text: Interstitial Lung DiseaseWhat are interstitial lung diseases?Interstitial lung disease is the name for a group of 100 chronic lung disorders. These diseases inflame or scar the lungs. The inflammation and scarring make it hard to get enough oxygen. The scarring is called pulmonary fibrosis.The symptoms and course of these diseases may vary from person to person. The common link between the many forms of the disease is that they all begin with an inflammation.Bronchiolitis. This is inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles).Alveolitis. This is inflammation of the air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the blood takes places (alveoli).Vasculitis. This is inflammation that involves the small blood vessels (capillaries).The most common types of interstitial lung disease are: A drug-induced diseaseExposure to substances at work or in the environment Lung injury due to radiationFibrosis leads to permanent loss of your lung tissue's ability to carry oxygen. The air sacs, as well as the lung tissue around the air sacs and the lung capillaries, are destroyed when the scar tissue forms.The disease may run a gradual course or a rapid course. People that have it may notice variation in symptoms, from very mild to moderate to very severe. The condition may stay the same for a long time or it may change quickly. The course of the disease is unpredictable. If it progresses, the lung tissue thickens and becomes stiff. Breathing becomes more difficult.What causes interstitial lung diseases?The cause of interstitial lung disease is not known. Major contributing factors are smoking and inhaling environmental or occupational pollutants, such as inorganic or organic dusts.Other contributing factors include:Certain drugs or medicinesCertain connective tissue or collagen diseases and sarcoidosisFamily historyRadiation treatmentWhat are the symptoms of interstitial lung diseases?The following are the most common symptoms for interstitial lung diseases. However, each person may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:Shortness of breath, especially with activityDry, hacking cough that does not produce phlegmExtreme tiredness and weaknessLoss of appetiteUnexplained weight lossDiscomfort in the chestLabored breathing, which may be fast and shallowBleeding in the lungsThe symptoms of interstitial lung diseases may look like other lung conditions or medical problems. Talk with your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.How are interstitial lungs diseases diagnosed?In addition to a complete medical history and physical exam, the healthcare provider may also request pulmonary function tests. These tests help to measure the lungs' ability to move air into and out of the lungs. The tests are usually done with machines into which you breathe. They may include the following:SpirometryA spirometer is a device used to check lung function. Spirometry is one of the simplest, most common tests. It may be used to:Determine how well the lungs receive, hold, and move airLook for lung diseaseSee how well treatment is workingDetermine the severity of a lung diseaseFind out whether the lung disease is restrictive (decreased airflow) or obstructive (disruption of airflow)Peak flow monitoringThis device is used to measure the how fast you can blow air out of the lungs. Disease-related changes can cause the large airways in the lungs to slowly narrow. This will slow the speed of air leaving the lungs. This measurement is very important in evaluating how well or how poorly the disease is being controlled.Chest X-raysThis test takes pictures of internal tissues, bones, and organs.Blood testsArterial blood gas may be done to check the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. Other blood tests may be used to look for possible infections.CT scanThis test uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the body. CT scans are more detailed than regular X-rays.BronchoscopyThis is direct exam of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi) using a flexible tube called a bronchoscope. Bronchoscopy helps to evaluate and diagnose lung problems, check blockages, take out samples of tissue or fluid, and help remove a foreign body. Bronchoscopy may include a biopsy or bronchoalveolar lavage.Bronchoalveolar lavageRemoving cells from the lower respiratory tract to help identify inflammation and exclude certain causes.Lung biopsyRemoving a small piece of tissue from the lung so it can be examined under a microscope.How are interstitial lung diseases treated?Because there are so many causes, treatment will vary. Some interstitial lung diseases do not have a cure. Treatment is aimed at preventing more lung scarring, managing symptoms, and helping you stay active and healthy. Treatment can't fix lung scarring that has already occurred.Treatments may include:Lung transplantOral medicine, including corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) to suppress the immune systemOxygen therapy, from portable containersPulmonary rehabCheck with your healthcare provider about getting flu and pneumococcal shots. Getting a flu shot every year can help prevent both the flu and pneumonia. In addition, pneumococcal bacteria can cause minor problems, such as ear infections, but can also develop into life-threatening illnesses of the lungs (pneumonia), the covering of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis), and the blood (bacteremia). Pneumococcal disease can be acquired by anyone, but children younger than age 2, adults ages 65 and older, people with certain medical problems, and smokers are at the highest risk. Key points about interstitial lung diseasesInterstitial lung disease is the name for a group of 100 lung disorders that inflame or scar the lungs.The cause is not known. Major contributing factors are smoking and inhaling environmental or occupational pollutants.The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, especially with activity, and a dry, hacking cough.Tests that help measure the lungs' ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide are used to diagnose the condition. Blood tests and imaging tests may also be used to see how severe the problem is and monitor it over time.The goal of treatment for people with the disease is to prevent more scarring and manage symptoms.Next stepsTips to help you get the most from a visit to your healthcare provider:Know the reason for your visit and what you want to happen.Before your visit, write down questions you want answered.Bring someone with you to help you ask questions and remember what your healthcare provider tells you.At the visit, write down the name of a new diagnosis, and any new medicines, treatments, or tests. Also write down any new instructions your healthcare provider gives you.Know why a new medicine or treatment is prescribed, and how it will help you. Also know what the side effects are.Ask if your condition can be treated in other ways.Know why a test or procedure is recommended and what the results could mean.Know what to expect if you do not take the medicine or have the test or procedure.If you have a follow-up appointment, write down the date, time, and purpose for that visit.Know how you can contact your healthcare provider if you have questions. Health Encyclopedia A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Search Health Library


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Devil Girl Baptismal Font & Patio Fire Bowl
This is just so delicious I feel like theming an entire Halloween party around it. Given the craftsmanship, $700 really is a bargain for such a well-made (holes for drainage!) and interesting piece. The devil on my shoulder is whispering, "Get it....."

subset: commoncrawl


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Ryan Reynolds, you may now kiss the bride!
A new photo has surfaced, showing newlyweds Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively sharing a kiss one day after their September 9 wedding in South Carolina.
PLAY IT NOW: Ryan Reynolds & Blake Lively: Secrets Of Their Wedding!
In the photo, Blake is also seen sporting the giant rock her husband gave her on her ring finger.
The sexy star couple - who was understandably dressed down in the photo, a day after their private nuptials - tied the knot at Boone Hall Plantation in Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Blake Lively: From Hollywood To The Upper East Side!
It was the same location where portions of "The Notebook" were filmed.
PHOTOS: Check Out More Celebrity Engagement Rings!
Among the stars who witnessed Blake and Ryan's "I do's" included Blake's former "Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants" co-stars America Ferrera, Alexis Bledel and Amber Tamblyn, as well as rocker Florence Welch - of Florence + The Machine, who performed at the wedding reception.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Celebrity Engagement Rings — The Bling Is The Thing!
Back in June, Access Hollywood's Shaun Robinson caught up with Blake on the red carpet of her "Savages" premiere, where Blake revealed what she looks for in a man.
"I always love somebody who makes me laugh, who's fun to be with," the actress told Shaun at the time.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Ryan Reynolds: The Former Sexiest Man Alive!
And standing tall at 5 feet 10 inches, Blake said her potential mate would also need to be blessed with height.
"I love really high heels, so it becomes a problem sometimes," she said, explaining that she's not against being with shorter guys. "I just feel like huge... you don't want to feel like the man."
Luckily, Ryan is reportedly 6'2".
This is the first marriage for Blake, 25. Prior to dating Ryan, Blake was romantically linked to Leonardo DiCaprio, but the two split after five months of dating.
Ryan, 35, was previously married to Scarlett Johansson from 2008 - 2010. The former Sexiest Man Alive was also previously engaged to rocker Alanis Morissette from 2004 - 2007, but the pair never wed.
Copyright 2012 by NBC Universal, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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My forearms felt like I spent hours in the gym.. I know what you mean.Quote:
Originally Posted by HappyGunner
Thanks everybody
RSSZ- I agree I aim CM/centermass.. but I don't look at them as headshots, I look at them as an area where I aimed and shot at. I aim at different points on most targets just to see how often I hit what I was aiming at.
EUC- good point on shooting what you carry. And Yeah I kep the mags packed while sitting around the house. Thanks for the info though:smile:
Artz- I am sure most of us want tactical practice


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Member since 11/18/2011
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Recent comments from hopee
I had the surgery 07/27/11 and it is the best thing I have ever done for myself. My breasts are finally to their permanent shape and healed. I am obsessed with them now, they are perfect, I love them The first couple of weeks are... READ COMMENT


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|Acid anonymous on vermicelli soup
|Content amount
|115.5G(16.5G x 7 food )
|Raw materials
|Vermicelli (green bean starch, potato starch, not genetically modified), salt, sugar, processed egg products whole egg powder, vegetable oil, reduced starch degradation products, powder soy sauce, chicken powder, lactose, shiitake mushroom, onion, onion powder, powdered vinegar, spices, protein hydrolysates, seafood extract, chili oil, shiitake mushroom extract, following powder, ginger extract powder, thickeners (modified starch, xanthan), seasoning (amino acids), acidulant, phosphate (Na), colouring (caramel, beta-carotene), antioxidant ( V.E ), Spice extract, leavening agent, (part of the raw materials including wheat)
|Nutrition ingredients
|One serving (16.5 g) per energy 54.9 kcal, protein 1.1 g, fat 0.4 g, carbohydrate 11.7 g, sodium 780 mg
|Suggested usage
|Vermicelli 1 bag contents and contents of soup one bag into the Cup. Immediately pour, 150-180 ml boiling water wait about 3 minutes, stirring often so no mass is about 15 seconds.
|How to save
|Keep away from direct sunlight, high temperature and high humidity.
|(Stocks) Asti
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|0120-2029-64 Tumon co., Ltd.
|JP Post EMS
|Your order will be shipped to you via Japan Post EMS. Japan Post is a speedy delivery service that delivers to more than 120 countries. With an effective tracking system and insurance program, EMS is able to offer a secure delivery worldwide. You can track your package with the tracking code provided and it will be delivered within a week. See estimated shipping fee
|JP Post Small Packet
|Your order will be shipped to you via Post Small Packet. A lower rate than EMS for smaller articles up to 2 kg. Although not as insured as EMS, it is a more economic choice for international shipping. Depending on the destination, the delivery date might vary.
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I had a visitor at about 6:45 this morning. I was in the living room feeding my daughter and someone started banging on the door.
It was a sheriff's deputy looking for the previous resident; she had some civil documents to serve him with.
Made me think, what if it wasn't a friendly sheriff's deputy at my door but the not so friendly dealer the previous resident ripped off....what if it had been police with a no knock warrant......
It also made me think about the posts that I have read here and other places where members say they will shoot any individual that identifies himself as police after kicking in their door because they are not into anything that is illegal. Well, neither am I, nor do I have any pending civil action against me the last resident of this apartment, however, did. We often talk about rules two and three, lets not forget the fourth.
I also thought about why I carry in my home, had this actually been a threat I would have been able to respond. Thankfully it was not.
Just thought I would share. Have a great day :smile:


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Shakhtar routs Real Sociedad 4-0 in Champs league
DONETSK, Ukraine — A trio of Brazilians scored to lead Shakhtar Donetsk to a comprehensive 4-0 win over Real Sociedad in the Champions League on Wednesday.
Luiz Adriano opened the scoring late in the first half, Alex Teixeira made it 2-0 early in the second, and Douglas Costa curled a powerful drive into the left upper corner of the net in the 68th and headed in a cross from the left in 87th to complete the rout.
With the victory, Shakhtar moves to second place in Group D standings with eight points, one point ahead of Bayer Leverkusen and three points behind leader Manchester United. Real is last with one.
Shakhtar will next travel to Manchester on Dec. 10, while Real Sociedad will take on Leverkusen.
The game was roughly equal yet lacked rhythm. Real even looked pleased having amassed four attempts in the first 20 minutes.
The hosts waited until the 30th minute to pressure as Bernard and teammate Adriano probed the Real defense.
It all was over, however, in the 37th when Adriano tapped Douglas Costa's spinning pass home, following a short corner that caught Real temporarily off guard.
Inigo Martinez nearly equaled just two minutes before the break, but Shakhtar's Teixeira broke free to score two minutes later when the Real defenders failed to clear a loose ball.
The visitors again failed to respond when, eight minutes later, Griezmann's right-footed volley hit the side bar.
Costa then hammered in a spectacular left-footed volley after receiving the ball from Teixeira, who progressed from his own end virtually unscathed.
The pace began to slow after the 80th minute despite Real making two substitutions and Shakhtar making three. Seven minutes later Costa scored his second goal with a header from the left side.
"It was a surprise for Real when Luis Adriano scored in the 37th right before the halftime," Shakhtar coach Mircea Lucescu said. "The key moment was when we pressured (immediately after the break) and Alex Teixeira scored the second goal for us."
Real coach Jagoba Arrasate said his team was unlucky.
"We didn't have any luck today. Until the first goal, we held our own, but after that we fell apart slowly," Arrasate said. "What can I say, it is disappointing, especially after we had so much hope coming into this game."


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Stuck Inside
Everyone knows monkeys can't fly. They are, however, pretty adept little surfers.
It's so tough being a baby. One minute you're hanging out in the warm comfort of your mother's womb, the next minute you're thrust into the cold, harsh world.
And to top it all off, you have to stay inside and practice your tummy time while all your little monkey friends get to go outside and have some fun in the sun. Even a fun game of peek-a-boo with a pineapple mirror can't make up for the fact that they get to ride the waves on a surfboard, and you're just learning to prop yourself up on a surfboard pillow.
Sometimes you get so mad, you just want to tear into that textured banana teether. But you don't actually have teeth yet, so you just gum it with a vengeance instead.
One day, you too will be surfin' up a storm, and probably also eating some sand because all babies try it at least once. Until then, you'll have to settle for a little Overhead Discovery ala the spinning musical monkey that can also attach to your car seat. You know he's mocking you, but you hold your head up high anyway. Well, you will one day after hours more tummy time practice.


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|Thread Tools
Tool sale.................
Going to one of those travelling tool sales on Friday. It's the kind
of stuff that you Americans get at Harbor Freight, I think.
Anybody have any good or bad experiences with this stuff. I know some
of it is junk, but some of it seems pretty good too.
Any stories?
If it is HF stuff, there are some real dogs but most parts are more than adequate for the hobbyist, ie., hack was blades are trash - teeth strip off instantly. Crescent wrench jaws are kind of soft and dent pretty easily, although the ones I have are still going strong after a decade of abuse - just not real pretty. All of their air tools are great - in fact I think even the US name brand guys are selling the Chinese air tools. Their screwdrivers are as good or better than Craftsman and you can buy 6 or 7 sets for the same price. I got a set of their metal shears and the hinge bolts sheared off instantly! Replaced them w/ grade 8 bolts and they have done well since. Just need to be careful in looking at the tool before you buy. I have several sets Chinese of open end and box end wrenches and they are as good as any name brand out there and a ton cheaper. If something looks too cheap (i.e., the hinge bolts on the metal shears were chrome w/ no strength markings - obviously no-grade cheapies), it probably is.
Some of the stuff will have a lifetime warranty. See where you have to ship it to collect. My father had a hydraulic ram set from one of those traveling tool shops with a lifetime warranty. The problem was you had to ship to the manufacturer (overseas) at your own expense which was more than he paid...
So just keep that in mind if you see a warranty on something.
the last truck load tool sale i went to, i bought a 5 inch vise. the first time i hit it with a grinding wheel, i took of a half inch of filler. the whole thig is a crappily cast pos with a butt load of filler on it to make it look nice. but it held good enough for my needs, although i did late buy a craftsman 5" on clearance that is way tighter. not wilton tight but good enough for bubba work.
spooki, my bro in law, bought a 16 ton pipe bender that'll muck up anything you put into it.
if you want pics of the vise, i think i still have it. yep, it's outside rusting.
I bought a cheap-o angle grinder that burned up real nice the second time I used it.... I feel for the price I paid it was worth it to get all the accessories.
My Monte is being held airborne by 4 of those $10 a set jackstands. They work fine. Wrenches, well avoid the cheapies. Ya get what ya pay for there. Like Willys said, the screwdrivers rule. Best cheap pry bars I ever bought I got from Homier Distributing. Just look at what you buy before you buy it.
Here is Another tool site
Years ago, I got a set of channel lock type pliers from Homer Dist, when they came to town. They aren't even worth throwing away. They slip in the joints with next to no pressure on them. I got a drill press from them, they gave me a discount because it was the floor model. I thought that was a great deal, discount because I didn't have to assemble it. LOL Not the greatest, but the only problem I have had, is that a set screw that holds the head in place, fell out. Bought alot of other stuff from them and have had little or no problems with them.
Let me guess!! 6" rotating vice? Round ram. Right?
Been there, been burned too! Broke 3 in a row! Then went Wilton.
Grizzly vices aren't too bad for the money though!
Just got back from the sale.......bought a few cut off wheels, an air brush and a pry bar. Did alright....$26
about two years ago when they opened near where i live, me and my dad went there and bought a bunch of stuff, screw drivers, pliers, pipe wrenches, impact sockets, 4" grinder, air tools and much more stuff, my dad is a mechanic, he uses them almost every day, never had a problem and they costed much more cheaper than any craftman or husky.
The 4" grinders are the best deal for the money available. they go on sale for $9.99 every now and then, reg. price is 15.99. I've had mine for about 6 years, it's still going strong. The d.a. sanders aren't bad, I bought the cheapest one about 2 years ago, it self destructed in my hands about a month ago, took out some nice strips of flesh on my hand, wrist and belly. I bought the second better model, hopefully it will last longer. Dan
"When I was younger, I could remember anything, whether it had happened or not." - Mark Twain
I'm guilty of buying HF stuff too. Like Larry, I've had bad luck with those killer looking bondo filled vises.. I split one in two, with two whacks one time, driving a bushing out. I've bought at least six of those "Chicago" angle grinders and they really made a hit as door prizes at the car club Christmas party, everybody wanted one. I've used my HF HVLP gun twice and the "Chicago" buffer helps make good when it dribbles.
The air tools work fine for the hobby shop. I like the idea of running a $40 DA to death, with no oil, then just pitching it in the garbage.. I get a whole lot less fish eyes in the paint thataway!
What would we do without Harbor Freight
There are a couple that swing through this area. One is an auction style deal, the other is a store setup. I've bought from both, mixed results.
I'd say its mostly junk, but good enough to throw in the wrecker, for when you are out in the boonies, without your toolbox. the name brand stuff they have in stock is higher than if you bought locally. Bought a dozen chop saw blades for $10. Threw 3 away, because they almost shook the saw off the table. Still better than $5 each for Makita blades.
The auction deal is a scam. If you watch close, the guy is running the bid up, with house numbers. If you are careful about that, you can get stuff pretty reasonable.
I have hit a few good deals and as said some dogs. I bought a buch of sand paper for a DA because it was cheap and it would come apart in nothing flat. Not worth it! I have a chop saw that has been great and a few other things but you do need to be carefull.
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Connellsville officials back movement
Connellsville Mayor Greg Lincoln and members of City Council voiced their support for the "Thou Shall Not Move" campaign to raise funding for granite Ten Commandments monuments that are being placed at churches and other locations in the region.
"We have 12 monuments at church locations and two others," said the Rev. Ewing Marietta of Liberty Baptist Church, North Union, the campaign's leader.
The movement began two years ago when Connellsville Area School District was approached about a Ten Commandments monument on the grounds of the junior high school. The monument had been there for more than 50 years. A parent complained, a lawsuit was filed against the district, and the result was the formation of the group, whose members have volunteered to sell corrugated plastic signs. Money raised by the sales is used to purchase the granite monuments.
"A total of $30,774.71 has been raised by all of you," Marietta said.
Signs offered for sale include 2-by-4-foot signs, 1-by-2 signs, Christmas signs, Steelers signs, flag signs and a new 4-by-8 sign.
The group has sold 300 T-shirts, too.
Fourteen monuments were purchased for a total of $23,268, and $5,000 is going toward the downpayment for seven more, Marietta said.
The next monument will be placed and dedicated on the grounds of United Free Methodist Church in Uniontown in the spring, he added.
"I think that it is unbelievable how this has all taken off," Lincoln said of the movement. "I can't believe how many of these signs I see when I drive around the county and how many of these I see in people's yards. The city will do anything that they can do to help."
Councilman Greg Ritch said he is a strong supporter of the Constitution and that for which it stands.
"Our First Amendment rights have been turned upside down," Ritch said. "Our Founding Fathers relied heavily on the Bible."
Councilman Brad Geyer said it was a shame the movement had to be established in the first place. Councilman Tom Karpiak said it's very impressive to see the Ten Commandments signs throughout the town.
"They have awakened a giant," Karpiak said of the strength and belief of those who are part of the movement. "These signs are being seen all over the place, even if people don't see the one up on the hill."
Marietta announced two upcoming meetings: March 13 and March 27 at the Connellsville Eagles, starting at 5:30 p.m.
He said that a special guest will be coming on April 5 to Liberty Baptist Church.
"We have Erik Estrada coming. He will be there to support the Ten Commandments, and he will also talk about his new movie that was released called 'Uncommon,' " Marietta said.
The event will begin at 5 p.m. A showing of Estrada's movie will follow at 6.
Donations are being accepted to help the group purchase more monuments.
Contributions may be sent to 10 Commandments, P.O. Box 410, Connellsville, PA 15425.
Marilyn Forbes is a contributing writer.
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Related Publications
- Related by Author
- Related by Topic
Related Links
Jewish Resourcefulness: A Response to Shrinking Resources
Jewish Communal Service Association of North America (JCSA), September 1984
Topic: Community Relations, Governance, Jewish Organizations
Name of Publication: Journal of Jewish Communal Service
Volume/Issue: Vol. 61/No. 1
Genre: Article
Coverage: United States
Language: English
Copyright Information: Download for personal use, freely distribute link
Bibliographic Information:
Bubis, Gerald B. Jewish Resourcefulness: A Response to Shrinking Resources. Journal of Jewish Communal Service. Jewish Communal Service Association of North America (JCSA). September 1984: http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=1165
» View Publication
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Asking JAMES ELLSWORTH for Wrestling Advice
Join Date: Oct 2006
Posts: 444
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Re: 20 years Ago: Wrestling Observer
June 27th, 1988
-- The Powers of Pain have jumped from the NWA to the WWF. They had been negotiating on and off for two months with the WWF, and they officially quit the NWA last Sunday, and debuted with the WWF the following Saturday. Dave is surprised, but they will be pushed as babyfaces in the WWF and are expected to be pushed hard and feuding with Demolition by the end of July. They will be expected to do their own interviews, as they will not have a manager. Both guys apparently wanted out before the scaffold matches were scheduled to take place with the Road Warriors, because of the fear of guys their size taking such a huge bump and causing major knee damage. The NWA did acknowledge their leaving, with Paul Jones and the Road Warriors burying them on TV. Dave thinks this helps the WWF, because they can probably do something with the two, considering that they're bizarre and powerful looking. Dave says they aren't particularly good in the ring. Barbarian has lots of great moves but can't put together a match, and Warlord has improved but is still pretty bad. Dave also doesn't think it will hurt the NWA much because they weren't major attractions, and their feud with the Road Warriors never really drew. Dave says the bigger story is that the jump has taken away any impact a future jump from the Road Warriors will have, because they will now be seen as the imitators, even though they're not. The POP left the NWA without truly giving notice. Warlord no-showed the 6/12 TV taping in Albany, GA. Barbarian was there and had words with Dusty and ended up quitting. Crockett failed to trademark the name, so the WWF can still use it. "That's kind of a surprise in this day and age, but then again, trademarking names is basically to protect the company in marketing ventures so an outside company doesn't market things of the sort and the two really had no value in the merchandising department."
-- No Holds Barred just started filming in Atlanta and will be shot over the next two months. Shane Productions is doing the movie (it's their first full length feature film) and Joan Severence will be the female lead. Vince McMahon will receive an executive producer credit. Dave suspects it's more intended for a video market than a big screen market.
-- The hype is in overdrive for the Great American Bash pay-per-view on July 10 in Baltimore, which is pretty much guaranteed to be a financial success. They have done a great job, Dave says, of creating necessary interest in the main event, with most fans expecting a title change. There are 9.4 million homes cleared for pay-per-view, and this should be a multi-million dollar show. Dave points out that both Starrcade and the Bunkhouse Stampede drew between a 3.0 and 3.5 percent buyrate, and this show will actually run unopposed. Dave thinks it will easily get a 4.0 buyrate, which translates to about 376,000 buys at $16.00 a pop, or a $6 million gross. Dave says Crockett may only net around a quarter of that, but it will still pay a lot of bills. Early reports are that the Bash tour is also going to draw well, but Dave is worried that Crockett will interpret that as a sign they are moving in the right direction, when all it shows is that the Bash concept is over. "I am convinced that it's not too late for JCP if the company realizes certain changes that have to be made and certain promotional concepts that have to be changed. There are too many fans with divergent tastes for one company to fulfill them all, and if Titan is to increase its domination of the business in this country, it's simply because the opposition isn't considered viable by those with divergent tastes."
-- There are still rumors that Ted turner has bought the AWA, but best as Dave can tell, it hasn't happened yet, and he doesn't anticipate it in the near future. The two sides are millions of dollars apart in the attempting buying and selling price, as Crockett wants an eight-figure deal to give up the company, and TBS doesn't want to pay anywhere near that high. Dave mentions there is a lot going on within the Turner organization, such as quiet negotiations with Capital Cities to purchase CNN, which make take place in the fall around the same time TNT is set to debut. The rumor is that the NWA purchase would be part of a long-term plan for TNT, and that Main Event would move over as soon as the network debuts, while World Championship Wrestling would move to TNT also, but not until the new network clears 30 million homes. Dave acknowledges all this but says talks are definitely not dead either.
-- NFL star Brad Muster was given a Ric Flair t-shirt that said "Not just a man, an attitude" which Dave says was given to him by a friend -- not Dave -- but an equally demented friend. Muster plans to wear the shirt under his jersey for all of his games.
-- 6/12 in Las Vegas drew 750 fans and Dave is told this was an even worse card than the one he attended. Most of the advertised matches didn't take place. Ricky Morton has decided to go on vacation until they start with Crockett on 6/26, so he no-showed, but Robert Gibson is still making the dates with Greg Gagne taking his place.
-- They want Jimmy Snuka to start on 7/16.
-- 6/13 in Memphis drew 4,500 fans and was headlined by Lawler vs Curt Hennig in a **** match. Much of it had to be edited because of bad lighting when aired on FNN, so it didn't come across nearly as well on TV as it did live.
-- They're looking to a Jerry Lawler & Austin Idol vs Eddie Gilbert & Curt Hennig feud to spice things up over summer, and Dave thinks between them and Paul E. Dangerously, the interviews will be great, even if they're not the best matches of the summer.
-- Steve Armstrong returned and is teaming with Tracy Smothers again, but the two are scheduled to leave for Japan in three weeks.
-- Jack Curtis is out as General Manager and Ron West from USA wrestling is coming in to take over the position at the end of the month.
-- The title tournament is scheduled for Birmingham in August. They are going to do a tie-in with a local hotel and are promoting cocktail parties with the wrestlers for fans in the first few rows.
-- Shane Douglas left for a few weeks to finish some college commitments, but should be back soon.
-- Brother Ernest Angel is in managing Sika & Kokina, but Kokina is scheduled for a Japanese tour, so Sika will work single.
-- There is a big show on 7/2 in Dothan, AL, with Jerry Lawler defending the AWA title against Austin Idol.
-- Houses are up for the Idol vs Gilbert feud, with cities that averaged $2,000 houses increasing to $7,000 houses, which Dave admits still isn't spectacular, but is a great improvement.
-- They are continuing the Ken Wayne vs Danny Davis feud, with Danny Davis as the babyface.
-- Dick Slater is going to come in for a few dates to team with Eddie Gilbert against Austin Idol & Mr. Olympia. Gilbert had a match against Olympia for $25,000, but Gilbert showed up on crutches and said he would have to postpone the match. When Olympia turned his back, Gilbert dropped the crutches and he and Dangerously beat up on Olympia and broke his arm, similar to the 1987 angle with Steve Williams and Dick Murdoch in the UWF. They have a mask vs the $25,000 match coming up with Olympia in an arm brace.
-- Willie B. Hurt is feuding with D.I. Bob Carter and Detroit Demolition is feuding with Lord Humongous.
-- Dave is told the TV that aired over the previous weekend had decent lighting, as it had been horrendous for weeks prior. Dave says they need a hot announcer because Charlie Platt has been doing the shows with Missy Hyatt and just isn't enthusiastic enough.
-- 6/10 in Calgary drew 550 fans.
-- Les Thornton's opposition promotion began on 6/11 in Calgary before 200 fans. Promotion for the card was small and fans didn't know the faces from the heels.
-- There was an out of the ring brawl between Brian Pillman and Brick Bronsky. "Apparently the real story behind the out of the ring brawl between Bronsky and Brian Pillman is difference than the recent letter in the Observer indicated. It wasn't that Pillman and Bruce Hart were ribbing Bronsky which led to the brawl, but instead several events which I'm not particularly clear about which saw the British Bulldogs apparently fire up Bronsky against Bruce Hart because Bronsky wasn't getting a big push (which he didn't deserve in the first place) and he punched Pillman in the mouth because he'd probably lose his job punching Bruce Hart. Anyway that led to the brawl, because Pillman came back and punched Bronsky several times."
-- The Road Warriors dropped the International tag titles to Jumbo Tsuruta & Yoshiaki Yatsu on 6/10. They did a DQ job to do the title switch, which goes against typical Baba booking. They will return in September for a rematch.
-- The Budokan Hall show drew 11,800 fans, a sellout, although in reality the building was about 80% filled, impressive with such a weak line-up. 6/9 in Kiryu drew a sellout 3,100 fans.
-- The next tour will be from 7/2 to 7/31 and will feature Stan Hansen, Terry Gordy, Dick Beyer, Sheik Ali, Leo Burke, David Sammartino, and Mitch Snow.
-- The IWGP tag titles changed hands on 6/10 in Hiroshima before 5,180 fans when Riki Choshu & Masa Saito beat Tatsumi Fujinami & Kengo Kimura. Also on the card was Owen vs Yamada in what Dave is told was an outstanding match. There was a lot of interest around that match because Yamada was challenging for the title in his home city.
-- 6/9 in Kitakyushu drew 2,030 fans.
-- Antonio Inoki is training in Los Angeles for an August comeback. Since he was out healing a broken foot anyway, he had surgery on his eye, elbow, and knee. Dave is told he is training very hard for his return, and takes it as a positive for his ego that crowds haven't been that impressive in his absence. Inoki wants his return match to be against Hulk Hogan or Bob Backlund. Dave is told Backlund isn't interested in either this offer or the UWF offer to face Maeda and doesn't want anything to do with pro wrestling. Dave says the chances of getting Hogan are as good as those of getting Backlund.
-- The second show drew 5,200 fans in Sapporo for a three-match crowd. The crowd was almost exclusively males of high school or college age. The opener was Tetsuo Nakano vs Shigeo Miyato in a 30 minute draw, followed by Kazuo Yamazaki vs Norman Smiley, and finally Akira Maeda vs Nobuhiko Takada. This was said to be better than the Yamazaki match, as Maeda was in better shape and didn't blow up, but the impact wasn't as strong as the first match.
-- The next show is on 8/13 at the 11,000 capacity Ariake Coliseum.
-- The Jumping Bomb Angels lost the WWF tag team titles on 6/8 in Omiya to Leilani Kai & Judy Martin. There is confusion about the result, because typically American title matches are wrestled under American rules, which means a countout should not have caused a title change.
-- Chigusa Nagayo is defending her title on 7/2 in Osaka. Her challenger will be either Yumiko Hotta, Nishiwaki, Lioness Asuka, or Bull Nakano.
-- JWP is running a big card on 7/14 at Korauken Hall with Devil Masami vs Shinobu Kandori as the main event, with Kandori announcing that she is coming out of retirement for the match.
-- Joe Pedicino and WATL-TV in Atlanta ran their annual Wrestlethon to raise money for bullet proof vests for Atlanta police officers over the weekend. They raised in excess of $6,000. There was a brief plug on Fox's "Late Show", with host Ross Schaffer, Pedicino, Boni Blackstone, Paul E. Dangerously, and Eddie Gilbert "... all trying to get over at the same time with not enough time to get over and you heard too many voices all trying to outshout each other." As part of the show, there was a live wrestling card from the TV studio, mainly with wrestlers from Jerry Blackwell's Southern Championship Wrestling. Dave has heard they may do specials like this in the future with live studio matches. Early in the show, Paul E. Dangerously came out and wanted to get Tommy Rich and Eddie Gilbert to team again, but Rich refused, which set up an impromptu main event for later in the show. They hyped the match huge throughout the show, and then with two minutes left, the match went in the ring as credits were rolling. This was intended to be a JCP spoof. Rick Stuart came running out during credits and ordered the show stay on the air until the end of the match, which was 13 1/2 minutes, and Dave is told was fantastic. The finish was a ref bump. Rich then threw Gilbert over the top, and Dangerously hit Rich with the telephone. A ref came in, and Dick Slater did a run-in, first going after Rich, but then attacking Gilbert. Manny Fernandez then did a run-in and they beat on Gilbert and did a double piledriver on him. The fans were convinced Gilbert had turned, and Paul E. was begging for someone to save him at ringside. But Rich refused to help him. Finally, all the babyfaces rush in to clear the ring. This is to set up a six-man tag on the next show with Gilbert, Rich & Bruiser Brody against Slater, Manny Fernandez, and a mystery partner.
-- Madusa Miceli did a Playboy photo shoot, and they are wanting others in wrestling as well.
-- Larry Finnegan, a former WWF jobber, is being charged with murder for stabbing and strangling a 20-year old woman after she bit him while they were having sex in his moving van.
-- The promoter's meeting in Dallas was largely considered a waste of time. They agreed not to invade each other's turf and to try to work together, but didn't agree on anything concrete.
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Hyatt Place Kansas City/Overland Park/Convention Center
5001 W 110th Street
Overland Park, Kansas, USA, 66211
Tel: +1 913 491 9002
Enjoy Our Welcoming Hotel in Overland Park, KS
Hyatt Place Kansas City/Overland Park/Convention Center is the perfect place for work and play – conveniently located in the heart of Overland Park, our hotel is just a few minutes away from the Overland Park Convention Center and Top Golf. You'll also find plenty to do in the area with ample shopping at Town Center Plaza and Country Club Plaza, as well as nearby local attractions like the Sprint Center and the Prairiefire District. Our complimentary shuttle will gladly take you to these and many attractions within a 5-mile radius of our hotel. The Hyatt Place Kansas City/Overland Park/Convention Center also features:
- Spacious guestrooms featuring our plush Hyatt Grand Bed®, 42" HDTV, and cozy sofas for work or movie night;
- Complimentary Wi-Fi, 24-hour StayFit® fitness center, and free breakfast daily; and
- Convenient food options with our 24/7 Gallery Menu, Grab-n-Go snacks, and our Coffee to Cocktails Bar


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Eat pork or go hungry, France's National Front leader Marine Le Pentells tells schools
Elham Asaad Buaras
Leader of France's far-right Front National (FN), Marine Le Pen has vowed to stop non-pork meal options in school canteens in towns where her party won local elections.
Le Pen reignited debate about the substitution meals targeting Muslim and Jewish pupils for whom pork is forbidden.
"We will accept no religious requirements in the school lunch menus. There is no reason for religion to enter into the public sphere," said Le Pen.
She defended the decision saying it was necessary to "save secularism".
The FN, won control of 11 towns and more than 1,400 municipal seats nationwide in local elections on March 30, its best ever local election results.
Many Muslims view France, which is officially a secular republic despite being overwhelmingly Catholic, as imposing its values on them and other religious minorities.
France has Europe's largest number of Muslims, some 6.5 million.
The issue of halal meat is also a controversial topic in France and has been used as a political football.
Le Pen had launched a fierce row before the last presidential polls in 2012 by claiming that non-Muslim consumers in the capital were being misled into buying halal meat.
There has been controversy in the past over whether schools and holiday camps should be required to provide halal food for Muslim children, as well as higher-profile disputes over the wearing of veils in France.
Any form of clothing linked to religious observance is banned from French state schools and since 2011 the wearing of full-face veils in public has been outlawed.
Director General of the European Jewish Association (EJA), Menachem Margolin, said Le Pen's call "undermines religious freedom" in France and urged "all enlightened forces in France and the European Union to unite against the exclusion of entire populations from educational institutions in the country."
"It is truly sad that in the French Republic which was founded in the spirit of Voltaire's famous phrase: "'I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it," there are those who wish to prevent law obeying citizens from expressing their faith in God," Margolin added.


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Echoing Green connects investments to impact for social enterprises
Echoing Green's Impact Investing program stems from our long history of selecting, seeding, and investing in social entrepreneurs.
In the past decade we've helped seed the growing momentum around for-profit and hybrid business models: in 2006, only 15 percent of our Fellowship applications had elements of for-profit business models; in 2015, they had increased to 50 percent.
"Impact investments are investments made into companies, organizations, and funds with the intention to generate social and environmental impact alongside a financial return. Impact investments can be made in both emerging and developed markets, and target a range of returns from below market to market rate."
Featured Resources
A Fellowship Approach to Accelerating Social Entrepreneurs
June 2016
This white paper describes our impact investing inflection cohort pilot to shed light on how and if the model succeeded in enabling the early-stage social entrepreneurs to grow, attract investment, and deliver impact.
Find more of our publications on Impact Investing and other topics on our Ideas page. »
Seed Impact Investing Template Note (SeedIIT)
May 2016
This template is designed to be used for investment into an early-stage social enterprise by institutions and individuals who are principally concerned with assisting the social or environmental mission of the company and not with earning a speculative financial return on their investment. The SeedIIT was prepared at the direction of Echoing Green with input from our Fellows. Download »
BlogRead about why we developed this template. Go »
Q&ADownload this guide for users of the template. Download »
WebinarListen to the SeedIIT webinar from June 2016. Go »
Our Social Impact Investment Model
We mobilize our network of search partners to attract over 3,000 Fellowship applicants per year. Each application is vetted by staff, sector and regional experts, investors, and established Fellows from previous years. Using our Fellow selection criteria, which prioritize applicants with transformative social impact potential, we choose less than 2 percent to become Echoing Green Fellows. We select for a social entrepreneur's leadership ability and dedication to the issues being addressed, combined with business model feasibility.
While nonprofit organizations are awarded grants as their Fellowship stipend, since 2011 we have provided for-profit companies with recoverable grants. Recoverable grants are designed to be risk tolerant and inexpensive capital aimed at investing in future generations of social entrepreneurs through their success. As Fellows' businesses achieve certain financial thresholds, it triggers payback. Echoing Green then recycles that money to fund future Fellows. If the business does not hit the thresholds, then they do not pay us back. Read our FAQ on our current recoverable grants.
Communicating the Need
Echoing Green is one of the few seed funders of for-profit social enterprises. Through site visits to regional social impact investing hubs, global conferences, and industry events, we are spreading urgency around this lack of appropriate capital, and are encouraging others to join us and also provide follow-on investment.
Contributing Data & Knowledge
We're sharing what we've learned from our track record of finding, selecting, and funding social entrepreneurs. By elevating the entrepreneurial perspective on raising start-up impact investment, trends in for-profit applications, and innovative models of seed-stage investment, we hope to inform and increase the flow of early stage impact capital and investment-readiness support.
Connecting with Stakeholders
The impact investment market is fragmented, so we're connecting with impact investors around the world. We invite investors into the Echoing Green community to learn about and collaborate on emerging investment opportunities, challenges, and trends.
Learn more about leaders of for-profit and hybrid organizations supported by Echoing Green.
Amina Yamusah
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Arqlite SPC


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Cadillac CTS First Generation Forum - 2003 - 2007 Discussion, Bose Stereo Question in Cadillac CTS Coupe, Sport Sedan and Sport Wagon Forums; 06 CTS w/Bose & Nav: >50K miles, so out of warranty (plus, Cadillac will want to replace a bunch of ...
- 02-08-09 08:22 AM #1Cadillac Owners Fanatic
- Automobile(s): 2012 SRX Performance FWD, Platinum Ice
- Join Date
- Dec 2005
- Location
- Westampton, NJ
- Posts
- 218
Bose Stereo Question
06 CTS w/Bose & Nav:
>50K miles, so out of warranty (plus, Cadillac will want to replace a bunch of parts that likely don't need replacing).
Problem: Intermittent decreased volume (w/ volume control turned up high) and crackling/ buzzing sounds from both the front and rear speakers only on the passenger side. At times it sounds completely normal (even with balance control all the way on the right). It does not appear to be a specific blown speaker, and I was thinking it might be oxidation on one of the connectors on the amp. Any ideas or suggestions?
Thanks in advance.


text: Teaching Note | HBS Case Collection | November 2008 (Revised January 2010) Stone Finch, Inc.: Young Division, Old Division (Brief Case) Richard G. Hamermesh and Elizabeth Collins Teaching Note for 3214 Keywords: organizational behavior; leadership; human resource management; motivation; Business growth; Motivation and Incentives; Leadership; Business Growth and Maturation; Organizations; Human Resources; Citation:Hamermesh, Richard G., and Elizabeth Collins. "Stone Finch, Inc.: Young Division, Old Division (Brief Case)." Harvard Business School Teaching Note 083-211, November 2008. (Revised January 2010.) View Details CiteView DetailsPurchase Related


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NORTH SALEM, N.Y. -- North Salem resident and former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg was recently profiled in The New York Times for his efforts to curb smoking in some developing nations.
Bloomberg, who has said he plans on donating his fortune before he dies, has engaged in anti-smoking efforts in countries like Turkey, and Indonesia, but he hasn't stopped there. Other efforts include lowering obesity levels in Mexico and improving road safety in places like Kenya, The New York Times said.


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Currently I working full time as a chef. I enjoy going camping and going to the beach when I can.
Cooking for friends and family is a passion of mine. I do not own any pets but I love animals. I've been looking into getting a dog though.
If you're interested I will cook you a nice meal and we can binge watch Netflix or go disc golf and picnic.
If you think I'm interesting.
If you think we would get along or you like me/think I'm handsome.


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[Date Index]
[Thread Index]
[Author Index]
Yoda is back up.
The mailing list machine is back up. If this mailing works fine,
then mail sent to the list in the past few weeks will be sent out.
Mail should be sent to mathgroup at yoda.physics.unc.edu from
now on.
Steve Christensen


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Monthly Archives: July 2012
Updates on the ResCap/GMAC Mortgage Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Filing
Posted on Jul 17, 2012 in Bankruptcy, Bankruptcy Information, Chapter 11, Chapter 13, Chapter 7, Illinois, Real Estate, Wisconsin
When Residential Capital LLC (or "ResCap") filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy relief a few months ago, it left […]Read More
Why It Is Critical to Read Your Mortgage Documents
Posted on Jul 16, 2012 in Bankruptcy, Chapter 13, Exemptions, Real Estate, Wisconsin
When a mortgage is given on a property and the lender files the normal paperwork with the county […]Read More
A Follow-Up on Legal Helpers Debt Resolution – More Problems For the Company?
Posted on Jul 11, 2012 in Debt Settlement, Illinois
Every state has a regulatory body that oversees regulation and registration for lawyers. For Illinois, that body is […]Read More
Lessons from a Court Decision: Violating the Discharge Injunction
Posted on Jul 3, 2012 in Bankruptcy, Bankruptcy Information, Chapter 7
The decisions that courts make on cases other than our own are still important to read. They are […]Read More
Will Health Care Reform Mean Fewer Bankruptcy Filings?
Posted on Jul 2, 2012 in Bankruptcy, Bankruptcy Information, Illinois, Wisconsin
As you probably heard, last Thursday the Supreme Court ruled on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, […]Read More


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Thanks Nancy for sharing your inspirational story and thoughts, and thank you to WYSK for publishing it. I too am highly allergic to crab and your experience with your treatment will remind me to pay more attention to all aspects of any medical treatment. I recently had a bad experience when I was prescribed penicillin and didn't realize it (hard to figure out some of the prescriptions you may be given). Best wishes.
Thanks to my sister Nancy!!!! As I read your story , tears filled my eyes remembering those painful years. I hope everyone who reads this remembers to apply your strength and faith to any obstacles in their life . Our family united together in love and pray . Do the same with your family!!! Laugh , smile and hug alot !!! We we truly blessed !!!! I love you !! Maria
Wonderfully inspiring.
You have a bold inner strength we all need to find.
Thank you for sharing, you are truly amazing! Your faith and love of God, family and friends is an inspiration to all who have fought demons in their lives. You put real meaning into the words, live, laugh, love…lucky are those who have you in their lives. May the angels be always with you.
I've been feeling a bit down today. It was one year ago today I was told I had Ovarian Cancer. Today, one year later I am cancer free, but live with the fear it can come back . Your story has given me hope …and hope is what everyone dealing with cancer needs and wants . THANK YOU for helping me know …that no matter what …I can …I will SURVIVE !
Your story is amazing.. I am so happy to have you apart of my llfe!
You are my oldest and dearest friend. One of my favorite quotes has always reminded me of your indomitable spirit.
"Risk more than others think is safe, care more than others think is wise, dream more than others think is practical, expect more than others think is possible." Cadet Maxim
I hope you go confidently in the direction of your dreams, completely living the life you've imagined. You deserve much happiness for all the happiness you have brought to others.
Nancy, you are truly an inspiration to all YOU ROCK! I wish you all of God's Blessings – now and always. You are indeed a very special person Love you, Your friend Linda
Nancy, you are amazing. A true miracle and inspiration. You are the strongest woman I know and god has truly blessed you. I pray that there will one day be an early detection for this horrific disease.
The scientists at the ovarian institute have this early detection test and continue to need funding to get FDA approval. This would help all women to be tested at their yearly exam with a blood test. This test could save thousands of lives being that it is over 90% curable if caught early. For anyone wanting to donate please visit http://ovariancancerinstitute.org/contributions.html You could donate in nancy honor.
Thank you for that beautiful article. I was in Lauren and Jos class. You were always so hospitable and I remember having great times at your house during highschool. I am so glad to hear you are doing well!
I was so pleased to read the story about Nancy Ramondo. What a fighter! She took control and decided that ovarian cancer would not win…and it didn't (twice!). Please continue to print these wonderful stories about women we should know. Every day, we hear so many negatives and not enough positives. It is just the motivation that we need when life gets us down or we need to know that we are not alone. It give us information and direction when we probably most need it. She mentioned her doctors, her trust in God, and how her family provided so much love and support.
So happy!! I love you…
You are amazing!!!! I always believed God brings people together for a reason and I am so glad he brought you into my life.
Nancy, I know that God is watching over you because in spite of everything that you've been through, you are still as beautiful, inside and out, as you were when we were in high school! Is it almost 40 years ago?
Your strength is an inspiration for all of us. Love, Nancy
Nancela, you are an inspiration to everyone!! Beautiful inside and out. I love you!!
ps–Mugsie is smiling down on you right now!!
I'm so glad you wrote your story, you were an inspiration to me then and you continue to be one now. God bless you always, only roses. Love, Debi
Nancy, you are truly an amazing woman! You are such an inspiration! I'm so glad to have you as a friend and hope to become as strong as you one day. You are a very special person. Love you! Debra
This is an amazing story. One in which every member of the family should be acknowledged and credited for the tireless support during such a difficult time.
Your story is so inspirational for all, you don't need to have suffered with cancer to appreciate your sense of empowerment and inner peace. Having met you recently, I can attest to your inner beauty and conviction to life itself! Your inner radiance shines through and your authentic sensitivity towards others is a testament to having worked on yourself from the inside out. You now have a working plan for any setback or obstacle that life throws your way. Thank you for sharing your personal story, I will pass it on to others as an inspiration to the human plight! To good times and friendship!
Robin Lewitas


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Diacetyl: Formation, Reduction, and Controlby George J. Fix
Republished from BrewingTechniques' July/August 1993.
Diacetyl -- the compound responsible for buttery or butterscotch flavors that sometimes arise in beer -- can be controlled if you understand the mechanisms that contribute to its production. This review of the basic processes behind diacetyl formation and reduction will help you understand how to keep the diacetyl level in your beer at or below the acceptance threshold for the style.
Diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione are important contributors to beer flavor and aroma. Organic chemists classify both as ketones, and diacetyl is usually called 2,3-butanedione in the literature (1). Sometimes these two ketones are grouped and reported as the vicinal diketone (VDK) content of beer (2).
Brewers' awareness and acceptance of both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione have changed dramatically over the past four to five decades. A 1952 report, for example, stated that the average diacetyl level of American commercial beer was 0.33 mg/L, more than three times the flavor threshold of 0.10 mg/L (3). Today the average is near 0.05 mg/L (4). Some notable exceptions exist. Some stouts can have levels as high as 0.60 mg/L, and a few British pale ales have diacetyl levels near 0.30 mg/L. Diacetyl levels in beers brewed by microbreweries and brewpubs tend to vary considerably, ranging from 0.03 mg/L to more than 1.0 mg/L in cases I have investigated.
The presence of diacetyl is usually indicated by a buttery or butterscotch tone. In fresh beer the flavor can be confused with that of caramel malts. Given time it is easy to distinguish the two; diacetyl tends to be unstable in most beers and can take on raunchy notes. The flavoring imparted by caramel malts, on the other hand, tends to be stable.
The flavor threshold of 2,3-pentanedione is near 1.0 mg/L; it usually imparts flavors that recall honey. This compound can be found well above threshold levels in some Belgian ales, where it is considered a natural flavor constituent for this style. It occurs less often in other beer styles and is regarded as a defect.
Figure 1
DIACETYL FORMATION AND REDUCTIONThe study of diacetyl and beer began with Pasteur's fundamental work in the 1870s (5). Using microscopy, Pasteur found that what we know today as lactic acid bacteria were responsible for many off-flavors in beer. The term sarcina sickness is used to describe this effect. Apparently, the involvement of diacetyl in sarcina sickness was discovered early, but it was not until 1939 that Shimwell linked this compound with the taste and smell of butter (6). Earlier studies got the organic chemistry right but were wide of the mark in terms of flavor chemistry (7). Even today it is estimated that 20% of beer drinkers do not detect the presence of diacetyl even at rather high concentrations (8).
During the early period, the only known mechanism of diacetyl formation was bacterial infection caused by unsanitary conditions. Practical brewers believed that some other factor must be involved, because buttery tones occasionally showed up in beer brewed in impeccably clean environments. Major breakthroughs occurred during the 1950s and early 1960s. J. Owades developed an effective technique for measuring diacetyl and used this method to study the fate of the compound in brewing (9). This work pointed to culture yeast as a major player in both the production and the reduction of diacetyl. Inoue and his colleagues at the Kirin Research Laboratory in Japan also made a major contribution by identifying acetolactic acid as the precursor to diacetyl (10). This work was followed by a large number of papers in which various facets of diacetyl formation and reduction were studied. Wainwright's excellent 1973 review article contains 149 references (11).
Although a number of factors affect diacetyl formation in beer, the basic middle pathway shown in Figure 1 is the one used for each. The dominant carbon flows down the leftmost branch, leading to ethanol production. Most beers contain between 30,000 and 50,000 mg/L of ethanol, so a significant amount of pyruvate is processed in this manner. Because the flavor threshold for diacetyl is 0.10 mg/L, a slight diversion of the carbon flow to the middle pathway can profoundly affect the flavor of finished beers. Note that this pathway also competes with yeast assimilation and the utilization of the amino acid valine. The practical significance of this is discussed in the section "Wort and Proteins" below.
A similar pathway is involved in the production of 2,3-pentanedione, except that different compounds are involved. The precursor is acetohydroxybutyrate, and the competing amino acid is leucine.
A number of factors lead to diacetyl formation, but only one reliable method can reduce diacetyl levels: enzymatical reduction by yeast (Figure 2). Acetoin, the intermediate product, has a rather unpleasant, musty taste, but because it has a flavor threshold of 3.0 mg/L its effect is not nearly as damaging to beer flavors as an equivalent amount of diacetyl. The final product, butanediol, is neutral as far as beer flavor is concerned.
Figure 2
THE EFFECT OF YEASTAs noted above, brewer's yeast contains enzymes for both producing and reducing diacetyl. Various yeast strains differ dramatically in this regard. The data in Table I were compiled for a book I am writing (12). Three lager strains were tested. The strains W-206 and W-34/70 are regarded as excellent reducers. The third strain, W-308, is less reliable (13), and the data in Table I document one of its less inspiring efforts. Sterile wort was fermented in each case at 10 degrees C (50 degrees F), and the diacetyl was measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Table I Diacetyl formation in three yeast strains. Day Diacetyl Level (mg/L) W-206 W-34/70 W-308 1 .18 .15 .18 3 .25 .20 .48 5 .23 .18 .92 7 .18 .14 .75 9 .14 .09 .65
Highly flocculent yeast usually behave much like W-308 and can leave perceptible levels of diacetyl in beer, which is one reason why most commercial yeast strains are powdery and fully flocculate only after chilling. Yeast behavior for a given strain can also vary with reuse. The data in Table II were reported by Hoffmann for an unspecified lager strain (14).
Table II Diacetyl levels for a larger strain Day Diacetyl Level (mg/L) first second third fourth gen. gen. gen. gen. 1 .15 .16 .28 .36 3 .19 .36 .47 .65 5 .16 .29 .39 .60 7 .12 .23 .28 .40
In my experience, increases in the diacetyl formed with repitching, such as those reported above, parallel increases in the level of respiratory-deficient mutants in the pitching yeast. These mutants are strong producers of diacetyl and have lost their ability to reduce diacetyl. The presence of Gram-positive bacteria also cannot be ruled out as contributors to diacetyl formation. Yeast that is free of those two defects usually displays better performance with reuse.
Diacetyl production and reduction are strongly influenced by temperature, and the rates for both increase as temperature increases. Thus, an ale fermented at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) typically has a higher diacetyl peak than, say, a lager fermented at 10 degrees C (50 degrees F). The rate of diacetyl reduction, however, is much higher in the ale than in the lager, which is why most lager brewers prefer to get diacetyl levels below 0.10-0.15 mg/L at the end of the main fermentation. Some additional reduction occurs in cold storage, but at a very slow rate. For this reason, some brewers raise the temperature of a cold-fermented beer to 20 degrees C (68 degrees F) for a brief period following the end of the main fermentation, a practice that is usually called diacetyl rest.
One alternative is the so-called Narziss fermentation. In this procedure the first two-thirds of the fermentation is done at 8-10 degrees C (46-50 degrees F). During the final third of fermentation, the temperature is allowed to increase to 20 degrees C (68 degrees F), after which the beer is transferred to cold storage. Another alternative is to add freshly fermenting wort (kraeusen) to diacetyl-laden beer in cold storage.
BACTERIAL INFLUENCESThe bacteria that can directly promote diacetyl production consist of Gram-positive cocci (Pediococci) and select strains of Gram-positive rods (Lactobacillus). The effect of using these bacteria is easy to identify -- both bacteria also produce lactic acid, and the net effect is a rather raunchy butter tone with an unmistakable acid aftertaste. In both amateur and commercial brewing of yesteryear, infections from unsanitary equipment were not uncommon. Today, with the availability of highly effective sanitizers, infections tend to occur only in sloppy and poorly managed operations. It has been my experience that in modern operations, infections, when they occur, happen through pitching yeast.
It is unnecessary for fully developed pitching yeast to be sterile. Practical experience has shown that as long as bacteria relevant to beer are kept below the level of 1-10 cells per 10 million yeast cells, the finished beer will remain unaffected (15). The situation is dramatically different in the initial stages of yeast propagation. Here, sterile conditions are needed, as is pure culture yeast. This is particularly true when propagating yeast from slants, but it also applies to starting up semidormant liquid yeast. It is relatively easy to measure bacterial levels, particularly for lactic acid bacteria (15), and hence there is little justification for leaving these matters to chance.
Care should be taken when using yeast that has been held in bulk storage. If culture yeast go dormant, they tend to excrete amino acids (16), which bacteria can use as a source of nitrogen. Low levels of bacteria can grow to unacceptably high levels by this means. The safest course is to store the yeast under a sterile wort cover, at a temperature as close to 0 degrees C (32 degrees F) as possible, and for as brief a period as possible.
WORT AND PROTEINSThe basic diacetyl formation pathway shows clearly the major role that amino acids play. Worts deficient in valine tend to lead to elevated diacetyl levels. A typical scenario is given in reference 2 (p.189). As long as a sufficient amount of valine is present, there will be a net reduction of diacetyl after it reaches a peak level. If the valine content is depleted prematurely, however, net diacetyl production will resume, leading to what has been called the "second diacetyl peak." Some of this extra diacetyl ultimately will be reduced, but invariably the finished beer will contain a higher diacetyl content than it would had the wort contained adequate valine. The same remarks apply to 2,3-pentanedione and leucine.
Both leucine and valine are regarded as critical amino acids because yeast usually cannot metabolize adequate replacements from other nitrogen sources if leucine and valine are missing. If sufficient amounts of proteins are to be available in the fermentation, they must come from wort; this in turn depends on the amount of malted grains used. High-quality malt used with reasonable mashing systems will yield wort that is rich in all the relevant amino acids.
Brewers use a single number to characterize the size of their wort's amino acid pool -- namely, its free amino nitrogen (FAN) level. This number is to wort amino acids what specific gravity (or percent extract) is to wort carbohydrates. High FAN levels mean adequate leucine and valine pools. Conversely, low FAN levels result in inadequate levels of leucine and valine.
An all-malt wort at 12 degrees P (SG = 1.048), for example, typically has a FAN level in the range of 300-325 mg/L. This level is considered ideal. A 10 degrees P (SG = 1.040) all-malt wort, on the other hand, has a FAN level near 250-270 mg/L -- generally regarded as adequate. However, if a third of the malt were replaced with an equivalent amount of unmalted cereal grains or sugar (or both), then the FAN level would fall to 165-180 mg/L, which is generally regarded as inadequate. Apart from economic considerations, this is one of the main reasons why large industrial brewers using high adjunct levels tend to favor high-gravity brewing. If the 10 degrees P wort with 33% adjuncts were concentrated to, say, a 14 degrees P wort, then the FAN level would increase to 230-250 mg/L. This is a major improvement over the dilute adjunct wort.
Reports have been published of various deficiencies in certain brands of malt extracts (17). It appears that, in general, the protein levels of wort produced from extracts are lower than those obtained from grain worts. These and related issues are discussed in an excellent article by Lodahl (18).
Although it is important that our wort have a sufficient amino acid pool, it is also important that our culture yeast be able to use this nitrogen source. The situation for leucine and valine is particularly critical because their uptake by brewing yeast is rather slow in general and incomplete in the case of dysfunctional yeast. Respiratory-deficient mutants represent an extreme example of this. In all such cases the inevitable result is elevated diacetyl levels.
One cannot overstate the importance of using appropriate media in propagating yeast. The instruction sheet that accompanies yeast slants sold by Siebel (Chicago, Illinois) states that propagation should be done with wort that is ". . . of a similar original gravity and composition to the major production brand." Many brewers use dilute, unhopped wort having a specific gravity of 1.020. Although opinions may differ about these two options, totally artificial media should be avoided. I recently did some tests with what is often called "baker's media." It consisted of a dextrose-sucrose solution enriched with mineral nutrients (19). Yeast propagated on this media showed excellent cell growth rates during propagation. Their performance in the main fermentation, however, was unacceptable. A major defect was an extremely slow and incomplete valine uptake. Diacetyl levels were always higher by at least a factor of 4 relative to yeast propagated with the Siebel procedure, and in one example the level was 10 times higher.
OXIDATIONThe reaction acetolactic acid -> diacetyl is of the redox type (2). Acetolactic acid is oxidized to diacetyl, and other constituents (for example, various aldehydes as well as wort-derived melanoidins and tannins) are reduced. In all of the mechanisms described so far in this article, this is done enzymatically by microbes, culture yeast, and, in adverse cases, by other guests in our worts. The reaction can occur nonenzymatically, however, in the presence of an appropriate oxidizing agent. Indeed, a widely observed but little discussed phenomenon occurs when diacetyl appears spontaneously in a beer that seemed to have normal flavors. Strong evidence indicates that this can occur when marginally dysfunctional yeast have been used in the main fermentation -- they tend not to metabolize all the acetolactic acid in the wort. The acetolactic acid spills over into the finished beer and later is oxidized to diacetyl. Mechanical abuse of packaged beer can promote this; headspace air is the oxidizing agent. Elevated temperatures augment the effect. I have seen cases in which wort constituents (melanoidins and tannins), oxidized on the hot side in wort production, were passed on to the final beer, only to play the role of oxidizer there.
Oxygen and diacetyl are linked in another way, in this case in a positive manner. Hoffmann has shown that inadequate oxygenation of chilled wort can lead to elevated diacetyl levels (14). In one of his test brews, the dissolved oxygen content of chilled wort was a mere 0.80 mg/L. The second brew had 10 times that amount (8.0 mg/L), which is a widely used value. To achieve this level of oxygenation, one typically must saturate chilled wort with direct oxygen injection. Hoffmann reported that after the seventh day of fermentation, the poorly oxygenated wort had a diacetyl level of 0.80 mg/L, whereas the level in the second brew was down to 0.20 mg/L.
Ironically, Hoffmann also reported that diacetyl levels increased again after dissolved oxygen levels exceeded 8.0 mg/L. I have found that the maximum amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in, say, a 12 degrees P wort (SG = 1.048) at 10 �C (50 degrees F) is 7.8 mg/L (12). The amount of dissolved oxygen decreases as either the temperature or the wort gravity increases. To get higher values one would have to use supersaturation procedures, which requires special equipment. Thus, small-scale brewers need not fear that too much oxygen has been dissolved in their chilled worts.
A UBIQUITOUS GUESTIt can probably be said that the extreme sensitivity that practical brewers tend to have for diacetyl flavors in beer results, in part, from the fact that virtually every aspect of brewing involves diacetyl formation or reduction. Opinions will probably always differ about the suitability of diacetyl flavor in various beer styles. Nevertheless, we should be all aware of how it can arise and how its level can be controlled.
REFERENCES(1) T.W.G. Solomons, Organic Chemistry (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984).
(2) G.J. Fix, Principles of Brewing Science (Brewers Publications, Boulder, Colorado, 1989).
(3) O.B. West, A.L. Lautenbach, and K. Becker, Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. Proceedings 81 (1952).
(4) A. Piendl, "Biere Aus Aller Welt," Brauindustrie, various issues.
(5) L. Pasteur, Etudes sur Biere (Gauthier-Villar, Paris, 1876).
(6) J.L. Shimwell and W.F. Kirkpatrick, J. Inst. Brew. 45 (1939).
(7) A. Zimmermann, Brauereibische Betriebslehre (self published, Buffalo, 1904).
(8) M.C. Meilgaard, MBAA Tech. Qr. 28 (1991).
(9) J.L. Owades, L. Maresca, and G. Rubin, Proceedings of the American Society of Brewing Chemists (American Society of Brewing Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1959).
(10) T. Inoue, Y. Yamamoto, E. Kobubo, and Y. Kuroiwa, "Report Research Labs," no. 16 (Kirin Brewing Co., Takasaki, Japan, 1973).
(11) T. Wainwright, J. Inst. Brew. 79 (1973).
(12) G.J. Fix, Principles of Brewing Science II: Practical Considerations (manuscript in preparation).
(13) G.J. Fix, Proceedings of the National Microbrewers and Pubbrewers Conference and Trade Show, New Orleans, 18-21 April 1993 (Institute for Brewing Studies, Boulder, Colorado).
(14) S. Hoffmann, Brauwelt International (Brauwelt/Verlag, Nuremburg, Germany, 1985).
(17) J. Paik, N.H. Low, and W.M. Ingledew, "Malt Extract: Relationship of Chemical Composition to Fermentability," J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 49 (1991).
(18) M. Lodahl, "Malt Extracts: Cause for Concern," BrewingTechniques 1 (2), 26-28 (1993).
(19) G. Reed and T.W. Nagodawithana, Yeast Technology (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1991).
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Is it too late to rubber band to frames? I was stressing a little bit, as my bonnet was a booney hunting hat with a drop down mesh for mosquitos. They were getting in, but were relatively polite, except for a few of them.
No, I just bought a new hive box, took three frames out , lifted the lid off the sprinkler box, which the combs were attached to and used a concrete trowel to shave them off and put them in the box. The hive is now at my friends house. I am in a gated community. This was the best I could do at the time, as my neighbor just wanted me to exterminate them.Thanks for the feedback.


text: What kind of back sight is that? Looks good great job. Now it is time to build an AK before it is too late!!!! If you take your hand gaurds off the barrel is probably marked on the underside as to what caliber it is and should have twist rate also. Sometimes you can shine a small light through the vent holes and see the markings. Again good job I always love to see a picture of a newborn AR.


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a place for zinesters - writers and readers
Sorry a bet of a newb here, just wondering if anyone has had their zine printed by footprint. What are they like, whats the finished product like and was also wondering if i could buy/get hold of someones whos had theirs printed their so I can take a look!
I was planning on gettin my zine printed there for issue 1 and i just want to see what quality will be like as it will dictate what kind…
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I just bought a new rabbit several days a go, at the dealership they
were trying to sell me the protection package (extra undercoat,
electronic device rust protection, extra clear coat for paint
protection, fabric protection/treatment, and anti-rust protection by
injecting some protection liquid inside body & doors.
My question is if this necesarry, the reason is because I understand
that VW is good hi-quality car, am I doing the right thing by letting
someone selling some other kind outside of VW product?.
Thanks your comments are appeciated.
Sounds to me like the stealership is trying to make extra money on fools. I had no such offer when I bought my Rabbit.
Interesting...extra clear coat?
Well I think I can say that there are a few of us here not pleased with having less than 5000 miles on it and having a stone chip in the paint just above the "rock-guard" area of the rockers and the bottom of the doors. And I noticed another rock chip just above my left headlight unit...I'm starting to pull back my driving space now to 1-2 tractor trailer leghts between my front end and the person in front of me. Well beyond the 2 second rule.
all that should be factory stuff
Sounds like wallet padding to me. My dealer advised AGAINST any additional undercoating. this is the difference between an honest dealer and yours. Perhaps the cloth protectant might be worth it, but not a dealer prices. I wold just get a can of Scotchgard from Walmart and spray away. And there is no such thing as 'extra' clearcoat. what are they going to do? wet sand the car and apply more, no thanks!!!!
I will call VW-Canada now, just to verify.. wich one is scam or just some company trying to make a living..
Thanks to you all.., more coments are still welcome and much appreciated.
My uncle works for the dealership I bought my car from, and was acutally my "dealer". He told me it's a waste of money,
It's just how the Stealership can make more money from car sales, a dealership add on after getting the car into their inventory. It is not a factory applied stuff.
my dealer tried to sell me microscopic numbers for all my body parts on my car... I said " I dont think so...."
It's not a scam... but they are just trying to sell you stuff you don't really need... the products/services have value... it's not detrimental to your car... but you really don't need it.
So, no, not a scam... but feel free to skip it.
2007 :: VW Rabbit 2dr :: United Grey
2008 :: Volkswagen Passat Wagon Turbo :: Candy White


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This exhibition takes its title from American philosopher Nelson Goodman's book, "Ways of Worldmaking." Goodman argued that there is no "actual world" and that instead people make different versions of the world.
In this exhibition of up-and-coming Japanese artists, six individuals and three collectives present their versions of the world.
Ryota Kuwakubo uses a model train and household objects to create an interactive installation, while Zon Ito and Ryoko Aoki take two unconventional forms of artists' media — embroidery and scribbling, respectively — to create a collaborative piece.
Other exhibitors include Paramodel, Exonemo, Junko Kido, Kengo Kito, Teppei Kaneuji, Yasuaki Onishi and Masanori Handa; till Dec. 11.
The National Museum of Art, Osaka; (06) 6447-4680; 4-2-55 Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Osaka; 5-min. walk from Watanabebashi Station (Exit 2), Keihan Nakanoshima Line, or 15-min. walk west of Yodoyabashi Station (Exit 7), Midosuji Line. ¥850. 10 a.m.-5 p.m. (Fri., till 7 p.m.). Closed Mon. www.nmao.go.jp.


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ANC Report (cont.): Calvin and Jane Cafritz Protest Mark Ein's House Designs
Washington Kastles owner and Venturehouse Group CEO Mark Ein has plans for additions to his property at 2920 R St., NW, and presented them at the 2E Advisory Neighborhood Commission for Georgetown and Burleith on June 30. Ein's house is known as the Beall-Washington House, which he bought in 2001 from the estate of Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham. Ein's concepts include an addition to the east and two garages outside the front of house near the front lawn. His plans met with an immediate protest from next door neighbors Calvin and Jane Cafritz -- and at the ANC meeting and later from the Old Georgetown Board, which has a major say on any changes to exterior property seen from the street. "We are bewildered why the architect chose to put all of the density on this location [near the Cafritz house] instead of taking advantage of a property size that's twice ours," Jane Cafritz told the commissioners. OGB opposes the plan for front lawn garages and told Ein to redesign the side addition to the house.


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Bearcats Travel to No. 5/3 Marquette for First-Round BIG EAST Matchup
Oct. 28, 2012
CINCINNATI - The University of Cincinnati men's soccer team, the No. 5 seed in the Red Division, will travel to No. 5/3 Marquette, the No. 4 seed in the Blue Division for a first-round BIG EAST Championship match on Wednesday, Oct. 31, at 8 p.m. ET.
The Bearcats (6-8-4, 3-3-2 BIG EAST) are 10-14-3 all-time against the Golden Eagles (14-2-1, 5-2-1), including a 4-6-2 mark at Marquette.
Cincinnati qualified for the BIG EAST Tournament for the sixth time in eight seasons as a member of the powerful soccer league. The Bearcats and Golden Eagles have never met in BIG EAST postseason play.
UC is coming off a heartbreaking 1-0 loss against No. 14/18 Louisville in the regular-season finale on Saturday night in Gettler Stadium. The Cardinals scored the winner as the second-half clock expired.
Cincinnati is led by sophomore forward Cole DeNormandie, who scored three goals and added four assists to lead the squad with 10 points. Senior forward Leon Powell was tied for the team lead with three goals.
Sophomore goalkeeper Taylor Hafling posted a 0.99 goals against average and eight shutouts. He is first in the BIG EAST with 79 saves.


text:
It looks like David Beckham will make his $250 million, after all. When the British tabloids splashed that figure around following Beckham's landmark announcement to join MLS, the U.S. soccer press was quick to point out that Becks could earn up to $250 million over five years, depending on certain incentives. Despite making just five league appearances and two starts in 2007, MLS Commissioner Don Garber said the L.A. Galaxy midfielder was well on his way toward earning that maximum figure.
"He's just an incredible marketing machine," Garber told the Reuters Media Summit in New
York. "I think he'll make $250 million when the five years are up. I really believe that." Most of that figure depends on revenue sharing deals, and it includes his compensation for endorsements
deals with Pepsi, Gillette and others.
However, Garber pointed out that Becks is not burning any holes in Major League Soccer's pockets -- far from it, the England midfielder has
sufficiently raised the league's visibility to the point where Garber believes that each MLS franchise will have quadrupled in value by the time the league's expansion plan to 18 teams is complete in
a few years.


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MTV: the 3 min opening scene to [STUP4]
Posted by: Antibody on Jul 12, 11:12
Tag(s): STUP4
MTV: the 3 min opening scene to [STUP4] Antibody on Jul 12, 11:12
They made a 3rd sequel to The Stupids? ;-) {nm} BSmurf on Jul 12, 13:46
LOL, that is what I thought of at first too :) {nm} Mr. Smitherz on Jul 12, 16:12
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You are here: Home : CFO Blog : Cue EDGAR's Fat Lady
I knew SEC Chairman Cox was a big fan of the data-tagging language XBRL, but I didn't think he would grab the ball and launch an offensive that seemed like the SEC's version of a 2-minute drill. In quick succession, Cox announced a $54 million investment to update the commission's EDGAR financial statement filing system to XBRLthis morning, followed by an announcement of an SEC roundtable on �interactive data"�Cox's code phrase for XBRL�to be held next Tuesday, October 3.
The two announcements came on the heels of news that the SEC's small business roundtable slated for this Friday, September 29, will focus, in part on, what else, interactive data.
This triple threat from Cox seems like a clear indication that companies will have to be XBRL compliant within a year, since Cox said this morning that the SEC's coding, taxonomy, and technology efforts will be done within a year. Cox reiterated that it was premature to talk about mandating companies to file their financial statements using XBRL, but what are CFOs supposed to think?
There's a pilot program on to prove that the cost of converting is relatively low. Every chance he gets, Chairman Cox hints at the four-letter acronym. All current EDGAR filings will be switched over to XBRL inside of a year, and more telling, the SEC website will be peppered with XBRL software tools to help investors and analysts use the data "in interesting ways," says Cox. The chairman even noted this morning that developers should begin to "exploit" XBRL's potential by writing whiz-bang software and tools for companies, investors, and analysts.
I guess today was sort of a two-minute warning. The end of EDGAR is near. Cue the fat lady.


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Emerging Markets Guru Mark Mobius - Brazilians Demonstrate Their Right to Be Heard
Posted by: Canadian Value (IP Logged)
Date: July 18, 2013 03:36PM
Brazilians have demonstrated their right to be heard. The unprecedented chain of events that started with complaints about inflation (bus and subway tariffs) has led to mass protests over corruption, lack of public services, and taxes. As a result of the tension and uncertainty in the past few weeks, some investors have lost confidence in Brazil's market. After talking with our analysts on the ground there I wanted to share some perspective on the situation.
The people of Brazil have been expressing their discontent with the government, resulting in some unfortunate public clashes with police. On June 20, more than a million people took to the streets to champion a variety of social and political causes. The disruptive protests have continued although most have been peaceful in nature. Brazil's President Dilma Rousseff has been attempting to defuse the situation, meeting with protest leaders and local government officials, and urging Brazilians to refrain from violence.
Some of the protests coincided with Brazil's hosting of the Confederations Cup football (soccer) games, seen as sort of a "trial run" for the FIFA Brazil World Cup™ in 2014. Spending on infrastructure for global sporting events, instead of other social interests, has been among the protestors' complaints.
Government officials have been trying to address some of the protestors' concerns, although the issues are complicated and the answers aren't always black and white in terms of the "best" course of action for the country's long-term economic well-being—or for investors there.
We recognize that it is always easier to judge any political decision from the outside. It is clear that the country's leaders are taking the public's response seriously and are using discipline to examine increasing tariffs at a time of such unrest. Of course, inflation has been an issue historically for Brazil, and a key factor leading to public outcry.
While some companies in Brazil can be doing what they feel they need to do for their own survival, the political scenario there is very tough right now.
Unrest and Change
Change, of course, can be very painful, which has been the case in Brazil of late. And if the unrest continues, the short-term impact from the protests is likely to be negative for Brazil's economy. On June 27, Brazil's central bank cut its growth forecast for 2013 to 2.7%, down from prior expectations of 3.1%, and cited volatility as a risk factor. While of course we'd prefer to see stronger growth, what really worries us would be a more permanent shift away from a market economy model, i.e., greater privatization. We generally believe government intervention in private enterprise is not the right course to take, and this has been an ongoing concern in Brazil in general. However, we are optimistic Brazil can sort out its problems to the benefit of its markets, its economy, and its people.
For people and businesses to function, there must be proper functioning of public services. So, in that respect, we find the protests encouraging because we think Brazil can do better, and could be experiencing even faster growth rates than it has over the past year. The insurrections and protests we've seen not only in Brazil but elsewhere can lead to unfortunate tragedies, but they also mean that the Internet revolution is having an impact. With Twitter and cell phones and other forms of electronic communication, the public can express their feelings to politicians, and that can lead to positive change.
We haven't lost hope in Brazil's potential, and plan to continue looking for potential investment opportunities there too.
Original article here.
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