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Posted by Chris Mines on April 27, 2012
In the last couple of weeks, I finally put a couple of pieces together . . . the tech industry is pushing hard, down two parallel tracks, toward much more resource-efficient computing architectures.
Track 1: Integrated systems. Computer suppliers are putting hardware components (including compute, network, and storage) together with middleware and application software in pre-integrated packages. The manufacturers will do assembly and testing of these systems in their factories, rather than on the customer's site. And they will tailor the system — to a greater or lesser degree, depending on the system — to the characteristics of the workload(s) it will be running.
The idea is to use general-purpose components (microprocessors, memory, network buses, and the like) to create special-purpose systems on a mass-customization basis. This trend has been evident for a while in the Oracle Exadata and Cisco UCS systems; IBM's Pure systems introductions push it even further into pre-configured applications and systems management.
Track 2. Modular data centers. Now, zoom out from individual computing systems to aggregations of those systems into data centers. And again, assemble as much of the componentry as possible in the factory rather than on-site. Vendors like Schneider, Emerson, and the systems shops like IBM and HP are creating a design approach and infrastructure systems that will allow data centers to be designed in modular fashion, with much of the equipment like air handling and power trucked to the customer's site, set up in the parking lot, and quickly turned on.
Posted by Dan Bieler on April 24, 2012
Vodafone agreed to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide (CWW) for 1.04 billion pounds in cash, valuing CWW at three times EBITDA. The deal propels Vodafone to the second largest telco in the UK with revenues of GBP6.97 billion, behind BT with revenues of GBP15.6 billion. From a financial perspective, the deal has a limited impact, accounting for only 3% of Vodafone's 2011 EBITDA. However, given BT's lack of a mobile division, Vodafone, becomes the leading integrated telco in the UK, offering fixed and mobile operations. The deal is expected to complete in Q3 2012.
The main focus of the deal is on CWW's UK fixed-line network and CWW's business customer base, both of which Vodafone aims to add to its UK mobile network. CWW provides managed voice, data, hosting, and IP-based services and applications. The deal boosts Vodafone's enterprise offering, both in terms of access and transport infrastructure and also in terms of customer base. CWW is a major global infrastructure player: Its international cable network spans 425,000 km in length, covering 150 countries. In the UK, CWW operates a 20,500 km fiber network. Moreover, CWW has about 6,000 business customers. The future of CWW's non-UK assets remains uncertain. In our view they do provide true value for Vodafone, strengthening its global network infrastructure. Vodafone will provide further details regarding these non-UK assets later in the year.
Posted by Richard Fichera on April 20, 2012
IBM Jumps On CI With Both Feet
Over the last couple of years, IBM, despite having a rich internal technology ecosystem and a number of competitive blade and CI offerings, has not had a comprehensive integrated offering to challenge HP's CloudSystem Matrix and Cisco's UCS. This past week IBM effectively silenced its critics and jumped to the head of the CI queue with the announcement of two products, PureFlex and PureApplication, the results of a massive multi-year engineering investment in blade hardware, systems management, networking, and storage integration. Based on a new modular blade architecture and new management architecture, the two products are really more of a continuum of a product defined by the level of software rather than two separate technology offerings.
PureFlex is the base product, consisting of the new hardware (which despite having the same number of blades as the existing HS blade products, is in fact a totally new piece of hardware), which integrates both BNT-based networking as well as a new object-based management architecture which can manage up to four chassis and provide a powerful setoff optimization, installation, and self-diagnostic functions for the hardware and software stack up to and including the OS images and VMs. In addition IBM appears to have integrated the complete suite of Open Fabric Manager and Virtual Fabric for remapping MAC/WWN UIDs and managing VM networking connections, and storage integration via the embedded V7000 storage unit, which serves as both a storage pool and an aggregation point for virtualizing external storage. The laundry list of features and functions is too long to itemize here, but PureFlex, especially with its hypervisor-neutrality and IBM's Cloud FastStart option, is a complete platform for an enterprise private cloud or a horizontal VM compute farm, however you choose to label a shared VM utility.
Posted by James Staten on April 20, 2012
If you wanted to see the full spectrum of cloud choices that are coming to market today you only have to look at these two efforts as they are starting to evolve. They represent the extremes. And ironically both held analyst events this week.
OpenStack is clearly an effort by a vendor (Rackspace) to launch a community to help advance technology and drive innovation around a framework that multiple vendors can use to bring myriad cloud services to market and deliver differentiated values. Whereas Oracle, who gave analysts a brief look inside its public cloud efforts this week, is taking a completely closed and self-built approach that looks to fulfill all cloud values from top to bottom.
Posted by James Staten on April 16, 2012
While the bulk of the enterprise IT market grumbles about the maturity and security of cloud computing services, it looks like the media & entertainment segment is just doing it. At the annual conference for the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) in Las Vegas, myriad technology vendors are showing off their solutions that are transforming the way video content gets to us and behind the scenes there appears to be a lot of cloud computing making this happen. And there is a strong fit between these two industries because their business and economic models are evolving in complementary ways.
Sure, we all know that video streaming to your phone, tablet and TV is the new normal, but how this is accomplished is changing under the covers and cloud computing brings the economic model that maps better to the business of media and entertainment. You see, while broadcasting is a steady state business, the production process and eventual popularity of any particular video segment or show isn't. The workflow behind the scenes is evolving rapidly — or more appropriately devolving.
Posted by Andrew Bartels on April 5, 2012
The US economy continues to show improvement – for example, today's news that new jobless claims were near a four-year low. As the economy outlook has improved, so, too, have prospects for the US tech market. In our updated Forrester forecast for US tech purchases, "US Tech Market Outlook For 2012 To 2013: Improving Economic Prospects Create Upside Potential," we now project growth of 7.5% in 2012 and 8.3% in 2013 for business and government purchases of information technology goods and services (without telecom services). Including telecom services, business and government spending on information and communications technology (ICT) will increase by 7.1% in 2012 and 7.4% in 2013.
The lead tech growth category will shift from computer equipment in 2011 to software in 2012 and 2013, with and IT consulting and systems integration services playing a strong supporting role. Following strong growth of 9.6% in 2011, computer equipment purchases will slow to 4.5% in 2012, as the lingering effects of Thailand's 2011 floods hurt parts supply in the first half and the prospect of Windows 8 dampens Wintel PC sales until the fall. Apple Macs and iPad tablets will post strong growth in the corporate market, though, and server and storage should grow in the mid-single digits.
Posted by James Staten on April 3, 2012
Today's move by Citrix to put its CloudStack IaaS solution into the Apache Foundation says more about the state of the cloud market than it does about OpenStack. As our Fall 2011 Forrsights Hardware Survey shows, about 36% of enterprise IT leaders are prioritizing and planning to invest in IaaS this year. That means they need solutions today and thus service providers and cloud software vendors need answers they can take to market now. OpenStack, while progressing well, simply isn't at this point yet.


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Continuing on with my month of #StopPinningStartDoing, I decided to try a craft I pinned on to my "She's Crafty" board that I loved, but never got around to doing. I have been enamored of embroidering photographs for a while now, and I especially adored keeping the photos in the embroidery hoops as the final frames. I am thrilled with how easy this craft project was and how fantastic it came out!
For this project you will need iron-on printer paper, a printer, an embroidery hoop, fabric for the transfer, embroidery thread, a needle, scissors, an iron, and if you want to color the hoop frame you will need some spray paint.
Join me for 25 Days of Holiday Inspiration For Harried Homemakers– Finding 10 minutes of peace a day to celebrate the season. This is a daily email to inspire you over the holiday season. Click HERE to get signed up.
- Begin by printing a photograph onto the transfer paper. Be sure to read the paper's directions first. Also be sure to reverse your photo before you print it so it ends up looking correct when you iron it onto the fabric. My photo program didn't have this feature, so I used PicMonkey.com. Cut the photo to size to get it ready to transfer to the fabric
- Now it is time to get the photo from the paper to the fabric. Flip the picture over so the backside of the paper is facing up. My paper had red graph lines. On your iron's highest setting, carefully iron over the paper directly onto the fabric. Be sure to make sure the corners are ironed.
- Wait for the paper to cool down then carefully peel off.
- Place the fabric picture in the embroidery hoop and tighten. Use the embroidery thread to create a fun pattern on the photograph. My husband wanted me to add cartoon mustaches and glasses to the kid's faces, but I politely declined.
- When you are finished, carefully cut the fabric around the hoop. Now display!
I would say this is by far my most favorite craft project I have ever done. Ever. Seriously! I might even take some of my Instragram pictures and make a whole embroidered collage out of them! So many possibilities.
If you decide to try this craft or anything inspired by Pinterest, take an Instragram of it and label it #StopPinningStartDoing so I can check it out.
Take Time For Yourself!
The holidays are the most difficult time to schedule time for oneself, so I put together 25 suggestions to inspire you on how you can take a moment and reflect on both recharging yourself and on what Christmas is really about- which is the rebirth and joy that comes from celebrating with family and friends. If you are interested in joining me on this 25 Days of Holiday Inspiration For Harried Homemakers- Finding 10 minutes of peace a day to celebrate the season then Click HERE to get signed up. Each day I will send you an email detailing a bit of inspiration on how to pamper yourself, create a less stressful holiday, and create loving memories with your family. If you are already subscribed to my weekly email list, you can either wait until Friday to get them or sign up HERE to get them each day.

subset: commoncrawl


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Oregon Historical County Records Guide
Clatsop County Scenic Images
Fort Clatsop Storeroom
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A storeroom in the interior of the replica of Fort Clatsop at the Fort Clatsop National Memorial of the Lewis & Clark National Historical Park southwest of Astoria. (Photo No. clatDA0112a)
About this image
Dimensions: 3769 x 2502 pixels (300 dpi version); Date created: February 2009; Camera: Nikon D80 Digital SLR; Lens: Nikon AF-S DX Zoom-Nikkor 18-135mm f/3.5-5.6G IF-ED; Photographer citation: Gary Halvorson, Oregon State Archives; Keywords/Tags: horizontal, Oregon, Clatsop County, Fort Clatsop National Memorial, Lewis & Clark National Historical Park, Astoria, replica, log construction, interior, storeroom, kegs, boxes, barrels, expedition, history, Corps of Discovery, exploration, defense, shelter, structure.
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Note that ra may be taken as a postposition of the genitive as well as phonetic complement (see on line 3).
The accusative case in nouns is marked by a postposition, ku, as in Hindustani.
The postposition pampa, ixtli, the face, and the first possessive pronoun no.
If ra were a postposition, it would follow the suffix bi (on which see Hymn to Sin, line 27).
When the noun to which they are suffixed has a double form, the postposition is added to the short form.


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The Edge of Glory
I love being right. I like to do the "TOLD YA SO" dance that involves double finger-pointing, shimmying, drop and pops, and the signature Feinberg move: the arms up hair flip. Exhibit A: Exhibit B: Lindsay Lohan is back. Count it: One more positive court hearing scheduled for Thursday, her hosting gig on SNL scored … Continue reading The Edge of Glory


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101 Sangrias & Pitcher Drinks by Kim Haasarud, includes exotic drink ingredients and recipes like Simple Syrup, Fresh Sour, Spanish Sangria, Pimm's Cup and Picon Punch.
Serves 1
Cups are beverages made from a combination of seasonal fruits, juice, and a spirit. The fruit should impart its essence into the drink and not be completely infused. The fruit flavors should be fairly subtle. Almost any fruit can be used, but cups almost always include cucumber and mint.
Pimm's No.1 is a gin-based beverage popular in Great Britain. This is a great, refreshing summer cocktail. Traditionally, it is served with just a floating cucumber, but many variations include seasonal fruit. I prefer to shake everything together to impart more of the fruit, cucumber, and mint flavor into the drink. Feel free to add an additional garnish, if desired.
optional fruit:
Combine the lemonade, Pimm's, cucumber slices, and fruit, if desired, in a cocktail shaker with ice. Shake moderately and pour into a large glass. Top with a splash of ginger ale and garnish with a mint sprig. This recipe can be multiplied by six and made in a pitcher.
Buy 101 Sangrias & Pitcher Drinks
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Chef Sharynne Metamorphosis
Gourmet Raw Food Chef Sharynne Gambrell-Frazer shares her personal story of empowerment as a result of a devastating family tragedy. Her story can be found on Page 181 and a short biography on Page 233.
More than fifty writers, mentors, entrepreneurs and professional leaders have joined Steven E, Dr. Wayne Dyer™, Dr. Michael Beckwith, John Assaraf from "The Secret", Brian Tracy, Lee Beard, Liz Vassey, Ernie Hudson and Gregory Scott Reid from the film "Pass it On" to make a difference in your Life.
Here are the messages of hope that will encourage you to try again. These stories will light the way to empowerment and a life changed forever. Collectively, they provide the compass that shows the way to permission, authority and confidence, pointing the way to personal power.
The Metamorphosis Yours : 2014
Life Transformation
Most of the people in the earth are trying to make their life better. They start focusing their mind to something that is positive.
This is not something that is easy for some people. Improving a lifestyle means they have to change everything. Wake up in the morning with a spirit, perform a meditation, list out the priority to start in the day, and so on.
Fail to plan is about to plan to fail.
Fortunately, there is solution for everything. Using a supporting devices will definitely help to achieve anyone's goal. If someone choose to begin with exercise, they will be able to use thread mill for a running sport everytime they want. Don't have much time to go to the gym? Don't worry, because the resistance band will help everyone to start their fitness in their own home.
Not to forget, food supplements will be really necessary for busy people who do not have time to think of what they should eat during the busy hours. An innovation like Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) that is found by Dr Simeon, will help to reduce a hunger if someone is having a problem in his or her diet. This information can be found at here.
Before going to the bed at night, it is extremely important to end the day with a soft meditation. It should not be consuming a lot of time. 30 minutes of meditation will do the work.
End the day with a peace of mind! Forget the negative, keep up the positive!


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Health and Safety
We want to make sure that all New Yorkers enjoy our parks, playgrounds, beaches, pools, and facilities safely. Please feel free to review our Rules & Regulations for more information, and be sure to follow these helpful tips on how to use our facilities safely.
Park and Playground Safety
Through our Parks Inspection Program, we conduct more than 5,000 inspections each year. Visit our Parks Inspection Program page to review conditions in your neighborhood park or playground. If you would like to report a hazardous park feature or one that is in need of repair, please visit 311 Online.
Ticks are present in New York City, and may cause diseases. To stay safe from tick bites, be sure to use insect repellent, wear light-colored long-sleeved shirts and pants, tuck your shirt in your pants and your pants in your socks, and stay away from wooded and bushy areas. If you have been outdoors, take a shower soon after, and check yourself and your children and pets after outdoor activities. If you do find a tick, remove it carefully, and call your doctor if you get a fever or rash.
Visit the NYC Department of Health & Mental Hygiene's Ticks page for more information.
Blue-Green Algae in Parks' Lakes
Algae in Parks' water bodies become more common as temperatures rise and days lengthen in spring and summer, and we see algae "blooms." These are usually seen as green-tinted water or carpet-like mats of floating green "pond scum" on some of our freshwater bodies. While most algae are harmless and are important parts of aquatic ecosystems, some blooms that produce blue-green algae (BGA) can be toxic. Because it is difficult to tell the difference, assume you are seeing a BGA bloom when you see water that looks like pea soup, or green, blue, or red paint or mats of blue or green pond scum floating on water surface or accumulated along the shoreline.
Read more on our Blue Green Algae page.
Living With Deer in New York City
White-tailed deer are an important part of New York State's rich ecosystem and are greatly valued by many New Yorkers. However, at high population levels deer can pose significant challenges to human health and safety through deer-vehicle collisions and associations with tick-borne illnesses, and can damage forest biodiversity and tree regeneration. Learn more about what we are doing to ensure that deer and people can co-exist.
Visit New York City's Deer page for more information.
Weather-Related Safety
Keep our tips in mind when visiting parks on unusually hot or cold days, or during extreme weather events.
Water and Sun Safety
In the summer, you can cool off at our parks, beaches, and indoor facilities. Visit our Beat the Heat page for helpful tips on how to stay cool, and our Water Safety Tips page to avoid rip currents and stay safe while in or near the water.
Winter Safety
In the winter, icy conditions can make parks dangerous. Walk carefully on snowy paths, never set foot on frozen water, and make sure that children are never unattended near ice. If you are on an icy surface and you hear cracking, lie down immediately to try to distribute your weight. If you witness someone falling through ice, never attempt to make a rescue by yourself: call 911 and notify the proper authorities. Be sure to give the exact location and an account of the incident.
Severe Weather
During storms, trees and limbs may become weakened and can fall. Exercise caution under and around trees. Visit our Forestry Storm Response page for more information on how to be prepared.
In case of severe storms, visit New York City's Severe Weather page to find all municipal emergency information. Visit our Notices page to find out about any park or facility closures caused by the storms.


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The War of 1812 in the West: An In-Depth Exploration
Explore an early American woodcut engraving depicting the Battle of the Thames during the War of 1812.
Explore an early American woodcut engraving depicting the Battle of the Thames during the War of 1812.
Explore a print celebrating the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870.
These excerpts were chosen from more than 215 selections by 158 authors in the anthology.
Explore just one of the fascinating items from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History collection!
Lafayette College historian Donald Miller discusses his new book, Supreme City: How Jazz Age Manhattan Gave Birth to Modern America, in an interview with the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
Historian Jill Lepore (David Woods Kemper '41 Professor of American History at Harvard and a staff writer at the New Yorker) discusses her 2012 book, The Story of America: Essays on Origins (Princeton University Press).
Marc Dolan, an English and American Studies scholar at John Jay College, City University of New York (CUNY), discusses his new book, Bruce Springsteen and the Promise of Rock 'n' Roll (W.W. Norton, 2012).


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So I wanted to give y'all a gift for being on the mailing list and opening my emails every week. Here's the original Human Ear Comp #1 from 2006. It features Ariel Pink, Geneva Jacuzzi, Julia Holter, Vibe Central and various collaborations between.
I'll be back in your inboxes in June with some exciting updates on new releases from Julia Holter and Heart Shaped Rock. Until then...
Download & Enjoy >> http://human-ear.net/share/human_ear_1
** And in case u haven't heard it on the interwebs already, The Human Ear Comp #2 is currently on sale and streaming at http://human-ear.com. Check it out!


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In Feast or Fallow Gives Modern Voice to Hymns
- Andrew Greer CCMmagazine.com
- 2010 20 Jul
Artist: Sandra McCracken
Title: In Feast or Fallow
Label: Towhee Records
Understanding the church's hunger for classic liturgy, singer/songwriter Sandra McCracken compiles her second hymns recording, delicately refashioning historic, sacred songs by replacing their antiquated musical contexts with a modern voice. Sways of acoustic guitars, swelling mellotrons and timely strings provide hallowed space for McCracken. And though a 15-track set list is a bit cumbersome, McCracken's charming creative drive and definitive folk demeanor overrides the potential overload to create a completely inspired final product.
WE LIKE: "Can't Help Myself"
© 2010 CCMmagazine.com. All rights reserved. Used with permission.
**This review first published on July 20, 2010.
SEE ALSO: "Gravity/Love" Showcases Beautiful Songwriting Talents


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How to Choose a Computer Book
How to Choose a Computer Book from Overstock.com. It's easy to find computer books for everything you want to do if you know what to look for.
Sean Whitaker, BA, MSc, MBA, PMP has a diverse project management background having successfully managed complex projects in the construction, telecommunications and IT industries. He brings this diversity of experience into sharp focus with his emphasis on professional and appropriate, or practically perfect, project management. Sean regularly teaches and speaks about professional project management, and has been a long term volunteer with the Project Management Institute. He is also the co-founder of Falcon Training, one of the worlds best project management training companies. Sean lives in New Zealand and when not writing about, speaking about, or teaching project management manages to find time to pursue his musical hobbies.
Assess your readiness for the updated PMP Examand quickly identify where you need to focus and practice. This practical, streamlined guide walks you through each exam task, providing "need to know" checklists, review questions, tips, and links to further studyall designed to help bolster your preparation.
Reinforce your exam prep with a Rapid Review of these tasks:
This book is an ideal complement to the in-depth training of the Microsoft PressTraining Kit and other exam-prep resources for the PMP Exam aligned with theGuide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Fifth Edition.
|COMPUTERS / Certification Guides / General
|Publisher Date
|2013-08-15 00:00:00.0
|Microsoft Pr
|Copyright Year
|8.75 in
|5.5 in
|0.5 in
|Unit weight
|0.72 lb
|Series Name
|Pmp Exam
|Professional and scholarly
|Whitaker, Sean
|Country of Origin
|United States
How to Choose a Computer Book from Overstock.com. It's easy to find computer books for everything you want to do if you know what to look for.
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|Topic Review (Newest First)
|Irelands child
|These are a "pleasure" to remove. A pair of pliers to squeeze the two halves of the clips together that you will see if you lay on your back in the bed and look up at the underside of the rail is usually all you need. The ones nearest the cab is a b###h There are, if I recall (been a while) at least a half dozen of those snap in clips. A second person to help keep some tension on the rail will help too. Fair warning - there may also be glue or two sided tape on the underside as well if a stealership needed to do a quick and cheap repair. You may also break some of those clips - then your repair is that tape(glue) or a ~$110 each replacement
|rick laplante
bed liner removel
ok i have a 2011 f250 long box and i want to remove the bed liner how do i remove the rail caps so i can remove the liner?
any help would be great
thank you for your time
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A Study Evaluating the Bioavailability of Two Formulations of Linifanib and Food Effect on Pharmacokinetics of Linifanib in Subjects With Advanced or Metastatic Solid Tumors
This study has been terminated.
(Sponsor decision)
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
First received: October 11, 2011
Last updated: August 24, 2012
Last verified: August 2012
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- How to Read a Study Record
No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study
|Study Status:
|This study has been terminated.
|Study Completion Date:
|January 2012
|Primary Completion Date:
|December 2011 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)


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Why use Princeton Gmail?
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text:
Why do you ask?
This is a discussion on Guns are intended for protection so... within the Carry & Defensive Scenarios forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Have you ever used a gun to shoot someone?...
Have you ever used a gun to shoot someone?
Unfortunately, yes. While I was in the military.
Strange question. I hope I NEVER have to kill another human being.
"Democracy is two wolves and a lamb voting on what to have for lunch; Liberty is a well-armed lamb contesting the vote."
-- Benjamin Franklin
Nope. Unless you count dreams.
Better to die on your feet, than to live on your knees.
Nope, not me...
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
no, and i pray to God i'm never in a position that would require me to
Haven't and hope I never have to. I think the biggest majority of people will not answer if they have had to shoot someone. Some things are best put behind you if possible.
Freedom doesn't come free. It is bought and paid for by the lives and blood of our men and women in uniform.
USAF Retired
NRA Life Member
I can go ahead and assert my fifth amendment right here can't I?
Just on paper. Hope never for real. Just don't want to, but ready and more than willing if BG is after wife or me. And why the ?
Thankfully NO, and plan to keep it that way if possible.
Helpful hints on pushing back and strengthening the 2A:
Thankfully I've never had to shoot anybody. Hopefully I'll never have to shoot anybody! But...
"Gun control is being able to hit your target."
Glock 26


text:
Council restructures EDC Board
12/12/2012 by
MANY CHILDREN GATHERED at 3W Ranch Supply to greet Santa Claus. He came as a special guest to the Christmas Event held by 3W Ranch Supply in Teague on Saturday, December 8th. Everyone was watching when Santa arrived on a John Deere tractor. The huge crowd received a free hot dog lunch hosted by 3W Ranch Supply and there were many sales and giveaways as well as a raffle for some lucky winner.
Restructuring of the Teague Economic Development Corporation?s Board of Directors was one of a handful of items tackled by the Teague City Council while meeting in regular session on Tuesday evening, December 4th at City Hall.
Council members also accepted the resignation of Councilman Mark Hargis, approved an ordinance establishing a permit fee for the sale of alcohol in the city limits, approved the EDC budget and changed their minds about purchasing two properties on the corner of Main and Fourth Avenue.
Teague EDC President Sherrie Noland reported that at the last EDC meeting on November 29th the Board voted to terminate LaShane Criddle as Executive Director of the EDC effective January 1, 2013. The City Council approved two proposals presented by Noland which will have the EDC Board work as a joint venture with the City Administrator, hire a new EDC Executive Director and have EDC Board comprised of 7 members with four members coming form the public and three members coming from the city council.
Noland?s proposal will also restructure the EDC and follow the Attorney Generals model for an Economic Development Corporation while being supervised directly under City Administrator Vince DiMaggio.
Council members approved the Teague EDC?s 2012-13 budget presented by LaShane Criddle, who started her report was from September and that the EDC Board approved the budget at that time. Council members approved the budget by a 3-0 vote.
A brief public hearing was held in accordance to law prior to a motion being made to approve an ordinance establishing a Permit Fee for the sale of alcohol and establishing a minimum distance limitation from churches and schools for the sale of alcohol. The motion carried 3-0.
Council members went into executive session and reconvened into open session approximately 20 minutes later and approved a motion to deny participating in purchasing two properties located on the corner of Main and Fourth Avenues. The council was looking at splitting the cost of the properties (building and vacant lot) with the EDC but changeddirections following the executive session meeting.
Councilman David Huffman was appointed Mayor Pro Tem due to Council Mark Hargis resigning from the Council effective December 3rd. Mayor Ernest Pack said Hargis stated the reason for his resignation was for personal reasons beyond his control.
Present at the meeting were Alderman David Huffman, Alderman Garlan Steed, Alderman Chris Nickleberry and Mayor Ernest Pack. Absent was Alderman Terry Gibson. Others present were City Administrator Vince DiMaggio, City Secretary Judy Kealey, EDC Executive Director LaShane Criddle, and EDC Board President Sherrie Noland.


text:
From the Hollings Cancer Center (Dr Alberg) and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Department of Surgery (Dr Brock), School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Epidemiology (Dr Ford), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Preventive Medicine (Dr Samet), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and Division of Pulmonary Medicine (Dr Spivack), Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Correspondence to: Anthony J. Alberg, PhD, MPH, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President St, MSC 955, Charleston, SC 29425; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Dr Ford is currently at the Department of Medicine, Brooklyn Hospital Center (Brooklyn, NY).
Funding/Sponsors: The overall process for the development of these guidelines, including matters pertaining to funding and conflicts of interest, are described in the methodology article.1 The development of this guideline was supported primarily by the American College of Chest Physicians. The lung cancer guidelines conference was supported in part by a grant from the Lung Cancer Research Foundation. The publication and dissemination of the guidelines was supported in part by a 2009 independent educational grant from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
COI grids reflecting the conflicts of interest that were current as of the date of the conference and voting are posted in the online supplementary materials.
Disclaimer: American College of Chest Physician guidelines are intended for general information only, are not medical advice, and do not replace professional medical care and physician advice, which always should be sought for any medical condition. The complete disclaimer for this guideline can be accessed at http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.1435S1.
Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians. See online for more details.
Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research.
A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk.
Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application.
Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world. In 2008, > 1.6 million people received a new diagnosis of lung cancer, comprising 13% of all new cancer diagnoses, and 1.4 million died of lung cancer, which was 18% of all cancer deaths.2
Many causes of lung cancer have been identified, including active cigarette smoking3; exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke (passive smoking)4; pipe and cigar smoking5; occupational exposure to agents such as asbestos, nickel, chromium, and arsenic6; exposure to radiation, including radon gas in homes and mines7; and exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution.8 Despite the identification of this constellation of well-established causal risk factors, the global epidemic of lung cancer is primarily caused by a single factor: cigarette smoking. This dominance of cigarette smoking reflects effective marketing and promotion of an addicting and deadly product by multinational corporations.9
Refining the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of lung cancer remains a vibrant area of research. As described in this chapter, foci of current research include understanding the root causes of racial and socioeconomic disparities, elucidation of the role of lifestyle factors other than cigarette smoking (eg, diet, physical activity), the risk of indoor and outdoor pollutants, genetic determinants of risk, biomarkers of risk and early detection, and the potential role of infections such as HIV.
An understanding of the epidemiology of lung cancer provides background and contextual information regarding lung cancer that is important for management of guidelines. This article includes no recommendations for individual patients but is included in the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Lung Cancer Guidelines to provide a foundation.
A narrative review of published evidence on the epidemiology of lung cancer was carried out. Key reports that described the occurrence of lung cancer in populations and factors that affect lung cancer risk were identified. This review was accomplished through a combination of approaches that included cataloging reports from the authors' files and augmenting this with Medline searches that included the term "lung cancer" and terms for various exposures that have been studied in relation to lung cancer (eg, "smoking," "asbestos," "radiation"). Emphasis was placed on systematic reviews, if available.
The objective was to provide a summary of the epidemiologic evidence on lung cancer, emphasizing issues that are currently relevant to prevention. The literature is extraordinarily large, and we did not attempt to conduct a comprehensive review and systematic synthesis. Such syntheses have been carried out by expert review groups, including the committees assembled to prepare the US Surgeon General's reports on smoking and health and committees of other governments and organizations, including the UK Royal College of Physicians and Scientific Committee on Tobacco, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF).
The topics covered were agreed on by consensus of the writing committee with initial input from the ACCP Lung Cancer Guidelines Panel. Topics were added as recommended by external reviewers from the ACCP Lung Cancer Guidelines Panel, the Thoracic Oncology NetWork, Guidelines Oversight Committee (formerly known as the Health and Science Policy Committee), and the Board of Regents of the ACCP. All parties agreed to make no attempt to grade the evidence or generate formal guidelines.
The patterns of occurrence of lung cancer with respect to survival, incidence, and mortality rates are reviewed in this section, using the United States as a specific example before going on to consider global variation in rates.
The 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer in the United States for the period of 2001 to 2007 is 16.3%, which is up from 12.3% in 1975 to 1977.10 The 5-year relative survival rate varies markedly depending on the stage at diagnosis, from 52% to 24% to 4% for local, regional, and distant stage disease, respectively.10 Stage at diagnosis accounts for the most marked variation in prognosis, but patient characteristics associated with poorer survival also include being older, male, and African American.10
Because of the high case fatality rate of lung cancer, incidence and mortality rates are nearly equivalent, and consequently, routinely collected vital statistics provide a long record of the occurrence of lung cancer. We are presently amid an epidemic of lung cancer that began in the 1930s in the United States.
As the leading cause of cancer death among women, lung cancer is a major women's health issue. Historical trends indicate that cigarette smoking prevalence peaked about 2 decades earlier in men than in women; thus, the epidemic of lung cancer started later in women. In contrast to men, lung cancer incidence rates in women have not yet begun to decrease consistently,10 but a recent analysis of 2003 to 2007 data for the first time detected a significant downturn in incidence and mortality rates in US women.11 Far more men than women still die of lung cancer each year, but the gender gap in lung cancer mortality is steadily narrowing and is expected to close.
The patterns of occurrence of lung cancer by race and ethnicity make lung cancer a relevant disease for cancer disparities research. Lung cancer incidence rates are similar among African American and white women, but rates are about 47% higher among African American men than among white men.10 African American men have also experienced a greater mortality from lung cancer, with the largest disparity in rates being 42% greater than for European American men in 1990; the excess decreased to 25% in 2008. Clues to birth cohort changes in disease occurrence may be found in changes in rates in young people. An analysis of trends in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000) from 1992 to 2006 among 20- to 39-year-olds revealed a similar narrowing of the racial gap in this age group, leading to the inference that the drop among African Americans resulted from the striking decrease in smoking prevalence among African American youth since the 1970s. If this inference is correct, continued narrowing of the racial disparity can be anticipated in the coming decades.12
This racial disparity may be partially due to a greater susceptibility of African American smokers to smoking-induced lung carcinogenesis,13 but historical differences in smoking prevalence do not explain all of the higher risks seen in African Americans compared with European Americans.14 The racial disparity in mortality reflects not only the differences in incidence but also 20% poorer 5-year relative survival among African Americans compared with whites.10 The poorer lung cancer survival in African Americans remains to be explained, but in multivariate analyses, the racial disparity is diminished by adjustment for receipt of evidence-based therapy15 and pretreatment health status.16 Thus, potential contributors to the racial disparity in survival could be treatment-related factors such as later stage at diagnosis and lack of access to, or uptake of, evidence-based stage-specific lung cancer treatment.17
Compared with African Americans (72.7) and whites (63.3), age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 for the years 2004 to 2008 were significantly lower among American Indians/Alaskan Natives (44.5), Asians/Pacific Islanders (39.0), and Hispanics (32.5).10 Similar patterns are observed for lung cancer mortality rates.
Among patients with lung cancer, those of Asian ancestry have consistently been observed to have better survival than whites.18 The reasons for the more favorable prognosis in Asians are incompletely understood, but one contributory factor is differences in tumor characteristics. For example, in Asians, the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung tumors is much higher than in whites, and epidermal growth factor receptor-positive tumors are responsive to treatment with gefitinib.19 Further delineating the distinct features of the etiology and prognosis of lung cancer in Asians compared with other ethnic groups may lead to novel insights into lung cancer pathogenesis.
Increasingly, lung cancer is more likely to occur in poorer and less-educated populations, primarily reflecting the increasing gradient of smoking with socioeconomic indicators that include income, education, and occupation. This pattern, noted decades ago in the United States,20 has now been observed in many countries worldwide. For example, in Canada, the risk of lung cancer was inversely associated with income, education, and social class,21 and despite universal health care, lower socioeconomic status was significantly associated with poorer lung cancer survival.22 In China, a sixfold variation in lung cancer risk was observed between the lowest and highest income categories.23 In The Netherlands, lung cancer risk was inversely associated with attained education.24 Lower socioeconomic status has also been associated with later stage at diagnosis for lung cancer as for other cancers.25 In the United States, studies of lung cancer prognosis that have examined both race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status have shown lower socioeconomic status to be a strong determinant of worse prognosis, whereas racial differences in prognosis tend to diminish when adjusted for socioeconomic status.26,27 Socioeconomic status is associated with an unfavorable profile of interacting determinants of lung cancer risk, such as smoking, diet, and exposure to inhaled carcinogens in the workplace and general environment.
Internationally, lung cancer rates vary markedly across countries: Age-standardized incidence rates vary > 60-fold in both men and women.28 The geographic distribution is predominantly driven by historical patterns in cigarette smoking prevalence, with an approximately 20-year lag period from change in smoking pattern to change in incidence, reflecting the slow and multistep process of cancer initiation and progression.29
In men, the highest annual lung cancer incidence rates are in central and eastern Europe and North America (65.7 and 61.2 per 100,000, respectively). In women, the lung cancer incidence rates are highest in North America and northern Europe (35.6 and 21.3 per 100,000, respectively).30 For both sexes, the lowest incidence rates are in Africa. These patterns are fluid because lung cancer rates will change commensurate with changes in smoking prevalence.
The situation in China is both unique and of particular concern. Contrary to elsewhere, the high lung cancer mortality rates among Chinese women are not due to a high prevalence of cigarette smoking. Rather, the high rates appear to be a result of exposure to other risk factors that include indoor air pollution from cooking fumes.2 Chinese men are a high-risk population of particular concern because of a striking increase in their smoking rates. Per capita cigarette consumption in Chinese men increased from one cigarette per day in 1952, to four in 1972, to 10 in 1992.31 As a consequence, the lung cancer incidence rates have already increased and will continue to rise substantially. The increase in lung cancer among Chinese men will have a major impact on the global burden of lung cancer in the 21st century, given the size of this group of smokers.
The tobacco addiction epidemic in China exemplifies a shift in the global burden of lung cancer from high-income western countries to low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Asia. In 2008, newly diagnosed lung cancers in developing countries (884,500) exceeded the number in developed countries (724,300) by 22%.2 The trend of the lung cancer burden becoming increasingly concentrated in the developing world is expected to continue for the foreseeable future.
Substantial geographic variation in lung cancer mortality rates is also present within countries. For example, in the United States from 2004 to 2008, the age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates varied 3.6-fold between the states with the highest (Kentucky, 101 per 100,000) and the lowest (Utah, 28 per 100,000) rates.10
The etiology of lung cancer can be conceptualized as reflecting the joint consequences of the interrelationship between (1) exposure to etiologic agents and (2) individual susceptibility to these agents. Synergistic interactions among risk factors can have substantial consequences for lung cancer risk. Well-known examples include the synergistic effect of cigarette smoking on the lung cancer risk associated with asbestos exposure and radon.32
Given the many known risk factors for lung cancer, a practical question for guiding prevention is the relative contribution of these factors to the overall burden of lung cancer. The population attributable risk approach takes into account the magnitude of the relative risk associated with an exposure along with the likelihood of exposure in the general population.33 These attributable risk estimates include joint contributions of risk factors that sometimes have synergistic relationships. For example, the attributable risk estimate for cigarette smoking includes the lung cancer risk attributed to the independent effects of cigarette smoking and further includes the risk of lung cancer from smoking because of its synergistic interactions with factors such as asbestos and radon. For this reason, the total percentage can exceed 100%. Lung cancer has a well-characterized set of important risk factors and established synergistic interactions between risk factors, and these reasons contribute to the attributable risks summing to considerably > 100%. For example, population attributable risk estimates for lung cancer indicate that in the United States, active smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer,3 and radon is responsible for 15%.7
A single etiologic agent—cigarette smoking—is by far the leading cause of lung cancer, accounting for about 80% to 90% of lung cancer cases in the United States and other countries where cigarette smoking is common.34 Compared with never smokers, US smokers who have not quit successfully have about a 20-fold increase in lung cancer risk. Few exposures to environmental agents convey such risks for any disease. In general, spatial and temporal trends of lung cancer occurrence closely reflect patterns of smoking, but rates of occurrence lag smoking rates by about 20 years. Prior versions of this review35,36 covered smoking and lung cancer extensively, so only a summary of this voluminous literature is provided here. Lung cancer occurs in four major types as classified by light microscopy: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. All four types are caused by cigarette smoking.37 The histologic characteristics of lung cancer in developed countries have changed during the past 50 years. Adenocarcinoma has become more common, whereas squamous cell carcinoma has declined. This shift is notable because adenocarcinoma tends to arise more peripherally and squamous cell carcinoma more centrally.38 The most likely explanation for the rise in adenocarcinoma is the changing cigarette, leading to changes in smoking topography that has included greater depth of inhalation.
Cigar smoking is also an established cause of lung cancer.5 The lung cancer risks associated with cigar smoking are substantial but less than the risks observed for cigarette smoking because of differences in smoking frequency and depth of inhalation. The same pattern holds true for pipe smoking.39 Bidi, loose tobacco rolled in a leaf, is the most commonly smoked tobacco product in India; bidi smoking also causes lung cancer. With respect to smoking of nontobacco products, despite the plausibility of marijuana as a risk factor for lung cancer, the evidence to date has not documented an association after adjusting for tobacco smoking.40
Cigarette smokers can benefit at any age by quitting smoking. The likelihood of developing lung cancer decreases among those who quit smoking compared with those who continue to smoke.41 As the period of abstinence from smoking cigarettes increases, the risk of lung cancer decreases.42 However, even for periods of abstinence of > 40 years, the risk of lung cancer among former smokers remains elevated compared with never smokers.42,43 The benefits derived from smoking cessation also depend on the duration of smoking; for a given period of abstinence, the decrease in risk increases as the duration of smoking decreases.42 In general, studies have shown comparable reductions in risk following cessation, regardless of sex, type of tobacco smoked, and histologic type of lung cancer.44 Tobacco dependence treatments are reviewed in the ACCP Lung Cancer Guidelines article "Treatment of Tobacco Use in Lung Cancer."45
The composition of cigarettes has evolved considerably since the 1950s. The marketplace has shifted from mainly unfiltered cigarettes to predominantly filtered cigarettes. In the mid-1960s, ventilation holes were added to the filter, which dilute the smoke with air drawn through them. However, smokers can easily block the holes with their fingers, which are left unblocked by the machines used to test cigarettes. Reconstituted tobacco has been used increasingly since the 1960s, there have been changes to the cigarette paper and additives used, and most cigarettes are more ammoniated in the United States.46 A concomitant shift toward lowered levels of tar and nicotine, as measured by a smoking machine, has occurred.47 Cigarette tar refers to the condensable residue of cigarette smoke, that is, the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke deposited on the machine's filter less the moisture and nicotine. Tar is a complex mixture that includes many carcinogens.47
Studies show little relation between biomarkers of cigarette smoke and cigarette tar or nicotine yield as measured by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protocol.48 These studies have been conducted in both the population context and the controlled laboratory setting. The lack of association of tar and nicotine yields with biomarker levels partially reflects compensatory changes in smoking patterns for smokers switching from higher to lower yield products. The compensation includes blocking the ventilation holes, more frequent and deeper puffs, and an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked.49
The gradual reduction in machine-measured tar yield over recent decades would be expected to have reduced smokers' exposures to carcinogens if the FTC test protocol were predictive of carcinogen doses delivered to the lung.47 However, substantial evidence indicates that the FTC test method is not informative with regard to lung cancer risk or risks of smoking-caused diseases more generally.49,50 For lung cancer and other diseases, three lines of epidemiologic data have been available on changes in products. The first comes from case-control studies that compared the smoking history profiles of persons with lung cancer with those of control subjects. The second comes from cohort studies that tracked the risk of lung cancer over time as the products smoked changed. The third comes from assessment of the temporal changes in age-specific patterns of lung cancer mortality rates compared with changes in cigarette characteristics. These lines of evidence are convergent, and national as well as international groups that have evaluated the evidence concluded that changes in yield over time have not reduced lung cancer risk in smokers; conversely, the cigarette changes may have actually increased lung cancer risk.2,49,51‐53 Under the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, cigarette packages will no longer provide machine-measured yields.
Menthol is a flavoring agent that can be either derived naturally or synthesized in the laboratory. Menthol cigarettes were invented in the 1920s and currently comprise approximately one-third of the US cigarette market.54,55 The prevalence of menthol cigarette smoking is by far the highest among African Americans, reflecting patterns of aggressive and targeted marketing that began in the 1960s.9,56,57 Use of menthol cigarettes is increasing among adolescents,58,59 an increase that is greater among minorities.55,60
Menthol acts on receptors expressed primarily on sensory nerves in the nose, mouth, and airway to produce a minty taste and aroma.61 It has cooling,62 counterirritant,63 and analgesic properties.64 These sensory actions of menthol in cigarette smoke have raised concern that it facilitates experimentation and initiation of regular smoking and alters smoking topography in ways that increase doses of exposure to tobacco smoke toxins. These effects of menthol, combined with the fact that African Americans have disproportionately high lung cancer rates and a very high prevalence of menthol cigarette use, are compatible with the hypothesis that menthol cigarettes may be even more strongly associated with lung cancer risk than nonmenthol cigarettes.
However, two relevant lines of evidence involve comparing smokers of menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes with respect to (1) biomarkers and (2) lung cancer risk. Comparisons of menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers with respect to biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure and dose have not revealed consistent differences, including concentration of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines.65‐69 The results of numerous case-control70‐74 and cohort75,76 studies have consistently reinforced the conclusion that menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes are associated with nearly equivalent risks of lung cancer. These lines of evidence were recently summarized by the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) of the Food and Drug Administration. Under the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, TPSAC was required to develop a report and recommendations to address the impact of menthol in cigarettes on public health, including specifically considering use among children, African Americans, Hispanics, and other racial and ethnic minorities. The TPSAC report concluded that the totality of the evidence did not support the hypothesis that smoking menthol cigarettes was associated with a greater risk of lung cancer than smoking nonmenthol cigarettes.77 Studies subsequent to the TPSAC report provided evidence to support TPSAC's conclusion; notable among these was a study nested with a large cohort of racially diverse adults in which a lower lung cancer incidence was noted in menthol vs nonmenthol smokers.78
However, menthol cigarettes may still have adverse public health consequences. Several studies suggested that menthol cigarettes are a starter product that may be associated with smoking initiation.58,79 The evidence is conflicting with regard to the effects of menthol on dependence in adult smokers but more clearly points to menthol cigarettes being associated with greater nicotine dependence among adolescents.77 Furthermore, among African Americans, smokers of menthol cigarettes may have a more difficult time successfully quitting smoking than smokers of nonmenthol cigarettes.80‐82 The TPSAC concluded on the basis of this evidence that menthol cigarettes are detrimental to public health by increasing the number of smokers and the duration of smoking, resulting in increased smoking prevalence.
Passive smokers inhale a complex mixture of smoke widely referred to as secondhand smoke. The 2006 US Surgeon General's report reinforced earlier conclusions that secondhand smoke exposure is a cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers.4 This association holds true regardless of the source of exposure to secondhand smoke, but the most abundant evidence is for nonsmokers who live with a smoker, which is associated with a 20% to 30% increased risk of lung cancer.4 IARC has classified secondhand tobacco smoke exposure as a known human (class A) carcinogen.52 Secondhand smoking is estimated to cause 3,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States83 and 21,400 deaths per year globally.84
Results of some studies have suggested a potentially higher risk of smoking-associated lung cancer in women compared with men,85‐87 but methodologic issues cloud the interpretation of these studies, particularly due to a lack of focus on the most informative comparisons.88 Furthermore, the evidence from prospective cohort studies fails to support the notion of a sex differential in susceptibility to lung cancer from smoking.89 The equal rates of lung cancer mortality in younger US men and women corresponding to a time of equal smoking prevalence also provides evidence against an important gender difference in susceptibility to smoking-induced lung cancer.90 At present, the evidence does not favor the hypothesis because for a specific degree of smoking history, the relative risk estimates for men and women are very similar.89
Suspicion is naturally cast on a potential hormonal role for any hypothesized gender difference in disease susceptibility. A meta-analysis of two large-scale randomized controlled trials of hormonal therapy with an estrogen plus progestin formulation found a significantly increased risk of lung cancer (relative risk, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.03-1.8), pointing to a potential hormonal role in the etiology of lung cancer.91 Reports published since the meta-analysis further suggested that the lung cancer risk associated with hormonal therapy may be specific to estrogen plus progestin formulations. In the Women's Health Initiative trial, results were null for estrogen-only formulations.92 In a prospective cohort study, increased lung cancer risk was observed for estrogen plus progestin formulations, with null results for estrogen-only formulations.93
Models for predicting risk will be needed to guide lung cancer screening with CT scanning or other interventions targeting high-risk smokers. Given the dominance of cigarette smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in the general population, many analyses have explored the relationships between quantitative measures of smoking and lung cancer risk. These analyses have shown the importance of smoking duration; number of cigarettes smoked; and, for former smokers, the time since quitting. A landmark analysis of the data from a cohort study of British physicians showed that duration of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked have quantitatively distinct effects on lung cancer risk and that they should not be combined for estimating lung cancer risk.94 Further information on the quantitative relationships of measures of smoking with lung cancer risk can be found in the comprehensive review presented in the 2004 IARC monograph and the 2004 report of the US Surgeon General.3,52
More recently, prediction models have been developed to estimate the probability of lung cancer occurring during specified time intervals. Such models are of particular interest for risk stratification to identify candidates for screening, given the recent demonstration of reduction in lung cancer mortality by low-dose CT scanning in the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST).95 Prediction models parallel the approach taken for breast cancer, wherein a risk factor-based model, the Gail model, has long been available.96 This model's predictions are used for a variety of purposes, including informing patients of their potential risk, guiding screening, and selecting women for clinical trials.
Three prediction models for lung cancer are now available: the Bach model, which is based on data from the CARET (β-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial); the Spitz model, which is based on data from an ongoing case-control study; and the Liverpool Lung Project, which is based on a case-control study in Liverpool, England.97‐99 The general approach used to develop the models is similar. The epidemiologic data are analyzed to identify risk factors and estimate the associated relative risk. The relative risk estimates are then used to project risk over time. Various statistical approaches are used to identify the most informative variables and to validate the final model. The measure of prediction used generally is the area under the curve (AUC) from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; the AUC varies from 0 to 1.0, that is, from no predictive value to perfect prediction.
Etzel and Bach100 provided a useful comparison of the three models. The AUC values for the models range from about 0.60 to 0.70. D'Amelio and colleagues101 compared the performance of the three models in an independent data set, a case-control study carried out in Boston, Massachusetts. The AUC values for the Spitz and Liverpool Lung Project models were 0.69, whereas that for the Bach model was 0.66. Spitz and colleagues98 refined the original model in two ways: (1) by adding two markers of DNA repair capacity with a slight gain in AUC98 and (2) by developing a model specifically for African Americans, which performed better than the model based on whites, in this racial group.102
Undoubtedly, these models will continue to be refined. Their predictive power may be greatly enhanced if additional genetic markers are identified to determine susceptibility to lung cancer in smokers. For now, they provide a tool for risk stratification but lack the sensitivity and specificity needed for managing individual patients.
Tobacco smoking causes such a large proportion of all lung cancer cases that there have been few data on the occurrence of lung cancer among never smokers. Global estimates indicate that about 300,000 lung cancer deaths annually are not due to tobacco use.103 Even though this estimate represents a minority of the lung cancer burden, the incidence of lung cancer in never smokers ranges from 4.8 to 20.8 per 100,000 among individuals aged 40 to 79 years,104 comparable to the rates of myeloma in men and cervical cancer in women.
An analysis of data from 35 cohort and cancer registry studies from around the world revealed the absence of temporal trends of lung cancer in never smokers but indicated that among never smokers, lung cancer death rates are greater in men than in women and greater in African Americans and in Asians living in Asia compared with those of European ancestry.105 Among patients with lung cancer who never smoked, the known causes of lung cancer other than cigarette smoking, such as exposure to secondhand smoke, radon, and occupational carcinogens, are present in a substantial105 proportion. Conversely, a large fraction of cases were not attributable to these factors.106
Lifestyle factors other than cigarette smoking, such as diet and exercise, have been extensively investigated for a potential role in influencing lung cancer risk.
The most thoroughly investigated dietary factors are also those that appear to have the greatest implications for prevention: fruits, vegetables, and specific antioxidant micronutrients that are commonly found in fruits and vegetables. This section relies primarily on evidence ratings from a systematic review of the world's evidence summarized in the 2007 report of the WCRF.107 This rating scale included categories of convincing, probable, and limited-suggestive evidence of an association between a dietary factor and lung cancer.
With a WCRF evidence rating of probable, the evidence points toward greater levels of fruit consumption being inversely associated with lung cancer risk. Similar to fruit, the evidence suggests that vegetable consumption is inversely associated with lung cancer risk, but the results have been less consistent and weaker than for fruit. Hence, the overall evidence for vegetables was rated as limited-suggestive in the WCRF report.
To better understand the basis of these inverse associations, fruits and vegetables have been grouped into classes and studied in relation to lung cancer risk. For example, cruciferous vegetables have been associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer in a number of studies.108 The association with cruciferous vegetable intake has persisted even after careful control for cigarette smoking in the design of some studies.109 The evidence of an inverse association between cruciferous vegetable intake and lung cancer risk has bolstered interest in isothiocyanates as a promising chemopreventive agent. Isothiocyanates, metabolites of the class of phytochemicals known as glucosinolates, could exert anticancer effects by blocking carcinogens through induction of phase 2 detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase. Lung cancer risk has also been consistently inversely associated with higher dietary intakes or urinary levels of isothiocyanates,110‐112 a constituent of cruciferous vegetables.
Fruits and vegetables are the major dietary source of antioxidant micronutrients, such as carotenoids. The example of carotenoids exemplifies the complexities involved in attempting to determine the role of diet in the etiology of lung cancer. Prospective studies of both dietary intake and prediagnostic blood concentrations suggest an inverse association between carotenoids and lung cancer.113 For example, both dietary intake and circulating concentrations of total carotenoids were associated with a 20% to 30% lower risk of lung cancer in the highest vs lowest exposure categories. On the basis of these data, the WCRF rates foods containing carotenoids as probable protective factors for lung cancer. However, it cannot be determined with certainty whether the inverse association between carotenoids and lung cancer is directly due to carotenoid intake or whether carotenoid intake merely serves as a marker of the intake of other protective substances or healthier dietary habits in general. This uncertainty is heightened by the results of large-scale randomized controlled trials that conclusively demonstrated that high-dose β-carotene consumption is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers.113
Studies of fruits, vegetables, and micronutrients have been the centerpiece of studies of diet and lung cancer, but a wide range of dietary and anthropometric factors have been investigated. For example, the results of meta-analyses suggested that alcohol drinking in the highest consumption categories is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer,114,115 but a study of alcohol drinking in never smokers was null.116 Anthropometric measures have also been studied, indicating a tendency for persons with a lower BMI to have increased lung cancer risk relative to heavier people.117,118 However, effects of both alcohol drinking and low BMI may be difficult to separate from the concomitant effects of smoking because those who smoke more cigarettes per day tend to be leaner and to drink more. At present, when considering the possible relationships between lung cancer and factors such as alcohol drinking and lower BMI, uncontrolled confounding by cigarette smoking cannot be dismissed as a possible explanation.
The overwhelming contribution of cigarette smoking as a cause of lung cancer poses a challenge to detecting the role that lifestyle factors, such as diet, may play in the etiology of lung cancer. Cigarette smoking is now so closely associated with unhealthy lifestyles in the United States and some other countries119 that it often is difficult to disentangle the dietary factors of interest from the effects of smoking. Cigarette smoke can directly affect circulating concentrations of dietary factors; for example, smokers tend to have lower circulating concentrations of antioxidant micronutrients even after accounting for differences in dietary intake.119 Additionally, associations between dietary factors and lung cancer risk are likely to be far weaker than the association with active smoking, and in general, diet is measured with much greater error than smoking. Even for a dietary factor such as fruit consumption that is inversely associated with lower lung cancer risk, the highest exposure category is typically associated with at most a halving in the risk of lung cancer. Thus, in interpreting evidence on diet and lung cancer risk, residual confounding cannot be readily set aside as an explanation for the observed associations between dietary factors and lung cancer.
In summary, observational evidence suggests that fruit consumption, and to a lesser extent vegetable consumption, are inversely associated with lung cancer risk. The specific constituents of fruits and vegetables that may confer protection are not known.
A meta-analysis of leisur


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Wharton on Wednesday
5:00 p.m Wed, Jul 3, 2013
Venue: The Mount
2 Plunkett St., Lenox, MA 01240Contact:
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Enjoy summer afternoons on the Terrace while listening to Wharton's short stories read by professional actors. This year's short story series will be book-ended with readings from the novel The Custom of the Country in celebration of its 100th anniversary. Price: Members free; General $5.
What to Expect From Sail Boston 2017
The Tall Ships will soon make their way to historic Boston Harbor. Here's a look...
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I have a line on a series 70 Colt 9mm conversion kit. The owner (and Colt when they made it) claims you can put it on a Colt 45 acp frame and it will run. Now I read all day that the feed ramp angle is different and that you can't put a 9mm slide on a 45 frame and make it work. How did Colt do it - or did they?
Do they work? They didn't sell them for long - is that because no on really wanted a 9mm 1911 or because they just don't work. The conversion isn't cheap so I'd love to hear from people on whether or not they are worth it.
It would be a great solution for me so I wouldn't have to buy another gun as I can't get the gun I want in the state I'm in.
I bought one of the Series '80 kits and used it on a couple of my Colt .45ACP frames. Same as Series '70 kit except mine had the firing pin safety. The .45ACP feed ramp is indeed different than the one used for .38 Super and 9MMs, at least in Colts. The .45 feed ramp in the frame is machined further forward, causing the bottom rear of the 9MM barrel to slightly overhang the barrel ramp. The conversion kit chamber mouth, at least on my kit, was cut for the .38 Super / 9MM frame ramp. It took a little modification of the barrel throat ramp area to get my kit to work at all. It worked well with 9MM ball ammo but was never 100% reliable with hollow point ammo. I would use the metalform "front ramp" type magazine if I were to ever acquire another of these kits. I think it would have solved some of the reliability problems I experienced with the kit. They are a quality product, and if they were still in production at a reasoinable price, I'd buy another. They are much less common than the .22 kits and not cheap, but they are a workable solution to having a different caliber on your frame. May I suggest that you have any barrel ramp modification of the kit done by a reputable gunsmith, if you are not knowledgeable about what I have described. It is Real easy to screw it up and easy to remove metal but Real hard to put it back... ymmv
So the feasibility of switching a complete slide between 9mm and 45acp even with the "official Colt conversion" doesn't appear to be a reality.
I don't want to modify my receiver.
i'm not aware that there ever was an 'official" colt 70series 9mm conversion unit.
to the best of my knowledge they only made an 80series 9mm conversion unit.
Actually it is feasible, and you do not modify the frame / receiver. It is all done on the feed ramp / chamber entry area of the conversion barrel itself. Any grinding on the receiver ramp area would only make things worse, and also ruin the receiver for use with the original .45ACP top end. Having learned more about the O-frame pistols since owning the kit, Colt armorers schools, etc., I believe I could get a kit to work 100% with any quality 9MM ammo now. BTW, I never saw, or heard of, a Series '70 kit either. But, I am not an expert in conversion kit variations, so I don't know if such exists.
I am not an expert on Conversion Units either, but they are one of my areas of special interest so maybe I can add some verified information
I have a New-In-The-Box Colt Model O3009 9mm Conversion Unit I bought new in about 1983. As I recall the story at the time, the commercial 9mm Conversion Unit was an offshoot of a Colt proposal to convert military Models of 1911A1 still in inventory to 9mm to satisfy the military's desire to convert to the NATO-standard 9mm cartridge. The 1980s were also the high point of the 9mm craze and the 9mm Conversion Unit gave Colt something to offer owners of .45ACP Government Models so they could shoot 9mm ammunition if desired.
I am puzzled by the posts that say the Conversion Unit barrel throat will not line up with the .45ACP frame feed ramp. Why would Colt sell a Conversion Unit that required modifying the frame of the pistol being converted, thereby ruining the frame for use again as a .45ACP? The barrel throat on my 9mm Conversion Unit lines up perfectly with a .45ACP frame feed ramp.
Perhaps those making that statement have tried a regular 9mm Government Model barrel, from a Government Model originally chambered in 9mm, on a .45ACP frame and found the mismatch stated. Since I do not have a 9mm Model O, I cannot say for sure whether the frame feed ramp is in fact different in a .45ACP pistol and a 9mm pistol. Apparently, that is the allegation. Someone with a Government Model in both 9mm and .45ACP will have to compare and report.
In closing, I find it interesting that the 9mm Conversion Unit is a deluxe item, having the beautiful Gold Cup-style serrated flat top rib. It also has a collet bushing. The slide is marked "Series 80" since it has the firing pin safety. The manual on mine is copyrighted in 1983. A manual for the Series 80 pistols is also included in the box. The box is a wood-grain Styrofoam insert box of the large size, big enough to hold an 8-inch Python or 7.5-inch Single Action Army. The end label is dull dirty gold with the identification hand-written in black fine marker.
Without checking old records, I cannot remember exactly when I bought it, but it was probably in 1983 since I bought the first one I ever saw offered by a distributor. I never planned to use the Unit, but, being a fan of the various Colt Conversion Units, I wanted one to add to my collection of Conversion Units. I suspect the 9mm Conversion Units are scarce, if not downright rare.
There are NO other Conversion Units in 9mm prior the the O3009 Units, meaning there were none without the firing pin safety. I do not use the term "Series 70" since that is a term of art to be applied only to a Model O pistol with the collet bushing and a marking of "Series 70" on the slide. The Commander and Combat Commander and .22 Conversion Units were never marked "Series 70" since they do not have the collet bushing that is the distinguishing feature of a "Series 70" pistol.
Paradiddle, do you mind telling what the asking price was?
I saw one at a local gunshow here a couple of weeks ago but didnt pay much attention to it as its not something I'm usually interesed in. However, in light of JudgeColts comments on its collectabillity I'm interested now. I Have found the dealers number and will call in the day or two. From memory it was around the $400 mark.
...you gonna pull them pistols or whistle dixie... - Mr Wales.
I was COLT warranty repairman and had a few come because the customers had problems.
The problems were because they tried to use a barrel not original to the unit.
The barrel from the unit had a different contour that that on the 9MM Government and Commander model pistols


text: Show Hide image Politics 15 May 2012 Chart of the day: Greek coalition talks fail Sign up for our weekly email * The final round of talks to form a coalition government in Greece fell apart today, causing large falls in a matter of seconds on the Athens Stock Exchange. With no stable coalition possible, talks now turn to forming a caretaker government until fresh elections are held, most likely on June 17. It is widely expected that the radical left-wing coalition Syriza will take first place in these elections, which would give it fifty bonus seats under a Greek electoral law designed to ensure that the largest party always forms a coalition. Syriza's strong anti-austerity stance will spark confrontation with European authorities, and could lead to a Greek exit from the Euro – or even an end to the Euro altogether. Alex Hern is a technology reporter for the Guardian. He was formerly staff writer at the New Statesman. You should follow Alex on Twitter. Subscribe from just £1 per issue More


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TY - JOUR T1 - Improving the visible transparency of silica aerogels JF - Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids Y1 - 1994 A1 - Wanqing Cao A1 - Arlon J. Hunt AB -
Silica alcogels have been prepared in two steps, first in an acid and then in a base to control the relative rates of hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS. Increasing the H2O/TEOS ratio in the base-catalyzed step was the most important factor in reducing light scattering of the alcogel. The two-step gel could be practically made with H2O/TEOS = 30, achieving a scattering intensity less than 1/5 that of the best one-step gel. Lower scattering of the gel results in an aerogel with improved visible transparency and more homogeneous microstructure. TEM observation reveals that the two-step aerogel has a microstructure containing both linear polymers and colloidal particles that are cross-linked to a gel network.VL - 176 IS - 1 N1 -
0022-3093doi: DOI: 10.1016/0022-3093(94)90206-2ER -


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This product has been retired from our catalog and is no longer for sale. This page is made available for those looking for datasheets and the simply curious.
Description: Replacement: None. This is a slow selling item so we've decided that it's time to retire it and make way for the next generation of cool stuff. Check out our gyro category for more gyroscope boards! This page is for reference only.
This is a simple breakout board for the Melexis gyroscope featuring both analog and digital (SPI) interfaces. Designed for dead reckoning navigation applications, the MLX90609-R2 is a 300 degree/s max rate gyro with low drift and programmable bandwidth, this gyro is perfect for digital stabilization and control.
You can tell this chip from our other Melexis gyros by the fact that is has one silver-colored dot.
Not sure which gyro is right for you? Our Accelerometer and Gyro Buying Guide might help!


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"Girl Meets World" Poster is Here: Check it Out!
Getting fans even more excited for the premiere, Disney released the official poster for "Girl Meets World" this week.
Featuring Ben Savage and Danielle Fishel as "Boy Meets World" favorites Cory and Topanga, the promo shows off the adorable new TV family.
In addition to the parents, the snapshot also stars daughter Riley (Rowan Blanchard) along with actors August Maturo, who plays Cory and Topanga's son, Auggie, and Sabrina Carpenter, who plays Riley's BFF, Maya.
Blanchard dished to E! News about her on-screen parents, and said, "Ben and Danielle, they're my favorite people. They're equally my parents in real life as they are on screen."
"Girl Meets World" debuts on the Disney Channel this summer.
Photo Credit: Disney


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Originally Posted by trouble18
Hey could the others create a new thread thanks - Reamer, I am following the instructions on the second post of the other thread which you gave me. In which directory should i place aircrack-ng-1.1.tar.gz?
PM'ed you, it doesn't need to be anywhere specific, nor do you have to be in the directory to run the commands. Once you install the aircrack-ng suite it puts the correct files where they need to be to be ran globally.
Forum Rules


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According to Jacques Berlinerblau, associate professor of Jewish Civilization at Georgetown University, more biblical verses have been invoked by presidents and presidential candidates in the past four years than they have in the previous two or three decades. Berlinerblau posits that our society may be forgetting how to be secular, or what "secularism" even means, and has written a new book entitled "How to Be Secular: A Call to Arms for Religious Freedom" in order to address the issue."Weary of religious conservatives urging "defense of marriage" and atheist polemicists decrying the crimes of religion? Sick of pundits who want only to recast American life in their own image? Americ … [Read more...]
Have We Forgotten How to Be Secular?
Unleash the Hounds! (Link Roundup)
There are lots of articles and essays of interest to modern Pagans out there, sometimes more than I can write about in-depth in any given week. So The Wild Hunt must unleash the hounds in order to round them all up. Michael Lloyd's (excellent) new book "Bull of Heaven: The Mythic Life of Eddie Buczynski and the Rise of the New York Pagan" recently celebrated its publication in Manhattan, and the New York Times covered it for their City Room blog. Quote: "So many friends and followers of Mr. Buczynski turned out, that the evening became one of the largest Wiccan summits in New York in years. "It's a blessing of the gods," said Michael Lloyd [...] His was just one of many invocations … [Read more...]
Quick Note on Missouri's 'Right-to-Pray' Amendment
In elections held yesterday, Missouri overwhelmingly passed a state constitutional amendment that claims to affirm their religious rights, reinforces a student's "right to pray and acknowledge God voluntarily in their schools," and forces schools to post the Bill of Rights in schools. However, critics of the amendment pointed out that the ballot language doesn't tell the whole story. httpv://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oF8Ni6MSTQ"The ballot did not mention language in the amendment allowing students to refuse to participate in school assignments that violate religious beliefs, or ensuring elected officials the right to pray on government property. "This was misleading in its presentation an … [Read more...]
Religious Freedom: Once More, With Feeling
Today, a federal judge in Nebraska threw out a lawsuit against the Obama Administration's proposed rules on contraception coverage. The reason was two-fold: some of the plaintiffs lacked standing because they are already exempted from the rule, and the law hasn't been implemented yet, so there's no proof that it would actually infringe on the religious freedom of institutions that oppose contraception. "...although the Rule that lies at the heart of the plaintiffs' complaint establishes a definitive, final definition of "religious employer," ... [it] is currently undergoing a process of amendment to accommodate these organizations. The plaintiffs face no direct and immediate harm, and one ca … [Read more...]


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Life @ Group FMG / BORN…
I will say this is the best part of my life which had a significant & meaningful transformation.
20 months back I stepped into Group FMG with heart full of dreams and hopes about my career. Now I am gonna step out of BORN with pride as my dreams have come true and my hopes have been answered!
I should thank each and every one of you for being part of the reason behind my meaningful days.


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Disney Fantasy Cabins
- Pro: Gorgeous adults-only sun deck ensures an oasis for those 18 and older
- Con: Fantasy is the last ship to be updated, lagging behind its fleetmates
- Bottom Line: Strong options for adults, teens, kids and babies make it a winning choice for multigen families
Disney Fantasy Cabins
- See all inside cabins
- See all outside cabins
- See all balcony cabins
- See all suite cabins
Thankfully, Disney barely touched Dream's ultra-appealing cabins, among the largest standards at sea and deemed the best by Cruise Critic readers. It makes sense, inasmuch as a family of four can easily share the space in these well-designed wonders.
Oceanview staterooms start at 202 square feet (verandah cabins at a roomy 246), while insides start at 169 square feet. (Deluxe insides are the same size as outside cabins.) Here are a few of our favorite things: the ample closet space; a couch that converts into a single bed; an ottoman that doubles as a table and extra storage space; a single bed that pulls down from the ceiling; a heavy curtain that divides the room so the kids can take over one half while mom and dad get some shut-eye; and a long desk with shelving that's ideal for hiding doodads collected during the day. Queen beds are raised so that you can stow your luggage underneath, but they can't be split, posing a problem if you'd prefer to have two singles instead of one queen.
DCL's iconic bathrooms remain part of the deal on Fantasy. The split-bath setup -- which provides one room with a shower, small tub and sink, and another with a toilet and sink -- means there's always space to brush your teeth. (Note: Some cabins have rectangular tubs, others have small round tubs; the latter come with dreamy sunflower showerheads that you'll have trouble pulling yourself away from.)
Cabins each have a 22-inch LCD TV, iPod docking station and a pair of rechargeable "Wave Phones" that can be used throughout the ship and on Castaway Cay (which is a godsend if part of your group wants to stay on the ship).
Those opting for an inside cabin often have to move fast to book, because they sell out quickly. Why? The Magical Portholes. They're flat screens designed to look like portholes above the beds, which project a real-time view from outside the ship. But wait, there's more: Stare at the screen for long enough, and you'll see Disney animated critters creep into the video feed. Oceanview staterooms can sleep up to four, and portholes in this category are real porthole windows, rather than virtual ones.
Verandah cabin balconies each feature two chairs and a small table, deck lights, railings covered in plexiglass (or solid white walls) and childproof locks.
For those requiring more space, Concierge Suites, as well as roomy Concierge Family Cabins, are on Decks 11 and 12. Both offer access to Fantasy's concierge lounges, which provide free food and drinks and coveted extra space. Concierge passengers also have an exclusive sundeck on the top deck. Concierge cabins start at 306 square feet, and one-bedroom suites start at 622 square feet; most have connecting doors. One-bedroom suites have queen-sized beds, sitting areas with double convertible sofas, single wall pull-down beds in the living rooms, walk-in closets and two bathrooms (with a whirlpool in the master).
Really want to spoil yourself? The 1,781-square-foot suites named for Walt Disney and Roy Disney (aka the Royal Suites) have all that plus a living room, wet bar, kitchenette, media library and hot tub on the teakwood verandah.
A total of 25 staterooms equipped for passengers with disabilities are available in a variety of categories.
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Disney Fantasy Cabin Reviews
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