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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
We enjoyed staying in the heritage part of the hotel. It really did feel like going back in time. The suite was very comfortable with everything you'd expect from a hotel of this level. The staff in front of house were extremely helpful. The pool in the heritage section was closed for our entire stay. However the pool at the victory wing was pleasant and not too far to walk. The gym in the heritage section has little in the way of cardio equipment but again, there is a full range in the gym in the other section.
Rooms were excellent size with all amenities The location was good for access to the town Happy hour was great! The buffet was good value and varied
Nothing Well, The whole experience was bad.From the moment we arrived until we left. We Did not get the room we booked,they insisted on a deposit which was already taken by them in advance shortly after the booking,I paid twice the amount chargeable,and I am still waiting for a refund to my bank account as I paid by debit card.We have stayed in many top hotels in Asia,including raffles Singapore and the oriental Bangkok.You cannot compare this hotel with them.
E&O has a special and relaxed athmosphere. It can easily bring back you in time.... The Deluxe room was really spacious and convenient. Highly recommended experience.
Everything but most of all the old atmosphere
Great atmosphere, fantastic breakfast terrace view, very comfortable and tasteful room, pool Staff not always as responsive and proactive as expected
We absolutely adored this hotel as everything exceeded expectations. The staff were exceptional in their gracious and pleasant service. Overall we thought it was faultless. nothing
Breakfast was great. There were a lot kind of food and it was good to eat outside seeing ocean. Hotel stall had room call at 2am. It was my lost baggage, but it was not happy for me to make me wake up.
Pretty much everything
Brilliant! Hotel is like stepping back in time - an absolute must do experience
Value for money Badly in need of refurbishment,especially the bathroom,this could be achieved at a very cheap cost Breakfast area too small and not enough staff to cope with a rush
Welcome drink at the lobby was excellent service for the customers.. Frequent checks on the toilet maintenance will be appreciated due to faulty or blocked toilet cistern..
Location of the hotel. --
Location is strategic facilities and the services is very poor, i have been waited for 45 mins to check in, and they request to wait for 40 mins more for the king size bed which they claimed that the previous customer was still occupied the room even the check out time is over, i need to mentioned it was 3pm that time. Is this the service to what so-call the four star hotel should provided?
Reception service was very efficient. Restaurant service was not ok. This is common problem as young employee these days were not being train to give 'priority' to guests, take note of their request and be observant what and who need to be attended. No basic courtesy with smile and greeting. I guess hotelier need to constantly address to this issue to make the guest feel very welcome.
very convienent location. Night market just outside the hotel. shopping area is few minutes away. Penang Times Square which is the new apartment cum shopping complex is very new, only a few stores open. A bus stop just outside Hotel. Bus interchange is nearby. Air con bus available to take you to local attractions. Notice in room indicate Hotel going for reno next year. breakfast no good, need to improve. Coffee too dilute.
Like ur friendly staffs. Helpfull to guest. My mom was sick in ouR previous trip, cause of havingn surgery. Ur staff really help out by give room that close to lift, also helpfull with wheelchair
Good location Facilities are quite old, need renovation. The bed is too soft.
it closed to many food stalls 1. the staff check-in counter are not willing to give us the king size bed room which we have reserved and confirmed in 4 days before. finally, they gave us after we hv "told" them again and again 2. as we had to catch early flight, we hv told them to prepare the breakfast boxes to us instead the bf buffet, they promised but finally when we check-out at 6am, we could not get our breakfast boxes
Street Hawker food (that's what penang is famous for) was very easily available - it was just down the road.
The price for the room was ok. The service was good and the breakfast buffet offered a variety of choices for Malays, Indians, Chinese and Western customers. Breakfast buffet - in general very nice, but the served coffee was very "American" and some additional Italian/French coffee, Malaysian coffee and other drinks such as soybean milk and hot chocolate for breakfast would be great.
excellent facilities, helpful staff. an enjoyable stay all round. cleanliness excellent. would reccommend this hotel. Inclusive breakfast was one of the best we have enjoyed.
Nice hotel staff friendly and helpful, many facilities, rooms good big bed , nice beach, many beach activiteis. The chairs cushions and upholstery in resting bar areas are worn out due to use by occuapants. Bath tubs are slippery. advice visitore to to put bath mats on bath tub floor forst before bathing. Price of drinks in the bar are U K prices. I expected them to be cheaper than U K. Can have an Indian, Arabic and malysian restaurant inside the Hotel. which will make more money for the Hotel.
Quiet location comfortable and clean rooms, breakfast - value for money, friendly staff and good service
The stay was good but compared to Park Royale they lack in services. Yea the response of the hotel was very slow especially room service needs alot of improvement. Otherwise hotel is ok
Location. room service
Location is very near to the beach. Facilities are complete.
Good breakfast Construction at the beach
The staff were very friendly and helpful. Most notably, they were honest. I was sure I had lost my 2k spectacle but they found it. They were very alert too. They would assist you anytime. The room was excellent. The environment was a thing to remember. The food were 1st class. The service was very fast and acccurate. We got everything we need. The hotel was too good it deprived us of going out :). We would love if the wireless internet is free.
Swimming pool-kids friendly Rooms not as clean as expected
The room was very comfortable. The hotel has a beautiful wide poolside garden area, with a direct access to the beach by walking. Pool itself is very big and the depth has a good variance where at some part it is 4ms, which makes it more enjoyable. The breakfast buffet was very good. Also, the hotel is just next to Hard Rock Hotel, where at night we enjoyed the rock group playing in the Cafe, which was really very good! The beach of the hotel is not private, and there is no controlled swimming area in the beach. Many private comanies operating water sports in the beach, so you have to watch out jet ski's which sometimes come really very close to the shore. Also, i did not like the sea because there are many jellyfishes.
The opportunity to visit Penang, and in particular Georgetown. The hotel is rated 4 star however the fittings/decor were extremely dated. We experienced a number of unrelated incidents associated with our room booking, broken fixtures and hygiene matters. Subsequent to our stay I contacted the hotel about our stay and all incidents were investigated/followed up.
Friendly staff. Nice room.
Swim at the nice pool Price for room it is to hight.
Best service I ever got from any hotel group I enjoyed every bit
Best beach hotel in Langkawi. Highly recommend it for all types of travelers. Class and luxury! The Rasa Wing is not really meant for families with kids. The Rasa pool and the lounge do not allow kids. But it's great for couples. Book in the garden wing if you have kids.
Just excellent, we travelled during 15 days in 4/5 stars hotel in Malaysia and it was by far the best place
Noisy wheels on food troley carts after 8 o'clock.
The room was good The bugs was annoying for me and my kids annoying and painfull, pinang is a boaring place very boaring
nothing the hotel is less than average and does not offer at all a good value for money
It is truly a beautiful resort and looks exactly like the pics. The staff were very friendly and helpful. Breakfast buffet was excellent-everything you could imagine and from every where in the world. Spice Cafe-excellent all round-food, seating and staff. Wired Internet in room was very good and high speed, was able to download pretty fast. Foot massage by the pool vey nice, staff friendly and funny. Watersports, although a little expensive, fun and entertaining. Near wonderful restaurants outside of resort and tourist stands selling variety of stuff from fruit to swim wear and equipment, and also local crafts. Also not far from other fun stuff like spice garden, botanical garden, etc. But most of all just love the plush green gardens. Our room, although had a beautiful view of garden and pool was called 'seafacing', but we could not see the sea at all through the trees. Was hoping to see the sunset on ocean and hear the waves, but too far. The bed or two beds together to make one big one and using two comforters instead of one. Kind of hard for a couple to snuggle together without falling in crack and not being able to share one sheet. Excellent Wireless Internet in lobby only, should be available in rooms as well.
Staff were very friendly and welcoming.
Wonderful location with always welcome smile in all of their faces. The Rasa Wing is realy the place where you would like to be. THANKS RASA SAYAN! Increase the restuarants variety.
Internet access is free.
Nothing very much. Experience totally ordinary. (1) Not being able to use the room telephone unless I paid a deposit, even when I asked the operator to make the call for me. (2) Overpriced food in coffee house - poor value for money. (3) Driver of limo getting angry with my colleague and refusing to drive her home even after she agreed on the "expensive" price.
friendly and helpful staff. No lounge to have some drinks.
I like it for every thing luxry cleaning nice welcoming no at all
The rooms were comfy, front office staff and concierge were friendly My blouse was missing from my luggage when I got home
great hotel, lovely staff, gave us nice view room of golf course when requested, location quite good, not too far from Queensbay Mall, but not walking distance, taxi is required but quite cheap. breakfast a bit chaotic and not enough waiting staff but fairly nice food.
It is ideally located with amenities within its vicinity, and the environment is quite and peaceful. It is also near to Penang Int'l Airport, and the relocation of the of Inter State Bus Terminal to Sungei Nibong makes the hotel a favourite among travellers. A shower spray next to toilet bowl would be useful.
Overall, we enjoyed our stay at Vistana Residence. The rooms and the bathrooms are very clean. We spent a night at Vistana Residence. The way to the residence is slightly complicated especially for old folks (i.e. my parents). They dare not to leave the room as they afraid that they are unable to locate the room after leaving the room. The lift to the residence is a bit slow.
The staff's services and the comfort of the bed... staircase from carpark to lobby
You have friendly staff and clean rooms which i appreciate.Thank you we will be back again to stay your hotel.
The Ice-Cream at check-in! Excellent idea! Slowness of check-in.
The decoration ,full facilities, close to shopping mall and restorants Shawer place drain slow, not all water going to the drain
Staff service was excellent. My wife had an acute vomitting on the first day of stay & we had requested for a call-in doctor to our room in the evening. The doctor was called in by the hotel staff very quickly & Ms Punitha Mary, the Service Manager did a follow up with us after the consultation. On the next day, my wife received a beautiful bouquet of roses from the hotel (sent by Ms Punitha Mary). We were surprised but appreciated the warmth thoughts, & my wife had decided to pose the photo of the flowers & our trip in facebook to compliment G hotel. Thank you & we had a wonderful stay in your hotel. Nil.
The staff are very friendly, they upgraded one of my rooms to the executive floor when I told them that we have booked another room at the same floor. The welcome ice cream was lovely and even my parents in law loved the ice cream to bits! The lobby was huge and my kids loved sitting on the sofa while waiting for us to check in. Our bath room was very big and the sea view was a bonus while taking a bath! Will return again!
Service The car park have no clearly show which way is the entrance to the hotel.
Location is excellent n very comfortable indeed. The apple iflavoured ice cream served during check in was a pleasant surprise. My family and I did enjoy our stay n wouldvrecommend it to our friends The big non smoking sign on the front glass is quite misleading as smoking was allowed in the lobby and ashtrays were actually provided
The efficient staff Airconditioning in the room and a part of the carpet was perpetually wet
View, room both were excellent. Location next to Gurney Plaza very convenient. On checking in the price was lower. We asked if it included all charges & were told "Yes". On checking out RM40/day was added . . . "Service charge & tax". We felt this was very deceptive since they said all charges were included at check-in. However, the price your service showed was accurate.
Gorgeous hotel, big beds, lovely bathrooms and fittings throughout. Lighting is lovely Bed is hard
The location beside Gurney plaza was convenient for shopping. Grand lobby
Be forwarded that there is a club on site that plays loud music nonstop from midnight to 6 am.
Very convenient
Good location. Friendly staff.
location very good the room too small, smaller than the photo shown on the website, no swimming pool
The location was superb, very convenient since its situated right in the city center, within walking distance of restaurants and food courts. Transportation available anytime. Rooms are very small to be graded as a 4*.
The location was great.Walking distance to most sights and regular local bus services go past the hotel. Breakfast was very good. Staff friendly and helpful. Rooms modern with all usual amenities.
Housekeeping staff are very helpful. No adverse comments
services and the patients of the hotel
the location was good The breakfast was dissapointing. I recoomend to eat in the restaurant nearby.
Courteous staff. Nice showers. Good buffet breakfast with great selection Only two single beds or one king bed option
nice bar and pool. new rooms. Checkin was a pain in the a$$. Took 30 minutes- at first the said "we don't have your reservation." Annoying after flying for 15 hours. I showed my confirmation, and the receptionist was still puzzled. I had to call the travel agency I booked through online, who then called the hotel to see what the heck was going on. The front desk staff was polite but unhelpful. Eventually they said it was a "computer error" and manually made a new reservation for me. Sucked waiting 30 minutes in the lobby without a room waiting to checkin. Felt like a criminal in timeout. No apology,
Beautifully done hotel with modern European finishes and classy black/charcoal wood trim made it beautiful. Tall ceilings made the room feel huge. Nothing but excellent recommendations on the room. The roof top pool was great with an amazing view from the pool bar. I would open up a section of the bushes by the pool to allow an area where you can overlook the city. I think the intention was to keep it private but the view is awesome.
the location is conveniant non
The room atmosphere was very good, the bed and facilities was good and comfortable. I felt satisfy with the room. The receptionist who served me has no smile all along her service, and the efficiency of processing check-in was slow. I felt unhappy with that.
Location Price
The room was clean and comfortable. Nice view. Choices in the breakfast buffet were aplenty. Hotel staffs were generally friendly. The professionalism of the front desk manager could be better, especially when dealing with booking details inconsistencies. This is particularly important considering they are the front line of the hotel's operations.
When I did make the booking in this hotel, I did realize that this hotel is in the George town which make everything I need available. Unfortunately, this town is very crowded and traffic mostly all time. For holiday, it is better to have a stay out of the city for more comfort. On the other hand, I recommend this hotel for someone who is traveling for business.
has kids club the gift shop not so appearence.
The services are excellent and the hotel is amazing
location, breakfast service
Convenience and price. Food can be better.
Convenient and clean. No complaints.
Comfortable room. Lots of space for children to run. Nice pool. Door lock was broken and response was poor. Lost 2 hours because of it and only a meek apology was given. Not a welcoming start.
truly i found it very comfortable with the new look after renovations and i would love to try it again with this kind of customer treating and nice reception
Hotel was excellent value for money. Friendly and helpful staff. Always on hand to answers questions.
Location nearby komtar bus station which makes easily to reach, also no problem in looking for food, exellent Smoking room :( bad odor, can't sleep even I am a smoker
Free Broadband, Lavender Shampoo, Conditioner and Body Wash. Clean and Comfortable Rooms. Superb and Friendly Service. No lift from the parking. Do unload your luggages first at the lobby.
The hotel are clean and comfort and easy access to supermarket (giant), location just beside komtar which is good access to everywhere in the island by using bus.
The very convenient location right in the heart of town. There was no bidet nor seperate shower stall.
Executive suit, supportive staff, breakfast and the serving staff Lifts - non operative and took long time.
It was 15 years ago since my last visit to Shangri-la penang and I'm please to find that Traders png still mantained the original charm from 15 yrs ago along its current modern ammenities of today. The front desk staff attitude seems to change with every change of shift. When I checked in and requested a stay extension I was 'treated' to a long spiel of fully booked rooms. However another staff breezily extended it fuss free an hour later.
Well managed Non
This is a business hotel and most of the guests arre there for work. It is close to the bus if you want to go out georgetown and there isfood and shopping centre close by It was a bit far away from the main nightlife atreet
strategic location, helpful well mannered friendly staff
Comfortable bed and nice pillows. Business lounge was too small. Also sometimes it was difficult to get coffee during the day as it had to be made by staff. Would be better if you installed an expresso machine too.
The deluxe room (upgraded) was spacious and excellent for small family with kids. Good view of the golf course & surrounding mountain. 1. I categorize hotel staff as "fair" is due to our experience during check-in. Our rooms were not ready at point of check-in and made to wait until 6.30pm. But the main insatisfaction is from how your staff handle his customer. He was insensitive and most of our questions were left unanswered. 2. We were very disappointed with your swimming pool service. My family was excited to use the swimming until we notice that your other hotel guests that were using the pool at that time were not in proper swimming attire. What an image and we felt awfully disgusted and pulled out from joining in the pool. My kids were disappointed. Please apply strict rules of the pool for image and cleanliness sake.
near with town,quite place...
Internet connection in the room is very slow.
Close to the airport, and not far from Queensbay Shopping mall by cab. Nice little mini man-made rainforrest with (short) paved trails & a bench to relax on. Staff under training happens exerywhere, and that can't be helped. The limo service to the airport is around 65RM, and the local taxi advertises 18RM. The limo however, might take you back for free if you forget something though, and they drive much faster if you ask. My guy also waited, to make sure that I didn't miss my flight. Technically, he is a driver for a contract company, but he was what made my trip when things didn't work out with a delayed flight. I am very thankful to the man in the bright yellow hawaian shirt. P.S. - Some corporate rates around 130RM!!!
1. very friendly recception.. 1. need upgrading air-cond condition
The convenient shuttle bus service to town area. The wire internet connection. Prefer to have wireless internet connection so that my business phone can connect to it.
Lovely and quiet ground. Spacious and clean room. Excellent cuisine and all attentive staff.
It was difficult to travel out of the hotel due to the location but it was great that the hotel provided transport at certain times to various locations including the sending of the runners to the start point for the recent marathon. I can't get to go down to the city as i like as the taxi service was superb expensive..
Location is the best, easy to reach by bus and go anywhere. Room is spacious and clean with nice sea view. We did not like the bedroom. It was seem comfortable, but it was not. We wish, after traveling around, we would feel fresh after sleeping, yet the bedroom made us felt back pain and headache. This is really uncomfortable for next traveling and we were suffer with this until we flew to Singapore. I was thinking only with me, but my partner also felt the same. I wish the management can fix this problem.
Very old, it was cheap, so I can`t complain too much, but definitely not a pleasant memory.
beach and breakfast
The rooms are of good size and relatively clean. The baby cot provided was rather old and the railing was broken.
my kids really enjoyed the pool and seaside and me myself enjoyed window shopping at night market infont the hotel area the aircond a bit cool (cannot control its temperature).
Good location, right in the centre of batu ferringhi, making it easy to eat out. The service was just not quite up to scratch - you could sit ignored for 15 minutes.
nothing, first very bad experience nothing
Nice beach, well organized activities . Very poor staff service. I asked four times to repair the room telephone. Realy there is no response from the staff for your needs about the breakfast, carrying the bags and every thing
good location quite run-down, unlike other Holiday Inn Resort....
Nothing. Actually I did not like the hotel at all. it was shown that it is 4 star hotel in fact it is a 2 or 3 star hotel. poor service with old furniture.
The staffs at the lounge were friendly and was there to assist. To me i enjoyed my stay and will be there when ever i come to penang.
nothing bad location, poor hotel.
parking , food. street walk conv. easy excess...cetralise no comment
The hotel is walking distance away from most historical attractions in Goergetown. There is no need to take any transportation if you only plan to tour around the old city of Goergetown.
Its location close to the sea and the heritage area. Reception staff was kind of reluctant to help/advice.
Location of hotel to getting around city very good. Also, when we checked in and shown our room we found the noise level in the next room bothersome. Right away our complaint was recognized and we were transferred to a quiet room. for the price, a good value
Great location, friendly stuff. Old interior, less comfort.
The location is very good, just a walking distance from food & shoping centres but not too close to the disturbances of traffic. There is a taxi stand just opposite the hotel. The cost of surfing internet is a bit too expensive compared to other providers.
A good hotel well positioned, rooms a little tired. Shower in the bath which flooded bathroom floor
Check in was slow. Rooms were not ready when we checked in even after 3pm
Nice design of the room. Nice view. This review is not based on the room mentioned below, but on an upgraded room. Restaurant did not serve the in room menu. The water in the pool was very cold.
I like the room it is quite huge and clean, the view, the beach also not very crowded. The staff also very nice. I don't like the taxi or tour that provided from the hotel. The car is very bad, the driver also wreckless. And the taxi that called by the hotel is not a taxi meter, but a flat-rate taxi. Which is a little bit a rip off.
the staff in recepition where very helpful but the staff & breakfast service was very poor they never spoke or even smiled would not stay there again. breakfast staff
so relax.......... no , just the wireless internet so bad..........
location,environment and view 1.No free wi-fi
Quick Check-in, friendly Staff Yes, the room was dissappointing. We were in a corner room, with the smallest balcony, Only got half the view of the sea and land. There is a door which connects onto the room next door as well, and i could hear the next door tenants. Also we were placed near the lifts, and we could hear the lifts every second of the night. Quite dissappointed with the room.
Nothing Simply don't stay there!! It is dreadful, the rooms are dicusting and the food is below average!
Next to beach. The hotel does not provide hand towels at all. When requested, refused to provide extra bath towel for children who use existing beddings in the room.
the hotel was ok but the sraff was very poor the breakfast staff did not smile and the service was very pooir
well, i like the swimming pool and the beach view. the floor is dirty,the staff not to say very friendly and humble and the safety box is lock and asked ppl to come over and they promised to come over but yet didn't turn up. Don't expect a customer will wait for you in the room just to fix that safety box and beside we are staying because of leisure. After which they didn't turn up,me and my husband didn't bother to ask again.
The comfort of the bed There's no bath tub


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Dave Matranga knocked in two with one swing of the bat, sending his eighth homer over the wall in the sixth inning. Fifteen of his 39 hits this year have gone for extra bases. After hitting .296 in 20 May games, however, Matranga has hit .250 this month. Playing third base for the seventh time this year, he recorded his first two RBI's when he plays the position and is batting just .161 – as opposed to the .301 average he has when playing second.
Jack Cassel gave the Beavers a solid effort, allowing three runs on five hits and three walks over seven frames while striking out five in a no-decision. It is the fourth time he has gone six innings or more and given up three runs or less. The right-hander did allow a homer, the third straight game he has yielded one and eighth in his last seven. In 11 starts, Cassel has a 6.46 ERA with a .298 average against. Overall, the opposition is hitting .333 off him with runners in scoring position.
Mobile won 5-4 over Birmingham (White Sox)
Pitching on three days' rest, All-Star Sean Thompson lasted 7.1 innings and gave up two runs on eight hits and a walk while striking out five. He left the game in position to win, despite allowing a two out homer in the seventh that tied the game. The lefty hurler has given up three runs over his last three starts and has walked just three batters over that span. Over his last six starts he has a 2.25 ERA. The first inning run he surrendered was just his third first frame run allowed in 16 starts.
Vince Sinisi ended the night 4-for-4 with two doubles and two runs scored, including the game-winner in the bottom of the ninth after his double tied it. It is his third night with three hits or more since joining the BayBears and first four hit affair. After hitting .200 in May, Sinisi has hit .265 this month with 12 doubles in 27 games. After not scoring more than one run in his any pf first 33 games in Mobile, Sinisi has had three multi-run games over his last 12. Nine of his 16 doubles on the year have come over that span. He also stole a base, his third of the year, and executed a sacrifice bunt.
Dale Thayer gave up a two-run homer in the top of the ninth to blow his third save in 16 chances. He managed to pick up his fifth win of the season when Mobile scored twice in the bottom half. Thayer came into the game with a 10.2 inning scoreless streak and had given up six hits in his last 37 at bats. All three of his homers have come with runners on base. His ERA had dropped from 5.73 at the beginning of May down to 2.78.
Lake Elsinore won 5-3 over High Desert (Royals)
The Storm entered the game ninth in the league in homers but got back-to-back jacks in the fifth from Jeremy Cleveland, his first, and Matt Hagen, his fourth. Colt Morton also added a solo blast an inning before, giving them three blasts in the span of four batters. Cleveland and Morton were the only two hitters to register a multi-hit game. Morton matched his homer total over his previous 32 games and it was just his fourth this year. Since the start of May, Morton is hitting .181. For Cleveland it was his first long ball of the year and he added another RBI in the sixth. The outfielder has three multi-hit games in his last four games and has six RBI's over that span. He is now hitting .356 with runners in scoring position this year.
Evan Meek gave up three runs, two earned, on four hits and three walks while striking out seven in 5.1 innings. Meek has given up four hits or fewer in nine of his outings and two earned runs or less in 13 of his 16 starts. He has now gone five innings or more in six straight games and 11 times on the year. It is, however, the seventh time he has walked three or more. He has a 3.08 ERA over his last five starts.
Fort Wayne won 7-6 over Southwest Michigan (Devil Rays)
Joel Santo picked up his fifth win of the year despite giving up five runs on a season-high ten hits in five innings. The righty has given up 12 runs over his last eight innings. For the ninth time this season, Santo has walked more batters (one) than he struck out (zero). It is the fifth time he has given up four runs or more this season. Santo has a 5.73 ERA this month after posting a 3.96 mark in May. Lefties are hitting .320 off him.
While Nick Hundley collected three hits to extend his hitting streak to 17, Javis Diaz recorded perfection – reaching base all six times he came to the plate. The leadoff hitter went 3-for-3 with three walks, a stolen base and two runs scored. Diaz had drawn just two walks in his first 12 games with the Wizards and had struck out seven times in his previous three games. He has scored eight runs over his last six games and has reached base in all but two of his games in Midwest League play. Diaz had drawn 14 walks in 31 games for the Storm earlier in the year.
Jon Madden didn't let this opportunity pass, collecting his sixth save of the year. He struck out two in his inning of work and has held the opposition to a .171 average this month and a .189 mark on the year. The save is his third of June, equaling the amount he had in April and May. He has given up six hits to 28 leadoff batters of an inning and has yet to walk the leadoff man. He has given up runs in five of his 25 appearances and earned runs in just three.
Eugene won 12-6 over Vancouver (A's)
Luany Sanchez has found quite the affinity for the number five. The catcher hit a bases loaded double to clear them and added a two-run single to give him five RBI's. Sanchez had five hits in his first game with the Emeralds this season. He came into the game without a hit when presented with runners in scoring position. His previous high for RBI's was three, accomplished on July 25, 2005 while with the AZL Padres. He now has hits in each of his first six games.
Left-hander Wade LeBlanc, the Padres' second round pick, made his debut, pitching a 1-2-3 inning to pick up the win. LeBlanc, 21, was 11-1 with a 2.92 ERA (42 ER/129.1 IP) in 18 starts this season for Alabama. The 6-3, 190-pounder set school single-season records with 129.1 innings pitched and 128 strikeouts. He leaves Alabama as the school's all-time strikeout leader, compiling 334 in his three-year career. He allowed 110 hits, 47 runs, 42 earned, with 43 walks.
Mike Epping pushed his hitting streak to nine games to open the year with a 1-for-3 showing that included two walks and two runs scored. The centerfielder is 14-for-40 over the streak with five walks in his last three games. Epping has now recorded a multi-run game in four consecutive games and five of his last six. He is tied with teammate David Freese for the Northwest League with 14 runs scored. He is also in the top five in on base percentage and stolen bases. Epping is hitting .417 off right-handed pitching.
AZL Padres lost 8-2 to AZL Giants
Yesid Salazar pitched well over five innings, allowing a run on three hits while striking out two. Salazar came into the game with two relief appearances under his belt and over the last eight innings the Columbian native has given up two runs on five hits. Only one of nine leadoff men in an inning have reached base on Salazar and right-handed hitters are batting .217 off him.
Pablo Menchaca labored through two innings, giving up six runs, all earned, on nine hits to take the blown save and the loss. He also uncorked two wild pitches. In his only other outing, Menchaca had limited the opposition to one run over four innings – the only hits he allowed coming via left-handed hitters. He didn't allow a hit to any lefties on Thursday but gave up nine hits in 11 at bats to righties.
Jodam Rivera extended his hitting streak to six games and recorded his third straight multi-hit game. He scored one of the two runs for the squad and has touched home plate five times in the last three games while scoring a run in five of six. Rivera, who is splitting time between second base and shortstop, was 1-for-10 over a three game span with Fort Wayne and 11-for-55 with Lake Elsinore. His season average over three leagues is .247.

subset: commoncrawl


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Home > Products > All Products > TSP
We proudly present a new maintenance release of our IAIK ECCelerate™ elliptic curve library! Version 4.01 adds support for curves from the FIDO ECDAA standard and fixes minor bugs. IAIK ECCelerate™ is based on Java 6 technology and has been thoroughly optimized for speed. Currently, it supports ECDSA, ECDH, ECIES and optionally ECMQV.
iSaSiLk 5.105 Maintenance release fixes some ECC related issues.
The Timestamp API (TSP-API) provides all needed functionality to develop a Timestamp Server or Client.
With the TspClientSocket which extends the java.net.Socket and the TspSSLClientSocket which extends the iaik.security.ssl.SSLSocket it is very easy to connect to a RFC 3161 compliant TSP Server. Once you are connected you can send a request and receive the corresponding response within one method invocation.
For current prices, please see price list and also license conditions.
You can order the product directly from our webshop.


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Member since 8/22/2012
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Questions from Designdays
Is This Chin/mouth Procedure Possible? (photo)
Hello, I was wondering if this procedure was possible? I'm trying to achieve more balance between my features. I have a very long face and wanted to get my chin reduced to get... READ MORE
Does Forehead Reduction/hairline Lowering Look Natural?
I'm considering a forehead reduction, but after researching before and after pictures and reading up on it, I'm not sure anymore. It seems the best candidates are ones with a... READ MORE


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1. Re: ZFS Vs UFS for root partition?926300 May 4, 2012 5:01 AM (in response to 877730)1 person found this helpful
(a) what is best option RAID1 or ZFS for root drive?ZFS-mirror is better choice for root.
(b) is it better choice to use Hardware RAID 1 for root drives with ZFS pooling for rest of 4 drives?
2. Re: ZFS Vs UFS for root partition?GlenG May 7, 2012 6:50 PM (in response to 877730)The preferred method is to allow ZFS control the physical disks. I would avoid the hardware RAID.1 person found this helpful
The choice of ZFS or UFS for boot/root disks depends on the level of Solaris. If you choose UFS, I recommend using SVM to mirror the disks not the hardware RAID.
The combination of ZFS boot/root and zones can cause problems with Live Upgrade, if you are planning on using Live Upgrade.
Many of the T series sever models have a lot of compute power. It is very unusual to find an application that can utilize the compute power using just the internal disks.
3. Re: ZFS Vs UFS for root partition?877730 May 8, 2012 3:11 PM (in response to GlenG)Thanx i will definitely go for ZFS.
but one i couldent get ur last point that is " Many of the T series sever models have a lot of compute power. It is very unusual to find an application that can utilize the compute power using just the internal disks."
and one thing more when i m trying to write the boot record on zfs root mirror drive by using this command:-
installboot -F zfs /usr/platform/`uname -i`/lib/fs/zfs/bootblk /dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s0
then i m getting this message:
/usr/platform/uname -i/lib/fs/zfs/bootblk: File not found
any suggestions plz????


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Posted by Noel Yuhanna on August 15, 2013
For decades, firms have deployed applications and BI on independent databases and warehouses, supporting custom data models, scalability, and performance while speeding delivery. It's become a nightmare to try to integrate the proliferation of data across these sources in order to deliver the unified view of business data required to support new business applications, analytics, and real-time insights. The explosion of new sources, driven by the triple-threat trends of mobile, social, and the cloud, amplified by partner data, market feeds, and machine-generated data, further aggravates the problem. Poorly integrated business data often leads to poor business decisions, reduces customer satisfaction and competitive advantage, and slows product innovation — ultimately limiting revenue.
Forrester's latest research reveals how leading firms are coping with this explosion using data virtualization, leading us to release a major new version of our reference architecture, Information Fabric 3.0. Since Forrester invented the category of data virtualization eight years ago with the first version of information fabric, these solutions have continued to evolve. In this update, we reflect new business requirements and new technology options including big data, cloud, mobile, distributed in-memory caching, and dynamic services. Use information fabric 3.0 to inform and guide your data virtualization and integration strategy, especially where you require real-time data sharing, complex business transactions, more self-service access to data, integration of all types of data, and increased support for analytics and predictive analytics.
Information fabric 3.0 reflects significant innovation in data virtualization solutions, including:
Posted by Michele Goetz on August 6, 2013
Big data gurus have said that data quality isn't important for big data. Good enough is good enough. However, business stakeholders still complain about poor data quality. In fact, when Forrester surveyed customer intelligence professionals, the ability to integrate data and manage data quality are the top two factors holding customer intelligence back.
So, do big data gurus have it wrong? Sort of . . .
I had the chance to attend and present at a marketing event put on by MITX last week in Boston that focused on data science for marketing and customer experience. I recommend all data and big data professionals do this. Here is why. How marketers and agencies talk about big data and data science is different than how IT talks about it. This isn't just a language barrier, it's a philosophy barrier. Let's look at this closer:


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It has come to our attention that The Head and The Heart may be playing a fundraiser for President Obama this coming Friday, February 17th, in Bellevue, Washington. According to an article on NWProgressive.org Invitations to an event, to be held at the Bellevue Westin, were sent out on the first of this month with the following information:
"The Details:
Please join President Obama at a Lunch with supporters like you in Bellevue.
Obama Victory Fund 2012 – Lunch with President Obama & Special Performance by
the Head and the Heart
Bellevue Westin
600 Bellevue Way NE
Bellevue, Washington
Friday, February 17, 2012
Space is Limited
The minimum required to get in the door is $1,000. For just $4,000 more, you can have your picture taken with the President at a photo reception. For a grand total of $6,000, you can get into the photo reception with a friend.
Or, for $10,000, you can buy up a table at the event.
There is a special $250 rate for Young Democrats, but even that reduced rate may be beyond the means of those it is intended to benefit."
We have not yet confirmed this with the band, although it does seem like it is entirely possible. To all of you in the Bellevue area we wish you the best of luck dealing with the traffic on Friday.
Update 2:31 P.M. EST
The band has confirmed that this will be happening, and they get to meet him as well!


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Earlier this afternoon, U. S. Rep. Bobby L. Rush alerted his House Democratic colleagues of his interest in serving as the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Communications, Technology and the Internet (CTI) in the 112th session of Congress. In his communication with Members, Rush, who currently serves as the Chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee's Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection, cited his years of service on the Energy and Commerce Committee as well as his legislative track record which includes playing a leading role as a member of the CTI in helping to move major pieces of legislation into law under both Democratic and Republican Administrations.
In its entirety, Chairman Rush's letter to his colleagues read as follows:
"Congratulations on your re-election and return to the U. S. House of Representatives. Despite the difficulties and challenges that we faced leading up to and through Election Day, I know personally of the hard work, intensive efforts, and costly sacrifices that Democrats put forth and made in the 111th Congress.
"I am writing this letter to inform you that I will be seeking to serve as the Ranking Member of the Subcommittee on Communications, Technology and the Internet (CTI) in the 112th Congress. As you may be aware, I have been extremely active as a Member of the Energy and Commerce Committee since gaining membership to the committee in the 104th Congress (1995-1997). As a Member, then, of the Telecommunications and Finance subcommittee I immersed myself in communications and technology policy, which helped me to develop a keen understanding of the intricacies of the communications and media marketplaces.
"It was also in that term that the Democratic House leadership selected me as an Energy and Commerce Committee conferee on the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to help reconcile differences between the House and Senate versions of the bill.
"My involvement and interest in CTI's activities and its jurisdiction have not waned nor have they wavered during my entire tenure on the Energy and Commerce Committee. Rather, they have grown deeply over the years as traditional and emerging communications providers seek to grow their domestic and global markets, harness underdeveloped spectrum in licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands, and export more of their products, services and technologies to foreign markets. It is vitally important that we have leadership at the helm of this subcommittee which is strong, effective and knowledgeable about the impact that future legislation and policy will have in the marketplace.
"For the past two sessions of Congress, I have served ably as your Chairman of the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade and Consumer Protection (CTCP), having convened hearings and markups and successfully guided more than a dozen bills out of full committee--including two that became laws, the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act and the Wall Street Reform Act. Additionally, I am proud of the collaboration between CTCP and the CTI subcommittee, as led by Chairman Boucher. In working closely with the CTI Subcommittee and its members to conduct oversight and draft legislation, the CTCP and CTI subcommittees held six joint hearings during the 111th Congress on public safety and consumer protection topics, including "texting while driving" and online and offline privacy. These interactions have afforded me additional insights into CTI's functioning, how the Subcommittee is perceived by stakeholders, and under what conditions CTI is more likely to be an effective legislating body.
"The list of issues awaiting CTI's consideration and hoped for resolution in the 112th Congress is extensive. It is my sincere belief that in balancing the respective interests of our constituents, industry, public interest groups, and other stakeholders, we can appreciably contribute to America's prosperity as we work to stimulate the domestic economy, thereby creating good jobs for our nation's citizenry. In closing, I respectfully request your support to become your Ranking Member of the CTI Subcommittee and I look forward to tackling these issues and working with each of you on these matters in the 112th Congress."
Source: http://www.house.gov/list/press/il01_rush/pr_101112_subcommittee.shtml


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created: 1 December 03
Air & Space Power Journal - Winter 2003
|Editorial Abstract: Is the United States ready to deal with an opponent who employs asymmetric strategies in an attempt to wage a "poor man's air war"? This case study of the Luftwaffe's efforts to cope with the loss of daylight air superiority in 1944–45 shows how a military organization, faced with the neutralization of most of its weaponry and the increasing irrelevance of its doctrine, may attempt to prolong its useful life. The ability to inflict unexpected casualties on the US Air Force, its coalition partners, or friendly populations might pay disproportionate dividends to a future adversary.
Dr. Richard R. Muller
What happens when an air force loses the ability to gain and maintain air superiority? How might an energetic and resourceful air force leadership deal with this situation? As the United States prepares to face twenty-first-century adversaries, it is extremely unlikely that it will encounter an air force able to match the US Air Force in terms of technology, training, numbers, and combat power. However, the United States may well have to deal with opponents who employ asymmetric strategies in an attempt to wage a "poor man's air war."
A study of the Luftwaffe's efforts to cope with the loss of daylight air superiority in 1944–45 is of more than historical interest. It serves as a case study of how a military organization, faced with neutralization of most of its weaponry and the increasing irrelevance of its doctrine, may attempt to prolong its useful life. Since the United States may encounter such an adversary in the future, an examination of how a past foe coped with this state of affairs may enlighten contemporary air and space planners.
When the Anglo-American bomber offensive began seriously to threaten Germany's control of its airspace, the Luftwaffe leadership responded energetically. Gen Günther Korten, chief of the Luftwaffe General Staff, set to the task of creating "an umbrella of fighter aircraft over the Reich." Korten belonged to a "defensive clique" that included Col Adolf Galland—the inspector general of fighters—and Field Marshal Erhard Milch—the chief of air armament. Korten beefed up the homeland air-defense organization, finally creating Air Fleet Reich—equivalent to a numbered air force—which centralized all flak, fighter, and command-and-control functions. At the same time, and in keeping with basic Luftwaffe doctrine, Korten's reforms also called for strong bomber forces in both the eastern and western theaters in order to permit the Luftwaffe to carry out strategic operations.1 Even so, Korten's program brought about an increase in the strength and efficacy of Germany's air defenses.
Korten's organizational reforms were matched by Milch in fighter production. In partnership with Albert Speer, the armaments minister, Milch minimized the inefficiency of the German aircraft industry. Through stringent measures, he was able to boost aircraft output without increasing consumption of raw materials.2 By June 1943, German factories were producing over 1,100 fighters per month. In March 1944, Milch and Speer set up a joint "Fighter Staff" with far-reaching authority over production, plant dispersal, construction of bombproof factories, raw material, and labor matters. German aircraft production finally peaked in September 1944 at just over 3,700, despite months of Allied air attacks.3 The production reflects the underlying tension between the need to strengthen the home-defense forces and the desire to retain an offensive capability. Thus, the Germans also manufactured thousands of bombers (whose production consumed far more raw materials and factory floor space than did fighter aircraft) in 1943–44.4 The quest for offensive power did its part to make the loss of air superiority permanent.
The Luftwaffe's operational response to the crisis was no less energetic. It placed great hopes in its basic interceptors, the Messerschmitt (Me) Bf 109G and Focke-Wulf Fw 190A. These aircraft initially lacked the necessary armament to deal with American heavy bombers, so later variants carried 13 mm machine guns and 30 mm cannons in place of the earlier 7.9 mm and 20 mm weaponry. Both types could also carry 21 cm rocket mortars to break up enemy bomber formations from well outside the radius of their defensive firepower. The German fighters would then pick off the stragglers at will.
Yet, these modifications also hastened the loss of air superiority once American long-range escort fighters appeared on the scene. The heavily laden 109s and 190s were severely handicapped in combat with their less encumbered American adversaries—a problem the Luftwaffe command never solved. One attempted remedy involved the development of specially stripped fighter aircraft with superior high-altitude performance and air-to-air capability. These included Bf 109G and K fighters with special superchargers and methanol and nitrous oxide injection, as well as the "long-nosed" Fw 190D and Ta 152. These vastly improved interceptors appeared only in small numbers; coordinating the "light" and "heavy" aircraft proved extremely difficult—and tactically ineffective—in practice.
Another proposal that has attracted postwar attention was Galland's suggestion to mass some 2,000–3,000 German fighters for a knockout blow. His goal was to commit this force against an American bomber formation in order to "shoot down an approximate total of 400–500 four-engined bombers against a loss of about 400 aircraft and about 100–150 pilots."5 A victory on this scale would cause the Americans to cease daylight penetrations, restoring air superiority at a single stroke. In Galland's view, Hitler scuttled this potentially decisive action by earmarking his carefully husbanded fighter reserve for support of the Ardennes counteroffensive in December 1944.
One has reasons to doubt the potential effectiveness of the "Great Blow." While the operation was in the planning stages, considerable portions of the fighter reserve engaged American formations, but even under favorable conditions, the Germans did not down a significant number of American aircraft.6 The standards of German fighter-pilot training were so low by fall 1944 that the bulk of the 2,000+ pilots participating in the proposed operation would have been incapable of operating effectively. In particular, the task of assembling and controlling such a large quantity of aircraft in a single operation was probably beyond the Luftwaffe's capability in late 1944.
With conventional German tactics proving increasingly futile, desperate expedients arose. In summer 1944, the Luftwaffe command created the "assault fighter groups." Modified Fw 190s, with increased armor plating and packing heavy armament, formed into "flying wedges" of 48 aircraft. The massed juggernaut, heavily escorted by conventional fighters, would approach a B-17 combat box from directly astern. The rationale was simple: to ensure the greatest possible number of kills, shatter enemy morale, and disrupt formation discipline. As one Sturmgruppe pilot recalled, "We positioned ourselves about 100 yards behind the bombers before opening fire. From such a range we could hardly miss, and as the 3 cm explosive rounds struck home we could see the enemy bombers literally falling apart in front of us."7 If all else failed, the Sturmgruppe pilot was to ram his target. According to official Luftwaffe High Command instructions, "the guiding principle for the Sturmgruppe is: for every assault fighter that encounters the enemy, a sure kill."8 These special units achieved some noteworthy successes, but the overall cost was high—especially when the American fighter escort caught the formation while it was still assembling.
The German technological cure that has received the greatest amount of postwar scrutiny was the development of turbojet and rocket-propelled interceptors. Because airpower and air superiority have increasingly depended upon technology since 1945, it is hardly surprising that studying the German "wonder weapons" has become something of a growth industry. Many authorities single out mismanagement of these weapons as one of the cardinal reasons for the Luftwaffe's defeat. Certainly, the Me 262, with its top speed of 540 mph and powerful armament of four 3 cm cannons (and eventually racks of air-to-air rockets), was an awesome weapon. Galland, echoed by many other writers, attributes this aircraft's delayed debut to Hitler's untutored meddling in air force matters. The führer, so the argument runs, decreed that the Me 262 enter service as a high-speed bomber; this decision ensured that it did not reach operational units in time to turn the tide.9
The idea of the Me 262 as the potentially decisive wonder weapon is one of the most enduring myths in airpower history. Hitler's oft-quoted order forbidding the employment of this aircraft as a fighter dates from May 1944, by which time no Me 262s were in service. Because design and technical faults still plagued the aircraft, its employment in any role would have to await their resolution—as would the training of a sufficient number of pilots, many of whom found it difficult to master the temperamental interceptor. It is unlikely that the jet could have appeared in combat much earlier than it did, even without Hitler's interference. The 262, although a deadly aircraft in the hands of the right pilot, remained essentially a prototype pressed into combat service. Throughout its short service life, the aircraft suffered from an abnormally high accident rate and scored only a minuscule number of combat victories.
German industry produced a number of less significant advanced-weapons projects in the last year of the war. Although these caused Allied intelligence some concern, none had any discernible impact upon the battle for air superiority. During the years of victory in 1939–41, German aircraft industry failed to energetically press the development of successors to the basic types with which Germany began the war. A more rational production strategy might have relieved the Luftwaffe of the dilemma of having to go into battle in 1944 with either obsolete types or unready new ones.
A sure sign of the fighters' slumping effectiveness was the resurgence of antiaircraft (flak) forces as the main element of home air defense. German antiaircraft concentrations around key targets grew dramatically. The backbone of the force was the 8.8 cm flak 36; by 1944 improved 10.5 cm and 12.8 cm guns had appeared. Although the flak force was actually more effective than many postwar analyses would lead us to believe, the failure of the fighter defenses led to increased—and by 1945, virtually sole—reliance upon it.10 Prior to January 1944, fighters claimed the lion's share of downed US Army Air Forces (AAF) bombers, but in June 1944 alone, flak downed 201 Eighth Air Force heavies—fighters only 80.11 Instructions to flak units stressed that they were to "free fire" at all altitudes, without regard for friendly fighters in the area.12 The prewar tenet of German airpower doctrine that gave antiaircraft guns the dominant air-defense role had been fulfilled by default.
Even though German ingenuity was able to provide the Luftwaffe with large numbers of aircraft, it offered no solution to the problem of producing sufficiently qualified pilots to fly them. The Luftwaffe in 1939 had what was probably the highest standard of aircrew training in Europe.13 As a result, German fighter pilots, seasoned by combat in Spain in 1936–39, were the best in the world by 1940. Yet, as early as the Battle of Britain, increased crew losses brought with them a decline in the length and rigor of the training program. The instructor cadres of the flying schools were constantly raided for combat pilots. By July 1944, when the general fuel crisis hit home, Luftwaffe fighter-pilot trainees were receiving fewer than 25 flying hours in operational fighter aircraft, compared with over 150 hours for American pilots.14 Quite simply, the average German fighter pilot in mid-1944 was more a liability than an asset, all too prone to crash his aircraft on the first sortie. Specialized skills such as night or bad-weather flying and long-distance navigation were lost arts in the Luftwaffe by that time. In an effort to redress the balance, the Luftwaffe command made a number of grave personnel-policy decisions. The overstretched pilot-training schools were compelled to give up additional instructors, and every able-bodied fighter pilot serving on staff duty was recalled to combat flying. Galland pillaged night-fighter units, ground-attack formations, and the Russian front for trained pilots.15 The course of the air war over the Reich placed tremendous strains on an already overtaxed organization.
In April and May 1944, the operations staff noted an alarming rise in losses of training, courier, and transport aircraft operating in previously safe havens in eastern and southern Germany.16 Allied fighter aircraft ranging at will over Reich territory curtailed the Luftwaffe's ability to train new pilots to replace losses of the previous months. Many gun-camera films from AAF Mustangs and Thunderbolts illustrate attacks on aircraft, frequently misidentified as "Me-109s," that are in fact Arado 96 trainers—usually with a dazed student pilot at the controls. In order to cope with this situation, the Training Branch issued new instructions emphasizing vigilance ("daydreaming leads to death"). Noncombat flights were to take place only at dawn and dusk. The Luftwaffe expanded its aircraft-warning system and devised a series of radio and visual signals. Even courier aircraft were armed. If attacked, aircraft were to take evasive action and dive quickly to ground level. If necessary, the crew was to belly-land the aircraft and take cover to avoid being strafed.17
The commencement of "aerial guerrilla warfare" by AAF escort fighters meant that not only the training facilities, but also the whole of the Luftwaffe's supporting infrastructure was at risk. American escort fighters, at first individually but later as a concerted policy, began strafing airfields and ground installations on their homeward flights.18 The Luftwaffe airfield commands adopted a number of passive measures, including constructing revetments, increasing the use of optical camouflage and smoke screens, and burying vital communications and electrical cables that served command posts and radar installations.19 Deep slit trenches appeared on airfields, with fuel and ammunition stored in tunnels. Posting of additional lookouts and a reorganization of the aircraft-reporting service provided crucial early warning.20 In the final month of the war, some units operated off stretches of the autobahn, sheltering their aircraft beneath the overpasses.
The single most effective countermeasure the Luftwaffe took was the equipping of airfields with additional antiaircraft protection. Luftwaffe operational directives pointed out that the concentrated firing of every available weapon—even machine guns and cannons removed from parked aircraft—could turn the airfield into a veritable "flak trap" for low-flying aircraft. The Luftwaffe operations staff noted with satisfaction the depositions of captured AAF pilots who spoke of the dangers of strafing.21 Indeed, during 1944 the AAF lost 1,293 fighters in the European theater of operations to enemy fighters, while losing 1,611 to flak—mostly in low-level actions.22 During the last five months of the war, German flak kills of AAF fighters exceeded those made by Luftwaffe fighters by a ratio of nearly four to one.
One final remedy for the air-superiority dilemma deserves mention: the employment of volunteer pilots on suicide missions. The popular literature is filled with Wagnerian references to 11th-hour attempts to emulate Japanese kamikaze tactics. Although the reality is somewhat less dramatic (in only a very few instances did such attacks take place), they remain of interest: such expedients rarely occur on an organized basis in interstate warfare, but nonstate actors such as terrorist groups have not shrunk from employing them.
The desperate military situation in 1944–45 partially accounts for the contemplation of these extraordinary efforts. As historian Omer Bartov has noted in his study of combat motivation on the Eastern Front, the military reverses of the latter years of the war, coupled with intensified Nazi indoctrination, generated a new level of fanaticism among German soldiers.23 Official Luftwaffe publications, including military-science journals and even operational directives, which had been largely devoid of overt political content up to 1944, began referring to the struggle in ideological terms. Directives maintained that only "the National Socialist world-view" could provide the necessary "internal strength" to vanquish the enemy.24 The primary sources for such "spiritual weapons" were the National Socialist Leadership Corps, which populated Luftwaffe and army units with "political officers" (akin to Red Army commissars) and the Military Science Branch of the Luftwaffe General Staff. Although the latter agency produced much valuable operational analysis and traditional historical studies of recent campaigns, by 1944 it was more concerned with inculcating the Luftwaffe officer corps with proper National Socialist attitudes.25 In this ideologically charged climate, the most extreme measures for redressing Allied air superiority took shape.
Luftwaffe programs along these lines fell into two broad categories. The first consisted of extremely high-risk (but theoretically survivable) missions against enemy air and ground targets. Sturmgruppe tactics fall into this category, since even ramming attacks did not prevent pilots from bailing out. Even more desperate was the proposal to quickly train Hitler Youth boys on gliders and send them immediately into combat in the Heinkel 162 "people's fighter"—an aerial manifestation of the Volkssturm, the "people's militia," with which Germany hoped to create a Nazi "levee en masse."26 Only the end of the war spared teenagers from flying the unreliable and dangerous aircraft in combat.
The second (and much rarer) category was so-called total-commitment missions, billed explicitly as suicide operations. With the air battles over the Reich seen as the greatest threat to German national survival, a number of proposals surfaced in late 1944 for using volunteer pilots for suicide attacks against American bomber formations or other lucrative targets. Korten ordered the formation of the Leonidas Squadron, which would operate aging bombers, attack gliders, and manned flying bombs in this manner. The unit ultimately disbanded after extensive training and political indoctrination.27 Yet, proposals and programs for ramming attacks against bomber formations continued throughout the war, culminating in a desperate mass ramming attack by the hastily formed Schulungslehrgang Elbe unit on 7 April 1945. One hundred twenty Bf-109s engaged an AAF formation, destroying at most 13 bombers at a cost of 53 German fighters. Many of the poorly trained pilots never even engaged the AAF formation.28
Despite the expenditure of blood and treasure, the Luftwaffe was never able to regain air superiority over the Reich. Despite signs of an 11th-hour technological "knockout blow," the Luftwaffe of 1944–45 was an ineffective force, incapable of controlling the tempo of operations or even of causing the AAF more than occasional inconvenience. Most of its pilots from June 1944 onwards were more a hazard to themselves than to their enemies, and its overstretched flying units operated obsolete, poorly constructed aircraft. During the final year of the war in Europe, German day fighters destroyed 703 AAF heavy bombers; from June 1943 to May 1944, a much smaller force had destroyed 1,579.29 All of the energetic measures put into place by the Luftwaffe command to combat the daylight bombing offensive had failed.
Despite the fearful losses sustained by its fighter units in the early months of 1944, the Luftwaffe command believed that it could mount a successful aerial response to the coming Allied invasion of Western Europe: "Defense against this landing attempt is decisive for the outcome of the war."30 The Luftwaffe developed a complex scheme for reinforcing the invasion sector once the Allies launched Operation Overlord. Upon receipt of the code phrase Drohende Gefahr West (Imminent Danger West), squadrons from the Reich defense force were to fly to previously identified airfields in northern France. As many fighter aircraft as possible were to be equipped with bomb racks so that they could participate directly in the ground battle.
The Luftwaffe took note of the experience gained during the months preceding the invasion in preparing for battle. Units in France in early 1944 reported increasing enemy fighter and fighter-bomber attacks—augmented by medium- and heavy-bomber strikes—against airfields, transportation centers, rail communications, and radar and signals installations.31 The ground organization learned sophisticated techniques of camouflage, concealment, dispersal, and mobility as means of reducing losses of materiel and personnel to air attack. Drawing on its experiences on German territory, the Luftwaffe deployed mobile flak batteries, especially the quadruple 2 cm antiaircraft gun. This useful weapon, often mounted on a trailer, truck, half-track, or even a tank chassis, provided dense and highly mobile fire support for important targets, including airfields, bridges, and trains.32 For protection of ground units, the Germans concentrated their flak batteries in the front and rear of the columns, with weapons at the ready. German commanders designed quick and responsive aircraft-alert procedures, and when an enemy aircraft was sighted, the column would stop, and the antiaircraft vehicles would deploy to the sides of the road, providing massed antiaircraft fire against low-flying Allied "Jabos."
The effect of Allied air superiority was far worse than even the most pessimistic Luftwaffe planners had envisioned. A Luftwaffe officer reported that enemy air activity rendered all daytime convoy traffic impossible, with the exception of fully armored units.33 Landline communication throughout the invasion zone was disrupted from D-day onward, due to both air attack and the activities of the French resistance. The Germans responded by making increased use of radio communications although, dependent as they were on the Enigma cipher machine, such measures made German intentions all the more transparent to Allied intelligence. Allied air superiority rendered the orderly transfer of Luftwaffe units into the theater an extremely difficult proposition.
The Luftwaffe's immediate response to the landings was "barely perceptible."34 Indeed, the German air effort during the first 24 hours added up to only 319 sorties, thus dashing the initial hope of defeating the invasion during the first crucial hours.35 Even so, the movement of Reich defense-fighter units had some success, with 200 aircraft arriving during the first 36 hours. By D-day plus seven, over 1,000 German aircraft directly opposed the landing.36 As well as fending for themselves, they had to provide escort for the lumbering trimotor transports that hauled ground personnel and spare parts.37 Real troubles for these aircraft began after their arrival since Allied air attacks had already damaged many of their airfields. The German fighter force was drawn into a losing battle to retain its operational ready-rates in the face of intense enemy air activity.
German commanders quickly realized that their methods for contesting Allied air superiority were not equal to the tasks facing them in Normandy. The ground organization had to deal with conditions far worse than even those in the Reich territory. As a result, the Luftwaffe High Command emphasized that "the flying forces and the ground organization are a single weapon" and sought to instill "warlike deportment" even among the second-line personnel who ran the airfields.38 The Germans greatly strengthened their existing air-raid warning service since Allied fighter-bomber attacks often took place with little or no warning. Camouflage and dispersal almost became art forms, with aircraft uncovered immediately before a sortie and whisked under cover quickly after the propeller stopped turning. Antiaircraft forces came under an airfield-defense commander, responsible for training, implementing new defense measures, and actually conducting operations if the base came under attack. Flak commanders took advantage of the fact that Allied fighter-bombers pounced on everything that moved on the Norman roads by creating ingenious "low-flying-aircraft booby traps." They deployed mobile canvas dummies equipped with glass panels to simulate glare from vehicle windshields. When fighter-bombers dove to the attack, massed antiaircraft artillery (AAA) guns, usually camouflaged as shrubbery, opened fire.39
Early in the summer invasion, the Germans experimented with attempts to fly aircraft away from threatened airfields and disperse them to emergency strips. These "evacuation flights" soon ceased. For one thing, they tended to consume scarce stocks of aviation gasoline; for another, the airspace over Normandy proved far more dangerous than the ground. By early August 1944, the Luftwaffe had to withdraw its fighter force from the forward airfields since, as one commander recalled, his fighters were "pinned to the ground" by Allied aircraft.40 The new bases—located to the southwest of Paris—though marginally less vulnerable to direct attack by Allied aircraft, compelled the Luftwaffe to fly greater distances, thus using precious fuel and decreasing loiter times. The hope of using fighters as "swing-role" ground-attack aircraft proved vain: bomb racks were quickly discarded as the fighters massed over selected German units to provide a modicum of air cover. They also attempted to shoot down Allied spotting aircraft, which registered the fire of conventional and naval artillery against the hard-pressed German ground forces.
Clearly, the fighter force could not make an appreciable impact, and the ground-attack arm found itself in an even more precarious position.41 Bomb-laden Fw 190s were even less capable than their fighter counterparts of penetrating Allied fighter screens.42 The Luftwaffe restricted its ground-attack missions to dawn and dusk—or bad weather. The Luftwaffe general staff concluded that "ground attack aircraft . . . no longer afforded any decisive support to the land forces, and the heavy losses incurred rose ultimately to a level out of all proportion to the successes achieved."43
The Luftwaffe at least had few illusions that its bomber force, once its primary striking arm, would have a significant role to play in the daylight battles in Normandy.44 Driven from even the night skies over western Europe, the Luftwaffe's offensive force depended increasingly on pilotless weapons—the Fieseler Fi 103 (V-1) "buzz bombs." As a substitute for conventional bombing capability, the V-1 had a number of shortcomings, especially its lack of precision. Yet, the robot bombardment, which began on 13 June 1944, tied down large numbers of Allied fighter aircraft and antiaircraft batteries that might have otherwise gone to Normandy. The Luftwaffe staff drew special attention to this collateral benefit in several of its tactical memoranda.45 Later in the summer invasion, the army's A-4 (V-2) ballistic missile entered the fray. Although long touted by the Army Ordnance Rocket Program as a potential substitute for strategic bombing,46 the V-2 featured even less accuracy than the V-1 and (since no defense was possible) did not cause any diversion of Allied fighter or antiaircraft forces.
Only in the area of reconnaissance support did Luftwaffe countermeasures produce any significant improvement. The Luftwaffe's inability to conduct even the most basic aerial reconnaissance rendered German forces virtually blind, a situation that went a long way towards ensuring the success of the Allies' preinvasion deception operation (Fortitude),47 as well as granting Allied formations fighting in Normandy an unprecedented level of operational freedom.48 Although Allied air superiority seemed to condemn the Luftwaffe reconnaissance force to the same irrelevance as most of its combat units, in this case radical new technology did bring about a noticeable improvement. Although the Me 262 jet-propelled interceptor did not appreciably alter the balance in the struggle for air superiority over Germany, its less celebrated counterpart—the Arado Ar 234 jet bomber/reconnaissance plane—dramatically improved the fortunes of the reconnaissance arm. In late July and early August 1944, two prototypes of the Ar 234 arrived at the invasion coast.49 The Ar 234 was unarmed, carried two high-resolution panoramic cameras, and relied on its tremendous speed and altitude performance to escape interception.50
During a single flight on 2 August, an Ar 234 pilot flying the one operational aircraft "achieved what had been beyond the entire Luftwaffe reconnaissance force in the West for the previous eight weeks: he had photographed almost the entire Allied lodgment area in Normandy."51 In fact, for the remainder of the war, reconnaissance units equipped with Ar 234s could operate virtually unmolested in the west, in Italy, and even over the British Isles. No longer did the German military possess the capacity to take effective action based upon the improved flow of intelligence information. Nevertheless, the operational career of the Ar 234 indicates the possibilities conferred upon even a hopelessly outclassed air force by single items of new technology.
Small successes aside, Luftwaffe countermeasures to Allied air superiority in Normandy did not appreciably prolong the struggle. Air support for German counteroffensives such as the Mortain attack in August was lacking, and the Luftwaffe ground organization was caught up in the general rout that followed in France. Wags in Germany remarked that the "WL" license-plate prefix on Luftwaffe vehicles in fact stood for "we're leaving!"52 Luftwaffe tactical support for ground operations during the rest of the campaign remained spotty and ineffectual. Even the rare mass attacks by the Luftwaffe fighter force, as occurred in Operation Bodenplatte—the surprise attack on Allied air bases on New Year's Day 1945—were hardly worth the losses sustained.
The Luftwaffe's loss of air superiority on the Russian front, although neither as complete nor as dramatic as that in the west, still posed considerable problems. Although the Luftwaffe could concentrate its forces and wrest local air superiority from the Red Air Force, even into the final year of the war, it still had to contend with the fact that it could muster only very limited or nonexistent air opposition over large sectors of the front. In these regions, the Germans resorted to many of the same camouflage, concealment, and antiaircraft techniques in place in the west, but a number of countermeasures were unique to the eastern theater. One of the most interesting and widely used of these "low-tech solutions" to the air-superiority problem was the use of aircraft in a night-harassing role. Since the early days of the eastern campaign, even when the Germans enjoyed general air superiority, frontline army units were vexed by the appearance of obsolete Soviet biplanes, operating at night and frequently flown by female pilots (the so-called Night Witches). Although the material effect of these attacks was minuscule, nightly fragmentation-bomb attacks eroded troop morale, caused sleep deprivation, occasionally destroyed supply depots, and inflicted casualties.
German air commanders drew inspiration from these developments. In the Luftwaffe's rear areas one found an assortment of obsolete training and reconnaissance aircraft, as well as many captured types. These aircraft had little role in major air operations, but—given the size of the theater and the dispersal of the Luftwaffe's fighter and bomber wings—most commanders adhered to the philosophy that "any unused aircraft is helping the enemy."53 The Luftwaffe made extensive use of these antiquated aircraft, grouping them into night ground-attack units. Virtually undetectable by radar or other means, the aircraft attacked Soviet supply depots, partisan encampments, enemy airfields, and other vulnerable targets with light fragmentation bombs and machine-gun fire.54 That these crude aircraft were able to operate so effectively should not be surprising; even 60 years later, under certain circumstances, light aircraft can penetrate even sophisticated air-defense systems. By fall 1944, over 500 such aircraft were operating, most of them in Russia; however, Allies also encountered night ground-attack units equipped with more modern aircraft types on the Italian and Western Fronts. As with many such improvisations throughout German military history, this cheap expedient came from the grass roots. Not until early 1944 did official published doctrine for the use of this weapon appear, and the bulk of developmental and experimental work with the concept occurred at the unit level. The fixation of the Luftwaffe Operations Staff on regaining conventional air superiority probably prevented more extensive reliance on such low-tech work-arounds.
By destroying the Luftwaffe and gaining air superiority over the whole of the battle area, airpower made its single greatest contribution to Allied victory in the Second World War. The German air force responded to this threat with resourcefulness and determination. Many of these measures brought transitory success; others had no detectable impact upon the course of events. One may assess their individual effectiveness on a number of levels. In creating a homeland-defense organization in the face of many demanding commitments on three widely separated combat fronts, the Luftwaffe High Command actually did a creditable job; in fact, by late 1943 it had come close to rendering the AAF's deep-penetration operations too costly to continue. The German aircraft industry certainly rose to the task of providing greatly increased numbers of fighter aircraft—so much so that the Luftwaffe to the end did not suffer from a shortage of airframes. Even under punishing bombing attacks, the armaments overlords of Nazi Germany accomplished a "production miracle." The success of these measures underscores the amount of resilience present in a modern state, even under the most adverse circumstances.
In spite of impressive technological developments such as the Me 262 interceptor, German high-tech solutions to the air-superiority problem were largely failures. As compelling as the vision of new technology countering Allied numerical superiority may have been, the late-war German developments could not justify the exaggerated hopes placed in them. It is a fact that Luftwaffe airmen and ground personnel won their few defensive successes towards war's end with conventional or even obsolescent weapons.
What lessons does the Luftwaffe's struggle to regain air superiority suggest? Clearly, many aspects render the experience, from the vantage point of the early twenty-first century, only of historical interest. The pace of combat operations in the Second World War was rather leisurely and incremental. The Allied air offensive took years to unfold, only in the final year of the war doing real damage to the German economy. Even after the Normandy landings, the "broad front" strategy of the Western Allies enabled German forces—despite the drubbing they received in France—to reconstitute and not only defeat the Arnhem operation in September 1944, but also launch a major offensive in the Ardennes. Future conflicts are unlikely to afford an adversary such breathing space, during which the Germans implemented reforms in organization and aircraft production. Nor can a future adversary count on having time to ready new technology for even limited combat action. Furthermore, German countermeasures were designed to inflict decisive defeat upon the air forces of their enemies. As vain as that hope turned out to be, it is most unlikely that an adversary in the foreseeable future would even attempt to engage the US Air Force in such a battle for air superiority.
Despite the apparent gulf between the Luftwaffe experience and any future scenario, this historical case study offers relevant lessons. One of the more striking conclusions concerns the unwillingness of modern air forces to make sweeping changes in their operational doctrine. To suggest that the Luftwaffe's fixation on offensive operations was the sole—or even primary—cause of its defeat is to oversimplify the situation, but its adherence to cherished beliefs regarding the proper employment of airpower certainly delayed and hampered its response to the loss of air superiority. The costs of maintaining an offensive capability proved enormous, and for the Luftwaffe this was largely a self-inflicted wound.
Yet, to a certain extent, the Luftwaffe freed itself from the shackles of prewar doctrine, and its resulting measures hold the greatest interest to current airpower practitioners. Although the passive performance of the Iraqi air force in 1991 and 2003 in the face of coalition air dominance is reassuring, the Luftwaffe's experience—as well as the performance of the Argentine air arm during the Falklands war in 1982—suggests that well-trained air forces will continue to operate even in the face of overwhelming odds. Moreover, most of the significant, if transitory, German defensive successes resulted from clever and determined employment of conventional aircraft types, despite the postwar fixation on "wonder weapons." Ironically, the most relevant lesson from the Luftwaffe experience may be the use of obsolete, stealthy biplanes in a night-harassing role rather than the belated introduction of the world's fastest fighter. Recent US combat experience around the globe suggests many possibilities offered by the employment of less sophisticated weapons.
Reliance upon ground-based defenses also offers a great number of lessons. By mid-1944 the flak arm could claim responsibility for most of the Allied aircraft destroyed by German forces. Although the massing of heavy AAA tubes around important targets may seem a cost-ineffective way of doing business, the protection of tactical targets with massed small-caliber weapons was a different story. Since Allied aircraft immediately pounced upon every moving vehicle, it became a simple matter to lure them into well-concealed flak traps. Even humbler measures such as camouflage, concealment, smoke screens, shelter construction, and evacuations should not escape notice. Their cumulative effect enormously complicated the task of the Allied air planners. As Milch summed up, "If the last war taught us how to dig in, this war has taught us camouflage."55 Inexpensive and requiring little training and preparation, such methods quickly lend themselves to the repertoire of any nation that faces air dominance by an enemy. Moreover, concealment and mobility may prove an effective counter to precision-guided munitions, since these weapons often contain only a small warhead and depend on accuracy for their effectiveness. A future adversary would do well to study the German example.
In failing to halt the Allies, even the cleverest German countermeasures acquired an aura of total futility. The increased casualties inflicted by some of the measures were unlikely to divert the Allies from their stated goal of unconditional surrender. Yet, in a different political and social context, the capability of prolonging a conflict or driving up the casualty bill may be enough to force a major power to rethink its investment. As fruitless as the German measures were in a total war between nation-states, the ability to inflict unexpected casualties on the US Air Force, its coalition partners, or friendly populations might pay a future adversary disproportionate dividends.
1. For details of this plan, see Luftwaffenführungsstab Ia, "Kurze Studie: Kampf gegen die russischen Rüstungsindustrie," 11 September 1943, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv (BA/MA) RL 2 II/52. See also Richard Muller, The German Air War in Russia (Baltimore: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Co., 1992), chap. 5.
2. R. J. Overy, Goering: The "Iron Man" (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984), 190.
3. Air Ministry, The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force, 1933–1945 (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1948), 307.
4. Luftwaffenführungsstab Ia/Flieg. Nr. 9592/44 g.Kdos. Chefs. (T), "Studie über die Flugzeuglage der Kampfverbände," 5 May 1944, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) microfilm T321/10/4746765. See also "Suggestions by the German Air Force Operations Staff for the Regaining of German Air Superiority," 19 May 1944, Air Historical Branch translation, United States Air Force Historical Research Agency (AFHRA), Maxwell AFB, Ala., file no. 512.621 VII/48, 2.
5. Adolf Galland, The First and the Last: The German Fighter Force in World War II, trans. Mervyn Savill (Mesa, Ariz.: Champlin Museum Press, 1986), 316.
6. Alfred Price, The Last Year of the Luftwaffe: May 1944 to May 1945 (Osceola, Wis.: Motorbooks International, 1991), 111.
7. Ibid., 52.
8. Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Lw. Führungsstab Nr. 2300/44 geh. (Ia/Ausb.), "Taktische Bemerkungen des Oberkommandos der Luftwaffe Nr. 6/44," 25 August 1944, BA/MA RH 11 II/76, 14.
9. See Manfred Boehme, JG7: The World's First Jet Fighter Unit, 1944/1945, trans. David Johnston (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 1992), 180–89, for a comprehensive review of the controversy surrounding the Me 262.
10. The most significant work on the antiaircraft forces is Edward B. Westermann, Flak: German Anti-Aircraft Defenses, 1914–1945 (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2001).
11. Richard G. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1993), 439.
12. Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Lw. Führungsstab Nr. 1920/44, 15 July 1944, "Taktische Bemerkungen des Oberkommandos der Luftwaffe Nr. 5/44," 15 July 1944, BA/MA RL 2 II/125, 17.
13. Air Ministry, Rise and Fall, 28.
14. Williamson Murray, Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1983), 314.
15. "Notes on Discussions with Reichsmarschall Göring, Held on May 15–16, 1944, on the Subject of Fighters and Fighter Personnel," Air Ministry, Air Historical Branch translation, AFHRA, file no. 512.621 VII/71, 1–2.
16. Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Lw. Führungsstab Nr. 1640/44 geh. (Ia/Ausb.), 26 June 1944, "Taktischer Einzelhinweis Nr. 19, Sicherung des Flugbetriebes gegen feindliche Jagdangriffe," BA/MA RL 2 II/127, 4.
17. Ibid., 3.
18. Stephen L. McFarland and Wesley Phillips Newton, To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany, 1942–1944 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991), 229–31.
19. Der Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe, Führungsstab Ia/Ausb. Nr. 570/44, "Taktische Bemerkungen des Ob.d.L. Nr. 2/44," 1 March 1944, BA/MA RH 11 III/76, 9.
20. Ibid., 4.
21. Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Lw. Führungsstab Nr. 1411/44 geh. (Ia/Ausb.), "Taktische Bemerkungen des Oberkommandos der Luftwaffe Nr. 4/44," 1 June 1944, BA/MA RH 11 III/76, 11–12.
22. Davis, appendix 23.
23. Omer Bartov, The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (Oxford: Macmillan, 1985).
24. "Taktische Bemerkungen . . . 6/44," 3.
25. Generalstab der Luftwaffe, 8. Abteilung, Beurteilung des Krieges Nr. 11, 3 April 1944, NARA T971/21/380.
26. On the rationale behind the Volkssturm, see David K. Yelton, Hitler's Volkssturm: The Nazi Militia and the Fall of Germany, 1944–1945 (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2002).
27. Günther W. Gellermann, Moskau ruft Heeresgruppe Mitte (Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe, 1988), 42–60.
28. Adrian Weir, The Last Flight of the Luftwaffe: The Fate of Schulungslehrgang Elbe, 7 April 1945 (London: Arms and Armour, 1997), 168–71.
29. Davis, appendix 23.
30. Der Reichsmarschall der Großdeutschen Reiches und Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Nr. 8947/43, Betr: "Drohende Gefahr West," 6 December 1943, NARA T321/10/4746474.
31. "Taktische Bemerkungen . . . 4/44," 13.
32. Ibid., 15.
33. For a fresh look at the issue, see Ian Gooderson, Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943–45 (London: Frank Cass, 1998), chap. 5.
34. Air Ministry, Rise and Fall, 329.
35. Generalstab 8. Abteilung, "The Normandy Invasion, 1944," 8 August 1944, Air Ministry translation, AFHRA, file no. 512.621 VII/61, 1.
36. Air Ministry, Rise and Fall, 330.
37. "Some Aspects of the German Fighter Effort during the Initial Stages of the Invasion of Northwest Europe: A Survey Dated 18 November 1944 by Oberst Martin Mettig, Chief of Staff of Jagdkorps II, 25 March–25 June 1944," Air Historical Branch translation, AFHRA, file no. 512.621 VII/19, 3.
38. "Taktische Bemerkungen . . . 6/44," 4.
39. "Instructions for the Operation and Command of Battle of the Antiaircraft Artillery in Air Defense," 10 September 1944, USAFE Posthostilities Investigation, German Air Defenses, AFHRA, file no. 519.601A-14, vol. 14, pt. C, bk. 25, p. 4.
40. "Some Aspects of the German Fighter Effort," 2.
41. Panzergruppe West Abt. Ia/Fliegerverbindungsoffizier Nr. 1600/44 geheim, "Merkblatt zur Luftwaffen-Unterstützung (Westverhältnisse)," 22 March 1944, NARA T321/51/4798880.
42. "The Normandy Invasion, 1944," 3.
43. Generalstab 8. Abteilung, "Development of the German Ground Attack Arm and Principles Governing Its Operations Up to the End of 1944," 1 December 1944, Air Ministry translation, AFHRA, file no. 512.621 VII/14, 15.
44. James S. Corum, "The Luftwaffe's Normandy Campaign" (unpublished paper, October 1995), 7–9.
45. "Taktische Bemerkungen . . . 5/44," 8.
46. Michael J. Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemunde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era (New York: Free Press, 1995), 125.
47. Michael Howard, British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, vol. 5, Strategic Deception (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 103–34.
48. "The Normandy Invasion, 1944," 3.
49. Price, 63–65.
50. For technical details on this aircraft, see Werkschrift 2234 B-2/Fl, Ar 234B-2 Bedienungsvorschrift/Fl (mit Rüstanweisung), July 1944, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, curatorial files, file "Arado Ar 234."
51. Price, 64.
52. David Irving, Göring: A Biography (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1989), 437.
53. "Army Co-Operation in the GAF: The Duties of Reconnaissance Units," 29 July 1942, AFHRA, file no. 512.625-3, 2.
54. Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Führungsstab Ia/Ausb. Nr. 1300/44 geheim, "Merkblatt: Die Nachtschlachtflieger-Verbände," 20 May 1944, BA/MA RH 11 III/76.
55. David Irving, The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe: The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 105.
Dr. Richard R. Muller (BA, Franklin and Marshall College; MA, PhD, Ohio State University) is a professor of military history at Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama. Specializing in the history of World War II and the development of airpower, he teaches core courses in airpower history, international security studies, the nature of war, leadership and command, and the elective course The Second World War and the Operational Art. Dr. Muller's publications include The German Air War in Russia (1992) and The Luftwaffe's Way of War: German Air Force Doctrine, 1911–1945 (with James S. Corum, 1998).
The conclusions and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author cultivated in the freedom of expression, academic environment of Air University. They do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, the United States Air Force or the Air University.
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Welcome to the TV shows fanlisting
Hello and welcome to "Scripted Reality", the The Fanlistings Network listed fanlisting for TV Shows. This fanlisting is owned by Nathalie and part of Glitterskies.org.
Update: 12th June 2017
We are now listing 99 approved fans from 35 different countries, with also 0 fans waiting to be added to the listing. Welcome to our newest member(s), Tifa.
This fanlisting is listed at The Fanlistings Network in the TV Shows category.


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