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re:st: is it possible to write explicit equation, GMM estimation with constraints ??
Christopher Baum <email@example.com>
re:st: is it possible to write explicit equation, GMM estimation with constraints ??
Wed, 17 Mar 2010 14:12:03 -0400
Halit said
Is there any way to write down explicit equation for GMM estimation in
Stata10? The equation I like to estimate has constraints in it so I couldn't
really figure out how to run this using GMM or LIML (limited information
max. likelihood). I specifically wanted to GMM estimate the following
equation (it's a version of IS curve):
Where alpha and delta are coefficients, X{t} is output gap measure at time
t, r is nominal interest rate, E{t}(pi{t+1}) is expectation of future
inflation rate in t+1. I am assuming rational expectations so expectational
terms can be dropped and future values can be substituted in with future
error terms which then makes r the only exogenous variable, expectational
variables are endogenous. I want to use 4 lagged output gap and inflation
variables as instruments to consistently estimate the expectational
variables' coefficients. Here is what I have difficulty in doing in Stata10:
---Note that the second expectational term and r has the same coefficient,
how do I tell Stata10 to recognize that?
---Is there any way to tell Stata10 to explicitly write down to equation I
like to estimate?
---can I do summation or subtraction in the instrument list that I specified
in stata10 inside the parenthesis?
I tried running:
ivreg28 x{t} ( x{t+1} r-pi{t+1} = ( L2.x{t+1} L3.x{t+1} L4.x{t+1} L1.pi{t+1}
L2.pi{t+1} L3.pi{t+1} L4.pi{t+1} ), liml (which gives a syntax error)
ivreg28 x{t} r ( x{t+1} pi{t+1} = ( L2.x{t+1} L3.x{t+1} L4.x{t+1} L1.pi{t+1}
L2.pi{t+1} L3.pi{t+1} L4.pi{t+1} ), liml (which runs well but then
coefficients for r and pi{t+1} are different.)
First of all if you are using Stata 10 there is no reason to use ivreg28. Download and use up-to-date ivreg2. I don't understand what you are doing
with all those curly braces {t}, as they are not acceptable syntax in Stata. Also, if you want to talk about a future value, use the F. time series operator.
Second, the constraint is merely that the coefficient on r (exog) equal the coeff on future pi (endog). That is a linear restriction which you can just impose in the estimation. You might want to test its validity by estimating them separately and testing for equal and opposite signed values.
I believe the following will do something very similar to what you're thinking of, employing 2-step IV-GMM with HAC standard errors.
use http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/data/wooldridge/phillips, clear
tsset year
g r = 5 in 1
replace r = 5 +0.9 * L.r + rnormal(0,0.01) in 2/l
// create interest rate net of inflation
g realr = r - F.inf
// use unem instead of output gap
ivreg2 unem (F.unem realr = L(1/4).(unem inf)), noco gmm2s robust bw(4)
And no, you cannot do arithmetic nor apply functions in a varlist. Create the variables first with generate, replace or egen.
Kit Baum | Boston College Economics and DIW Berlin | http://ideas.repec.org/e/pba1.html
An Introduction to Stata Programming | http://www.stata-press.com/books/isp.html
An Introduction to Modern Econometrics Using Stata | http://www.stata-press.com/books/imeus.html
* For searches and help try:
* http://www.stata.com/help.cgi?search
* http://www.stata.com/support/statalist/faq
* http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/


text:
The Government has released for public consultation an exposure draft of the Tax and Superannuation Laws Amendment (2014 Measures No. 2) Bill 2014: lost member small account threshold and the accompanying explanatory material.
Currently, small lost superannuation accounts, with balances of less than $2,000 must be transferred to the Commissioner of Taxation.
The exposure draft legislation gives effect to the Government's decision, announced on 6 November 2013, to proceed with the former government's proposal to increase the lost member small account threshold in two stages. It is proposed that the threshold will increase from $2,000 to $4,000 on 31 December 2015 and then to $6,000 on 31 December 2016. The intent of this policy is to protect the balances of small accounts from erosion by fees and insurance premiums.
Submissions closed on Monday 3 February 2014
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7 submissions were received for this consultation.
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Telephone +61 2 6263 2111 or
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Home > Nation Singaporean victims of Rasuman show up By Ron Gagalac, ABS-CBN News Posted at Nov 29 2012 08:57 PM | Updated as of Nov 30 2012 07:15 PM Share Save Facebook Twitter GPlus LinkedIn MANILA, Philippines - The alleged investment scam of the Coco Rasuman group was not confined to the Philippines, as his victims from Singapore are also coming forward. When news broke about Rasuman's arrest, some of his supposed victims from Singapore immediately went to the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in the hopes of talking to him. "We lost everything we've got. We lost our assets. My wife is pregnant with twins and we are afraid of our future," one of the victims said. The Singaporean refused to give his name and only said he invested and lost P10 million with the Rasuman group. The transaction supposedly began in Singapore in July. They were surprised to find out Rasuman had been arrested when they arrived in Manila. "It is a huge amout of money that everyone will attempt to have. We don't know that it will be happening like this," another victim said. Rasuman refused to talk to the 2 Singaporeans. Meanwhile, 3 more complaints of syndicated estafa have been filed against Aman Futures, the other group hogging headlines over an alleged P12-billion investment scam. The Securities and Exchange Commission has also filed charges against Aman owner Manuel Amalilio and the company's board members for violating the Securities Regulation Code. Five cases have been filed against Aman officials. Aside from the the NBI-Manila and the SEC, other complainants include those from Cebu and Pagadian, while another case was filed by the anti-fraud division of the NBI. - ANC Share Save Facebook Share on Twitter GPlus LinkedIn Read More: philippines investment Singapore scam Ponzi pyramiding Aman Futures Rasuman /overseas/05/27/17/ariana-grande-to-hold-concert-in-manchester-for-bombing-victims/news/05/27/17/barangay-chair-patay-sa-pamamaril-sa-maynila/overseas/05/27/17/egypt-launches-air-raids-in-libya-after-christians-killed/news/05/27/17/business-as-usual-in-davao-city-despite-martial-law/overseas/05/27/17/trump-son-in-law-sought-secret-comms-with-moscow-report


text:
Dating in 2016 is much different than it ever has been before. Want to see where your girlfriend is and just enable location on your phone, want to see what your boyfriend is up to then just check on your Snapchat. There is no imagination needed in this new social media era. Snapchat has hit the social media scene by storm. Snapchat is unique, what you post in your story is not visible after 24 hours, and what you send to someone is not visible after they first view it. Often times couples use this platform to send private pictures to each other, but like with most things there is a catch. A user looking at a story or a private message can take a screenshot.
Now taking a screenshot will notify the posting party, but the picture will still belong to the person doing the screenshot. Greg and Ashley were no different. They were in a long distance relationship so they often used Snapchat as a way to communicate and send private pictures. Unfortunately, Ashley was not in favor of the long distance relationship after a few years and thought it would be better if they dated other people. Now she knows that Greg has taken screenshots of private Snapchats she has sent to him and fears that he may use it against her.
She is doing her part in educating her friends to not make the same mistake as her. Often times people forget that social media posts are stored to the cloud, and once something has been sent it can always be retrieved. Therefore it would be wise to not send anything that you wouldn't want your children, boss or significant other to look at.
Do you know anyone sending pictures they shouldn't be on Snapchat? If so share this story and prevent this epidemic from happening. Education defeats ignorance every single time.


text:
Fantastic Mr Dahl is a great biography about Roald Dahl, following him throughout his life. This book shows and talks about Roald Dahl as a child, an adult and a writer. It is a fantastic read and really interesting for finding out about Roahl Dahl.
It uses lots of quotes from Roahl Dahl's two autobiographies, Boy's Tales of Childhood and Going Solo. It also talks about Roahl Dahl's schools, his contribution to the war and his experience as an international spy!! Also, it is very interesting as it talks about how Roahl Dahl first became an author and how he got some criticism in his early days of writing.
A truly wonderful story about a world famous author, definitely one to keep your eyes out for!
Want to tell the world about a book you've read? Join the site and send us your review!


text:
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You won't regret it


text:
The bells tolled signaling the passing of another hour in the fog enshrouded city of London. Andrew stepped within the massive gates of Madré Square, waiting for his friend, Victoria.
Inaudible murmurs filled his head. Andrew turned, half expecting to see a group of tourists brushing past, but instead, he starred at a barren plaza. The leaves rustled in the wind and the sound vanished. The fog lifted slowly, exposing the delicate filigree hands of the Big Ben that hovered in the distance
He began pacing leisurely about the park, attempting to waste rime. The tulips were in fool bloom, bursting into bright vermilions, delicate lavenders, and sandy yellows. The talking returned. He looked first in one direction, then the other. Any witnesses to the scene would have thought him mad. Oddly enough, there were none. He was alone. Alone in London? The time for the two to meet had long since come and passed.
Where was Victoria? Andrew pondered. They had planned to meet in order to visit the bookseller to research the deceptive underground society of London. At that moment, he spotted a murder of crows. The words in his mind seemed to correspond with the rhythmic opening and closing of their beaks.
"I never thought that her mother would let it be known to her 'precious child'" squawked one.
"Lucifer's offspring that girl," hissed another, "a marvel to one's eye, but as treacherous as the Alps. Victorae malor, conqueror of evils."
Andrew paused; Victoria Malor was friend's name. His heart raced. Where was she? Now, he too knew she held secrets, that she was part of the "underworld". Nevertheless, he had to find her.


text: Next Story > CIO Journal. Intel Chips Away at Mobile, Wearable Computing By Clint Boulton Aug 14, 2013 4:22 pm ET Intel President Renee James Intel President Renee James said the company is targeting smartphones, tablets and embedded systems with new chips and software. To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Previous The Morning Download: Companies Innovate Faster as They Automate IT Next From Whom Do the Best Business and IT Ideas Come?


text:
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text:
Nitric oxide dioxygenase
|nitric oxide dioxygenase
|EC number
|CAS number
|IntEnz view
|BRENDA entry
|NiceZyme view
|KEGG entry
|metabolic pathway
|PDB structures
|RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
|Gene Ontology
|AmiGO / EGO
Nitric oxide dioxygenase (EC 18.104.22.168) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrate (NO−
3) .[2] The net reaction for the reaction catalyzed by nitric oxide dioxygenase is shown below:
Nitric oxide is a ubiquitous small molecule that is integrated in a wide variety of physiological processes including smooth muscle vasodilation, platelet disaggregation, neurotransmission, and immune response to bacterial infection.[3][4] Overproduction of this signaling molecule can be lethal to cells by poisoning cellular energy production. The most sensitive targets of NO are aconitase, an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate in the citric acid cycle, and cytochrome oxidase, the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria.[5] Additionally NO, with its lone radical on the nitrogen atom, is implicated in a number of secondary mechanisms of toxicity, including catalase inhibition (resulting in hydrogen peroxide toxicity), Fe-S center iron liberation, and the formation of dinitosyl-iron complexes.
Due to the potential lethality of NO, cells benefitted greatly from the evolution of an enzyme capable of catalyzing the conversion of toxic NO to nitrate. A 'nitric oxide dioxygenase' is an enzyme that is capable of carrying out this reaction. NO dioxygenase belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, more specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and with incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the other donor.
Reaction mechanism[edit]
The mechanism of action has still not been entirely deduced, however, the leading theory suggests that the conversion is carried out through a series of redox reactions involving iron centers as shown in the series of half reactions below:[6]
|FAD reduction
|Iron reduction 1
|FADH2 + Fe3+ → Fe2+ + FADH + H+
|Iron Reduction 2
|FADH + Fe3+ → FAD + Fe2+ + H+
|O2 Binding
|Fe2+ + O2 → Fe3+(O2−)
|NO dioxygenation
|Fe3+(O2−) + NO → Fe3+ + NO3−
Another theory developed more recently (2009) suggests that a NO dioxygenase activity could also proceed through phenolic nitration via a putative heme-peroxynitrite intermediate.[7]
The most well studied NO dioxygenase is flavohemoglobin (flavoHb), shown to the right: Studies have shown that flavohemoglobins are induced by NO, nitrite, nitrate, and NO-releasing agents in various bacteria and fungi.[6][8] Additionally, flavoHbs have been shown to protect bacteria, yeast, and Dictyostelium discoideum against growth inhibition and damage mediated via NO.[8][9][10]
Nitric oxide dioxygenase was discovered, and first reported in 1998, as an inducible O2-dependent enzymatic activity that protected bacteria against nitric oxide toxicity.[11] The enzyme was identified with the E. coli flavohemoglobin.[12]
More recently, another protein has been identified as a NO dioxygenase - rhodobacter sphaeroides haem protein (SHP), a novel cytochrome with NO dioxygenase activity.[13][14] Although the biological function of SHP has yet to be identified, SHP has been shown, that with oxygen bound, it can react rapidly with nitric oxide to form nitrate.[13]
Structure and molecular function[edit]
The flavohemoglobin protein contains two domains: an oxidoreductase FAD-binding domain, and a b-type heme-containing "globin" domain and optionally an oxidoreductase NAD-binding domain. The reductase domain supplies an electron to the heme iron to achieve a high rate of catalytic NO dioxygenation. In addition to numerous flavohemoglobins, many distantly related members of the hemoglobin superfamily including the muscle myoglobin, the non-symbiotic plant hemoglobin and symbiotic plant leghemoglobin, the neuronal neuroglobin, and the mammalian cytoplasmic cytoglobin[15][16] appear to function as nitric oxide dioxygenases (NODs), although the cellular electron donor(s) for many globins have yet to be defined. Electron donors may include ascorbate, cytochrome b5 or ferredoxin reductase.[17] The catalytic NO dioxygenation can be written in its simplest form:
- NO + O2 + e− NO3−
Catalysis is very efficient. The reported bimolecular NO dioxygenation rate constants range from 2 x 107 M−1s−1 for cytoglobin to 3 x 109 M−1s−1 for flavohemoglobin, and turnover rates range from 1 to 700 s−1. Structure, O2 binding, and reduction of globins appear optimized for a NO dioxygenase function.
Physiological function[edit]
Historically, nitric oxide dioxygenase (around 1.8 billion years ago) served to provide the modern day analogue of hemoglobin/myoglobin function for oxygen storage and transport. Gardner et al. (1998) suggested that the first hemoglobin/myoglobin probably functioned as an enzyme utilizing bound 'activated' oxygen gas to dioxygenate NO in microbes.[18]
The wide diversity of multicellular organisms benefitting from the oxygen storage and transport functions of myoglobin/hemoglobin appeared much later (approximately 0.5 billion years ago).
NODs are now known to serve two important physiological functions in diverse life forms: they prevent NO toxicity (otherwise known as "nitrosative stress") and regulate NO signalling.[2] NODs belong to the larger family of well-established free radical and reactive oxygen detoxifying enzymes that includes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase.
Distribution in nature[edit]
NODs, as well as many hemoglobins that function as NODs, are distributed to most life forms including bacteria, fungi, protists, worms, plants and animals. In fact, nitric oxide dioxygenation appears to be a primal function for members of the hemoglobin superfamily. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly evident that the NOD function of globins is much more common[19] than the paradigmatic O2 transport-storage function of red cell hemoglobin[20] which was first investigated and reported over a century earlier by Felix Hoppe-Seyler and others.[21] Other proteins that may act as NODs include mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450(s)[22] and a novel O2-binding cytochrome b from Rhodobacter sphaeroides.[13]
Inhibitors of the NODs are being developed for application as microbial antibiotics,[23][24] anti-tumor agents and modulators of NO signalling. The most prominent class of inhibitor of NO dioxygenase to date is imidazole antibiotics. Imidazoles have been shown to coordinate with the heme iron atom of microbial flavohemoglobin, impair ferric heme reduction, produce uncompetitive inhibition with respect to O2 and NO, and inhibit NO metabolism by yeasts and bacteria.[25] Specifically, imidazoles bearing bulky aromatic substituents have been shown to have potential for selective and high-affinity inhibition of NO dioxygenase function by coordinating the catalytic heme iron and "fitting" within the large hydrophobic distal heme pocket.[25][26][27] As a result, imidazole engineering has been suggested as a means to specifically inhibit NO dioxygenases.
In addition, genetically modified plants with heterologous flavohemoglobin-NODs are being developed to limit NO toxicity created by metabolism of nitrogen fertilizers by soil microbes and as a means towards plant self-fertilization through absorption of environmental NO.
Recently a lentiviral vector that allows for expression of E. coli flavoHb in mammalian cells has been described. This approach demonstrated that flavoHb is indeed enzymatically active within human and murine cells and potently blocks exogenous and endogenous sources of nitrosative stress.[28] This technology was then extended to interrogate the role of NO synthesis in the highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) from human glioblastoma (brain tumor) samples. Expression of flavoHb within xenografted tumors led to depletion of NO generated by iNOS/NOS2. The phenotypic result was loss of tumorigenicity of the CSCs and improved mouse survival.[29] These experiments demonstrate that flavoHb can be employed for in vivo studies of nitric oxide biology and suggest that therapeutic NO-depletion may be achieved via heterologous expression of bacterial flavoHbs.
- ^ PDB: 1gvh; Ilari A, Bonamore A, Farina A, Johnson KA, Boffi A (June 2002). "The X-ray structure of ferric Escherichia coli flavohemoglobin reveals an unexpected geometry of the distal heme pocket". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (26): 23725–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202228200. PMID 11964402.
- ^ a b Forrester MT, Foster MW (May 2012). "Protection from nitrosative stress: a central role for microbial flavohemoglobin". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 52 (9 =): 1620–33. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.028. PMID 22343413.
- ^ Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA (June 1991). "Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology". Pharmacol. Rev. 43 (2): 109–42. PMID 1852778.
- ^ Fang FC (October 2004). "Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies". Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2 (10): 820–32. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1004. PMID 15378046.
- ^ Gardner PR, Costantino G, Szabó C, Salzman AL (October 1997). "Nitric oxide sensitivity of the aconitases". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (40): 25071–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.40.25071. PMID 9312115.
- ^ a b Gardner PR, Gardner AM, Martin LA, Salzman AL (September 1998). "Nitric oxide dioxygenase: an enzymic function for flavohemoglobin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (18): 10378–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10378. PMC 27902 . PMID 9724711.
- ^ Schopfer MP, Mondal B, Lee DH, Sarjeant AA, Karlin KD (August 2009). "Heme/O2/*NO nitric oxide dioxygenase (NOD) reactivity: phenolic nitration via a putative heme-peroxynitrite intermediate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (32): 11304–5. doi:10.1021/ja904832j. PMC 2747244 . PMID 19627146.
- ^ a b Gardner PR, Gardner AM, Martin LA, Dou Y, Li T, Olson JS, Zhu H, Riggs AF (October 2000). "Nitric-oxide dioxygenase activity and function of flavohemoglobins. sensitivity to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide inhibition". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (41): 31581–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004141200. PMID 10922365.
- ^ Hausladen A, Gow AJ, Stamler JS (2001). "Flavohemoglobin denitrosylase catalyzes the reaction of a nitroxyl equivalent with molecular oxygen". PNAS. 98 (18): 10108–12. doi:10.1073/pnas.181199698. PMC 56923 . PMID 11517313.
- ^ Mills CE, Sedelnikova S, Søballe B, Hughes MN, Poole RK (January 2001). "Escherichia coli flavohaemoglobin (Hmp) with equistoichiometric FAD and haem contents has a low affinity for dioxygen in the absence or presence of nitric oxide". Biochem. J. 353 (Pt 2): 207–13. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3530207. PMC 1221560 . PMID 11139382.
- ^ Gardner PR, Costantino G, Salzman AL (1998). "Constitutive and adaptive detoxification of nitric oxide in Escherichia coli. Role of nitric-oxide dioxygenase in the protection of aconitase". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (41): 26528–33. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.41.26528. PMID 9756889.
- ^ Gardner PR, Gardner AM, Martin LA, Salzman AL (1998). "Nitric oxide dioxygenase: an enzymic function for flavohemoglobin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (18): 10378–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10378. PMC 27902 . PMID 9724711.
- ^ a b c Li BR, Anderson JL, Mowat CG, Miles CS, Reid GA, Chapman SK (October 2008). "Rhodobacter sphaeroides haem protein: a novel cytochrome with nitric oxide dioxygenase activity". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 36 (Pt 5): 992–5. doi:10.1042/BST0360992. PMID 18793176.
- ^ Bartnikas TB, Tosques IE, Laratta WP, Shi J, Shapleigh JP (June 1997). "Characterization of the nitric oxide reductase-encoding region in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.3". J. Bacteriol. 179 (11): 3534–40. PMC 179145 . PMID 9171397.
- ^ Gardner AM, Cook MR, Gardner PR (July 2010). "Nitric-oxide dioxygenase function of human cytoglobin with cellular reductants and in rat hepatocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (31): 23850–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.132340. PMC 2911317 . PMID 20511233.
- ^ Halligan KE, Jourd'heuil FL, Jourd'heuil D (March 2009). "Cytoglobin is expressed in the vasculature and regulates cell respiration and proliferation via nitric oxide dioxygenation". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (13): 8539–47. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808231200. PMC 2659212 . PMID 19147491.
- ^ Gardner PR (January 2005). "Nitric oxide dioxygenase function and mechanism of flavohemoglobin, hemoglobin, myoglobin and their associated reductases". J. Inorg. Biochem. 99 (1): 247–66. doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.10.003. PMID 15598505.
- ^ Gardner PR, Gardner AM, Martin LA, Salzman AL (September 1998). "Nitric oxide dioxygenase: an enzymic function for flavohemoglobin". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (18): 10378–83. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.10378. PMC 27902 . PMID 9724711.
- ^ Gardner PR (October 2012). "Hemoglobin: A Nitric-Oxide Dioxygenase". Scientifica. 2012: 34. doi:10.6064/2012/683729.
- ^ Vinogradov SN, Moens L (April 2008). "Diversity of globin function: enzymatic, transport, storage, and sensing". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (14): 8773–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.R700029200. PMID 18211906.
- ^ Hoppe-Seyler F (1866). "Über die Oxydation in lebenden Blute". Med.-Chem. Untersuch Lab. 1: 133–40.
- ^ Hallstrom CK, Gardner AM, Gardner PR (July 2004). "Nitric oxide metabolism in mammalian cells: substrate and inhibitor profiles of a NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase-coupled microsomal nitric oxide dioxygenase". Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37 (2): 216–28. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.031. PMID 15203193.
- ^ Helmick RA, Fletcher AE, Gardner AM, Gessner CR, Hvitved AN, Gustin MC, Gardner PR (May 2005). "Imidazole antibiotics inhibit the nitric oxide dioxygenase function of microbial flavohemoglobin". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (5): 1837–43. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.5.1837-1843.2005. PMC 1087630 . PMID 15855504.
- ^ El Hammi E, Warkentin E, Demmer U, Limam F, Marzouki NM, Ermler U, Baciou L (February 2011). "Structure of Ralstonia eutropha flavohemoglobin in complex with three antibiotic azole compounds". Biochemistry. 50 (7): 1255–64. doi:10.1021/bi101650q. PMID 21210640.
- ^ a b Helmick RA, Fletcher AE, Gardner AM, Gessner CR, Hvitved AN, Gustin MC, Gardner PR (May 2005). "Imidazole antibiotics inhibit the nitric oxide dioxygenase function of microbial flavohemoglobin". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (5): 1837–43. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.5.1837-1843.2005. PMC 1087630 . PMID 15855504.
- ^ Ermler U, Siddiqui RA, Cramm R, Friedrich B (December 1995). "Crystal structure of the flavohemoglobin from Alcaligenes eutrophus at 1.75 Å resolution". EMBO J. 14 (24): 6067–77. PMC 394731 . PMID 8557026.
- ^ Ollesch G, Kaunzinger A, Juchelka D, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Ermler U (June 1999). "Phospholipid bound to the flavohemoprotein from Alcaligenes eutrophus". Eur. J. Biochem. 262 (2): 396–405. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00381.x. PMID 10336624.
- ^ Forrester MT, Eyler CE, Rich JN (January 2011). "Bacterial flavohemoglobin: a molecular tool to probe mammalian nitric oxide biology". Biotechniques. 50 (1 =): 41–45. doi:10.2144/000113586. PMC 3096140 . PMID 21231921.
- ^ Eyler CE, Wu Q, Yan K, MacSwords JM, Chandler-Militello D, Misuraca KL, Lathia JD, Forrester MT, Lee J, Stamler JS, Goldman SA, Bredel M, McLendon RE, Sloan AE, Hjelmeland AB, Rich JN (July 2011). "Glioma stem cell proliferation and tumor growth are promoted by nitric oxide synthase-2". Cell. 146 (1 =): 53–66. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.06.006. PMC 3144745 . PMID 21729780.


text:
Between 06 and '11 he was the most feared left handed slugger in baseball. More feared than Joey Votto by quite alot.
He's 33 and plays in Citizens Bank. There is no reason to think that Howard can't return to being 35+ homers and 100+ rbi.
BTW he had an awesome spring along with Dominic Brown.
I don't think Howard will win the MVP, but to write off one of the finest power hitters of this generation before the season even starts is rather foolish imo


text:
2015 Strategic Directions - Smart Utility Report - Black & Veatch
2015 Strategic Directions - Smart Utility Report - Black & Veatch
2015 Strategic Directions: Smart Utility Report
Welcome to Black & Veatch's 2015 Strategic Directions: Smart Utility report. This report represents the evolution of Black & Veatch's inaugural Strategic Directions: Utility Automation & Integration report, with an expanded focus on automation and integration and utilities' efforts to harness data to make operations and service delivery more efficient. This iteration of the report moves from primer to prescription, providing insights and solutions based on a survey of utility, municipal, commercial and community stakeholders who are planning the next steps in their connected journey.
The Black & Veatch 2015 Strategic Directions: Smart Utility report captures thoughts and planning concepts from utilities that are upgrading legacy infrastructure to help manage traditional operational concerns and respond to new challenges from reshaped markets and rising customer expectations. Topics addressed include devices, telecommunications networks and automation technologies used to meet new service requirements and provide greater integration with smart city programs.
As utilities strive to upgrade their systems, municipalities, in turn, are tasked with ensuring that their business community and citizenry thrive. As this report shows, achieving balance between opportunity and cost will require cooperation and compromise. This report addresses the role utilities and non-utility stakeholders play in the advancement and adoption of the smart/connected city ideal and the challenges and opportunities they will face along the way.
We welcome your questions and comments regarding this report and/or Black & Veatch services. You can reach us at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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John Betts - Fine Minerals > Home Page > Minerals For Sale > Minerals from the Tsumeb Mine, Namibia > Sulfide and Sulfosalt Minerals
This mineral specimen of Galena, Sphalerite, Pyrite from Tsumeb Mine, Otavi-Bergland District, Oshikoto, Namibia is available for sale from John Betts - Fine Minerals, mineral dealer located in New York City, New York.Follow on Facebook
To purchase mineral specimens from this site go to:
Detailed information on mineral specimen No. 70500:
|Minerals Species: Galena, Sphalerite, Pyrite.
Location of mineral deposit: Tsumeb Mine, Otavi-Bergland District, Oshikoto, Namibia.
Description: Translucent yellow-brown sphalerite with yellow-metallic pyrite microcrystals intermixed in cleavages of gray-metallic galena mounted in a Perky-style acrylic box for easy handling. Sphalerite is uncommon at Tsumeb.
Overall size of mineral specimen: 17x15x7 mm.
Price: $18 (plus shipping).
Click here to see more Galena Crystals For Sale.
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Rights Reserved.
The minerals illustrated on this site were purchased from collectors or wholesale suppliers for resale purposes. The owner of this site did not collect the minerals and collectors should not assume access is permitted to the property based on inclusion in this site. Please contact the property owner to obtain legal permission before entering private property.


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The Rostma Lure(1991)
(The fourth book in the Operation Starhawk series)
A novel by Sean Dalton
When beautiful Ambassador Cassandra Caliban is kidnapped en route to her first diplomatic conference by a powerful drug cartel and held hostage on the hellish world Kenszana, the Spacehawks are sent to her rescue. But achieving her escape won't be as easy as planned. Kenszana is a nightmare world, its only export a highly addictive drug called rostma that destroys the minds of its users. From the start, the mission goes wrong. 41 turns traitor and deserts, then Kelly runs afoul of brutal cyborg guards and the lure of addiction. This time, their top secret assignment may be too dirty to survive.
Used availability for Sean Dalton's The Rostma Lure
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
April 1991 : USA Mass Market Paperback
|Title: The Rostma Lure
Author(s): Sean Dalton
ISBN: 0-441-63580-6 / 978-0-441-63580-1 (USA edition)
Publisher: Ace Books
Availability: Amazon UK Amazon CA
Kindle Editions
July 2015 : USA, Canada, UK Kindle edition
|Title: THE ROSTMA LURE (SPACEHAWKS Book 4)
Author(s): Sean Dalton, Deborah Chester
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


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New York Islanders put emphasis on quick start for shortened NHL season
Earlier in the season, Martin and Hamonic made comments about the team needing to show progress, make the playoffs. Sounds like it's the team motto for 2012-2013.
New York Islanders put emphasis on quick start for shortened NHL season
2013-01-25 00:02:00
"We need to get off to a quick start if we want to make the playoffs," said left-winger Matt Moulson, who scored his first two goals of the season as the Isles defeated the host Toronto Maple Leafs 7-4 on Thursday night. "There's not much time to catch up (in the standings), and we want to get off to a good start in the first five games and go from there."
"We're working on (becoming a playoff team)," said Brad Boyes, who signed with the Islanders last summer as an unrestricted free agent and scored his first goal of the seasonand added a pair of assistsagainst Toronto.
Added Boyes: "We've got a lot of young guys who have been together for a while, they've grown and developed together, and now it's about trying to take the next step. Changing to a winning mindset and making the playoffs."
They're getting into the right mindset this year. They realize this is a team that can compete, now they just have to put it all together into a winning season. I really do hope we can make the playoffs.
So far so good.
I'd love to be proven wrong.
Can someone please remind me which team, in the history of the NHL, did not put an emphasis on getting off to a fast start?
"Listen guys, it a long season, don't worry about winning right now." ~ said no coach ever
I love the 'no excuses this season' attitude.
I will concede that A-Mac and Hamonic seem to be the real deal but we need a whole lot more than that. Streit hasn't looked like himself for a long ass time.
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A Gift Horse DVD
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Please note this is a region 2 DVD and will require a region 2 or region free DVD player in order to play.
When 10 year old Amanda loses her mother, she spends most of her time at the neighbouring horse ranch, owned by a business tycoon. The arrival of Misty, a spirited white horse, creates a new challenge for the ranchers as the tycoon's spoiled daughter rejects the horse. But Amanda doesn't lose faith and with an inspiring and loving horse trainer, they prove that the Misty is a true champion, creating new friendships and family bonds in the process.
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AN: Here guys, I hope you like this. I was just feeling some weechester brotherly schmoop. I'm not too sure about it. Let me know what you think!
I always looked forward to going to Bobby's house. I felt safe there, I could protect Sam, and Bobby treated me like I was a real person. He didn't treat me like a hoodlum like the teachers at school did, he didn't whisper about how I wasn't going to amount to anything in life, like some of the adults around me did, and he didn't have a bet with other hunters on what age I was going to end up in prison. He cuffed me on the back of the head, worked on cars with me, asked me my opinion on stuff, and treated me special. I always liked it. It was the one place on earth where I was better than Sam, or at least where I was as important as my little brother.
Bobby never made fun of me or yelled at me because I didn't make good grades in school, didn't ask me what in the hell was wrong with me when I couldn't read books very fast, and he didn't make me feel stupid when I asked questions. The best thing was that he didn't make me read, didn't make me do the stuff I wasn't really good at. He asked me, he helped me, but he didn't make me. I liked that. I liked that because every once in a while, when I was with Bobby, I didn't feel stupid or worthless.
But, I should have known, that all of that would end eventually, that one of these days Bobby was going to become like the rest and like my little brother more than me, and want to do things with him rather than help me, or talk to me. I was simply too much work. Everyone said that when they didn't think I was around to hear. At my last school, I heard more than I wanted to. "Dean Winchester. What are we going to do with him?
"Him? Is he even capable of anything?" My science teacher asked. "I mean he never turns anything in." I didn't have paper or the crayons or stuff that she wanted me to have to color that cell. I understood it, I just didn't have the stuff she needed. "He's just lazy." I'm not lazy but I can't tell her that.
"Well, that boy is just more work than he's worth, in my opinion." My history teacher had said. They didn't like me, and they thought I was as worthless as they come. I doubt Sam's teachers ever talk about him like that. But then again, I make sure he has paper and coloring stuff and pens and pencils. I want him to be able to do whatever the teachers ask. He's smart. Really smart. I wish I was half as smart.
We left that school and came to Bobby's, and he enrolled us in school, and I thought that it was going to be great. I thought that I could finally have some attention, because no matter how I appear, I do want it, and that he would help me. I should have known better, Sam was older now, more talkative, nicer, and smarter. I should have known that Bobby was going to want to spend more time with him than me. I mean, I'm too much work, and I shouldn't expect Bobby to work at me forever.
I didn't think it would happen quite so soon after we got there though. I expected maybe a couple of days of Bobby time. I was wrong. It happened a couple of hours after we got there. I was all excited talking to Bobby about the classic car show that I managed to get dad to stop at long enough for me to just look at a couple of the really neat cars, when Sam had wandered to the back of the living room and picked up a book. I took a breath and Sam asked if he could read it. Bobby looked at me for a brief second before Sam informed him that he knew the family secret. That was all it took. Bobby got up and went to Sam. It shouldn't have been a shock to me that he and Bobby would hit it off. I mean, look around the guy's house. Books everywhere. And Sam wanted to read them. Wanted Bobby to explain which ones were best and he wanted to read them all. So, naturally, he and Bobby shared something that I would never understand. I can't read that well. And that settled the deal. Bobby would like Sam more than me. Just like everyone else. Just because I expected it doesn't mean it didn't hurt a little.
I watched the two of them talk about the books and researching, and I felt so outside. For the first time ever at Bobby's house I felt like I didn't belong. I managed to slip to bed undetected. I'm ashamed to admit, but I think I cried.
The next morning the two of us got up and ready for school, I was determined to do well, determined to learn to read better so I could sit with them and read the books and learn how to do more research. So I can be useful, important.
I worked hard for the next couple of weeks, harder than I've ever worked for anything in my whole 14 years of life. I asked for extra reading homework, I asked for teachers to stay after school with me, I did everything I could think of. And nothing seemed to work. I still struggled and Sam still spent time with Bobby every night going over stuff that no 10 year old should be smart enough to know about or be able to read. I kept trying though. Every day, every night, whatever I could do I tried.
"Bobby, Dean's locked himself in the room upstairs." Sam informed me one evening.
"What did he say when you knocked?" Dean was probably up there with a skin mag doing something he shouldn't and just didn't want his little brother intruding on his private time.
"Just said go away Sam."
"He says that a lot son. No need to worry."
"But he sounded like he was crying. Dean never sounds like he cries. Dean doesn't cry." Sam's brows were knit together in confusion and worry. He looked up the stairs and back at me, his eyes were so full of worry that it sort of got me worried. "Can you do something?"
"I'll get your brother's ass back in gear. Don't you worry Sam. Go on and get the book on ghosts that we were reading last night. Start without me." Sam nodded and slowly moved towards the living room glancing back towards the stairs every now and then.
I trudged my way up the stairs, mumbling about how that kid needed to be more considerate of others and how he needed to not worry his kid brother. I got to the door and knocked.
"Go away Sam." Dean called. Sam was right, Dean did sound like he was crying.
"Dean it's Bobby." I heard a giant sniff. "Can I come in?"
"It's your house." So it was. I opened the door, and in the center of a tornado of paper and books was Dean, red eyed and sad.
"What in the hell happened here?" and with that tears, tears I didn't know Dean Winchester knew how to shed, rolled down his face and he frustratedly threw the pencil in his hands down on the floor and looked up at me.
"I can't be like Sam!" he yelled. "I'm not smart like Sam. I'll never be good at reading. I'll never be as nice as Sam, I'll never be anything like him! I've tried and tried. I tried making friends, the one kid I thought I'd made friends with, invited me over to his house and his mom pulled him aside and asked him loud enough for me to hear why he brought home a hoodlum, I just left and didn't talk to him again. I've tried being smart. I've asked to stay after school, I've gotten as much help from Mrs. Tander as she can take. I've made that woman stay after school for hours and hours and I still cant' bring home a grade better than a C!" he threw paper and began throwing text books screaming wordlessly as he did so. I moved into the center of the tornado, dodging paper, pens, pencils, books anything that Dean could use as a projectile. I grabbed him pinning his arms and pulling him into my chest.
"Son. Son. Calm down." Dean took several deep breaths and calmed down. He pulled away and looked up at me with eyes so green that they rivaled the grass outside. He rubbed a fist into them and took a deep shuddering breath.
"I'm sorry." He said and looked around the room. "I'll clean up my mess."
"I'm sorry." He repeated and dropped to his knees and began to clean the room. He wasn't going to say another word. I noticed the last time he was here that he was learning how to lock down his emotions, and what scares me most is that he is getting really good at it.
I struggled to find things to say, and finally, lamely said "Dinner will be ready in an hour." Dean nodded.
"I'll have the room cleaned up by then." He said and wiped at his face with the back of his hand. I watched him for a moment, sighed, and left the room. Sam was waiting for me at the bottom of the stairs. He had heard Dean screaming.
"Is he okay?"
"He says he is." Sam looked back up the stairs and then at me. "Come on kiddo, let's get that book, and you read it to me while I make supper. Sam reluctantly nodded and followed me into the kitchen.
Just like every night Dean reminded me to brush my teeth before bed, like I was too small to remember to do it on my own. Tonight I didn't make a fuss, I just did as I was told. Dean had lost something today. There wasn't fight to him anymore, he was like a balloon that the air had been let out of, and I didn't like it. My brother was big, bigger than everything, and today he looked small. I wonder if it had anything to do with that paper he was holding when I met him to walk home. He kept starring at it like something on the page was going to jump off of it. When I asked he said it was nothing, when I grabbed for it he shoved it in his bookbag and told me to mind my own business. I'm always supposed to tell him what's wrong with me, why won't he tell me what's wrong with him? I got into my bed and pulled the covers up. Dean did the same and turned out the light.
"What Sammy?"
"What's wrong."
"Nothing Sam. Mind your own damn business."
That was not the answer I wanted. I sighed. Rolled over, mad that he wouldn't talk to me. Then I thought about it, and remembered some of what Dean had been yelling when Bobby was up here. He said he wasn't like me, that no matter how hard he tried he wouldn't be like me. I didn't want my big brother to be like me. I wanted him to be like him. I wanted him to be loud and annoying and the one who will protect me. I don't want him scared, and worried, and feeling like he's a freak all of the time. I don't want him to be like me.
"Dean?" I tried again.
He sighed loudly and replied. "What Sammy?"
I didn't know what to say. I wanted to say something to make him feel better. He always made me feel better when I was sad. He always knew exactly what to say. I wish I was that smart. I wish I knew how to make people feel better, how to take someone's sadness away.
I thought back to what I heard him screaming when Bobby went up to see him, and all I could think to say was, "I wish I was smart like you." Dean didn't say anything, he just huddled down into his sheets. I guess that wasn't the right thing to say either. But I really do wish that I was smart like Dean.


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Story Behind this Recipe
These kuromame are not too sweet, and even work as a side dish. I used to soak the beans overnight in water, but realized they'd absorb the flavor of the seasonings better if soaked in the seasonings instead. Through trial and error, I reduced the simmer time and eliminated the process of adding water to simplify this recipe.


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A classic animal themed necklace featuring a pendant made in the shape of a koala bear in silver! For more koala themed animal jewelry and products just visit our store!
Size: The koala pendant measures 3.3 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide and hangs on a 18 inch long chain!
Material: Silver Plated Brass
Animal Jewelry by DOTOLY
Handling time:
Please allow two to three business days for us to process your order!
Optional: Upgrade your shipping to express shipping with tracking for an additional $2.50 at checkout!


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Andrew Savory <and...@luminas.co.uk>
|Re: Document Gestation Process?
|Tue, 30 Apr 2002 10:09:58 GMT
On Mon, 29 Apr 2002, Diana Shannon wrote: > Right, but shouldn't they at least alert Cocoon about their efforts? Why > run the risk of duplicate effort when we have so many holes? Sure ... quite often in the past this happens with people sending an email to the list saying something like "would anyone be interested in <foo/>?" They'll then either be bombarded with "yes please" or "merge with X" or "here's my version, please add to it". I agree that holes in the content is a problem, but having a list of holes to fix (or even blank templates for people to fill out) will solve that. > >> 7. Editor forwards outline to the SME (subject matter expert). > > > > This could probably be skipped ... let peer-review catch it. I think > > most > > of the steps other than the ones highlighted here could be skipped, too. > > If they prove to be needed, they can always be added back in. > > But what if the author is overlooking something? Wouldn't you rather > catch this in an outline than in a draft? Why are you adding extra work > for SMEs to fill in the missing content? Isn't it the authors job? I > don't want to make any extra work for SMEs who are probably busy enough > just contributing code! No, I wouldn't expect the SMEs to fill in the missing content - at most I'd expect them to say "you should include X". It's then up to the original author (or the community) to tighten up the document until it's complete. Two bonuses with this approach: it makes the original author more responsible for their work, and it teaches the author by showing them gaps in their knowledge (making them better authors for the future). Andrew. -- Andrew Savory Email: email@example.com Managing Director Tel: +44 (0)870 741 6658 Luminas Internet Applications Fax: +44 (0)870 28 47489 This is not an official statement or order. Web: www.luminas.co.uk --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, email: email@example.com
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Southern Hospitality Cannot Compare to Christian Hospitality! (9 of 10) by Steve Wagers
This content is part of a series.Southern Hospitality Cannot Compare to Christian Hospitality! (9 of 10)
Series: How To Get Along With The Family!
Steve N. Wagers
I Peter 4:8-10
1. William Penn once said:
"I expect to pass through life but once. If, therefore, there be any kindness I can show, or any good thing I can do to any fellow-being, let me do it now, and not defer, or neglect it. I shall not pass this way again!"
2. John Boyle O'Reilly penned the words:
"What is real Good?"
I asked in musing mood.
Order, said the court;
Knowledge, said the school;
Truth, said the wise man;
Pleasure, said the fool.
Love, said a maiden;
Beauty, said the page;
Freedom, said the dreamer;
Home, said the sage.
Fame, said the soldier;
Equity, said the seer;
Spake my heart full sadly,
'The answer is not here.'
Then within my bosom
Softly this I heard;
'Each heart holds the secret;'
Kindness is the word!" 1
3. The South has always been known for its hospitality. It is a trademark characteristic once looks to find as they cross the Ohio River. Such acts as holding a chair, or opening a door for a lady; saying 'Please', or 'Thank You,' 'Yes Sir,' or 'No, Ma'am;' writing a note of appreciation; observing good table manners; allowing someone to enter a door ahead of you; saying something nice about a person when you introduce them; not contradicting someone telling a story; or, holding a lady's coat are acts of chilvary for which the South is known.
4. Yet, these are not matters which should not be exclusively known in the South. These acts of hospitality should be common-place among the people of God in the house of God. Sadly enough, many churches remind me of the man who took his dog to the veterninarian, and asked him to cut off his dog's tail. The vet said, "I don't normally like to do that. Why do you want his tail cut off?" The man replied, "Because my mother-in-law is coming to visit, and I don't want anything in the house to suggest that she is welcome!"
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Rudmore Court
Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO2 8SS
Within easy walking distance of shops and other facilities at North End, Portsmouth, Rudmore Court is an ideal development for the active retired.
From £725.00 pcm
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Kings Court
FORDINGBRIDGE, Hampshire, SP6 1AL
Fordingbridge is a town and civil parish in Hampshire on the banks of the River Avon. The first Great Bridge, from which the town received its present name, was built in mediaeval times, and is upstream from the ford. The bridge is a major feature of the town with its seven graceful arches,... Read more
From £750.00 pcm
Homemill House 2
New Milton, Hampshire, BH25 6HX
Homemill House II is a McCarthy & Stone constructed development comprising 17 apartments set in an excellent and convenient location in the heart of New Milton town centre.
Homerose House
Southsea, Hampshire, PO5 1DU
Homerose House comprises 52 properties arranged over 4 floors each served by lift. . The social committee arrange various activities within the development, to include: coffee mornings, keep fit, darts, indoor bowls and occasional day trips. Homerose House is located within walking distance of... Read more
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Homewood House
Pennington, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 8EZ
Homewood House comprises 47 properties arranged over 3 floors each served by lift. The development is within walking distance of the bus stop and the local convenience shop.
From £760.00 pcm
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Homesea House
Southsea, Hampshire, PO5 4DG
From £775.00 pcm
Acacia Lodge
Fareham, Hampshire, PO16 7SX
Acacia Lodge comprises 47 properties arranged over 3 floors, each is served by a lift. The development is ideally situated close to local shops and amenities.
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Charles Dickens Court
Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 4QQ
Charles Dickens Court is a period property located in the heart of a charming and historic Conservation Area of the city of Portsmouth, which houses the birthplace of Charles Dickens.
From £790.00 pcm
Tiverton Court
Fareham , Hampshire, PO16 7RU
Situated on a picturesque coastline, Fareham provides a unique opportunity to explore a rich heritage of both maritime and national history, peaceful woodland walks conservation areas plus an attractive safe coast line. With a history reaching far beyond Roman times to modern day heritage for... Read more
From £795.00 pcm
Homespinney House
Southampton, Hampshire, SO18 1UD
Homespinney House is situated in a popular location in Bitterne Park, with direct access to Riverside Park. Residents can stroll alongside a stretch of the River Itchen that is frequented by white swans throughout the year. It is a popular family park with mature greenery; children's play areas;... Read more
Sarisbury Gate
SOUTHAMPTON, Hampshire, SO31 7FP
Sarisbury Gate is a nice development situated near the local shops in Park Gate on the outskirts of Fareham. It is designed around a central courtyard surrounded by landscaped gardens. It is an attractive development of thirty four one and two-bedroom apartments in a single building. The... Read more
From £815.00 pcm
Waverley House
New Milton, Hampshire, BH25 6PQ
Waverley House comprises 32 properties arranged over 3 floors each served by lift. Waverley house is conveniently situated close to local amenities.
From £825.00 pcm
Homefayre House
Fareham, Hampshire, PO16 0LU
From £850.00 pcm
Rufus Court
Lyndhurst, Hampshire, SO43 7ER
Rufus Court is a popular development, which offers a calendar of social events complimenting the independent lifestyle. The development is ideally situated close to local shops and amenities.
Dawtrey Court
Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1RQ
Southampton is one of the premier shopping centres of the South Coast and is also a fascinating place to explore. St Michael's Square has the Tudor House Museum, a lovely gabled building and Bugle Street has the 13th Century West Gate and the Wool House Maritime Museum. Theatres, cinemas, parks... Read more
Homefield House
New Milton, Hampshire, BH25 6NP
Homefield House comprises 32 properties arranged over 3 floors each served by lift. Weekly social activities within the development include bingo, bowls and card games. Homefield House is situated close to local amenities.
Homeforde House
Brockenhurst, Hampshire, SO42 7QX
Homeforde House is situated in a leafy, residential area close to the centre of Brockenhurst. A bus stop at the end of the road services Southampton, Lymington and Bournemouth.
Homefort House
Gosport, Hampshire, PO12 1QQ
Homefort House is located close to the shops and services and a walk through Walpole Park takes you through to the High Street with its interesting Georgian facades accommodating large multiple stores and specialist shops.
Homegrange House
Milford on Sea, Lymington, Hampshire, SO41 0WR
Homegrange House is situated within landscaped grounds and occupies a superb cliff-top position. The village centre of Milford is within easy distance and a bus service running past the development offers connections to Bournemouth and Southampton lying some 14 and 20 miles respectively.
Homegrove House
Southsea, Hampshire, PO5 1HN
Homegrove House is situated adjacent to the local shops at Elm Grove and Southsea town centre is close at hand. Regular bus services are nearby and Portsmouth railway station is approximately one mile distant.
Girlings Retirement Rentals Limited
Glanville House, Frobisher Way, Taunton, Somerset TA2 6BB
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- 2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- 1 tablespoon baking powder
- 1 1/4 teaspoons kosher salt
- 1 stick unsalted butter, chilled and cut into a 1/4-inch dice
- 2/3 cup heavy cream, plus 1 tablespoon for brushing
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Talk:Necessity and sufficiency
|WikiProject Philosophy
|(Rated Start-class, High-importance)
- 1 miscellaneous
- 2 Examples used
- 3 "just in case", what?
- 4 Role (or lack thereof) of causality in Necessary/Sufficient conditions
- 5 Deletion tag
- 6 Why is there not a page on unnessesary?
- 7 This page could use a lot of improvement
- 8 Copyedit
- 9 Title discussion
- 10 Definitions and letters
- 11 Venn diagram is NOT representative
- 12 Definitions section
- 13 Bachelor Example
- 14 Train Example
- 15 italicized uppercase letter & double quotes.
- 16 Necessary AND sufficient?
- 17 Non-classical and modal logics
In the previous version, the section on sufficient conditions had reversed which is the condition and which is the thing obtained. If you do it this way, it's hard to tell at a glance the main difference between necessary and sufficient: necessary is obtained-->condition, while sufficient is condition-->obtained. So I've switched Q and P so that one can see that. (this comment is hard to understand, but look back at the old version and you'll see) Motorneuron 21:08, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
- It appears to me that you're rigidly applying "P is always a condition" and "Q is always the obtained". I think I understand this change, but I think this method is confusing also. If one misses the beginning phrase of the final statment in both sections, everything after looks identical and it's unclear what's going on. I favor preserving the order of the letters used (A sufficient for B, A necessary for B), and in that way one can see how the implication reverses direction between the two of them (B-->A, for necessity, A-->B for sufficiency).
- The way I've heard the description of necessary/sufficient goes something like this: (A necessary for B) iff (Not A implies Not B). Note that this is logically equivalent to (B implies A)
- Also, (A sufficient for B) iff (A implies B).
- By preserving the order of A and B in the statements like this, when we get to "A is necessary and sufficient for B" it's immediately clear that "A-->B and B-->A". I plan on making this change in the article soon.--Rschwieb 17:37, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
is this original work? for such a complex subject, that was sure rattled off quickly. had you already written it somewhere else? Kingturtle 03:12 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)
Previous version said:
- [necessary and sufficient] should therefore not be too quickly conflated with iff
Correct me if I'm wrong, but I don't think this is correct. Necessary and sufficient is the same as iff, though neither are the same as logical equivalence. Evercat 23:40, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
- I agree with Evercat. Can somebody explain that sentence? Otherwise I'm going to delete it. Timtzeptel 17:56, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)
- I agree as long as we're restricing this to mathematics and logic, where causality is not an issue. I'm slightly less certain in cases involving events occurring rather than propositions being true. But this locution "neither are the same", rather than "neither is the same" is weird. Michael Hardy 18:16, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)
Examples used[edit]
Can someone rework this article with better examples? In the article itself are three different comments about how a particular example is confusing, and the smoke/fire example requires a footnote. I'm bad about thinking up "real-life" examples, but I'll give it a shot in a few days if no one else comes up with anything. Pagrashtak 5 July 2005 20:12 (UTC)
- How about clouds and rain? 188.8.131.52 6 July 2005 05:40 (UTC)
- I rewrote the example using thunder and ligthening. This may also be slightly confusing, but I understand the intent of using the confusing example of smoke and fire. It is to emphasize that causation and time ordering are not part of the definition of "necessary". I made this more explicit. Removed the stupid footnote. Let me know what you think of these changes.--Jeiki Rebirth 10:44, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
- The thunder and lightening is a very poor example. Thunder and lightening are effects of the same physical phenomenon. To say one causes the other in any ordering will require a paragraph expalining eletrical current running through the air and how the two effects are produced. This example only serves to complicate the logical concept.
- The Fourth of July example is logically flawed -- I would suggest that it is necessary but not sufficient that it be the Fourth of July for it to be Independence Day in the United States. If the year is 1730, for instance, there was a Fourth of July but not an Independence Day. Similarly, if an act of the United States Congress were to change the date for the celebration of Independence Day to, say, July 2 (as originally proposed by John Adams), then some future July Fourth could be July Fourth but not Independence Day. K95 18:05, 6 September 2006 (UTC)
- Well then so is the thunder and lightning. If lightning strikes on another celestial body or in Earth's past/future where there is no atmosphere, there will not be any thunder. Similarly for card-based examples later - historically, or today in other countries, different suits were used.
- Basically any examples we come up with will have the assumption (whether or not stated) that the situation is present-day Earth (and maybe some more specifics). Defining the situation/environment is inevitably required to use logic in all but the most abstract of fashions. (And even then, you need to define your notation at the least). 126.96.36.199 (talk) 08:59, 20 May 2008 (UTC)
"just in case", what?[edit]
I removed these sentences from the sufficient condition section "Necessary and sufficient conditions are therefore related. P is a necessary condition for Q just in case Q is a sufficient condition for P." Does this make sense to anyone? --Jeiki Rebirth 12:13, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
- I also find "just in case" to be a bit obfuscating. "Push in case of emergency" means "If an emergency happens, then push". "Just in case" is taking on the meaning "iff". The way I under stand it, "(P sufficient for Q) iff (Q is necessary for P)" Try it out with Q=thunder and P=lightning.--Rschwieb 17:04, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
Role (or lack thereof) of causality in Necessary/Sufficient conditions[edit]
I removed the sentences mentioning causality because I felt that at their former location they interfered with the explanation, and I couldn't decide where to move it. If someone really feels it's a vital part of the explanation, might I recommend them to retrieve the info from before my July edits and organize them in an independent section about "causality and it's relationship with necessary/sufficient conditions?--Rschwieb 01:57, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
Deletion tag[edit]
I've (Shawn Fitzgibbons 19:40, 25 November 2006 (UTC)) nominated this article for deletion because it is redundant. There are already several articles that cover this topic. Here is a short list:
propositional logic
material conditional
logical implication
- I've removed the prod tag. If you want this deleted you should take this to AfD. Paul August ☎ 02:39, 26 November 2006 (UTC)
- I think this is an important article. Maybe the articles you cite here could link to this article, rather than redescribe necessary/sufficient? --Andy Fugard (talk) 07:13, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
Why is there not a page on unnessesary?[edit]
Why does unnessesary link here? Shouldn't there be a page on it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ootmc (talk • contribs) 23:26, 14 February 2007 (UTC).
This page could use a lot of improvement[edit]
I think that as is, this article is too confusing to be useful to someone who is trying to understand the concept of necessary and sufficient conditions. Norman Swartz's article (in the external links page) is much clearer and simpler. I like how he makes it clear right away that necessary conditions are not the same thing as sufficient conditions, and vice versa.
One serious problem is the use of the language of implication in the explanations. If someone doesn't know what N/S conditions are, they probably won't know what implication is either. You can teach someone N/S conditions without mentioning implication.
Sorry I'm too lazy to fix anything at the moment. I thought I should point out the problems though. If the spirit moves me I will come do some editing. Manderr (talk) 10:02, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
- The mathmatics section is horribly unclear. I have no idea what it's supposed to mean, and I've taken some legit Philosophy department logic classes :(Floodo1 (talk) 08:23, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
- Yes, this article is seriously important for ordinary usage of the terms, which is more in line with philosophy than the specialist maths examples. The value of an example is its ability to make something complex more specific and clear. Logic comes before Group Theory in pure mathematics, the examples are not really valuable even to mathematicians.
- I hope the pictures and captions I added help. I think people will understand the usefulness of the ideas better if they see examples of each kind of condition, where it is important that the other kind of condition would not be the right description.
- Mate, I'm swamped with other work, would you care to add some more simple, clear text to the article. Go right to the top and work on the lead. Don't delete anything, then no one can complain. But good simple clear text might lead others to have confidence the more tricky stuff isn't really needed.
- There's some links that could help. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is excellent on topics like this. Without breaching copyright, following their example might give you plenty of ideas. Make this a holiday project mate! I'll cheer from the sidelines. ;) Just do it! Alastair Haines (talk) 23:08, 17 December 2008 (UTC)
- I know this thread is a bit old, but I must agree with Manderr. I consider myself a reasonably intelligent person (although more on the liberal arts side), but I still have only a very foggy idea of the difference between a necessary and sufficient condition after reading this article several times.... Lithoderm 02:05, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
I totally agree that this article is confusing. I found this much better description in a philosophy page from hong kong...(apparently open source)[1]:
The concepts of necessary and sufficient conditions help us understand and explain the different kinds of connections between concepts, and how different states of affairs are related to each other.
§ M06.1 Necessary conditions
To say that X is a necessary condition for Y is to say that it is impossible to have Y without X. In other words, the absence of X guarantees the absence of Y. A necessary condition is sometimes also called "an essential condition". Some examples :
Having four sides is necessary for being a square. Being brave is a necessary condition for being a good soldier. Not being divisible by four is essential for being a prime number. To show that X is not a necessary condition for Y, we simply find a situation where Y is present but X is not. Examples :
Being rich is not necessary for being happy, since a poor person can be happy too. Being Chinese is not necessary for being a Hong Kong permanent resident, since a non-Chinese can becoming a permanent resident if he or she has lived in Hong Kong for seven years. Additional remarks about necessary conditions :
We invoke the notion of a necessary condition very often in our daily life, even though we might be using different terms. For example, when we say things like "life requires oxygen", this is equivalent to saying that the presence of oxygen is a necessary condition for the existence of life. A certain state of affairs might have more than one necessary condition. For example, to be a good concert pianist, having good finger techniques is a necessary condition. But this is not enough. Another necessary condition is being good at interpreting piano pieces.
§ M06.2 Sufficient conditions
To say that X is a sufficient condition for Y is to say that the presence of X guarantees the presence of Y. In other words, it is impossible to have X without Y. If X is present, then Y must also be present. Again, some examples :
Being a square is sufficient for having four sides. Being divisible by 4 is sufficient for being an even number. To show that X is not sufficient for Y, we come up with cases where X is present but Y is not. Examples :
Loving someone is not sufficient for being loved. A person who loves someone might not be loved by anyone perhaps because she is a very nasty person. Loyalty is not sufficient for honesty because one might have to lie in order to protect the person one is loyal to. Additional remarks about sufficient conditions :
Expressions such as "If X then Y", or "X is enough for Y", can also be understood as saying that X is a sufficient condition for Y. Some state of affairs can have more than one sufficient condition. Being blue is sufficient for being colored, but of course being green, being red are also sufficient for being coloured. § M06.3 Four possibilities
Given two conditions X and Y, there are four ways in which they might be related to each other:
X is necessary but not sufficient for Y. X is sufficient but not necessary for Y. X is both necessary and sufficient for Y. (or "jointly necessary and sufficient") X is neither necessary nor sufficient for Y.
This classification is very useful in when we want to clarify how two concepts are related to each other. Here are some examples :
Having four sides is necessary but not sufficient for being a square (since a rectangle has four sides but it is not a square). Having a son is sufficient but not necessary for being a parent (a parent can have only one daughter). Being an unmarried man is both necessary and sufficient for being a bachelor. Being a tall person is neither necessary nor sufficient for being a successful person.
Much clearer, maybe some ideas can be incorporated into this article...
126.96.36.199 (talk) 14:50, 19 February 2014 (UTC)
|This article, or a portion of it, was copyedited by the Guild of Copyeditors in August 2007. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the project and see a list of open tasks.
Title discussion[edit]
I don't believe that the recent title change really reflects anything helpful to the reader. "Necessity" and "sufficiency" are themselves used in many different contexts, and I think that without some sort of qualifier of logic, the purpose of the article is unclear. MSJapan (talk) 19:23, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
- The article is about the distinct, but related, concepts of 'necessity' and 'sufficiency', and not about 'necessary and sufficient conditions', which is only one of the four basic types: necessary and sufficient, necessary but not sufficient, sufficient but not necessary, and neither necessary nor sufficient. So, although the current title uses a phrase which may be used in other contexts – I would argue, however, that the logical concept is the primary meaning – the former title was misleading.
- As for concerns of clarity, I don't think that disambiguation is needed at this time since we don't seem to have another article with a similar title. We generally do not disambiguate preemptively (e.g., we have Leroy Shield and not Leroy Shield (composer)) and the article's lead – "In logic, ..." – makes clear the scope of the article for anyone who is unfamiliar with the topic. -- Black Falcon (talk) 19:58, 11 February 2012 (UTC)
Definitions and letters[edit]
There's a fifty-fifty chance the misunderstanding is my fault and not the articles, but why in this world is the statement called S when defining necessary conditions, and N when defining sufficient conditions, particularly when the conditions are called N and S respectively? It results in both definition evaluating to the same string 'S implies N' although they should have, I presume, entirely different meanings. Would it be unreasonable for the statement to be defined by a single, not-S/N letter in both cases? Darryl from Mars (talk) 01:08, 26 July 2012 (UTC)
Venn diagram is NOT representative[edit]
Seems to me that the N(S) Venn diagram in the Relationships... section illustrates only ONE of the possible relationships between S and N. The caption makes it sound as if that is the ONLY relationship. In fact, the text directly next to the image states "... sufficient but not necessary". This is highly confusing. Am I missing something?
ScottHW (talk) 14:07, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
- I'm not sure what you're complaining about. The diagram seems to accurately display the generic relationship between a necessary condition and a sufficient condition. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 18:15, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
- This confused me also. After puzzling for some time, I understand that N and S in the diagram actually represent statements (eg N="x is a mammal", S="x is human") and do not actually represent the relationships "necessity" and "sufficiency". I changed the caption to be clearer, I hope. Krubo (talk) 22:26, 7 October 2013 (UTC)
Definitions section[edit]
"A true necessary condition in a conditional statement makes the statement true."
This is wrong. The conditional statement may still be false. That means it's an erroneous conditional statement. If you mean it makes the consequent true, this is still wrong. A true /sufficient/ condition in a conditional makes the consequent true.
People aren't typically interested in the truth-value of the conditional statement. They assume their conditionals are true. They're interested in the truth-value of the consequent, and they'll assume that "makes the statement true" means "makes the consequent true". A true necessary condition does not make the consequent true.
"A true sufficient condition in a conditional statement ties the statement's truth to its consequent." Every conditional statement's truth is tautologically tied to its consequent, so this statement is useless.
Do not mention the "conditional statement". We are discussing conditions, which are the left-hand side of a conditional statement, and nobody cares about the truth-value of the conditional statement. And this is all you need to say:
A true sufficient condition for the proposition P makes P true. A false necessary condition for the proposition P makes P false.
The truth table is correct, but its presentation is very confusing, particularly since it is re-using "N", which was just used to indicate a necessary condition, and now does not.
However, all of the above is still misleading. Necessary and sufficient conditions are not a set of necessary conditions plus a set of sufficient conditions. Being necessary and sufficient is a property of the entire set of conditions. You don't separate out those that are necessary and those that are sufficient. You typically collect a bundle of qualifying conditions that are true for everything in your category, and then add prohibitions that rule out everything not in your category for which the first bundle of conditions is true. The first bundle is not sufficient; an entity satisfying them may still fail to satisfy a necessary condition. The second bundle, of prohibitions, is necessary, but most of the things you think of as "necessary", e.g., "birds have wings", would be in the qualifying conditions, not in the prohibitions. "Necessary and sufficient" should be applied to the complete set of conditions; categories are not usually defined in ways that provide either a set of "necessary" nor a set of "sufficient" conditions.
Philgoetz (talk) 01:10, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
- Yes please, be WP:BOLD.—Machine Elf 1735 16:28, 21 January 2014 (UTC)
- @Philgoetz: I agree completely, the definitions are confusing. It seems to me to be because he preserves the meaning of N and S in the first parts as "necessary" and "sufficient" respectively. This is helpful if the question is "Which part is necessary/sufficient?", but the question most people will be asking is "Is the condition necessary/sufficient?". Keeping this in mind, the conditions established as necessary and sufficient should have the same name.
- I attempted to rewrite the section with this paradigm (among other changes), but then I realized that all of this section's content is contained in the sections Necessity, Sufficiency, and Simultaneous Necessity and Sufficiency (except the truth table, which seems extraneous to me). So maybe Definitions should just be removed? Noblesp (talk) 20:52, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
Bachelor Example[edit]
"Example 1: In order for it to be true that "John is a bachelor," it is necessary that it be also true that he is: unmarried, male, and an adult, since to state "John is a bachelor" implies John has each of those three additional predicates." Should the list include human? If John is an unmarried adult male dog, that doesn't make him a bachelor. Alternatively you could replace 'is adult, male, and a human' with 'is a man.'OckRaz talk 19:02, 3 February 2014 (UTC)
Train Example[edit]
It seems to me that the train example in the image caption is actually flawed "That a train runs on schedule can be a sufficient condition for arriving on time (if one boards the train and it departs on time, then one will arrive on time)". This is probably a poor choice of example trains and rail networks are complex systems with many variables a train which departs on time may still fail to arrive on time due to breakdown of the vehicle or delays on the network for many reasons. I'm struggling to think of a better everyday example right now but thought I'd mention it in case someone has an idea. MttJocy (talk) 00:19, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
italicized uppercase letter & double quotes.[edit]
there's a problem with character spacing when an italicized uppercase*** letter ends a statement in double quotation marks. the letter and the first mark get smooshed together so instead of "if S then N", it looks like "if S then N', which could cause some confusion if an already confused reader thinks there is some new entity N prime.
A true necessary condition in a conditional statement makes the statement true (see "truth table" immediately below). In formal terms, a consequent N is a necessary condition for an antecedent S, in the conditional statement, "N if S", "N is implied by S", or N S. In common words, we would also say "N is weaker than S" or "S cannot occur without N". For example, it is necessary to be Named, to be called "Socrates".
(highlighted sections)
i added a single space in the middle of the following highlighted source markup, in all 20 instances of this issue.
"''N'' if ''S''" becomes "''N'' if ''S'' "
resulting in, "N if S" becoming, "N if S "
i know it's not syntactically correct, so if this really rubs someone the wrong way and they want to revert, i did it all in a single edit.
***oh, i also put the space in example 5 of Necessity_and_sufficiency#Necessity where it's a lowercase x. sensorsweep 04:36, 3 March 2015 (UTC)
Necessary AND sufficient?[edit]
"Being a male sibling is a necessary and sufficient condition for being a brother"
No it isn't.
It's a necessary condition, because, in order to be a brother, you must be a male sibling. The second in implied by the first.
It is not a sufficient condition, because you can be a male sibling and not be a brother. For example, father and son are male, sibling, non-brothers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 03:22, 9 September 2015 (UTC)
- What is your definition of a sibling? Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 03:31, 9 September 2015 (UTC)
Non-classical and modal logics[edit]
It is a bit of a lacuna in the article that these are not treated. — Charles Stewart (talk) 07:24, 2 May 2016 (UTC)


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Contents of Maggie Stiefvater's Brain
So true, so cool. Coolest series ever........................................Fandom 101: The Raven Cycle – The Hub
I can't get over how great Maggie Stiefvater's twitter and tumblr are, god bless
Blue Lily, Lily Blue (The Raven Cycle #3) - Maggie Stiefvater (spoiler-free review from The Book Addict's Guide)
Blue & Gancey | The Raven Cycle by Maggie Stiefvater
Contents of Maggie Stiefvater's Brain
maggie-stiefvater: ktbass: maggie-stiefvater: parrishinq: The Raven Cycle in less thsn 100 words. This is fairly accurate except that Noah is not a teddy bear because teddy bears have stuffing in them and Noah has nothing left in there except sadness and betrayal. Every time, Steiefvater. Every time. I see the shot, I take the shot uuuggghhhhh
Wow…someone put it into words…because this is literally how I feel…