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I have a battery drain when the car sits for 2 days. It is not the overhead switch, I unplugged it and it still drained. Are
there any other Ideas why the battery would drain.
Printable View
I have a battery drain when the car sits for 2 days. It is not the overhead switch, I unplugged it and it still drained. Are
there any other Ideas why the battery would drain.
Make sure you do not have anything plugged into the cigarette lighters... I guess they are not cigarette lighters anymore, are they? Whatever they are, the 12v accessory ports do not shut off with the key, so if you have an iPod charger plugged in, it will charge without the car being on.
nothing is plugged into the outlets
How old is the battery?
i got the battery in April, because the other batter was doing the same thing.
Has it been converted to top terminal style battery at all, if so, its shorting out on the hood, I had this from a previous sellers idiotic installation.
nope side term
Is there any bulb inside or on the outside of the car that burns out much faster then its equivalent bulb on the opposite side of the car?
Any aftermarket electronics (alarm, stereo, etc) in the car at all? Talking *anything* aftermarket here.
I have a 03 CTS, that had the same problem, took it to the dealer and they fixed the problem for $885.00. It was the radio antenna module was staying energized and draining the battery. $274.28 for module,$248.75 for solenoid and $362.00 for labor. Never had the problem again
All outlets time out with everything else in my car. They do shut off after 10 minutes of locking the car.Quote:
Originally Posted by DavidBoren
You can put the fuse in a different location and keep the cig lighter on all the time though. Some people do that.
Find an Amp meter and pull the battery terminal and measure the draw there. Mine is .13 amp draw , pull R Rear 60 amp fuse drops to .05 amp.
Measure battery w DVM 12.35v.


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As Thanksgiving approaches, I want to take this opportunity to wish residents a happy and healthy holiday season and to remind you that there are many exciting activities happening in the coming weeks. The holiday season is a special time in New Haven, as our theaters, museums, restaurants and merchants showcase what makes our city the cultural capital of Connecticut. I encourage residents to take advantage of the special events and extended hours that many of our businesses will be offering throughout the holiday season. For a full listing of holiday happenings, please visit: www.infonewhaven.com/holidays.
Here�s what else is happening in New Haven:
Tree Lighting on the Green
The City of New Haven will present its annual holiday tree lighting ceremony on the historic Green Thursday, December 2. The free family-fun event kicks off downtown�s holiday season at 5:30 p.m. with live performances by Katherine Brennan School, Mauro/Sheridan School, Nathan Hale School, Bishop Woods School and the New Haven Chorale. This year�s tree sponsored by Peoples United Bank is a 65-foot-tall Norway spruce donated by John Gagne in Northford. The tree will be illuminated with 20,000 sparkling energy-efficient LED lights in an array of colors. From 4-8 p.m., there will be a host of free activities for children to enjoy, sponsored by Yale-New Haven Hospital and Covidien.
Tax Notification
Tax bills for the second installments of real estate and personal property, as well as total supplemental motor vehicle bills, will be mailed in the month of December. If you would like to receive electronic notifications from the Office of the Tax Collector about when tax bills are mailed, how to receive a duplicate bill and when bills are due, please click here, select �My New Haven� then click on �Message Center.� Once you register your email address, you will have the option to select which newsletters from the City you�d like to receive.
Mayor�s Night In
On Tuesday, December 7 at 5 p.m., I will be hosting Mayor�s Night In. I encourage residents to stop by my office, where I will be available to answer questions and address any concerns you may have. The Mayor�s Office is located on the second floor of City Hall, 165 Church Street.
Green Tip
See how your neighborhood is doing in the New Haven Recycling Competition. The neighborhood with the highest recycling percentage from October 18 - January 28 will receive the new trash/recycling toter system this spring.
Cultural Events
November 19 to December 31�Annual Fantasy of Lights at Lighthouse Point Park. Sundays-Thursdays from 5 to 9 p.m., Fridays and Saturdays from 5 to 10 p.m. For more information, please visit: http://newhavengoodwill.easterseals.com.
November 26 to November 28��A Christmas Carol,� at the Shubert. Friday at 7:30 p.m., Saturday at 2 p.m. and 7 p.m. and Sunday at 2p.m. Prices range from $15 to $42. For more information, please visit: www.shubert.com/.
November 26 to December 18�World premiere of Bossa Nova. For more information, please visit: www.yalerep.org.
November 27�Common Ground Open Farm and Guided Hike at Common Ground from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. For more information, please visit: www.commongroundct.org/.
November 27�Orchestra New England Colonial Concert at United Church on the Green from 8-9:30 p.m. $5 Students/$20 General/$35 Reserved. For more information, please visit: www.orchestranewengland.org.
I hope you have a happy and healthy week!
Very truly yours,
John DeStefano, Jr.
Contact Name: Jessica Mayorga
Contact Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact Phone: 203-946-7660

subset: commoncrawl


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Republican plans to ram a huge tax break through last week's special legislative session ran into a solid wall of opposition that started when Demo legislators, senior citizens, school administrators, teachers and labor groups rallied on the Capitol steps to trash both the process and the budget busting proposal. Speaker of the House John Mercer said the rallies only "slowed the session down," but the reality is that statewide citizen opposition, and the resulting bad press, derailed the "Tax Break Express" which Republicans had hoped to ride to electoral victory in November.
Rep. Bob Raney, a 16-year legislative veteran and one of the point men for the Dems' opposition, put it bluntly: "They came in with their bullshit plan to stuff it to the people. If they'd done what they wanted to, we'd be out $200 million, mostly going to the wealthy." Raney says it was more of the same old tired Republican rhetoric: "The Republican majorities came into office on the promise to cut taxes and shrink government. But the record is clear: Government has grown exponentially under Republican leadership, our economy is in the tank and taxes continue to burden hard-working Montana families. More tax breaks for the rich were simply intolerable."
What Really Caused the Tax Turnaround?
In spite of their fierce opposition, Democrat minorities didn't have the votes to stop a single piece of legislation so long as Republicans wanted to push it through—as they did with some bad environmental bills. What really caused the Republican about-face was more about elections than social conscience. The two-thirds majorities Republicans have held in the House and Senate for most of the last decade had grown used to hiding behind Governor Racicot's teflon press shield. But suddenly, it wasn't working. Instead of being praised as our tax-relief saviors, headlines were blaring out from mainstream papers accusing the Repubs of locking the general public out of the session and stuffing through ill-conceived bills with little or no opportunity for public review or comment. Instead of reaping votes, it became clear to GOP leaders that they were taking it in the electoral shorts. When it was revealed that their lead bill would actually raise taxes on senior citizens (who vote in large numbers), they bailed.
Then came the turnaround. Instead of dishing out public pork to their rich buddies, Repubs grabbed the Demo platform of "children, homeowners and communities" and claimed it as their own. The new tax bill increased funding for schools, reduced property taxes for homeowners somewhat and provided a slight offset to local governments hard hit by previous tax changes. Then they funded the governor's so-called "economic development" proposal, for which the session had originally been called. With the newfound Demo support, these bills sailed through, garnering huge bipartisan votes and prompting some to declare the session a "love-in."
No "Love-In" for the Environment
While Republican majorities chameleoned on taxes, they kept their same old thorny hides for environmental issues. Dillon Republican Sen. Chuck Swysgood, ever the environmental Black Hat, brought a horrendous bill to thwart a district court decision that requires reclamation for open-pit mines. The 7 a.m. hearing before a "select committee" stacked with pro-mining Republicans was a farce for the few citizens who tried to testify. Many couldn't even get copies of the bill prior to the hearing. As the Montana Environmental Information Center's lobbyist Jeff Barber said, "The deal was done and the fix was in. Our testimony was both unwanted and ignored. This bill will give communities all over Montana an opportunity to have their very own Berkeley Pit."
A hearing on a bill designed to head off a pending citizen initiative to ban game farms resulted in similar frustrations. John Smart, a concerned citizen who is well-versed in "alternative livestock" operations, said, "The committee simply ignored the serious issues raised by citizen testimony." Smart also expressed disappointment with government agency personnel at the hearing. "They made no effort to improve the bill to protect the public's wildlife," said Smart of Fish, Wildlife and Parks officials. "They're nothing but bureaucratic parasites feeding on sportsmen's dollars while servicing the private interests of game farms."
Both bills zipped through the legislature and await the Governor's signature to become law. The game farm bill, which bans new licenses until a live test for Chronic Wasting Disease is found, may be successful in undercutting the citizen's initiative. But many expect Swysgood's open-pit bill to fail the first court test since it ignores the constitutional requirement that "all lands disturbed by the taking of natural resources shall be reclaimed." As Adam McLane, long-time Montana Environmental Information Center staffer said after the session, "It's fortunate they increased funding for schools. Now maybe some of these people can take a remedial course in reading the Constitution."
George Ochenski has lobbied the Legislature since 1985 primarily on environmental, tribal and public interest issues. He works as a writer in Helena. The opinions expressed in "Independent Voices" do not necessarily reflect those of the Independent.


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Gates Teen Arrested Again
Gates, N.Y. - A Gates teen previously charged with robbery was picked up by police again last night.
Gates police say they arrested 17-year-old Keith Speed after a brief foot chase that led them through two backyards. The officers were on a routine patrol when they approached Speed while he was riding his bike.
Speed was arrested for robbing a pharmacy and several gas stations in Gates. In each incident, police say Speed pulled out a gun on cashier each time. Investigators say that gun turned out to be a BB gun.


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In a society where different people have the right to equal value, Maryland and Maine are not the end.
One of them, Olympia Snowe in Maine, she's been dedicated on this.
In Maine, meanwhile, recent polls have found that Susan Collins is one of the most popular senators in the country.
Scary Memory No. 2: Back in the early 1970s, King was a legislative assistant to Maine Democratic Sen. William Hathaway.
The winning percentage in each state ranged from a high of 53 percent in Maine to a low of 51 percent in Minnesota.
Till he went to Maine he had never seen phosphorescent wood—a phenomenon early familiar to most country boys.
The "womenfolks" from Maine were at Elkhorn when Roosevelt arrived.
Among the troops in the far Southwest were two or three regiments from Maine, the northeasternmost of all the States.
And of engravers there were but four between Maine and Georgia.
But, when the cups were put down, Maine drove the French authors in a pack out of the conversation.
U.S. state, probably ultimately from French Maine, region in France (named for the river that runs through it, which has a name of Gaulish origin). The name was applied to that part of coastal North America by French explorers.
State in the northeastern United States; northernmost of the New England states. Bordered by Quebec, Canada, to the northwest; New Brunswick, Canada, to the northeast; the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast; and New Hampshire to the west. Its capital is Augusta, and Portland is its largest city.


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Meet the
Family Tree Magazine
From left: Diane Haddad, Grace Dobush, Allison Stacy and Christy Miller.
Allison Stacy, Publisher and Editorial Director
What I do at the magazine:
Years at the magazine:
Heritage interests:
Favorite genealogy find:
Microfilmed family group sheets tracing my Essel line back to 1765 Bavaria
Ancestor I'd most like to meet:
My great-great grandmother Caroline Keim Hauck. She was a spiritualist and reputedly clairvoyant.
Other hobbies:
Gardening, canning, knitting (perhaps I was born in the wrong century?)
Diane Haddad, Managing Editor
What I do at the magazine:
Edit articles; head up the Genealogy Insider blog, E-mail Update newsletter, and the Branching Out and Everything's Relative sections of the magazine
Years at the magazine:
Heritage interests:
German, Middle Eastern ("Haddad" is the Arabic equivalent to "Smith")
Favorite genealogy find:
1924 newspaper article about my grandfather putting himself through college—with a picture!
Quirkiest ancestor:
My great-grandfather was incarcerated (then pardoned by the governor) for bootlegging in a dry county.
Other hobbies:
Walking my dog, growing tomatoes and strawberries to nourish the local bunny population, volunteering, recycling
Grace Dobush, Online Community Editor
What I do at the magazine:
Patrol the forum for spammers, edit the History Matters, Now What? and Family Archivist sections of the magazine, oversee Family Tree University and its webinar series, and serve as de facto preservation expert.
Years at the magazine:
Heritage interests:
Polish, Ukrainian
Favorite genealogy find:
My great-grandmother's Social Security application showing that she worked at the
Cleveland Press
at the time
Strangest ancestor:
My dad—just kidding!
Other hobbies:
Bookbinding, printmaking, music, traveling and putting on indie craft shows
Christy Miller, Art Director
What I do at the magazine:
Make it look pretty! That includes some fun stuff such as buying photo props on eBay, styling photos and working with many talented illustrators.
Years at the magazine:
Heritage interests:
No idea! That's why I work here. :)
Historical figure I'd most like to meet:
Jackie Kennedy Onassis
Other hobbies:
Mixed media art, cooking, gardening and reading


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Irina Shayk Brings Her Bra to the UK
Crisscrossing the globe as of late, Irina Shayk turned up in London, England for the Intimissimi Perfect Bra Collection launch today (April 24).
The Russian supermodel donned a leggy blue dress as she made her way to the arrivals area, stopping to greet fans and pose for the shutterbugs.
In a recent interview, Irina shared the secret to her super sexy vibe- "You just need to feel confident in yourself. I love to wear comfortable clothes so that they feel like my second skin. I am absolutely sure that any woman can be beautiful and sexy and there are no standards of beauty. A very important thing is to wear comfortable and beautiful lingerie."
And with beach season around the corner, Ms. Shayk has her favorite swimsuit already picked out. "I love a small Brazilian bikini, that's why people think I am from Brazil. I love to have a small tan line and Brazilian bikinis are perfect for it. I have a huge collection of bikinis at home, many of them come from Sports Illustrated that I have done for six years already."
Enjoy the pictures of Irina Shayk at the 'The Perfect Bra' Book launch in London (April 24).
Photo Credit: Wenn.com


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What Does This Mean??!
When it comes to Justin Bieber news, nine times out of ten I'm not that interested. (well…except this story). So it's only natural that the nerd side of me comes out in anger when I saw this….
Is that a 'Batman vs. Superman' script?
Does that have Bieber's name on it?
For the love of God, is he going to be Robin? After all of the uproar we received on social media over Ben Afleck taking the 'Batman' role, we're going to get FLOODED with super hero animosity!
Relax kids, along with the picture, Justin tweeted "Off to do something funny or…die ."
It's just a 'funny or die' online skit………whew…..
Subscribe to SoJO 104.9 FM on


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From IFAC, IAASB, IAESB, IESBA & IPSASB. For additional resources from third-party sources, see:
- Global Knowledge Gateway, your portal to global accountancy knowledge, resources, and news; and
- MOSAIC website, your portal to global accountancy development.
Developing a Future-Ready Profession
Sharing Knowledge, Ideas, and Experience
Published: May 25, 2017
25 Pages | English | ISBN 978-1-60815-337-4
Related: development of the profession, finance leadership & development, PAIB, PAO development, professional accountancy organization, risk management & internal control, roles & domain of professional accountants in business
Engaging Professional Accountants in Business
How to Build a More Relevant PAO and Profession
Published: Jul 27, 2016
Related: capacity building, development of the profession, guidance, PAIB, PAO development
Guidance & Support Tools
IFAC Member Body Compliance Program: 2016 Work Program
Published: Mar 22, 2016
Related: adoption & implementation, PAO development
Annual Reports and Plans
Nexus 2: The Accountancy Profession – A Global Value Add
Published: Nov 12, 2015
Related: capacity building, development of the profession, education, PAO development, professional accountancy organization
Nexus 1: The Accountancy Profession, Behind the Numbers
Published: Oct 13, 2015
Related: business advisory, capacity building, development of the profession, PAO development, professional accountancy organization
Finding Your Voice: PAOs, Advocacy, and Public Policy
PAO Capacity Building Series
Published: Apr 28, 2015
Related: capacity building, guidance, PAO development, professional accountancy organization, public policy & regulation
Guidance & Support Tools
Global Accountancy Profession Development Project Gallery Brochure
A World Congress of Accountants Initiative
Published: Nov 10, 2014
16 Pages | English
Related: PAO development, capacity building
The Role and Expectations of a CFO: A Global Debate on Preparing Accountants for Finance Leadership
Discussion Paper
Released: Oct 10, 2013
Due: Mar 17, 2014
39 Pages | English | ISBN 978-1-60815-163-9
Related: roles & domain of professional accountants in business, PAO development, PAIB, finance leadership & development
Exposure Drafts and Consultation Papers


text:
|Funderburk, S.
|Christensen, V.
|Campbell, G.
|Wineland, M.
|Grimes, J.
|Mann, K.
|Neely, E.
|Ort, D.
|Rives, D.
|Mcmurtry, John
Submitted to: Poultry Science Association Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 4/15/2006
Publication Date: 7/16/2006
Citation: Funderburk, S.L., Christensen, V.L., Campbell, G.G., Wineland, M.J., Grimes, J.L., Mann, K.M., Neely, E.R., Ort, D.T., Rives, D.V., McMurtry, J.P. 2006. Incubation temperature and eggshell conductance effects on the intestinal maturation and thyroid function in commercial turkey poults hatching from an induced molten flock [abstract]. Poultry Science Supplement 1. p. 57. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Eggshell conductance (G) and egg white (EW) affect livability. Poor viability may be related to intestinal maturation and thyroid function of the neonate. The objectives of this study were to test if incubator temperature and G determine poult maturity. Maturation was assessed by measuring body weight (BW), feed per gain, jejunal maltase (M), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and thyroid function of commercial turkey poults. Eggs from an induced molted flock (recycled), mean EW of 92.55 g, were weighted, numbered, set and incubated under standard operating procedures in a commercial turkey hatchery. Eggs were incubated using a high temperature profile (HP) and a low temperature profile (LP). All eggs were reweighed at 25 d and G was calculated. The eggs were then sorted into three groups: high, average and low G. At hatch poults were identified by G group and incubation profile. Poults from each experimental group were placed in battery brooders and grown for 7 d and BW and feed consumption were measured at days 1, 3, and 7. At days 1 and 3 posthatching blood and intestinal samples were taken from each G group and incubation profile. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Poults incubated under the HP showed increased jejuna weight, M, ALP and T3:T4 compared to LP poults. High and average G poults showed greater jejuna ALP, BW gain and decreased feed per gain compared to L G poults. Males incubated at HP with high G had higher M than average and low G males at HP. Females incubated at HP with an average and low G had greater M than high G females at HP. The greatest BW can be seen among HP males with average G and HP females with high G. Incubation profile interacted with G to affect M, ALP and thyroid activities among poults from a recycled flock. Thus, incubation profile and G may be managed to improve poult maturity.


text:
Fort Myers Beach, FL, USA < change city >
Photographers (32)
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See All Vendors >
Rachael and Daniel's Wedding
Ceremony at Sandpiper Gulf Resort
Reception at Parrot Key Caribbean Grill
"Our wedding on Fort Myers Beach was beautiful! The weather was perfect a..."
Shannon and Joey's Wedding
"Our wedding was a fairy tale! It was truly a "Happily ever after." Beaut..."
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Aileen and Adrian's Wedding
"Our wedding was great we had our ceremony at the Pink Shell Fort Myers B..."
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"Our wedding was perfect for a low budget. Our families stayed at the Ha..."
Corey and Jason's Wedding
Ceremony at Anthony's on the Gulf Beach
Reception at Sunset Terrace
"Ft Myers Beach was the perfect spot for our sunset wedding. Friends and ..."
Our Wedding
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"I live in Illinois Ft Myers has always been where my family vactioned growing up.It was the 1st vaction taken with my..."
Lindsey and Brian's Wedding
Ceremony at Lover's Key Beach Club & Resort
Reception at Lover's Key Beach Club & Resort
"Our wedding was exactly what we wanted: small, intimate, laid back, and ..."


text: Have you ever heard of Goji berries? Are you lucky enough to have tasted them? They have been used in Asian medicine for over 5,000 years due to their powerhouse healing properties. Goji berries are packed with protein, essential amino acids, zinc, and beta-carotene. They also contain vitamin A, C, B2, and E. It is believed that Goji berries are similar to Lycium berry in that they are full of antioxidants. Two studies have shown that they have a significant effect on the immune system. Some research suggests that Goji berry extracts may boost brain health and may protect against age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's. Goji berries go great in smoothies, on top of cereals and yogurt, and on salads. You can even munch on them raw as a healthy snack! My favorite Goji berries are from Navita's Naturals and you can check them out online here!


text:
Perplexed... again
History at 30,000 feet: The Big Picture
Join LibraryThing to post.
This topic is currently marked as "dormant"—the last message is more than 90 days old. You can revive it by posting a reply.
What's perplexing me tonight is the whole Columbus versus the Norsemen: who discovered America first debate. (and yes this came out of a quiet moment of retrospection when I suddenly went, 'wtf'?)
What I'm hoping is that someone will be able to shed some light on why find Norse artifacts in L'Anse aux Meadows and Maine was a big deal at the end of the last century, when it was clear as doorbells that academics knew the Norse were here first. (And we talking about them knowing it in the 1800s if not before)
Is it semantics?
Is it the slow wheels of public education?
Why was the discover of these artifacts such a surprise when it only confirmed what was already generally accepted by the American Historical Society.
I should probably add that I'm trying to piece together the historiography, as it were, within my own lifetime. Made difficult by a faulty memory for this sort of thing.
Well Pam, I think it really is a matter of emphasis.
The fact that the Norse were here first might seem amazing at first glance -- as it did to some -- but since it appears to have left almost no impact upon the continent it really is as unimportant as historians now deem it. There is a controversial book out these days that claims the Chinese also discovered the Americas in the ships of the eunuch admiral, but the evidence seems sketchy. Even if it is established to be fact, once again the impact is miniscule so it means very little in the long haul.
I am afraid that when and if they can establish that others may have come upon South America prior to the Amerindians from Siberia through the remnants of the lost continent of Beringia -- and there seems to be some bits and pieces of evidence to suggest that may be so -- it may turn out to be the same non-story because these folks seem to have left no lasting mark. DNA genetic markers and linguistic evidence do not point to any other significant ingredient to the descendants that Columbus encountered in 1492.
However -- and its a big and fanciful however -- if it can be established, for instance, that another later population did introduce cultural factors to the continent, such as pyramid building or mummification, that would be a story that would get a lot of press. Thus far, we have no evidence for that and what evidence we have for other populations would be very ancient indeed, far older than Amerindian.
The big question mark for both North and South American populations is what big pieces we might be missing. If the suggestion by some historians that 80%-90% of the Native American population fell victim of old world disease in the 50-100 years after Columbus made contact is in fact accurate, then there could very well be both genetic and linguistic evidence yet to be uncovered.
So, wtf?
What about the possibility that the Solutrean culture of the Iberian Peninsula traded with North America 15,000 or so years ago. I once read an article on the Internet that suggested some of the Eastern Indians (Delaware, Iroquois) may be descended from proto-Europeans who traveled across the North Atlantic Ice shelf. There are certain Native Americans who look like they could have just stepped off the boat from China, while others have very Caucasoid features, yet others appear to be a blend.
If I remember correctly, and there is a fairly good chance I don't, the discovery was important because it showed that the Norse covered/explored a larger area in NA than previously believed. I seem to remember this from my school days. Is the late 60s, early 70s to early for the discovery you are referring to?
It's possible that a great many "ethnic Groups" visited the Americas & dipped their fingers in the gene pool. The idea of race is not a scientific fact - there is no specific criteria for each group, it was just an easy way to classify people before more thorough scientific analysis came along. And in our age of easy transportation, more and more groups are blended together.
So it is possible that many unknown explorers landed on the American continents, stayed long enough to add to the gene pool and either departed or became assimilated.
The Norse gave up their settlements because the benefits of trade weren't worth the hassle with the natives. Fishermen from the Atlantic coast of europe routinely visited the productive fishing grounds of Newfoundland. But it didn't occur to them to gather up their wives, children & make a permanent settlement. Those who did stay, inter-married with natives.
Columbus's discovery was a big deal because everyone thought (at first) that he had found a new route to the Indies.
Discoveries are only important as to their usefullness. The Chinese were'nt interest in a new world, so they left.
Of course neither Columbus nor Leif Ericson were actually the first. So-called native Americans - probably immigrants from East Asia - beat them by several thousands of years.
Columbus's discovery was a big deal because it was a devastating turn of events for native americans on an unimagiable scale of genocide -- most of it the unpremeditated result of old world pathogens. The 1964 "First Men on the Moon" film based on the Verne novel has something similar befall the residents of the moon after an early 20th century contact with Verne's spacemen gives the moonmen a head cold that exterminates their race.
It was also a big deal because the backwater Atlantic coast of Europe was transformed almost overnight into the epi-center of trade, power and influence that continues to this day.
Wade's "Before the Dawn" and other sources underscore that current DNA technology confirms Amerindian origins for the denizens of the two continents. We may learn more in the future to contradict that or at least reduce that exclusivity.
Pam: "What I'm hoping is that someone will be able to shed some light on why find(ing) Norse artifacts in L'Anse aux Meadows and Maine was a big deal ... ".
Previous to Ingstad's excavation and identification of the L'Anse aux Meadows site in 1960, no concrete evidence of Norse exploration or settlement of North America existed, outside of obscure written records. Obviously, then, found artifacts were a very big deal.
Until then, everything else was pure speculation based on mythical evidence found only in copies of portions of the Sagas, collected by those few European Bishops responsible for the Catholic Churches once found in distant Iceland and Greenland.
Maine, however, is a different story. The only authenticated Norse object ever found in Maine is a penny minted in Norway around 1070. The coin was pierced, evidently for use as a pendant by native Americans. It could easily have been traded down the coast by Indians without the Norse ever having visited the region.
The main reason why no other notice of the discovery of lands to the west of Greenland was reported in Europe is that the Norse had no idea that they had discovered "America". Finally, and crucially, from 1200 to 1350, climate cooling and the Black Death decimated the last of the colony, as well as half the population of Norway. Gradually, but surely, all contact with the New World was ended. The only exceptions were a few lines found in obscure manuscripts.
Look at the history written by the Norse. It was in the form of sagas. Compare that with the written accounts of the Spanish. I think that would go a long way to understanding why one is widely taught and the other is not. Many years before the Norse wrote their accounts St. Brendan wrote his account of landfall somewhere in the north atlantic. His account was in a specific genre that would not be accepted as history today.
When we lived in Texas, we visited some tourist caves in Arkansas, I don't remember the name, but associated with them, just outside the entrance, was a line of runes carved into the rock face. I don't know if this was a joke, a hoax, or just unexplained. The runes had a display case built around them as if someone was taking them seriously. I have no idea what they said. I'm sure there was a marker of some sort, but I don't remember what it said.
>5 MarianV:,8
The disappearance of the Norse from North America remains only partially understood. As Marian and Rood point out, the Little Ice Age and possibly relations with existing populations may have played a role. This is less well understood than the disappearance of the Norse colonies from Greenland, which itself is debated.
No definite answers there, despite clues. It may have been no single event, but some combination of climate change, declining trade relations, over-grazing of exhaustion of the soil, secular and religious taxation, etc.
They may also have not had a large enough population to sustain themselves over time and been unwilling or unwilling to interbreed with the local population. DNA evidence may one day help us there. The best guess with the Roanoke colonists is they they were dispersed among the native population, but of course there were too few of them to impact upon the genetic pool in a manner that is traceable. I wonder how many Norse there were and, also importantly, was the population of both genders?
Rood... mythical? Really? You surprise me with the use of that word ; )
A great deal of what we know of the early history of England comes from Norse sagas. If you disregard the usually artistic license they've been shown to be remarkably accurate and detailed.
Oh yes. Wanted to ask if anyone has read The American Discovery of Europe and/or what they think Dr. Forbes.
Garp; you put it nicely by pointing out that because there is no known or lasting influence it really doesn't matter.
I first heard about the Norsmen when I was in High School. It was released a few days before Columbus day. I felt that it was an attempt to undermine a holiday of particular importance to Italian-Americans!
I wonder what Paladino and Cuomo think. They seem to have started a new round of negative stereotyping, regarding Italian-Americans
Actually Garp, Eirik's Saga (Eric) makes it pretty clear that the land was fairly heavily populated and that newcomers weren't all that welcome. Karlsefni's group showed the white shield and traded twice with the natives, but the third time the skin-canoes returned there was a mini-war.
If the population numbers for the east coast of North America are anywhere near as high as theorized, this is not an unexpected reaction. They lived at their bay for 3 years though... and I swear the usage of the white shield sounds as if this was an understood sign of piece. (I wish I had an authority to quiz about this aspect of the saga. )
And as for
>>The fact that the Norse were here first might seem amazing at first glance -- as it did to some -- but since it appears to have left almost no impact upon the continent it really is as unimportant as historians now deem it.>>
Stan, it's not "real historians" that don't think it's important. It's ignorant people and the publishers of history books.
The only way one could think it wasn't important is that if they either had an axe to grind, or else they had no idea of the continuity of history. Thus the idiocy about how noble the Pilgrims were. I scarce think any modern person would think so if they read any of their deeply depraved tracts. But I suppose, because we don't read those pieces anymore that it doesn't matter that there were unnaturally cruel and perverted ;)
Well I'm off to bed before I get on some other tangent...
Pam -- I wouldn't think three years would leave much behind. But Pam I honestly don't know very much about the Norse in the Americas. Can you give me some reading recommendations and/or links that separate the facts from the bull. I would like to learn more about this.
cbellia -- I always found the emotional attraction of Columbus to the Italien-American community puzzling. There really is almost no connection, and even if there was, why would anyone want to celebrate Columbus, the man or his deeds? The Last Voyage of Columbus by Dugard is wonderful exposure, by the way, to what kind of character Columbus really was, and believe me it is not pretty. Although I must admit I admired him for tricking the native americans with his use of the eclipse. That was cool shit!
>13 ThePam:
On Forbes, here's Peter Wells writing the American Anthropologist:
"The book is interesting and thought provoking, but the
arguments and data presented do not convince this reader
that we have solid evidence for peoples of the Americas
reaching Europe before the second millennium C.E. This is
very different, of course, from saying that early American
voyagers did not reach Europe; some may well have, but the
kinds of unambiguous archaeological evidence that would
demonstrate that they did have not yet been identified. The
few objects that Forbes cites as examples of American mater
-ial culture in early European contexts are all problematic
for one reason or another. But this book helps to remind us
that we need to keep our minds open to the possibility that
such evidence may be found at any time."
Several other academic reviewers had similar things to say. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (in the American Historical Review) was rather less pleasant: "Howlers, vapid speculation, and fallacious logic abound."
I also have some thoughts on the main question, but not right now. I will say that I'm surprised no one has mentioned how central the Columbus story is to the American founding myth and the great tale of European triumphalism. Interest in everything else about pre-Colombian contacts hangs off that massive cultural touchstone. OK, so that was my central point, but I have a fun example from a 1927 US history textbook if I feel like taking the time to transcribe it.
>16 Garp83:: I certainly wouldn't claim any expertise myself. But there is an easily available edition of the relevant sagas in the Penguin Classics series (The Vinland Sagas), and Farley Moffat gives an interesting try at reconstructing the events in his Westviking: The Ancient Norse in Greenland and North America (I do think he gets carried away a bit too much over his own views though).
> 14: pointing out that because there is no known or lasting influence it really doesn't matter.
That depends. I would say that while it had no lasting influence for North America as we know it, it's still a fascinating piece of medieval history.
I didn't read that review, but did another yet a third that was just as disparaging. Shame that.
I might still get it by Interlibrary sometime in the future because it's intriguing to get away from the notion that history was something done to the American Indians.
>>Pam -- I wouldn't think three years would leave much behind.>>
Different perspectives, Garp-me-buddy. 3 years with trading is long enough to transmit viruses. There were extinctions in the Indian population before Columbus. Is there a connection? Well, we won't be able to say yay-or-nay without keeping an open mind so that we recognize evidence if we see it.
And repeated contact between the Norse and the Innuit and other indigenous peoples would tend to imply, to me at least, that it was only a matter of time before diseases were shared-- Columbus or no Columbus.
If those implications can't be viewed as important, well, we'll just have to agree to disagree. (I'll address some other issues later.)
Pam, the disease exchange is relevant and thought-provocative. Could the colder climate play a role? Could the Norse population not be carrying anything as devastating as the Spanish ships? (Smallpox ran through the Inca empire). I am curious about all of this.
Well, in current 'real life' cold climates are not free from disease. The flu virus that we all suffer from, in fact, prefers a cold, dry climate. (And the saga itself talks about a epidemic that spread through a farmstead over the winter killing many people)
As for your previous reference to separating the wheat from the chaff, or the mythology from the 'b.s.', I'm just now parsing out the secondary literature and I'd be hesitant to commit to any one 'authority'.
It's especially difficult to do considering how many 'validating' approaches to the Norse expeditions that there are to choose from. Linguistic (the saga in questions contains bits of dialog in archaic language that is at least 2 centuries older than the written bits); oceanography (are the days listed for sailing from pt A to B reasonable); genealogy; archaeological, and even climatological.
I'll give you the source I'm using though. It's a translation that is near transliteration at points. I offer it up because I would never suggest to someone to bow to any 'authority' without having read the primary source first to gain their own impressions.
The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503
It's available for free at google, gutenberg and archive.org. google => http://bit.ly/bwBskS
It's only 33 pages long so it's possible to scan it rather quickly -- if you leap past the begats-and-marriages -- to at least get the gist of what's covered. I think you'll find it unlike what you were expecting.
darn internal pointers not working. Bit.ly is however
re disease -- yes flu thrives in temperate climates, but flu is only one ingredient to the mix. Much more prevalent are the other pathogens that thrive in warmer climes.
I will check out the available literature, as you recommend.
How many Norse comprised the settlement? Is there a sense of that?
Whether the Norse had an impact or not, I find the Norse encounter with the Native American population to be of historical interest, especially from a Big History point of view. For the sake of the point, let us put aside the undocumented possibility of other earlier European or African visitors to the Americas.
The significance is this: many thousands of years ago (20? Maybe as many as 50?) a group of people went east toward Asia and wound up in the far northeast of the North American continent. Another group took a different path, and wound up in the north of Europe. When the Norse crossed to North America, the two groups met again. They had changed in superficial appearance, in language, in culture, but they were both still human, in contact again after a long and eventful interval.
This matters to our view of human history writ large, IMHO.
In re-reading my past posts I fear I may have given the impression that I think the Norse visit is unimportant and/or uninteresting. That is not what I meant to imply at all. I think it is fascinating and certainly has significance of its own. I only meant to speak rhetorically to Pam's original post, pointing out that it is often overlooked because it lacks centrality to the overall narrative of North American history. That aside, it remains an important piece of history well worth exploring. I apologize for the ambiguity of my comments.
So noted, Garp. And I agree with you on both points: minimal significance to North American history per se; of significance from a human history/development point of view.
2 novels, well written and well researched that tell the story of the encounter between the Norse and the Native people are
Freydis and Gudrid by Elizabeth Boyer and The Greenlanders by Jane Smiley.
My understanding of the 'Matter of the Norse settlements' is that the Norse weaponry was insufficiently advanced to win against the superior numbers of the locals.
Iron swords are marginally better than stone arrows, but they aren't in the same league as Pizarro's and Cortes' firearms were 500 years later.
True, but that didn't keep the Norse from occupying parts of Europe (compared to which their technological advantage was next to nill).
Bob! Haven't heard from you in awhile. Hope all is well.
Actually, in the narrative there is an interesting little transaction that takes place wherein, after a battle....
Here, rather than tell you about it, I've edited my post and added the text.
The Skrellings, moreover, found a dead man, and an axe lay beside him. One of their number picked up the axe, and struck at a tree with it, and one after another (they tested it), and it seemed to them to be a treasure, and to cut well; then one of their number seized it, and hewed at a stone with it, so that the axe broke, whereat they concluded that it could be of no use, since it would not withstand stone, and they cast it away.
This, of course, begs the question of how the Norse knew about this, and additionally, why anyone would whack a rock with an axe in the first place.
>33 ThePam: "This, of course, begs the question of how the Norse knew about this, and additionally, why anyone would whack a rock with an axe in the first place."
Those silly Skrellings! I agree it is so self-serving that it is hard to take at face value.
I'm not sure how to take that excerpt, Stellar. When reading it in context I didn't get the impression that it made light of Skrellings. Particularly as they had almost just killed everyone in the settlement. Perhaps the meaning is more evident if you could read it in the original. Puzzling
#6 (BarkingMatt) - "Of course neither Columbus nor Leif Ericson were actually the first. So-called native Americans - probably immigrants from East Asia - beat them by several thousands of years."
You said it, Matt.
I understand that people are using "Columbus discovered America" as a kind of cultural shorthand. But it always seems to me that it conveys the idea that the millions who were already inhabiting North America had yet to realize that there was earth under their feet.
Maybe that's the reason for the tradition of placing the dead on elevated platforms. You can't bury someone in the ground if you have never noticed it's there.
I am, of course, being silly here. It comes easy to me. What infuriates me is the perpetuation of the Euro-centrism of Western History. I look and my grandchildrens' history texts and it hasn't changed, to any significant degree, since I was in school, in the olden days. They talk as if North America almost didn't exist until it was "discovered" by Europeans.
Europeans were among the LAST to find out about it. And Christopher Columbus, bless his fuzzy head, thought he was in India.
#17- eromsted
And I read a little further in the thread and find that you have raised the same point much more eloquently.
I, for one, would like to see the excerpt from the '27 history book. thanks to ThePam for posting the link to "The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot 985-1503" in #23.
1: ThePam
" ... I'm hoping ... that someone will be able to shed some light on why find(ing) Norse artifacts in L'Anse aux Meadows and Maine was a big deal at the end of the last century, when it was clear as doorbells that academics knew the Norse were here first.
#8 Rood:
" ... everything else was pure speculation based on mythical evidence found only in copies of portions of the Sagas, collected by those few European Bishops responsible for the Catholic Churches once found in distant Iceland and Greenland." Rood
Message 13: ThePam
Rood... mythical? Really? You surprise me with the use of that word ; )
A great deal of what we know of the early history of England comes from Norse sagas. If you disregard the usually artistic license they've been shown to be remarkably accurate and detailed."
Whoa, Pam. Hold on. Until Ingstad located evidence of the Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in 1960, concrete evidence of Norse exploration to North America was just that: hoary myth.
A person can write all he wants about a subject, and collect it in dozens of books lining dusty shelves, but when a thousand years go by and all connection with the principals are lost to history, the truth of those claims becomes rather elusive.
It may seem a simple question, now that evidence is on exhibit, and the buldings at L'Anse have been restored, but I'm old enough to remember when people speculated that the Kensington Rune Stone was genuine, too, as concrete evidence that Norwegians visited what is now western Minnesota before 1200. The Texas runes mentioned in #10 by geneg carry on the same tradition of speculation.
The possibility of Norse exploration of North America became a popular question only at the time of the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893, when all praise was being heaped on Columbus. It was a time of heightened nationalism among people of Norwegian ancestry, a time when the Norwegian language was being resurrected by linquists, a time of increased polar explorations by Norwegians, and a time when Norwegians were attempting to throw off the yoke of foreign (read Swedish) rule, something that did not occur until 1905.
So upset did Norwegian become about the world's neglect of the accomplishments of their ancestors in favour of that upstart, Columbus, that a replica of a Norse knarr was constructed and sailed across the Atlantic in 1893, where it was eventually moored in Lake Michigan, as a demonstration that Norwegians could well have arrived in the New World 500 years before Columbus.
Ingstad's explorations in search of proof of first millennium Norse landings in the New World were prompted by the same nationalistic fervor. To be blunt ... we would not be here discussing the Norse exploration of North America were it not for Norwegian nationalism in the late 1800's.
So that's why the findings of Norse artifacts became important. It may not mean much to anyone else, but to Norwegians ... it still is "a big deal".
N.B. I had occasion to visit New York City in May of last year, at the time of the annual celebration of Syttende Mai .... 17 May: Norwegian Constitution Day, which commemorates the ratification of Norwegian independence from Denmark, following the exile of Napoleon to Elba. Though the Norwegian community in New York City is relatively small, there were two parades, with all-day celebrations at various cultural centers, plus live broadcasts piped in from Oslo of their still wildly popular celebration. So watch out when you bump your head into a Norwegian.
Well if Columbus had talked to some Vikings he would have known it wasn't India. And they could have assured him that the world was round too!
Now Rood. There's a difference between unsubstantiated literature and 'myth'. Zeus and Thor are myths. Do you really mean to lump this lovely saga in with them?
((I may have to call you out, man. Who's your second?))
It's many years since I read up on this stuff, but I seem to remember getting the impression that by Columbus's time it was getting to be fairly common currency among seafaring folk that there was land there across the Atlantic.
I suspect that we have knowledge of 'official' expeditions like those of Columbus or the Norsemen of the sagas, but not of 'unofficial' and, importantly, probably illiterate contacts - whether long-distance fishermen (there must have been an element of exploration to exploiting the Newfoundland fisheries), or merely victims of unusual weather patterns on the way to the Azores or Cape Verde Islands who managed to make it back home again.
Obviously they didn't know a lot, or Columbus wouldn't have thought it was India or wherever; but I'll bet the pre-Columbus common seafarers far away from the royal courts and centres of learning knew a bit more about the Americas than has come down to us (oh for a time machine).
>42 alaudacorax: IIRC, an accurate distance to the Far East was known. That was why King João II of Portugal rejected sponsoring Columbus' journey -- he and his advisers rightly concluded that Columbus was wrong about the distance. The Spanish rulers thought the same, but eventually provided limited support.
But they might have come to the conclusion that it was worth doing anyway had they realized there was land much closer. They did not seem to believe that.
Of course, I have no idea whether sailors themselves thought differently. I imagine if the idea of land right across the Atlantic were given general credence, the monarchs would have been aware of it too. But I could be wrong.
To my knowledge no one knew or predicted that anything lay between Europe and the Indies. Hence that is why Columbus held onto the belief that he reached Asia till the end of his life
The ancient Greeks would not have been aware of the Americas, but they had nailed the circumference of the earth to within a few hundreds or at most a couple of thousands of miles. They would have known that Columbus had not sailed nearly far enough to reach Asia. Alas, Between them and Columbus there had been several Tea Party Eras, and as a result no one had a clue. It all had to be re-learned, as I'm sure it will again in a couple of thousand years.
Seems the Norse knew that something was there, but I don't know if they didn't know it was India... if you know what I mean.
Gene, I love your analysis "several Tea Party Eras" -- so true. It fits so well into the way I feel today after watching the Rand Paul supporter stomp on that woman's head while no one did a damn thing about it.
So if this doesn't worry people, I guess a rejection of science and intellect and common sense won't make the news. But it worries me. This guy stomping on this woman's head is a pig. And the fact that Rand Paul didn't think it was a big deal makes him a pig too. I never agreed with John McCain's politics, but if one of his supporters did this McCain would have beat the shit out of him. Paul is a douchbag like his supporters.
Columbus both underestimated the size of the globe and overestimated the extent that Asia stretched to the East. The ancient Greeks could have helped with the first part but I don't believe they knew how far the Eurasian continent stretched to the East.
Also, the Basque fishermen fished the Newfoundland shoals before Columbus' voyages and may very well have discovered the land that wasn't too much beyond there. Apparently fishermen were very secretive about their fishing grounds and its not too surprising that they might have known something that the royalty of the time didn't.
>45 geneg: History of the knowledge of the sphericity of the Earth, according to the ever-reliable :) wikipedia:
This indicates that by the 11th century, Europeans knew of the accurate independent measurements of Islamic scholars.
Not covered in the above is the history of that Islamic effort. In 820 AD, the Caliph Al-mamun sent a team of astronomers to perform a survey in the Sinjar desert in present-day Iraq. Their study gives the circumference of Earth as 39,986 km, close to the modern value of 40,075 km (circumference at the equator).
al Biruni, around 1000 CE was the first scientist to provide a mathematical solution for determining the circumference of the earth. He used trigonometry combined with the measurement of the angle to the horizon from a mountain peak. This is considered as one of the earliest applications of trigonometry to geographical problems. He is sometimes regarded as the "Father of Geodesy' as a result. (Geodesy ~ Mathematical Geography).
Snorre Sturlason wrote (or at least the translation says he wrote):
"The earth's round face, whereon mankind dwells, is much cleft because great gulfs run up into the land from the ocean. It is known that a sea stretches from Norvasund (...Straits of Gibraltar) to Jorsalaland (... Jerusalem), and from the sea there goes towards the north-east a bight which is called the Black Sea. It is there that one finds the division between the three parts of the earth; to the east is is called Asia, but the land to the west is sometimes called Europa, sometimes Enea. But to the north of the Black Sea there stretches the great Serkland (... North Africa), others equate it with Blaland (... where black skinned people live).
It then goes on to talk about mainly western countries: Russia, Great Britain and so on, before going off into mythology. (I should say the parenthetical bits are mine)
Snorre's timeframe was 1179 – 1241 AD and he seems to have a good grasp of current politics. Serkland, for example, refers to the Saracens. As versus Blaland.
In any case, I'd love to get a literal translation of the first sentence to get the gist of what his meaning is. "The earth's round face" is tantalizing but also could be deceptive. Anyone read old Norse?
My Old Norse is a little rusty. But I doubt they were Flat Earthers.
I wouldn't think so because of what you see of the horizon far out at sea.
And I really think we need to scour LT for some Norse history/language
Jon Stewart's Earth (A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race) came into our house today, and in it my wife found this description of Asia: "Asia extends from Russia in the East to Russia in the West". Perfect!
I've found one Swedish translation of Heimskringla, that starts as "The round disc of Earth...". Others just give it as "the circle of the world". The relevant words here are "kringla heimsins", which has given the work its name, so all sources I've so far checked have provided translations.
Don't disc and circle imply a flat earth? I would think if the original meant sphere that's the word the translator would have used.
Ahh, yes, I've found that too. The disk references. I don't think we're going to be able to cipher this one without expert help. My thinking is that euphemism is rife in Nordic lit so we can't be sure what we've got nor what's implied.
If someone has an extant 'authority' to contact, I'd be happy to drop him/her an email.
As Columbus relied on Ptolemy's geographical calculations, which estimated each degree of earth to be only 50 miles instead of the more accurate 70, it might be said that Ptolemy was responsible for the mistaken notion that the New World was part of Asia. If that is true, then Ptolemy must also be given some credit for the exploits of Columbus, who might never had attempted an Atlantic crossing had he not believed Asia to be comparatively close to Europe.
Pam ... we know that much ... if not most of the Sagas are based on reality and on actual experience, but to a medieval priest or scribe, with absolutely no knowledge of the facts ... they were simply fantastically imaginative stories. The number of people who actually read them each century must have been less than could fit into a confession box on a busy day at the local Cathedral, probably far fewer than we packed into telephone booths and Volkswagens during the 60's.
>58 Rood: It may never be known whether Columbus deliberately fudged his calculations in order to secure funding for his explorations.
60> If he were deliberately fudging it he'd have to be pretty stupid since he would have been deliberately sailing out into an ocean that he would have known he couldn't get all the way across. Wishful thinking is probably more like it.
Not sure whose 'Medieval priest or scribe' we are talking about now. Do you mean one's Columbus might have had contact with, or British or Norse-- and exactly in which centuries.
Well, instead of just having a useless dup, here's a list of just the saga's about Kings, per der Vikipedia.
* A Latin work by Sæmundr fróði, ca. 1120, lost.
* The older version of Íslendingabók by Ari fróði, ca. 1125, lost.
* Hryggjarstykki by Eiríkr Oddsson, ca. 1150, lost.
* Historia Norvegiæ, ca. 1170.
* Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium by Theodoricus monachus, ca. 1180.
* Skjöldunga saga, ca. 1180, badly preserved.
* Oldest Saga of St. Olaf, ca. 1190, mostly lost.
* Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum, ca. 1190.
* A Latin Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar by Oddr Snorrason, ca. 1190, survives in translation.
* A Latin Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar by Gunnlaugr Leifsson, ca. 1195, lost.
* Sverris saga, by Karl Jónsson, ca. 1205.
* Legendary Saga of St. Olaf, ca. 1210.
* Morkinskinna, ca. 1220 but before Fagrskinna.
* Fagrskinna, ca. 1220.
* Óláfs saga helga by Styrmir Kárason, ca. 1220, mostly lost.
* Böglunga sögur, ca. 1225.
* Separate Saga of St. Olaf, by Snorri Sturluson, ca. 1225.
* Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, ca. 1230.
* Knýtlinga saga, probably by Ólafr Þórðarson, ca. 1260.
* Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, by Sturla Þórðarson, ca. 1265.
* Magnúss saga lagabœtis, by Sturla Þórðarson, ca. 1280, only fragments survive.
* Hulda-Hrokkinskinna, ca. 1280.
* Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta, ca 1300.
Sometimes counted among the kings' sagas:
* Jómsvíkinga saga
* Orkneyinga saga
* Færeyinga saga
* Brjáns saga
There's more Islandic saga's, most of which survived.
* Bandamanna saga
* Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
* Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa
* Brennu-Njáls saga - considered by some the greatest of Icelandic prose sagas
* Droplaugarsona saga
* Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar - tells of the adventures of Egill Skalla-Grímsson, the warrior-poet and adventurer
* Eiríks saga rauða
* Eyrbyggja saga
* Færeyinga saga
* Finnboga saga ramma
* Fljótsdæla saga
* Flóamanna saga
* Fóstbrœðra saga (two versions)
* Gísla saga Súrssonar, (two versions) of an outlaw poet.
* Grettis saga
* Grœnlendinga saga
* Gull-Þóris saga
* Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls
* Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu
* Hallfreðar saga (two versions)
* Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
* Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings
* Heiðarvíga saga
* Hrafnkels saga
* Hrana saga hrings
* Hænsna-Þóris saga
* Kjalnesinga saga
* Kormáks saga
* Króka-Refs saga
* Laxdæla saga
* Ljósvetninga saga (three versions)
* Reykdœla saga ok Víga-Skútu
* Svarfdœla saga
* Valla-Ljóts saga
* Vatnsdœla saga
* Víga-Glúms saga
* Víglundar saga
* Vápnfirðinga saga
* Þorsteins saga hvíta
* Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar
* Þórðar saga hreðu
* Ölkofra saga
Plus the Pættir, and a bunch of forms I'm not familiar with at all. I find it all rather synaptically stimulating.
To get back to the original question, I've found what seems to be THE referenced source:
Robert McGhee's
Contact between Native North Americans and the Medieval Norse: A Review of the Evidence
American Antiquity, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Jan., 1984), pp. 4-26Published by: Society for American ArchaeologyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/280509
It's his opinion, at least as I understand him, that while there is much that supports a wider contact between the Norse and N. American Indians than many suppose, that evidence points to their being that there was more effect on the Norse than there was on the natives.
As far as disease, he writes, "Although the Point Revenge Indians and the Dorset Palaeoeskimos of Labrador and Ungava appear to have become extinct prior to later European contact, they seem to have outlasted the Norse Greenlandic colonies."
Group: History at 30,000 feet: The Big Picture
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text:
New York's Whitney art show mixes creepy, optimistic
By Basil Katz
NEW YORK (Reuters) - New York's Whitney Museum unveiled a smaller, more intimate biennial show on Tuesday partly in response to the impact of the economic downturn in the United States.
The museum, which focuses on American art, has helped discover some of the 20th Century's great artists through its shows, which have become one of the art world's gauges for current trends and future stars.
Curators Francesco Bonami and Gary Carrion-Murayari avoided a specific theme and deliberately reduced the number of artists to 55 to allow closer audience interaction with the art.
The last biennial, in 2008, came at the peak of "a very distinct bubble in the art market," said Michael Plummer of Artvest Partners, an art investment advisory firm.
"Now that it has burst, you're looking at a biennial in a much more sober market," Plummer said.
The 2010 biennial can be at turns "creepy" and "optimistic," Bonami said. "Creepy because there is this apparent calm, like the first chapter of a Stephen King novel in which everything looks normal, but you know it's not."
Two photographs entitled "Landscape with Houses" by James Casebere portray a mock-up of a dreamlike suburbia of tract houses -- a world almost too perfect and one typical of those hit hardest by the foreclosure epidemic.
"This is particular to America. Behind closed doors you can do anything you want, and if you trespass you could get shot," Bonami said. Continued...


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Shakespeare in the Park-Love's Labour's Lost - The Voelker Orth Museum
Hours: 7pm
Ages: All
149-19 38th Ave. - 718-359-6227
Flushing, NY 11354
Description: This family-friendly production of Love's Labor's Lost is part of Hip to Hip Theatre Company's 7th Season of Free Shakespeare in the Park?. It is for lovers of Shakespeare and for those experiencing Shakespeare for the first time. Bring blankets or low chairs. No lines. No tickets. Seating is first come, first served. This year also features a new children's program called Kids and the Classics, which will be offered 30 minutes before each show. This program consists of fun theatre games and an introduction to the play.


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Plasticville 1908 Split Level house and box
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Toys, Dolls, Games & Puzzles
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: May 08, 2011
- Channel: Auction House
Plasticville 1908 Split Level house. Has original box in very good condition. Very nice condition, no breaks or glue and has all parts including the downspouts, drapes and sheet on window glass. Buyer pays $7.00 shipping. On the Plasticville items I have for sale I will combine shipping so if you buy multiples you will pay reduced shipping
Buyer pays $7.00 shipping. if buyer is in Canada please wait for the invoice so the correct shipping can be calculated.
Seller designed template using Auction Zealot
Free/Inexpensive listing tools!


text:
AAImages Photographer
Crystal Rose MUAMakeup Artist Female Jackson, New Jersey, US
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About MeI am a certified makeup artist located in central NJ. I am willing to travel throughout NJ and into NYC and Philadelphia.
I was behind the scenes doing the makeup for NJ Fashion week in the beginning of October. I have done multiple weddings, photo shoots, stage make up, Sweet 16's, and much more.
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text:
Kentucky Derby
workouts for today (Thursday, March 10)
(with HRN Derby rankings):
It was another
light day on the Derby
works front. Bob Baffert sent Uncle Sam out for a five furlong move at Hollywood Park. Across town at Santa Anita, Robert
Lewis Stakes (G2) 4th place finisher Thirtyfirststreet had a nice
seven panel move for Doug O'Neill.
#80 Sovereign Default – Breezed
3f in :37.45 (4/6) at Palm Meadows.
#87 Uncle Sam – 5f in 1:00.40
(3/20) at Hollywood
#102 Thirtyfirststreet –
Went 7f in 1:24.20 (1/3) at Santa Anita.
#103 King Congie – 5f breeze
in 1:03.25 (11/14) at Palm Meadows.
[Will strong Derby contenders emerge
from Saturday's San Felipe, Tampa Bay Derby, and Timely Writer? Is Uncle Mo
a Triple Crown threat? Log in and rank your 2011 Kentucky Derby contenders!]
Other Works:
Black N Beauty (#108) breezed 4f in
:48.65 (15/34) at Gulfstream. Read The Contract (#116) went 3f in :38.40 (5/6)
at Palm Meadows.
Edgar Prado will ride Machen in
the Louisiana Derby. Pluck will go in a one-mile turf allowance at Tampa Bay
instead of the G3 Palm Beach at Gulfstream
Park on 3-12. Rogue
Romance has a foot bruise and will miss the Louisiana Derby. A majority
interest has been sold in Silver Medallion but he will reportedly remain with
Steve Asmussen.
Trainer Ken McPeek reported Monday morning that Tu...
Many of us dream of owning the ultimate racehorse...
Forty years ahead of their time, the Electric Ligh...
Maybe not to the extent of great American pioneer...
South Louisville native Dale Romans is on the verg...
The 38-day fall championship meet at Belmont Park ...
Royal Ascot, day three, began with the royal proce...
Saturday's Grade 3 Ohio Derby, the state's richest...
With the 2017 Triple Crown series complete, the r...
Copyright © 2010 -
Immerse!, LLC


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If your next adventure includes towing your favorite play-things, look to USU Credit Union for the best deal on trailer financing.
**APR as low as
We understand that visiting a branch isn't always the most convenient way to get a trailer loan. Close your loan online using eSignature - apply for a loan online or at a branch and sign the loan documents from home with a digital signature.*
Interest rates vary among models so ask us about specific rates and terms.
*eSignature or Digital signature is available for current USU Credit Union members. Some loan products are not available for Digital Signature closings. Restrictions may apply.


text:
Designs by little_fish
Dianne Fisher
Sydney NSW Australia
Fabrics for the young and young at heart!! If you see a design you like but would like it in a different colour or size, please email me at email@example.com to discuss options.
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text:
(from Keeneland report)
Strong favorite Audacious Chloe led the field every step of the way to win the $115,700 Appalachian Stakes for 3-year-old fillies on the Keeneland turf course Sunday, handing the dominating duo of trainer Todd Pletcher and jockey John Velazquez one more stakes victory.
Pletcher had hoped that Velazquez could rate Audacious Chloe off the pace in the one-mile turf race, but the daughter of More Than Ready proved tough on the lead, holding off Classic Neel by a neck, while hard ridden by Velazquez to the wire. It was another neck back to Red Birkin in third.
"We were hoping there was someone to follow today, but there really wasn't much speed in the race," said Pletcher. "So, it kind of left it up to Johnny. He obviously did the right thing."
The final time was 1:36.39 on firm going. Audacious Chloe led through even fractions of :24 2/5, :48 4/5 and 1:13 3/5.
Classic Neel, sent off at 15-1, rallied on the rail under Rafael Bejarano but came up short while gaining late. Red Birkin, a 27-1 shot, prompted Audacious Chloe on her outside under Javier Castellano but lost touch with the winner in upper stretch before rallying again in deep stretch.
It was the second victory of the year for Team Valor Stables and Never Tell Farm's Audacious Chloe and her fourth in seven lifetime starts with a pair of seconds. She increased her career earnings to $219,873 with the winner's purse of $71,734. She won Gulfstream Park's Gaily Gaily on the grass over 2-year-old filly champion Dreaming of Anna in her last start Feb. 25. She is out of the Manila mare Audacious and was bred by Highclere Inc. in Kentucky. She sold for $300,000 at Fasig-Tipton Saratoga in August 2005.
"I tried to slow the pace as best I could, and she kind of relaxed a little bit," said Velazquez. "We were at a comfortable pace and, after that, she put up a good fight."
The 6-5 choice in a field of 12, Audacious Chloe paid $4.40, $3.40, and $3. Classic Neel returned $12.60 and $8 and Red Birkin returned $11 to show.
(Chart, Equibase)
Audacious Chloe Works Hard to Win Appalachian
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Hong Kong Fish International Trade Co., Ltd Store No.130750
Store Categories
Hello,Welcome to our shop, We wish you a pleasant shopping trip! Have any questions you can find customer service, our philosophy is the customer is always right! This shop most of the goods shipped to most countries
Free shipping!
Shop for the general new old customers, with US$38 order can get a US $2


text:
The College Board has a range of materials to help you communicate the components of your AP® program. Use them to build awareness of AP, announce new courses, and introduce students and parents to the program. Get inspired.
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Follow @APforStudents on Twitter for the latest news on AP courses, study tips, resources and more.
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Subscribe to our YouTube channel and use these videos in presentations to students, parents, colleagues, and the community. Here are a few of our latest videos:
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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
room was excellent, good restaurant and very friendly staff
Great place, friendly helpful cheerful staff, great pool, good dinner. Can't wait to go again.
everything was so good, from the reception, the room, the grounds, the breakfast table, the bar service, just everything! nothing
Great view and swimming pool The beds were a bit too hard
Superb location, friendly staff, good facilities and an excellent breakfast. Dinner menu had limited availability
very helpful and willing personnel, nice area, attractive pool Parking area outside hotel not adequate
This is one of the best hotels I have been up to now in greece
excellent hotel, high-class staff nothing
The room, the silence, the restaurant under the olive trees.
Very good hotel. Everything is alright. Very good food
Nice quiet town, close to Ancient Olympia, easy to find. The room itself was attractive, comfortable, and had a nice view. The staff were pleasant and the food was the best we had on our two weeks in Greece. However, no one told us that it would be impossible to get any sleep before 3am. There was a very loud private party downstairs that went until 3am. My husband and I couldn't fall asleep until 3:30 am (after hearing the first rooster crow) and we had to get up at 6:30am the following morning. We're lucky he didn't fall asleep behind the wheel while driving. I wish the staff would have told us that we wouldnt't get any sleep; we would have gone elsewhere.
Covinient location close to Ancient Olympia. Quiet and nice hotel in an impresive place. Big and well decorated rooms with views to the valley. Excellent food. None
Excellent in all respect. Incredible dinner wonderful breakfast the house wine is great. None that we could find
After visiting the site in olympia it was wonderful to escape the town and have a lovely dip in the pool. Bacchus is an oasis. excellent signage, so easy to find. dinner was great. reasonably priced. n/A
The food, as other people have said is wonderful, and the staff very friendly and helpful. Very good value for money. Only problem is getting to and from The Olympic site if you don't have a car. A taxi costs about €10 each way as the buses are few and far between. However, this still makes the hotel good value.
A fairly simple room with pleasant views but bathroom very tiny. Hotel is described as luxurious on website but this is an overstatement. However, pool area very nice and the food was excellent. I would certainly recommend this as a good place to stay for its close proximity to Olympia, We were treated in an off-hand way by girl on reception when we arrived. A smile and a few friendly words would have made all the difference. Bathroom was too small.
Courteous hostess. Excellent breakfast.
Clean, attractive room at an excellent price. Refreshing pool. Great food. None
Excellent food. We arrived very late at night on Easter Saturday and they waited for us and even gave us dinner. The room was very clean, quiet, with a balcony view on the valley and all the staff was very kind.
The hotel is in a quiet area. Our room had a small balconeer with a nice view. The breakfirst was good. It is no buffet but served at your table. The rooms are aged. The bathroom is small.
Thee hotel's personel was kind, the room was spacious, the surroundings of the hotel very nice-beautiful landscape.
The location was convenient for the Ancient ruins of Olympia, staff were helpful. Finding it was a challenge, the hotel itself is looking dated and badly in need of bringing up to spec for the prices charged.
Gentle stuff - good prices - good facilities No refrigerator in my room
The room was very big and well furnished: white and clean, stylish and tasteful. There is a wonderful, large pool! After a hot day seeing the archealogical sites, it is just perfect to swim in the pool. You need a car to go to Olympia but it is only a 2 min. drive and parking is free and not problem to find a space. You can park for free directly in front of the hotel. And if you do not want to drive to town to eat, the hotel has its own restaurant. There is a nice garden / countryside directly around the hotel. We felt very comfortable, relaxed - like in the country, but with all luxury and close by interesting sites to see. Kato beach (very nice beach!) is only a 20 minute drive away. I can recommend this hotel without hesitation!
the location near the antique olympic site in quite and green area is great. the hotel infrastructure is good and the staff friendly. closing the doors of rooms without using keys causes always a bing bang
Lady on arrival was very friendly and helpful. Room was clean and comfortable. When we checked out we asked if we could leave our luggage somewhere securely whilst we did some more sight seeing. The man at reception asked us to put it in a corner of the lounge room near reception and assured us that someone is at reception 24/7 so it would be looked after at all times. When we returned, there was no one at reception and we took our bags without anyone asking us a single question! Who was to know that the luggage belonged to us? This left quite a bad impression in our minds of the security of the hotel.
Location It was quite simple, but sufficient
Close to restaurants
The staff were very helpful when we wanted to attend a play at the Olympia theatre in a nearby village. The hotel was very clean and comfortable. The bathroom would have benefited from a ventilator.
I enjoyed mostly the hospitally of the staff plus the politness of the lady at the reception!Also the clean rooms and the location of the hotel,which is really close to everything.
Very frieddly ambiance, wonderful restaurant view, and very delicious breakfast.
The Neda was centrally located for our visit to Olympia. The staff were very helpful and friendly. The rooms were simple yet comfortable. Breakfast overlooking the town was great.
Near to the archeological site. Very poor quality of breakfast service.
Our family stayed at the Neda on a tour of the Peloponnese for only one night. The Neda is a basic hotel with relatively large, clean rooms, and the staff was really helpful and welcoming. The hotel's amenities (air conditioning, tv, shower, etc.) were fine, and its proximity to the town and the archaelogical site/museums madeit a great base. Although the Greeks are not big on breakfast, we thought that the breakfast was quite good. We had originally booked a family room, but the staff was able to give us two doubles instead. All in all, we thought that the Neda was a fine place to stay when visiting Olympia.
Close to restaurants
The staff was incredible--very helpful and knowldgeable. Great coffee and breakfast. A wonderful traveling value.
Nice, bright room with two balconies; good breakfast Nobody was available for check-out at indicated time.
The friendliness and helpfulness of the staff (family member). Made me feel very welcome and comfortable.
The staff was very friendly and helpful. Hotel had the best Greek yogurt I have had in my life! It was amazing.
I was made to feel as though I was a member of the family. The attention to detail, the outstanding dinner and breakfast and the overall comfort and atmosphere of the Hotel Pelops is second to none! I look forward to staying again next summer and every time I visit Olympia!
Nice hosts Hard matress thin pillows
staff very friendly, location convenient, room clean breakfast was disappointing (canned fruit vs. fresh), bed was harder than we like
The owners speak English which reaaly helped they were helpful..although din't always have the correct information..there is no 6:30 am bus on Saturday Oh Well ..They did have coffee and breakfast out for us at 6 am... The bed was old style like the single bunk bed style at the cabin when you were a kid..however if you are under 40 this likely won't bother you..do not get the owner to look after your laundry for 11 items and a few socks he charged 33Euros a bit steep but our fault for not asking price first..always learnings
Good price/quality. Clean and spatious rooms. PC with Internet available. Close to entrance of archeological site. Staff is efficient, friendly and speaks English very fluently.
Friendly efficient
The wonderful staff, the beautiful villa and the luxurious surroundings. Couldn't of asked for more The only regret is that we didn't stay longer
Very clean and well maintained establishment. Polite and wellcoming hostess. Not the usual "hotel" setting, it's rather a big house where you really feel "at home". A very quiet and peacefull environment, magnificent garden with a pool, BBQ and a playground. Seaside nearby. Great for families with kids. Also great for off-season travellers. A bit difficult to find the location. Could get a little noisy inside the villa, if crowded (the room doors are standard plain wood, don't keep noise out)
Lovely room and setting in the countryside. Nice pool area,too.
Very nice b&b with a wonderful pool/garden and quite near to the beach.
We enjoyed the tranquility of the villa and the ambiance of the sea at night. We did not like the hard beds. Need something a little softer.
Near the site of ancient Olympia.
Excellent hotel with good clean rooms and toilet facilities. Very good breakfast. Cheerful, friendly family run hotel. Good quiet location in the middle of the village. No refrigerator in the room but we were offered space in the one in the restaurant.
Good traditional hotel run by the family. Great breakfast. Popular with younger and budget-conscious travelers. Hot water was iffy the first morning and non-existent the second. This made the shower a nasty experience. Cold showers are OK at basic pricing level but hot ones should be provided for 40 Euros.
The host is warm and breakfast is very good.
Central location. Rather noisy at night. Security of rooms a little primitive.
The staff was very kind Some problem with water in the bathroom
friendly,feel comfortable like at home breakfest is very nice,but everyday it's the same,not so many choices
Friendly stuff but hotel needs better maintanance.
The price was a little high for the quality of the rooms, but the staff was very helpful and friendly.
Nothing....... Everything, the hotel is way over due for a renovation. The piece of carpet in the room was softer than the towels. The sheets were see through and like a sand paper. Hotel smells and many more .....
A nice family-owned place with very friendly and helpful staff (owners actually). Conveniently located in the center of the town - you can walk in a few minutes wherever you want: archaelogical site, restaurants, bus station, railway station.
The staff was friendly and helpful. Good breakfast. No
Very friendly people, excellent location very close to museum and olympia site and nice shopping nearby, the breakfast choice was very limited
Nice hotel, in centre of town with quiet clean rooms.
Quiet, clean and beautiful hotel. Very friendly and helpful staff. Good value for money. Loved the homemade marmelade at breakfast!
Excellent location in center of village for visit to Olympia You can only pay cash. Poor breakfast.
Proximity to the Ancient Olimpia Site, Fair Breakfast and helpfulness of the Staff. The beds were a little hard for me. Not just at this Hotel, but generally in Greece.
The friendly staff, very convenient location in town - could walk to museums and ruins. Would definitely stay here again.
Stayed here for 2 nights during our 2 weeks travelling around the peloponnese, but we found ourselves wishing we had stayed for one night and spent the other night at some of our other stops. Our room was big and tidy and had a fridge and even had a bath, but it was not as modern and did not have the wow factor of some of the other places we have stayed. Breakfast was basic, so felt it was a bit overpriced for what you got compared to others and although we really enjoyed the Archeological site and Museum, once you've done that there is not a lot else there (I think we expected it to be a bigger place). Definately going back to the Peloponnese, but will probably give Olympia a miss now that we've seen it!! Stained shower curtain. That's probably just me being fussy, but I would have put a new one on!!
had to pay in cache
Dirty stained carpet covered in hair, smelly fragrance to mask a worse odor, fleas. No wifi in room. Air conditioner started pumping out heat at 2am and the front desk man told me that the a/c "usually works" and hung up on me. The lobby, exterior and photos online are serious false advertisement. I wanted to leave even though we'd paid for it. It was disgusting.
Location to ancient Olympia.The pool was great. Pool water was clean the day we swam in it. After a long drive to Olympia from Delphi a dip at the pool was perfect. Breakfast buffet had a variety of warm and cold options. Loved the tomatoes with feta cheese. Staff nice but very serious...smiles would be nice. Good for a one night stay. Lobby and pool areas of hotel are very nice. However, the rooms, balcony and hallways need some major updates. We booked two rooms and the A/C worked well in only one room. TV is tiny. I agree with other posts on photos. Only lobby and pool area match up.
clean nice sized rooms. Good breakfast included. Nice pool The hours which the pool was open could be expanded
Good experience all round - particularly the pool, given the hot climate.
A nice hotel with a great view. Itea is not a very big town but the hotel is a little away from town & since we had our own car it did not matter. They upgraded us to a suite which is very much appreciated.


text:
I've been living in Indonesia for 4 years with an Indonesian husband and two children who were born here. Everyone expects me to be fluent in Indonesian, but I have to admit – I am not. Yes, I am conversational, yes I carry out a lot of my day to day business in Indonesian and understand most of what is said but I still panic if I get a phone call that's not in English and I am shameful of the fact I speak to my husband in English most of the time.
When I first arrived here I learned my usual basics – the numbers from 1 to 10 and a few words and phrases (Lonely Planet phrase books are great for this – my Indonesian one contains the gem "Saya tidak mau mati" – "I don't want to die", to the hilarity of my husband when we'd just met). But then I stopped, maybe because I was tired of the constant language learning from months of travelling, maybe because I got lazy in a country where everyone including my future husband speaks decent English. Whatever the reason, I've not reached the fluency that I thought I would after several years of living in a country.
And then my oldest child, my daughter, started to talk. Not in English as I'd imagined but in a mixture of Indonesian and Balinese, reflecting the words she hears day in and day out. I watched her progress from those first few words to near total fluency in less than a year and I'm starting to get an idea of where I've been going wrong.
Want to learn a language the same way a baby does? Keep the following in mind:
Speak what you hear, not what you're told.
My daughter often speaks in Balinese, despite Indonesian being the main language my husband and his family have chosen to communicate with her in. When she first started speaking, I was amazed at her coming out with random words that nobody had 'taught' her. How? She watches and listens and copies. She's already figured out that Balinese is the dominant language around here and chooses it in favour of Indonesian or English.
Learning a language from books and structured language courses can make you sound rather formal and stilted when you speak. I'm constantly explaining to my family when they visit that the phrases they've learned are yes, technically correct, but you would never hear anyone say it like that here.
Listen to how the others around you talk and imitate their accent, tone and mannerisms for a more natural way of speaking.
For example, "thank you" in Indonesian is "terima kasih" but here in Bali you're much more likely to hear a shortened "makasih ya?" in everyday situations.
Laugh at yourself
As a 2-year-old, some of the things my daughter comes out with are just downright funny, so we laugh at her. And she laughs with us, she doesn't turn bright red and refuse to talk again. In fact she delights in our laughter and repeats whatever she said in order to try and get us to laugh again. One of the biggest reasons for people not speaking a foreign language is fear of sounding stupid or people laughing at you if you say something wrong. This is something I struggle with myself and I'm fully aware that I just need to get over it and laugh at myself along with everyone else. If you're too scared to speak, you will never learn another language.
Songs can be a great way of learning a foreign language. Singing is fun, it helps you remember words much more easily than just speaking them and you'll also find your accent is much improved when you sing. It's as easy as just listening to a local radio station or looking up the lyrics of a song in your target language. This is also a great way to discover some new favourite bands.
Stay curious
Every time my daughter encounters a fruit she hasn't seen before or sees an unfamiliar animal at the zoo, she asks what it's called. Young children are infamous for asking 'why?' constantly and part of the reason for this is language development. Of course most parents are aware of the need to 'teach' their children to talk and will repeatedly say things like "this bird is called a parrot" and "look at the RED balloon". As adults, we don't have the advantage of others trying to teach us constantly so we need to make sure we keep asking questions. If you don't know the word for something, ask.
Talk, talk, talk
My daughter is a chatterbox and often sits talking to herself. She even talks in her sleep. When she learns a new word she'll often drop it into conversation as much as she can. Practice makes perfect and speaking is the only way of becoming fluent in a foreign language. It's very easy to study books and listen to mp3s without saying a single word but just going out there and talking, even if you don't know all the words, will do you the world of good. Since I've been making more of an effort to talk to my husband in Indonesian rather than English, I've noticed a huge difference in the rate my knowledge is increasing. If you follow only one tip, make it this one.