.
The first paper will be on The Epic of Gilgamesh( 30 points ). Due: Hard-copy in class 09/26. PDF 09/29 Midnight
The second paper will be on your choice of either The House of Wisdom or Brutal Journey (40 points)Due : House of WisdomHard-copy in class 11/21. PDF 11/24Midnight. Brutal Journey: Due:Hard -copy in class 12/05. PDF 12/08 Midnight. The essay topics will be available on the course Black Board site approximately two weeks prior to the due date. When turning in a paper, students should submit both a hard copy in class and an electronic copy to firstname.lastname@example.com.– no grade will be assigned until both versions have been received.
Primary Source Discussions will consist of analyzing selected primary source documents at the end of the textbook chapters with the help of the questions posed in the introductions or the" Use the Evidence "section. Students will be divided into groups and will be assigned one or two of the primary sources that accompany the chapters under discussion that week. Using your note books you are advised to answer the questions briefly, for yourself, in order to be able to fully participate in your group prep and the class discussions- one person of each group should summaries the PS document. Notebooks will be collected after each discussion session.
History Presentations will be 10 minute Power Point presentations on any topic , event or movement the student chooses. Please refer to the History Project Folder on the course Black Board site for more information
All exams will cover lectures and reading assignments. Each exam will have two parts. Part I will be IDENTIFICTIONS and Part II will be ESSAY QUESTIONS based on both the lectures, the textbook and the primary source readings. The essay questions will be made available ONE week before the test. Both parts of the exam will be equally weighted (50/50). Your exams will be taken in your personal notebook which shall be handed to you at the beginning of each exam.
Multiple Choice Homework
In order to help students engage with the textbook 13 assignments of 15 Multiple choice questions has been created as home work. Points will be earned by completing the assignments –> 5 points for each . It is assumed that students will read the textbook for themselves. While I will follow the general structure of the text this course will not simply cover the textbook material. Students should take notes.
There will be NO MAKE-UPS except for students with permission and or valid excuses. It is the responsibility of the student to follow up on any missed exam and or assignment.
Attendance and Late Papers:
Attendance will be taken throughout the semester, in the lectures and discussion sections. Any absences must be followed up by an email within 24 hours to be excused . You will not be penalized for three unexcused absences, but on subsequentunexcused absences your attendance portion of your grade for the course will drop if no good explanation is given. Illness or injury related absences of fewer than three days will require a doctor's note stating date and time of visit to qualify . Absences of more than three days will require a note with the physician conformation that absence from class was necessary.
Papers that are submitted late will only receive half credit.
Alternate arrangements concerning exams or assignments are an option only for those students contacting me prior to test/due dates. The day of the final exam is the last day that any late materials will be accepted– IF arrangements were made prior.
OUTLINE OF TOPICS and ASSOCIATED READINGS:
The following topics are included in the framework of the course but are not intended as limits on content. The order of presentation and relative emphasis will vary based on the progress we make week to week.
TB = Strayer Textbook Reading BB = Black Board Reading
For the most up to date INFORMATION you have to check the WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS on BB
Week 1 August 20-22 Introductions
Reading: TB: First Things First (pp. 3-9),Prologue "From Cosmic History to Human History" BB:Syllabus– (print out and bring to class), Disclaimer sources used,
Week 2 August 27-29
PART ONE:First Things First: Beginnings in History
Read TB: Ch. 1 First Peoples : Populating the Planet to 10,000 B.C.E. (pp. 11-33).Ch. 2 First Farmers: The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000 B.C.E.-3000 B.C.E. (pp. 49-67).
Week 3 September 3-5
Reading: TB Ch. 3 First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies (pp. 85-114). BB : Ancient Greece, King Sargon of Akkad, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon.
Video and in class quiz
Week 4 September10-12
Monday : Discussion of The Epic of Gilgamesh. Read BB: Working with Primary Sources
Wednesday Mid term 1 : CH 1-3 Please refer to the Midterm 1 guide on Black Board
Week 5 September 17-19
PART TWO: Classical Era in World History 500 B.C.E.-500 C.E
Reading TB: The Big Picture: After the First Civilizations ( pp.133-141), Ch. 4 Eurasian Empires 500 B.C.E.- 500 C.E (pp.143-169). Selected Primary sources: Ch 4: See Black Board
Week 6 September 24-26 Hard copy Epic of Gilgamesh due in Class 9/26 PDF Due by September 29th by Midnight.
TB:Ch. 5 Eurasian Cultural Traditions 500B.C.E.-500 C.E. (pp.125- 152) .
Discussion: Selected Primary sources: Ch 5 See Black Board
Week 7 October 1-3
Reading: TB: Ch. 6 Eurasian Social Hierarchies, 500B.C.E.-500 C.E. (pp.237-261)
Discussion SelectedPrimary Sources Ch.6: See Black Board
Week 8 October 8-10
Reading: TB: Ch. 7 Classical Era Variations: Africa and the Americas, 500B.C.E.-1200 C.E. (pp.281-306). Discussion : Selected Primary Sources Ch.7 : See Black Board
Week 9 October 15-17
Monday Part 1: Identifications
Wednesday Part 2: Essay questions
Midterm 2 Ch 4-7 Please refer to the midterm folder on Black Board
Week 10 October 22-24
PART THREE: An Age of Accelerating Connections, 500C.E.-1500 C.E.
Reading TB:The Big Picture; Defining a Millennium (pp. 325-331) Ch.8 Commerce and Culture, 500 . -1300 (pp. 333-355). Video and in class quiz
Week 11 October 29-31
Reading:TB: Ch.9 China and the World: East Asian Connections 500-1300 (pp.379-405)
Discussion : Selected Primary Sources Ch 9: See Black Board
Week 12 November 5-7
Reading TBCh. 10 The Worlds of European Christendom; connected and Divided 500-1300 (pp.425-454).
Discussion : TheHouse of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization
Week 13 November 12-14
Reading TBCh. 11 The World of Islam; Afro-Eurasian Connections, 600-1500
Discussion Selected Primary Sources Ch.11 .See Black Board
Week 14 November 19-21
The House of Wisdom Paper hard copy in class due 11/21 . PDF @ Midnight– 11/24
Reading TB: Ch. 12 Pastoral Peoples in the Global Stage; The Mongol Moment 1200-1500 (pp. 521-549).
Discussion Brutal Journey: Cabeza de Vaca and the Epic First Crossing of North America.
Week 15 November 26-28
Reading TB: Ch.13 The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century.
BB:The Reformations: European Christianity's Doctrinal split and it's effects in the Fourteenth Sixteenth Centuries.
Week 16 December 3-5
Brutal Journey Paper hard copy in class due 12/5 .PDF @ midnight—12/8
History presentations
Week 17 Dec 12th Finals 12:00- 1:50pm
Point distribution440 – 392 (89%) = A
Academic Integrity and Code of Conduct
Palomar College is wholly committed to the idea and ideals of academic integrity. We embrace and adopt the definition and related principles of academic integrity provided by the Center for Academic Integrity stated in Section 4 Student Rights and Responsibilities of the Palomar College Catalog.For a full explanation of rights and responsibilities please refer to: http://www.palomar.edu/catalog/2010/4sturightsrespon.pdf as well as http://www.palomar.edu/Code_of_Conduct_condensed_version.pdf for the Student's Code of Conduct.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal anti-discrimination statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection to persons with disabilities. This legislation requires that all students with disabilities are guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their disabilities. If you believe you have a disability requiring accommodation please contact the Palomar College disability Resource Center (DRC) . For more information also see: http://www.palomar.edu/dsps/
Important dates:
First day of class: August 20th 2012
Mid-Term 1: Week 4 09/12
Epic of Gilgamesh PAPER Week 6 HC in class 09/26 – PDF @ Midnight 09/29
Mid-Term 2: Week 9 10/ 15 and 10/17
House of Wisdom PAPER Week 14 HC in class 11/21 – PDF @ Midnight11/24
History Presentations Week 16 12/03 and 12/05
Brutal Journey PAPER Week 16 HC in class 12/05 -PDF @ Midnight 12/08
Final Exam: Week 17 12/12 12:00pm- 1:50pm
For Add/Drop information please go to:
History 107 Student information sheet:
Section # 70837 fall 2012
Monday / Wednesday 12:30pm-1:50pm
Room MD-320
By signing this document I declare to have familiarized myself with:
The Course Syllabus
House Keeping rules
Required Reading
Grading and Evaluation Policy
Assignments, Exam, Attendance and Late Paper Policies
Course Outline and Points Distribution
Academic Integrity and Code of Conduct
Disabilities accommodation information
Important Dates Section
Add/Drop information online
The Course Black Board site (all pull down menu items)
Please write clearly and hand in A.S.A.P.( 5 points if handed in by meeting 2 )
Name: ___________________________________________________
Email: ___________________________________________________
Thank you!


text:
Wk suspension bushing kits?
i think im in need of replacing my upper control arm bushings...does anyone know of a kit avalible for the entire suspension? seems after i installed my bwoodys and srt eibachs my bushings are wearing diffrent causing "whoosh" "whoosh" noise from front upper control arm...i think. Anyone know anything about this or where i can get some new bushings?
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
the springs will mess up your ride, check out this product.
did you grease everything correctly?
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
I haven't seen a kit,but i got the front lower ca bushings from rock auto and they had uppers ,and rears as well.
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
My alignment is within specs...I greased all the new parts I installed but I didn't remove the control arm it the bushings.
sent from my HTC EVO shift
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
You definitely have improper camber. Everyone with a lowered jeep has it. JBA UCAs will correct that though.
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
there is not enough "play" in the slot to bring it back. Sure there is room for improvement over the original position. but it's still out.
I've also read it will vary between different springs, bwoodys, h&r, eibachs as to how much camper you will get, it will also appear worse with bigger wheels.
Mine are adjusted, with 22's on H&Rs and bilsteins and I still have improper camber. and I know of many more people in the same position.
Re: Wk suspension bushing kits?
what is your camber reading right now?
I don't have the printout handy but I took it to 3 different places and they finally got it in spec.nor by much,but its in!
sent from my HTC EVO shift
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text:
|Southey, Bruce
|Rodriguez-zas, Sandra
|Leymaster, Kreg
Submitted to: Journal of Animal Science
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 6/12/2004
Publication Date: 10/2/2004
Citation: Southey, B.R., Rodriguez-Zas, S.L., Leymaster, K.A. 2004. Competing risks analysis of lamb mortality in a terminal sire composite population. Journal of Animal Science. 82:2892-2899. Interpretive Summary: Lamb survival is an important factor that influences profitability of sheep production. Mortality can be due to a variety of causes such as disease, chilling, difficult births, starvation, and injury. These different causes of mortality are typically ignored, resulting in loss of information and limited opportunity to improve survival by selection. An alternative approach considers that individual causes of mortality compete among each other, so that the most limiting cause for a particular lamb is responsible for death of that lamb. Data collected on a terminal sire composite population were analyzed to evaluate this approach. Genetic variation for individual causes of mortality were detected; moreover, the heritabilities of individual causes were greater than the heritability of overall mortality. Therefore, selection for individual causes of mortality is likely to be more effective than selection solely on overall mortality. The competing risks approach can be used to increase lamb survival, leading to improved productivity, profitability, and welfare.
Technical Abstract: Mortality records from birth to weaning of 8,301 lambs from a composite population at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center were analyzed using a competing risks model. The advantage of the competing risks model over traditional survival analyses is that different hazards of mortality can be assigned to different causes such as disease, dystocia and starvation. In this study, specific causes of mortality were grouped into Dam-related (e.g., dystocia and starvation), Pneumonia, Disease (excluding pneumonia), and Other categories. The hazard of mortality was analyzed using a competing risk approach where each mortality category was assumed independent. Continuous- and discrete-time survival analyses were implemented using sire, animal and maternal effects mixed models. The continuous-time survival analysis used the Weibull model to describe the hazard of mortality for each category of mortality. Under the discrete-time survival analysis, a complementary log-log link function was used to analyze animal-time data sets using weekly intervals for each category of mortality. Explanatory variables were sex, type of birth, contemporary group, and age of dam. Although type of birth and age of dam effects were non-significant across category of mortality, there was a significant sex effect for all categories except the Other category. Estimates of variance components indicated strong maternal effects for all categories except for Pneumonia. Estimates of additive genetic heritabilities from the discrete maternal effects models were 0.08 ± 0.04, 0.09 ± 0.18, 0.16 ± 0.12, 0.19 ± 0.09, and 0.14 ± 0.10 for Overall, Disease, Dam-related, Pneumonia, and Other categories, respectively. Ignoring the cause of the defining event in mortality and longevity studies may hide important genetic differences. Therefore, the effectiveness of breeding programs relying on models that ignore multiple causes of an event in time-to-event data such as mortality and longevity could be jeopardized.


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June milne
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About the Office of the Provost
This office, under the leadership of the Executive Vice President and Provost, is responsible for academic programs and related support services including faculty development, promotion and tenure, faculty development leaves, academic budgeting, personnel issues in the academic affairs area, curricular planning, and assessment. The deans of the colleges, five vice provosts and the Vice President of Research and Innovation report to the Provost.
The Provost also coordinates all short- and long-term space planning at the University, including the setting of priorities for renovations through the Facilities Resource Committee (FRC), and overall campus master planning. This arrangement of responsibility means that short-term and strategic planning of space will be driven by the university's academic mission.
The Office of the Provost is committed to continuous enhancement of educational experiences for both undergraduate and graduate students through curriculum development, faculty development, outreach activities, research opportunities, and cooperation with public schools and community groups. Statewide needs for quality higher education are also a recognized part of providing educational opportunities through on-campus programs, off-campus educational offerings, and various distance education programs.
Colleges and Schools
- College of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Natural Resources
- College of Business
- College of Education
- College of Engineering
- College of Liberal Arts
- College of Science
- Cooperative Extension
- Division of Health Sciences
- Graduate School
- Orvis School of Nursing
- Reynolds School of Journalism
- University Libraries
Academic Offices
Division of Research and Innovation
- Environmental Health & Safety
- Research Integrity Office
- Office of Sponsored Projects
- Office of Lab Animal Medicine
- Technology Transfer Office
- Office of Undergraduate and Interdisciplinary Research
- Research Centers, Institutes & Facilities
- Nevada INBRE
- Nevada Industry Excellence
Extended Studies
- Continuing Education & Professional Development
- Fleischmann Planetarium
- Performing Arts Programs
- Summer Session
- Wintermester
- Online & Independent Learning
- Redfield Campus
- Northern Nevada International Center
Other Reporting Units
- Information Technology Division
- Equal Opportunity and Title IX
- University of Nevada Press
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text:
Kendrick Lamar Joins T.I. Onstage at the BET Music Matters Showcase at SXSW
There were plenty of surprises at the BET Music Matters Showcase at SXSW in Austin, TX on Thursday (March 14). During T.I.'s headlining set, Kendrick Lamar jumped onstage for a memorable performance of their collaborative tune, 'Memories Back Then,' from Tip's 'Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head' album.
As witnessed by BET, T.I. was performing the song and wondered aloud of how cool it would be if K.Dot could joined him to perform his verse on the song. And instantly, Lamar appears onstage and wows the crowd with his lines from the track. Tip then allowed the Compton rapper to perform 'Swimming Pools' and 'Backseat Freestyle' from his celebrated album, 'good kid, m.A.A.d city.'
Also joining T.I. onstage that night was Pharrell Williams, who assisted the Atlanta rapper on their rendition of 'What You Know.'
The BET Music Matters Showcase also featured stellar performances from Bridget Kelly, Joey Bada$$, Chrisette Michele, BJ the Chicago Kid, LeCrae and Schoolboy Q.


text:
Starving Africa should accept GMO food, US says
Date: 29-Jul-02
Country: SOUTH AFRICA
Author: Manoah Esipisu (Additional reporting by Shapi Shacinda in Lusaka and James Hall in Swaziland)
A severe food crisis threatens 13 million people in the six countries in the region - with Malawi and Zimbabwe the worst hit. The U.N. has appealed for a million tonnes of food, and traditionally half of the donation comes from America.
"The one issue that has caused the most controversy, and frankly is causing us the most difficulty, is the issue of so-called GMO-affected foods," said Roger Winter, assistant administrator at the U.S. Agency for International Development.
"What we are being asked in some cases to do is to certify that a shipment of maize is GMO-free and that we are not able to do," Winter told reporters as he wound up a tour of the region, which took him to Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
"Delay (on accepting GMOs) is deadly in this. If they delay long, people are going to die in their countries because there are going to be huge gaps in the (food) pipeline he said.
He said Zimbabwe had previously blocked GMO food while Zambia had no policy. Only Malawi was ready to take whatever food aid it got because the only concern was to save lives.
Winter said Zimbabwe had accepted to take in a special consignment of 20,000 tonnes of maize that included GMO foods after USAID gave the country an August 1 deadline to take it or lose it. But he said that there was no word on future maize donations and therefore he did not take this to mean a policy about-turn.
Winter hinted that the blockage of GMO-food by Zimbabwe may be related to tense relations between Washington and Harare.
"The government (of Zimbabwe) wasn't really focused on what the consequences of not receiving our products might mean," Winter said, acknowledging the sour relations.
Zambian Vice President Enock Kavindele told Reuters in Lusaka that his country had declined a $50 million line of credit from the U.S. Department of Agriculture because of provisions that it would have to purchase GMO commodities.
Governments had began asking fresh questions about health risks related to GMOs in the region after a recent meeting of ministers of the 14-member Southern African Development Community in Mozambique, USAID official Lauren Landis said.
Winter said a rejection of GMO food by the region could trim the U.S. ability to respond to the crisis, which he warned had the potential to last beyond current projections of March 2003.
He also said that the U.S. and other agencies would set up a monitoring unit to ensure that relief aid was not abused. It followed reports that in some areas of Zimbabwe, the government was using relief as a weapon against opposition supporters.
Experts have warned of lower crop harvests in Southern Africa and a medical crisis in the region after the 2002 drought.
Agri-meteorologist Johan van den Berg, of the Envirovision Consultancy, said a weak to moderate climate disruption expected during the next southern summer could trim Southern African grain harvests, but might boost crops in drought-ravaged areas in the region.
The latest seasonal forecast pointed to a maize crop 10 to 30 percent lower next year than this year, van den Berg said.
In Swaziland, a WHO meeting was warned of a malaria crisis in the post-drought period and health leaders were asked to be ready.
Mosquitoes would move in large large numbers and transmission and incidents of malaria would accelerate when rains fell, Dr Shiva Marugasampillay from Zimbabwe told a World Health Organisation Southern Africa malaria conference.


text:
Awesome, Hank... so glad you and your bro keep being awesome. I hope you will keep rubbing off and Missoula and we can continue to decrease world suck!
Matt - when we were hunting I didn't totally grasp how big of a deal this was (or how tired you were). Your story is really well written (even the "bathroom" parts) and very informative. I'm officially insprired. I joked about visiting Teresita, but now the call has already been made.
Thanks for living through this gracefully. While it sounds complicated and involved, even a few simple changes in diet, breathing, and perspective seem doable and necessary. Really, with hundreds of unnecessary chemicals in our bodies and 75 NEW ONES (gross), I don't need another single one.
Molly Bradford


text:
Bashar AL-Rehany
Chief Executive Officer
Bashar AL-Rehany was appointed to the Board of Directors of Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC (EII) in November of 2009 and has held the position of Chief Executive Officer of BCA Research Inc. (BCA) since joining BCA in January of 2003. BCA, a subsidiary of EII since 2006, is one of the world's leading independent global investment research providers. Prior to joining BCA, Mr. AL-Rehany was President & Chief Executive Officer of Bridge Information Systems Canada Inc. an information, news and technology group that acquired Dow Jones Markets Inc. From October of 1996, Mr. AL-Rehany was President & Chief Executive Officer at Dow Jones Markets Canada Inc. Mr. AL-Rehany spent 13 years at Reuters Holdings PLC in various sales & marketing roles until 1993 when he was made the Director of Sales and Customer Service in Canada. He holds a degree in Mathematics & Computer Science from Teesside Polytechnic, England.
Nicoletta Manoleas
Chief Operating Officer
Nicky Manoleas has been with BCA Research since 1985 when she began working with the research team. As a Senior Analyst she assisted in researching and launching several new products. Nicoletta's exposure to the different facets of BCA's products helped her to take on a role in management by developing and heading up the Research Operations side of the business. Today, reporting to the CEO, she has moved into a senior management role where she is responsible for managing the Research Operations side of the business and Human Resources and works closely with other senior management members on business initiatives.


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New Product for the Air Charter Community
NATA Part 135/91 Training Center
Standardized | Trusted | Easy to use | Economical
Read ABJ 2017 Q2 Now
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Contact Congress on ATC Corporation Proposal
Contact us with your examples
Tell NATA how your business goes out the way to support the pilot community. Your examples assist NATA in continuing its advocacy in support of free markets.
In 2017, Congress must develop another FAA reauthorization bill. FAA bills are typically of multi-year duration and are the means by which Congress establishes aviation policy, makes FAA programs - including airport funding - eligible for federal funding (appropriations), and determines the levels of air transportation taxation. Historically, this bill provides the aviation business community the means to advance a common-sense, pro-aviation business agenda. It also poses potential risks to our community as other stakeholders advance their own agendas.
ATC Corporation
By far the greatest risk to the general aviation community is the renewed debate on the airlines' proposal to create an air traffic control corporation. President Trump recently released details about the Administration's proposal to corporatize our nation's air traffic control system.
Such a corporation would be funded by user fees and its operations dominated by the airlines. While some segments of GA may be exempt from user fees, under a proposal that passed a House committee last year, charter operations would be expected to pay these yet to be determined fees set by their competitors. However, the general aviation community has other concerns that go well beyond user fees:
NATA has unveiled a fact sheet
on ATC corporatization that debunks many of the common assertions cited by its proponents as "facts."
The association is hard at work educating Members of Congress and their staffs on the detrimental impact that an independent air traffic control corporation would have on the Part 135 community, other NATA member companies, and the entire GA community.
Another potential issue that could be raised as part of the FAA bill is an attempt to expand the ability of private pilots to fly passengers that are willing to "share expenses." Proponents are attempting to create "Uber in the sky" websites (examples: Flytenow, AirPooler, and others) that deliberately bypass the FAA's safety net of required pilot training and aircraft maintenance for commercial flights. For example, private pilots with as little as 35 hours of flight time, who have no requirement for minimum liability insurance, and are not required to hold ratings permitting flight in poor weather, could carry passengers for hire.
Similar to the ATC corporatization issue, in 2016 a House committee approved such a proposal. Despite rejection of the business model as unsafe and illegal by the FAA, the U.S. Court of Appeals, and the United States Supreme Court, which declined to review the proposal, the proponents are again seeking a legislative fix in Congress.
NATA is working with general aviation pilot groups to educate Members of Congress and their staffs on the rules governing legal and safe flight sharing and how legislation now sought by flight sharing services will undermine flying safety.
A Pro-Active Aviation Business Agenda
FAA bills are also an opportunity to advance a common-sense, pro-aviation business agenda. For example, the last multi-year FAA bill included an NATA proposal to improve the consistency of regulatory interpretation across the FAA's regions and district offices. The NATA staff, working in coordination with its policy committees, is advancing proposals to assist its member companies to operate safely and more efficiently, including:


text:
June 27, 2017 Disclaimer: Please read.
Statements and opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors, not Truthdig. Truthdig takes no responsibility for such statements or opinions.
Olbermann: GOP Is Biggest Terror Org in USA
Posted on Oct 24, 2006
The MSNBC host uses a recent GOP ad and a copy of Webster's Dictionary to buttress his argument that the Republican Party is the largest terrorist organization in the country.
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By Joseph Nagarya, October 30, 2006 at 1:13 pm Link to this comment
To "Hondo"—
Save it for the Neo-Nazis, and the others who swallow the Bushit extremist governance-by-lie.
To call Michael J. Fox—he campaigned for Republicans also, including Specter—a terrorist is beyond lie and stupid to out-and-out sick. Attacking the disabled for their disability simply because you don't like the speech is one step short of Brown Shirt violence directed at opposing views.
Neither Fox nor Gore are in office, therefore in no position to set and implement policy. Your boy, by contrast, is blatantly using bin Laden as a campaign-backer for Republicans.
Is bin Laden a terrorist? If so, then those who use him as backer of their campaign is using fear to manipulate public opinion. And is, therefore—and obviously—pro-terrorist.
Further: As the experts have repeated said: torture doesn't work; it doesn't produce reliable information. That was known and said before Abu Ghraib. Why, then, did and does the torture continue? Because it is intended to terrorize. It is state terrorism.
Let's stick to the issues, instead of pretending, with illiterate bullies such as you, that name-calling is "argument" or "proof". The issue is manipulation of fear as being terrorism—and it is. Now, name us an actor or politician who is (1) in office, and (2) in a position to establish and implement official policies. Begin with your Hero for Sub-Mediocraties Bushit.
By Hondo, October 28, 2006 at 4:41 pm Link to this comment
Joseph—You had better check that definition of "terrorist." By your definition, Michael J. Fox is a terrorist. Your definition makes Al Gore a terrorist. That's ridiculous! Clear thinking Americans (which automatically excludes the tin-foil-hat brigade that regularly posts on this blog) know that terrorists are people who fly airline jets into buildings. Terrorists are people who kill nuns because the Pope made them mad. Terrorists are people who say that they are mandated by God to convert the world to their religion, and that they are to kill anyone who refuses to convert.
I guarantee that a significant majority of "we the people" would be horrified by that agenda. Would I be correct in saying, then, that it is an act of terrorism to tell people about the Democrat agenda? Sounds to me like you just want to squash free speech.
By Joseph Nagarya, October 27, 2006 at 5:16 pm Link to this comment
To "Hondo"—
Those who use fear to manipulate public opinion are terrorists.
The illegitimate Bush junta, and the Republican party/GOP are expert at using fear upon the US citizenry in order to achieve their ends.
That makes the GOP the biggest terrorist organizastion in the US.
Further, no legitimate Christian, and no legitimate conservative, would approve smearing others as substitute for having a record of success to un on.
Christians are obliged to obey a set of rules. That set of rules is the "Ten Commandments"—not "Options" or "Suggestions," but _Commandments_. One of those rules is "Thou shalt not lie." Another is "Thou shalt not bear false witness"—lie—"against others."
There is also "Turn the other cheek," as mandated antidote to hatred—beginning with one's own.
And the "Golden Rule": "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."
Thoses who, even claiming to be Christians, exempt themselves from the rules required of a Christian, are not Christian. They are criminal sociopaths who reject the rule of law altogether—even as many of them falsely insist that the US is based upon the "bible".
If there is a "God," and "He" is father of "King of Peace" Jesus, then he condemns the lying, and unprovoked mass murders committed by the Bush gang in Iraq. Or ask yourself, "conservativechristian": "Who would Christ torture, by means including rape of male children?"
By jackie T. Gabel, October 26, 2006 at 4:14 pm Link to this comment
RE: Olbermann: GOP Is Biggest Terror Org in USA
Olbermann inches closer and closer to the open secret: al Queda is run by CIA / MI-6 handlers to execute a Strategy of Tension - a virtual copy of the Gladio network that terrorized Europe during the cold war.
Just as CIA/MI-6 (NATO) trained and directed Gladio, in its terrorist attacks, initially hung on Red Brigade and Bieder-Manhoff to discredit as terror-based, all left-leaning politicos and reinforce the Evil Empire notion of monolithic Communism; al Queda now reinforces the myth of terror-based Islamo-fascism and the Axis of Evil.
The goal: unsettle the region, further undermine the "failed" states, foster the image of chaos and terrorist havens - all as a pretext for total military domination and political hegemony.
Why? To save the collapsing perto-dollar.
Recommended reading: "9/11 Synthetic Terror, Made in USA; Webster G. Tarpley
Reviewer Robert D. Steele (Oakton, VA United States) writes,
By Jerry McPherson, October 25, 2006 at 9:33 pm Link to this comment
By Hondo, October 25, 2006 at 7:55 pm Link to this comment
If Keith Olbermann lived in a country that was truly controlled by a real terrorist organization, he would be killed by that government for his criticism. He doesn't, though. Thankfully for the clueless Olbermann, he lives in the United States, where even failed sportscasters with the IQ of potato salad have the right to voice whatever opinion pops into their empty little heads. The proof that he is wrong is that nobody in our government pays any attention to his rantings. God bless America—-the land of the courageous George Bush and the home of the moronic Keith Olbermann!
By Rick Strohm, October 25, 2006 at 7:41 pm Link to this comment
Very brave of Olbermann; I hope he does not stop laying into Cowboy Silverspoon and Herr Goebbels (read "Karl Rove"). This bunch is comprised of manipulative scoundrels that have set us back years. The tragedy however, is that half of this country hates the other half. I don't know how we are going to get the nation's business done.
By jaleeza, October 25, 2006 at 7:21 pm Link to this comment
Thank you so much for saying publicly what many feel but few have the opportunity or nerve to say.
By JNagarya, October 25, 2006 at 6:40 pm Link to this comment
What we need first is to expose the emperor as wearing no clothes. That is the first patient step to waking those who don't look beyond the surface/rhetoric to the naked rottenness underneath.
That is precisely the task Olbermann has set for himself. Aned he is doing an excellent job as flaymaster.
The best attrack upon lies is to tell the simple truth, as often as necessary. The analyses come later, when those awakened come to realize that reality is not "Survivor" and infotainment substituted for actual news. And that there is truth and fact, despite the Bushit moral relativists' reduction of all standards, foremost the rule of law, to mere "debatable" "opinion".
By Kevo, October 25, 2006 at 9:09 am Link to this comment
George Seles would be proud of Mr. Olbermann. Give 'em Hell Harry would also be proud of him. Hell, I'm proud of him. In all my humility, I can only hope more and more Americans will wake up and begin to think for themselves, and then bring that to the table. Our great nation and its people need to end the dynamic of listening to talking heads who are in the business of telling us what we should think. -Kevo
By Sheriff Ali, October 25, 2006 at 8:41 am Link to this comment
Dedicated to: President George W. Bush
A person or a group of people in power
Our Commander in Chief acting like a Don
His idiocy of harum-scarum
© Sheriff Ali 2006
Authors Comments
World leaders whose powers go unabated: corrupts; destructs; rips at the core of their country foundation, and is an ever present impediment to their countrys re-establishment of credibility. We can stop our hemorrhaging by casting our vote out of conscience rather than loyalty! What better way to honor with sincere gratitude the men, women and children whose lives were lost in Bushs wars of phantasmagoric rationales and internecine polices. We can then sing again from:
Tis the Star-Spangled Banner: O long may it wave
And from: AMERICA
Our fathers God to Thee,
By DOC, October 25, 2006 at 8:23 am Link to this comment
Listening to Pres.on press conference explaining about how war going well then five minutes later he states its going bad?says "defeatacrats" want timetable "now" he and cronies want to give Malaki(Iraqi PM)timetable.He seems not to have a clue that the Iraqis dont want us there.And his claim that the Iraqis are living a "normal"life smacks of psychosis!
By Mark Dolce, October 25, 2006 at 8:12 am Link to this comment
Olbermann states what I felt right after 9-11. I started researching elements of terrorism and what it meant and who was acting out these policies or definitions of what really is a psychological phenomena. We are told constanly to not submit to our emotions as adults in functioning society but are bombarded by the use of fear to create a national policy. Within days of the historic event I had pages and pages of what I now look at as old evidence that the United States was over reacting to the taking down of the twin towers. I don't care if you are Republican or Democrat - but our two party system and the lazy approach Americans have toward politics has never been more obvious than now. And this is only five years after 9-11. We have spent billions of dollars on the war on terrorism, sent thousands of men and women to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan, almost three thousand troops have died in Iraq, reports of 600,000 dead civilians in Iraq ... where is it leading to? If it were not for oil fields in Iraq the United States may have simply deposed Sadam Hussein and left. We need to get off fossil fuels and start getting in gear with other countries with another source of energy like nuclear power. We were told by our president we were not going to be nation building. Afghanistan is a labyrinth of mountains and wilderness - it cannot be defeated or controlled by or with the tactics we use today. Iraq must be left to determine its own fate and destiny. In justification of the war on terror, our government has turned its propoganda machine into a way of seeping into our private rights and controling its population. The USA was built on revolution and dissent. We were the terrorists in the eyes of England. George Washington ran through Brooklyn Heights pursued as a terrorist. We have become and ally of Israel instead of Israel being our ally. We need to support the creation of a free Palestine - this would cut terrorism by 60 - 70 per cent. Instead we feed Israel with billions of dollars of foreign aid. Why? After 9-11, I felt like Orwell was coming to fruition; fear and patriotism had fell into George Bush's hands in perfect timing - especially after he was appointed president by the Supreme Court. For some reason history is more clear decades after an event or series of events. There is a lot of rhetoric about "God and country," be "American" and fighting for "freedom" etc. etc. But what good is all the talk and yellow ribbons and flag waving if the population does not bother to vote? How can we be a functioning democracy with only 30 - 40 per cent of the registered voters exercising thier right to vote? We are a capitalistic country. And when the words of socialized education, socialized medicine and socialized transportation are mentioned - we get out of whack because it is asociated with higher taxes and communisim. Our "God" has become the dollar bill. I predict a social revolution much like the one we experienced in the 1960s regarding dissent of the Vietnam War, Civil Rights activisim and the women's rights movement. Since we survived those days I believe we can survive them again.
By Porzitsku, October 25, 2006 at 7:10 am Link to this comment
Pax Americana ala Bush means that whoever is left after the deluge they are bringing on will be a good little consumer who buys their products (oil, pharmaceuticals, Chinese products, war rationale, etc.) without any legitimate means of complaint or resistance. The Defeatocrats and Chavez' and Africans and others of the world who don't fit into their model are destined to have the label "terrorist" and for their crosshairs. If you aren't with them, you are against them. Nothing could be more plain. What they think is a soul is something else altogether.
By Anna Daniher, October 25, 2006 at 6:58 am Link to this comment
Thank you again Mr. Olbermann for saying what has to be said. Don't worry, they're listening. We all are. Awaiting the next installment.
By Ann Peck Hood, October 25, 2006 at 6:20 am Link to this comment
Amazing and I thank Keith for having the nerve to tell it like it is.
By John C, October 25, 2006 at 6:07 am Link to this comment
Right on target.
By NM, October 24, 2006 at 10:17 pm Link to this comment
Bullseye !!
By bs, October 24, 2006 at 9:25 pm Link to this comment
truthdig of the week eventhough a little over the top on the bones
By Abdifatah Suleiman, October 24, 2006 at 6:10 pm Link to this comment
Hero!!! He is a real man. truthful, a honest reporter. that is long waited report!
By BoDo, October 24, 2006 at 4:57 pm Link to this comment
Olbermann is fast becoming a hero of mine. I'm only surprised that President Bush hasn't availed himself of his newly stolen powers to proclaim Olbermann an enemy combatant. Mr. Olbermann, keep it up. We need your voice in the most desperate way.
By Spinoza, October 24, 2006 at 3:52 pm Link to this comment
Somehow I wish we could get more analytical stuff. Why are we attacking Iraq and Iran and Syria? What is the reason for the military bases in Afghanistan and in other locations in the Caucasus region? Why are we still maintaining the Base Bondsteel in Kosovo? What is the affinity of the Republicans and other right wingers with Eastern Europe? What is behind the attacks on Putin? What is behind the color "revolutions"? Why did Bushites overthrow the government of Aristide? Why have the Bushites tired and are still trying to overthrow the Venezuelan government? What is the vision of Pax Americana? How different are any of these Bushite policies from policies from the last half century? Is it true that Capitalism is the only viable idea of an economic system. Is free trade always a good thing? How does capitalism and free trade harm Americans? How does it harm third world countries? I look forward to a depth of analysis and a skepticism about the assumed verities of the conventional wisdom!
Right Skyscraper, Site Wide
Right Internal Skyscraper, Site wide


text:
Abstracts for Publications 81-100
101. H. F. Qian, Z. Zhao, J. C. Velazquez, L. A. Pretzer, K. N. Hecka, M. S. Wong, "Supporting palladium metal on gold nanoparticles improves its catalysis for nitrite reduction" Nanoscale, 59(12), 4474–4482 (2013). DOI: 10.1039/C3NR04540D
Nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) anions are often found in groundwater and surface water as contaminants globally, especially in agricultural areas due to nitrate-rich fertilizer use. One popular approach to studying the removal of nitrite/nitrate from water has been their degradation to dinitrogen via Pd-based reduction catalysis. However, little progress has been made towards understanding how the catalyst structure can improve activity. Focusing on the catalytic reduction of nitrite in this study, we report that Au NPs supporting Pd metal ("Pd-on-Au NPs") show catalytic activity that varies with volcano-shape dependence on Pd surface coverage. At room temperature, in CO2-buffered water, and under H2 headspace, the NPs were maximally active at a Pd surface coverage of 80%, with a first-order rate constant (kcat = 576 L gPd−1 min−1) that was 15x and 7.5x higher than monometallic Pd NPs ([similar]4 nm; 40 L gPd−1 min−1) and Pd/Al2O3 (1 wt% Pd; 76 L gPd−1 min−1), respectively. Accounting only for surface Pd atoms, these NPs (576 L gsurface-Pd−1 min−1) were 3.6x and 1.6x higher than monometallic Pd NPs (160 L gsurface-Pd−1 min−1) and Pd/Al2O3 (361 L gsurface-Pd−1 min−1). These NPs retained [similar]98% of catalytic activity at a chloride concentration of 1 mM, whereas Pd/Al2O3 lost [similar]50%. The Pd-on-Au nanostructure is a promising approach to improve the catalytic reduction process for nitrite and, with further development, also for nitrate anions.
100. J. C. Velázquez, S. Leekumjorn, Q. X. Nguyen, Y. L. Fang, K. N. Heck, G. D. Hopkins, M. Reinhard, M. S. Wong, "Chloroform Hydrodechlorination Behavior of Alumina-supported Pd and PdAu Catalysts" AIChE Journal, 59(12), 4474–4482 (2013). DOI: 10.1002/aic.14250
Chloroform is a common groundwater contaminant that is very difficult to remove. Chemically converting it into a less toxic form through heterogeneous catalysis is an attractive approach over conventional physical removal methods if it can be done economically. In this study, we explore the efficacy of supported precious metal catalysts for chloroform hydrodechlorination. We find that Pd/Al2O3 is catalytically active for this reaction (6.4 L/gPd/min) at room temperature, atmospheric pressure, in buffered water, and in the presence of hydrogen gas, and that Pd deposited on commercial Au/Al2O3 shows activities as high as 22.4 L/gPd/min, suggestive of some Pd metal located on top of Au domains. The primary reaction product is methane, with selectivity values exceeding 90%. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy shows evidence of chloroform adsorption and dechlorination on the catalyst surface under aqueous conditions. The results highlight the potential of ambient-condition reductive catalysis to remove chloroform from water.
99. K. N. Heck, B. G. Janesko, G. E. Scuseria, N. J. Halas, M. S. Wong, "Using Catalytic and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy-Active Gold Nanoshells to Understand the Role of Basicity in Glycerol Oxidation" ACS Catalysis, 3, 2430–2435 (2013). DOI: 10.1021/cs400643f
The origin of oxidation activity of gold catalysts has been a subject of great interest, particularly with the discovery of selective glycerol oxidation under water-phase alkaline conditions, for which neither small gold nanoparticles nor a catalyst support is necessary for activity. Little is known about the interactions among the catalyst surface, reactant, and hydroxyl species, which have never been examined spectroscopically because of a lack of developed in situ methods. In this work, we studied the room-temperature, water-phase reaction of glycerol oxidation using gold nanoshells (Au NSs), in which the gold substrate was active for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and catalysis. Analysis of glycerol solutions at high pH values and with oxygen content indicated that glycerol and glycerolate species did not bind directly to the catalyst surface in the absence of oxygen. However, glycerate surface species formed very rapidly when oxygen was present, suggesting an Eley–Rideal-type reaction mechanism with O2 (and/or O2-activated OH–) as the adsorbed species. SERS analysis of carbon monoxide chemisorption on Au NSs indicated that higher pH values progressively weakened the C–O bond as the Au negative charge increased. The importance of high alkalinity to Au-catalyzed alcohol oxidation may result from both the activation of glycerol via deprotonation and the weakening of the adsorbed O2 double bond via induced Au negative charge.
98. Z. Zhao, Y.-L. Fang, P. J.J. Alvarez, M. S. Wong, "Degrading perchloroethene at ambient conditions using Pd and Pd-on-Au reduction catalysts," Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 140-141, 468-477 (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.04.032
Perchloroethene (PCE) is a common groundwater contaminant, due to its common use as a dry-cleaning solvent. Current treatment methods are limited in their ability to remove PCE from contaminated sites in an efficient and cost effective manner. Palladium-on-gold nanoparticles (Pd-on-Au NPs) have been shown to be highly catalytically active in the hydrodechlorination (HDC) of trichloroethene (TCE) and other chlorinated compounds. However, the catalytic chemistry of such nanoparticles for PCE HDC in water has not been systematically addressed in the literature. In this paper, we assess the catalytic properties of ~4 nm Pd-on-Au NPs, ~4 nm Pd NPs, and Pd/Al2O3 for water-phase PCE HDC under ambient conditions. The Pd-on-Au NPs exhibited volcano-shape activity as a function of Pd surface coverage (sc). Maximum activity was at 80 ± 0.8 sc% (pseudo-first order rate constant of ~5000 L/gPd/min), which was ~20× and ~80× higher than that for Pd NPs and Pd/Al2O3 at room temperature and pH 7. A complete mechanistic model of PCE HDC that coupled gas–liquid mass transfer with the surface reactions was developed and found to be consistent with the observed concentration-time profiles for the 3 catalyst types. The formation and subsequent reaction of daughter products (TCE, dichloroethene isomers, vinyl chloride, and ethene) followed the stepwise dechlorination of the PCE chlorine groups. The final reaction products were ethane and minor amounts of n-butane/butenes. This study establishes the enhanced degradation chemistry of PCE using model Pd-on-Au catalysts and suggests the volcano-shape structure-activity dependence can be generalized from PCE and TCE to other organohalides.
97. S. S. Warudkar, K. R. Cox, M. S. Wong, G. J. Hirasaki, "Influence of stripper operating parameters on the performance of amine absorption systems for post-combustion carbon capture: Part II. Vacuum strippers," Int. J. Greenh. Gas. Con. 16, 351-360, (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.01.049
The alkanolamine absorption process is viewed favorably for use in the separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from point emission sources such as coal-fired power plants. At present, natural gas sweetening is the most important application for this technology. However, on a number of accounts such as the feed conditions of gas, its composition and process economics; natural gas sweetening and carbon capture are very different applications. Current technology is optimized toward providing a high performance for the former. As a part of this two-part study, we have used the process simulation software ProMax® to perform a detailed analysis on the effect of stripper operating pressure on factors like reboiler energy duty, absorber and stripper column sizing and parasitic power loss. We have examined the performance of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and diglycolamine (DGA) which are all commercial absorbents that can be reliably modeled in ProMax®. In part I of this study, we have analyzed the performance of strippers operated at pressures ranging from 150 kPa to 300 kPa. In this part of the study, we examine the performance of vacuum strippers operating under low vacuum at pressures of 30 kPa, 50 kPa and 75 kPa. Since vacuum strippers operate at lower temperatures than conventional stripper configurations, it is possible to use waste heat in the reboiler. In this study, we explore this possibility and consider 5 scenarios in which varying fractions of the reboiler steam are provided from waste heat sources located outside the turbine system. As with the cases presented in Part I, our comparisons of different configurations are based on energy consumption and column dimensions required for 90% CO2 capture (separation + compression) from a 400 MW coal-fired power plant. CO2 separated from the flue gas is compressed to a pressure of 16 MPa, typically maintained in the pipelines. On the basis of our findings, we report that vacuum stripping is an attractive alternative to conventional stripping. It is particularly attractive if significant sources of waste heat outside the turbine system can be located. We also conclude from our work that DEA and DGA have a superior performance than MEA when vacuum strippers are used. Use of vacuum strippers will certainly result in increased capital costs due to the need for larger equipment. However, in the view of potential savings in operating costs mainly by reduction in parasitic power loss; the increased capital expenditure may be justifiable.
96. S. S. Warudkar, K. R. Cox, M. S. Wong, G. J. Hirasaki, "Influence of stripper operating parameters on the performance of amine absorption systems for post-combustion carbon capture: Part I. High pressure strippers," Int. J. Greenh. Gas. Con. 16, 342-350, (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.01.050
Amine absorption is a mature technology that is widely applied on a commercial scale for the removal of acid gases from gas mixtures. It is viewed as the most promising technology to separate carbon dioxide (CO2) at point emission sources such as fossil fuel fired power plants as a part of a strategy called 'carbon capture and storage' being deployed to mitigate climate change. However, there are major challenges in advancing its use for this application; the most prominent one being – cost. It is estimated that the application of current technology to CO2 capture will result in a 70–100% increase in the cost of electricity (COE). As a part of this two-part study, we have examined the influence of stripper operating parameters on carbon capture at a 400 MW pulverized coal-fired power plant retrofitted with amine absorption technology. We use the process simulation software, ProMax® to simulate the amine absorption process. Three commercial absorbents namely monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and diglycolamine (DGA) are considered in this work. All the absorbents examined are studied at the typical working concentrations used in commercial operation. We also constrain the CO2 loading of rich amine solution to 0.4 mol-CO2/mol-amine to closely resemble the chemical environment in commercial operation. The main pointer used to compare system performance is the parasitic power loss due to the carbon capture. Parasitic power loss comprises of the loss of plant output due to withdrawal of reboiler steam from the low pressure turbine; the electricity required for CO2 compression and by the plant auxiliaries such as blowers and pumps. We also examine the absorber and stripper column sizes and heat exchanger parameters which are key components of the system. On the basis of our findings in the first part of this study, we report that operating the stripper at higher pressures has significant advantages but also some disadvantages and operational challenges. We also report that DEA and DGA have a superior performance to MEA when used in high pressure strippers. We conclude that increasing the stripper pressure reduces the parasitic losses and the equipment sizing but may result in higher solvent losses and equipment corrosion.
95. H. Qian, L. A. Pretzer, J. C. Velazquez, Z. Zhao, and M. S. Wong, "Gold nanoparticles for cleaning contaminated water," J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. (online). DOI: 10.1002/jctb.4030
Pollutants in the form of heavy metals, fertilizers, detergents, and pesticides have seriously reduced the supply of pure drinking water and usable water. Gold metal has intriguing potential to deal with the water pollution problem, as recent research on several fronts is advancing the concept of nanoscale gold as the basis for cost-effective nanotechnology-based water treatment. Nano-gold has special properties, such as enhanced catalytic activity, visible surface plasmon resonance color changes, and chemical stability, that make it more useful than other materials. This Perspective article highlights the current use of gold nanoparticles for the efficient removal and the selective and sensitive detection of a variety of pollutants in water. The challenges in further developing nano-gold to address water contamination are discussed, which should stimulate future research into improved removal and detection of undesirable chemical compounds.
94. L. A. Pretzer, H. J. Song, Y. L. Fang, Z. Zhao, N. Guo, T. Wu, I. Arslan, J. T. Miller, and M. S. Wong, "Hydrodechlorination catalysis of Pd-on-Au nanoparticles varies with particle size," J. Catal., 298, 206-217 (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.11.005
Trichloroethene (TCE), a common carcinogen and groundwater contaminant in industrialized nations, can be catalytically degraded by Au nanoparticles partially coated with Pd ("Pd-on-Au NPs"). In this work, we synthesized Pd-on-Au NPs using 3, 7, and 10 nm Au NPs with Pd surface coverages between 0–150% and studied how particle size and composition influenced their TCE hydrodechlorination (HDC) activity. We observed volcano-shape dependence on both Au particle size and Pd surface coverage, with 7 nm Au NPs with Pd coverages of 60–70% having maximum activity. Using extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy, we found a strong correlation between catalytic activity and the presence of 2-D Pd ensembles (as small as 2–3 atoms). Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the presence of Pd ensembles. The Pd dispersion and oxidation state generally changed from isolated, metallic Pd atoms to metallic 2-D Pd ensembles of varying sizes, and to partially oxidized 3-D Pd ensembles, as Pd surface coverage increased. These changes occurred at different surface coverages for different Au particle sizes. These findings highlight the importance of controlling particle size and surface coverage in bimetallic catalysts.
93. N. Soultanidis, and M. S. Wong, "Olefin impurity effect on n-pentane bimolecular isomerization over WOx/ZrO2," Catal. Commun., 32, 5-10 (2013). DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.11.017
Depending on the catalyst used, the reaction conditions and the molecules converted, alkane isomerization proceeds via a monomolecular or a bimolecular mechanism. n-Pentane isomerizes via both mechanisms which makes it an excellent probe molecule. In this study, n-pentane isomerization was investigated using WOx/ZrO2. Propylene and 1-pentene were co-fed separately to study the effect on n-pentane isomerization and it was identified that only 1-pentene increases the isomerization selectivity to isopentane. Our results support the model of a bimolecular mechanism that proceeds via a C10 intermediate on Zr-WOx Brønsted sites.
92. M. D. Blankschien, L. A. Pretzer, R. Huschka, N. J. Halas, R. Gonzalez, and M. S. Wong, "Light-triggered biocatalysis using thermophilic enzyme–gold nanoparticle complexes," ACS Nano, 7 (1), 654-663 (2013). DOI: 10.1021/nn3048445
The use of plasmonic nanoparticle complexes for biomedical applications such as imaging, gene therapy, and cancer treatment is a rapidly emerging field expected to significantly improve conventional medical practices. In contrast, the use of these types of nanoparticles to noninvasively trigger biochemical pathways has been largely unexplored. Here we report the light-induced activation of the thermophilic enzyme Aeropyrum pernix glucokinase, a key enzyme for the decomposition of glucose via the glycolysis pathway, increasing its rate of reaction 60% with light by conjugating the enzyme onto Au nanorods. The observed increase in enzyme activity corresponded to a local temperature increase within a calcium alginate encapsulate of 20 °C when compared to the bulk medium maintained at standard, nonthermophilic temperatures. The encapsulated nanocomplexes were reusable and stable for several days, making them potentially useful in industrial applications. This approach could significantly improve how biochemical pathways are controlled for in in vitro and, quite possibly, in vivo use.
91. N. Soultanidis, W. Zhou, C. J. Kiely, and M. S. Wong, "Solvothermal Synthesis of ultrasmall tungsten oxide nanoparticles," Langmuir, 28 (51), 17771–17777 (2012). DOI: 10.1021/la3029462
The synthesis of catalytically useful, ultrasmall oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of group 5 and 6 metals is not readily achievable through reported methods. In this work, we introduce a one-pot, two-precursor synthesis route to <2 nm MOx NPs in which a polyoxometalate salt is decomposed thermally in a high-boiling organic solvent oleylamine. The use of ammonium metatungstate resulted in oleylamine-coated, crystalline WOx NPs at consistently high yields of 92 ± 5%. The semicrystalline NPs contained 20–36 WOx structural units per particle, as determined from aberration-corrected high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, and an organic coating of 16–20 oleylamine molecules, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The NPs had a mean size of 1.6 ± 0.3 nm, as estimated from atomic force microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Carrying out the synthesis in the presence of organic oxidant trimethylamine N-oxide led to smaller WOx NPs (1.0 ± 0.4 nm), whereas the reductant 1,12-dodecanediol led to WOx nanorods (4 ± 1 nm × 20 ± 5 nm). These findings provide a new method to control the size and shape of transition metal oxide NPs, which will be especially useful in catalysis.
90. S. Gullapalli, J. M. Grider, H. G. Bagaria, K.-S. Lee, M.
Cho, V. L. Colvin, G. E. Jabbour, and M. S. Wong, "Molten-droplet synthesis of composite CdSe hollow nanoparticles," Nanotechnology, 23 (49), 495605-495615 (2012). DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/49/495605
Many colloidal synthesis routes are not scalable to high production rates, especially for nanoparticles of complex shape or composition, due to precursor expense and hazards, low yields, and the large number of processing steps. The present work describes a strategy to synthesize hollow nanoparticles (HNPs) out of metal chalcogenides, based on the slow heating of a low-melting-point metal salt, an elemental chalcogen, and an alkylammonium surfactant in octadecene solvent. The synthesis and characterization of CdSe HNPs with an outer diameter of 15.6 ± 3.5 nm and a shell thickness of 5.4 ± 0.9 nm are specifically detailed here. The HNP synthesis is proposed to proceed with the formation of alkylammonium-stabilized nano-sized droplets of molten cadmium salt, which then come into contact with dissolved selenium species to form a CdSe shell at the droplet surface. In a reaction–diffusion mechanism similar to the nanoscale Kirkendall effect it is speculated that the cadmium migrates outwardly through this shell to react with more selenium, causing the CdSe shell to thicken. The proposed CdSe HNP structure comprises a polycrystalline CdSe shell coated with a thin layer of amorphous selenium. Photovoltaic device characterization indicates that HNPs have improved electron transport characteristics compared to standard CdSe quantum dots, possibly due to this selenium layer. The HNPs are colloidally stable in organic solvents even though carboxylate, phosphine, and amine ligands are absent; stability is attributed to octadecene-selenide species bound to the particle surface. This scalable synthesis method presents opportunities to generate hollow nanoparticles with increased structural and compositional variety.
89. M. Thakur, S. L. Sinsabaugh, M. J. Isaacson, M. S. Wong, and S. L. Biswal, "Inexpensive method for producing macroporous silicon particulates (MPSPs) with pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile for lithium ion batteries," Scientific Reports, 2: 795, 1-7 (2012). DOI: 10.1038/srep00795
One of the most exciting areas in lithium ion batteries is engineering structured silicon anodes. These new materials promise to lead the next generation of batteries with significantly higher reversible charge capacity than current technologies. One drawback of these materials is that their production involves costly processing steps, limiting their application in commercial lithium ion batteries. In this report we present an inexpensive method for synthesizing macroporous silicon particulates (MPSPs). After being mixed with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pyrolyzed, MPSPs can alloy with lithium, resulting in capacities of 1000 mAhg-1 for over 600+ cycles. These sponge-like MPSPs with pyrolyzed PAN (PPAN) can accommodate the large volume expansion associated with silicon lithiation. This performance combined with low cost processing yields a competitive anode material that will have an immediate and direct application in lithium ion batteries.
88. S. Leekumjorn, S. Gullapalli, and M. S. Wong, "Understanding
the solvent polarity effects on surfactant-capped nanoparticles," J. Phys. Chem. B, 116 (43), 13063–13070 (2012). DOI: 10.1021/jp307985c
Understanding the molecular interactions between suspended nanoparticles (NPs) and the suspending solvent fluid may provide a useful avenue to create and to study exotic NP ensembles. This study focused on using a coarse-grained computational model to investigate the molecular interactions between oleate-capped NPs in various solvents, and to relate the results to experimental features of solvent-suspended, oleate-capped CdSe quantum dots (QDs). The QDs were modeled as a closed-shell fullerene molecule with an oleate-like ligand attached to each vertex. Solvent polarity was found to correlate to the simulation and experimental results more strongly than either dielectric constant or dipole moment. Computational results showed that the nonpolar solvents of hexane, toluene, and benzene (polarity index ETN < 0.120) kept NPs in suspension and solvated the oleate chains such that the oleate layer swelled to full extension. In contrast, as the most polar solvent tested (ETN = 1.000), water caused NPs to aggregate and precipitate. It partially solvated the oleate chains and compressed the layer to 86% of full extension. For solvents of intermediate polarity like ethanol, acetone, and chloroform, the oleate layer swelled with decreasing polarity index values, with rapid swelling occurring close to ETN = 0.307 (50:50 vol % chloroform/acetone) below which QDs were colloidally stable. This study represents the first attempt to delineate the solvent effect on surfactant-coated NP hydrodynamic size, colloidal stability, and aggregation behavior.
87. G. C. Kini, S. L. Biswal, M. S. Wong, and C. A. Miller, "Characteristics of spontaneously formed nanoemulsions in octane/AOT/brine systems," J. Colloid Interface Sci., 385 (1), 111-121 (2012). DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.07.041
Nanoemulsions were formed spontaneously by diluting water-in-oil (W/O) or brine-in-oil (B/O) microemulsions of a hydrocarbon (octane), anionic surfactant (Aerosol-OT or AOT) and water or NaCl brine in varying levels of excess brine. The water-continuous nanoemulsions were characterized by interfacial tension, dynamic light scattering, electrophoresis, optical microscopy and phase-behavior studies. The mechanism of emulsification was local supersaturation and resulting nucleation of oil during inversion. For nanoemulsions formed at low salinities with Winsor I phase behavior, octane drops grew from initial diameters of 150–250 nm to 480–1000 nm over 24 h, depending on salinity. Growth was caused by mass transfer but seemed to approach the asymptotic stage of Ostwald ripening described by the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW) theory only for dilution with salt-free water. Near the higher cross-over salinity (Winsor III), the nanoemulsions showed much slower growth with droplet size consistently remaining below 200 nm over 24 h and reaching 250 nm after 1 week. Birefringence indicated the presence of liquid crystal for these conditions, which could have contributed to the slow growth rate. At even higher salinity levels in the Winsor II domain, W/O/W multiple emulsions having drops greater than 1 μm in diameter were consistently recorded for the first 5–7 h, after which size decreased to values below 1 μm. The number and size of internal water droplets in multiple emulsion drops was found to decrease over time, suggesting coalescence of internal droplets with the continuous water phase and mass transfer of water from internal droplets to continuous phase as possible mechanisms of the observed drop shrinkage. Electrophoresis studies showed the nanoemulsions to be highly negatively charged (zeta potentials of −60 mV to −120 mV). The high charge on octane droplets helped assure stability to flocculation and coalescence, thereby allowing mass transfer to control growth in the Winsor I and III regions.
86. M. Thakur, R. B. Pernites, N. Nitta, M. Isaacson, S. L. Sinsabaugh, M. S. Wong, and S. L. Biswal, "Freestanding Macroporous Silicon and Pyrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile As a Composite Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries," Chem. Mater., 24 (15), 2998–3003 (2012). DOI: 10.1021/cm301376t
Silicon continues to draw great interest as an anode material for lithium ion batteries due to its large specific capacity for lithium. Macroporous silicon produced by electrochemical etching is one of several anode materials of interest, but its energy density is oftentimes limited due to its attachment to an unreactive silicon substrate. Here, we present a novel "lift-off" method by which a freestanding macroporous silicon film (MPSF) is electrochemically detached from the underlying bulk silicon and combined with pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PAN), a conductive polymer that forms a conjugated-chain chemical structure. We report the performance of these silicon thin films with and without pyrolyzed PAN.
85. K. -P. Chao, H. Bagaria, M. S. Wong, and S. L. Biswal, "Templating CdSe tetrapods at the air/water interface with POPC lipids," J. Colloid Interface Sci., 378 (1), 58-63
(2012). DOI:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.028
Surfactants have been widely used as templating agents to pattern the orientation of nanoparticles of various conformations. Here we report the use of a lipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), as a template to order CdSe tetrapods (TPs) at the air/water interface using a Langmuir–Blodgett trough. The surface pressure versus area isotherms for CdSe TPs and CdSe TPs/POPC are examined and monitored by Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The transferred thin films are further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Initially disc-like structures containing randomly oriented TPs form during solvent evaporation. Upon decreasing surface area, these discs merge into larger continental structures. In a mixed CdSe TPs/POPC system, these discs organize into wire-like networks upon compression. We detail how lipid molecules can be used to direct the two-dimensional assembly of TPs.
84. C. -C. Hwang, L. Wang, W. Lu, G. -D. Ruan, G. C. Kini, C. -S. Xiang, E. L. G. Samuel, W. Shi, A. T. Kan, M. S. Wong, M. B. Tomson, and J. M. Tour, "Highly stable carbon nanoparticles designed for downhole hydrocarbon detection," Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 8304-8309 (2012). DOI:10.1039/C2EE21574H
Sulfated polyvinyl alcohol functionalized carbon black, stable under high temperature and high salinity conditions, efficiently carries a hydrophobic compound through a variety of oil-field rock types and releases the compound when the rock contains hydrocarbons.
83. S. -J. Li, Y.-L. Fang, C. D. Romanczuk, Z.-H. Jin, T.-L, Li, and M. S. Wong, "Establishing the Trichloroethene Dechlorination Rates of Palladium-based Catalysts and Iron-based Reductants," Appl. Catal. B-Environ., 125, 95-102 (2012). DOI:10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.05.025
The removal of undesired chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants through chemical destruction using ex situ Pd-based catalytic or in situ Fe-based reductive nanomaterials offers unique advantages over current physical displacement methods for groundwater treatment. While these two types of chemical methods has been studied in-depth in recent years, their respective hydrodechlorination and dechlorination transformations have not been analyzed together before. Here, the reactivities of Pd catalysts and Fe reductants were experimentally assessed for trichloroethene (TCE) degradation using room-temperature, atmospheric-pressure, dihydrogen-headspace-filled batch reactor studies under buffered and non-buffered conditions. Pseudo-first order reaction rate constants at pH 7 spanned 9 decades: 1.2 × 104, 1.0 × 103, 4.5 × 102, 2.41 × 10−4, 4.2 × 10−4, and 7.09 × 10−6 L/gactive-metal/min for Pd-on-Au nanoparticles (Pd/Au NPs), Pd NPs, Pd-on-alumina powder, and two nano-sized forms and one micron-sized form of commercial zerovalent iron, respectively. With rates measured in the range of commonly reported values, the Fe-based materials produced ethane, ethene, and vinyl chloride; ethene hydrogenated into ethane at sufficiently long reaction times. The much more active Pd-based materials produced ethane as the primary TCE degradation reaction product. This study presents, for the first time, a quantitative comparison of TCE degradation rates determined under identical experimental conditions.
82. O. Kuznetsov, Y.-Q. Sun, R. Thaner, A. Bratt, V. Shenoy, M. S. Wong, J. Jones, and W. E. Billups, "Water-Soluble Nanodiamond," Langmuir, 28 (11), 5243–5248 (2012). DOI:10.1021/la204660h
Reduction of the graphenic edges of annealed nanodiamond by sodium in liquid ammonia leads to a nanodiamond salt that reacts with either alkyl or aryl halides by electron transfer to yield radical anions that dissociate spontaneously into free radicals and halide. The free radicals were observed to add readily to the aromatic rings of the annealed nanodiamond. Nanodiamonds functionalized by phenyl radicals were sulfonated in oleum, and the resulting sulfonic acid was converted to the sodium salt by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The solubility of the salt in water was determined to be 248 mg/L. Nanodiamond functionalized by carboxylic acid groups could be prepared by reacting 5-bromovaleric acid with the annealed nanodiamond salt. The solubility of the sodium carboxylate in water was found to be 160 mg/L.