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Dr. Benjamin Wiker
Dr. Benjamin Wiker, Senior Fellow of the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology, holds a Ph.D. in Theological Ethics from Vanderbilt University, and has taught at Marquette University, St. Mary's University, Thomas Aquinas College (CA), and Franciscan University. The author of several books including, Answering the New Atheism: Dismantling Dawkins' Case Against God (co-authored with Scott Hahn, Emmaus, 2008), Ten Books that Screwed Up the World i>(Regnery, 2008), A Meaningful World: How the Arts and Sciences Reveal the Genius of Nature (co-authored with Jonathan Witt, InterVarsity, 2006), Moral Darwinism: How We Became Hedonists (InterVarsity, 2002), The Mystery of the Periodic Table (Bethlehem Books, 2003), and Architects of the Culture of Death (co-authored with Donald DeMarco, Ignatius, 2004).
Dr. Wiker lives with his wife and seven children in rural Ohio.
Curriculum Vitae
Ph. D. Vanderbilt University Theological Ethics 1994
Masters Vanderbilt University Religion 1986
Bachelors Furman University Political Philosophy 1983
Writer, Full Time, 2006-present
Senior Fellow of the Discovery Institute
Senior Fellow of the St. Paul Center for Biblical Theology
Franciscan University Lecturer, Theology and Science 2001-2006
Franciscan University Assistant Professor of Classics/Honors 2000-2001
Thomas Aquinas College Tutor 1996-2000
St. Mary's University (MN) Assistant Professor, Philosophy 1991-1996
St. Mary's University (MN) Assistant Professor, Theology 1990-1991
Marquette University Lecturer, Theology 1989-1990
Marquette University Instructor, Theology 1988-1989
Monographs: (total sales as of 12/2008 in parentheses)
The Darwin Myth:
The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin Regnery June, 2009
Answering the New Atheism: Emmaus Spring, 2008
Dismantling Dawkins' Case Against God
With Scott Hahn
10 Books that Screwed Up the World: Regnery Spring, 2008
And 5 Others that Didn't Help
A Meaningful World: How the Arts and InterVarsity Press Spring, 2006
Sciences Reveal the Genius of Nature
With Jonathan Witt
Architects of the Culture of Death Ignatius Summer, 2004
With Donald DeMarco
The Mystery of the Periodic Table Bethlehem Books Spring, 2003
Moral Darwinism: How We Became Hedonists InterVarsity Press Summer, 2002
The Relationship of Politics and Ethics to Physics
and Metaphysics in Aristotle Vanderbilt Ph.D., Dissertation, 1994
"Happy Birthday, Charles Darwin" Insidecatholic.com Feb, 12, 2009
"Darwin, Nietzsche, and Hitler:
The Evolution of the Ubermensch Humanevents.com May 13, 2008
"Darwin and Hitler: in Their Own Words" Humanevents.com May 5, 2008
"Pope Benedict and Nature's Genius" Insidecatholic.com Oct. 1, 2007
"The Unsure Revival of Estonia" Crisis Mar., 2007
"The Meaning of Marriage" Crisis Oct., 2006
"Benedict Contra Nietzsche" Crisis May, 2006
"The Ruination and Restoration of Scripture" Crisis Nov., 2004
"Why You Must Vote" Crisis Oct., 2004
"The Death of Morality" Crisis Jul/Aug., 2004
"The Meaning-Full Universe" Crisis Apr., 2004
"Mugged by the Muse" Crisis Mar., 2004
"The Problem of Evil" Crisis Dec., 2003
"Going Native: Life in the Country" Crisis Oct., 2003
"Does Science Point to God? The Intelligent Crisis Jul/Aug., 2003
Design Revolution, Part II
"Does Science Point to God? The Intelligent
Design Revolution, Part I" Crisis April, 2003
"Gentleman's Astronomy" Crisis Jan., 2003
"Alien Ideas: Christianity and the Search for
Extraterrestrial Life" Crisis Nov., 2002
"Playing Games with Good and Evil" Crisis May, 2002
"Don't Wear That Mini to Mass" Crisis April, 2001
"Drawing a Hemline: Sexual Modesty and
the Pursuit of Wisdom" Crisis July/Aug. 2000
"The Invention of Heck" Crisis Nov., 1999
"A Building That Teaches" Catholic World Report Feb., 2003
"The Privilege of Life on Earth" Catholic World Report Nov., 2001
"Looking Inside Darwin's Black Box" Catholic World Report Dec., 2000
"A New Scientific Revolution" Catholic World Report July, 2000
"Darwin and the Descent of Morality" First Things Nov., 2001
"Darwin as Epicurean" Touchstone Oct., 2002
"Facts to the Wind" National Review Online Feb., 2002
"Do You Bonobo? Meet Our
Make-Love-Not-War Primates" National Review Online Oct., 2001
"True Equality" Academic Questions Spring, 1999
"Inquisition in the Catholic Church" Lay Witness April, 2000
"From Athens to Rome to California" Lay Witness March, 1998
"Nature to Grace: the Great Books
and Catholic Literature" Sursum Corda! Spring, 1997
"Intelligent Design vs. Blind Evolution:
the Moral Implications." New Oxford Review March, 2001
"You Have Ten Minutes To Prove the
Existence of God to My Husband" New Oxford Review Sept., 2000
"The Christian and the Epicurean" New Oxford Review July/Aug. 1999
"The Looming Civil War over Abortion" New Oxford Review Feb., 1999
"Loving Thy Neighbor into Big-Time Trouble" New Oxford Review Jul./Aug., 1998
"The Repaganization of the West" New Oxford Review May, 1996
"Unplanned Parenthood" Caelum et Terra Summer, 1996
"When Goodness is Boring" Caelum et Terra Fall, 1995
"Church Architecture and the American Character" Caelum et Terra Summer, 1995
Phi Beta Kappa
Highest Honors, Ph.D. Exams
Writer and Consultant with Tothesource Foundation, a weekly email newsletter. I have written over 50 articles for tothesource (http://www.tothesource.org/archives.php).


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With 1.7 million freelancers, we'll match you with the perfect talent.
I have two decades of experience in Information Technolgy and have worked as a full-time MS SQL Server expert since 2005. I'm currently working full-time for a leading medical technology company and also enjoy freelancing as a way to keep my skills and customer perspective fresh. I am passionate about solving problems for businesses that depend on SQL Server every day. I am Microsoft Certfied on SQL Server 2008 (MCTS)Read More »

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Product Merchandiser (Supplies)
Boulder, CO
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Medical, Dental, Long Term Disability, Short Term Disability, Paid Time Off, and 401K
Employment Type:
Full Time
Tundra Restaurant Supply
Were growing! Tundra Restaurant Supply is a leader in the distribution of restaurant equipment, supplies and replacement parts and is based in Boulder, Colorado, but serves the entire country. We are one of fastest growing and most dynamic companies in the restaurant supply industry.
We strive everyday to create, maintain, and grow our spectacular internal business environment while sharply focusing on the growth of our employees, customers, and community. Tundra takes pride in delivering the highest quality products while embracing every possible opportunity to wow our customers with service. Most importantly, we are a value based company that focuses primarily on the customer and having fun. You can learn more at our industry leading website www.etundra.com.
Position will assist the processing and collection of information needed to support product expansion as well as maintenance initiatives.
Essential Job functions:
Systematic approach to reviewing and optimizing product information and marketing details to increase appeal as well as order value
Corrections made as necessary as well as enhancements and additions to category products
Support of item upload process to gather item details for our ERP system
Enhancing existing product information to support differentiated details and attributes
Support of database product maintenance activities
Processing cost changes and preparing in excel format for review as needed
Misc. proofing as necessary
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Other duties as requested
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Must have strong experience with Microsoft Office suite
Excel advanced user Experience with v-look-ups, use basic Excel formulas, sorting, and data comparisons.
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Physical Requirement: Position requires individual to utilize a computer for long periods of time
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Coral Springs, FL, USA < change city >
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This place was beautiful and they were the most reasonably priced as well as the ...
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Billy Currington Announces Dates for Headlining Tour
Billy Currington's first tour as a headlining act will kick off on March 24 in Biloxi, Miss. The singer has just announced 11 dates for the trek, with stops in San Antonio, Knoxville and Charlotte, along with a pair of shows north of the U.S. border in Ontario. Joining the entertainer along the way will be label mates David Nail and Kip Moore.
Fans can expect to hear some of the Georgia native's biggest hits, including the No. 1's 'People Are Crazy,' 'Pretty Good at Drinkin' Beer,' 'Must Be Doin' Somethin' Right,' and 'Let Me Down Easy, along with the current chart-climber, 'Like My Dog.'
Throughout his career as a country hitmaker and as opening act on a number of tours, including 2011's Goin' Coastal tour headlined by Kenny Chesney, Billy says he's learned that the secret to playing huge stadiums is being able to connect with the audience through music they know by heart.
"In the stadium, where the audience is so far back, you might lose them if you're playing new stuff," Billy tells The Boot. "If they hear something they know, even if it sounds like AM radio to them, they'll sing along."
The singer, who has scored seven No. 1 hits and 10 Top 10's does plan to road-test a few new tunes. He's just begun work on his fifth studio album having earned numerous gold and platinum certifications already throughout his career.
See a list of cities and dates on Billy's 2012 tour below.
Watch The Boot Go 'On the Road' With Billy Currington
March 24, Biloxi, Miss., Hard Rock Live
April 13, San Antonio, Texas, Cowboy's Dance Hall
April 20, Kingston, Ont., K-Rock Centre
April 21, Orillia, Ont., Casino Rama
April 27, Huntington, W. Va., Big Sandy Arena
April 28, Knoxville, Tenn., Civic Auditorium
May 3, Lowell, Mass., Tsongas Arena
May 4, Wallingford, Ct., Oakdale Theatre
May 17, Asheville, N.C., NC Civic Center
May 18, Charlotte, N.C., Uptown Amphitheatre
May 19, Rome, Ga., Rome River Jam


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Fleur iphone case featured on Martha Stewart website
God has blessed me so much! I'm really excited about being featured in the links we loved section on the Martha Stewart website. Thanks to Kristen Flanagan from Martha Stewart!
p.s. do you use Adobe Illustrator? So far I am only an iPhonegraper!!! and want to try designing on the pc/mac :) x
Hello Chaiwalla thank you! I usually use adobe photoshop...sometimes I use illustrator but mostly photoshop :D


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Six Days Left: Buy One ūmi, Get One FREECiscoHome
The perfect present for dad this Father's Day is Cisco ūmi. And with the current buy one ūmi, get one FREE offer, it's also a perfect present for you, too.Read More
We've Got the Perfect Gift for Dad this Father's Day (and for you, too): Buy One ūmi, Get One FreeCiscoHome
Undoubtedly, the best way to spend Father's Day with dad is at one of his favorite places. We would always have a big family dinner. What are your traditions? DoRead More
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Here's the $50 Visa Gift card question of the week. Please comment with your name, email and in 50 words or less. Sweepstakes for this period starts from today untilRead More
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Did anyone have the opportunity to see Cisco ūmi's introduction on The Oprah Winfrey Show on November 3rd? If not, we've got a quick recap! Last month, Oprah and herRead More
Cisco ūmi: What are you thankful for?CiscoHome
Tomorrow is the first Thanksgiving that families and friends from coast-to-coast will be able to sit down– together –giving a live holiday toast for that most famous of meals withRead More


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Individual variability influences the demographic and evolutionary dynamics of spatially structured populations, and conversely ecological and evolutionary dynamics provide the context under which variations at the individual level occur. Therefore, it is essential to identify and characterize the importance of the different factors that may promote or hinder individual variability. Animal signaling is a prime example of a type of behavior that is largely dependent on both the features of individuals and the characteristics of the population to which they belong. After 10 years studying the dynamics of a population of a long-lived species, the eagle owl (Bubo bubo), we investigated the emergence and maintenance of traits that reveal individual identity by focusing on vocal features. We found that individuals inhabiting a high density population characterized by a relative lack of heterogeneity (in terms of prey availability and breeding success) among breeding sites might be selected for reducing the levels of identity. Two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses may explain the structural call patterns we detected: (1) similarity in calls may be principally a consequence of the particular characteristics of the population; and (2) high density may encourage individuals to mimic each other's vocalizations in a cascade effect, leading to a widespread and unique communication network.
Citation: Delgado MdM, Caferri E, Méndez M, Godoy JA, Campioni L, Penteriani V (2013) Population Characteristics May Reduce the Levels of Individual Call Identity. PLoS ONE 8(10): e77557. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077557
Editor: Angel Sánchez, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Received: April 23, 2013; Accepted: September 3, 2013; Published: October 29, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Delgado et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The work was funded by one research project of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CGL2012-33240; with FEDER co-financing), two research projects of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL2004-02780/BOS and CGL2008-02871/BOS; with FEDER co-financing) and the Junta of Andalucía (Excellence Project, RNM-5090). M.D. received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and a postdoctoral grant (no. 140367) from the Academy of Finland. V.P. was the recipient of a grant from the Spanish Secretaría General de Universidades, Ministry of Education (Salvador de Madariaga Program). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Over the last four decades, the field of ecology has shifted from a phenomenological-based discipline, in which the linkage between an observed pattern and a process in nature is only inferential, to one that structures explanations of population, community, and ecosystem phenomena in terms of underlying mechanisms [1], [2]. This shift, which arose from the importance of considering the role of individual variability in influencing population dynamics, has stimulated an overwhelming number of studies that share the common goal of explaining the extent and the (multi)causality of individual variability (reviewed in [3]).
Individual variability can be generated by differences in environmental conditions or genetic background. Numerous examples of individual variability in life history traits are mentioned in the scientific literature, such as (i) the age of maturation [4]–[6]; (ii) clutch size [7]; (iii) reproductive success [8]–[10]; (iv) resting metabolic rates [11]; and (v) dispersal strategies [12]–[14]. Animal signaling is a prime example of a type of behavior that is largely dependent on both the features of individuals (e.g. social status, physical condition) and the characteristics of the population (e.g. density, level of fragmentation) to which they belong [15].
In birds, vocalization is one of the main channels for transmitting reliable information about species, sex, or intentions. Vocalizations are usually assumed to encode fitness related information, i.e. through their songs individuals (of both songbirds; e.g. [16], [17], and other species performing calls; e.g. [18], [19]) are able to 'announce' their own quality and/or the quality of the territory they occupy. Additionally, numerous observational and experimental studies concerning several bird species have found evidence that vocalization can also reveal individual identity [20]–[22], and different acoustic techniques of individual recognition have been successfully applied to population monitoring. These studies have highlighted the effectiveness of the bioacoustic approach as a non-invasive method for monitoring avian populations [18], [23]–[26]. There is a consensus that the cost of producing song which transmits fitness-related information is only balanced if the environment is heterogeneous and, consequently, when it is really important to discriminate either the quality of the territory or the quality of the owner during vocal signaling [16], [17]. Yet, studies analyzing individual vocal identity have not taken into account the crucial role that the environmental context may play in the evolution and maintenance of traits that reveal individual identity [27].
Here, we study individual vocal identity in eagle owls (Bubo bubo) with the aim of addressing an important question: is it possible that a given ecological scenario may reduce the levels of individual call identity? Two previous studies of the eagle owl, a long-lived species characterized by both strong territoriality and pair bonding [28], [29], found that individuals were distinguishable by their calls [21], [30]. Eagle owl vocal behavior is associated with intra- and intersexual territorial disputes, as well as with courtship behavior [28]. We will first characterize our eagle owl study population to demonstrate that it differs considerably from the ones previously investigated [21], [30] with respect to two specific features: (1) the species attains a very high density in our study area (∼40 pairs/100 km2; nearest neighbor distance: 250 m; [31]), favoring complex spatio-temporal individual interactions, and (2) individuals live in an environment characterized by high abundance and availability of resources [32], leading to a relative lack of heterogeneity among breeding sites in terms of their quality and productivity. As these two characteristics are not typical attributes of eagle owls [33], [34], the population described in this paper represents an interesting system for the study of particularly unknown aspects of bird vocal communication.
Ethical Standards
Owls were trapped and marked under the Junta de Andalucía–Consejería de Medio Ambiente permit nos. SCFFSAFR/ GGG RS-260 / 02 and SCFFS-AFR/CMM RS-1904 / 02. When the study was performed it was not yet mandatory in Spain to get permission from an ethics committee (legislation: Real Decreto 223/1988). The capture and manipulation of breeding owls posed little risk to the birds given that we immediately removed them from the net, and they remain motionless when manipulated. After eight years of continuous radio-tracking, we have never detected a possible adverse effect that could be directly attributed to the backpacks placed on the birds.
Below we describe an extensive array of methodological approaches used to characterize the eagle owl population (see Table 1 for a short list of abbreviations used). We consider such information to be important for understanding the particular scenario that may be influencing traits revealing the identity of individuals.
Data Collection
Population parameters.
From 2002 to 2012 we studied an eagle owl population located in the Sierra Norte of Seville (37°30′N, 06°03′W, SW Spain; details in [35]). We located 56 nest sites, where a total of 132 breeding attempts were monitored. Laying dates ranged from December 24 to April 8, and the mean (± SD) number of fledglings was 2.18±1.03 per brood (range: 1–4 chicks). Mortality rates were calculated on the basis of 130 radio-tagged individuals (date of first animal tagged: 01/03/03; date of last animal tagged: 22/04/09): mortality of breeders (35.29%; 8 males and 4 females) and dispersers (36.45%; 18 males, 11 females and 4 individuals of sex unknown) were similar. Given the scope of this study, we described the population by means of: (i) two measures of productivity, i.e. the mean and the coefficient of variation (CV) of young fledged per breeding pair [34]; (ii) an estimate of the quality of breeding sites via census methods of the main eagle owl prey species in the study area, the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (mean number of latrines per km of transect ± SE = 20.6±12.4 km−1; range: 7.7–46.0 km−1); (iii) an analysis of the diet through the collection of a minimum of 100 pellets (and as much of prey remains as possible) for each nesting site (mean biomass percentage of rabbit in the diet ± SD = 62.0±19.1%, range = 16–94%; for more details see [32]); and (iv) landscape characteristics by intersecting a digital layer representing the boundaries of the owls' home ranges with a map of landcover elements (scale 1∶25,000). Following the studies of Aebischer et al. [36], and with the aim of selecting only those habitat types that were most relevant for eagle owls [14], [32], we (a) first classified the landscape into 10 landcover types: urban areas, water bodies, forests, dense scrublands with trees, sparse scrub with trees, herbaceous vegetation with trees, scrublands, low vegetation, woody crops and herbaceous plants. Additionally, we used edge density (i.e., the total length of the patch edge per unit area within each landscape; [37]) as a proxy for the effect of habitat heterogeneity [38]–[40], which has been shown to be important in determining breeders' movements and rhythms of activity [41]. Then (b) we performed a compositional analysis to test owl habitat selection (for more details, see [32]). We used ArcView 3.2 (Geographic Information System, GIS) and its extension Patch Analyst [37] for the analyses of landscape characteristics.
Finally, we analyzed the genetic structure of the population by using a set of loci developed for eagle owls, the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis lucida) and the lanyu scops owl (Otus elegans botelensis). We extracted DNA, following a Hotshot protocol [42], from blood samples (2 mL, taken from the brachial vein by V.P., who was initially accompanied and trained by an expert veterinary; date of first animal sampled for DNA: 01/03/03; date last animal sampled for DNA: 22/04/09) of 22 adult individuals in our study population. Blood samples were collected under the Junta de Andalucía–Consejería de Medio Ambiente permit nos. SCFFSAFR/ GGG RS-260 / 02 and SCFFS-AFR/CMM RS-1904 / 02. Based on polymorphism of the loci, we finally selected the following 10 loci: Oe3-7, Oe045, Oe054, Oe128, Oe2-57 (GenBank accession no. AY312418, AY312422, AY312425, AY312427, AY312420, respectively) [43]; Bb42, Bb126, Bb131 (GenBank accession no. AF32093, AF32097, AF32098, respectively) [44]; 15A6 and 13D8 [45]. Fluorescently-labeled PCR products were amplified in a reaction with a final volume of 20 µl, which included 50–80 ng of DNA, 67 mM of Tris-HCl, 16 mM of (NH4)2 SO4, 2 mM of MgCl2, 0.2 mM of dNTPs, 0.1 ng/µl of bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biomol), 0.5 µM of reverse and fluorescently-labeled universal M13 primer, 0.041 µM of forward primer and 0.5 units of Taq polymerase (BIOTAQ, Biomol). Reaction conditions were as follows: an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 94°C, 30 s at 55°C annealing temperature decreasing 1°C/cycle for 15 cycles, and 30 s at 72°C, followed by 27 additional cycles with an annealing temperature of 40°C and a final step of 5 min at 72°C. Products were analyzed on an ABI PRISM® 3100 DNA Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems) and alleles were scored with GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems, Inc.).
Individual parameters.
We trapped and radio-tagged 34 breeding individuals (24 males and 10 females) from 24 nests, as well as 96 juveniles (54 males and 42 females) from 21 different nest sites (for more details about the radio-tracking procedure see [14], [32]). Each individual was fitted with a 30 g radio-transmitter using a Teflon ribbon backpack harness (Biotrack Ltd, Wareham, BH20 5AJ, Dorset, UK; www.biotrack.co.uk). The mass of the backpack was less than 3% of the mass of the smallest adult male (1550 g; mean ± SE = 1667±105 g) in our population. This telemetry study allowed us to collect detailed information at the individual level concerning both the dispersal process [14], [31] and the breeders' home ranging behavior [32]. Radiotracking data were analyzed under the framework of animal movement analyses (see [14], [31]–[32] for more details). We found dispersal distances to be very short in most cases, ranging from 1.5 to 34.3 km (mean ± SD = 6.0±4.2 km). In fact, 35% of the individuals which dispersed established a stable range close to their natal population. In general, breeders showed high site fidelity; their home range behavior being simultaneously affected by different internal and external factors acting at different spatio-temporal scales. However, we also recorded nine cases of breeding dispersal (5 males and 4 females), as well as ten cases of replacement of a breeder (5 males and 5 females).
The individual monitoring of this nocturnal species is extremely demanding, especially considering the intrinsic difficulties and relatively low success rates of breeder trapping. Given that two previous studies [21], [30] showed that eagle owl vocalizations are individually distinctive, we were expecting to be able to recognize, over the course of a year, each territory owner within our population by the characteristics of its call sonograms. This procedure would have also favored the use of a technique less intrusive than breeder trapping, i.e. the individual discrimination by territorial and sexual call recording of breeders. Thus, from 2002 to 2006 we recorded 15 males and 10 females at 15 breeding sites using a Sony digital audiotape recorder (TCD-D100) and a Sennheiser directional microphone (condenser microphone ME 67+ powering module K6). Some individuals were recorded over different years, namely six males from the 15 breeding sites that were also captured and radio-tagged. The characteristics of the territorial call of eagle owls are well described in [21].
We strictly followed a rigorous recording protocol. (1) Recordings were always made at sunset for birds positioned on known call posts in close proximity to their nests [46] during calm days (without wind or rain), and the observer was never too far from the birds (less than 100 m). Recordings were made during the pre-breeding period (i.e. September–December in our study area), when males and females are in general more vocally active [28], [47]. (2) Recordings were performed by the same two observers (V.P. and M.D.). (3) We were helped by an expert (P.L.; see acknowledgement) who has a great knowledge of bird recordings and sound analysis. Therefore, we are confident that we carried out a well-designed recording of the breeders in our population, where recorded information was combined with data from radio-tagged individuals, when possible.
We extracted the acoustic features of the 478 calls that were recorded on audiotape by performing a spectrographic analysis. For this analyses, we used Avisoft SASLab Pro software (Version 3.91; [48]), performing a Fast Fourier Transform (sampling frequency 11,025 Hz, FFT length 512, time resolution 8.9 ms, bandwidth of frequency resolution 43 Hz, Window Function: Bartlett). For both male and female calls, four temporal variables were measured (Fig. 1A): total duration of the bout (Dtot), duration of the portion of increasing (D1), stable (D2) and decreasing (D3) frequency. Four frequency variables were also measured (Fig. 1A): minimum and maximum frequency (Fmin and Fmax), dominant frequency (DOM; i.e. the frequency with the highest energy) and the range of frequencies (range = Fmax-Fmin) in a bout.
Parameters measured to characterize the call are: (a) parameters in the time domain: D1, D2 and D3; (b) parameters in the frequency domain: Fmax, Fmin and FDOM (see text for explanations). (B) Four spectrograms of the territorial calls uttered by different eagle owl males in south-western Spain. The high similarity among eagle owl calls is apparent even by visual inspection. Owing to the considerable overlap observed, individuals could not be discriminated on the basis of the information concerning their vocalization.
Data Analysis
Population structure analyses.
Following Penteriani et al. [34], we analyzed the spatial structure of the population (i.e. population heterogeneity) using several procedures. First, to test the effect of breeding site quality on overall population fecundity, we eliminated the year effect on productivity. Owing to the existing annual variations, we controlled for the year effect by subtracting annual mean from the row data. For the number of fledglings, negative values indicate a poorer breeding performance than average, whereas positive values indicate a better one. Relative productivity was analyzed by a general mixed model, with the breeding site as a random factor to correct for pseudoreplication. Second, we tested a variable designated % of contributing pairs, which allowed us to detect intrinsic variability of the population through the evaluation of the distribution of fecundity among nesting territories. Our assumption was that a heterogeneous population structure, characterized by differences in quality among breeding sites, should lead to low variance in production of young during good years and high variance during poor years (i.e. a few pairs will produce the majority of the fledglings). To accomplish this, we considered the percentage of breeding pairs producing at least 50% of the annual fledged young. We calculated this parameter by summing the number of fledged young (starting from the pairs with highest productivity) necessary to attain 50% of the annual young production. Finally, to detect whether landscape structure, diet (rabbit biomass) and resource abundance explain differences in mean reproductive output and its annual variance within the population, we ran two multiple regression models using (a) mean number of fledglings and (b) CV as dependent variables. We used the open-source software R, version 2.10.1 [49] to build the linear models. We always explored the residuals for: (i) normality, (ii) homogeneity of variance, and (iii) spatial independence. For the latter, we used the package Gstat [50] to verify the independence of the data by plotting the residuals versus their spatial coordinates; the resulting bubble plot did not show any spatial pattern. All tests are two-tailed, statistical significance was set at α <0.05, and ± deviations for means are either SD or SE, depending on whether the factor of interest was variability or precision, respectively.
Population genetic analyses.
Genetic diversity, i.e. observed (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE), mean number of alleles per locus (Na), and the population inbreeding coefficient (FIS), was estimated for each locus for the population using FSTAT. Significance of FIS was determined by bootstrapping over loci to obtain a 95% confidence interval based on 10,000 replications. The same program was used to perform tests for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) using 10,000 permutations of alleles among individuals. Sequential Bonferroni corrections were applied to correct for multiple simultaneous comparisons. To analyze the genetic structure of the population we used two approaches. First, we used Structure v.2.2 software [51] to assess the number of different genetic clusters (k) in the population. Simulations were run with a burn-in period of 20,000 followed by an additional 2×106 MCMC steps. The number of populations was varied from1 to 5, and for each k 20 replicates were run under an admixture model with correlated gene frequencies. We assessed the support for k populations based on visual inspection of the plot of the algorithm of the posterior density (lnP (D)) as a function of k, and Δk, following [52]. Convergence was assessed by checking that the posterior density and the log-likelihood levels reached a plateau before the end of the MCMC runs. Second, by using GenAlEx and following the method proposed by [53], we investigated the genetic spatial autocorrelation at the individual level within this population (SA). This analysis allowed us to determine whether related individuals were clustered in space, which might suggest that dispersal is limited by distance, even within the same population. We used a pairwise geographical distance between individuals calculated as the linear distance separating them based on their breeding location, and a pairwise genotypic distance. We estimated the average genetic similarity between pairs of individuals in specific distance classes (thresholds at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 m) through the autocorrelation coefficient (r) obtained from 9,999 permutations.
Individual acoustic analyses.
To identify the presence of sound information concerning individuality [30], [20], [21], we first performed a nonparametric analyses of variance (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) to identify the characteristics of calls for which inter-individual variation was higher than intra-individual variation. We assumed that a much greater inter-individual value indicates a factor which is better able to describe individual variation. As a measure of call individuality [30] we also estimated for each variable the ratio between the inter-individual coefficient of variation (CVb) and the individual coefficient of variation (CVi). Once these variables were identified, we performed a discriminant function analysis (DFA) on standardized data [24], [25] to test for the discriminant power of the acoustic features. For this analysis, we used only the calls of the six recorded and radio-tagged males whose identity was known (as in [20]). For classification purposes, we finally applied similarity techniques to define threshold values of similarity within individuals, i.e. calculating the Euclidean distances between the acoustic features of pairs of birds. Following previous studies [20], [25], when a new recorded bird fell outside the intra-individual threshold for all marked birds, it was classified as a new individual. As those birds whose identity was known were all male, we performed classification analyses for this sex only. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) and Euclidean distance estimations were performed with SPSS (version 20). Finally, we used regression analysis to explore whether acoustic similarity was higher for closer neighbors. In fact, because neighboring birds can form local communication networks [54] and match their songs to those of their neighbors [16], a change of vocalization structures and acoustic matching over distance was expected to occur.
A Population Characterized by Its Stability and High Fecundity
The occupancy rate was very high over the years, i.e. the only context in which we did not find any evidence of reproduction was when a pair disappeared (e.g. one or both members of a breeding pair died), and breeding pairs always reproduced successfully (Fig. 2). After controlling for year effect, no significant differences among territories were detected for productivity (estimate ± SD = −0.0013±0.0097, df = 29, t = −0.14, p = 0.89; Fig. 2). Moreover, when considering the mean percent of contributing pairs as a threshold to separate good from poor years, more pairs contributed to the production of young during good years (49.82±1.98%) than poor years (40.84±3.59%), but the difference between the number of pairs was only marginally significant (t = −4.03, p = 0.04). Finally, there was no effect of landscape structure, diet and resource abundance on either mean reproductive output or its CV (for all p>0.05). All these results provide evidence for a relatively homogeneous population, which is characterized by territories of similar quality showing rather similar annual variance in productivity.
Differences in the fecundity distribution between territories were very small, indicating a relatively homogeneous population, which is characterized by territories of similar quality.
A Lack of Significant Differences in Genetic Structure
All markers analyzed were polymorphic in the study population with the observed number of alleles ranging from two (Bb131) to 15 (Oe2-57), with an average of 6.1. Genetic diversity was moderate with an average observed heterozygosity of HE = 0.675 (range 0.304–0.918). The inbreeding coefficient was high and significantly positive for two of the analyzed markers (Oe2-57: FIS = 0.211, p = 0.005; 13D8: FIS = 0.515, p = 0.001), suggesting the occurrence of null alleles at these loci. Overall inbreeding was high and significant when these loci were included (FIS = 0.129, p = 0.001), but low and not significant when they were removed (FIS = 0.05, p = 0.119). Genetic analysis in Structure supported one panmictic population with no significant genetic structure. That is, lnP (D) was highest for k = 1. Moreover, the intra-population analysis at the individual level detected no signal of spatial genetic autocorrelation in any of the distance classes analyzed, nor in the dispersal distance class (1500 m).
Individual Vocalizations: the Loss of Distinctiveness
All the studied acoustic parameters appeared useful for individual identification, as they exhibited CVb/CVi ratios greater than 1 (ratios ranging from 1.54 to 2.90; Table 2). However, considering that the univariate analysis showed that only six out of the eight parameters initially considered presented highly significant differences between individuals in both male and female groups (Table 2, p<0.01), we conservatively decided to only select them for the following multivariate analysis. We entered these six acoustic variables into a DFA that correctly classified 95.8% of vocalization bouts to the marked individual from which they were recorded. The first 5 discriminant functions explained 69.8% of overall data variation and had eigenvalues = 11.2, Wilks' Lambda = 0.002 and χ2 = 301.71 (p<0.001). The maximum value for acoustic (Euclidean) intra-individual distances of known birds was 130.0. However, when using this value as the acoustic threshold of similarity, nearly all of the Euclidean distances between the acoustic features of pairs of unknown birds fell below the intra-individual threshold, in both the same (91.85%) and different (92.46%) years. Therefore, even though such acoustic variables showed some inter-individual variation, they were not able to discriminate between the different eagle owls (see Fig. 1B for an example of the visual comparison between sonograms of different individuals). In addition, we did not detect any acoustic similarity for closer neighbors (F = 0.2407, df = 663, p = 0.624), as would be expected if communication were limited by distance or if birds matched their songs to local neighbors. The lack of significant differences observed between the calls of eagle owls in our study population did not allow us to discriminate individuals based on the information concerning their vocalizations.
Our results demonstrate that the levels of individual call identity in our population were low. This finding is contrary to the results presented in a number of previous studies that, instead, clearly showed the existence of a specific individual signature in the vocalizations of many different species (e.g. [25], [26]).
The reduction of an individually distinctive vocal signature may arise because (a) the natural vocal variation within individuals over time is high, leading to levels of ambiguity in the identification of an individual [55], [56]; or (b) the variation between individuals is small [26]. By looking at the values of the coefficient of variation within and between individuals in our population study, we can conclude that the decrease of individual distinctiveness may be attributed to the similarities between individuals in their vocalizations rather than possible variations within individuals over time. In fact, the variation between individuals observed in this study (ranging from 0.09 to 0.24) was negligible compared with that reported by Lengagne [30], who found values between 7.1 and 42. The abovementioned values from these two studies are directly comparable, as they were estimated from similar acoustic parameters.
Following the idea stressed by Tibbetts and Dale [27] about the important role that social and environmental context can play in the evolution and maintenance of traits that reveal individual identity, we hypothesize that the decrease of individual distinctiveness in vocalizations may be attributed to the peculiarities of the study population. In our opinion, two main factors may have determined the similarity in call structure: (1) the population density and (2) the relative lack of heterogeneity (in terms of prey availability and breeding success) among breeding sites. First, the density of the population under study is among the highest ever reported for the species (but see also [57]). Densities were lower for the populations (2.5 pairs/100 km2; minimum distance between two recording sites ca. 5 km; [21], [30]) for which it has been possible to distinguish individuals by features of their calls. Second, our long-term study showed that (i) fecundity was relatively high and rather identical for the whole population and (ii) all pairs successfully bred every year. These two features are not typical attributes of eagle owl populations, which instead are usually characterized by their heterogeneity in quality and fecundity among breeding sites [33], [34]. Actually, prey availability is extremely high in the whole study area [32], which may explain both high density and fecundity. In addition, (iii) genetic results showed that there is no genetic structure between individuals in this population: they seem to form one unique panmictic population with no substructure, and with no spatial genetic autocorrelation.
Similarity of eagle owl call types found across the whole range of nest distances might be consistent with a peculiar type of social synchronization of vocalizations between all individuals (not only real neighbors), matching each other and forming a wide communication network [53]. Owing to the unusual high density of breeders and, consequently, the extremely close distances between displaying individuals, a cascade effect between individuals can induce the population to behave as a larger network than the typical one in which only the closest individuals within a population form separated clusters. Actually, the density of breeders in most of the studies of avian networks is much lower, so that each calling individual has just a few neighbors with which to interact and from which to learn [16].
There are at least two biological benefits of the network we identified in this study. A first obvious benefit at the individual level is that possessing similar individual calls can be advantageous during interactions with neighbors. Several researchers have attempted to address the question of why, in numerous territorial species, males interact with neighbors by partially sharing or matching some portion of their song repertoire [16], a phenomenon that has been termed the "dear enemy" effect [58]. Neighboring territorial animals are often intense rivals; however, many studies have found that territorial birds may respond less aggressively toward neighbors than to strangers by overlapping songs to counter-sing with familiar established neighbors. Reduced aggression toward familiar neighbors, especially in a situation in which all individuals inhabit a habitat that is uniformly good and where there is no apparent reason to compete, may decrease the likelihood of escalated contests whose outcome could involve a threat of takeover and a high risk of injury, particularly in a predatory species that has weapons able to inflict damage during conspecific contests.
A second benefit of the observed communication network is that the reduced aggression toward neighbors may lead to the appearance of a high social stability, i.e. territory owners may decrease boundary disputes by having similar calls. This stability may prevent the attraction of floaters to the area [59]. Actually, floaters can potentially use the detection of social instability as a strategy to establish territories [59]. Before starting the dispersal period, we observed that owlets spend several months under parental care (i.e. a post-fledging dependence period; [60]), providing ample time to learn much about the population and the local area. Social stability might be one of the causes of the low recruitment rate of dispersing individuals to their natal area which we recorded [14]. It is worth noting that the fact that we found a reduced individuality in eagle owl calls does not imply that individuals are not able to recognize each other. In fact, the approach that allows us to describe vocalizations and to identify individuals by their calls (e.g. sonograms) may not be consistent with the manner in which individual birds perceive and recognize each other: more subtle mechanisms may be involved in neighbor recognition.
Recently, Laiolo and Tella [61] highlighted how strong the effect of distance among conspecifics in birds can be, demonstrating that gaps within the individual spatial distribution may hinder cultural transmission of call/song types over distances, resulting in an increased differentiation between those individuals which lack many interactions. Following this line of reasoning, we consider it important to conclude by suggesting that there are two non-mutually exclusive explanations for the structural call patterns we detected: (1) similarity in calls may be principally a consequence of the homogeneous structure of the population; and (2) high density may encourage all individuals to match each other in a cascade effect, leading to a widespread and unique communication network. These two potential scenarios may open new lines of research with the aim of establishing which level - the individual or the population - is the one hindering the emergence of individual variability. Indeed, data on different populations and experimental protocols should be necessary for understanding under what conditions individual identity emerges or is actually hampered, allowing us to make inferences about long-term adaptation at the individual level, and the consequences for populations.
Finally, it is important to stress that evolutionary theory predicts that the amount of genetic variance together with the nature of environmental variability can promote or prevent the evolution of individual variability [62]–[64]. Consideration of the evolution of phenotypic variability, in particular individual traits related to honest signaling of fitness-related information or temporary condition, has opened up stimulating avenues of investigation to enhance our understanding of how individuals adapt to different environments [65]–[67]. Yet, traits revealing individual identity have received little attention thus far. Even though it has been frequently overlooked in ecological and behavioral studies, a decrease of individual call identity may have relevant ecological and evolutionary consequences at the individual and population levels.
We are especially grateful to Paola Laiolo for her extensive contribution to this study. We also thank L. Soriano, P. Bartolommei and R. Lourenço for their help with field- and lab-work, and R. Alonso for his help in aging eagle owls.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MdMD VP. Performed the experiments: MdMD LC VP. Analyzed the data: MdMD EC MM JAG VP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MdMD EC MM JAG VP. Wrote the paper: MdMD VP.
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Do you have icons scattered all over your desktop and want them lined up? Or maybe you have them lined up in neat little rows, but would prefer them grouped in different areas of your desktop. We will try to satisfy both with today's tip!
To organize scattered icons in Windows XP: Right-click the Desktop and select "Arrange Icons". You'll be presented with a sub-menu that's chock full of icon arrangement options. I personally use the " By Type " option, since I have all sorts of different icon species residing on my desktop, but I'm sure that by name will be a very popular one.
For Windows Vista: Same idea here, Right-Click on your desktop and a menu will pop up, only in this menu the option to arrange your icons is found under "Sort By".
Now, for those of you who DO want the ability to move your icons around, but they won't move out of their current location, you may have them set to "Auto Arrange".
For Windows XP: Right-click your desktop, Arrange icons by, and make sure the "Auto Arrange" option is unchecked.
For Vista: Once again, right-click on your desktop. The Auto Arrange function is found under "View" here.
Now you can move those icons anywhere on the desktop.
So, whatever your preference, we have it covered.
~ Steve


text:
Mo Farah's Arsenal Running Spikes
It's not often we find ourselves venturing outside of the beautiful game, but sometimes you just have to acknowledge an individual and say fair play.
Proving that football speaks all languages and crosses all barriers is running sensation Mo Farah, who has personalised his running spikes to show his support for Arsenal. It's not the first time running has overlapped with football, as we previously saw with Usain Bolt.
British distance running ace Mo Farah was appearing at a Nike event in London, where he passed on advice to young track and field hopefuls. Mo received Arsenal FC inspired Nike Zoom Victory Spikes ahead of this Fridays race day at Crystal Palace, so perhaps for once we won't be boot spotting we'll be trainer spotting!
It's a great way to show your allegiance to your club, and with backing from one of the world's leading athletes Arsenal will be hoping to get their Premier League season off to a flying start (...sorry we know how bad that sounds!?!)
But what do you think of Farah's running spikes, great for an Arsenal fan with the club crest, detailing and even personalisation! Share your thoughts with the SoccerBible community online.


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Giants' Nicks to Miss Panthers Game Along With Bradshaw, Diehl
New York Giants wide receiver Hakeem Nicks will miss the team's game tonight at the Carolina Panthers because of a foot injury.
Nicks was ruled out along with running back Ahmad Bradshaw, wide receiver Domenik Hixon and offensive tackle David Diehl.
Nicks, who was listed as questionable on the team's injury report earlier yesterday, didn't travel to the game at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina, the Giants said on Twitter. Bradshaw, Hixon and Diehl already were listed as out.
Nicks broke the fifth metatarsal of his right foot in May while running a route during practice. He had a screw surgically inserted in the bone and was activated from the physically unable to perform list in August.
He caught 10 passes for 199 yards and a score in the Giants' 41-34 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Sept. 16, noticeably limping after the game. He hasn't practiced since. Nicks has 14 catches for 237 yards in two games this season, second on the team to Victor Cruz, who has the same number of yards and 17 receptions.
Bradshaw sprained his neck in the win over the Buccaneers, rushing for 16 yards on five carries before the first-half injury. He has a touchdown and 94 yards on 22 carries this season.
Hixon, who had one catch for 12 yards before suffering a concussion, and Diehl, who injured the medial collateral ligament in his right knee, also didn't play in the second half against Tampa Bay.
Diehl started all 16 regular-season games for the Giants last season. Since being drafted in the fifth round by New York in 2003, he's failed to start just four games, all during the 2010 National Football League season.
Defensive end Adewale Ojomo, with a hamstring injury, also will miss the game, the team said.
Both the Giants and Panthers, who beat the New Orleans Saints in Week 2, are 1-1 this season.
To contact the reporter on this story: Mason Levinson in New York at email@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Michael Sillup at email@example.com


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Maybe I'm quoting Dick Morris too much, but Dick's interesting and entertaining, especially, when he's talking about Hillary Clinton. He reports (http://www.vote.com/) Hillary's flip-flopped on gay marriage. I always assumed Senator Clinton was for it but it turns out while President Clinton was in the White House he signed "The Defense of Marriage Act." Now, gearing up to run in 2008, Hillary says that it was a clever political strategy to "derail a constitutional amendment that would have banned gay marriage." But Morris writes:
"Nonsense. I was in the room at the White House strategy meeting and was sitting next to the President when he decided to promote and sign the bill. Nobody was even talking about a constitutional amendment back then – 1995-96 – and no one in the meeting so much as mentioned the possibility. His decision to sign the bill closely followed my announcement of polling data that suggested overwhelming support for the legislation. His announcement… that he would sign the bill was, indeed, a strategic decision, but one that related to his re-election prospects …Hillary supported her husband's decision…"
Morris adds, that "when the President told us he would sign the bill, adviser George Stephanopoulos cautioned President Clinton to 'give us several days' to break the decision to White House staffers who might object. 'Tell them we've created 4 million new jobs,' the President said sharply, 'and that they ought to go out and take a few of them.'
To comment, send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Colin Bingham
Colin Bingham Poems
- Suicide Suicide your cold, gnarled finger has touched ...
- Breaking Point Despair why do you follow me so Undue is your...
- A Smile That Travelled Time Suddenly you were there, before a...
- Fear Not knowing fear I see your intent from afar but ...
- Snowman Snowman From the cold heavens you were ...
- Remember Remember Titanic, but for us they were steps Felt ...
- Am I Sentient Finally I fall, released from my ...
Poems written in a time of great sadness for me, poems I did not even know I had in me. Written as a way of expressing my grief and feelings at the loss of a wonderful partner and pain I went through, the darkness, I went through and thinking i would never feel happiness again but you do, but you never forget those who meant so much to you and can never be replaced more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
Comments about Colin Bingham
Suicide your cold, gnarled finger has touched me
Suicide you tried to blacken my heart
Your icy chill driven deep into my soul
Nuclear like, tore my world apart
Suicide, tore feelings from me that should be hidden
Suicide, my screams split the night
Your pain, feelings of hopelessness
Nails driven in my soul, hammer like
Suicide so final. So ill thought
Suicide wounds so savage, so deep
Nightmares seeing you there lost
My heart leaden, future so bleak
Suicide, slower of time
Suicide, darkener of eyes, breath depleted
Poser of questions with...
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While most of the $215 million sunk into City Hall's refurbishments is invisible, Lord Mayor Graham Quirk said there was no hiding the need to ensure the historic clock tower stands strong for another 80 years.
Council will spend about $380,000 strengthening the 92 metre tower over the next six weeks, adding to the significant structural works already completed on City Hall's foundations which account for the bulk of the project's budget.
Speaking from the tower, which was the tallest building in Brisbane until skyscrapers shot up in the 1960s, Cr Quirk said the operation included $80,000 worth of fire safety equipment and a $60,000 upgrade to the heritage-listed lever-lift.
"A lot of the money has gone into strengthening this building – it's structural work that people can't actually see," he said.
"As we know, this building was getting a bit of lean towards Adelaide Street, but it's structurally now very sound.
"This is just another major step in the $215 million restoration of City Hall, with the entire project now more than 90 per cent complete and only a few months away from reopening to the public."
Cr Quirk said passers-by could expect to see workers "obviously hanging in the balance" as they abseiled the 27 storey structure to complete "seismic strengthening" works.
He said the tower would not reopen for tours until April, in line City Hall's official reopening, due to safety requirements attached to other works in the building.
However next week, for the first time since 2009, council meetings will resume in the City Hall chambers, with the city's economic progress to be Cr Quirk's main focus.
Meanwhile the Lord Mayor said the future of Roy Harvey house – the building across the square which the council has operated from since City Hall closed – was as yet unclear.
"There will still be functions for Harvey House," he said. "In terms of the future, that's yet to be determined."


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There's always something electric in the atmosphere when someone dares to assert spiritual convictions in a decidedly secular context. It's almost like, "I can't believe s/he had the courage to say that!" That's why I was so interested when I heard that Jeff Bridges, aka "The Dude," was going to be on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart last week speaking about his new book, The Dude and the Zen Master, which features a series of conversations between … [Read more...]
Zen and the Art of Conviction
February 10, 2013 by Leave a Comment
When the New Year Doesn't End
January 6, 2013 by Leave a Comment
The first day of the new year always represents the potential for profound renewal—a new cycle in relationship to the passing of time, a precious moment in which many of us feel we are getting a chance to start over. And for most of us, that chance is usually connected to our highest aspirations, to important projects we had wanted to accomplish, and to the many ways we intend to improve ourselves. The new year represents that moment when we renew our desire to evolve. The … [Read more...]


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Your Cat, Your Life
The Scoop
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Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.
Cat Breeds
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Photo Comments
I can't believe Human Mommy wrote that for my title!! I am not the biggest baby!! She thinks just because I want Kitty Mommy's milk instead of the canned food that I am being a baby! Lot she knows!! What kitten in their right mind gives up Kitty Mommy milk? It is yummy and just the right temperature, it is good for me, AND I get to snuggle up close to Kitty Mommy!! Come on!! What could POSSIBLY be better than that?!
Alright, so my kitten brothers and sisters seem to really ENJOY the canned kitten food, and SOME of them are actually starting to EAT that crunchy stuff!! I can't help it I am the only sane on in the litter!! I mean, SURE the stuff tastes GOOD, but if we eat that, then Kitty Mommy won't nurse us anymore!! That is a HUGE trade off in MY mind, and one I don't WANT to make!!
Anyway, enough about me being a baby...well about me NOT being a baby. I am the biggest kitten in the litter. Ding dong, intelligence calling, you don't suppose that is because I still drink a lot of Kitty Mommy's milk sdo you!? Ooops, Human Mommy is telling me that it is because I hogged Kitty Mommy when we were smaller, and didn't let the other kittens nurse....Okay, so there you have the baddest part. I can't be blamed for the others being so tiny, but I CAN say I DID chase Kitty Mommy around a lot for food!! Did I mention that I REALLY enjoy Kitty Mommy's milk?
I am the biggest kitten of all 6 of us! I am also the one who is constantly on the go! I am really trying to figure out how I can get out and go run around with all the big cats and dogs that live here, but I am still too small!!
Pretty soon I will be ALL OVER the house, and not long after that, the other kitties will be chasing me!!
Look out VANCOUVER!! Sir Edmund is on his way!
My foster mommy and daddy were watching me climb. I LOVE TO CLIMB!! Their first thought was to name me R.E.I., but then they said it was too far out there. They thought and thought, and well they named me after the first person to climb Mount Everest! Pretty cool!! My mommy, Precious, even likes it!
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Eihei Dogen, the thirteenth-century Zen master who founded the Japanese Soto School of Zen, is renowned as one of the world's most remarkable religious thinkers. As Shakespeare does with English, Dogen utterly transforms the language of Zen, using it in novel and extraordinarily beautiful ways to point to everything important in the religious life.... more...
The RivalsSt. Martin's Press 2007; US$ 6.79
A Struggle for the Ages. . . BOSTON GLOBE JANUARY 6, 1920 RED SOX SELL RUTH FOR $100,000 CASH -------- Demon Slugger of American League, Who Made 29 Home Runs Last Season, Goes to New York Yankees -------- FRAZEE TO BUY NEW PLAYERS The Yankees vs. the Red Sox. Each baseball season begins and ends with unique intensity, focused on a single... more...
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Welcome to the Lower School, where every day provides adventures in learning! In small, academically diverse classes, lower school teachers provide a warm and family-like setting where children feel safe to express themselves. Typically, classes are 10-14 students. Learning opportunities are found in every aspect of the lower school day—in classroom lessons, at recess, at lunch, in PE, and in social interactions. We focus on helping each child become a well-rounded, caring world citizen.
We begin every day with a group meeting. Students and teachers sing
songs, share announcements, and discuss common concerns and current
events. After morning meeting children disperse to self-contained
classrooms where academic classes are taught at various times during the
day. At 11:30 a.m. everyone reconvenes for Lower School lunch. This meal is
served family style with a teacher heading a table of seven or eight
Each student receives instruction daily in Language Arts (reading, creative writing, report writing, and spelling), mathematics, science, and social studies. Physical education and fine arts also are scheduled daily.
Each year during mini-term (the three weeks between Thanksgiving and our winter break) we, as a school, examine a common theme cross-curricularly. Mini-term projects, activities, speakers, and performers bring students of all grade levels together for shared experiences. Past mini-term themes include Japan, Oceans, Medieval Times, Puppetry, Diversity, and The Environment.
Greenfield Recorder, June 2017
from Chris Wilson, Head of School
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every time I travel to a page other than the home page it redirects me back to the home page. I have to hit the stop button everytime I load a page to keep it form doing this.
Any helps please? its been doing this for about a week. Thanks in advanced.


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Wed 29th May at 7:30pm - 9:00pm
@ The Poly, Falmouth
Featuring: Cube Theatre
This event has been and gone!
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Check out the info below for future tour dates, and track them to receive alerts when they tour near you
Aubade: Cube Theatre
"A young female trainee teacher finds herself being mentored by a single, middle-aged man in a failing school. As she struggles with a difficult class, she turns increasingly to her mentor for help. But her mentor has troubles of his own. Disillusioned by the reality of teaching, and nursing a repressed passion for ballroom dancing, he's looking to cast his own Ginger Rogers whether she wants to dance or not.
Blending film and theatre, knife-sharp dialogue and dance, unflinching realism and fantasy, cube theatre presents AUBADE. A satire, a thriller, a twisted love-story."
Info provided by the Event Organiser
Cube Theatre
Cube Theatre is committed to producing new work, literary adaptations, and revivals of classic texts. Each project is different. Creating work through a process that serves the subject, Cube produces high quality, stylish theatre which is rooted in the written word and balanced with powerful physical action. The collaborative input of director, actors and script is crucial to each project.
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Venue Facts
Venue: The Poly
24 Church Street
Website: thepoly.org
Enquiries: 01326 319461
→ Falmouth Docks 12 min walk
→ Falmouth Town 13 min walk
→ Penmere 14 min walk


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Having finally arrived in the 21st century , I am now halfway through revamping my site from HTML4 to XHTML/CSS3, but unfortunately, it's only the easy half that I have done; the hard one is still in front of me.
I'm now struggling with 2 related questions.1. Can I set the display for ALL H-tags in my stylesheet in such a way that every page displays the H-tags the same way?2. If that can be done, will it display the same over various systems and browsers?I am having a hard time getting things to display the same or at least very similar in IE, Opera, Chrome and the various Mozilla derivatives and I shudder at the thought of expanding to Apple desktop/laptop, tablets, Ipad, Iphone, androids etc.
If that can be done, will it display the same over various systems and browsers?
Yes, pretty much.
Perhaps show us an example of what you are doing if you are having problems.
Thanks Ralph.Not quite at the stage of displaying things in the new format; I'm revamping a live site and can't afford to have it down, so the lot will have to be redone, tested and replaced overnight. At the moment, I am "designing" the master style sheet, and deciding what goes in there, what goes in the internal ss and what goes inline. It will be "auto-sizing" and if I can get that working properly, the current "3-column" centered will change to "2-column" floating left lined.
Do you have a link to an example of how to define H-tags in a master style sheet?What I am trying to achieve, is choose the font (probably Verdana), colour, size, H1 H2 H3 stepping down in size, 4-6 the same size@ about 1.5-2 times the size of body text and override the font choice, sizing and colouring of the browser.
There's nothing to it, really. E.g.
h1, h2, h3, h4 {font-family: verdana, sans-serif; color: #222;}
h1 {font-size: 2em;}
h2 {font-size: 1.75em;}
h3 {font-size: 1.5em;}
h4 {font-size: 1.25em;}
Just as well I admitted to still needing to learn a lot.Thanks Ralph.
No probs. You are welcome to ask any questions.
You may come to regret that generosity, but I'll try not to take it too literally. Bearing in mind that I am still in the early stages of the revamp and therefore all options fully open, should I make my site suitable for all display sizes, including minin screens like smartphones/iphones/androids, or set up a main site for anything from say 800x600 upward, and a redirect when small screens are detected?
It's up to you, really, but unless your site is a huge one, I'd say use CSS to resize the layout for different viewports, rather than redirect users to a different version of the site, which is more work. Responsive design is all the rage at the moment.
Ralph, you're a genius. flexible grid and "adjusting images" is just what I was looking for. Apart from putting the "normal text" on the left and buttons/images/links of the right, the Baker street enquirer structure is pretty much what I had in mind.My site is very text heavy (1000-2000 words on most pages) by necessity wich causes display problems to no end on fixed witdth format.Many thanks for the links.
Glad that helped. It's much nicer to have flexible pages, given the nature of the web, so I'm glad this is being recognized more now.


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American Flyer Train S Gauge Tender Union Pacific
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Toys, Dolls, Games & Puzzles
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Jun 04, 2010
- Channel: Auction House
American Flyer Train S Gauge TENDER 1947 "smoke-in-tender" AMERICAN FLYER LINES Union Pacific. As I have stated I am not a expert on these trains, cars or accessories I took as many scans as I could.
Buy multiple auctions and save on shipping....Good luck biddingAny questions e-mail


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A national parenting magazine has put Hilton Head Island at the top of its list of the 10 Best Beach Towns.
Parents magazine said the list features family vacation spots with "pristine oceans, beach safety and a boatload of inland fun."
When selecting the best beach towns, the magazine considered Natural Resources Defense Council's water quality reports, the presence of lifeguards, the number of public restrooms and beachside amusements, the number of inland activities and cost of lodging and entertainment options, according to a news release.
The Best Beach Towns, in ranked order:
- Hilton Head Island
- Coronado, Calif.
- St. Pete Beach, Fla.
- Falmouth, Mass.
- Cape May, N.J.
- Amelia Island, Fla.
- Kitty Hawk, N.C.
- Kamuela, Hawaii, The Big Island
- Gulf Shores, Ala.
- Rehoboth Beach, Del.
Parents magazine has a circulation of 2.2 million readers.
"That kind of coverage is invaluable," Clark said.
Related content:


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Grant Opportunities
Grants are available for schools and non-profit organizations to help kids build healthy habits for a lifetime.Learn More
Whole Foods Market Commissions Official Fiesta Medals
Aavailable for $10 each at Whole Food's Market San Antonio locations,
100% of proceeds benefit Whole Kids Foundation.
Get Involved
As little as $2 buys seeds for a school garden!Read More
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100% of your donation directly supports growing healthy kids.
A picture is worth a thousand healthy words.Read More
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Kid's Book Club
Healthy conversations are easy with our monthly reading tips and activites.


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|The stupid question is the question not asked
Comment on
|( #3333=superdoc: print w/replies, xml )
|Need Help??
Maybe there is something I do not understand about Log4Perl, but could you not call Log::Log4perl->appender_thresholds_adjust from within your test script? The whole point of a configurable logging framework seems to be that you can configure logging from outside of the code that does the actual logging.
In reply to Re^5: Strategy for conditional logging in tests
by Thilosophy


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DaQuan Jones Scouting Report
|Penn State Nittany Lions
|Jersey Number:
|Height & Weight:
|6'3 - 333 lbs.
|Draft Prediction:
|Second Round
2014 NFL Draft Prospect Scouting Report:
DaQuan Jones, DT , Penn State
Productive in ways which do not always translate statistically. Really tough guy to move around. Stays on his mark, anchors down and occupies running lanes. Disrupts and collapses the pocket. Technique lacks at times. He will often just push any way he can, mostly ineffectively, once he gets off-kilter. Strong upper body. Looks to push and shove his way into the pocket. A calm and controlled style of play. Grinds it out. Needs to play to the whistle and show a little more effort to pursue the backside.
Stays wide and low. Remains effective against double teams. Struggles against zone blocking schemes. Doesn't use his shoulders properly when moving down the line. Solid jump off the line. Below-average closing speed. Doesn't have much snap or pop when tackling on the run. Motor runs hot and cold. Could afford to lose 10 pounds and really focus on conditioning.
Jones projects as an late second to early third round pick in the 2014 NFL Draft.
1 Comment | Add Yours
As a guy who doesn't offer a ton as a pass rusher, I think he'll slip a bit to the mid-to-late 3rd round. Should be a non-splashy, effective pro.
AUWarEagle 03/27/14 09:41 PM


text: Ladies and Gentlemen: I have the privelege of owning a 2006 XLR-V which has 23843 miles. So far I have enjoyed my sterling silver head turner and have had no serious mechanical problems - unless you count replacing - twice - the radio only because CD player would not change CD's. Now I hear brake squeal so its time for pads and maybe rotors. Dealer says front/back $1200 for pads and rotors. Brakemaster says about $600 front/back with ceramic pads and rotors with the caveat that their parts meet mfg specs but are not GM parts. I searched several threads and did not find this subject addressed. I do not want to bore you or take up your valuable time...but I would appreciate comments from fellow XLR-V owners and especially our trusted XLR mechanics that help us keep these rolling works of art on the street.


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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
The hotel is a wonderful oasis of calm and pleasant atmosphere during a very hectic week.
Location and design. Nice rooms. Superb view from restaurant Rooms were missing so many touches: lampshades, bedside lighting, bath mat, desk or table, etc. Bathroom was very smelly. Restaurant was expensive and very poor meals. Breakfast was minimal.
Situated on the island, from the upper rooms you have a nice view on the lake, mountains and old town. Bathrooms small, old and with a bad smell, third bed in the suite very small. Attention: Avoid meals at the hotel restaurant! It is extremely overpriced. You can eat much better and much cheaper in one of the nice lake restaurants on the island.
Owners are delightful Room very small
Excellent 'budget' basic accommodatipon in a fascinating little town. The very friendly owner goes out of his way to welcome guests & to help you enjoy your stay.
The setting was very attractive and the owner was very friendly. Breakfast under the grape arbour was a pleasure. The standard of comfort was not great. The bathrooms were not in the room which neccesitated being dressed to use the facilities in the middle of the night. The beds were very hard. A mirror on the room would havebeen an asset.


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The best TVs you can buy right now
Find reviews of the latest Sony LCD TVs Up to 30in.
18 November 2009
John reviews the 40in Sony Bravia KDL-40Z5800 LCD TV - the brand's first set with a built-in Freesat tuner.
04 August 2009
Sony unleashes its KDL-22E5300 22in LCD TV in a bid to banish second-room TV mediocrity.
31 March 2009
What can we expect from the Sony Bravia KDL-40V5500 40in LCD TV? John finds out.
17 February 2009
We liked Sony's 37in V4000 LCD TV, so have high hopes for the 26in version!
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|Topic Review (Newest First)
|wolfy dog
Look at the dog, not at the bag for information on how much to feed. Leaving food out all day will make it harder to house train them as their system is constantly at work.
If you feed him 4 times a day he'll be fine.
Yes, you may have to bulk him up gradually. It's very easy to see a dog overeat and get overweight feeding it yummy 'people food'. On the other end of the spectrum is higher quality adult 'maintenance', type food. I really doubt a dog would eat to much with adult food.
Then you can mix a little til you see a mix that works. It's more healthy for the dog to be on the lean side. I do realize you have an unusual case and are working towards an ideal weight.
|Ikes Mom
|He's eating dry now and gobbles it up. We first tried feeding all he would eat and at 5 1/2 weeks he would just eat and eat until I stopped giving it to him. I was following what the bag said but will definitely feed more. He was only 2.8 lbs when I got him at 5.5 weeks. Has got to almost 11 lbs in just over 4 weeks. Thank you so much. I'll keep putting the food to him and try to bulk him up. He has a beautiful shiny coat and is happy and playful. Want to make him all he can be.
He does seem underweight for his age, assuming pure bred & all. I mix adult & puppy food and have it available at all times. You may have a special case if trying to bulk up the pup some. The idea with food always available is they don't develop the need to scarf the food so quickly.
With very yummy food they will wolf it down. You could try some quality dry and he should slow down some. Even if you want to continue the 'special' food, you could have some less palatable food available. Our dog will inhale a training treat, but eats her regular food rather civilized.
|Ikes Mom
Please tweek Ike's diet.
I'm new at this German Shepherd thing. I want my puppy to be all he can be. I got him when he was just 5 1/2 weeks old. I think he was taken from mom to soon but got him from someone that already had him and just didn't want to do the work to attend to him. Anyway he was 2.8 lbs. He is 9 1/2 weeks now and 11.2 lbs. He is eating Taste of the wild dog food. Plus, cooked boneless chicken and slightly scrambled eggs. Early am about a quarter cup of TOTW. Around 10 am 1/4 cup TOTW and 2 to 3 oz chicken. Around 2 1 or 2 lightly scrambled eggs. 6pmish. 1/2 cup TOTW and 2 to 3 oz chicken and around 9 pm 1/4 cup of Totw. The bag says 3/4 to a cup a day. He eats his food literally in 20 seconds. Gulps like crazy. How much should he be eating at this age and weight? All advice apprciated.
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Rating: 2.0/5 (Total votes: 8)
WorldCallPlaceAndTime - This application shows a small info window during incoming/outgoing call. It contains country, region, city (or mobile operator) and LOCAL TIME in that place (worldwide)!
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FreewareAndroid - Free Downloads Android Market Apps, Applications, Games, APK, WiFi, Sync, GPS for Google Android OS