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Is There A Difference In Red Mulch?
M. D. Orzolek and L. Otjen
Department of Horticulture
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Abstract: The development of a red colored polyethylene mulch by various manufacturers in the last 5 years has resulted in the production of a product that appears to have many different characteristics of which no two are identical. Red polyethylene mulches were obtained from 5 different sources in 1995 and placed on raised beds with drip irrigation on May 16. Pepper and canteloupe were planted into the different mulches. Reflective wavelengths, soil temperature, color retention, and quality of the polyethylene differed among the 5 manufacturers.
Keywords: Polyethylene mulch, color, reflective light, peppers, cantaloupe
In 1985, Michael J. Kasperbauer and Patrick G. Hunt (USDA-ARS Soil and Water Conservation Research Lab, Florence, SC) conducted a tomato production trial with plastic mulch in cooperation with Dennis R. Decoteau from Clemson. University (Kaplan, 1991). They painted black polyethylene mulch red, yellow, blue, orange and green with latex paint. Tomatoes grown on red mulch produced a 20% increase in number-one fruit compared to black mulch. However, over the years, tomato response to red plastic mulch has been variable and average yield increase is only about 10% greater than black. Kasperbauer and Hunt have evaluated several other vegetables and have concluded that different vegetable crops respond differently to the different colored mulches.
The change in vegetable crop yield in response to the different mulch colors is due in part to an increase in soil temperature and the range of reflected wavelengths produced by individual mulch colors. Different colors will absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light and plants are very sensitive to the color of light their leaves intercept from the sun and reflected surfaces. Red and far- red light (between 600 and 800 nanometers) produce the largest growth responses in plants. Light that has a lower far-red to red OT,/R) ratio will cause a plant to develop shorter stems and larger roots (Table 1). A higher FR/R ratio will cause a plant to direct more new growth into shoots, resulting in a taller plant with more leaves. Different mulch colors reflect different wavelengths and thus different FR/R ratios.
Materials and Methods
Five red mulches were placed in the field with a 'Rainflo' bedder/mulch layer on May 16, 1995 at the Horticulture Research farm, Russell E. Larson Research Center, Rock Springs, PA. The beds were placed on 7 foot centers and beds were formed to a height of 4 inches. Drip irrigation tubing was placed under the mulch (2"deep in the soil) at the same time the mulch was layed in the field. Red mulch treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Red mulch film was received from: Bemis Plastics, Flemington, NJ; Four Seasons Agricultural Products, Atlanta, GA; Polyon Inc., Israel (US rep-PolyWest, San Diego, CA; Rochelle Plastic Film Inc. Rochelle, IL; and Sonoco Products Company, Hartsville, SC. Pepper transplants, cv 'Ranger', were planted on May 24 and cantaloupe transplants, cv 'Athena', were planted on June 1, 1995. The peppers were placed at 12 inch spacings in single rows (10 plants/plot) and cantaloupe at 24 inch spacing with 5 plants/plot. Oxyfluorfen (0.2 lbs/A) and metachlor (1.0 lb/A) were broadcast prior to laying the plastic in the field for weed control. Insecticides and fungicides were applied as warranted when either insect or disease pressure exceeded threshold levels. Water was applied through the drip irrigation system several times a week from June 2 to September 7, 1995. Reflected wavelength was measured with a LI-COR Ll- 1800 spectroradiometer with a light collector on a 1.5 rn fiber optic probe. The readings were taken on June 6 and August 17, 1995.
Results and Discussion
The red polyethylene films obtained from five manufacturers differed in their color retention and appearance characteristics (Table 2). The Sunoco and Polyon mulches were colorfast and opaque throughout the growing season. The Rochelle red plastic was initially dark red and opaque when applied in the field in May, but within 30 days, a visible change in color was evident, the red color was beginning to fade. The Four Seasons and Bemis red plastic mulches were initially translucent with a pale red color which had faded during the course of the growing season. There was little change in the temperature of the soil beneath the different red mulches (Table 2). The minimum soil temperature recorded on May 23, 1995 was not high but acceptable for plant establishment and early growth of both cantaloupe and pepper. Previous field studies which had recorded soil temperatures under colored mulches in 1992 and 1994 with an Omni data logger indicated that temperature under Rochelle's red mulch were equal to soil temperature under clear plastic mulch and higher than yellow, blue, black or grey colored mulch (Orzolek, 1993).
The peak waveband for Sunoco red was at 500 and 600 nanometers throughout the entire growing season with a slight shift to 650 nanometers in August (Figure 1). The red SLT mulch from Polyon had peak wavebands at 500 and 600 to 650 nanometers with a significant peak at 800 nanometers, (Figure 2). There was very little change in the spectral graph of reflected light from the red SLT at the end of August. The peak waveband for Rochelle red was at approximately 500 and 600 nanometers throughout the entire growing season with very little change in August even after the color had begun to fade (Figure 3). The other red mulch materials from Four Seasons and Bemis had similar spectral graphs as Sunoco, Polyon, and Rochelle with waveband peaks at around 500 and 600 nanometers. The 500 and 600 nanometer wavebands coinicide with the colors blue and red which have been implicated as promoters of photosynthesis, phototropism, seed germination, seedling and vegetative growth, photoperiodism and anthocyanin synthesis (Leopold, 1964).
There were significant differences in the yield of cantaloupes from the different red mulch materials (Table 3). Red mulch manufactured by Polyon had plants which produced more fruit compared to Four Seasons-degradable and Rochelle. Largest average fruit weight was produced from plants grown on the Sunoco red and Polyon brown mulches and the smallest average fruit size from the Four Seasons biodegradable red mulch. The percent marketable fruit harvested from the different mulch colors was relatively uniform except for the Four Season mulches which had plants that produced approximately 50% marketable fruit.. There was no difference in fruit soluble solids from melons gown on the different red colored mulches.
There were significant differences in the yield of peppers from the different red mulch materials (Table 4). Red mulch manufactured by Sunoco and Polyon had plants with higher yields (weight) compared to Four Season and Rochelle mulches. Largest average fruit weight was produced from plants grown on the Bemis red mulch and the smallest average fruit size from the Four Seasons biodegradable red mulch. Hatt et al (1993) reported the highest yield of pepper from plants grown on white mulch because it had the greatest reflection of red and blue light. They also reported that Polyon's brown SLT had the greatest FR/R ratio (730-740/640-650 nm). Larger early pepper yields were reported from plants grown on either clear or red plastic mulch with no difference in total yields (Begin, 1995). In our study, peppers grown on brown SLT did yield (weight) significantly more than the Four Season, Rochelle, and Bemis red, but no significant difference in yield compared to the Sunoco red or Polyon red SLT.
There was a difference in color retention and film appearance of the different red plastic mulches currently on the market. This difference in film characteristics affected plant responses. In general, the red polyethylene mulches manufactured by Sunoco, and Polyon resulted in higher plant yields than the mulch material from Four Seasons, Rochelle and Bemis. Since soil temperature and reflected light were similar for all the red mulch formulations evaluated, color retention during the growing season, film appearance, and film longevity appear to have been the key characteristics responsible for the change in crop yield when both cantaloupe and pepper plants were grown on these mulches. The Four Seasons photodegradable red film broke down within 4 to 6 weeks of application in the field and Rochelle's red turned translucent within 30 days after application in the field.
Literature Cited
Begin, S., J. Calandriello, and P. A. Dube. 1995. Influence of the color of mulch on development and productivity of peppers. HortScience 30(4):883.
Hatt, H. A., A J. Mcmahon, D. E. Linvil, and D. R. Decoteau. 1993. Influence of spectral qualities of mulch film on bell pepper growth and production. Proc. Natl. Ag. Plastics Cong. 24:233-239.
Kaplan, J. K. 1991. Dress-for-Success Mulch. Ag. Research. 39(9): 10-13.
Leopold, C. A. 1964. Plant growth and development. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp466.
Orzolek, M. D. 1993. The effect of colored polyethylene mulch on the yield of squash and pepper. Proc. Natl. Ag. Plastics Cong. 24:157-161.
Table 1. The effect of different colors of light on plant response.
|Wavelength band
|380 - 440 nm
|no reported
|440 - 495 nm
|phototropism, photosynthesis
|495 - 570 nm
|570 - 595 nm
|insect attraction
|595 - 625 nm
|625 - 800 nm
|photosynthesis, seed germination, seedling and vegetative growth, and anthocyanin synthesis.
Table 2. Characteristics of the different red colored plastic mulches, Horticulture Research Farm, Rock Springs, PA - 1995.
|Mulch X Source
|Soil TemperatureZ °C
|Color Retention
|Film appearance
|5/23 5/31
|23.0 15.5
|Four Seasons-ND
|22.5 15.0
|Four Seasons-PD
|23.5 13.5
|24.0 14.5
|Bemis PlasticsY
|23.5 15.0
|Polyon brown SLT
|22.5 15.0
|Polyon red SLT
|23.5 14.5
X-Four Season plastic mulch: ND= non-degradable and PD= photodegradable
Y- Bemis Plastics no longer manufacturers agricultural plastic products.
Z- Soil temperature taken with soil thermometer to a depth of 8 cm at 9:00 am on May 31 and at 3:00 pm on May 23, 1995.
Translucent- permitting light to pass through so diffusedly that objects cannot be clearly seen.
Opaque- not transparent or translucent.
Table 3. Yield and quality of 'Athena' muskmelon harvested from different red colored plastic mulches, Horticulture Research Farm, Rock Springs, PA - 1995.
|Mulch Source
| Marketable yield
no. wt. (lbs)
| Total fruit
| Avg fruit
weight (lbs)
|Percent marketable %
|Percent soluble solids %
|12.3 55.8
|Four Season ND
|9.7 40.4
|Four Seasons
|5.0 16.0
|8.0 29.3
|Bemis Plastic
|12.3 52.6
|Polyon br
|10.0 45.0
|Polyon red
|13.7 54.7
|.05 4.6
Table 4. Yield and quality of 'Ranger' pepper harvested from different red colored plastic mulches, Horticulture Research Farm, Rock Springs, PA 1995.
|Mulch Z source
|Marketable Yield no. wt. (lbs)
|Avg fruit weight (oz)
|51.0 15.0
|Four Seasons-ND
|37.7 10.5
|Four Seasons-PD
|25.3 6.8
|24.0 6.5
|Bemis Plastics
|29.7 9.0
|Polyon brown SLT
|45.7 13.4
|Polyon red SLT
|62.3 17.6
Z-Four Season plastic mulch: ND=non-degradable and PD=Photodegradable


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Florida Bill Allows Pharmacists to Give Some Vaccinations
Published March 7th, 2012
ALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) - Florida pharmacists would be able to give vaccinations for pneumonia and shingles under a bill that's going to Gov. Rick Scott.
The measure (HB 509) received final passage Wednesday in the Florida Senate by a 36-1 vote. It previously passed in the House.
If Scott signs the bill, Florida would join 46 other states that already allow pharmacists to give the shots.
The bill is a compromise with doctors and includes a provision allowing the shots only if prescribed by a physician.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Mafia Game - Mafia Shootout
by: Ace Viral • 42.4K
All Android applications categories
by: Ace Viral • 42.4K
Published: 2012-06-26, by Manu Galvez.
You're a gun dealer constantly chased by Gangster Boss of New York who wants the haul. He will send waves of mob gangster to catch your truck. You have to stop them. Your strongest point: you have the contact to buy the weapons to achieve it.
Thus, this is a POV shooting game: waves of thugs will show up the screen chasing your truck, kill them using your weaponry before they catch the haul. You can upgrade your weapons by using play money. Likewise, you can buy (in-app purchase) packs of play money to boost your score.
There's an interesting upgrade system from where you can buy guns, buy turrent and upgrade your jeep. Some weapons can be bought with play money, some of them though, need XP. From "Glory" tab you can check your statistics and the achievements you've unlocked. There are up to 11 achievements: unlocking them you'll get extra XP.
Graphics aren't stunning, although it doesn't really matter in this kind of shooting game which still playable thanks to its upgrading system. We're missing though different game modes and online leaderboards to submit best marks. Despite of this, you got here a good game.
Tags: mafia gun , mafia shootout , juego de mafia schoting games , mafia game , jeu de mafia , mafia shotubg , jogo de mafia , e , mafya oyunları
by Manu , Appszoom
Jun 26, 2012
from 42.351 reviews
by Prashant Bhandari
Feb 26, 2017 | "Poor"
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Feb 26, 2017 | "Awesome"
Awesome game
by A Google user
Dec 29, 2016 | "Awesome"
My name is grumpy gills and I rate this a 5ive st*r...no bs!!!
by A Google user
Dec 24, 2016 | "Great"
by A Google user
Dec 22, 2016 | "Awesome"
It need updates
by AKSHAY MISHRA
Dec 22, 2016 | "Poor"
not installing only ads
Download Mafia Game - Mafia Shootout
Free - V1.4.0 - 14M
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Wilkeson/ Greenwater clean up day
On Saturday July 16th the Forest Service Office in Enumclaw is hosting a volunteer clean-up day. We will be focusing on the Greenwater and Wilkeson areas. For those that have been to those areas recently I'm sure you have seen the amount of garbage and shooting debris that has been left behind. We did this last year for the first time and it was pretty successful. We plan to meet at the fairgrounds in Enumclaw at 8 AM and break out from there. The more the better. My goal is to try to manage the debris and garbage in an effort to keep these areas open to the public. If you are interested in volunteering for the day feel free to email me at firstname.lastname@example.com. The more the better. We will provide dumpsters in both Greenwater and in Wilkeson. Thanks, Ian
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Want to Buy Accuton c90-t6 pair.
I'm looking for a pair of the new accuton c90t6 drivers. If anyone has a pair to sell or connections to get a good deal on a enw pair, please let me know. Thanks!
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Miami Art Museum
MIAMI (AP) - The new Miami Art Museum has received a gift of nearly 300 works of art for its permanent collection from two longtime collectors in the city.
Debra and Dennis Scholl have donated works of large-scale installation, video, photography and experimental art by artists of regional, national and international importance. The artists include Vito Acconci, Liam Gillick and Catherine Opie, among others.
The Miami Art Museum will reopen as the Perez Art Museum Miami in December at a new and expanded facility.
Museum director Thom Collins says the Scholls' gift ensures experimental work will be represented.
Dennis Scholls is vice president of arts for the Knight Foundation. He and his wife have been supporters of the Miami arts community for more than 35 years.
Related Stories
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Thursday, February 28, 2013
Where: Robert H Lurie Medical Research Center, Searle Seminar Rm, 1st Floor, 303 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611 map it
Audience: Faculty/Staff - Student - Public
Bryan Morrison
Group: Medical Humanities & Bioethics Lunchtime Montgomery Lectures
Category: Academic
Teresa A. Savage, PhD, RN
Consultant, Donnelley Ethics Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago
Adjunct Assistant Professor, of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and of
Medical Humanities and Bioethics
Horizontal Violence
Socialization into the profession of nursing has often been described as "nurses eating their young", "baptism by fire", "sinking or swimming". These behaviors, now called horizontal violence, were tolerated as a rite of passage. With concerns for patient safety, nurse recruitment and retention, and the integrity for the nursing profession, the profession aims to increase awareness of horizontal violence with the goal of eliminating it. This presentation will describe horizontal violence and measures to combat it.
* * * * * * * * *
The Special Topics in Medical Humanities & Bioethics Lectures run weekly on Thursdays at noon, addressing diverse topics within bioethics and the medical humanities. Speakers are MH&B faculty or special guests we've invited to present. All lectures run from noon to 12:45pm in the Searle Seminar Room in the Lurie building. All are welcome. Please feel free to bring a lunch.


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Ringworm, Scalp (Infant/Toddler)
Your infant or toddler has ringworm of the scalp. This is an infection caused by a fungus and NOT by a worm. Ringworm is contagious. It can be spread by contact with persons or animals infected with the fungus. It can also be spread by contact with an object that is contaminated by an infected person or animal. The infection causes a rash that looks like a red ring. It can start as a small, round, red patch and grow into a ring as large as 1 to 2 inches. There may be temporary hair loss in the infected areas. This causes bald patches that are itchy and flaky. Ringworm of the scalp is most often treated with oral antifungal medication.
Home Care
Medications: The Doctor Will Prescribe Oral Antifungal Medication For Your Infant Or Toddler. Follow The Doctor'S Instructions For Giving Any Medications To Your Child. Do Not Stop Giving This Medication Until Your Child Has Finished The Prescribed Course Or The Doctor Tells You.
Contagious Period: Ringworm of the scalp is very contagious and spreads easily. Any child with ringworm should stay out of daycare or school until cleared by the doctor.
General Care:
The doctor may recommend medicated shampoo for your child. The shampoo may help reduce the risk of spreading the infection to others. Be sure to wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after bathing your child and washing his or her hair.
Tell your toddler not to scratch the rash. For infants, covering the baby's hands with mittens or socks may help. Keep your child's fingernails trimmed short.
If blisters are present, apply a compress dipped in Burow's solution (Domeboro or others). This is available without a prescription.
Wash any items such as hats, combs, brushes, or hair clips that may have touched the infection. Do not allow your child share these items with others.
Follow Up As Advised By The Doctor Or Our Staff.
Get Prompt Medical Attention If Any Of The Following Occurs:
Fever greater than 100.4°F (38°C)
Rash does not improve even after starting treatment
Rash causes swelling of the scalp


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CALGARY, ALBERTA--(Marketwired - Feb 11, 2016) - Total Energy Services Inc. ("Total") (TSX:TOT) will conduct a conference call and webcast following the release of its financial results for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2015. The financial results will be released the morning of the conference call. Daniel Halyk, President and CEO, will host the call.
|Open to:
|Shareholders and other interested persons
|March 10, 2016
|2:30 p.m. (MST)
|(800) 355-4959 or (416) 340-2216
A live webcast of the conference call will be accessible on Total's website at www.totalenergy.ca by selecting "Webcasts".
Shortly after the live webcast, an archived version will be available on Total's website. A recording of the conference call will also be available until March 17, 2016 by dialing (800) 408-3053, passcode 7119515.
Total is a growth oriented energy services corporation involved in contract drilling services, rentals and transportation services and the fabrication, sale, rental and servicing of natural gas compression and process equipment. The common shares of Total are listed and trade on the TSX under the symbol "TOT".
The Toronto Stock Exchange has neither approved nor disapproved of the information contained herein.
Total Energy Services Inc.
Yuliya Gorbach
VP Finance and CFO
(403) 216-3920


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Interactive: Notebook: Spelling - OU and OW words
Interactive .notebook activity where students use the letter tiles to spell the different OU and OW words by dragging the tiles into place. Have the students say and spell each word aloud. Includes printable word walls.
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