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Subaru WRX Forum (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/)
- Problem Diagnosis (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f72/)
- - humming sound (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f72/humming-sound-2332/)
humming sound
Hey i just got my wrx last week brand new, and today it's started humming when the ac kicks on, if it's at rest in the driveway it's making the noise when it clicks over and the belt and fan spin faster. Ok while not a performance question i do think it's ###### the belt or fan or compressor, my question is if it is the belt is it safe to drive because if the belt snaps does the same belt that drives the ac power the brake system.
might be a stuipd question but i'm just a bit concerned
no, its not gonna kill your brakes.....
the ac compressor belt drives just that...the ac compressor. more than likely, its just a mild compressor noise...but still take it to the dealer to get looked at. no, its not dangerous.
Thanks! i appreciate it. !Thumbs Up
no problem...anytime.....that i am awake, that is!
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Rolls-Royce Phantom Hire: Brent
Rolls-Royce Phantom hire is available in in north-west London wherein lies the borough of Brent with a population of just over 250,000 people. It is ideally placed for convenience to both airports and the centre of London, and people choose to stay here during a tourist or business trip to the London area giving countless Rolls-Royce Phantom hire opportunities. Visitors arriving from overseas at Heathrow, Gatwick or Stansted can take advantage of getting from the airport to the excellent local accommodation in Brent in a chauffeur-driven Rolls-Royce Phantom hired through London Phantoms.
Rolls-Royce Phantom Hire in Brent
There are many places of interest within the borough of Brent, but perhaps the most famous are the Wembley Stadium and Wembley Arena. Wembley Stadium plays host to over 1 million football and rugby matches every year, and is also home to major music concerts. Many people choose to visit this part of London simply to see a sporting match or world famous musical act so why not make it an outing to remember by arriving like a star yourself in a luxury Rolls-Royce Phantom?
Of course, the Brent area has much more to offer than just these two venues including the Brent Museum. There are many displays and exhibits here which document the history and growth of the Brent area, as well as historical items such as the Olympic Torch from the 1948 Games and a signed football from the 1966 England World Cup win.
With dozens of bars, restaurants, cinemas and theatres, the Brent area contains everything that a tourist or business traveller should ever need. There are great accommodation prospects in the area ranging from guest-houses up to 5* hotels. Public transport comes in the form of good tube access, taxis and buses, but nothing on land, air or water beats travelling in a Rolls-Royce Phantom.
We also have a whole host of other cars available for wedding/event/corporate/casual hire in the Brent borough, including a Rolls-Royce Ghost, Bentleys, Mercedes and a Maybach. Contact us today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hyland's is inspired by you – by the way you dedicate yourself everyday to making the best choices for your child's well being. We know that's not easy. We strive to be the perfect partner for you in those moments when you need good medicine that works well, safely and quickly. Founded in 1903, we are America's largest manufacturer of homeopathic medicines. From Teething Tablets to Cold 'n Cough 4 Kids, Hyland's understands that what goes inside the tiniest of bodies makes a huge impact on health and growth.
While you're trying to decode the mysteries of parenting, our medicine is a safe, effective choice – with results that you can depend on. Hyland's is also a brand that is right in step with the call for natural living from the inside out. We believe greening our bodies is as important as greening the environment. That applies not only to the foods we eat, but also to the types of medicines we ingest and apply to our skin.
We hope that our family of products stay within your family. Hyland's has been a part so many generations: medicine cabinets have been filled with our tablets, gels and ointments for more than a century. Hyland's celebrates a legacy that we're proud to carry on with you and your growing family.
You can find Hyland's products at your local natural foods store, grocery, drug store, pharmacy, and superstore. To view our full product selection, visit http://www.hylands.com.


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|900 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 nights
Our cabin is a fully furnished, three bedroom, one bathroom rambler just a few blocks off the lake and 1.5 miles west of beautiful downtown Clear Lake. It is close enough to downtown and the highway to get anywhere quickly but far enough away to escape the hustle and bustle so you can enjoy the quiet.
Just off the Lake has a beautiful and relaxing front deck, free wifi, and a fully furnished kitchen. Just pick up some groceries at the nearby Fareway and you're all set. Our long driveway has plenty of room to park your boat/trailer or RV. The house is very family-friendly with a high chair, booster chair, and pack-n-play. There is a park with a nice playground just a few blocks away.
We'd love to have you stay with us on your next trip to Clear Lake! Call or text Debbie at 651.230.3796 for more information.
Off-season monthly rental rate: $1100. Please contact Debbie for more information.
The three of us grew up in this house in Clear Lake and still come back often with our families to enjoy the house as well as all Clear Lake has to offer. Two of us currently live in the Twin Cities and one of us is off in New Mexico (but still manages to make it back to Clear Lake regularly!). When we're in town we also enjoy connecting with the many friends and family who still live in Clear Lake, and we look forward to sharing our town and our cabin with you.
Debbie Hahn purchased this house in 1957
As we've mentioned, our father and uncles built this house in 1957 and for us, as adults, it is now the perfect cabin for us to use to stay connected to Clear Lake and enjoy time away and time together.
Just off the Lake is in a residential neighborhood close to enough to the activity of downtown to be convenient but far enough away to be very quiet and relaxing. The house itself is very cozy and the front deck is particularly nice for enjoying some down time, eating meals together, etc. The house comes furnished with everything you need to have a relaxing vacation and is just a few blocks from lake and plenty of public access docks & boat ramps.
This house is a gem!! Very clean and comfortable. The owners have supplied almost everything you would need for your stay. In addition, the owners were extremely easy to work with. We would stay here again!!
This cabin was perfect for 4 adults and 3 little kids to stay in. This was our first stay in Clear Lake and we look forward to going back! The cabin had everything we needed for the weekend and was very clean. This is close to the lake and not far from other attractions. We loved visiting the farmers market, city beach, and downtown. Fareway, Dollar General, ACE hardware were also close enough to go grab anything you needed as well.
The location of this property is wonderful. Close to the lake, restaurants and easy access to town. But still far enough away that you could enjoy coffee on the deck in the mornings without a lot of disturbance. Nice 3 bedroom, very clean, not a modern, granite type of place but a perfect lake house. Would highly recommend for families and plan on staying again if in the area.
We rented the cabin for 6 weeks while waiting for our house to close. All of our stuff was packed so it was great to find a place that had it all, including Internet. It was a cute and well cared for house right off the main road. Easy to find and Within walking distance to parks, restaurants, and entertainment. The owner was a phone call away and responded quickly if we needed anything.
The house was perfect for what we were looking for. It met all of our expectations and we would definitely stay here again!
What a great place to rent. Very very clean. We thoroughly enjoyed our week at this comfortable home. We felt so comfortable just like at home and the homeowner is very pleasant and easy to work with. We also loved the extras that come with the house-the bikes, videos and toys. It really was very peaceful to sit on the deck and enjoy the silence and relax. We look forward to staying here again next time we come to Clear Lake. You really won't be disappointed renting this home.
Check out our Gogobot Guide above for some of our family's favorite activities in Clear Lake!
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
|Pet Fee
|Refundable damage deposit
|Tax Rate
Off-season monthly rentals can be negotiated on a month-to-month basis. Rent due the 15th of the month prior to the rental month.


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Oilfield Jewelry Gifts Drill Bit Key Chains
Oilfield jewelry featuring tricone bits,drill pipe elevator pendants, PDC keychains,hybrid PDC's with turning cones, Tricone hat pins and more.
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Coming Soon: High Detail Video & Photo Library for 100's of Oil & Gas Gifts. Until Then: Please Visit Our Main Site For Oilfield & Gas Gifts WWW.JHMCO.US
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100's of Unique Oilfield Jewelry Oil & Gas Gifts, Charms, Novelties, Derrick, Pump Jack & Tricone Drillbit Necklace Pendants. Jhm Co. Since 1937
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Area Last Count Count Change from Prior Count Date of Prior Count Change from Last Year Date of Last Year's Count; U.S. 14 Oct 11 2023


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a place for zinesters - writers and readers
Hobo was created way back at the same time as Killer Hippy and Evil Steev but has been updated to star in my forth book along with my newest character Wino. Together they form a duo so mysterious you wont be able to resist checking it out for yourself!
Views: 6


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Essendon's hopes of avoiding suspensions for players found to have taken banned substances rest on convincing the World Anti-Doping Agency that the club deliberately misled, and ultimately betrayed, its players.
As the drugs in sport inquiry enters its fifth month, Fairfax Media has learned that the seemingly slow pace can be attributed largely to Essendon players being given every opportunity to build a no-fault or mitigating circumstances case that will meet WADA's high evidentiary requirements.
Central to any no-fault or mitigating circumstances case will be allegations that players were duped into taking substances they believed were approved by WADA and had been authorised by senior Essendon personnel, including the club's medical staff.
Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority investigators are examining if players were given different substances to what they were told they were being given. There is also confusion as to whether club medical staff had actually approved every substance being administered.
Adding weight to the players' no-fault or mitigating circumstances cases are confidentiality agreements the club made them sign that stipulated they could not tell anyone about the top-secret supplements' program.
''It appears that the players have effectively been sabotaged by their own club,'' a source aware of disclosures made to ASADA said.
Another source familiar with events at Essendon last year said players genuinely believed the club's supplements' program complied with anti-doping regulations. That source said players had no option but to believe what they were told.
''You imagine a kid down from the Northern Territory in his first year. Is he going to go against something his coach wants him to do and that club officials say is safe? No way,'' the source said.
However, convincing WADA that players found to have taken banned substances should not be suspended is likely to be difficult because agency president John Fahey said last week it was up to athletes to ensure drugs they took did not breach rules, even if their club had declared them compliant.
Mr Fahey's hardline comments came after Essendon captain Jobe Watson declared a week ago that he believed he had been injected with banned drug AOD-9604, which he said club officials had assured players was not illegal.
While the prospect of players avoiding bans will please Bombers' fans, it is believed several prominent club officials, including coaching staff, are likely to be held accountable by the AFL for failing to protect players from a highly experimental program.
The AFL is believed to be considering massive fines, the loss of premiership points and draft picks as possible sanctions against Essendon for bringing the game into disrepute. It can also be revealed that some doctors who helped with supplements programs in the AFL and NRL are likely to be referred to state medical boards for investigation.


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James Sturm On His New Graphic Novel
Thursday, 04/01/10
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VPR's Jane Lindholm talks with James Sturm, cartoonist and co-founder of the Center For Cartoon Studies in White River Junction about his new graphic novel, Market Day.
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A History Of Fresh Foods
Thursday, 04/01/10
Jane Lindholm
Our definition of 'fresh food' is ever-changing - driven by technology and public perceptions. We talk about the history and meaning of freshness. Also, James Sturm on his new graphic novel, and we open our mailbag.
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From Superheroes To Social Issues: The Changing Face Of Comics
Tuesday, 11/10/09
Jane Lindholm
We talk with James Sturm, co-founder of the Center for Cartoon Studies about graphic novels. Then we hear from Rutland Herald reporter Bruce Edwards about struggling movie theaters. And, selling genuine Vermont sticks to city-dwelling dog lovers around the country!
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Mercedes A45 The 355bhp AMG has been unveiled, and it will cost £36k when order books open soon
The Mercedes A45 AMG has been revealed at a special AMG preview night on the eve of the Geneva Motor Show, celebrating some of the latest additions to the AMG range as well as future ones.
While we already know about the hot A-Class' impressive statistics – faster from 0-62mph than a Porsche 911, four-wheel drive, seven-speed automatic gearbox and 450Nm of torque – this is the first time we've got to see the new car in the metal.
The Mercedes A45 AMG on show was the Edition 1 version. On sale for just the first year, this car gets the additional aerodynamics package, which includes a larger rear spoiler and a bigger front splitter for an even more aggressive stance than the standard Mercedes AMG version. There's also a special white paint with grey stripe up the bonnet and side of the car. Inside, the tighter body-hugging upgraded performance seats were finished with red piping, along with splashes of red around the rest of the cabin and carbon-fibre inserts.
It wasn't all about the performance A-Class, however, as we were also given a sneak peak at the new CLA 45 AMG. The hot saloon gets carbon-fibre detailing, such as side skirts and wing mirror casing, along with black alloys and black exhausts to help it stand out from the standard CLA.
In terms of performance, it uses the same 355bhp 2.0-litre turbocharged engine as the Mercedes A45 AMG. This is driven through the firm's four-wheel-drive system with the same seven-speed automatic gearbox as the A-Class AMG model.
Also on show was the new four-wheel-drive Mercedes E 63 S-Model, the ultimate SLS AMG Black Series and the upgraded C63 AMG Edition 507, which gets a 60bhp power increase to take it to 507bhp. The manufacturer is hoping the performance side-arm will be a major part of its sales growth over the next four years.
With the AMG brand set to celebrate its 50th birthday in 2017, Merc is looking for annual sales of Mercedes AMG models to grow from 20,000 in 2011 up to 30,000. In order to help push this 50 per cent rise in sales, Mercedes is planning to offer a range of at least 30 separate AMG models.
Ola Kallenius, Chairman of the Management Board Mercedes-AMG, said that the A45 was an important part of the sales increase: "This is a vehicle to open a completely new gateway to the AMG world at an attractive entry price that will make an AMG attainable to new target groups," he said, adding that it will appeal to younger customers.
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The suddenly scuffling Rafters fell to three games out of first place with another loss on Wednesday afternoon.
Surprise went up against Blue Jays sinkerballing southpaw Mark Rzepczynski, who hurled six innings of two-hit, shutout ball and fanned eight without issuing a walk.
Left fielder Jared Bolden batted third in the Rafters order and was 0-for-3 with a base on balls. He threw out a runner at second base to pick up his first outfield assist of the Fall League season.
DH Joey Butler and second baseman Davis Stoneburner both singled once in four trips. Butler stole his third base.
Former Rangers prospect Matt Lawson, who was sent to Seattle in the Cliff Lee trade, has been working out at shortstop during the Fall League. A second baseman by trade, Lawson didn't see any time at shortstop during his four years in the Texas organization. He has nine errors in 13 contests at shortstop during the Fall League for a .813 fielding percentage.
Cleanup hitter and catcher Max Ramirez got four plate appearances in La Guaira's 8-3 victory over the Caribes. Ramirez was 0-for-3 but brought home a run with a sacrifice fly.
Ramirez has played 18 games with La Guaira thus far––11 as a designated hitter and seven behind the plate. He has committed one error with one passed ball and has gunned down 2-of-6 attempted base stealers.
Lefty specialist Joe Ortiz retired the only batter he faced by inducing a flyout. The 20-year-old now has three full innings over 11 appearances.
Magallanes southpaw Martin Perez appeared in relief of hard-throwing righty Fernando Nieve, with both hurlers working three innings. Perez yielded two runs––one earned––on three hits, walking two and striking out five.
The 19-year-old has produced a mixed bag of results in his first 15 winterball innings. Perez has worked some dominant outings to go along with some poor ones. His 6.60 ERA has come with 10 walks and 15 punchouts.
Edwin Garcia got the start at shortstop for Caracas and was 0-for-1 with a pair of walks. Through three games, Garcia is 2-for-7 with a double and two walks.
Centerfielder Engel Beltre fanned twice in three hitless at-bats, dropping his average to .375 after four starts in the Dominican Republic. A solid defender with a strong arm, Beltre picked up an outfield assist by gunning down Red Sox outfielder Josh Reddick at home plate.
Left-hander Kasey Kiker has seen his innings gradually increase in each of his four outings with Ponce, and he worked into the seventh inning during Wednesday's start. The prospect picked up the victory after going 6.1 frames and giving up three runs––two earned––on three hits. He walked one and struck out four.
Kiker had an extremely rough regular season with Double-A Frisco, as he posted a 7.65 earned-run average and walked 46 batters in 40 innings. His control deteriorated as the season progressed, ending with 12 walks over one total inning in his final three outings with the 'Riders.
But Kiker is showing signs of progress in Puerto Rico this winter. Through 13.2 frames with Ponce, he has yielded four earned runs on 11 hits, walking five and striking out 11. Kiker may be a full-time reliever with the Rangers organization at this point, but he still has the stuff to reach the big leagues if he can throw strikes and command his three-pitch arsenal.
The circuit has begun its 2010 campaign, but there will be no Rangers players participating this season.
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Come check out our next class - SMD Soldering on June 9th!
Surface mount device, or SMD, soldering is a great skill for the DIY electronic enthusiast to have. Unfortunately, it can be a little bit intimidating looking at tiny parts and knowing you have to solder them down on your PCB. However, we here at SparkFun are firm believers that anyone (that includes you!) can solder SMD and we'll teach you how!
On June 9th, SparkFun is hosting an SMD Soldering Class. We provide you with the tools, parts, and tips on how to solder SMD components. At the end of the night, you'll not only have a working Simon kit to show off to your friends, but you'll own a working knowledge of SMD soldering techniques that will allow you to solder up your own boards without fear!
While we are talking about classes, don't forget Maker Faire 2010 in San Mateo, CA is coming up May 22-23. SparkFun is sponsoring and will be there in force. We'll be bringing both SMD and PTH kits with us to teach soldering workshops. Check out the SparkFun Maker Faire page for more info. Hope to see you there!
If you can't that long to get started with SMD, have a look at this video:
You're on to us. The mind reading soldering stations weren't supposed to be announce until Christmas. We have a few more kinks to work out before releasing that one on the world.
That's funny you guys posted this because I was already going to sign up for that class today. You guys must have mind reading capabilities built into your soldering stations ;)


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A Constitutional History of the United States
Chapter XXV - Federal and State Differences. Federalist Opposition. The Embargo. The Olmstead Case.
McLaughlin, Andrew C.
Why did the Federalist leaders object to the terms of the Louisiana treaty? Partly because they would have objected to the annexation of paradise, if the arrangements had been made by Thomas Jefferson; partly because they were growing bitter at the sight of Virginia's domination; partly because they were afraid of the south and were perhaps more afraid of the west where new states were growing up and would ere long rob New England of her powers and influence. To some of the New Englanders, and doubtless to others as well, the specter of democracy appeared menacing and frightful. Government was intended for the wise, the good, and the rich, and the future held nothing but desolation for a country ruled by Jacobins and an ignorant populace.
Then began deliberate but secret whisperings of secession.
We shall probably never know just how definite the conspiracy was and just who were implicated. The irascible Pickering, "honest Tim", was foremost and the most confident. "I do not know
one reflecting
Nov-Anglian", he wrote to Rufus King in 1804, "who is not anxious for the
at which I have glanced."
The difficulty in appraising this declaration as evidence arises from a suspicion of Pickering's judgment, about which no words of praise would be justified. Furthermore, no one would be capable of reflection except a person viewing the world in general and the vices of democracy as Pickering did. George Cabot kept his head, though he was also depressed by the awful spectacle of democracy: "
We are democratic altogether
", he told Pickering, "and I hold democracy, in its natural operation, to be
the government of the worst
But nothing, he believed, could be done until the people felt something real and serious, such as a war with Great Britain, "manifestly provoked by our rulers."
The people were not in a state of distress; they were not greatly disturbed or anxious; and yet some of these wise, good, and rich leaders actually seemed to think New England could be led by her fears and forebodings to dissolve the union, although the strongest ground for taking the step must be the democratic theories of the Virginians. It was much like saying to the people, "The Virginians, under the tutelage of Jefferson, trust the people; we do not; therefore all of you should coöperate with us in destroying the union." The truth appears to be that the conspiracy, despite Pickering's words, was confined to a few; but outside of this rather narrow circle a considerable number were restless and grumbling. When serious hardship arose, many were ready to join in denunciation of the government (1808-1814); then the wise and the good had more material to work with.
In 1804, the plan of the conspiracy leaders included the enticing of New York into the camp of the malcontents; they hoped to do this by bringing Aaron Burr into the fold. In its most positive form this scheme appears to have consisted of making Burr the leader in a secession movement; New York and the New England states were to form a new confederacy. There is really not much evidence of the sober intent to carry this plan to its final consummation. Perhaps the purpose — at all events as a beginning — was to consolidate the northern interests for effective resistance to the Jeffersonian party. The plan, whatever it was, failed. Burr was defeated in the campaign for the governorship of New York, though supported by no small number of Federalists; and when he shot Alexander Hamilton his career and even his capacity for mischief were badly shattered. That the conspirators would have been willing to separate the northern states is fairly certain; but it appears likely that success in building up a northern party by the capture of New York and perhaps other middle states would have satisfied or dulled their ambition for secession until an extreme emergency arose.
There is something peculiarly unattractive in the conduct of these conspiring New Englanders; they were victims of bigoted partisanship. Some of them were attached to the cause of England without sufficient respect for America's own dignity and rights. They were planting their feet to resist movements that were to sweep all obstacles aside from the pathway of democracy, expansion, union, and nationalism. It is not our business, as mere historians, to pronounce democracy, expansion, and nationalism essentially wise and noble; but those opposing these movements were placing themselves outside the currents of the nineteenth century. We must remind ourselves, however, that patriotism was necessarily of slow growth; democratic ideals and the early and emphatic rejection of the doctrines of the wise, the good, and the rich are altogether too much to expect from any set or group who were themselves comfortably established in social position.
At a later day (1828-1829) the career of the Federalist party in the early years of the century was strongly, perhaps one should say stridently, described by John Quincy Adams. The description was the result of a dispute with certain gentlemen of New England who resented his charging Federalist leaders with entertaining plans for dissolving the union:
"This coalition of Hamiltonian Federalism with the Yankee spirit had produced as incongruous and absurd a system of politics as ever was exhibited in the vagaries of the human mind. It was compounded of the following prejudices:
"1. An utter detestation of the French Revolution and of France, and a corresponding excess of attachment to Great Britain, as the only barrier against the universal, dreaded empire of France.
"2. A strong aversion to republics and republican government, with a profound impression that our experiment of a confederated republic had failed for want of virtue in the people.
"3. A deep jealousy of the Southern and Western States, and a strong disgust at the effect of the slave representation in the Constitution of the United States.
"4. A belief that Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madison were servilely devoted to France, and under French influence."
The relations of America with the warring powers of Europe, especially after 1805, were replete with difficulty. There is no need of our trying to estimate the comparative weight of insults and injuries which the United States suffered on the one side from Britain's ruthless disregard of neutral rights and, on the other, from the sly and insidious attacks of Napoleon. But after the Chesapeake affair (1807) conditions were almost intolerable, though Jefferson continued to bear them — not with light heart and a sunny smile, but to bear them none the less. It is easy enough for us to criticize and to lament the weakness of the administration and the frailty of a divided country; but it is not so easy to say what ought to have been done to preserve the semblance of national self-respect and to preserve it in the presence of virulent partisanship and sectional bitterness. Of course, the elementary difficulty was the absence of thoroughgoing national consciousness, the impelling sense of common interest. Before the trouble was over, the continuity of the union was seriously threatened. And still, as we shall see, when after years of tribulation war actually came, the union did hold together; there was still enough nationalism and patriotism to assure its survival.
In the latter part of 1807 Jefferson saw that something must be done. He decided upon an embargo. When, as a result of French decrees and Britain's orders in council, American ships were in danger of either being quietly confiscated or blown out of the water, was it not wise to hold them safe in their own harbors and allow the shipmasters to fret their souls away in idleness and discontent?
He therefore entered upon a terrapin policy; America should withdraw within her shell and look forth from this calm security upon the tribulations of the world.
The rapidity with which Congress responded illustrates the authority which Jefferson still wielded, an authority to be rather severely crippled after the embargo had been tried and found wanting. The Senate agreed to the proposal after a few hours of debate. John Quincy Adams exclaimed, "The President has recommended the measure on his high responsibility. I would not consider, I would not deliberate; I would act!"
The House took time for consideration but acted promptly. The final vote in the Senate was twenty-two to six; in the House, eighty-two to forty-four.
The act was passed and was signed by the President on December 22, 1807. Early in the next year two supplementary acts were passed to make the measure more sweeping and effective. In the succeeding months preparations were made for armed defense of the country. Money was appropriated for Jefferson's toy gunboats and for fortifications, and provisions were made for building up a small army and for equipping the militia. But it can hardly be said that the days of the embargo were energetically used to prepare for inevitable war. The President hoped that under the peaceful policy of restriction the warring nations of Europe would be brought to their senses, learn to leave American commerce alone, permit the merchantmen to traverse the ocean with their cargoes unmolested, and allow them to reap the fruits which the old world's war provided for an energetic neutral.
All through the weary months of 1808 opposition to the embargo increased; there was occasional violence; the heart of New England gradually hardened. The shipmasters and traders were not prepared placidly to endure the sight of their vessels tied up at the wharves or anchored in the harbors; and the wrath of the men of the northern region, when the embargo interfered with trade across the Canadian border, was not less ominous. The opposition became each day more serious. Jefferson's efforts at enforcement led him on to a position which in some respects resembled that of a dictator in war rather than that of a peaceful leader whose main desire was to allow and secure the placid development of his country. The following is an illustration: "Yours of July 27th", Jefferson wrote to General Dearborn, "is received. It confirms the accounts we received from others that the infractions of the embargo in Maine & Massachusetts are open.... The tories of Boston openly threaten insurrection if their importation of flour is stopped. The next post will stop it. I fear your Governor [Sullivan, himself a Jeffersonian Republican!] is not up to the tone of these parricides, and I hope, on the first symptom of an open opposition to the laws by force, you will fly to the scene and aid in suppressing any commotion."
But perhaps the most significant indication of how nearly the embargo resembled war itself, with many of war's privations and dislocations, or how its enforcement necessitated such orders as might have been endured with courage had a foreign enemy blockaded the coast, is shown by a statement of the harried President when it must have seemed to him that peaceful coercion of the foreigner was proving a failure and was repelling even his own former followers in New England. Writing of conditions at Buckstown, he said to Gallatin: "This is the first time the character of the place had been brought under consideration as an objection. Yet a general disobedience to the laws in any place must have weight towards refusing to give them any facilities to evade. In such a case we may fairly require positive proof that the individual of a town tainted with a general spirit of disobedience, has never said or done anything himself to countenance that spirit."
Gallatin had already written to the President his opinion that if the embargo was to be persisted in, two determinations must be adopted: one, no vessel should be allowed to move without the special permission of the Executive; and, two, the collectors should be given "the general power of seizing property anywhere, and taking the rudders or otherwise effectually preventing the departure of any vessel in harbor, though ostensibly intended to remain there; and that without being liable to personal suits." In other words, customary and essential safeguards for personal property and liberty and the right of individual redress in courts of law must be abandoned.
Such conditions could not continue. The presidential election resulted in the choice of Madison as Jefferson's successor. Jefferson's last annual message (November, 1808) indicates how great a change had, in at least one respect, come over his dream. He actually pointed with a measure of pride and gratification to the fact that the situation "into which we have thus been forced has impelled us to apply a portion of our industry and capital to internal manufactures and improvements." The embargo, as if it were a prohibitory tariff, had in fact driven the Americans, and especially the New Englanders, to enter upon manufacturing; and Jefferson, whose ideal had been a country flourishing in simple productive labor of the farm and plantation, free from the debasing influence of the factory and the scarcely less degrading effect of the countingroom, now looked with satisfaction upon the consoling prospect of an industrial and self-sustaining nation. But once more, flinging stones at Jefferson's inconsistencies serves no purpose. His readiness, however, to see the possibility of a self-sufficient country, with "home manufactures" and internal improvements, is noteworthy because it foreshadowed the efforts and the controversies which arose after the war of 1812 and became the center of heated controversy and constitutional dispute.
Jefferson knew the embargo to be a failure, thanks to the implacable hostility of New England — a hostility which appears not to have been modified by the fact that restriction was laying foundations for new industries. The winter months (1808-1809) were filled with debate and with attack and counterattack; but after more than a year of anxiety and hatred the embargo policy was doomed. In the last trying months Jefferson made little effort to exercise leadership; Madison had been elected to take office in March and Gallatin's skillful hand was still at the helm of the treasury. Josiah Quincy, as if to exemplify the sweetness of Federalist temper, spoke of the retiring President still in office as "a dish of skim-milk curdling at the head of our nation". Some portions of the embargo were temporarily retained, but it was in effect succeeded by nonintercourse with Britain and France. More trouble lay ahead of a country distracted by sectional and factious opposition. War appeared scarcely less perilous than peace.
The constitutional questions which arose during the embargo days now demand brief attention. One objection to the measure was the absence of a time limit. Could prohibition of commercial intercourse be enacted without any provision for termination? The dispute does not merit any agonizing examination. Congress which passed the measure could repeal it. The failure to fix the life of an act does not make it unconstitutional. Of more significance was the denial of congressional power to prohibit commerce under pretense of regulating it. The conclusion laid down by Judge John Davis of the federal district court of Massachusetts appears irrefutable: "Power to 'regulate,' it is said, cannot be understood to give a power to annihilate.... It will be admitted that partial prohibitions are authorized by the expression; and how shall the degree or extent of the prohibition be adjusted but by the discretion of the national government, to whom the subject appears to be committed.... Further, the power to regulate commerce is not to be confined to the adoption of measures exclusively beneficial to commerce itself, or tending to its advancement; but in our national system, as in all modern sovereignties, it is also to be considered as an instrument for other purposes of general policy and interest."
Nothing can better illustrate the contradictions of politics than the contention of Federalists that a court should take a stand contrary to their own traditions.
The opposition to the embargo, wherever and however that opposition displayed itself, is important in constitutional history because it brings to our attention the frailty of the union and the danger lest the constitutional system be overthrown. But we are now called upon to consider the nature of the arguments and the declarations put forth in Congress and by state officials; we must endeavor to discover what theory of the union and of the constitutional order was commonly presented by those who attacked the constitutionality of the measure. Before entering upon a brief presentation of a few important documents in this embargo controversy, it may be well to put forth this general thesis: during the years from the adoption of the Constitution, and notably from the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, until the close of the war of 1812, and indeed for some time later, the central constitutional controversy was not concerning state sovereignty but states' rights; and it was particularly concerned with the question whether the states as individual bodies had the right to judge of their own authority and its extent, or, on the other hand, whether the central government was the judge of its' own powers and the states must quietly accept the conclusions of that government. We can, in the writer's opinion, scarcely overemphasize the weight of the fact that the dissatisfied legislatures, under Federalist control, insisted upon the right of the states to judge; their position is associated closely with the philosophy of the Revolution, with the idea of divided sovereignty, and with the principle of legally limited government. The statement of Jefferson in the Kentucky resolutions was bearing fruit — now, in practice, not quite to his own taste — that the parties to the compact were the ultimate judges of the extent of delegated authority. The Constitution did not in so many words declare where the right to judge rested; controversy and dispute were inevitable; because of the self-consciousness of the individual states, the adherents of the old compact philosophy, as well as the more thoughtless and acrimonious partisans, were intent upon the right of the parties to the compact to decide.
It appears a wrong interpretation, though it is the common one, to find in these protests and denunciations the full embodiment of the doctrine of state sovereignty. Only a careful examination of the doctrines, elaborately outlined by John Taylor and Calhoun at a later day, can bring to light the difference between them and the prevailing political thinking of the earlier decades under the Constitution. Certainly such an examination will disclose how far were the men of the first four decades from
envisaging the doctrines of state sovereignty as later exposed to view. If there is this essential difference, then we are led astray or are wandering from the path, if we find in every announcement of opposition to national authority a threat of secession as the natural consequence of sovereignty, which remained without modification in the separate states. Any resolution by a state legislature impugning national authority is now looked upon as a piece of presumption; and if we so look upon it, we lose sight of the signal importance of the discussions in our history bearing on the question of the right to judge.
If, when a legislative resolution calls a state a "sovereign" state, we must conclude that it means to assert the state's full and unqualified authority in every particular, then we must believe that in some instances the states did look upon the union as a league and not as a body politic. Much depends upon what was meant by "sovereignty"; and anyone who is to-day at all conversant with the word and its history will not be dogmatic and impose a definition upon the consciousness of state legislators of a century and more ago. We must bear in mind the easy fluency with which at the present time a state is spoken of as "sovereign"; and we must also remember that the doctrine of divided sovereignty was, and probably is, orthodox in the legal creed of constitutionalists.
One of the results of loose speech, the prerogative of practical politics, is a confusion of the terms state sovereignty and states' rights.
There can be no question that there were threats of rebellion as well as whisperings about the desirability of breaking away from the contaminating influence of Virginia and Jeffersonism. But the main thought seems to have been that if rebellion should come, it would be a rebellion justified by the national government's violation of legal authority; it would be based in part on the right of individuals to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and in part on the right of the states to protect their liberty which in certain essentials had not been surrendered by the establishment of a national government with limited powers. We must recognize a clear distinction between opposition to illegal acts and secession from the union on the ground that secession is based upon unalloyed sovereignty. The impressive fact is the absence of a distinct and frank assertion of the legal right to break the union at any time and without demonstration of illegality by the central government. Still it may be that at this time there was coming into the mind of the discontented New Englanders the conception of the Constitution as a treaty, rather than as a compact analogous to the social compact. But during the embargo period the writer has found only slight evidence of that fact.
It is impossible to present here in any detail illustrations of the sort of assertions which were made by the querulous New Englanders during the months that sorely tried their patience. Demonstration by ample quotation, if demonstration be possible, would require not only plenteous quotations, but studious examination of words and phrases within their context. We must be content with only a few brief examples. In Congress, Josiah Quincy, who cannot be looked upon as a timid soul shrinking from announcement of convictions, admitted that the embargo laws were the laws of the land, but he asked, "... who shall deny to a representative of the people the right, in their own favorite tribunal, of bringing your laws to the test of the principles of the Constitution?" Asking what should be the remedy for unconstitutional legislation, "so oppressive upon the mass of the people that it is impossible to wait upon the slow processes of the Judiciary", he answered by saying that the people and the state legislatures were in duty bound not to rebel or to break the union, "but to take the Constitution, that great charter of their liberties, into their consideration, and to strengthen and support its principles by vindicating them from violation."
In January, 1809, in reference to a speech from the Governor of Massachusetts in which he condemned lawless disregard of the embargo, the state senate declared the union "is a confederation of equal and independent states with limited powers...." "We beg leave to observe," the response also said, "that those rights, which the people have not chosen to part with, should be exercised by them with delicacy — only in times of great danger — not with 'distraction and confusion' — not to oppose the laws, but to prevent acts being respected as laws, which are unwarranted by the commission given to their rulers."
The house gave similar opinions: "We are unwilling to believe that any division of sentiment can exist among the New England States or their inhabitants as to the obvious infringement of rights secured to them by the Constitution of the United States;.and still more so that any man can be weak or wicked enough to construe a disposition to support that Constitution and preserve the union by a temperate and firm opposition to acts which are repugnant to the first principles and purposes of both, into a wish to recede from the other states.... If ever such suspicions existed they can have arisen only in the minds of those who must be sensible that they had adopted and were persisting in, measures which had driven the people to desperation, by infringing rights which the citizens of Massachusetts conceive to be unalienable, and which they fondly hoped had been inviolably secured to them by the federal compact.... Nothing but madness or imbecility could put at hazard the existence of a 'balanced government, capable of operating and providing for the public good,' unless the administration of that Government, by its arbitrary impositions had endangered or destroyed the very objects for the protection of whch [
] it had been instituted,"
A report and resolutions drawn up by the Massachusetts legislature the next month are somewhat more extreme. The most advanced and threatening assertions are as follows — though only a reading of the whole document can bring out its full meaning: "While the laws continue to have their free course, the judicial courts are competent to decide this question, and to them every citizen, when aggrieved, ought to apply for redress. It would be derogatory to the honour of the commonwealth to presume that it is unable to protect its subjects against all violations of their rights, by peaceable and legal remedies. While this state maintains its sovereignty and independence, all the citizens can find protection against outrage and injustice in the strong arm of the state government." The resolutions declare the embargo and supplementary acts unjust and unconstitutional and not legally binding on the citizens of the state, and announce the willingness of the legislature to coöperate with any of the other states "in all legal and constitutional measures" for procuring such amendments to the Constitution as would protect commerce and afford permanent security.
The resolutions conclude with a reference to the necessity of rescuing "our common country" from impending ruin and of preserving inviolate the union of the states.
No attempt has been made in this chapter to do more than sketch the outlines of a dangerous situation — dangerous to the continuity of the union and to the effective authority of the government. So much depends on the connotation of words that opportunities are offered for differences of opinion concerning the extent to which the theory of unalloyed state sovereignty was held or proclaimed. But one thing is probably evident: the center of the controversy was the question of the state's right to preserve its reserved authority and to resist intrusions upon its
of sovereign power.
In the writer's opinion, the fully-equipped doctrine of state sovereignty or the belief in it was, to say the least, not prominent; and we in some respects lose sight of the nature of the controversies during the first forty years of our history under the Constitution unless we appreciate, as already said, the continuity and the persistence of this question as to who had the right to pass final judgment on the extent of a governmental power.
During the years in which there was much dangerous discontent among the New England Federalists, an old controversy broke out anew in Pennsylvania. The dispute began during the Revolution when the committee of appeals of the old Congress, reviewing the decision of a Pennsylvania court, decided that prize money arising from the sale of the sloop
and her cargo belonged to Gideon Olmstead and other claimants. Pennsylvania refused to abide by the decision. A portion of the proceeds of the sale, in the form of loan-office certificates, subsequently passed into the hands of David Rittenhouse,
the state Treasurer, who, however, did not formally commit them to the treasury, and they later passed into the possession of the executrixes of the Rittenhouse estate. In 1803, the federal district court gave personal judgment against the executrixes; but the state was still obdurate; the legislature ordered the Governor to protect the "rights of the state" and the "persons and properties" of the executrixes. The executrixes finally turned the disputed sum into the state, which promised them protection from liability by giving "a sufficient instrument of indemnification...." Olmstead was as persistent as a Connecticut Yankee is entitled to be, and he and his fellows secured in 1809 a mandamus from the federal Supreme Court directing Judge Peters to issue process for carrying out the judgment previously awarded.
In giving the opinion
Chief Justice Marshall used the following forceful and characteristic words: "If the legislatures of the several states may, at will, annul the judgments of the courts of the United States, and destroy the rights acquired under those judgments, the constitution itself becomes a solemn mockery, and the nation is deprived of the means of enforcing its laws by the instrumentality of its own tribunals." The state was not compliant; the militia was called out to prevent service and execution. Armed conflict between federal officers and state troops appeared inevitable; but the federal marshal by a clever ruse succeeded in serving his writ. By this time the state was ready to retreat. The federal authority was amply sustained, for General Bright, who had commanded the militia, and others with him were haled before the federal court, convicted, and sentenced to pay fines and suffer imprisonment for obstructing the court. Madison, who had upheld the national authority, pardoned the condemned men, probably wisely, because they had acted under a mistaken sense of duty.
Resolutions which were passed by the Pennsylvania legislature (April 3, 1809) are especially illuminating.
They express a desire that the other states, "who are equally interested in the preservation of the state rights", should understand the position taken by Pennsylvania, and also that the government of the United States should see "that the Legislature, in resisting encroachments on their rights, are not acting in a spirit of hostility to the legitimate powers of the United States' courts; but are actuated by a disposition to compromise, and to guard against future collisions of power, by an amendment to the constitution...." They declare "That, as a member of the Federal Union, the Legislature of Pennsylvania acknowledges the supremacy, and will cheerfully submit to the authority of the general government, as far as that authority is delegated by the constitution of the United States." The senate and house trust "they will not be considered as acting hostile to the General Government, when, as
guardians of the State rights
, they can not permit an infringement of those rights, by an unconstitutional exercise of power in the United States' courts." Powers are granted to the general government and rights are reserved to the states, but "it is impossible, from the imperfections of language, so to define the limits of each, that difficulties should not some times arise from a collision of powers...." What is needed, therefore, is an amendment to the Constitution establishing a tribunal for the purpose of settling disputed jurisdiction of state and national governments: "To suffer the United States' courts to decide on
will, from a bias
in favor of power
, necessarily destroy the
of our Government: And whenever the government of the United States becomes consolidated, we may learn from the history of nations what will be the event."
How was this proposal received by the other states? There were then seventeen states in the union, and at least eleven of them disapproved.
Virginia's answer is worth noting: a tribunal was already provided for — "the Supreme Court, more eminently qualified ... to decide the disputes aforesaid in an enlightened and impartial manner, than any other tribunal which could be erected." This reply was drawn up twelve years after the famous resolutions of 1798; but Virginians were now in the saddle; a Virginian was President, a Virginian was the Chief Justice, and though Jefferson and other sturdy citizens of the Old Dominion fretted under Marshall's hand, and, before another decade passed, were pouring out vials of their wrath upon him, still it must have been some consolation to Virginians to think that, when all was said, he was one of their own blood. So much depended on local pride, on partisan prejudice, on personal passion, that varieties of constitutional interpretation, instead of a single simple one, came continually to the fore. But the contest in this particular was obviously over the power to judge.
The following year, the Pennsylvania legislature, adopting resolutions in opposition to the renewal of the United States Bank charter, made certain pronouncements more nearly in accord with the idea of complete state sovereignty than did any other state during this period: "The act of union thus entered into being to all intents and purposes a treaty between sovereign states, the general government by this treaty was not constituted the exclusive or final judge of the powers it was to exercise; for if it were so to judge then its judgment and not the constitution would be the measure of its authority." These phrases, though more extreme in their connotations than those of the Kentucky resolutions of an earlier day, are plainly sippings from that perennial fountain. Here, the reader may say, we find the complete and authoritative doctrine of state sovereignty in native nudity. But a careful examination of even this document awakens doubt of that interpretation, if it does not actually strengthen the belief that the critical matter was the right to judge. The resolutions speak of the federal Constitution's adoption by the "people of the United States",
of the establishment of a general government for special purposes, of the reservation of rights riot delegated, and of the anxiety "to secure an administration of the federal and state governments, conformably to the true spirit of their respective constitutions...."
One is left, therefore, with at least a vague impression that these legislators looked upon the Constitution of the United States as a constitution.
The admission of Louisiana into the union (1812) called forth bitter opposition from the New Englanders who feared the growing ascendancy of the south and the increase of western power. The easterners saw their own section submerged by the rising tide of other sections; they saw their influence and authority flouted and their interests subjected to slave-owners and intellectual incompetents. The speech of Josiah Quincy, delivered while admission was under discussion, is well-known: "... if this bill passes," he exclaimed, "the bonds of this Union are virtually dissolved; that the States which compose it are free from their moral obligations, and that, as it will be the right of all, so it will be the duty of some, to prepare definitely for a separation — amicably if they can, violently if they must."
He spoke of the analogy between a political partnership and an ordinary business partnership; he did not desire to see a new partner admitted; he did not believe the people adopting the Constitution intended to grant political power to the people of Louisiana. It appears rather unwise to take too seriously the exclamations of excited forensic oratory, though on this occasion the arguments against the right of Congress to admit states from territory, which was not held by the union when the Constitution was adopted, are not totally absurd and unreasonable. At a later date (June 16, 1813), a committee of the Massachusetts senate drew up a report
which strongly set forth objections to the admission of states "created in territories, beyond the limits of the old United States.... It is, in truth, nothing less than the power to create in foreign countries, new political sovereignties, and to divest the old United States of a proportion of their political sovereignty, in favor of such foreigner."
"Like death it [a democracy] is only the dismal passport to a more dismal hereafter", wrote Fisher Ames, who was probably the most doleful of all the malcontents. Letter from Ames to Christopher Gore, October 3, 1803, in Fisher Ames,
(Seth Ames, ed.), I, p. 324. "Our country is too big for union, too sordid for patriotism, too democratic for liberty.... Its vice will govern it, by practising upon its folly." Letter from Ames to Thomas Dwight, October 26, 1803, in
., I, p. 328. "The federalists must entrench themselves in the State governments, and endeavor to make State justice and State power a shelter of the wise, and good, and rich, from the wild destroying rage of the southern Jacobins." Letter from Ames to Christopher Gore, December 13, 1802, in
., I, p. 310.
The chief sources are Henry Adams,
Documents Relating to New-England Federalism. 1800-1815
; H. C. Lodge,
Life and Letters of George Cabot
Works of Fisher Ames
(Seth Ames, ed.), I; J. C. Hamilton,
History of the Republic of the United States
, VII; W. P. and J. P. Cutler,
Life, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler
, especially II, pp. 86-87, 140.
New-England Federalism
, p. 352.
., p. 346.
., p. 347.
For a succinct statement, see S. E. Morison,
The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis
, I, pp. 264-267. Hamilton's opinion was as follows: the election of Burr would reunite the scattered fragments of the Democratic party and reënforce it by a detachment of Federalists under his leadership; in New England the ill opinion of Jefferson and jealousy of the ambition of Virginia were leading men to think of dismembering the union. "It would probably suit Mr. Burr's views to promote this result, to be the chief of the Northern portion...." Hamilton,
(H. C. Lodge, ed.), VIII, pp. 374-375. Cabot believed in 1804 that a war with Britain might be a signal for the break-up of the union. See
, note 5. "... but, if they had involved us by their folly and baseness in a war with Great Britain, I believe New England might be roused to do
any thing
which her leading men should recommend." Letter from Cabot to King, March 17, 1804, in Adams,
New-England Federalism
, p. 363. But see a letter from Cabot to Pickering, October 5, 1808, in
., p. 373.
New-England Federalism
., p. 284. Pickering, who was ready to believe anything sufficiently damaging to his opponents, said in 1812 that he had no doubt that French money had been distributed to bring on the war against Britain. Letter from Pickering to Edward Pennington, July 12, 1812, in
., p. 388. On the secession movements, 1804-1814, Morison makes the following comments: "The secession movement of 1804 was a select conspiracy, confined to a handful of extremist leaders; the movements of 1808 and 1814 were entered into by the entire Federal party in New England, and their object was not disunion, but, in the one case, relief from the embargo, and in the other, peace and protection to New England interests. Pickering, indeed, attempted to steer the Hartford Convention into a disunion course, but failed. The conspiracy of 1804 was an isolated affair, the real significance of which is personal — the example it offers of the manner in which political Jesuits throw aside every scruple to attain their ends." Morison,
op. cit
., I, pp. 269-270.
Jefferson's special message (December 18, 1807) indicates at least this main purpose. Jefferson,
(federal ed.), X, pp. 530-531.
"When the great American tortoise", declared John Randolph, with characteristic venom in a speech, at a later date, "draws in his head, as this nation laying an embargo has been compared to this animal, you do not see him trotting along; he lies motionless on the ground; it is when the fire is put on his back, that he makes the best of his way, and not till then." April 5, 1808.
Annals of Congress
, 10 Cong., 1 sess., col. 1963.
So Timothy Pickering reported, at a somewhat later time. "The words were spoken in secret session, but Senator Pickering noted them for future use. Among the antipathies and humors of New-England politics none was more characteristic than this personal antagonism, beginning a new conspiracy which was to shake the Union to its foundations." Henry Adams,
History of the United States
, IV, p. 173. Adams's treatment of the mission of George Rose is especially entertaining, and the presentation of Pickering's subterraneous operations is illuminating.
., IV, p. 178 ff.
August 9, 1808. Jefferson,
(federal ed.), XI, pp. 40-41.
November 13, 1808. Jefferson,
(H. A. Washington, ed.), V, pp. 386-387.
See Adams,
History of the United States
, IV, pp. 268-269.
See the chapter on the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions,
"To deny, therefore, a limited sovereignty to a State of the Union, under the Constitution, is, forensically and historically, as incorrect and mischievous as to assert more than a limited sovereignty for the United States under the Constitution. Each is sovereign; but each is sovereign only within the limits traced by the Constitution." D. H. Chamberlain, "The State Judiciary,"
Constitutional History of the United States as Seen in ... American Law
, p. 247. This book is a series of addresses by T. M. Cooley and other eminent jurists. Just how this able lawyer would define "sovereignty" may awaken our curiosity; but he could not — if he thought a moment — define it as
political authority. Cooley, referring with approval to Jay's opinion in Chisholm
. Georgia, says, "And the deduction was irresistible: the sovereignty of the nation was in the people of the nation, and the residuary sovereignty of each State in the people of each State."
., p. 48.
State Documents on Federal Relations
(H. V. Ames, ed.; hereafter referred to as Ames,
State Documents
), no. 1, p. 28.
., no. 1, pp. 29-31. Notice also an additional statement to the effect that when a man's liberty is infringed, "if not absolved from his allegiance, he may demand redress, and take all lawful measures to obtain it." p. 32.
February 15, 1809.
., no. 1, pp. 34-35.
The report and resolutions were to be transmitted "to the legislatures of such of our sister states, as manifest a disposition to concur with us in measures to rescue our common country from impending ruin, and to preserve inviolate the union of the states."
., no. 1, p. 36.
Notice even Timothy Pickering writing, "Pray look into the Constitution, and particularly to the10th article of the amendments. How are the powers reserved to the States respectively, or to the people, to be maintained, but by the respective States judging for themselves and putting their negative on the usurpations of the general government?" Letter from Pickering to Christopher Gore, January 8, 1809, in Adams,
New-England Federalism
, p. 378. Italics of the original omitted. When the Constitution was before the people for adoption, Pickering (December 24, 1787) made assertions concerning the nature of the Constitution which were orthodox at that time, i.e., that there was "partial consolidation": "The 'Federal Farmer' admits the necessity of the 'partial consolidation,' as the only plan of government which can secure the freedom and happiness of this people; and yet, when the Convention have proposed a
consolidation, he says they evidently designed thereby to effect ultimately an
consolidation!" Quoted in C. W. Upham,
The Life of Timothy Pickering
, II, p. 355.
The certificates were afterwards "funded by him, in his own name, under the act of Congress making provision for the debt of the United States.... These certificates remained in the private possession of David Rittenhouse ... and after his death they remained in possession of his representatives...." United States
. Judge Peters, 5 Cranch 115, 138 (1809).
., 136.
The historical incidents are discussed by J. F. Jameson, "The Predecessor of the Supreme Court,"
Essays in the Constitutional History of the United States
(J. F. Jameson, ed.), p. 17 ff.; by J. C. B. Davis, in an appendix to 131 U. S., p. XXIX ff.; Richard Hildreth,
The History of the United States of America
(revised ed.), VI, pp. 155-164. Of interest in this connection is a similar incident, which called forth protest from New Hampshire against the findings of the federal judiciary. Penhallow et al.
. Doane's Administrators, 3 Dallas 54 (1795). New Hampshire's protests are in Ames,
State Documents
, no. 1, pp. 11-15. The contention plainly was that by the adoption of the Constitution the state did not then intend to admit that the "confederation was in force prior to March, 1781, or that the federal constitution existed with respect to New Hampshire before June, 1788."
State Documents
, no. 2, pp. 2-4.
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee.
., no. 2, p. 5. See Pennsylvania's further declaration in behalf of an impartial tribunal, 1810.
., no. 2, pp. 7-8. Various resolutions are in the journals of the Pennsylvania senate and house, 1809-1810. Of special interest are the resolutions in the
Journal of the Senate
, XX, p. 376 ff., and in the
Journal of the House
, XX, pp. 250-254, 403-424. We should notice, however, that a minority of the legislature strongly attacked the doctrine of the right to resist the federal courts. But the minority likewise accepted the principle of divided authority.
The one expression which Calhoun abhorred was this. The acknowledgment that there was a people of the United States violated his principles.
State Documents
, no. 2, pp. 8-10;
American State Papers, Finance
, II, p. 467. Virginia was opposed to the Bank. The stand taken by W. B. Giles in Congress deserves attention. His natural inclination was not toward nationalism. His stand was distinctly upon the idea of divided sovereignty. See
Annals of Congress
, 11 Cong., 3 sess., col. 181 ff.
January 14, 1811.
Annals of Congress
, 11 Cong., 3 sess., col. 525. Edmund Quincy, writing his father's biography in 1867, says of this speech "that the secessionism it contains is a very different doctrine from that preached in later times." This may appear a pious example of wishful thinking; but an examination of the whole speech will lead the reader to think that there was some ground for the statements of the biographer. See
Life of Josiah Quincy
, p. 213.
State Documents
, no. 2, pp. 21-24.
Though the writer has been over the main documents time and time again and examined them critically, he should acknowledge the aid of a thesis by M. C. Kennedy,
States Rights, 1807-1815
(MS. in the library of the University of Chicago), an able and careful examination of the available material.
Terms Defined
Referenced Works


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My recent post "Building Justice" talked about how human beings have to work together if we want to build a just world to live in. I want to say some more about that, not least because this week, everyone on the U.S. East Coast had a vivid demonstration of what we're up against. New York City, where I live, was among the worst hit by Hurricane Sandy. On Monday night, Twitter had one apocalyptic image after another: lower Manhattan eerily darkened, a Con Ed transformer exploding on 14th Street, … [Read more...]
Archives for October 2012
The Ethic of Reciprocity
Open Thread: Weather Stories
Well, once again, a major storm is heading toward the East Coast and New York is in the bullseye. (Climate change? What climate change?) Last year, it was all about Hurricane Irene, which ended up passing over where I live without causing too much havoc. Hopefully, I'll be lucky twice. But just in case my power does go out, don't be too alarmed if I disappear from the internet for a few days. While we all stockpile bottled water and sandbags, let's have an open thread: What are your best/worst … [Read more...]
The Pro-Rape-Pregnancy Republican Party
This week, we witnessed another step in the Republican party's long drawn-out national suicide:"I've struggled with it myself for a long time, but I came to realize that life is that gift from God," Mr. Mourdock said. "And even when life begins in that horrible situation of rape, that it is something that God intended to happen."This vile remark was made by Richard Mourdock, the Republican candidate for a U.S. Senate seat in Indiana, explaining why he wants to ban abortion even for women … [Read more...]
Building Justice
As you probably know by now, my friend Greta Christina was diagnosed with cancer last week, and she's having surgery today. In the grand scheme of things, it could have been much worse: she has health insurance, it was caught early, and there's an excellent chance that the operation will be a complete cure. Still, I admit I felt some purely selfish disappointment when I first heard the news. I'd been looking forward to seeing her at Skepticon next month, which won't be happening now. And … [Read more...]
Book Review: The Swerve
Summary: The compelling true story of the Renaissance humanists who rescued Greek and Roman philosophy from oblivion and wrenched the Western world out of the Dark Ages. After the collapse of the Roman empire, Europe descended into a centuries-long era of cultural and intellectual stagnation, a dark age of theocracy and feudalism. But how did the Western world pull itself out of this pit? What brought about the rekindling of light and reason in the Renaissance? That question is the subject of … [Read more...]
Weekend Coffee: October 21
Some links from the last week: • As you may have heard, my good friend and awesome secular activist Greta Christina was diagnosed with endometrial cancer. It's fully treatable, but she needed some help to cover her living expenses while she recovers, and the atheist community came through in spades, meeting and exceeding what she had hoped to raise in barely 24 hours. • Dinesh D'Souza, the well-known Christian apologist, showed up at a conference last week with a much younger woman … [Read more...]
The Age of Mockery
Although the initial riots and flare-ups of violence over the "Innocence of Muslims" video were over a month ago, the global battle over blasphemy laws is still raging. In London this week, thousands of Muslim marchers assembled outside Google's U.K. headquarters to demand the banning of ideas that offend them:Organiser Masoud Alam said: "Our next protest will be at the offices of Google and YouTube across the world. We are looking to ban this film. "This is not freedom of expression, there … [Read more...]
On the Morality of: Privacy
This week's all-consuming internet drama was sparked by the journalist Adrien Chen of Gawker, who published a piece exposing the real identity of "Violentacrez", one of the most infamous trolls of Reddit. Violentacrez, real name Michael Brutsch, was notorious as the moderator of a forum called "creepshots" which consisted of sexualized photos of women taken in public without their knowledge or consent. (He also created the Reddit forum "jailbait", which similarly consisted of sexualized photos … [Read more...]
The Fiery Fountain
My first book hasn't been out for long, but I'm thinking it's almost time to start writing the next one. I came back from my trip to the U.K. with a head full of ideas, and I want to start getting them down on the page. My next book is going to be a novel, not nonfiction. I may write another book about atheism in the future, but at the moment, I don't have any topic ideas that haven't already been covered better by other authors. But I do have some ideas for works of fiction, lots of them, in … [Read more...]
Open Thread: Weekend Delurk & Self-Promotion
I'm putting up a post tomorrow about writing and the creative process, but on this crisp fall morning, I've been thinking more about the social aspect of the profession. Although this blog gets thousands of visitors, only a tiny fraction of them ever comment. I understand why that is, and I accept it; I certainly don't comment on every blog I read, either. Nevertheless, when I do meet readers, as I've had several opportunities to do, I've always found that they're very cool people whose company … [Read more...]


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Reading for a more musical tomorrow.
Keeping up-to-date with current trends in the music-teaching
industry is nearly as vital as staying in touch with fellow music
contemporaries. Continued success as a music professional—whether a
veteran or a novice—often rests on how conversant you are with
cutting-edge developments, avant-garde and modern music-making
styles, present-day concerns and issues, and the overall attitude
occupying the teaching trade.
Two core publications serve MTNA members, and cover topics pertinent to today's music teacher such as legal issues, advocacy and pedagogy:
- American Music Teacher—the official journal of MTNA, providing articles, columns and reviews to inform, educate and challenge six times a year
- MTNA e-Journal—an online-based journal containing informational articles supplemented with interactive features and extras


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The Fed
A History of the South Wales Miners in the Twentieth Century
Distributed for University of Wales Press
"The SWMF was almost unique among British unions in that it dominated not only the working life but also the leisure, cultural and even religious activities of the Welsh coal valleys. . . The book then is really more than an orthodox union history. It is the history of a society that experienced all the drabness and desolation of the depression. It is detailed and marvellously evocative." –Times Higher Education Supplement
". . . another excellent book . . ." –Labour History Review
History: British and Irish History
You may purchase this title at these fine bookstores. Outside the USA, see our international sales information.


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-webkit-transition: @transition;
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transition: @transition;
a {
.transition(all 0.3s linear);
a:hover, a:focus, li:hover {
color: red;
As a PRO member, you can drag-and-drop upload files here to use as resources. Images, Libraries, JSON data... anything you want. You can even edit them anytime, like any other code on CodePen.
Also see: Tab Triggers


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Built in 1882 and commissioned by the Drew family The Painted Lady has a classic exterior featuring multiple gables, brilliant shingles, windowed turret, and a welcoming entry finished with a myriad of multi-faceted Victorian nuances. On the first floor is the CW's – Cocktails and Wine which offers a bar and lounge area for lingering over bar tastes and cocktails or wine flights.
The Painted Lady building has eleven charming rooms individually furnished and whimsically decorated! Common amenities include flat screen TV's, all private bathrooms, some with gas fire places, and some with two person bain ultra massage whirlpool tubs or jacuzzi.
Breakfast is included and is served in the Bistro located in the Abbey building just a few steps next door.


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NYE Game Night Was a Success
On Saturday night, I hosted the first annual "New Year's Eve Game Night" at my sister's house. It was an attempt to breathe some life into our annual celebration, which has dwindled in the fun department over the last few years.
We played Wheel of Fortune, Match Game, Don't Forget the Lyrics and LCR (classic dice game).
Despite game night lasting for two hours longer than expected, and a few minor mistakes on my part, the attempt was a success.
Contestants ranging from the ages of 12 to 88 truly enjoyed each game, and they were approaching each game in a competitive manner (my biggest fear was that they wouldn't). It definitely helped that there was a $25 Visa gift card up for grabs, along with some other impressive prizes.
It seems everyone would certainly welcome another game night on December 31, 2012.


text: AKRON, Ohio, Feb. 22, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (Nasdaq: GT) has announced that it is taking to the race track to launch its new North American integrated advertising campaign during the biggest event of the NASCAR season, the Daytona 500. (Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20050204/GTLOGO) Designed to highlight those experts who choose Goodyear's tires for their superior performance, the new ads focus on the relationship between top NASCAR drivers and their choice of Goodyear. The new advertising, which continues to leverage the tremendous equity the company has generated among experts over its history, will debut this week in television and print ads starting during the Daytona 500 in Daytona Beach, Fla. "As our 'More Driven' campaign has progressed, we have successfully shown consumers the history and tradition of Goodyear, as well as the passion, innovation and expertise Goodyear uses to provide tires for superior performance in challenging conditions," said Gary Melliere, General Manager - Goodyear Brand/Sponsorships. "In our new advertising, we continue to showcase that what we learn making tires for expert drivers who face grueling conditions, such as NASCAR, inspires what we roll into consumer tires." Television advertising begins this week, including airing on FOX during the Feb. 24 Daytona 500, the premier race that kicks off the NASCAR season, which is watched by approximately 20 million viewers. The campaign's initial television advertisement, entitled 'Most Demanding Customer,' showcases NASCAR and its drivers as a proving ground for Goodyear's tire innovation. The commercial highlights the fast-paced sport with strong racing images that help display how highly competitive racing – at speeds of 200 mph – put Goodyear tires through torture tests every week on different tracks and a variety of surfaces. "These types of conditions provide continuous opportunities for Goodyear's engineers to further develop tires for superior performance, both on the track and on the highway," said Melliere.


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Chile's SQM shares rally on Tesla lithium factory hopes
SANTIAGO Feb 27 (Reuters) - Shares in Chile's SQM , the world's biggest lithium producer, rallied 8 percent on Thursday on hopes of rising demand for the chemical after U.S. automaker Tesla Motors announced plans to build a new mega-plant manufacturing lithium-ion batteries.
The factory, which is aimed at helping Tesla produce mass-market electric cars, will cost an estimated $5 billion to $6 billion to build, analysts estimate.
Shares in chemicals and fertilizer group SQM, which were hit hard in 2013 by falling potash prices, were up 8.2 percent at 16,767 pesos each by 1606 local time (1906 GMT), while the wider Chilean stock market rose 0.49 percent.
However, analysts at Banchile Inversiones, who have a 'hold'recommendation on the stock, cautioned that it may be some time before SQM felt the benefits of the new plant.
"Although an increase in demand for lithium would be positive for SQM, given its exposure to the product, the impact on the supply/demand balance is likely between 2017 and 2020," they said. "In the short term, we think the fundamentals of lithium remain challenging," they said.
Further support was also lent to SQM shares by renewed chatter of takeover interest from stakeholder Potash Corp , they added. (Reporting by Felipe Iturrieta, Writing by Rosalba O'Brien, Editing by W Simon)
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


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Legal Advice
When citizens need to understand their legal rights and options for addressing an environmental problem, they turn to West Coast Environmental Law, the most respected source of free environmental law advice available in British Columbia. Each year, our staff lawyers provide hundreds of hours of legal information and advice to scores of concerned citizens and advocacy groups facing environmental problems. By understanding the legal issues and options, citizens can make informed decisions to protect their local environment.
In most cases, our legal advice will be at a basic level involving an initial conversation about the law and legal options to address an environmental concern. On occasion, where it is likely to result in an immediate environmental benefit, our lawyers will write a simple letter or make a telephone call to a government decision-maker.
If you receive legal advice and it helps you solve your environmental problem, please share your story with us. Following are just a few examples of some of the successes resulting from legal advice we have provided in the past:
- An environmental assessment of a major resort was put on hold to allow better information to be collected;
- A public advisory committee was put in place to examine concerns about a highway project;
- A medical health officer recommended changes to Vancouver's bylaws dealing with wood smoke; and
- A municipal proposal to build a road through a park was dropped.
If you have an environmental concern and need to talk to a lawyer, please feel free to e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com or to phone 604-684-7378, or, toll-free in BC, 1-800-330-9235. Please note that we are an environmental organization, and we will not provide legal advice for matters that, in the opinion of our staff, are contrary to the environmental objectives of West Coast Environmental Law. Any legal advice given by West Coast Environmental Law staff is subject to our legal advice policy.
If our staff feels that an environmental problem requires more than basic legal advice, we may encourage you to apply to our Environmental Dispute Resolution Fund and/or refer you to a private lawyer.
An additional resource that may be of assistance in researching potential resolutions to your environmental conflict is Clicklaw. Clicklaw is a website aimed at enhancing access to justice in British Columbia. It features legal information and education, but it is not a site of laws. Clicklaw is operated by the Courthouse Libraries BC as part of their mission to improve public access to legal information. Click on the image below to visit the site and identify resources listed by Clicklaw:


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New development on the banning. It looks like Google has recognized that it was a bit hasty to just pull tethering apps from the Android Market altogether. Here's what they had to say:
"We inadvertently unpublished your application for all mobile providers; if you like, we can restore your app so that all Android Market users outside the T-Mobile US network will have access to your application."
It doesn't really give a definite answer to my original questions, but it hints at a direction. This seems to indicate that they have a mechanism in place to filter Market listings by carrier. I'm still not too keen on Google allowing the Market to be controlled by carriers at all, but at least we might not have to keep track of half a dozen different Terms of Service just to figure out what we can and can't publish. Users may not agree with my mild optimism here, since they'll be the ones with limited access to apps.
Thanks for all the support and discussion of this issue. I like to think that community pressure was what led Google to reconsider this decision. Keep it up and maybe we can free the Market from carrier rules altogether, or at least make sure that the Android OS proper stays open and suits the community's needs.


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Tweets from @TBHomeTeam/writers
MORE from our HomeTeam writers.
Wed. February 3, 2010 | Bob Putnam | Email
Gibbs has two of the more high-profile recruits in the county, Jarvis West and Tim Jackson, who had already announced where they were going to school.
So Wednesday's signing day ceremony was more about dotting the I's and crossing the T's on their letters of intent and making it all official.
West, a utility player, will have the same role at Iowa State, where he committed four months ago.
"I had some schools that called after I committed, but I stayed true to where I was going," West said. "I'm excited about Iowa State. I just want to be able to get the ball in my hands."
Jackson, a defensive lineman, announced he will be attending North Carolina last week.
"I know basketball is king at North Carolina," Jackson said. "But I think they're starting to turn it around with football."


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Throttle Hesitation - DRIVING US NUTS!!!
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Officially Welcomed to the 'Fest
Location: USA
Join Date: Sep 2012
Posts: 120
Mein Auto: 2013 X1
View My Garage
Originally Posted by
The seat-of-the-pants gains from the unit are substantial, although to realize the max (60) HP increase advertised on the site you need to run high octane and a more aggressive map. The standard map is definitely enough to get your attention. Keep in mind that BMW developed and raced a 2L inline 4 cylinder F1 engine that produced 800 hp. I think they know a bit about small displacement potential! The little BMS unit definitely delivers in the HP/$ ratio. My other car is running an aftermarket supercharger, fuel mods, plus headers at the tune of $3000 or so, and the gains are MAYBE 100 HP (although more like 70). So at best, $30/HP, but probably more like $40-$45/HP.
In so far as the hesitation is concerned, I need to drive the car a bit more to really get a feel for whether the tip in has improved ... The fact that it has been bothering me so much recently, coupled with an email from Terry Burger that the throttle lag issue was addressed, really set me up for disappointment that it wasn't entirely eliminated with the tune. I don't know if I'm overly sensitive to it now or what, or if Terry only meant that it was addressed in DS. The nice thing is that the unit is reprogrammable. If enough of us provide feedback to BMS, maybe they would offer a more aggressive D-map? I don't know...
Word has always been that all BMW tunes do not affect the car during "normal driving". I would imagine that the DS improvement you feel is because that is when the tune is working. I would put money on BMS having programmed their tune to leave the Tip In the way it is in D mode.
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Iceland and the unbreakable bond between man and nature is what inspired Silvia Venturini Fendi's fall / winter 2013 collection. The Icelandic connotation was loud and clear on the runway as the main focus was set on heavy knits, fur coats and boots and as unexpectedly as it sounds, a reworked version of a fisherman's cape.
On a lighter note, Fendi's fall 2013 collection wasn't far from depicting a new sense of urban polish as well. Perfectly tailored suits, slim button-down shirts topped by innovative ties and a selection of elegant looking coats infused the runway with modern appeal. The warm and cozy looking line-up is undoubtedly a fresh take on a man's fall and winter essentials, despite its adventurous spirit that might steer a few of them away. Sometimes evolution can work as both a blessing and a curse.
You can see all of the Fendi autumn (fall) / winter 2013 runway collection by clicking on a thumbnail on the left. From there you can browse through each of the pictures from the fashion show.
Also from this fashion show.
Photography by Imaxtree


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I have a set of OZ Ultraleggera 17x8 Matte Graphite Silver wheels for sale. They are mounted with Continental ExtremeContact DWS 225/45/17 tires with less than 10K miles on them (no plugs & even wear on them). The wheels are like new and were only driven on for about 8-9 months...NO SNOW. Everything is balanced and ready to mount and drive! I have a new set of TPMS installed on them and those are working. I've got two sets of lugs as well. One was new with the wheels and one is original set with car. Pictures of wheels on my car in my photo album on my profile. If you're seriously interested I can send new pics as they sit if need be.
Asking $1100 CASH ($2,000 package when new)


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Re: The Pilots
I found another one.
infantile8 wrote:this shirt is *awesome*. chris cornell's next project, maybe?!
so long as he doesn't let Timbaland get involved again.
Oops! I crapped my pants., Chris.
re: rock 'till your copyright expires
i think the text at the bottom of the circle needs to be flipped so people dont have to crane their heads to read it
leonryan wrote:That suits me just fine! I'm not above pain or humiliation for the right price.
Dirty birdy! Lol!
Re: The June 09ers!
hewtab wrote:...wat?
What what?
i don't get it either. and i tried to look at it upside down. ow my neck.
infantile8 wrote:i don't get it either. and i tried to look at it upside down. ow my neck.
Sorry about the neck. Well I didn't want to completely give it away, but first two comments with no luck. So...
Upside down reads: God Love
EDIT: BTW right side up it would be pronounced like "notice" if that was confusing.
(click to embiggen)
Re: rock band
Busted tees has something similar. very similar.
"Obscure band you've never heard of"
Just throwing that out there.
Re: Iron and Wine? No, Bread and Wine!
I'm pretty sure I just fell in love.
Re: Botanical Beard
Example of a shirt I would've liked on creme instead of white. :-/
Re: ONE NIGHT ONLY! PETER AND CHUCK PUCKER ON STAGE!
I love banjo music, so I would love to go to this concert.
But just how long after the concert will the fireworks start? Since the concert is on the 3rd, do I have to hang around until the next day? Can Peter and Chuck stay civil to each other that long? And what ever happened to the woman who caused the rift between them anyways?
pssquishy wrote:Nope. Michael Jackson may have died from drugs. Where's the Kung Fu master?!
He may have died from drugs. There's no positive answer yet so the shirt still works.
mikenytola wrote: blah blah blah mikenytola is trying to insult people's literacy, points of argument and opinions while himself lacking even a basic understanding of (or willingness to employ) grammar or logical argumentation blah blah blah
mjc613 wrote:This is a great idea. I just hope the gray prints well.
Thanks. The gray seems to work but I know the reality of on screen and on shirt aren't a total match up. I did do this with only 5 colors so I have an extra. Doesn't look like a contender this week but I may go to print elsewhere on this one.
dpbowl842 wrote:I did too... Hmmm lets just say it's the members of the band that died of natural causes, instead of by 'accident'. They kicked him out.
I don't believe Billy died of natural causes. He may have suffered trauma in a plane landing yesterday when it hit the tarmac too hard, popping one of the tires. Something supposedly hit him in the head. It's possible he had blunt force trauma that didn't show symptoms right away.
Re: Infinite Pi
Ha ha, finally found a derby for it huh? lol
Re: Never Mind Ye Bollards...
Before the Sex Pistols, there were the Smut Muskets!
jasneko wrote:I just felt like owls this week I guess!
Ack! I hope people who like owls/like these designs vote for all of them (at least at first, I can understand if they were all in the fog or something they might take a vote back), since this isn't a presidential election and they can vote multiple times! But ok, no more owl designs this derby.
Thanks jabber!
Yes I like all your owls and I typically vote for anything you make. But this is my favorite and I'd like to vote for only it. I believe others may feel this way, too. Yes we can vote for all of them, but I would have kept my vote on the first one (no matter which of these was first cuz they're all cool) instead of voting for only this one out of four. You do seem to flood the voters with too many of similar designs every week. Try doing one without showing us ahead of time. Your designs aren't winning and you need to come up with a new strategy. (Even if you're not in it for the sake of winning blah, blah, blah, I want to buy one of your shirts one day! :P)
gargrazz wrote:Before the Sex Pistols, there were the Smut Muskets!
Ha! this reminds me of terrance and philip
Re: The 5 Panda Lectrical Band
Ok, this got a lol out of me.
But still no vote.
Re: The Sex Drugs
Awesome design. Should certainly be in the Top 3. And the cymbal really is a non-issue. It can be so easily rearanged if it's picked and I'll eat my hat if Joel has any problem with changing it up.
Re: The Beaks (redux)
I want one!
Re: The Inbred Squirrels
Second sub for me. The inbred squirrels is a joke a friend and i use to have. Hope you guys like it.
jones21403 wrote:Sorry about the neck. Well I didn't want to completely give it away, but first two comments with no luck. So...
Upside down reads: God Love
EDIT: BTW right side up it would be pronounced like "notice" if that was confusing.
"notice" kinda sounds like natas, which is something else backwards. oh noes!
Re: The Rockin' Martian Sushi Chefs
Resistance is futile.
eastcobbler wrote:"notice" kinda sounds like natas, which is something else backwards. oh noes!
|o| In what language does notice sound like natas? What is natas? And whatever it is, that's not how mine is spelled. Thanks for the feedback though.
Re: Union of Crowns
This is THE BEST design of the week & getting less votes than cutesy Panda bears? Please don't let that happen...
arwerther wrote:Too cute. Looks too much like a lot of your other shirts.
I agree with that...what's with the exact same pandas on so many of your other entries???
Re: The Suffixeses
this is great, the band name, the members and the tour name, coupled with your art style all make this a FANtastic shirt.
you go girl.
Re: The Red Stapler Experience
Print This Shirt!!!
CrescentDebris wrote:Phallic? Hmmm. So you and the other guys and gals see a pen1s and or some sort of sexual image. Ever seen a guitar? Ever seen a guitar played. Oh yeah, up and down on the fret board, up and down... and lots of fingering. Are we giggling yet? Can't help but think about sexual connotations? If you want to break down the shape of a guitar itself then the body is a big round base aka SACK, then you got the fret board or neck... read SHAFT and then the head... read HEAD. That's what a guitar is. I didn't invent them. If this looks like a pen1s then guitars in general look like a pen1ses to you. Guitar, pen1s, guitar, pen1s. The ship is very angular and stretched, the streaks are the strings and the clouds there are the outline of a base. I really don't see how to make it more clear. And if the hole there is really the shape of any genitalia any of you have ever seen then I'm sorry. And yes, its going to have a baby in 9 months. It comes with the shirt.... uh ohhhhhhhhhh there goes that word again lolololololololol.
Truth is, everything is"phallic" if you want it to be. Pens, pencils, flashlights, poles, rifles, knives, stick shifts, florescent light bulbs, markers, screw drivers, Wii-motes... should I go on? People need to get over two things. One, everything looks like c0ck. And Two, everything draws attention to the FEMALE'S YOU KNOW WHATS OH MY GOD! Its really not elementary school. So lets get it out of our system. Boobies wieners sex vagina babies!! Thanks for the comments.
Um, no, actually. I did not see a guitar. I did not see anything phallic perse. Sorta pregnancy related, sperm, egg, etc. Artistically speaking the "guitar" body becomes a hole in the design. the squiggely lines from the guitar body look vascular; organic. The head and zoom lines look sperm like... It's just all strange. Because something looks a certain way, isn't always because the viewer is a pervert or sick, but rather the image has design issues.
Pi is my lucky number! YOU GOT ME VOTE!
AdderXYU wrote:Ok, this got a lol out of me.
This one? Or one of the other twenty-five color versions?
Seriously, it was cute the first two or three times I saw it, but come on ...
Re: The samurai scotsmen
What is the word -four- in japanese?
FerricFox wrote:The shirt and composition do match.
*headsmack* Thumbnail. I meant thumbnail, not comp. Sorry.
I like the thumbnail. I'd wear the thumbnail. The shirt doesn't work as well, I think. Plus, non-matching shirt and thumbnail is grounds for rejection: see here.
Re: Bunny Holly
What's with these homies dissin' my shirt?
Too soon, man. :|
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