text:
DIRECTV's TV Service is Recommended by CableTV.com
Use our research on cable companies and other paid television services available in your area to choose the best TV provider for your needs. According to our examination of independent consumer surveys, DIRECTV is ranked as the best TV service provider among satellite TV or cable companies in University Park, PA.
Do you like to keep up weekly with your favorite period dramas or family comedies? Or are you a die-hard or Pittsburgh Steelers fan? Without your favorite shows and sports teams, an inexpensive cable package is still a waste of money, so it is essential to consider channel availability when you're looking for TV packages in University Park. Let us help you explore your options and find the best cable company in University Park, PA. In most cases, TV packages come with all the major networks, but they don't always include smaller channels—in fact, availability can vary from one area to another, even with the same TV provider. Luckily, the information we've collected will make it easy to find the channels you want and select the highest rated providers available in University Park. It is easier than ever to find an economical TV package that includes everything you need.
Finding the right channels and features is important, but you shouldn't stop there. Choosing the right TV provider also means taking customer service and reliability into consideration. At CableTV.com, we rate providers based partly on customer service and reliability. We'll help you find the cable company in University Park, PA that can deliver the best service possible.


text:
Godsmack "Live And Inspired" Cover Art and Track Listing!
Godsmack will be rollin' into town on Sunday May 6th at The Ford Center as part of the "Mass Chaos" tour that also includes Staind, Halestorm and Brookroyal.
The show happens just over a week away from the release of the new Godsmack album "Live and Inspired"
The live portion of the disc was recorded during a show at Detroit's Fox Theatre on the 2010 tour for their most recent studio album 'The Oracle.'
SO you can start getting excited now, here's the track listing for "Live and Ispired" along with the album cover art that was recently unveiled!
'Live' Disc Track List
01. 'Straight Outta Line'
02. 'Realign'
03. 'Awake'
04. 'Moon Baby'
05. 'Changes'
06. 'The Enemy'
07. 'Keep Away'
08. 'Speak'
09. 'Voodoo'
10. 'Batalla De Los Tambores'
11. 'Whatever'
12. 'Serenity'
13. 'I Stand Alone'
'Inspired' Disc Track List
01. 'Rocky Mountain Way' (Joe Walsh)
02. 'Come Together' (The Beatles)
03. 'Time' (Pink Floyd)
04. 'Nothing Else Matters' (Metallica)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Blackbox (Event Data recorder)
Do we have one?
If so where is it?
Yes! there is a data recorder I understand within the ECU, how much and what type of data it holds I do not know! but BMW dealers can interrogate it if they wish. I am aware that on the M series 3/5/6 models data is recorded, for example they only warrant the clutch provided the driver has not used launch control more than 5 times in the life of the car or between clutch changes !!!!! They know what speeds have been done, engine rev ranges etc etc. I have also heard they read the key when you go in for a service, whether this is the same data not sure!!!!
What kind of information were you hoping the car would store?
- I know the power module stores the condition of the car battery over the previous 5 days. It also recorders the percentage charge the battery had in the five journeys recently completed. It also stores the number of kms & the date since the last time the battery was changed, assuming it is registered properly.
- The SMG module stores the number of times launch control is used (M6).
- Adaptations are stored for engine & gearbox
- Details of the five previous journeys like number of km travelled & average speed also stored
- The heating, locks, radio, seats & steering wheel remember settings for the different keys used with the car.
- The current state of all the service items is stored with estimated percentage of life left till the next replacement date
- The vehicle build (VO) is stored in the CAS & LMA modules (in both in case one fails). The VO is a list of all the options in the car
- Each model is coded according the the market it is sold in & is model specific coded where the same module is used in multiple cars.
- The airbag module stores cash data in the event of a cash, what was deployed when, what speed was, etc.
There's probably lots more information remembered across multiple modules but there's no central place for it all.
Just curious...
There has been a lot of talk lately on cars in the USA be equipped with event recorders for possible investigative actions in the event of an accident.
Data like if you are wearing your seat-belt, speed etc for insurance companies and law enforcement.
Its bringing up a lot of big brother issues and so people are out to see how they can disable them...
Here's an example of what is recorded:
That's pretty cool. What software is that?
The second shot is showing the number of hours the battery has spent in each of the bands of percentage state of charge. It also shows when the battery was registered.
NHTSA wants to put event data recorders in automobiles
It's fascinating how all new cars sold in the United States are already equipped with an event data recorder. Luckily, accident investigators are welcoming a move by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to mandate event data recorders, or black boxes, in all U.S. vehicles and light trucks since September 2014. But privacy advocates warn that it might be stepping over a line.
Nice car! As far as I know, there is an event data recorder somewhere in your car. This is actually a great feature added to cars nowadays especially since it will be a great help when it comes to accidents. Event data recorder boxes capture information in an accident, also as general driving habits. The data can save lives, but it can also impinge upon privacy. Here's what consumers ought to know. Article source: Event data recorders: Saving lives and invading privacy.
|All times are GMT -7. The time now is 03:17 AM.
Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.7
Copyright ©2000 - 2017, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.
© 2001-2015 performanceIX, Inc. All Rights Reserved .: guidelines .:. privacy .:. terms


text:
Size 10.011 MB 0 seeders Added 2011-06-19 18:36:48
The Kingconvert to lg Video Converter helps you convert All Files,DVD,CD,VCD to lg mobile phone with high quality and fast conversion speed. Compared with other lg Video Converter Video/Movie converter, KingConvert for lg Video Converter Video Converter supports single-step conversion.You can also adjust the output files parameters with few clicks, such as Splitter large video file and so on.... This multifunctional lg Video Converter can also allow you to reset the video settings: get any time-length clips from video, crop the size of video play region, join several files into one file, watermark video in text or image and take snapshot. More specific parameters are provided for you to get the fittest video for your lg.
|KingConvert LG Genesis Video Converter 5.3/lg-genesis-video-converter-5.3.zip


text: MOving to Macon looking for some new hunting buddies. I like to hunt and have started fly fishing some. Fiance going to Med School and getting married during the season. Anyways let me know if anyone needs someone to buy in on a lease, go to a blind drawing or pull an all nighter getting a spot on public land. I know nothing of Macon's hunting opportunities. Anyway just seeing who's down there.


text:
eBook Educators Group
where educators come to learn from one another
Ms. Lebo doesn't have any friends on yet.
Ms. Lebo hasn't added any Apps yet.
Welcome toeBook Educators Group
Sign Upor Sign In
Castle of Cagliostro and copyright's limits to creativity
Ebooks and eyestrain: Eleven tips for newbies and old-timers. Now share your own wisdom.
Click 'buy' to get the free ebook
My Indianapolis tourist guide is free this weekend!
Amazon Fires getting bold. Now a question for Apple: Why no iBooks margin adjustment?
© 2017 Created by Will DeLamater.
Powered by
Badges |
Report an Issue |
Terms of Service
Please check your browser settings or contact your system administrator.


text:
Weather alters schedule for Firehouse Subs Spartan Invitational
Due to extreme cold temperatures and potential poor weather forecasted for Saturday, the schedule for the Firehouse Subs Spartan Invitational softball tournament hosted by USC Upstate at Cyrill Stadium has been changed.
In addition to the already scheduled games for Friday, Upstate will now play George Washington Friday night at 8:00. That game was originally scheduled to be played at 4:00 p.m. on Saturday. With that game being played Friday night, the game between Winthrop and Bowling Green, originally scheduled for a 6:00 p.m. start on Saturday, has been moved to 4:00 p.m. start Saturday afternoon.
The rest of the tournament schedule will remain the same. Any additional weather related changes will be announced at the appropriate time.
Firehouse Subs Spartan Invitational
Friday, February 15
12:00 p.m. – George Mason vs. Winthrop
2:00 p.m. – George Mason vs. Upstate
4:00 p.m. – Samford vs. Winthrop
6:00 p.m. – George Washington vs. Bowling Green
8:00 p.m. – George Washington vs. Upstate
Saturday, February 16
10:00 a.m. – Samford vs. George Washington
12:00 p.m. – Bowling Green vs. George Mason
2:00 p.m. – Winthrop vs. Upstate
4:00 p.m. – Winthrop vs. Bowling Green
Sunday, February 17
9:00 a.m. – Bowling Green vs. Samford
11:00 a.m. – George Mason vs. George Washington
1:00 p.m. – Samford vs. Upstate
Follow the Spartans on your mobile device, Facebook, Twitter and YouTube.
Short Link:


text:
average rating: -- / 10
Appear dressoir hoogglans en route to be obliged centered upon any one interracial gay double harness. Flat That bandy is not acceptably, as long as the Twitter comments.
Previous meals ( 0 )
I wanna cook
Cooking something?
Whatever it is, sell a few portions on Super Marmite! It's a great way to interact with your local community and to get real feedback on your cuisine :)Post a meal


text:
Bar and Kitchen
Los Angeles, CA 90017
- Mon-Wed 11am-11pm, Thu-Fri 11am-12am, Sat 5pm-12am
Get the Things to Do Newsletter
Sign up for our weekly guide to events in Orange County, and never be bored again. With suggestions for every day of the week, our recommendations will keep you busy on any budget.
Related Stories (1)
The Orange County Bartenders Cabinet Shake It Up
Thursday, March 8, 2012 at 4:30 a.m. by Dave Lieberman
Behind a long bar, Jason Schiffer pours applejack, Cynar, lemon juice and simple syrup into a shaker, the labels on the bottle turned out for everyone to see. He claps a cap on the shaker, and the dining room at 320 Main in Seal Bea...
More New American Restaurants in Orange County
Michael Schepers (the namesake behind Mick's) knows his way around burgers like Pujols knows how ...American
Great food, and warm hospitality: Classic American comfort food, crave-able bar snacks, plus ...American
Three Seventy Common is cozy and rustic restaurant in Laguna Beach with incredibly in-depth and b...American
The site was formerly Blue Laguna, which, like Mare was a clubby lounge set anachronistically ins...New American
The Corner is an American restaurant in Huntington Beach. The item that everybody will ask about ...American


text:
Items where Subject is "Philosophy"
Group by: Creators Name | Item Type | No Grouping
Number of items at this level: 10.
Alford, P., 2004. Critical Theory -- An Alternative Solution to IT Planning Implementation Problems in Tourism. In: Frew, A. J., ed. ENTER 11: Information & Communication Technologies in Tourism Conference 2004: Proceedings of the International Conference in Cairo, Egypt, 2004. Vienna, Austria: Springer, pp. 271-282.
Bray, J. P., Johns, N. and Kilburn, D., 2011. An Exploratory Study into the Factors Impeding Ethical Consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 98 (4), pp. 597-608.
Flintham, J., 2011. Narrative Approaches to Wellbeing. In: Wellbeing 2011: The First International Conference Exploring the Multi-dimensions of Well-being, 18-19 July 2011, Birmingham City University, England.
Galvin, K. T. and Todres, L., 2007. The creativity of 'unspecialisation': a contemplative direction for integrative scholarly practice. Phenomenology & Practice, 1 (1), pp. 31-46.
Lynch, P., Germann Molz, J., McIntosh, A., Lugosi, P. and Lashley, C., 2011. Theorising hospitality. Hospitality & Society, 1 (1), pp. 3-24.
Spicer, P., 2009. MA Digital Effects 2008/9 Class Photograph. Photograph.UNSPECIFIED.
Spicer, P., 2008. MA Digital Effects 2007/8 Class Photograph. Photograph.UNSPECIFIED.
Todres, L., 2004. The meaning of understanding and the open body: some implications for qualitative research. Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 15 (1), pp. 38-54.
Todres, L., 2002. Globalisation and the complexity of self: the relevance of psychotherapy. Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 13 (1), pp. 98-105.
Van Teijlingen, E. and Simkhada, P., 2012. Ethical approval in developing countries is not optional. Journal of Medical Ethics.
About the University / Courses / Academic Centres / Research / Academic Support / Facilities and Resources / Services to Business
Access for All / News and Events / Future Students / International Students / Current Students / Staff / Alumni


text:
Finding a reliable research paper service on the Web today could prove to be such a tedious task. Research papers carry a great weight to your grades that is why these should never be entrusted with just any random service provider.
Students usually go for online writing companies that promise the best research paper writing services. Surely, a lot of writing companies nowadays offer too-good-to-be-true services just to entice students into securing their services. Naturally, when you are in dire need of a good research paper, you go with the one that you think would fulfill your needs.
Disappointingly, most of these online writing companies fall way beyond short of expectations. You pay them your hard-earned savings and in the end get research paper service that instead of helping would instead cause you more problems.
We fully know and understand how important research papers are that is why we ensure that once you choose our research paper writing services you would never regret it. We know that you came to us expecting an excellent research paper so that is exactly what you will get. Our company backs its promise of helping you with this most tedious assignment. We assure you that this promise of excellent research paper service is not just words.
Countless of customers have come back to us because of our efficient research paper writing services. Modesty aside, our high customer satisfaction rate speaks for itself. The reason for this is quite simple. We understand your needs therefore we do our best to help you. We value the trust and faith you have shown us by getting our services and repay it with unparalleled research paper service.
It is true that finding a reliable online company is difficult, but luckily for you, we are here to give you exactly what you need. Our research papers are professionally written, plagiarism-free, and thoroughly edited for any grammatical and stylistic errors. We also make sure that the money you pay us is commensurate to the quality of the paper you will receive from us.
Entrust with us your research paper writing needs now, and we're sure, you'll never regret this decision.


text:
"Good, mean fun...A twisting, high-speed ride on a roller coaster without brakes."
Somebody wants Mick Stranahan dead, and the list of possible players is long: the plastic surgeon with the extremely shaky hands, the sleazy lawyer who advertises, the TV host whose taste for sensationalism is exceeded only by his vanity, and the hit man whose skin problems could fill a comprehensive (if bizarre) medical textbook.
The whole thing is downright harrowing.… (more)
Publisher: Berkley (January 05, 2010)
Format: EPUB
Page count: 416 pages
File size: 473 KB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


text:
The Metropolitan police was urged by a senior MP on Sunday to surrender control of the investigation into the Andrew Mitchell "plebgate" affair after claims that information about its preliminary findings had been leaked to newspapers.
Keith Vaz, the Labour chairman of the Commons home affairs committee, said the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) should take charge of the inquiry into whether members of the force conspired to force Mitchell to resign as Conservative chief whip by falsely accusing him of calling officers "plebs" during a row at the gates of Downing Street.
Vaz spoke out after it emerged that Mitchell submitted a formal complaint to the IPCC about reports in the Guardian and the Times at the end of last week saying that the police file passed to prosecutors about the affair contained no evidence that officers lied.
Mitchell, who admits losing his temper with officers but denies calling them plebs, said the leak suggested there were elements in Scotland Yard still intent on destroying his career.
In a letter to the IPCC deputy chairwoman, Deborah Glass, he said he was deeply dismayed that Scotland Yard "appear to have leaked part of their report prepared for the Crown Prosecution Service to certain members of the press and spun it to the advantage of the police officers involved".
He added: "This was an inquiry into a dishonest and illicit attempt to blacken my name and destroy my career. It would appear that this police inquiry continues precisely that process."
Vaz said that he was very surprised that the police report had been leaked and that Mitchell was right to feel that he had been badly treated by the police.
He said the home affairs committee had always thought that the Met should not be in charge of investigating its own officers and the latest development confirmed that. "This is a good opportunity for the IPCC to take over this investigation and use the information that has been gathered so far as background," Vaz said. "We cannot have an investigation of this importance being done on the basis of leaks and innuendo."
The allegation that Mitchell had called officers "plebs" ultimately led to his resignation as chief whip. However, after CCTV footage was broadcast casting doubt on the original account of what happened, Scotland Yard launched an investigation that led to the arrest of three Met diplomatic protection officers.
If the IPCC decides there is some substance to Mitchell's complaint, it will have to decide whether its own independent investigators should try to find the source of the alleged leak or whether the police should carry out the inquiries.
One of IPCC's first tasks is to examine the file submitted last week by the Met to prosecutors to see if the media reports were correct that it contained no evidence that police lied about the confrontation with Mitchell.
IPCC investigations can lead to internal police disciplinary cases or criminal charges such as misconduct in public office.
The criticism from Mitchell and other senior Tories underscores the poor, and at times poisonous, relationship between sections of the police and the Conservative party. A host of issues have led to a deterioration in relations, from government cuts to police pay and conditions, with officers feeling their worth and work has been denigrated.
In 2008 the Conservatives were infuriated when the Met arrested the shadow immigration minister at the time, Damian Green, as police tried to hunt down the source of leaks from within the Home Office. Green was not charged and Tory anger eventually helped to oust Bob Quick, the police chief who oversaw the arrest and the country's most senior counter-terrorism officer. Green is now minister of state for policing and criminal justice.
On Sunday. the Met referred inquiries to the IPCC, who would only confirm that they had received Mitchell's complaint.


text:
Robert Francis
Robert Francis (August 12, 1901 - July 13, 1987 / Pennsylvania / United States)
» Click to list general statistics » OR, select a date :
Farm Boy After Summer
A seated statue of himself he seems.
A bronze slowness becomes him. Patently
The page he contemplates he doesn't see.
read more >>
- Hits: Number of visitors who read the poem on the given date.
- Posts: Number of visitors who posted the poem to a friend (via e-mail) on the given date.
- Dates that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list.
- Dates, poems and poets that have "0" hits may not be shown on the list. Statistics are generated daily.


text:
Rutter Joins Progressive Business Media as vp, Audience Marketing
July 27, 2013,
Eric Rutter Progressive Business Media
In the newly created position, Rutter will oversee the circulation of all of the publications, working with Angela Tanner, who remains audience marketing manager.
Rutter is an industry veteran and ABM Circulation Career Award recipient, held senior audience marketing positions with Reed Business Information (one-time owner of HTT) and other industry publications.
"Progressive Business Media is an exciting company on the move and I am thrilled to be a part of this expanding organization," Rutter said.
He will be based in Colorado and will report to Kevin Castellani, president of Progressive Media and publisher of Furniture/Today.
"Anticipating and exceeding the needs of one's audience is crucial to any business, and we are excited to have someone with Eric's skills join our team," said Castellani.
Matthew Slaine, president of FT Media holdings, parent company of Progressive Business Media, said: "Having Eric join our team represents our commitment not only to growing our infrastructure, but to do so with the best possible people available to us."
"The fact that Eric joins our team with a deep understanding of all of our leading brands as well as a vision of how to take them to the next level makes him a great new addition to our already strong team," Slaine added.
Home & Textiles Today Staff | News & Commentary
Related Content By Author
Industry Insights
Sponsored Links
Featured Video
The Countdown to the ICON Honors
Subscribe to
Home & Textiles Today eDaily
Home & Textiles Today eDaily
Receive the news you need to know about the trends in the industry delivered right to your inbox.
Most Viewed Articles
See the June 2017 issue of Home & Textiles Today. In this issue, we discuss how U.S, ports are gearing up for the future, and what to expect from second half trade shows. See details!


text:
Wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons) use social information to learn new foraging techniques
- First Online:
- Received:
- Revised:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-012-0477-y
- Cite this article as:
- Schnoell, A.V. & Fichtel, C. Anim Cogn (2012) 15: 505. doi:10.1007/s10071-012-0477-y
- Citations
- 1.2k Downloads
Recent research has claimed that traditions are not a unique feature of human culture, but that they can be found in animal societies as well. However, the origins of traditions in animals studied in the wild are still poorly understood. To contribute comparative data to begin filling this gap, we conducted a social diffusion experiment with four groups of wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons). We used a 'two-option' feeding box, where these Malagasy primates could either pull or push a door to get access to a fruit reward to study whether and how these two behavioural traits spread through the groups. During a pre-training phase, two groups were presented with boxes in which one technique was blocked, whereas two groups were presented with unblocked boxes. During a subsequent unconstrained phase, all four groups were confronted with unblocked boxes. Nearly half of the study animals were able to learn the new feeding skill and individuals who observed others needed fewer unsuccessful task manipulations until their first successful action. Animals in the two groups with pre-training also discovered the corresponding alternative technique but preferred the seeded technique. Interestingly, animals in the two groups without pre-training discovered both techniques, and one group developed a group preference for one technique whereas the other did not. In all groups, some animals also scrounged food rewards. In conclusion, redfronted lemurs appear to use social information in acquiring a novel task, and animals in at least in one group without training developed a group preference for one technique, indicating that they have the potential to develop behavioural traditions and conformity.
KeywordsEulemur rufifrons Traditions Conformity Directed social learning Culture Scrounging
Recent research in animal behaviour has focused on the mechanisms underlying the spread of traditions in animal societies (Laland and Janik 2006; Whiten and van Schaik 2007; Laland and Galef 2009). Traditions are considered to be distinctive behaviours that differ within or between populations, are shared among members of a group and characterized by their persistence over time, and, most importantly, by being acquired through social learning (Fragaszy and Perry 2003). The strongest evidence for traditions in vertebrates has so far been found in birdsong dialects (Catchpole and Slater 1995), but also in various other behavioural contexts, including food processing techniques (primates: Kawai 1965; Whiten et al. 1999; van Schaik et al. 2003; Perry 2009; cetaceans: Rendell and Whitehead 2001; Krützen et al. 2005; birds: Hunt and Gray 2003), affiliative behaviours (primates: Whiten et al. 1999; Perry et al. 2003; Santorelli et al. 2011), communication (cetaceans: Janik and Slater 1997; primates: Fichtel and Kappeler 2011) and mating site preferences (fish: Warner 1988).
Many insights into animal culture have derived from inter-population comparisons of behavioural traits in wild populations (Sugiyama 1997; Whiten et al. 1999; Rendell and Whitehead 2001; van Schaik et al. 2003; Boinski et al. 2003; Perry 2009; Krützen et al. 2005). Even though these studies have revealed rich repertoires of behavioural variation within and between populations, the origin of these behaviour patterns remains unclear because it is difficult to assess by field observations alone whether a trait was acquired through social or individual learning. Social learning is by definition the essential mechanism for the formation of traditions, as it is necessary for diffusion and maintenance of intra-group specific behaviours. It is defined as 'learning that is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal (typically a conspecific) or its products' (Heyes 1994).
Several recent studies have demonstrated social learning and the spread of new behaviours in animals by introducing different feeding techniques (pigeons (Columba livia): Lefebvre 1986; white-throated magpie jays (Calocitta formosa): Langan 1996; chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Whiten et al. 2005; meerkats (Suricata suricatta): Thornton and Malapert 2009; banded mongoose (Mungos mungo): Müller and Cant 2010; and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus, P. abelii): Dindo et al. 2011). For example, by introducing an artificial feeding box that could be opened by using two different techniques to groups of captive chimpanzees, it could be demonstrated that the respective foraging technique was learned socially by other group members, leading to social diffusion within groups, which, in turn, was subject to conformity (Whiten et al. 2005). In a broader sense, social conformity is considered as an adoption of the group's norm, despite being in principle able to behave differently (Whiten et al. 2005), or over-riding of individually learned by socially acquired information (Galef and Whiskin 2008; Dindo et al. 2009, but see Laland 2004). Thus, social conformity represents a strong indirect indicator for social learning. Subsequent research has revealed that conformity is not unique to chimpanzees and humans (Whiten and van Schaik 2007), but is also present in other mammals, such as brown capuchins (Cebus apella; Dindo et al. 2009), guppies (Poecilia reticulata; Day et al. 2001) or Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), which even learned to suppress their personal knowledge about toxic or safe food as well as good or bad tasting food items by observing others (Galef and Whiskin 2008).
The advantage of social diffusion experiments is that animals are tested at a group level, that is, in a situation similar to the one in which social learning would normally occur in the wild (Whiten et al. 2005; Whiten and Mesoudi 2008). Whereas such experiments in captivity have the potential to reveal whether behavioural traits in groups are subject to individual modification or social transmission, field studies can provide an ecologically more valid picture (reviewed in Reader and Biro 2010). Because animals in the wild have to manage their time and energy budgets carefully (Parker 1990), social diffusion might be of vital importance. Social learning can help to save energy because individuals do not have to learn certain behaviours by themselves but can instead observe and copy/imitate others (Laland 2004). However, there is also always a risk that individuals might gather incorrect or out-dated information, which would increase the costs of learning considerably (Parker 1990; Kendal et al. 2005; Laland et al. 2005). In addition, identification of social learning in free-living animals is a crucial step in elucidating the interaction between biological and cultural evolution (Kendal et al. 2010a). Thus, field studies of social learning can provide important insights into the nature of traditions.
However, only a few studies have examined the spread of new foraging skills under natural settings in birds and mammals experimentally, including pigeons (Lefebvre 1986), magpie jays (Langan 1996), keas (Nestor notabilis; Gajdon et al. 2004), meerkats (Thornton and Malapert 2009), wild banded mongooses (Müller and Cant 2010) and primates (Pesendorfer et al. 2009; Kendal et al. 2010b; van de Waal et al. 2010; reviewed in Reader and Biro 2010). Interestingly, a comparison between captive and wild pigeons revealed that the level of social diffusion of a new foraging task was higher in wild compared to captive pigeons, probably due to stronger selective pressure on the development of efficient foraging skills (Lefebvre 1986), emphasizing the importance of social learning studies in wild populations (Kendal et al. 2010a).
Field studies on social learning in wild primates have revealed that ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) learn socially but only within subgroups (Kendal et al. 2010b). Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) exhibited higher homogeneity in the task if a skilled demonstrator was present and therefore seem to use information provided by others (van de Waal et al. 2010). However, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), in which the maintenance/conformity of a learned skill was studied as an indirect indicator for social learning, did not adjust their behaviour to that of the groups majority and presumably did not rely on the use of social information (Pesendorfer et al. 2009).
In order to add to these few studies on social learning in wild primates, we studied social diffusion of a two-choice foraging technique in wild redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons). Even though the brain size of Malagasy lemurs is relatively smaller compared to that of Old and New World monkeys (Armstrong 1985), and despite some early doubts about their intelligence (Jolly 1966), the ability to form behavioural traditions has been shown in the wild (Fichtel and Kappeler 2011). So far, however, the ability to learn socially has been demonstrated in lemurs in captive and semi-free ranging settings (Kappeler 1987; Anderson et al. 1992; Hosey et al. 1997; Stoinski et al. 2011; reviewed in Fichtel and Kappeler 2010), but only one study has been conducted on wild lemurs to date (Kendal et al. 2010b).
Since ringtailed lemurs show restricted social tolerance towards close kin (Jolly and Pride 1999) and social tolerance has an impact on social learning opportunities (Coussi-Korbel and Fragaszy 1995; van Schaik et al. 1999; Reader and Biro 2010), the restricted spread of innovations among subgroups observed by Kendal et al. (2010b) might be due to their hierarchically organized social structure. Thus, comparative studies in wild lemurs with different social structure may illuminate a potential influence of social tolerance on social learning in natural settings.
Redfronted lemurs are organized into groups with a relatively egalitarian social structure; they do not exhibit a linear dominance hierarchy nor is one sex consistently dominant over the other (Pereira et al. 1990; Ostner and Kappeler 2004). In addition, they exhibit high levels of social affinity (Pereira and Kappeler 1997), which allows individuals to spend time in close proximity to others, facilitating directed social learning (Coussi-Korbel and Fragaszy 1995). The aim of this study was to investigate the spread of two different foraging techniques of an artificial fruit task under natural conditions. We asked (1) whether wild redfronted lemurs can learn a new foraging technique, (2) if so, whether they learn it individually or socially and (3) whether they adapt their behaviour to the majority of the group, thereby exhibiting conformity. To detect social learning, we also used a method for identifying social learning in natural conditions, the network-based diffusion analysis (Franz and Nunn 2009), for which we additionally conducted animal focal observations to establish a social network.
Study site and subjects
Composition of the study groups and corresponding conditions
Condition (group)
Pull group (A)
Push group (J)
Open group (B)
Open group (F)
In total
Number of adult males
Number of adult females
Number of juvenile males
Number of juvenile females
Total number of subjects
Experimental apparatus
Experimental set-up and procedure
To avoid monopolization of the box by socially powerful individuals, we presented two to three boxes simultaneously during the training and unconstrained conditions. The boxes were filled with several pieces of oranges or mangos. Feeding boxes were presented when a group was resting or feeding, preferentially when the animals gathered on or near the ground. They were placed on open spots on the ground so that all interactions at the boxes could be video-taped. Each group was tested once per day either in the morning between 07:00 and 11:30 a.m. or in the afternoon between 14:00 and 17:00 p.m. in a counterbalanced order. The experiment started when an individual approached a box within a 1-m radius and ended when the last animal left the 10-m radius. Sessions lasted between 14 and 58 min (mean ± SD: pull group = 35.6 ± 12.0 min; push group = 24.8 ± 8.7 min; open group B = 22.9 ± 8.7 min; open group F = 16.9 ± 4.5 min).
In addition to the video recordings, we noted every second minute the position and distance of all individuals gathering within a range of 10 m around the boxes. We also recorded whether individuals observed others, that is, whether their head turned in the direction of the boxes while another individual was manipulating the box. This sampling method was chosen because it was the shortest feasible time interval to protocol position, distance and looking directions of all group members present within a radius of 10 m around the boxes. The 10-m radius was chosen because the average group spread of redfronted lemurs is 15 m (Pyritz et al. 2010). We calculated the percentage of time spent observing others for each individual by dividing the number of scans it spent observing others by the total number of scans the individual spent in the 10-m radius.
Data analyses
Video sequences of the experiments were recorded with a Sony video-camera (DCR-PC105E PAL) installed on a tripod. Recordings were analysed with Adobe CS 3 Premiere Pro. The identity and sex of individuals at the test location as well as a set of other variables describing interactions with the boxes and conspecifics were recorded. We noted the numbers of aggressive events at the boxes and calculated a relative aggression score as an index of monopolization of the feeding box by dividing the number of aggressive interactions initiated by each individual by the total number of aggressive interactions initiated and received within a 1-m radius of a box. To investigate whether females and males differ in aggression scores, we used the proportion of initiated aggressive and total number of aggressive interactions per individual as the response term in a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with binomial errors (Crawley 2007). Sex was used as a fixed factor and individual identity as a random factor. A maximum likelihood ratio tests was used to test the final model with fixed factors against the null model including only the intercept and random factors (Faraway 2006).
We measured the duration individuals manipulated a box with their hands or nose. To calculate the efficiency in retrieving food rewards, the number of successful actions was divided by the number of total actions performed at the door for a given individual. A successful action was defined as moving the door and retrieving a reward, whereas an unsuccessful action was defined as manipulating the door but not retrieving a reward. Because some individuals (N = 4) performed fewer than 6 actions at the feeding box in phase 3, we considered them as exhibiting a preference when the majority of actions were performed with the same technique, that is, number of actions the individual performed using the preferred technique divided by the total number of actions (see Dindo et al. 2009). In cases in which individuals performed more than 6 actions at the feeding box, we used a binomial test to test for a preference for one technique. Preference scores as well as outcomes of the binomial tests are presented with individual acronyms, indicating the individual's social group, sex and the first three syllables of its name, for example AFCor stands for the female Corsica in group A. Individuals that performed fewer than 3 actions in phase 3 were excluded from the analysis of preference. To calculate a scrounging preference, all scrounging actions were divided by the total number of actions at the box. Correlation analyses as well as non-parametric two-tailed tests were conducted in SPSS 17.0. In order to examine whether the efficiency in retrieving food rewards changed over the experimental phases, a permutation test for repeated measurements with missing values was used (Mundry 1999), because not all individuals manipulated the boxes in each phase.
To test the influence of the pre-training on learning success, we calculated a Generalized Mixed Linear Model. We used the number of unsuccessful task manipulations until the first success as dependent variable, pre-training (yes or no) as a fixed factor and group identity as a random factor. To assess the influence of kinship or social bonds on observing other individuals manipulating the box, the rate of observations (number of scans individuals spent observing others/total observation time) a given individual spent watching each other individual manipulating the box was calculated. The rate of observing others manipulating the box was arc sin-square root transformed to calculate a Linear Mixed Model (LMM). We used the rate of observing others manipulating the box as the dependent variable. Kinship and sex were used as fixed factors, and individual identity was used as a random factor. Because kinship and social bonds (mean duration of affiliative interactions) were positively correlated (Spearman rho: ρ = 0.25, p < 0.001, n = 128), we included only kin as a fixed factor.
To investigate whether one of the open groups showed a preference of one over the other technique, we used the proportion of push and pull actions performed in each session by a given individual as the response term in a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with binomial errors (Crawley 2007). Group was used as a fixed factor, and individual identity as a random factor. For both models (LMM and GLMM), we used maximum likelihood ratio tests to test the final model with fixed factors against the null model including only the intercept and random factors (Faraway 2006). Models were calculated in R 2.8.1 (Development Core Team 2009).
Behavioural observations
To establish a social network, all 37 individuals were each observed for 2.5 h (in total 92.5 h) by conducting focal animal observations (Altmann 1974). Animals were observed on different days for 30 min focal observation periods equally spread between 06:00 and 18:00 h. We recorded all affiliative, affinitive and aggressive interactions. Resting in contact, resting within a 1-m radius with another individual and grooming were considered as affiliative interactions (modified after Pereira and Kappeler 1997). Symmetrical social networks were constructed on the mean durations of affiliative interactions during 30 min observations (grooming, resting in contact and resting together). Kinship was assigned by classifying all animals having a kinship relation of ≥0.25 as kin and all others as non-kin.
Network-based diffusion analysis
We also conducted a network-based diffusion analysis (NBDA; Franz and Nunn 2009) to test the influence of social learning on the task. The NBDA tests for social learning by including the social aspect of group structure. It takes into account the social learning opportunities between pairs of individuals that a social network offers, as described by the theory of directed social learning (Coussi-Korbel and Fragaszy 1995). Social learning is inferred if the order and time at which individuals first solve the task matches the social network. In this study, we used affiliative behaviour as a proxy for learning opportunity, assuming that individuals learn preferentially from conspecifics with whom they spent more time in close proximity and interact affiliatively. For our data, we used the extended version of the NBDA, which takes into account the fact that under natural conditions, it is unlikely that animals will learn by social means alone. It therefore compares the fit of a model of social and asocial learning as well as a model of pure asocial learning to the actual diffusion. Model selection was based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Calculations were conducted with R 2.8.1.
Learning behaviour
Average number of successful actions animals performed in the different experimental phases, average number of unsuccessful task manipulations for each group and average scrounging preference per group
Pull group (N = 4)
Push group (N = 6)
Open group B (N = 4)
Open group F (N = 4)
Successful actions performed at the box (mean ± SD)
Phase 1 + 2
42.5 ± 48.8
29.4 ± 27.8
41.7 ± 29
82.3 ± 36.7
Phase 3
23.8 ± 28.9
15 ± 11.3
17.3 ± 14.4
30 ± 25.6
Unsuccessful task manipulations (median (IQR))
4.5 (2.5)
3 (4)
13 (5.5)
10 (7.5)
Scrounging preference (median (IQR))
44.5 % (72.7 %)
17.4 % (7.7 %)
21.3 % (25.4 %)
22.7 % (23.1 %)
In the two open groups in which the feeding apparatus was not constrained from the beginning, 10 out of 17 individuals manipulated the boxes (group B: 6 out of 8 individuals; group F: 4 out of 9), 8 of them successfully. In open group B, 4 out of 6 individuals learned the task (3 during the training phases 1 and 2, and 1 in phase 3). Overall, they performed on average (mean ± SD) 44.3 ± 46.0 successful actions (Table 2). In open group F, 4 individuals performed the task successfully and conducted on average (mean ± SD) 91.8 ± 71.1 successful actions (Table 2).
Average aggression score for males and females and average preference for males and females observing individuals of the same or other sex
Males (N = 24)
Females (N = 13)
Aggression score (median (IQR))
0.4 (0.6)
0.4 (0.7)
Preference for observing individuals of the same or other sex (median (IQR))
45 % (27 %)
56 % (27 %)
50 % (26 %)
51% (26 %)
Individuals aggressively defended the boxes, and as a result animals with higher aggressive scores spent more time in contact with the boxes (Spearman rho: ρ = 0.55, p < 0.001, n = 37). Females and males did not differ in aggression scores (Tables 3, 5; GLMM, χ2 = 4.66, df = 1, p = 0.49). There was no difference in number of aggressive events across the conditions (Kruskal–Wallis test: df = 2, p = 0.95; medianpullgroup = 5 events, IQR = 10.0; medianpushgroup = 5 events, IQR = 16.25; medianopengroup = 6 events, ICR = 0.0) and none between the four groups (Krukal–Wallis test: df = 3, p = 0.74; medianopengroup F = 6 events, IQR = 9.0; medianopengroup B = 15 events, IQR = 15.0). Although some individuals defended the box, others scrounged, that is, getting access to the reward while others opened the door. In the pull group, five individuals scrounged at least once, in the push group six animals, in the open group B six animals and in open group F four animals (average scrounging preference per group see Table 2).
Social learning
Results of the extended network-biased analysis (eNBDA)
Asocial model
Social and asocial model
Akaike probability (%)
Akaike probability (%)
Pull groupa
Push groupa
Open group F
Open group B
Group preferences
Parameter estimates for the linear mixed model (LMM) on determinants of observation rates and the generalized mixed linear model (GLMM) on the difference in the proportion of push and pull actions in the open groups during the unconstrained phase
Response variable
Random factors
Fixed factors
p value
Proportion of initiated and total number of aggressive interactions
Number of unsuccessful task manipulations until first success
Group identity
Rate of observing others
Proportion of pull and push actions
Our study revealed that wild redfronted lemurs are able to learn new foraging techniques and that the use of social information facilitated the acquisition of the task. More than half of the individuals who learned to open the box with one technique also discovered the alternative technique. The two groups with the seeded technique mainly preferred the originally trained technique, whereas one of the two open groups exhibited a clear preference for the pulling technique. Thus, this group appears to prefer the technique that was used by the majority of the group. As in other species, some individuals also scrounged to get access to food rewards (Fragaszy and Visalberghi 1990; Bugnyar and Huber 1997; Caldwell and Whiten 2003).
Social learning
All individuals except one male explored the feeding boxes. Redfronted lemurs were highly motivated to find and exploit new food sources, which might be due to the fact that we conducted the experiments in the dry season when food and water are rare (Scholz and Kappeler 2004). Nearly half of the subjects who actually manipulated the box successfully learned to perform the task in this field setting. Although they are organized in a fairly egalitarian social system, several individuals were able to prevent others from interacting with the boxes, and therefore some individuals did not have a chance to perform actions at the boxes. In captive brown lemurs (Anderson et al. 1992) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; Drea and Wallen 1999), some individuals also prevented others from interacting with a feeding box, but passive individuals were able to perform the task successfully when the dominant animals were removed. Because we could not remove individual redfronted lemurs, we cannot know whether these individuals did not learn the task, or whether they did not manipulate the box to avoid aggression.
Individuals who were tested with the unconstrained boxes needed more unsuccessful manipulations until they could successfully open the box, compared to individuals who were trained with one of the two techniques. Thus, offering two possibilities for opening the foraging box required more time for learning and might be more difficult. Interestingly, more females than males learned the task. Similarly, in ringtailed lemurs only adult females and none of the adult males acquired a new behavioural trait, probably due to female dominance in this species (Kappeler 1987). However, redfronted lemurs lack female dominance (Pereira and Kappeler 1997), and we did not find a sex difference in aggressiveness. Because some of the females had just given birth and were lactating, they may have had a higher motivation to learn the task than males due to their increased nutritional needs (Randolph et al. 1977; Tarnaud 2006).
Although the exact learning mechanism could unfortunately not be determined with this experimental setting, redfronted lemurs who observed others manipulating the box for a longer time required fewer manipulations at the box until their first success. Thus, they appeared to use information available from conspecifics interacting with the box for dealing more efficiently with the task (Boogert et al. 2008). The network-based diffusion analysis suggests, however, that redfronted lemurs learned the task individually. Similar results have been found in ringtailed lemurs, in which the NBDA also did not pick up the transmission along the social network (Kendal et al. 2010b). However, in ringtailed lemurs, social learning was only detected on a subgroup level of 2–3 individuals, which might explain the low power of the NBDA. Similarly, small sample sizes for constructing the social network might explain why the NBDA could not detect social learning in our study. However, as redfronted lemurs exhibit a rather egalitarian social structure, the NBDA might not have detected social learning due to a lack of strong differences in social connections.
In contrast to our findings, new foraging skills spread in ringtailed lemurs only among small sub-groups (Kendal et al. 2010b). Because the two species differ in their social structure, with redfronted lemurs exhibiting a relatively egalitarian structure and ringtailed lemurs exhibiting clear dominance hierarchies (Jolly 1966; Kappeler 1990) with restricted social tolerance towards close kin (Jolly and Pride 1999), differences in the spread of new innovations can be explained by the degree of social tolerance between the species. The social structure of a society appears to have a major impact on social learning opportunities (Coussi-Korbel and Fragaszy 1995; Reader and Biro 2010), because it influences the level of social tolerance among group members, the diversity of contacts (Thierry et al. 2000; Butovskaya 2004) and proximity between animals, allowing close observation and hence social learning of other's activities (van Schaik et al. 1999). Thus, the differences in the spread of new foraging techniques between wild redfronted and ringtailed lemurs emphasize the fact that comparative studies of species exhibiting different social structures can provide important insights into the social dynamics facilitating or inhibiting social learning mechanisms.
Conformity in redfronted lemurs?
Interestingly, individuals of one of the open groups acquired both techniques but developed a preference for one technique, whereas the other unconstrained group did not. Thus, redfronted lemurs did not generally prefer one technique over the other, suggesting that social learning was involved in building up a preference. This finding stands in contrast to the results of similar experiments with common marmosets (Pesendorfer et al. 2009), where no general preference for one of two techniques was found in groups without training. Because marmosets are quite manipulative (Voelkl and Huber 1999; Yamamoto et al. 2004; Dell'Mour et al. 2009), they may have achieved the technique easily by individual learning and did not necessary rely on social learning. Lemurs, in contrast, have limited dexterity (Torigoe 1985) due to the lack of a precision grip (Holtkötter 1997). Therefore, opening a feeding box might present a bigger challenge for them, which could require higher levels of social learning and may explain the differences between the redfronted lemurs and common marmosets.
In general, relatedness facilitates, whereas aggression hampers social learning (Fragaszy and Visalberghi 1990; Schwab et al. 2008). In our study, however, redfronted lemurs observed unrelated individuals more often than related individuals, and the two open groups did not differ in the amount of aggression performed at the boxes. Theoretical studies suggest that individuals should be selective when deciding from whom and when to learn socially (Boyd and Richerson 1985; Laland 2004; Mesoudi 2008). In some species, individuals preferentially learned socially from successful models (Schwab et al. 2008; Duffy et al. 2009). For example, in the foraging-box experiment in vervet monkeys, bystanders paid more attention to female than male demonstrators, probably because they are the philopatric sex and may have more detailed knowledge about the distribution of food resources in their territory (van de Waal et al. 2010). The inventor in the open group B exhibiting a group preference was a 12-year-old female, whereas the inventor in the open group F with no group preference was a 2-year-old male. The group preference in the open group B might have been established because the inventor was older and a philopatric female, suggesting that learning might have been indirectly biased by favouring successful over less successful individuals (Boyd and Richerson 1985; Wilkinson 1992). Thus, these first indications for a group preference set the stage for further experimental studies of conformity in wild lemurs.
In conclusion, wild redfronted lemurs are able to learn new foraging techniques, and the use of social information facilitated the acquisition of new behaviours. Additionally, redfronted lemurs appear to prefer the technique that was used by the majority of the group. Because lemurs evolved group-living independently from other primates (Kappeler 1999) and represent the most basal living primates, they present an important model for establishing a baseline for social cognition to understand the evolution of culture in primates (Fichtel and Kappeler 2010). Since lemurs have been largely ignored in the field of social cognition and recent studies in this domain (Hosey et al. 1997; Fichtel and van Schaik 2006; Ruiz et al. 2009; Kendal et al. 2010b; Fichtel and Kappeler 2011; Stoinski et al. 2011) have revealed that they are more skilled than previously suggested (Jolly 1966; Deaner et al. 2007), this study also provides important new insights into our understanding of lemurs cognitive abilities in the social domain.
We thank the Département de Biologie Animale, Université d'Antananarivo, the CAFF of the Direction des Eauxet Forêts and the CNFEREF Morondava for the authorization of this study. We are very grateful to Tianasoa Andrianjanahary and Jean-Pierre Tolojanahary for assistance in the field. We thank Ludwig Huber and Peter Kappeler for helpful comments and discussions as well as four anonymous referees for constructive comments on the manuscript.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


text:
District college football preview: Division II
IUP looks for a repeat
Opponents tormented by IUP's dominant defense shouldn't expect to find much of a reprieve this fall.
The Crimson Hawks, 2012 Division II leaders in fewest yards and points allowed (257.8 and 12.5, respectively), retained many of the standouts who fueled the team to its first Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference championship since 1987. Because of the returning talent on offense and defense — eight returning starters on offense, seven on defense — IUP enters this season ranked in Lindy's (No. 7) and the Sporting News' (No. 22) preseason polls.
Seniors Carl Fleming and Alex Berdahl anchor the linebacker corps. Fleming earned honorable mention All-American distinction after a season in which he made 88 tackles, returned two interceptions for touchdowns and was the PSAC championship MVP. Berdahl finished with a team-high 103 tackles and had six sacks and 10 tackles for a loss.
Also back are All-PSAC second-team selections Jerell McFadden, a redshirt junior defensive back, and senior defensive lineman Akeem Smith.
Offensively, senior De'Antwan Williams will lead the running game after a season in which he gained 1,325 yards on 238 rushes and earned second-team All-PSAC West honors. Quarterback Mike Box returns after throwing for 1,747 yards and 13 touchdowns.
Teams to watch
A perennial PSAC West power, Cal will challenge for a title again. The Vulcans, who dealt IUP its only regular-season loss, must avoid a letdown like the one they had in 2012, when they lost to Slippery Rock and Mercyhurst in back-to-back weeks. Consensus All-American defensive lineman B.J. Stevens will provide the highlights on defense, and first-team All-PSAC West wide receiver Mike Williams will handle the thrills offensively.
Solid defense and a steady run game sufficed last season, and not much should change. Redshirt sophomore Brandon Brown-Dukes earned PSAC West Freshman of the Year honors by gaining 1,295 yards and scoring 16 TDs. Senior Allen Jones II, an All-PSAC second-teamer, will complement Brown-Dukes in the backfield. Junior linebacker Aaron McGee, a Montour grad, looks to earn first-team all-PSAC West honors for a second consecutive year.
Second-team All-PSAC selections Derek Walker (DL), Quindell Dean (LB) and Anthony Saunders (CB) should solidify a defense that struggled with youth in 2012. All three are fifth-year seniors.
The PSAC West's new addition, Seton Hill hopes to fare better than in its final few seasons in the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, where it won just two games from 2009 through 2012.
Who to watch
Clarion, senior, QB
The Indiana H.S. product earned first-team All-PSAC West honors after a season in which he had 200 of 383 pass attempts for 2,480 yards and 15 touchdowns. Fiscus also rushed for a team-high 678 yards. He ranks in the top 10 in career passing and rushing yards.
Slippery Rock, senior, DB
Saunders, a third-team preseason All-American, led the PSAC in passes defended per game (1.7). The Valley grad had three INTs and, despite missing two games, finished fourth on the team with 62 tackles.
California (Pa.), senior, DL
A consensus first-team All-American last season, Stevens, a Gateway grad, set single-season school records and led Division II in sacks per game (1.32). He also topped the PSAC in tackles for a loss (22 1⁄2) and sacks (14 1⁄2).
Best on the schedule
Mercyhurst at Clarion
6 p.m.
Clarion QB Ben Fiscus can show whether he's ready to repeat as a PSAC West first-teamer in the conference opener. Mercyhurst allowed the second-fewest passing yards per game (175.5) in the PSAC last season.
CALIFORNIA (Pa.) at IUP
1 p.m.
Cal dealt IUP its only regular-season loss last season as the Vulcans kicked a field goal with 3.5 seconds left. The Crimson Hawks and Vulcans are expected to contend for PSAC supremacy, so the stakes are high.
IUP at Slippery Rock
2 p.m.
The past two PSAC West champs expect to remain in the division's upper echelon. Don't anticipate a high-scoring affair — both teams return all-conference selections on defense.
You are solely responsible for your comments and by using TribLive.com you agree to our Terms of Service.
We moderate comments. Our goal is to provide substantive commentary for a general readership. By screening submissions, we provide a space where readers can share intelligent and informed commentary that enhances the quality of our news and information.
While most comments will be posted if they are on-topic and not abusive, moderating decisions are subjective. We will make them as carefully and consistently as we can. Because of the volume of reader comments, we cannot review individual moderation decisions with readers.
We value thoughtful comments representing a range of views that make their point quickly and politely. We make an effort to protect discussions from repeated comments either by the same reader or different readers
We follow the same standards for taste as the daily newspaper. A few things we won't tolerate: personal attacks, obscenity, vulgarity, profanity (including expletives and letters followed by dashes), commercial promotion, impersonations, incoherence, proselytizing and SHOUTING. Don't include URLs to Web sites.
We do not edit comments. They are either approved or deleted. We reserve the right to edit a comment that is quoted or excerpted in an article. In this case, we may fix spelling and punctuation.
We welcome strong opinions and criticism of our work, but we don't want comments to become bogged down with discussions of our policies and we will moderate accordingly.
We appreciate it when readers and people quoted in articles or blog posts point out errors of fact or emphasis and will investigate all assertions. But these suggestions should be sent via e-mail. To avoid distracting other readers, we won't publish comments that suggest a correction. Instead, corrections will be made in a blog post or in an article.


text:
The group said it is necessary to clear insinuations that the bombers may actually be the schoolgirls abducted by Boko Haram insurgents more than three months ago.In a statement, HURIWA coordinator Emmanuel Onwubiko and media director Zainab Yusuf said: "Now that suddenly the armed insurgents are incessantly using alleged female bombers to unleash devastating violence on soft targets, the Nigerian Government must probe the origin of these female suicide bombers.
If you are happy to be contacted by a Daily Trust journalist please leave a telephone
number that we can contact you on. In some cases a selection of your comments will
be published, displaying your name as you provide it and location, unless you state
otherwise. Your contact details will never be published. When sending us pictures,
video or eyewitness accounts at no time should you endanger yourself or others,
take any unnecessary risks or infringe any laws. Please ensure you have read the
terms and conditions.


text: Hello everybody, I'am new to watchuseek - signed up last week. I'am like everyone else I have a passion for watches and collect what I like and can afford. I find all the forum discussions informative and look forward to being involved. Anyway my question is what is the big difference between - Swiss Army, Wenger and Victornox? Is any one a better quality watch - movement, material used, accuracy, etc.. It seems that Swiss Army demands a higher price for their line of watches why is that? Noblius 1


text:
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 21/11/2007 (3505 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
DEAD kids don't vote.
Neither do parents or grandparents whose kids have been killed under the nominal care of Child and Family Services. They're too busy dealing with grief and addiction and poverty and any unholy litany of reasons that led their children to be seized by the government in the first place.
They don't have lawns. Come election time, they don't have lawn signs.
That's how you explain the utter contempt shown in Tuesday's throne speech for the Manitoba children who have died, for their remaining families, for the kids still warehoused in emergency shelters, for the foster families and for the remaining 7,200 vulnerable kids in the system.
That's how you justify ignoring the concerns of over-worked front-line workers, new agencies begging for training and computer equipment and the communities where licensed foster homes are just a pipe dream.
Dead kids don't vote.
In the early moments of the throne speech, the magic word "fostering" was uttered. Was this a signal of a sea change in how we care for kids? Was the NDP going to admit devolution has failed, that Phoenix and Heaven and Gage and Baby Mark are more than just random, lost kids?
Not a chance. Here's what they said:
"Your government is committed to fostering effective linkages between universities, colleges, government and the private sector."
My government is concerned with "fostering effective linkages" -- not to fostering children in homes that are safe, permanent and loving, no matter what the ethnicity of the people who care for them.
There were few references in the speech to the child welfare systems, all of them vainglorious. Less than 100 words covered the whole topic, a rehash of promises made in 2006.
The speech spoke of an overhaul of the child welfare system. It neglected to mention the overhaul was made necessary by the death of Phoenix Sinclair while in care.
This omission goes to the heart of this government, to its values and to its callous disregard for the children it is sworn to protect. When rotting remains of animals were found at the Misty Gardens pet crematorium, Manitoba Conservation stepped in, closed the business and launched an investigation.
When two-year-old Gage Guimond was killed in care, the Family Services minister said he wasn't allowed to discuss the case and that the medical examiner's report had to remain a secret.
The blame for this limp-wristed response to the deaths of children in care does not rest entirely with the NDP. They're getting away with it because the opposition doesn't give a tinker's damn.
This is an issue Tory leader Hugh McFadyen could have used to strike hard and often against the NDP. Their record on failing children in care is indefensible. The numbers of dead children are mounting. The child welfare system is in chaos.
But McFadyen has been strangely silent.
Sure, he'll let the Family Services critic stand up and lob a question or two at Gord Mackintosh. Every once in a while, the Tories will quote a Free Press article on the latest tragedy.
But there is no evidence the opposition has decided to take a stand for the province's vulnerable children. There is no proof they care or realize that, carefully handled, this issue could save lives.
Nope, they talk instead about Crocus and financial misdoings until the cows have come home, been milked and sent off to bed. Crocus is an issue that by now is only of interest to a handful of guys in suits and a couple of journalists.
But this is their issue. This is what matters to them. This is where their heart is.
Dead kids don't vote.
But you do. You vote with your brains and your hearts and your ideals. You vote based on what you know is right and what you know, deep in your gut, is wrong.
Not setting a place at the table for the children consigned to the care of CFS?
That's just plain wrong.
Lindor Reynolds blogs at


text:
A Complete Bibliography of Andy McNab's Books
Bravo Two Zero
1993, TransWorld / Bantam Press
The true story of an SAS patrol behind enemy lines in Iraq. Andy McNab found worldwide acclaim with this, his first published work–a harrowing tale of courage and endurance told by one who was there. One of the greatest true military adventure stories ever published, Bravo Two Zero established Andy McNab as a literary force to be reckoned with.
Immediate Action
1995, TransWorld / Bantam Press
McNab's second non-fiction offering, Immediate Action tells the remarkable story of Andy's journey from the London slums to the shadow-world of the SAS. Covering an Army career that took McNab from Northern Ireland to Africa, South America, and beyond, this is a must read for anyone interested in life in the infantry and ultra-elite SAS.
Remote Control
1997, TransWorld / Bantam Press
Andy McNab's first fiction novel, introducing us to Nick Stone (sort of McNab's alter ego), who left the SAS soon after the shooting of three IRA terrorists in Gibraltar. Now working for British Intelligence on deniable ops, Stone discovers the murders of a fellow SAS soldier and his family in Washington, DC. Only the 7-year-old daughter, Kelly, has survived – and the two of them are immediately on the run from unidentified pursuers. A roller coaster of events follow, and together they are plunged into a dark world of violence and corruption in which friend cannot be told from foe.
Crisis Four
1999, TransWorld / Bantam Press
Ex-SAS soldier Nick Stone may be tough, resourceful, ruthless, and highly trained, but he still has to follow orders from his superiors, working as a 'K' agent in dangerous and deniable operations. He has been sent to track down Sarah Greenwood, a beautiful, intelligent woman– the only woman Stone has ever let under his guard. When they both become the hunted they race into a dark, deadly conspiracy that will change the course of world events.
2000, TransWorld / Bantam Press
Helsinki, Finland…Nick Stone, ex-SAS, now a 'K' working for British Intelligence, is offered the lucrative job of kidnapping a Russian mafia hotshot and delivering him to St Petersburg. Though Nick thinks this job might be a way to end his problems, they are in fact just beginning. Not all is as it seems–Stone finds himself adrift with no weapons and little money in Estonia in the dead of winter with a friend to rescue, the interests of the West to retrieve and, if possible, money to earn…'Firewall' is a greymansland favourite!
Last Light
2001, TransWorld / Bantam Press
Nick Stone finds himself in a world of trouble after aborting a sanctioned assassination attempt. He is given an ultimatum: either he flies to Panama and finish the job, or Kelly, who is still in his care, will be killed. With no way out, Stone travels to the sweltering jungles of Central America– where he soon discovers a frightening conspiracy involving Colombian rebels, the US government, and Chinese big business. One of Andy McNab's more moving novels, 'Last Light' touches on some heavy themes while still supplying the excitement.
Liberation Day
2002, TransWorld / Bantam Press
Nick Stone needs his American citizenship so badly that he agrees to do one last job. It's his chance to start a new life in the United States with Carrie, the woman he's fallen in love with. For a man of his skills it should be an easy enough job: infiltrate the violent republic of Algeria and bring back the severed head of a money-laundering businessman. But soon Stone realises he hasn't been told the full story, and he finds himself in at the deep end of a very dirty war.
Dark Winter
2003, TransWorld / Bantam Press
Stone is back in business with the C.I.A., being dispatched with a female partner to Malaysia to assassinate a biochemist-gone-bad. The mission takes an unexpected turn, leading Stone back to England to face the threat of wide-spread bioterror head-on. Meanwhile, Kelly, the orphan to whom he is joint guardian, is in a deadly struggle of her own as a result of her traumatic past, and before very long Stone finds himself facing the ultimate trade-off: the life of someone he loves, against those of millions he's never met.
Deep Black
2004, TransWorld / Bantam Press
This Nick Stone novel finds the fed-up agent ready to leave "the business" for good–until a chance encounter with an old acquaintance sends him back into the war-zones of his past to come to terms with the long-ago death of an innocent. Soon, Stone finds himself once again working in the shadows where friend and foe are impossible to distinguish. From Bosnia to war-torn Iraq, Deep Black is a travel guide to the darkest corners of Stone's world.
Boy Soldier (with Robert Rigby)
May, 2005, Doubleday
McNab's first novel aimed at the youth market, Boy Soldier is the story of seventeen-year-old Danny Watts, whose dream of becoming a soldier seems to be destroyed when he is told his grandfather Fergus was a traitor to his country and his unit, the famed SAS. When Danny sets out to track down his grandfather, he finds himself suddenly being hunted himself, by those who want both Watts and his grandfather dead. Book 1 in a series of 4. Not just for teenagers!! The adult fans will enjoy it as well.
Payback (with Robert Rigby)
October, 2005, Doubleday
In the sequel to Boy Soldier, seventeen-year-old Danny and his grandfather, ex-SAS explosives expert Fergus, are on the run again, with their cover in southern Spain blown. Encouraged by the mysterious Deveraux, they return to London to confront their ruthless enemy in MI6, Fincham. But a teenage suicide bomber has brought death and destruction to the heart of Westminster. And there seem to be plenty of other willing martyrs…Payback is another fast-moving and thrilling adventure, packed with authentic detail and Andy McNab's SAS expertise.
November, 2005, Bantam Press
Nick Stone seems to be living his dream, not a care in the world as he steers his camper van round the surfing and parachuting paradise of Australia, a board on the roof, a freefall rig behind him, and a beautiful young backpacker at his side. But when he sees a news report of the massacre of women and children in a terrorist attack on the other side of the world, long-suppressed memories are tiggered, and Nick finds himself catapulted once more into the murky, clandestine world he thought he'd left behind – a world in the grip of nameless enemies who linger in the shadows, and stalk the corridors of power…
May, 2006, Doubleday
In Avenger,the third book in the Boy Soldier series, Danny and Elena are working for the Firm, desperately attempting to track down the vengeance-seeking Black Star before more suicide bombers are dispatched. Elena is the key to discovering the bomb-master's whereabouts as she has already made Deep Web contact. The plan is simple – locate Black Star and kill him – at whatever cost. The hunt takes Danny and Elena to New York, where Elena is drawn into terrible danger…and only Danny can save her.
The Grey Man
May, 2006, Corgi Adult
The Grey Man is Andy McNab's entry in the Corgi series for adults who are new to the pleasures of a good book. It's short on tedious prose and long on story-telling–just the sort of novel to display McNab's talents to an audience who might be daunted by his longer works. This tale of a mild-mannered bank employee gone bad is perfect for anyone looking for a quick but exciting read. This Andy McNab novel is a Greymansland favourite for reasons that should be obvious.
November, 2006, Bantam Press
Andy McNab returned to greatness with this one, a novel his fans consider among his best. In Recoil, Nick Stone goes to Africa in search of that most elusive and desirable of game, a woman, and finds himself once again in the middle of that dark world of violence and conspiracy that he can't seem to leave behind. Once again, McNab's knack for familiarizing us with exotic and dangerous places delivers, making us feel like we're really in the Congo, facing the Third-World conditions and dodgy inhabitants.
May, 2007, Doubleday
There's a lethal new drug in town known as Meltdown, and it's up to eighteen-year-old Danny to stop it. Danny and his grandfather Fergus are once again sucked into a deadly undercover operation and a race against time. Their adventures take them from the clubs of Manchester to Spain and Germany, and Danny needs all his newly learned expertise when he comes up against an old adversary – someone he hoped never to encounter again. Meltdown delivers what fans of the Boy Soldier series have come to expect–taut storytelling, sympathetic protagonists, and adventure that appeals to the teenager in all of us.
November, 2007, Bantam Press
Bodyguarding a TV crew on the streets of war-torn Basra, ex-deniable operator Nick Stone seems certain to die when insurgent gunmen attack. Only a reporter's swift action saves his life. When the reporter vanishes within hours, presumed kidnapped, Stone is asked by the Intelligence Service to find him. The trail leads from Iraq to London, Dublin, and ultimately Kabul – the dark and brutal city where governments, terrorism and big business inexorably collide. Crossfire is unrelentingly violent and chillingly graphic as it hurtles us towards a truly shocking climax.
Seven Troop
September, 2008, Bantam Press / Transworld
In 1983 Andy McNab was assigned to B Squadron, one of the four Sabre Squadrons of the SAS, and within it to Air Troop, otherwise known as SEVEN TROOP. This is Andy McNab's gripping account of the time he served in the company of a remarkable group of men – from the day, freshly badged, he joined them in the Malayan jungle, to the day, ten years later, that he handed in his sand-coloured beret and started a new life. A gripping account of living and breathing the Regiment and the difficulties of living the post-military civilian life.
Brute Force
November, 2008, Bantam Press / Transworld
Days after his car erupts in a ball of flame, Nick Stone narrowly cheats death a second time when a gunman opens fire on him from the back of a motorcycle. Who knows his movements? Who wants him dead, and why? Stone's only chance of survival is to carry the fight to his attackers – but before that, he must uncover a trail of clues that leads from his own dark and complex past (with the return of colonel Lynn!) into the heart of a chilling conspiracy that threatens us all…
Spoken from the Front
September, 2009, Bantam Press / Transworld
Spoken from the Front tells the stories of what Andy McNab describes as 'modern-day heroes fighting modern-day wars'. It recounts the courage and hardship of British servicemen and support staff as they have faced the unique difficulties posed by the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan. Andy introduces and edits the book, but the interwoven stories are told by those serving on the front line, in their own words.
Exit Wound
November, 2009, Bantam Press / Transworld
Three tons of Saddam Hussein's gold in an unguarded warehouse in Dubai…For two of Nick Stone's closest ex-SAS comrades, it was to have been the perfect, victimless crime. But when they're double-crossed and the robbery goes devastatingly wrong, only Stone can identify his friends' killer and track him down…As one harrowing piece of the complex and sinister jigsaw slots into another, Stone's quest for vengeance becomes a journey to the heart of a chilling conspiracy, to which he and the beautiful Russian investigative journalist with whom he has become ensnared unwittingly hold the key.
Dropzone: Bk. 1
February, 2010, Doubleday & Co Inc.
Ethan Blake is seventeen and desperate to escape from his dead-end life. When he sees someone B.A.S.E. jump from the top of his block of flats, it changes the way he sees the world for ever. Soon, Ethan is caught up in the adrenaline-fueled world of skydiving. He's a natural, so it's no surprise when he's invited to join an elite skydive team, but is he signing up for more than just jumping out of planes? The team's involved in covert military operations – missions that require a special kind of guts, missions so secret even MI5 denies all knowledge.
War Torn
May, 2010, Bantam Press
As an Iraq vet Sgt. Dave Henley has seen something of how modern battles are fought. But nothing can prepare him for the posting to Forward Operating Base Senzhiri, Helmand Province, Afghanistan. This is a warzone like even he's never seen before.
Zero Hour
November 2010, Bantam Press
A code which will jam every item of military hardware from Kabul to Washington…


text:
2013-06-13 / Community News
After a rainy start to the week last week, we finally saw some sun for a few days, then had some more rain on Saturday. Sunday was a nice, sunny day.
An online subscription is required to view this content. View our video to learn more:
- Login to post comments


text:
Weekend Bookworm: My Promised Land
28 February 2014 , 10:52 AM by Rob Minshull
My Promised Land: The Triumph and Tragedy of Israel by Ari Shavit
"My Promised Land is a passionate elegy to Israel and a pained, truthful and full acknowledgement of the brutal dispossession of the Palestinians. To be both is its outstanding achievement. It inspired me, depressed me, moved me, infuriated me, appalled me and instructed me. Page after page, it made me think and think again."
Those words by the Australian philosopher Raimond Gaita adorn the front cover of My Promised Land and deservedly so because it is nigh on impossible to describe how powerful, how mesmerising and how truly beautiful this book is.
Deftly travelling through the history of Zionism, Shavit recounts and analyses the stories of his own family and those of a diverse range of Israelis, both past and present, using their histories to explore and illuminate the achievements and contradictions which underpin the State of Israel. It is both an incredibly inspiring and an exceptionally painful journey.
Of course, the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians is said to pose questions of such complexity that it defies both conventional analysis and resolution. In fact, as one academic put it recently, such formulations obfuscate rather than illuminate. And, if that is true, then books like My Promised Land are a bright shining light in a part of the world which is growing darker by the day.
The reality, as Shavit's book demonstrates, is that the Israel-Palestine conflict is relatively uncomplicated and its origins are straightforward. For Shavit, the injustices and brutality which have been inflicted on Palestinians are obvious. An indigenous population was usurped by settlers. The inhabitants of the land were displaced. Right or wrong, justified or not: this is the reality.
Respected Israeli historians like Benny Morris have long argued for the acceptance of this fact; the Leon Uris 'Exodus view of history' has been replaced by a scholarly consensus that sees the foundation of Israel in 1948 as not only marking the salvation of the Jewish people, but also as an event achieved through the expulsion of a large section of the existing Arab population.
In an incredibly emotional and moving book, one of the most poignant chapters is entitled "Lydda 1948". Lydda is now the Israeli city of Lod, close to where Tel Aviv's international airport stands. In 1948, it was occupied mainly by Palestinian Arabs who were forcibly expelled during the fighting which established the new state.
"Lydda," writes Ari Shavit "is our black box. In it lies the dark secret of Zionism." Of course, there never was any secret; there was merely a story which was suppressed. Everyone who was there in the past - and those there now - knows it.
The real question is what it means for the conflict today. "Because of those dead villages it was clear that the Palestinians would always try to flatten us,' writes Shavit. And the choice is stark: "Either reject Zionism because of Lydda, or accept Zionism along with Lydda."
The range of disagreement in Israel about what to do is, in fact, quite narrow. Israelis agree that 1948 was a war of survival and understand that this perspective carries little weight for those Palestinians who lost their homes. How to recognise and rectify this deep and searing wound is where the divergence begins. "Opening the windows of Israeli consciousness to the Palestinian narrative" is only the beginning.
Shavit is sure of one thing however: the continued occupation of the West Bank will do nothing to assist in reconciliation or ease the pain of the on-going conflict. As Shavit puts it, either Israel ends the occupation and removes the settlements or the occupation and the settlers will bring an end to the State of Israel.
Israel continues to face an extraordinary degree of animosity; among Palestinians, left-wingers, the Jewish ultra-Orthodox and, most importantly, among many Muslims. As Shavit writes: "The occupation of Jerusalem and the West Bank amplified this animosity, but it is Israel's existence as a sovereign non-Islamic entity in a land sacred to Islam that creates the inherent tension between the tiny Jewish nation and the vast Islamic world." So what of Israel's future?
"Will the Jewish state dismantle the Jewish settlements, or will the Jewish settlements dismantle the Jewish state? There are only four paths from this junction: Israel as a criminal state that carries out ethnic cleansing in the occupied territories; Israel as an apartheid state; Israel as a binational state; or Israel as a Jewish-democratic state, retreating with much anguish to a border dividing the land."
Critics of this book are right to argue with Shavit's traditional Zionist negation of Jewish life in the Diaspora and point out that Shavit's heroes are mainly Ashkenazi (European Jews) with a preference given to those whose politics tilt to the Left. But the chapter on the immigration of Jews from Arab countries is devastatingly brutal. Israel was European in its inception and direction. Those Jews with a background in Arab countries "were imported only because European Jewry was exterminated."
The popular Israeli talk show host Gal Gabai puts it like this: "Western Zionism feared us. It feared the Arabism we brought with us: the Arab music, the smells and tastes of Arab cuisine, Arab mannerisms. Think about it, something amazing happened here. After the Holocaust, Zionism imported a million Jewish Arabs here so they'd save it, demographically, from the Arab world."
That story of the "cultural castration" of so many Israeli immigrants is today a touch more submerged in the dynamism of a society and economy which is thriving. This is not to say that Shavit does not adequately address other divisions and schisms in Israeli society - the religious and the non-religious, Right versus Left, the identity of the Arabs in Israel - but how the modern Hebrew nation continues to bloom - and transform itself - is a fascinating story that Shavit tells with aplomb. It is, above all argues Shavit, a tale of a nation overshadowed by existential questions: succeed or fail, flourish or perish?
My Promised Land is beautifully written, utterly compelling and heartbreakingly honest. It is the moving and tragic story of the Jewish people in the last century; it is a twin tale of devastation for the Palestinians and dreams of redemption for the Israelis; and it is both inspirational and exasperating.
Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak writes of My Promised Land: "While Shavit is being brutally honest regarding the Zionist enterprise, he is also insightful, sensitive, and attentive to the dramatic life-stories of his fascinating heroes and heroines. The result is a unique non-fiction book that has the qualities of fine literature."
If you read only one book about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, make sure it is this one.
MY PROMISED LAND by Ari Shavit
Published by Scribe
Rob Minshull produces Weekends and is an avid reader
The ABC accepts no responsibility for content on non-ABC websites
You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the comment feed for this post.
What was Palestine before the Zionists began to live there? Mostly a barren wasteland. The Zionists made the desert bloom. That's not myth. That's reality.
Posted by: Jeremy Brown | 28 February 2014 at 07:03 PM
Verify your Comment
Previewing your Comment
This is only a preview. Your comment has not yet been posted.
As a final step before posting your comment, enter the letters and numbers you see in the image below. This prevents automated programs from posting comments.
Having trouble reading this image? View an alternate.


text:
This episode (25th July 2012) begins with Jigna telling her mother that she wants to get married. Her mother is happy to hear this while Kokila is surprised.
Kokila refuses Jigna to get married in the middle age. Jigna is angry and argued with Kokila. Jigna's mother agreed for the marriage and asks Kokila to invite Sameer at the house.
Sameer comes and Jigna's mother enquires about Sameer's business. Jigna's mother accepts Sameer and accepts for marriage. Jigna wishes for a simple marriage with family members.
Kokila suggests doing marriage today evening and family agrees to this, but Jigna feels something weird. Jigna colors her hair and is shocked to see her hair changed into golden color.
Rashi gets scared to see Jigna's hair color and Jigna decides to wear a wig and gives a wig to Rashi to make a design. Rashi informs Urmila about Jigna's marriage and she decides to come for the wedding.


text:
ISER History
The second Alaska Legislature established the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), as part of the University of Alaska, on April 13, 1961. It became the first—and for a number of years, the only—public policy research organization in Alaska. This year, ISER is celebrating 50 years of studying the population and economy of Alaska and helping government, the private sector, and the people of Alaska better understand and deal with change. The twenty-seventh Alaska Legislature recently recognized ISER's contributions to Alaska over the past half century.
ISER's faculty and staff have studied every major public policy issue in Alaska since statehood, from the economic effects of the devastating 1964 earthquake in southcentral Alaska to the huge role oil plays in Alaska's economy today. A critical part of ISER's mission is making sure Alaskans benefits from ISER research—which is all available to the public. ISER research findings are widely disseminated to government agencies, private businesses, libraries, the press, and individual Alaskans. ISER faculty and staff also routinely do presentations to public and private groups around the state—and sometimes in other states and other countries. They also respond to inquiries from the press and the public, as well as teach classes.
ISER was originally part of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and in the first years it operated with a full-time staff of two. Now, ISER has a staff of about 35 and for more than 30 years has been at the University of Alaska Anchorage. It is an institute within UAA's College of Business and Public Policy.
The 1961 legislative appropriation for ISER was $5,415. Today ISER has an average annual budget of about $3 million, but only about a third of that comes out of the legislature's appropriation for the University of Alaska. ISER faculty and staff raise two-thirds of the budget through grants from and contracts with a wide range of public and private organizations— at the local, state, and national levels.
A comprehensive list of ISER publications, from the 1960s through today—and information about events and other activities at ISER—are available here.