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Penguinchris's Traveler Profile
About Penguinchris
- Profession
- Computer stuff
- Favourite music
- Guitar-based indie rock. Scottish folk. African Kora. Catalan ska and reggae.
- Favourite movie
- Aliens. Skeletons. Rec. Some Like it Hot. Zulu; The Outlaw Josey Wales. Manon des Sources.
- Languages
- English, badly. Gibberish, fluently
- Favourite quote
- Destiny, do you want a banana?
- Interests and hobbies
- Looking at things. Answering questions.
- One thing I want to do before I die
- Silly question. I don't know.
- Favourite book
- The Very Hungry Caterpillar & 100 Years of Solitude.
- My friends describe me as
- Fat
- The most amazing moment in my life so far
- I should say the birth of my two sons but I'd probably have to choose one or 't other and that would be favouritism. Loads of stuff, really. Barcelona's Correfoc. Seeing a wild gibbon, swimming with 1,000 Pilot Whales in Costa Rica. Much more.
Recent Entries by Penguinchris
Easy nines - Nov 21, 2015
Saturday 21st November The alarm went off at 4 a.m. The snow that had been coming down fast when we went to bed had stopped and hadn't settled, except on car's roofs so we were ...
Soaring ambition - Nov 22, 2015
It wasn't raining when we woke up which was a good start – Bordegassos of Vilanova had had to build their last castell in light rain the day before and what's light rain to us Brits i...
Not winning the pub quiz - Nov 15, 2015
I'm ages behind with my trip reports but this sort of thing doesn't come along very often, so here's a special update. Picture the scene. Julie and I are sitting in The Beacon on a S...

subset: commoncrawl


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|Page (1) of 1 - 07/25/13
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It looks like the Amanda Bynes saga continues. The actress' parents finally have the ammunition they need. Lynn and Rick Bynes are headed to court Friday morning to request that a temporary conservatorship be put in place, giving them control over their daughter's financial and personal affairs. Amanda was detained Monday night on a psychiatric hold after lighting a fire in the driveway of a house near her parent's home in Thousand Oaks, CA. Stay tuned to CelebTV, we'll keep you updated of any major developments!
|Amanda Bynes' Parents Seeking Conservatorship
Source:GrabNetworks (c). All Rights Reserved


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Sarina wins a radio station prize draw to go on a vacation to the island principality of Carramer on the south Pacific Ocean. As she arrives with her heart full of anticipation, she is greeted by none other than Prince Josquin of Carramer! "What could the royal family possibly want with me?" Sarina's anxious question is met with a shocking answer from the Prince: "You're the princess of this land. And we need you."
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In what its CEO described as a year containing the "most dramatic changes in our history" Lancashire Holdings reported broadly stable results for the full year 2013 with small decreases in its profits and premiums but an increase in its return on equity (ROE) for the year.
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text: NFC East Dallas — GET A KICKER! Adam Vinatieri, Mike Vanderjagt or Ryan Longwell will kick for the Cowboys, with Vanderjagt being the most likely match. Dallas also needs offensive line help. Don't discount "Parcells guys" like Kevin Mawae and Jason Fabini. The Cowboys will also sign a veteran safety. http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/5399576 :starspin


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Recruiting Insider: Marshall
Local athletes playing in the snow in their uniforms
School may be out and contests may be cancelled, but some area athletes won't let a little snow deter them from polishing their game ahead of the postseason.
By 01:52 PM ET, 02/13/2014 |
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Marshall bounces back from 0-7 start to reach Northern Region baseball tournament
Key defensive changes and the return of senior pitcher Mike Evans, a James Madison University signee, has lifted Marshall into the Northern Region tournament after an 0-7 start.
By 03:19 PM ET, 05/16/2013 |
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Elizabeth Seton alum Tyaunna Marshall receives USA Basketball invitation
Former Elizabeth Seton All-Met guard Tyaunna Marshall will head to the U.S. Olympic Training Center to try to earn a spot on the World University Games team.
By 03:58 PM ET, 05/08/2013 |
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Chapter 32: Strange Day
The day hadn't turned into a horrible nightmare. No, it was surprisingly...pleasant to say the least. Or that is simply how Alkyra saw it. When the elf came for her after the lizard's climatic exit from breakfast, she felt welcomed for once in her troubled life. In fact, Aliryia reminded her of the old man she had almost called father so long ago. While in contrast, the elf was certainly a formal and quiet lady, the old man, who had since passed away, had a warmth of acceptance around him and kindness in his eyes, Alkyra knew Aliryia had that as well, although those traits were very subtle and hid under a layer of grace and etiquette.
Even though she was convinced to come along, Alkyra felt edgy and on her toes, and to add to this feeling of discomfort, the cloak, that concealed her vibrant scales, was heavy, doubled with the lack of coolness in the air and the dress she wore under it, building heat made her even more uncomfortable. But she did her best not to complain. Instead what comments she made were usually out of spite for something that was hidden in words shared under her breath. Eventually, it seemed, the warmth that was boiling up underneath the cloak reached the ends of her tolerance for it. In the end, she shrieked at Aliryia after Eru unintentionally pointed out the need for it.
Amazingly, her complaint made her day. Minutes after they left the store where Alkyra's eyes fell upon the most beautiful (but well out of her price range) dress, Aliryia told Eru and the lizard to stay hidden while she disappeared to who knows where.
"What do you think she's up to?" Eru asked as they stood under the shade of a tree.
Alkyra shrugged, drawing up the weight of the cloak up then letting it fall. "No clue, Eru."
After a brief silence, she awkwardly coughed and leaned against the trunk of the tree. "Um, Eru," Alkyra began, her voice a bit meek, "Sorry about being...irritable. I'm not a fan of...people."
Eru smiled softly. "It's okay, I should've been more considerate about how you felt."
"Oh no, no; you wanted to make sure the girls had everything they wanted. That's perfectly fine. I should just stop acting so...whatever." The lizard laughed, shaking her head.
"I suppose we were both a bit "whatever" today, huh?" Eru replied, giggling as well.
Just then, the elf appeared from the shadows of a building, something folded in her hands. When she reached them, her soft face seemed somewhat anxious but it went unnoticed by the two as their eyes widened and locked on the amber dress. It seemed that it was the very same clothing from the store!
"Ali...oh, where did you get that?!" both Eru and Alkyra questioned, eyes not leaving the dress.
A small, thin but sweet smile formed on her lips. "Here," the elf pushed her hands towards the lizard, "this is for you. Think of it as a gift, sister."
Alkyra's eyes went from the elf's face, searching for some hint of a joke or jest, and then back to the amber material becoming unsettled from its neat fold. She touched it lightly, as though it was a figment of her imagination - something from a dream - and that it would disappear the moment her hands made contact with it. It didn't; the dress was still in Ali's arms. Carefully, she took it and clutched against her chest. She then held it up as she allowed it to flow downwards, sizing the dress up against her frame.
She was speechless. Briefly Alkyra let the kind gesture sink in and let the strange feeling of gratitude brighten up her face. "Thank you, Ali."
The only response she was given was a careful nod and the edges of the other girl's mouth widening.
Happily clapping her hands together, Eru spoke. "Lovely! Now let's go find the others and get home soon?"
They both agreed and Alkyra tucked the dress carefully under her cloak, making sure it wouldn't wrinkle too much. For once, in a long time, she felt...at home.


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You are currently using an unsupported web browser.
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Check in time: 3:00 PM ,Check out time: 11:00 AM
Pet Policy - Pet Friendly Hotel. Pet Accommodation: 15.00 per night, per pet. 2 pets per room, up to 50 lbs.
Non-Smoking Rooms Available
Facility is ADA compliant
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Southaven Fire Department training officer Stephen Benson has been elected as the municipal employee representative on the Public Employees' Retirement System of Mississippi (PERS) board of trustees. At its April 22 meeting, the board certified results of the runoff election between Benson and Deborah Lea, Monticello director of administration.
Benson is filling an unexpired term that runs through Dec. 31.


text:
from £104 / night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
Chamois Blanc – Home 236460 Apartment
- 1 bedroom
- 5 sleeps
- 1 night min stay
Chamois Blanc – Home 236460
- Apartment
- 1 bedroom
- sleeps 5
- 1 night min stay
Top Review
Apartment / 1 bedroom / 1 bathroom / sleeps 5
Key Info
- Ski
- Child friendly
- Car not necessary
- Pet friendly
Description from owner
Sunny apartment for 5 people in Chamonix Mont Blanc, just renovated (in Dec 2013!), near to boutiques, shops, bars, restaurants and Aiguille du Midi cable car. The building is in front of bus shuttle stop for quick access to all ski resorts.
It is on the fourth floor, south facing, sunny, there is a panoramic view of the Alps and Mont Blanc, balcony where you can sunbathe, TV, dishwasher, living room with double sofa-bed, bunk bed and mountain style kitchenette, double bedroom separated from living room by a mobile partition., bathroom a cromotherapy shower with body spry, waster massage and waterfall for the health and harmony of body and mind! and separate toilet with bidet shower.
Underground parking included. Ski rental shop and pizzeria in the building.
Wireless Internet access in the apartment (charge applies)
very near to the building there is also a SPA. (charge applies)
Further details indoors
- DVD/CD player for all DVD Region (0,1,2,3,4,5,...)
Sunny apartment for 5 people in Chamonix Mont Blanc, just renovated (in Dec 2013!), near to boutiques, shops, bars, restaurants and Aiguille du Midi cable car. The building is in front of bus shuttle stop for quick access to all ski resorts.
It is on the fourth floor, south facing, sunny, there is a panoramic view of the Alps and Mont Blanc, balcony where you can sunbathe, TV, dishwasher, living room with double sofa-bed, bunk bed and mountain style kitchenette, double bedroom separated from living room by a mobile partition., bathroom a cromotherapy shower with body spry, waster massage and waterfall for the health and harmony of body and mind! and separate toilet with bidet shower.
Underground parking included. Ski rental shop and pizzeria in the building.
Wireless Internet access in the apartment (charge applies)
very near to the building there is also a SPA. (charge applies)
Further details indoors
- DVD/CD player for all DVD Region (0,1,2,3,4,5,...)
- Possibility of Wifi Internet connection in the apartment (extra)
- It is possible to rent High-chair for children
- it is possible to rent towels
- it is possible to rent bed linen
Further details outdoors
- Underground parking included.
Location description from owner
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
Chamonix is situated in the north-westerly part of the Alps, just 15 km from the Swiss border via the Col des Montets and 15 km from Italy via the Mont-Blanc tunnel. The natural border, where these three countries converge, lies at 3820 meters on the summit Mont Dolent.
Chamonix and its valley are dominated by the mont Blanc chain to the south and the Aiguilles Rouges (red peaks) to the north.
The valley is of glacial origin and measures 17 km, from the Col des Montets at the northernmost point to the Taconnaz torrent. The town centre is situated at an altitude of 1035 metres.
The Arve, the main river of the upper Savoy, takes its source at the Col de Balme and flows a distance of 107 km through the Chamonix valley and on down to Geneva where it joins the Rhône.
Chamonix offers exceptional viewpoints, which can be reached either by use of the lifts or the hiking trails. The different panoramas are situated along the length and breadth of the valley, in the heart of the Mont-Blanc and Aiguilles Rouges mountain ranges. An extraordinary panoramic trip, accessible to all. Just a few minutes cable travel or a few hours on foot for the hardy and you will find yourselves immersed in the beauty of this majestic site.
Mont Blanc
The "roof of Europe", the world's third-ranking most visited natural area, continues to attract millions of visitors and thousands of mountaineers every year. Conquering Mont Blanc is a dream shared by many amateur mountaineers and enthusiasts. This dream is possible as long as one does not underestimate the apparently easy slopes of this legendary mountain.
The last measurements of mont Blanc: September 2009
New measurements of Mont Blanc's altitude: 4810.45 m, unfailing stability!
According to the measurements taken in September 2007, Mont Blanc, the highest peak in the Alps and Western Europe, had an altitude of 4810.90 metres, i.e., an increase of 2.15 metres in relation to 2005 – a record altitude since the first GPS measurements in 2001. On 12 & 13 September 2009, Haute-Savoie's land surveyors performed the 5th operation for measuring the altitude of the roof of Europe, as part of Annecy's candidature for the 2018 Winter Olympics.
According to the first analyses performed, Mont Blanc measures exactly 4,810.45 m, and the volume of ice above 4,800 m is 21,626 m3. Due to the prevailing winds, the summit has moved 26m to the East (following the axis of the top ridge), towards Italy.
Glaciers in the Chamonix Valley
Covering a surface area of 125 km2, the glaciers are omnipresent in the Chamonix valley and contribute to the outstanding beauty of the site. Since time memorial, these ice giants have inspired fear, incredulity and admiration.
The Bossons glacier
As one arrives in the Chamonix valley, one cannot help being overwhelmed by the Bossons and Mont-Blanc glacier « largest ice fall in Europe » ! The glacier has a long history and it was on it's flanks that man chose to excavate the first ice grotto in 1870. Due to its steep incline, it is the fastest moving glacier (300m/year) and it also reacts most rapidly to climate change. The passionate history of the glacier is related in an outdoor exhibition located close to the Chalet du Chalet du Glacier des Bossons. Nine illustrated information panels present different aspects of the glacier: its life, evolution of a glacier, the small ice age... The exhibition is translated into English and German and is free of charge. The Chalet du Glacier des Bossons is open from June to September.
The Mer de Glace
« A sea, stirred by a strong breeze, then suddenly frozen to ice » Windham (1741)
The Mer de Glace is one of the worlds most visited natural sites. This enthusiasm began in the 18th century when wealthy and learned travellers, in quest of discovery and knowledge, began to show an interest in the glaciers and in particular this unique spot. Since 1908 the Montenvers-Mer de Glace cog railway enables enthusiastic visitors to follow in the footsteps of those illustrious pioneers: Rousseau, Hugo, Nodier, Sand, Goethe, Shelley, Liszt and so many more...
The ice grotto: takes you into the heart of the glacier where you may discover the astounding colour of the ice, beautiful carvings and models in period clothing, witness to bygone mountain life, as if frozen in time. Every year (and for the past 50 years) a new grotto is meticulously sculpted in the ice as the previous work of art is slowly but surely transported down the valley by the glacier.
Chamonix Town Centre
Chamonix is one of the most spectacular place during the winter and summer time. It's at the foot of the highest mountain of Europe: Mont Blanc. Summer in Chamonix is very special, with a wide range of adventure and fun. There are sporting activities such as climbing, mountain biking, rafting, paragliding, horse riding, golf and many walks between beautiful waterfalls, lakes and spectacular mountains.
Skiing in Chamonix is an extraordinary experience, 152km downhill slopes and 42km trail slopes, surrounded by a unique landscape dominated by the highest peaks of Europe. Unforgettable experience is going on sleigh pulled by huskies, visit the Mer de Glace and the famous caves of ice. Close to home there is the start of the cable car to Valleé Blanche and Aiguille du Midi (3842m) which, through spectacular scenery and unique in the world, link France to Italy. Many restaurants, pubs colour the night of Chamonix
Ski: Chamonix offers an incredible variety of slopes of all levels. Bent slopes, skiing through the trees, wild ski, ski for beginners. There is the possibility to ski on the Mont Blanc in off piste routes, from the Aiguille du Midi go down to the country through the Mer de Glace, or on normal ski slopes with more than 152km of downhill slopes and 42km trail skiing. At the train start to the Mer de Glace, there are also slopes for beginners. There are also ski schools for any levels, from beginners to pre-race training. The guides also arrange fantastic experiences in the snow such as the Vallee Blanche. The legend of the off-piste in Chamonix has its origin on the edge of the glaciers, where the slopes seem to have no end. La Vallée Blanche, starting from the Aiguille du Midi, offers several itineraries. This off-piste skiing is extremely popular until the early spring for its beautiful view.
Golf: Playing Golf in the Alps has become very popular due to the atmosphere of Alps that surround the golf club
Chamonix Golf Club is situated between the Mont Blanc and the Aiguilles Rouges, at the foot of the Dru. Chamonix Golf Club has the signature of the prestigious Robert Trent Jones Senior .
The golf course in the Chamonix valley has a high standard of excellent service
Now has 18 holes and courses for any levels.
Chamonix Mont Blanc is a destination popular the world over. In the streets of this high-mountain town you'll hear languages from every corner of the globe. But the people who come to this 'summit meeting' share the same way of thinking, the same love for mountaineering, its legends and its ethics.
When you're out shopping in the town centre, wherever you are look up and you'll see 'it' there… 4,810 metres (15,781 ft) of rock, snow, ice and dreams of things to come.
More Less
- Great for children of all ages
- Pets welcome
Bed & bathroom
- 1 Double Bed, 2 Sofa Beds
- 1 Family bathroom
- Wi-Fi available
- Balcony or terrace
- Internet access
- Central heating
- Fridge
- Microwave
- Toaster
- Kettle
- Dishwasher
More Less
- Parking
- Not suitable for wheelchair users
- Payment
- This owner does not use online booking. Please contact them and they will be able to offer you a secure way to pay for your stay. Never pay for your holiday rental by wire transfer (such as Western Union or Moneygram) as this type of payment is untraceable.
- Smoking
- Yes, smoking allowed
- Cancellation policy
View Policy
About the owner
Marco B.
- Response rate:
- 60%
- Calendar updated::
- 07 Jun 2016
- Years listed:
- 4
- Based in:
- Italy
Languages spoken: English, French, Italian
This Apartment has 1 bedroom, 1 bathroom and sleeps 5. It's been listed on Holiday Lettings since 17 Jul 2012. Located in Chamonix, the average weekly rate is £432.
The Owner has a response rate of 60% and the property's calendar was last updated on 07 Jun 2016.
Map and how to get there
Guest reviews
Help other travellers decide where to stay
This holiday home hasn't got any reviews yet. The average rating on Holiday Lettings is four out of five. This place could be newly added or perhaps it's a well kept secret. Either way, it's time to reveal all.
Build your perfect trip, with Holiday Lettings & TripAdvisor
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Genuine guest feedback from 100,000+ reviews
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text: NEW YORK, Dec. 2, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Baltic Trading Limited (NYSE: BALT) announced today that it has taken delivery of the Baltic Tiger, a 179,185 dwt Capesize vessel. The Baltic Tiger is the first of two Capesize vessels to be delivered to the Company under Baltic Trading's agreements previously announced on November 5, 2013. The Baltic Tiger delivered to its charterer, Swissmarine Services S.A., on November 29, 2013 to commence a spot market-related time charter for 10.5 to 13.5 months. The rate for the spot market-related time charter, which is subject to the completion of definitive documentation, is based on 102.75% of the average of the daily rates of the Baltic Capesize Index (BCI) published by the Baltic Exchange, as reflected in daily reports. Hire will be paid every 15 days in arrears, net of a 6.25% brokerage commission, which includes the 1.25% commission payable to Genco Shipping & Trading Limited. Baltic Trading will not be responsible for voyage expenses, including fuel. The Company used available cash to pay the remaining balance of approximately $40.4 million for the Baltic Tiger and intends to refinance part of the vessel's purchase price with proceeds from a credit facility. The Company has received a commitment for a $44 million facility with a global lending institution for the financing of the two Capesize vessels it has agreed to acquire, the Baltic Tiger and the Baltic Lion. Under the terms of the six-year facility, amounts borrowed are to bear interest at LIBOR plus a margin of 3.35%. The credit facility is to be repaid in 24 quarterly repayment installments of $687,500, the first of which is payable in March 2014, and a balloon payment of approximately $27.5 million payable concurrently with the last repayment installment. About Baltic Trading Limited Baltic Trading Limited is a drybulk company focused on the spot charter market. Baltic Trading transports iron ore, coal, grain, steel products and other drybulk cargoes along global shipping routes. Baltic Trading's current fleet consists of three Capesize, four Supramax and five Handysize vessels with an aggregate carrying capacity of approximately 915,000 dwt. After the expected delivery of the two committed Ultramax newbuildings and one remaining Capesize vessel that Baltic Trading has agreed to acquire, Baltic Trading will own 15 drybulk vessels, consisting of four Capesize, two Ultramax, four Supramax and five Handysize vessels with a total carrying capacity of approximately 1,223,000 dwt.


text:
Walt Disney rescues Euro Disney with $1.3 billion funding deal
By Kate Holton and Leila Abboud
LONDON/PARIS (Reuters) - Walt Disney Co (DIS.N: Quote) has come to the rescue of its loss-making subsidiary Euro Disney (EDLP.PA: Quote) with a 1 billion-euro ($1.3 billion) funding deal announced on Monday, which could give the U.S. group total control over Europe's biggest tourist attraction.
The deal includes a rights issue and debt restructuring which will inject 420 million euro in cash into the Euro Disney group and eliminate 600 million euros of its debt owed to Walt Disney via an equity swap.
Euro Disney is currently 40 percent owned by Walt Disney and 10 percent by the Saudi prince AlWaleed bin Talal with the rights issue to raise 351 million euros open to all shareholders but backed by Walt Disney, which will be required to make a tender offer for the whole company.
Twenty miles east of Paris, the resort has struggled amid the economic downturn in Europe, with attendances down by 700,000 to 800,000 visitors at just over 14 million visitors in the last year. At the same time its total debt of 1.75 billion euros which is owed to Walt Disney has hampered its ability to invest in upgrades to the park.
The company said it estimates that revenue for the year just ended on Sept. 30 fell by up to 3 percent to 1.27 billion euros while earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) dipped to 110-120 million euros from 144 million and net losses rose to between 110-120 million euros from 78 million.
"This proposal to recapitalize the Euro Disney Group is essential to improve our financial health and enable us to continue making investments in the resort that enhance the guest experience," company president Tom Wolber said in a statement.
Under the plan, shareholders are to be offered nine new shares for every one held for 1 euro a share, raising 351 million euros. The company said the rights offer price represented a 20 percent discount to Friday's closing price, adjusted for the issuance of the new shares.
In addition, shareholders will have the option to buy some of the shares issued in the debt conversion at 1.25 euros a share to avoid diluting their stakes. The company's debt will fall to 998 million euros, taking the company's balance sheet from a negative equity position of around 200 million euros at the end of September to positive equity of 800 million. Continued...


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 22, 1992
|Filing date
|Apr 19, 1991
|Priority date
|Apr 19, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Arthur A. Varela, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Varela Jr Arthur A
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (179), Classifications (48), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates in general to hybrid electric vehicle propulsion systems.
Electric vehicles, such as trains, trolleys, cars, trucks, carts and boats have been known in the art for a century, and have been commercially produced.
Modern electric vehicles, and hybrid (having more than one source of propulsion) electric vehicles have well-known advantages over Internal Combustion (IC) vehicles, such as lower pollution and alternatives to petrol-based energy. Research on electric vehicles has focused on improving large, heavy, and expensive battery packs, and the driving range, which is limited by the charge on the battery pack (the vehicle will stop when it is out of electric charge). The prior art has also concentrated on conversion of the direct current (DC) battery energy into complex DC pulse or alternating current (AC) to power lighter, more-reliable, less-expensive AC traction motors (but the conversion systems are complex and expensive).
Hybrid electric vehicles have smaller, lighter, less-expensive battery packs, and a longer range Many hybrids ("parallel hybrids") use an IC engine to supply traction drive, augmented by parallel electric motor propulsion. Other hybrids ("series hybrids") use an IC engine coupled to a generator which provides the electrical energy to recharge batteries which then power the electric traction motors The prior art has been primarily directed toward improving fuel-specific internal combustion engines which incur transitional losses when converting linear mechanical energy to electrical propulsion energy. Development of the art for mechanical (parallel) drive concentrated on improving the transition between electrical drive and mechanical drive, which is complex, inefficient, and cumbersome. The internal combustion engine is also inefficient and pollution prone when operated at the range of speeds needed for vehicle propulsion.
The present invention includes a hybrid electric vehicle propulsion system having a four-cylinder, diametrically-opposed external combustion free-piston Stirling-type engine with an integral linear generator (a "converter"); a pulse frequency/width current controller; an electric drive motor with electronic differential; and an auxiliary power supply with pulse synchronized auxiliary power. The external combustion engine burns any pollution-free fuel (such as natural gas, propane, alcohol, etc.) and runs at a constant peak efficiency speed to generate constant frequency electric current from coils integrated into the engine and excited by magnetic elements in the pistons. The current, sufficient to propel the vehicle in most traffic situations and on a level plane at a speed of at least 50 mph, is controlled by a pulse frequency modulation circuit and a pulse width modulation circuit to provide smooth speed control in the drive motor. Additional power is provided by the auxiliary power supply (which is recharged from 120v 60 Hz AC line current or from the linear electric current generator) synchronized with the output from the linear generator. The auxiliary power supply provides additional power for acceleration and hill climbing. A new electric drive motor is provided which includes a brushless AC or DC pulse motor combining one fixed stator field unit which provides the rotating magnetic field for two axially opposed rotors, one for each propulsion shaft. Sensors on the drive rotors and on steering position provide feedback for electronic differential. The electric drive motor also provides regenerative energy to recharge the auxiliary power supply upon deceleration and braking, and the linear generator recharges the auxiliary power supply during stop and start driving.
The art incorporating hybrid and electric propulsion systems for vehicles discloses systems comprised of a battery pack, a heat engine prime mover, a generator coupled to the prime mover (hybrids) and an electric traction motor connected to the generator. Typical systems of this type include several categories: (a) a large battery pack connected to a speed control for a DC motor coupled to a transmission and a differential; (b) a large battery pack connected to an AC or multi-phase DC controller for a brushless DC or AC induction motor coupled to a transmission and differential; (c) a configuration as in (a) or (b) but with motors (at least two) at each output drive shaft, obviating the need for a differential; (d) a parallel hybrid with a heat engine coupled alternatively or coextensively to an electric generator and to the output drive shafts through a transmission and differential. The generator is connected through a controller to an electric motor coupled through a clutch to the transmission; (e) a series hybrid with a heat engine coupled to the shaft of an electric generator which delivers DC current (or rectified AC current) to a controller which operates the electric propulsion motor as in (a) or (b) above; and (f) an energy conversion apparatus whereby an external combustion engine is coupled to a rotary or linear generator (a "range extender").
One of the primary considerations in the design of modern vehicular propulsion systems is the achievement of fuel-efficiency, with greater reliance on non-petrol-based, non-polluting propulsion sources for vehicles. The fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines is optimal only when operated at a constant speed and under constant load. When an IC motor vehicle is operated in traffic, the fuel efficiency is reduced substantially by the stop and start driving with the engine alternately under load and no-load conditions.
While systems of the types listed in the categories above achieve certain goals, none of them discloses a comprehensive solution to fuel efficiency, cost efficiency, pollution reduction, and driveability demands that present restricted fuel supply conditions dictate Each system has certain drawbacks that frustrate the attainment of their efficiency goals.
Although Stirling-type engines have been known to the art since 1816, modern interest in the Stirling.-type external combustion engine, capable of being efficiently powered by a variety of non-polluting fuels, has concentrated on the need to reduce both pollution and inefficient use of petroleum-based fuels. Use of the Stirling-type free-piston engine configuration to actuate a linear electric generator has been known to the art since about 1958 (Baruch; U.S. Pat. No. 2,900,592), system (f) above. Various improvements have been disclosed which have increased efficiency and reliability and reduced cost and weight.
However, the use of free piston Stirling-driven linear generators, category (f) above, has been primarily limited to the art of stationary energy conversion systems or special vehicle application. As such, these systems do not disclose a Stirling free-piston linear generator integrated into an electromechanical hybrid vehicle propulsion system. The prior art discloses other types of units which are complex, expensive, and raise safety concerns in the context of vehicle use. Currently disclosed Stirling electrical generating systems are inaccessible for maintenance and adjustment, and exhibit durability problems with respect to the magnetic piston elements and linear coils in the hot cylinder Stirling configuration.
A problem inherent in the use of DC motors such as those used in categories (a) and (b) are that these are bulky, heavy, and expensive in comparison to three-phase AC or DC pulse induction or permanent magnet motors. An additional advantage of the AC or DC phase pulse motor is that brush-commutator systems are not required.
Modern electric traction motor art has concentrated on achieving lighter weight, greater efficiency and better control, resulting in motors with very good power-to-weight ratios. However, both AC and DC brushless motors require complex, heavy, expensive speed control units, categories (a) and (b) above. In addition, many electric vehicle configurations continue to require heavy and efficiency-reducing gear transmissions and differentials, or, alternatively, require the added expense and weight of more than one drive motor, category (c) above, with complex electronic differential action. In addition, motors mounted independently at each wheel manifest inherent durability and safety problems (in the event that one of the traction motors fails and stops turning, resulting in power at only one wheel).
AC motors, while inexpensive and light-weight, require expensive, complex, and heavy variable frequency inverters and controllers.
Modern electric vehicles, categories (a) and (b) above, disclose a total vehicle range of only about 120-140 miles between full battery charges, and will not function once the batteries are discharged. Current electric vehicle battery systems are expensive, heavy, and require extensive maintenance, and high-power charging.
Modern parallel hybrid vehicles disclosed, category (d) above, are polluting, petroleum-fuel dependent, and inefficient in that each prime mover (mechanical-heat and electric) must be fully capable of providing all propulsion needs In addition, IC engines are inefficient when operated over a range of engine speeds and loads, require regular maintenance and produce toxic waste lubricant products which are contaminated through contact with the combustion process.
Series hybrid electric vehicles, category (e) above, disclosed, require complex, expensive control systems and frequently use IC engines in conjunction with heavy and inefficient transmissions and differentials, exhibiting the same drawbacks discussed above.
Inherent in the system (d), employing a hybrid combination of a prime mover, generator, and battery, is that both energy sources (generator and battery) must be fully capable of supplying maximum energy to the traction motor. Even though the prime mover and generator are operated at a constant RPM to minimize fuel consumption, the additional weight of the battery necessary to provide reasonable speed and driving range requires the provision of additional available energy from the two sources.
The disclosures of the following patents are incorporated by reference herewithin:
______________________________________U.S. Pat. No. 2,900,592 August 18, 1959 to BaruchU.S. Pat. No. 3,234,395 February 8, 1966 to ColgateU.S. Pat. No. 3,551,685 December 29, 1970 to CorryU.S. Pat. No. 3,675,031 July 4, 1972 to LavigneU.S. Pat. No. 3,837,419 September 24, 1974 to NakamuraU.S. Pat. No. 4,113,045 September 12, 1978 to Downing, Jr.U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,861 October 10, 1978 to GochoU.S. Pat. No. 4,306,156 December 15, 1981 to Monaco et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,285 April 24, 1984 to Stewart et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,454,426 June 12, 1984 to BensonU.S. Pat. No. 4,511,805 April 16, 1985 to Boy-Marcotte et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,207 February 17, 1987 to Catterfeld et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,283 March 10, 1987 to Berchowitz et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,563 March 14, 1989 to Furuishi et al.U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,149 April 25, 1989 to Reuchlein______________________________________
The object of the invention is to create a vehicle propulsion system which is non-polluting, light-weight, efficient, reliable, flexible in its use of alternative fuel sources, which duplicates the range and driving characteristics of existing internal combustion engines, and which can be used in many different basic vehicle types.
The advantages of this invention over existing internal combustion-based vehicles include ability to use a wide variety of non-polluting sources of power, fuel efficiency, cost-effectiveness of construction and operation, light-weight construction, lower maintenance cost, greater reliability, fewer moving parts (nine moving parts), regeneration of otherwise wasted energy and construction cost advantages.
The advantages of this invention over other disclosed electric vehicle propulsion systems include lower construction costs, higher efficiency, extensively longer range, greater reliability, lighter weight, reduced dependence on the battery system, quicker recharging, and improved driveability corresponding with driver acceptability.
The advantages of this invention over hybrid vehicle systems disclosed are increased operating efficiency, lower cost, flexible fuel options, lighter weight, lower pollution, simpler and more cost efficient construction, greater durability, less service and greater reliability.
The preferred and alternate embodiments are represented in the accompanying drawings and are given by way of example and not of limitation:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the system as installed in a vehicle.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electric circuits of the hybrid vehicle of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a four-cylinder integral linear generator producing pulsed current and a coupled displacer cylinder/piston;
FIG. 3a is a sectional view of a piston;
FIG. 3b is a perspective view of the crankshaft synchronizing mechanism;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view, partly cut away and sectioned of one cylinder of a Stirling/Rinia reciprocating engine integrated with an electric linear current generator means;
FIG. 4a is a top perspective view of the crankcase;
FIG. 5 is a sectional diagram of an alternative embodiment incorporating a single-acting free piston Stirling-type configuration of an engine/integral linear generator;
FIG. 6 is a sectional diagram of a double-acting free-piston Franchot-type Stirling cycle engine;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view, partly cut away and sectioned view of the electric drive motor;
FIG. 7a is an exploded perspective view partially in section of the rotors of the motor of FIG. 7;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view, partly cut away and sectioned of the electric drive motor of the preferred embodiment with shell-type permanent magnet rotors;
FIG. 8a is an elevational view in cross section of the shell-type electric motor of FIG. 8;
FIG. 8b is a perspective and partially cut away view of the rotor of FIG. 8;
FIG. 9a-h shows the wave forms generated by the linear electric current generator, pulse frequency modulator, and the pulse width modulator, and transmitted to the motor windings; and
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the controller circuits.
The preferred embodiment comprises a motor vehicle, FIG. 1, having an external combustion free-piston engine with integral linear electric generator (a converter), a speed control device, an auxiliary power source, and an electric propulsion motor. FIG. I shows a fuel source 21 utilizing any efficient non-polluting fuel source such as natural gas, propane, alcohol, etc. and an electromechanical means for fuel regulation related to the engine speed. FIGS. 1 and 2 show the engine speed sensor 24 and the cylinder pressure sensors 25 (FIG. 5) connected to the Governor/processor 23, which controls pressure valves 62 and an electronic fuel injector 22 on each cylinder. The external combustion four-cylinder or any multiple, such as six cylinder, free-piston engine (such as Stirling, FIG. 5; Rinia, FIG. 3; Franchot, FIG. 6; or Bush) incorporates integrated linear electric generators with its stator coils 54 wound onto coil forms in the cylinders 66 traversed by pistons 50 containing magnetic elements. The piston includes a hollow shell outer wall containing annular magnetic elements 64, (FIG. 3 and 3a) and the piston rods 52 also containing radially-aligned magnetic elements 64. Coils in each of the cylinders may be wound to be in phase, phase cylinder-shifted, multi-phase or inverted phase, with each stator coil 54 providing a separate phase. Thus, the linear generator may be configured to provide one, two, three, four, or complex phase current, in any phase relationship, for example see FIG. 9. The linear generator also incorporates an initial assembly phase synchronization adjustment means: connecting rods 52, synchro crank 53, cylinder mounts 55, crankpin adjusters 56, cylinder head displacement adjustment 57, and crankcase manifold flange 59 (FIG. 4a), for adjusting the mechanical and electronic phase relationship between the piston and the cylinder coils and among cylinders. The crankcase completely pressure seals all mechanical parts and there is no mechanical linkage outside the engine; the crank mechanism as shown in FIG. 3b is merely to correlate or synchronize the piston movements.
Referring now to FIG. 10, pulsed electrical power (FIG. 9), from the linear generators (coils 54, and magnetic piston elements 64 (FIG. 3)) is directed into an appropriate (single-phase, multi-phase, DC or AC) power frequency switching circuit 32 connected through frequency modulator circuit 132 and power integration processor 39 to accelerator position sensor 31 and other inputs. Auxiliary power supply 36 (e.g., a battery pack) provides reserve energy for acceleration and hill climbing. The reserve energy is controlled through a pulse width modulator circuit 133 synchronized by pulse synchro 234 (FIG. 2) to the above-mentioned generator; frequency modulation circuit 132 controls the linear generator output, and is connected to the accelerator 31, rotor speed sensors 42, 43 and field sensor 44 through the power integration processor 39. A reverse controller 47, well known to many electric vehicles, is connected to the frequency modulation circuit 132 to reverse the field of the motor and to reverse the direction of the vehicle.
Pulse modulator output is transferred to a DC or AC pulse brushless traction motor 270 (FIG. 7 and 8) (such a motor may include permanent magnet 174 or other lightweight design such as AC induction, multi-phase or DC brushless). The preferred embodiment incorporates a combination drive motor (FIG. 8) comprising a single cylindrical stator 75 with independent right 73 and left 74 rotors (permanent magnet in FIG. 7, 174, permanent magnet double shell (preferred) in FIG. 8, or squirrel-cage induction in FIG. 7, 273 and 274). The rotors are aligned by a rotor pilot thrust bearing 70 but are free to turn independently. Differentiation (and automatic braking sensing) is provided by right and left sensors 42 43 on the motor drive shafts. The sensors are also indirectly connected to the pulse frequency modulation circuit 132 to provide motor rpm feedback and rotor slip angle for pulse frequency modulation. In an alternative embodiment, input from steering angle sensor 40 and slip angle and electronic differentiation is provided through a traction differential processor 41 which switches center taps on the single stator field coils 76.
Instrumentation includes feedback readouts on fuel level; battery total elapsed energy in-out; battery charge; instantaneous battery current draw/charge; motor current draw; motor rpm; motor temperature; chopper temperature; engine temperature; and circuit breaker status.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, a hybrid electric vehicle propulsion system, the subject of this invention, includes a fuel supply 21 (such as natural gas, propane, alcohol, etc.; or even dual alternative fuel supplies, such as propane and natural gas) feeding, through speed-regulated electronic ignition 222, to the injectors 22 of an external combustion Stirling cycle (Rinia, Siemens, Bush or other configuration) reciprocating free-piston heat engine system. Engine speed sensor 24 (FIG. 3), transmits the engine reciprocating speed, and pressure sensors 25 (FIG. 5), transmit mean cylinder pressure to the governor/Processor 23, which governs injection rates to the individual injectors, and cylinder pressure balance valves 62 (FIG. 4) to individual cylinders to maintain constant speed, and to balance cylinder power output.
Free-piston movement is synchronized and controlled by a mechanical system, such as a small electromagnetic, gear, or lever apparatus. The preferred embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3b, incorporates connecting rods 51 rotating the synchro crankshaft 53, which does not produce primary power output from the engine, but is rather a timing device for synchronizing the pistons. The four cylinders 66 (or multiples thereof, such as six or eight) incorporate diametrically opposed phased linkage within the crankcase manifold 58, (FIG. 4a)), and require no external mechanical input or output. Thus the entire unit is completely sealed, thus reducing shaft seal pressure losses, which would otherwise reduce efficiency, and maintaining an efficient high pressure operating mode for the engine.
FIGS. 3a, 4 and 5 diagrammatically show the pistons 50 which incorporate piston magnetic elements 64 which reciprocate inside and outside of the integral linear coils 54, creating a high flux density. Each engine cylinder incorporates an integral stator electric coil 54, creating a linear electric generator 154 (FIG. 2). The engine configuration allows considerable variability in coil design and output characteristics. The coils 54 are positioned preferably within the walls of cylinder 66 to generate single phase, multiple phase, or complex phase amplitude or frequency modulated wave forms, or substantially filtered linear output.
The linear generator output of each of the cylinders can be phase-synchronized by mechanical adjustment apparatus as shown in FIG. 3b and integrated into each cylinder mounting flange 59, the crankcase manifold 58 (FIG. 4a), and through adjustable piston rods 52 and connecting rod phase adjusting crankpins 56. Construction of the cylinder/crankcase joint in this manner also allows independent service access to each cylinder and complete access to the crank synchronizing mechanism, while also ensuring the total engine pressure seal.
Output from the linear generator 154 is fed into a pulse frequency switching circuit 32, similar to the type generally in use for electric vehicles. The pulse circuit design (see FIG. 9) and type is matched to the traction motor characteristics (see FIG. 10). The preferred embodiment comprises a three phase output from three of the linear generators 154 (i.e. from three of the four cylinders) with frequency modulation for delivery to a three phase brushless motor system 270. The fourth generator (i.e. the forth cylinder) supplies electricity to the auxiliary power supply 36 (FIG. 2, FIG. 10). Feedback for the modulation control is provided from the left and right sensors 42, 43, the accelerator sensor 31 and the field sensor 44. A power integration processor 39 integrates pulse frequency output, accelerator position, and motor rpm to determine pulse frequency and pulse width by comparing the motor slip angle, rpm, and accelerator position. For example, at low motor speed, but high accelerator demand, the power integration processor 39 would increase the frequency and, hence, the slip angle slightly while increasing the pulse width considerably to supply the motor with higher torque needed for increasing load. If the accelerator continues in an advanced position, the controller would continue to advance the slip angle.
The linear generator system ("converter") 154 is capable of supplying sufficient power for traction motor operation under normal operating conditions (e.g., normal load, low-torque operating conditions). In a motor vehicle, the linear generator 154 output is sufficient to operate the vehicle in ordinary driving circumstances and on a level surface at a speed of at least 50 miles-per-hour.
The converter operates at constant speed to provide a constant-voltage, constant-frequency source from the Stirling-type engine. The engine is configured in a four cylinder, opposed design with opposing pistons rigidly connected through piston shafts to maintain engine phase relationships All cylinders are interconnected so that phase relationships tend &:o be naturally maintained and piston force augmented. Piston power equalization is accomplished through pressure valves 62 actuated by the governor/processor 23. When engine speed falls, the governor/processor 23 increases the heater temperature, and when engine speed exceeds the set limit, the governor/processor 23 lowers the heater temperature and releases pressure through cylinder pressure balance valves 62. Accumulator 63 accumulates pressure from the cylinders to provide a supply for balance pressure.
The preferred embodiment includes an electric: motor 270 (FIG. 8) with a single cylindrical stator 75 and dual axially adjacent double-shell rotors 274; 375 (left and right), both operating in the single rotating field of the stator 75, which is created by stator coils 76. Each rotor is connected to an output drive shaft (left and right) 71, 72 and the rotors although aligned with each other through a central pilot bearing and thrust bearing 70 are not locked together but are capable of rotating at different speeds, as the vehicle is turning. The rotors may be permanent magnet or squirrel cage induction. Rotor construction could also include pancake or disc. Each of these rotor designs maintains the basic differential action embodied in this invention along with excellent flux immersion. Although both the rotors follow the same field and will tend to run at the same speed, each rotor is free to rotate at a different speed from the other rotor. However, if one of the rotors begins to accelerate (e.g., when a drive wheel slips on ice), it inherently decreases its slip angle with respect to the field, thereby decreasing its torque. Conversely, the slower moving rotor has a relatively larger slip angle with respect to the field, thereby increasing its torque. The motor is thereby capable of automatic electronic limited slip differential action, obviating the need for a heavy, inefficient mechanical differential.
In an alternative embodiment, in situations where differential action is required such as when a motor vehicle is turning and each wheel is turning at a different speed, the steering angle is detected by a steering angle sensor 40 and respective rotor torque controlled by traction differential Processor 41, with analysis of rotor shaft speed from the rotor sensors 42,43. Differential action is then fed to switches activating additional coils or diode controlled center taps 77 in the motor 270.
Regenerative energy is recaptured from the motor upon deceleration and braking. Energy from the stator is rectified by the rectifier regenerator circuit 35 and transferred back into a battery pack for auxiliary power supply 36. In addition, excess linear generator output (such as when the motor vehicle is paused in traffic) is also fed into the rectifier 35 and transferred back into the power supply 36.
The propulsion system as discussed above incorporates auxiliary power supply 36 which also is capable of supplying acceleration and high-load demands of the traction motor (e.g., in a motor vehicle, acceleration and hill climbing demands). The power supply generates a linear output which is pulse width modulated by a pulse width power switch circuit 33 which controlled by pulse width modulator circuit 133 and is phase-synchronized by trigger circuit 233 to the frequency and phase of the linear generator pulse frequency modulator 32, and also responds to the accelerator position sensor 31. The power integrator processor 39 analyzes the torque needs of the motor by calculating the motor slip angle (rotor position compared with field rotation), accelerator position, and motor speed. The DC pulse modulator thereby feeds appropriate width auxiliary pulsed power to the stator field at the frequency determined by the pulse frequency modulator.
FIG. 9 shows the electric wave forms in various stages of modification by the control circuits, the pulse frequency modulator 32, the pulse width modulator 33, and the power integrator processor 39. FIG. 9a shows a sine wave output from one coil 54 in one cylinder 66. FIG. 9b shows three phase sine wave output from three cylinders. FIG. 9c shows three-phase inverted (DC) current, inverted by the power switching frequency circuit 32 required by some DC motors. FIG. 9d shows the frequency modulation by the frequency modulation circuit 132 at slow vehicle speed, wherein the frequency modulator is "chopping" out waves from each of the three phases as shown in FIG. 9c. FIG. 9e shows constant linear DC current to be placed in or taken from the power supply 36. FIG. 9f shows a square wave (for purposes of illustration--the pulse shape may be trapezoidal or saw tooth depending on motor characteristics and circuit design) pulse generated from the power supply current through the pulse width power switching circuit 33. FIG. 9g shows three-phase square-wave pulses generated from the power supply through the pulse width power switching circuit 33 and synchronized with the pulses from the frequency modulation circuit 132 illustrated in FIG. 9d. The square wave could be sine waves as shown in FIG. 9h. FIG. 9h shows a combination sine wave pulse from the power frequency switching circuit 32 and square wave pulse from the pulse width power switch circuit 33 integrated into the pulse signal received by the motor. These pulses are combined in series or in parallel depending upon the torque needs of the motor (i.e., current integration or voltage integration). FIG. 9h shows this integration under conditions of increasing load and increasing accelerator position--the frequency of the sine wave is increasing, and the width of the square wave is increasing.
Referring now to FIG. 10, the linear generator 154 generates a sine wave or pulsed output as shown in FIG. 9a. Each phase (3 phases are shown in the embodiment of FIG. 10) of the linear generator 154 is connected to trigger circuit 233 and power switching circuit 32. The frequency modulation circuit 132 is connected to power frequency switching circuit 32, and the output of power frequency switching circuit 32 is connected to power switching merge circuit 140. The output of the pulse width switching circuit 33 is connected to power switching merge circuit 140. Each phase of power switching merge circuit 140 is connected to the appropriate phase winding of the motor 270. Trigger circuit 233 is connected to pulse width modulator circuit 133 for each phase of the pulsed auxiliary output. The output of pulse width modulator circuit 133 is connected to pulse width power switching circuit 33 for each phase of the pulsed output.
Left rotor sensor 43 measures the speed and position of the left rotor and right rotor sensor 42 measures the speed and position of the right rotor. The output of the left rotor sensor 43 and the right rotor 42 is connected to comparator 243 to produce a comparator difference signal and a comparator average signal. The average output of comparator 243 is connected to splitter circuit 144. The output of splitter 144 is connected to a rpm counter signal generator 145. The output of the rpm counter signal generator 145 is connected to power integration processor 39. The output of splitter circuit 144 additionally is connected to difference circuit 146. Difference circuit 146 is connected to power integration processor 39. The output of load sensor 153 is connected to power integration processor 39. These sensors provide input (motor speed, motor slip angle, motor current load, speed differential between the rotors) for the power integration processor. Accelerator position sensor 31 is connected to power integration processor 39. Temperature sensor 160, the difference output of comparator 143 and the output of load sensor 153 is connected to overload processor 151. Reverse switch 37 is connected to frequency modulation circuit 132.
An output of an additional phase of the linear generator (the forth phase from the forth cylinder) is connected to rectifier regenerator circuit 35. The output of rectifier regenerator 35 is connected to auxiliary power supply 36. The output of auxiliary power supply 36 is connected to pulse width power switching circuit 33.
The linear generator 154 generates a pulsed output which could alternately be formed into a pulse signal square wave or pulsed signal sine wave. The number of coils may be varied. The phase relationship may be varied at the time of construction and is dependent on the position of the coils within the cylinder.
The linear generator generates a three phase pulsed output as shown in FIG. 9a. Pulsed output initiates a trigger signal from trigger circuit 233. Accelerator position sensor 31 generates an accelerator signal to provide input to the power integration processor to increase or decrease the speed of the vehicle. Comparator 243 generates signals of the average and difference of the speed and position of the left and right rotor. The average signal is converted to an rpm signal by rpm counter signal generator 145. The rpm signal is to indicate the speed of the vehicle. The field sensor 44 generates a field signal which indicates the position of the field The difference between the average rotor position signal and the field speed and position signal corresponds to the slip angle signal, and the slip angle signal is generated by difference circuit 146. An increase in the slip angle indicates to power integration processor 39 that additional torque is required by the motor 270. Additional speed required is indicated in an increase in the acceleration position signal. Power integration processor 39 controls the frequency modulation circuit 132 to increase or decrease the number of pulse waves chopped from the converter output Frequency modulator circuit 132 controls power frequency circuit 32, in turn, to increase or decrease the number of pulses which are supplied to the motor. The motor is slowed by the reverse sequence.
As the speed of the rotor slows relative to the speed of the stator field the slip angle increases. Power integration processor 39 detects the increase in slip angle and controls the pulse width modulation circuit to increase the width of the pulse signal from the pulse generator 135. Pulse width modulator circuit 133 controls pulse width power switching circuit 33 which increases the width of a power pulse signal which is generated from auxiliary power supply 36. The power pulse signals are combined with the pulsed signals from the power frequency switching circuit 32 by the power wave merge circuit 140. The torque of the motor is increased. Torque is decreased by decreasing the width of the power pulses.
Load sensor 153 is connected to power integration processor 39. The load sensor detects the magnitude of the motor current load and the instantaneous change in current load of the motor.
Overload processor 151 is connected to comparator 243 temperature sensor 160 and load sensor 153. Overload processor 151 detects the load sensor signal, the difference signal and a temperature signal. The output of the overload processor is connected to the power integration processor 39. When load sensor, slip angle, rotor speed difference, or the temperature signals reach a predetermined value the overload processor generates an overload signal to limit the power integrator processor 39, which in turn limits motor 270 overload. Auxiliary power supply 36 stores energy to supply pulse width power switching circuit 33 with energy when there has been insufficient energy such as when climbing steep hills, etc. A fourth coil of the linear generator 154 is connected to a rectifier regenerator 35. Motor 270 is connected to the rectifier generator 35. A pulsed power is generated by a fourth coil 54 and supplied to rectifier regenerator 35. This pulsed power is rectified and supplied to auxiliary power supply 36 to recharge the power supply. Motor 270 generates energy when braking or descending a steep hill. This power is supplied to rectifier regenerator circuit 35 to be rectified and resupplied to auxiliary power supply 36.
Details of the motor 270 are shown in FIG. 7; a rotor pilot bearing and thrust bearing is positioned between the right rotor 73 and the left rotor 74 to allow right rotor 73 to rotate relative to left rotor 74.
FIGS. 8 and 8b show the preferred embodiment shell type rotor. Left rotor 374 and right rotor 373 each is substantially a cylinder. Each rotor contains two circumferential apertures which are adapted to receive stator 75. Stator 75 is shaped as a hollow cylinder. Stator 75 is mounted on mounting brackets 170. Mounting brackets 170 is mounted approximately in the center of stator 75. Right drive shaft 71 and left drive shaft 72 are each journaled in mount 172 which is mounted in the on rotor 373 and 374 respectfully. Rotor 373 and 372 both and mounted on rotor pilot bearing and thrust bearing 70. FIG. 8b shows the rotor pilot bearing and thrust bearing 70 and the left rotor 374. Bearing 70 is mounted between right rotor 373 and left rotor 374 to allow right rotor 373 to turn relative to left rotor 374.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 3, 1907
|May 12, 1908
|Joseph Ledwinka
|Electrically-proppeled vehicle.
|Mar 23, 1917
|Aug 3, 1920
|Breitenbach Julius M
|Electric motor
|Oct 3, 1958
|Aug 18, 1959
|Norton Baruch Sydney
|Power sources
|Feb 1, 1962
|Feb 8, 1966
|Richard M Colgate
|Free piston electrical generator
|Mar 25, 1969
|Dec 29, 1970
|Gen Motors Corp
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 30, 1996
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Dec 22, 1996
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 4, 1997
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19961225


text:
Will I lose the fat transferred to my breast if I work out?
Doctor Answers 3
Work Out
Thank you for posting your question. Different physicians have different post-op instructions, but you should be able to start some light exercising on week 4. Always start light for a few weeks before you return to your normal routine. Unfortunately, on average half of the transferred fat would eventually be reabsorbed. If you lose weight, you will likely loose the fat at your breasts. It is, however, hard to be sure as some people lose lots of their breasts volume as they lose weight while others are able to maintain their cup size.
Exercise after fat transfer
You are best to ask your surgeon when he will allow you to go back to the gym. I will say that if you go on to lose weight , the breasts too may shrink a bit.
Web reference: https://www.stevenwallachmd.com/non-invasive-procedures/fat-injections/
Easing your worries after fat transfer
I recommend following your Dr's protocols. If you're concerned that your exercise regimen is too rigorous right now, maybe adjust it for a few more weeks until your comfortable. If you remain concerned, contact your Dr. Best, Dr. Emer
Web reference: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa6C2fuS-AgOnvBjr6_VSQg
You might also like...
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
Veteran New Jersey pop-punkers the Bouncing Souls hit BK with current album Comet in tow, demonstrating that their knack for anthemic three-chordism remains fun-lovingly intact. Fellow Jerseyite Brian Fallon warms up the stage with some fist-pumping rock. Note: No advance tickets are available for this Brooklyn Vegan show; sales are at the door only.
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text:
Shocking Introduction: A look at the first 20 minutes of The Walking Dead from Telltale Games
The announcement that Telltale Games was working on their episodic version of a video game for The Walking Dead was met with about as mixed a reaction as you can get. Most seemed to be cautiously optimistic at the thought of the point and click gaming company having a hand at the much beloved zombie thriller, while others yearned for something more. For better or worse, the first episode of The Walking Dead video game called "A New Day" has officially hit the Playstation Network, Steam and iTunes, with a release on Xbox Live to follow tomorrow. At $5, there really wasn't much risk in taking a chance on the first episode, and for someone that really isn't a "zombie guy," I am actually finding the game to be rather interesting. I don't watch the show and I haven't read the comics, but something like this may get me to jump on the bandwagon. If you are a fan of either, I don't think you can really go wrong here. Below you will find the first 20 minutes of the game, which realistically feels like you are playing a cartoon. While I can see fans of the series wanting something more, this is a very accessible way to get the series out there and so far, I think it is done well. I'll leave it to the hardcore fans to be the true judge, though. Check it out:
24 April 2012 Jason Joseph Gaming Shocking Introduction Telltale Games, The Walking Dead


text:
CANADA STOCKS-TSX slips after two sessions of gains
* TSX down 17.88 points, or 0.16 pct, at 11,390.46
* Miners drag on index as base metal prices slide
* Potash Corp up 3.9 percent, helps cushion fall (Adds details, quotes)
By Jennifer kwan
TORONTO, Feb 3 (Reuters) - Toronto's main stock index ended slightly lower on Wednesday as investors grew cautious after two straight sessions of gains and a stronger greenback pressured commodity prices, weighing on miners.
First Quantum Minerals FM.TO topped the list of influential movers on the downside, dropping 8 percent to C$75.05, while Teck Resources TCKb.TO fell 2.2 percent to C$36.86, as the price of base metals pulled back.
Copper prices tumbled to 2-1/2-month lows as gains by the U.S. dollar and concerns over Chinese monetary tightening and European credit problems reflected an uncertain outlook for the global economic recovery. [FRX/] [MET/L] Gold prices were also weaker. [GOL/]
After two days of gains in which the TSX composite added 2.8 percent, it was not surprising to see a pullback, said Rick Meslin, head of Canadian equities at UBS.
"It's really kind of like a bit of a battle with people taking risk off and balanced by people who are looking for opportunities," he said. Continued...


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Rid of villainous wasps with Haxnicks Wasp Traps, an Environmentally Friendly Wasp Control Device. With integral loop for hanging, place your Wasp Trap in the kitchen, garden or caravan and simply fill with Wasp attractant. With Two Entrance Holes, keep your family safe and avoid painful stings with this Pack of 2 Wasp Traps.
Important Features of Haxnicks Wasp Traps:
Quantity: 2
Material: Plastic
2 Entrance Holes
Integral loop
Trist on Lid
How to use: Pour a small amount of wasp attractant such as fruit or lemonade, hang in a suitable place and empty the pots every 6 weeks.
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