text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 16, 2008
|Filing date
|Feb 1, 2007
|Priority date
|Feb 22, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David Nilson, Brad Rice, Tamara Troy
|Original Assignee
|Xenogen Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (61), Non-Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (6), Classifications (27), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of a U.S. patent application entitled "BOTTOM FLUORESCENCE ILLUMINATION ASSEMBLY FOR AN IMAGING APPARATUS" by Nilson et al., filed Jun. 17, 2005, U.S. application Ser. No. 11/155,078, to be issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,177,024; which in turn is a continuation application of a U.S. patent application entitled "BOTTOM FLUORESCENCE ILLUMINATION ASSEMBLY FOR AN IMAGING APPARATUS" by Nilson et al., filed Feb. 21, 2003, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/372,763, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,922,246; which in turn is a continuation-in-part of a U.S. patent application entitled "FLUORESCENCE ILLUMINATION ASSEMBLY FOR AN IMAGING APPARATUS" by Nilson et al., filed Jul. 3, 2002, U.S. application Ser. No. 10/189,886, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,894,289; which in turn claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/359,663, entitled same and filed Feb. 22, 2002; all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
The present invention relates generally to imaging systems, and more particularly, relates to macroscopic, bottom fluorescent illumination sources and their associated components to illuminate imaging systems.
One specialized type of imaging involves the capture of low intensity fluorescence. Briefly, fluorescence is a molecular phenomenon in which a substance absorbs light of a particular wavelength and emits light of a longer wavelength. The absorption of light is referred to as the "excitation", and the emission of longer wave lights as the "emission". Both organic and inorganic substances can exhibit fluorescent properties.
Fluorescence imaging is performed by illuminating a sample to excite fluorescence molecules in the sample, and then capturing an image of the sample as it fluoresces using a camera. Such imaging applications present particular challenges to the design of a box or chamber in which the sample is contained during imaging. This is especially true in macroscopic applications where the field-of-view is about 10 cm-30 cm in diameter, as compared to microscopic applications where the field-of-view is less than about 1 cm.
Typically, intensified or cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras are used to detect the fluorescence of low intensity light radiating from the sample. These cameras are generally complex, may require specialized cooling, and are typically fixed to a single location on the top of a specimen chamber. A user places a sample at a predetermined position in the specimen chamber within the field of view for the overhead camera.
Due to this static design, one particular challenge to imaging apparatus design is the diverse lighting needs required during image capture. Fluorescent image capture, of course, involves the sample being illuminated with an in-box illumination source, while the minute amounts of fluoresced from the "excited" sample are detected using a light detector, e.g., a CCD camera.
One problem associated with the capture of overhead images in macroscopic applications is that the relatively large CCD camera is typically centrally located directly over the sample platform which supports the sample. A single illumination source is thus often positioned in the light box at a location off-set from the camera lens, and angularly directed at the sample platform. Thus, for relatively non-planar samples supported atop the platform, substantially uniform illumination is difficult to achieve. Such is also the case when multiple illumination sources are applied which often causes detrimental shadowing, and thus, non-uniform lighting.
Another problem associated with fluorescent imaging in macroscopic applications is that the current imaging apparatus generally employ dichroic mirrors to perform partial filtering functions. Briefly, dichroic mirrors are typically used in fluorescence microscopes to provide an additional amount of separation for the excitation and emission wavelengths. The dichroic mirror is usually mounted at about a 45 degree angle to excitation and emission light. The excitation light is reflected by the dichroic mirror onto the specimen, while the emission light passes through the dichroic mirror, the emission filter, the lens, and is incident on the CCD camera. Dichroic mirrors are commonly used on microscopes because the beam size is very small and so the mirrors are quite compact (usually 1 inch or less in diameter).
For a macroscopic application, as mentioned, the required field-of-view is much larger (i.e., 10 cm-30 cm) than that for a microscopic application (less than about 1 cm). This of course necessitates the use of a much larger lens which in turn renders the use of a dichroic mirror impractical. Due to the size and orientation of such a mirror in the imaging compartment of the imaging box, the footprint of the imaging box is unfeasibly large. In view of the foregoing, an improved illumination assembly for a light box that enables the substantially uniform lighting for fluorescent image capture of the sample would be highly desirable.
The present invention provides a macroscopic fluorescence illumination assembly for use with an imaging apparatus with a light-tight imaging compartment. The imaging apparatus includes an interior wall defining a view port extending into the imaging compartment to enable viewing of a specimen contained therein. The illumination assembly includes a specimen support surface sized and dimensioned for receipt in the imaging compartment, and oriented to face toward the view port of the imaging apparatus. The support surface is substantially opaque and defines a window portion that enables the passage of light there through. The window portion is selectively sized and dimensioned such that the specimen, when supported atop the support surface, can be positioned and seated over the window portion in a manner forming a light-tight seal substantially there between. The illumination assembly further includes an excitation light source, and a bundle of fiber optic strands having proximal ends thereof in optical communication with the light source. The distal ends of the strands terminate proximate the window portion of the support surface. The distal ends each emit a respective beam of light originating from the light source which are then collectively directed toward the window portion and into a bottom side of the specimen wherein the diffused light passes there through and exits a topside thereof for receipt through the view port to view the fluorescence of the specimen.
Accordingly, by illuminating the specimen through a bottom side illumination thereof with an excitation light source, as opposed to a topside illumination of the specimen, the autofluorescence background signal of the specimen itself is reduced. This is due to the fact that tissue autofluorescence is always higher on the side of the excitation light source than on the side facing the camera. In the case of a topside illumination, both the camera and the excitation light source are on the same side.
In one specific arrangement, a specimen illumination platform is provided including a cover plate that provides the support surface, and a support structure cooperating with the cover plate to define a light-tight interior cavity below the window portion. The distal ends of the fiber optic strands terminate in this cavity. The substantially parallel optical axes of the distal ends of the fiber optic are oriented in the cavity substantially perpendicular to a plane containing the window portion of the support surface. A reflector device is disposed in the cavity, and includes a substantially planar reflective surface oriented at an angle about 45� relative the direction substantially parallel to the optical axes of the distal ends of the fiber optic strands. In this orientation, the directional beams of light emitted from the fiber optic distal ends are reflected through the window portion and into the specimen. The distal ends of the fiber optic bundle are aligned in a linear array in another embodiment extending substantially along the elongated reflective surface.
The size window portion of the cover plate may be selected according to the specimen. It is preferably substantially rectangular shaped, and may be provided by a void in the cover plate or a transparent material.
In another configuration, a macroscopic fluorescence imaging assembly is provided for viewing a specimen. The imaging assembly includes an imaging apparatus having an enclosure wall defining a view port into a light-tight imaging compartment containing the specimen thereof, and a specimen illumination platform positioned in the imaging compartment having a support surface facing toward the view port. The support surface is substantially opaque and defines a window portion enabling the passage of light there through. The window portion is selectively sized and dimensioned such that the specimen, when supported atop the support surface, can be positioned and seated over the window portion in a manner forming a light-tight seal substantially there between. An illumination device is disposed in the imaging compartment below the specimen illumination platform and proximate the window portion of the support surface such that light emitted from the illumination device is directed toward the window portion and into a bottom side of the specimen wherein the diffused light exits a topside thereof for receipt through the view port to view the fluorescence of the specimen.
The assembly of the present invention has other objects and features of advantage which will be more readily apparent from the following description of the best mode of carrying out the invention and the appended claims, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
While the present invention will be described with reference to a few specific embodiments, the description is illustrative of the invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention. Various modifications to the present invention can be made to the preferred embodiments by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. It will be noted here that for a better understanding, like components are designated by like reference numerals throughout the various figures.
Referring now to
Accordingly, by illuminating the specimen platform 26 from an illumination device peripherally extending around or continuously surrounding the camera view port 23, a specimen (not shown) positioned on the platform 26 will be substantially uniformly illuminated, symmetrically about the optical axis. Such uniform illumination is not attainable in the off-set lighting techniques currently applied without repositioning the lighting or the specimen.
Moreover, as will be apparent below, the improved filtering performance, the careful selection of low auto fluorescent materials for the filters and lighting components, as well as the formation of light tight seals essentially from the light source to the imaging compartment of the imaging apparatus, collectively enable sufficient filtered fluorescent lighting without the need for additional filtering through dichroic mirrors. Thus, in this macroscopic fluorescent imaging application, these relatively large dichroic filters can be eliminated. Consequently, the overall footprint of the imaging enclosure is substantially reduced.
An image processing unit optionally interfaces between camera 31 and a computer through cables. The computer, which may be of any suitable type, typically comprises a main unit that contains hardware including a processor, memory components such as random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM), and disk drive components (e.g., hard drive, CD, floppy drive, etc.). The computer also includes a display and input devices such as a keyboard and mouse. The computer is in communication with various components in the imaging apparatus 21 via cable. To provide communication and control for these components, the computer includes suitable processing hardware and software configured to provide output for controlling any of the devices in the imaging apparatus 21. The processing hardware and software may include an I/O card, control logic for controlling any of the components of the imaging assembly 20, and a suitable graphical user interface for the imaging assembly 20. The computer may also include suitable processing hardware and software for the camera 31 such as additional imaging hardware, software, and image processing logic for processing information obtained by the camera 31. Components controlled by the computer may include the camera 31, the motors responsible for camera 31 focus, the motors responsible for position control of a platform supporting the sample, the camera lens, filter wheels, f-stop, etc. The logic in computer may take the form of software, hardware or a combination thereof. The computer also communicates with a display for presenting imaging information to the user. By way of example, the display may be a monitor, which presents an image measurement graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the user to view imaging results and also acts as an interface to control the imaging assembly 20.
Referring now to
In one specific embodiment, the illumination device is provided by a fiber optic lighting system having a plurality or bundle 35 of fiber optic strands extending into the imaging compartment 25. The proximal ends 36 of the strands of the bundle 35 are positioned in optical communication with a light source 37 to transmit collected light to the distal ends 38 of the fiber optic strands. To optimize the system for use fluorescent image capture in accordance with the present invention, the material composition of the fiber optic strands are selected to have low auto-fluorescence properties. All materials (glasses, etc.), it will be understood, will fluoresce at some level. Ordinary optical glasses (E.g., float glass, BK7) contain impurities that can fluoresce. Although the autofluorescence of glass is fairly low, the extremely sensitive cameras utilized in the present invention will easily detect the autofluorescence of these materials. The glass (or other material) autofluorescence passes through the emission filter and creates noise in the fluorescence signal, so every effort is made to minimize autofluorescence. One material particularly suitable for the fiber optic strands and filters is high purity fused silica, such as plastic clad fused silica or silica clad fused silica, which has very low autofluorescence.
As shown in
Preferably, a collective cone of light (illustrated by broken lines 39) is emitted having with a full angle of about 55�, wherein each strand emits light in the range of about 50� to about 60�. By positioning the strand distal ends 38 at least about 140 mm to about 380 mm from the specimen platform, the collective ring of conical light beams emitted from strand distal ends 38 sufficiently overlap (
The strand distal ends are positioned substantially continuously around the annular slit 41, and are about 3-6 strands wide. It will be appreciated, however, that complete continuity of the strand distal ends is not required to provide uniform lighting in accordance with the present invention. One example of such ring light guides is model 70001148001 by Dolan Jenner Industries of Lawrence, Mass. These fixtures are typically utilized in non-light-tight microscopic applications. Accordingly, these applications are non-fluorescent in nature.
To protect the exterior fiber optic bundle portions 50 and 51 of the fiber optic bundle 35 and to reduce the introduction of exterior light or noise into the fiber optic strands, a segmented, flexible metal jacket (not shown) is placed around these portions which is further surrounded by a flexible PVC sleeve 42. This sleeve is opaque (black), and blocks all external ambient light that might enter the fiber bundle.
While this protective sleeve combination is sufficient to substantially reduce the introduction of exterior noise into the fibers (i.e., for use in the exterior bundle portions 50 and 51 outside the of imaging box), it may be phosphorescent and is therefore unsuitable for use inside the box since, in these low-intensity imaging applications, even an amount of light emanating from within the protective sleeve will detrimentally influence the fluorescent imaging of the specimen.
Accordingly, internal to the imaging box, the sleeve material 43 surrounding the bundle portion 53 of the fiber optic bundle 35 is replaced with a non-phosphorescent material to substantially eliminate the possibility of spurious light sources from the fiber optic bundle 35 within the imaging box. One particular flexible material which has low phosphorescence is a polyolefin heat shrink tubing material.
The proximal end 36 of the fiber optic bundle 35 is coupled to a fiber optic light source 37 which optically couples the proximal end faces of the fiber optic strands (not shown) with a direct light of the light source. Preferably, the light source includes a housing 45 which provides a connector 46 to position the proximal end faces of the fiber optic strands substantially adjacent the light source so that the light can be transmitted through the fiber optic strands of the bundle 35. One example of such a Fiber Optic Illuminator is model PL 900, by Dolan Jenner Industries of Lawrence, Mass.
In one embodiment, the direct light is provided by a bulb contained in the housing 45, and positioned at the proximal end faces of the fiber optic strands. A preferred light comprises a tungsten halogen lamp, which emits a wide spectrum of bright white light suitable to fluoresce objects. Other applicable light sources include xenon lamps, mercury lamps and lasers.
Typically, the usable fluorescence spectrum is in the range of 400 nm to about 900 nm. Thus, depending upon the desired fluorescence spectra, the composition of the sample material and the fluorescent material, the remaining light emitted by the light source must be filtered out. Optical filters are applied, accordingly, to filter out non-fluorescence spectra as well as unwanted fluorescence spectra. Depending upon the application, there have been selected optical filters or filter wheels disposed in the imaging compartment of an imaging apparatus 21 just after the off-set light source. Such an arrangement, however, would not be practical in the lighting technique of the present invention since the diameter of the ring-shaped frame 32 is significantly larger. Moreover, proportionate to the size of the imaging compartment, a filter wheel could not be deployed.
In accordance with the present invention, a filter wheel assembly, generally designated 47, is positioned "in-line" in the fiber optic bundle 35 (
Briefly, as best illustrated in
The optical filters are typically interference-type filters which include bandpass filters, longpass filters and shortpass filters. These filters are preferably provided as a filter set contained on a filter wheel 55 of the filter wheel assembly 47 which is placed in-line with the fiber optic bundle 35. Thus, the filter wheel 55, rotatably mounted in a recess 56 of the housing 57, can be selectively rotated to position the selected filter in the path of the fiber optic strands.
Each interference filter is selected to allow the passage of select spectra of light. Another useful parameter, in accordance with the present invention, is selecting a filter with sharp cut-offs or edges so that the gap between the excitation and emission filter bands can be minimized. This is beneficial in that the Stokes shift for many common fluorescent dyes and proteins is relatively small. The Stokes shift is the separation in wavelength between the excitation and emission peak. Usually, a filter gap of about 20 nm is chosen. These filters also are characterized by very high rejection outside the passband or "out-of-band" blocking properties, with a typical rejection of >106. Furthermore, the filters are also preferably constructed from low auto-fluorescent materials. Accordingly, the application of these higher quality excitation and emission filters allows the use of a single excitation-emission filter pair without an associated dichroic filter.
Examples of such filters include the Alpha Technology filters from Omega Optical, Inc. of Brattleboro, Vt. For a general discussion on fluorescence and filtering, see the Handbook of Optical Filters for Fluorescence Microscopy; by Jay Richman of the Chroma Technology Corp, June 2000, and herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The housing 57 of the filter wheel assembly 47 is substantially light-tight so that detrimental exterior light is not introduced as the light is transmitted through the filters. The housing, as viewed in
To facilitate transmission of the light through the filter, a collimating lens 67 is positioned in the input port 58 between the optical output end 62 of the first bundle portion 50 and the filter 63. In order for the excitation filter to function properly, the light rays must be fairly well collimated (parallel to the optical axis) through the filter. Therefore, as the light passes through the collimating lens, it is collimated in a direction substantially perpendicular to the planar face of the filter which minimizes detrimental reflection there from. Further, by selecting the first bundle portion 50 of the fiber optic bundle 35, extending between the light source 37 and the filter wheel assembly 47, to be about � inch in diameter, most of the exiting light rays have a maximum cone angle in the range of about 30� to about 40�. Consequently, after passing through the collimating lens 67, the angle of incidence is reduced to a maximum ray angle of less than or equal to about 12� The output of the excitation filter/lens assembly couples into the � inch diameter fiber optic bundle portion 51 in order to mate up with the ring light, which also as a � inch bundle size.
A focusing lens 68 is further disposed downstream from the filter 63 to focus and direct the collimated and filtered light, exiting the filter 63, into the optical input end 66 of second bundle portion 51 for transmission through the fiber optic strands thereof.
While the collective optical arrangement of a conventional filter wheel assembly is applicable for most optical applications, this set-up is not suitable for fluorescent imaging. This is due to the fact that trace amounts of unfiltered light often leak around the periphery of the filter which detrimentally affect the fluorescent imaging of the sample in the imaging compartment. Although the housing 57 of these conventional filter wheel assemblies is considered light-tight, when the angle of transmission of some rays of light exiting the optical output end 62 of the first bundle portion 50 are sufficiently skewed from a direction parallel to the optical axis of the output end, unfiltered light can pass along the outer edges of the collimating lens 67, and thus, past the filter 63 and into the focusing lens.
The skewing of the light rays exiting the collimating lens depends on the distance of the bundle distal end to the collimating lens, as well as the diameter of the bundle and collimating lens, the f-number of the lens and the numerical aperture of the bundle. By way of example, when the diameter of the bundle 62 is in the range of about 6.3 mm to 6.4 mm, the diameter of the collimating lens 67 is in the range of about 16.5 mm to about 17 mm, the f-number is one and the distance between the optical output end 62 and the collimating lens 67 is in the range of about 19 mm to about 20 mm, a substantially skewed light ray exiting the collimating lens would be one in the range of greater than about 14 degrees from the direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the perpendicular to the optical output end 62.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention as is best illustrated in
The light baffle device 70, in one embodiment, includes an opaque plate member 75 disposed substantially adjacent an upstream abutting surface 71 of the collimating lens. Centrally disposed in the plate member is an aperture 72 extending there through, and having a transverse cross-sectional area smaller than that of the collimating lens abutting surface 71. Preferably, the ratio of the transverse cross-sectional area of the aperture 72 to that of the abutting surface 71 of the collimating lens 67 is in the range of about 0.64:1 to about 0.8:1.
Thus, the skewed light rays impinging upon the upstream surface 73 of the plate member 75 are intercepted, while the remaining portion of the light transmitted from the first bundle portion 50 pass through aperture 72. Further, to reduce reflection of these impinging light rays, the plate member 75 is either coated with a material which absorbs light, such as black anodize, or is composed of opaque materials having absorption properties, such as black Delrin.
In the preferred form, the aperture 72 of the baffle device 70 is substantially central to the abutting surface 71 of the collimating lens 67. Thus, a longitudinal axis of the aperture 72 is substantially co-axially aligned with a longitudinal axis of the collimating lens 67.
In still another configuration, a plurality of plate members 75 A-75 D are nested together in a side-by-side manner in abutment with the collimating lens abutting surface. Briefly, while four plate members 75 A-75 D are shown and described, it will be appreciated that more or less plate members may be applied.
Each aperture 72 A-72 D further tapers outwardly in a direction toward the collimating lens 67 such that a respective entrance diameter (Den) of the respective aperture 72 A-72 D is smaller than the corresponding exit diameter (Dex) thereof. Preferably, the outward taper of each aperture is in the range of about 30� to about 60� from the longitudinal axis, and the thickness of each plate member is in the range of about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm.
However, in accordance with the present invention, while the overall transverse cross-sectional dimension of each successive downstream aperture 72 B-72 D is progressively larger, the entrance Diameter (Den) of the corresponding downstream aperture 72 B-72 D of the plate member 75 B-75 D is smaller than the exit Diameter (Dex) of the adjacent aperture 72 A-72 C of the adjacent upstream plate member 75 A-75 C. Accordingly, if this nested configuration of the plate members were provided as an integral single unit, a plurality of annular ribs and adjacent troughs would be defined with each annular rib being successively larger in diameter as the plate member is positioned closer to the collimating lens 67.
This is beneficial in that should a sufficiently skewed light ray pass through the upstream aperture 72, it may be intercepted in the annular trough between two adjacent ridges.
In another aspect of the present invention, a light-tight fiber optic connection assembly, generally designated 52, is included for optically connecting the distal transmission end 77 of second bundle portion 51 to the proximal receiving end 78 of third bundle portion 53. This optical connector assembly 52, as best viewed in
The connector body 80 includes a proximal portion 81 and an opposite distal portion 82, and defines an elongated passage 83 extending from the proximal portion 81 to the distal portion 82. The proximal portion 81 of the connector body is adapted to removably couple to a distal optical connector 86 mounted to the second bundle portion 51, while the distal portion 82 of the connector body is adapted to removably couple to a proximal optical connector 87 mounted to the third bundle portion 53. Each of the distal optical connector 86 and the proximal optical connector are conventional female optical connectors which are threaded to the corresponding threaded male end of the connector body.
When the optical connectors 86, 87 are properly mounted to the connector body 80, the transmission ends 77 of the fiber optic strands of the second bundle portion 51 terminate in the passage 83 in opposed relationship to the receiving ends 78 of the fiber optic strands of the third bundle portion 53. A diffuser device 88 is further disposed in the passage 83 in the gap region 90 between the second bundle transmission end 77 and the third bundle receiving end 78. This diffuser device 88 is adapted to diffuse the light transmitted from the transmission end of the fiber optic strands to facilitate receipt in the receiving end.
As the collective light is diffused while passing through diffuser device 88, it is substantially uniformly distributed about the proximal receiving ends 78 of the third bundle portion 53. Consequently, the light ring mounted peripherally about the view port 23 uniformly illuminates the specimen platform 26. Without this diffuser, the collimated and filtered light transmitted across the gap may develop "hot-spots" on the proximal receiving end 78 of the third bundle portion 53 which causes distribution non-uniformity from the light ring.
The diffuser may be any substantially transparent device capable of uniform diffusion of the light passing there through. Preferably, the diffuser device 88 is composed of a rigid material, such as plastic or glass which is seated across the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the connector body passage 83. To provide uniform light diffusion, at least one surface of the diffuser device 88 upon which the light must pass through is frosted. Typical of these diffusers, by way of example, is model L45-652, by Edmund Scientific of Barrington, N.J.
As illustrated in
By way of example, for a fiber optic bundle with a diameter of about 12.6 mm to about 12.7 mm, the connector body passage 83 may have a diameter in the range of about 12.7 mm to about 12.8 mm. Upon mating of the optical connectors to the connector body, the gap between the opposed ends of the second bundle portion 51 and the third bundle portion 53 may be in the range of about 8.0 mm to about 15.0 mm. The diffuser device 88 accordingly, may have a thickness in the range of about 1.0 mm to about 2.2 mm.
Referring now to
In one specific embodiment, emission filter wheel 96 is rotatably mounted to the upper housing 22 of the imaging apparatus 21, between the frame 32 of the light ring 30 and lens 97 of the camera 31 (
Due to size constraints and limitations, a crescent-shaped gap 100 may be formed between the outer peripheral edge 101 of the frame 99 of the filter wheel 96 and the view port 23 of the upper housing 22 (
This seal device 105 is sufficiently dense and/or opaque to prevent the passage of light there through yet sufficiently flexible to allow relative rotation of the second filter wheel without exerting undue stress thereon. Preferably, the seal device 105 is provided by a pair of brush devices positioned in the gap. One such brush material is a plastic brush, by Amesbury Group, Inc. of Statesville, N.C.
Referring now to
As mentioned above, all materials (glasses, etc.) fluoresce at some level. Ordinary optical glass materials applied for fiber optic strands contain impurities that can fluoresce. It has been observed that high purity or substantially pure fused silica exhibits very low autofluorescence. This is of course beneficial to reduce undesirable autofluorescence of the fiber optic strand material which passes through the emission filter and may be mistaken for "sample" fluorescence. In particular, the fiber optic strands and filters are composed of as plastic clad fused silica or silica clad fused silica.
High purity or substantially pure fused silica is less flexible than glass or other conventional materials applied for fiber optic strands. Thus, the permissible bending radius or radius of curvature of a bundle of fiber optic strands (i.e., the minimum suggested usable bending radius of the fiber optic bundle without fracture of the strands) composed of such fused silica is substantially greater than that for conventional fiber optic strand materials. A fused silica core/clad diameter must be significantly reduced to obtain the same radius of curvature. Thus, about twice as many fused silica fibers must be used to transmit the same amount of light, and the cost becomes a significant factor.
In this specific embodiment, since the bundle of fiber optic strands originates from an interior side wall 85 of the imaging apparatus 21, as shown in
To address this problem, the dispersion assembly 110 is configured to cooperate with the distal ends 113 of the fiber optic strands to redirect the directional beams 115 (shown in phantom lines) collectively toward the specimen platform 26 for illumination thereof in a substantially uniform manner. Accordingly, the optical axes of the distal ends 113 of the fiber optic strands may be retained generally parallel to the specimen platform 26, while the directional beams are directed (E.g., through reflective surfaces 116) downwardly toward the specimen platform 26. The overall height of the imaging apparatus 21, thus, is significantly reduced since the distal ends of the substantially pure fused silica fibers themselves need not be curved toward the platform 26, and the overall cost is significantly reduced.
Referring now to
In one specific embodiment, to redirect the directional beams emitted from each distal end 113 of the strands, the dispersion assembly 110 includes a reflective surface 116 angled to reflect the directional beams toward the specimen platform 26. This permits the entire fiber optic bundle 111 to be maintained in generally the same plane which is essentially parallel to the specimen platform 26.
To reflect the directional beams about 90� from the optical axis of the distal ends of the strands and toward the specimen platform, the relatively planar reflective surface 116 should be oriented about 45� relative the direction of the optical axis. It will be appreciated that depending upon the particular position of the bracket device 117 and the exact orientation of the optical axis from the relative the desired position along the specimen platform to be illuminated, the angle of the reflective surface can be altered accordingly.
In one application, illumination "hot spots" can be reduced by diffusing the directional beams as they reflect off of the reflective surface 116. This improves the light distribution across the specimen platform so that the illumination is substantially uniform. One diffuser technique is to provide a diffusing surface 114 which cooperates with the reflective surface 116 to uniformly diffuse the directional beams emitted from the strand distal ends 113. For example, the reflective surface 116 may be provided by an aluminum plate with a roughened surface or by SPECRALON�, which diffuses the reflected light as it impinges the surface thereof.
Another diffuser technique is to provide slightly convex reflective surface configured to provide substantially uniform illumination across the specimen platform 26. Other conventional diffuser techniques or a combination thereof may be employed without departing from the true nature and scope of the present invention. Moreover, the desired diffusion pattern after reflection off of the reflective surface is dependent in-part on the particular shape and radius of the convex reflective surface, the distance of the surface from the reflective surface, and the distance from the reflective surface to the specimen platform.
Each bracket device 117 includes a mounting section 118 adapted to removably secure the distal ends 113 of the fiber optic bundle in a manner directing their emitted directional beams of light against the reflective surface 116. As best viewed in
For example, the distal ends of the fiber optic strands, in one specific configuration, are positioned in the range of about 6 mm to about 11 mm from the reflective surface, and more preferably about 8 mm. In this example, the reflective surface 116 of the reflector 122 is positioned in the range of about 120 mm to about 460 mm from the specimen platform. Thus, the collective vertical footprint of this configuration is significantly reduced by applying this dispersion assembly.
Preferably, the dispersion assembly includes a plurality of bracket devices 117 peripherally spaced about the view port 23 of the interior wall 103. Such peripheral spacing even more uniformly distributes the reflected directional beams about the view port 23, and further reduces shadowing. Four (4) to eight (8) bracket devices 117 have been found sufficient to assure illumination uniformity, but more or less may be applied as well.
Referring now to
As shown in
This arrangement is particularly suitable for this application since the length of the fused silica clad silica fiber optic bundle can be minimized. In effect, the path length of the filtered light passing through the fused clad silica fiber optic bundle is reduced significantly to minimize any auto fluorescence thereof, even though such material already has low auto fluorescence properties. Moreover, high purity or substantially pure fused clad silica is very expensive, and minimizing the length of the bundle ultimately reduces costs.
Referring now to
There are several techniques that can reduce this background fluorescent signal, one of which includes moving the excitation light source wavelength towards the infrared region of the spectrum. In this region, the tissue autofluorescence is reduced, but not totally eliminated. The drawback to this technique is that it is not always feasible to use an infrared dye which would be necessary. Another approach to minimize the tissue autofluorescence signal from the sample is to alter the illumination configuration. The illumination design in the above-mentioned configuration is that of a front illumination profile, sometimes referred to as top illumination, where the excitation light source in the fluorescent kit and the detection equipment (i.e., camera 31) are on the same side of the specimen. Since the excitation light intensity is highest on the side of the specimen facing the camera 31, the tissue autofluorescent signal emitted is also highest on this side. Thus, the ratio of the signal to background noise of the desired fluorescent labeling reagent is significantly reduced, limiting the sensitivity of detection by the camera.
In accordance with the bottom illumination assembly design of the present invention, the excitation light source is located on the opposite side of the specimen as the detection system. Generally referred to as transillumination or bottom illumination, this illumination configuration reduces the autofluorescent signal from the sample by trapping the autofluorescent light on the opposite or bottom side of the animal relative to the camera.
Referring to
Accordingly, since biological tissue is a turbid medium, the excitation light entering the specimen becomes multiply scattered and diffused where it propagates throughout the entire specimen, thereby exciting the fluorophore. The fluorophore emission is also scattering by tissue, and eventually, some of the scattered excitation light exits the topsides of the specimen 145, and is captured through the view port 23 and into the camera 31.
In one specific configuration, the bottom illumination assembly 140 includes a specimen illumination platform, generally designated 146, having a support structure 147 and a cover plate 150 removably mounted atop the support structure. The support structure 147 is preferably rectangular shaped having four upstanding side walls 151 surrounding an interior cavity 152 thereof. The support structure 147 is preferably substantially rigid, and may be fabricated from one or more pieces of black anodized aluminum, however, to reduce auto fluorescence. Other rigid materials may be applied, as noted above. The interior surface of the upstanding walls 151 are preferably coated with a material which absorbs light, such as black anodize, or is composed of opaque materials having absorption properties, such as black Delrin. It will further be appreciated, of course, that the support structure can be other shapes as well.
Mounted atop the upper edges of the upstanding walls 151 is the cover plate 150 that incorporates the support surface 141 to support the specimen 145. The cover plate 150 is also preferably composed of a rigid material such as black anodized aluminum to reduce autofluorescence. The peripheral footprint of the cover plate is rectangular, and is sized to match that of the support structure 147 when mounted thereto. A plurality of set screws 156 (eight as shown) cooperate with aligned screw holes 157′, 157 (
Extending through the cover plate from the support surface 141 to a bottom side is an aperture 153 that enables the excitation light to pass from the interior cavity 152, and into the specimen. Thus, in some configurations, the aperture 153 functions as the window portion 142 of the support surface 141. This aperture is preferably rectangular shaped, but can be any size and/or shape to better coordinate with the shape of the specimen supported over the aperture. When the aperture 153 functions as the window portion, the specimen must be large enough to form a light-tight seal all around the edge of the aperture 153 when it is properly seated atop the support surface 141. Thus, essentially, the peripheral footprint of the aperture 153 must be sufficiently smaller than that of the properly oriented specimen 145 to form such a seal. It will be understood that without the formation of this light-tight seal between of the specimen with the edge defining the aperture, unscattered excitation light would leak into the imaging compartment 25 of the imaging apparatus 21 and be detected by the sensitive camera 31.
In one specific example, the opening (i.e., window portion 142) upon which light may pass through from the interior cavity 152 of the specimen illumination platform 146, and into the specimen can be sized and dimensioned to assure the formation of such a light-tight seal. This may be performed by providing a removable slide device 155 (
The slide device 155 is preferably formed of a transparent material, such as a glass slide, sized and dimensioned for receipt in the receiving slot 158 (
To assure cleanliness of the slide device 155, a disposable lining (not shown) may be included which is positioned atop the support surface 141 of the slide device. This disposable lining, which may be composed of paper, is preferably dimensioned to seat into and along the peripheral lining edge 160 surrounding the receiving slot 158 of the cover plate 150. This lining edge performs the function of aligning and seating the disposable lining, similar to that between the receiving slot 158 and the slide device 155. The lining includes an opening larger than the window portion 142 of the slide device 155 so as not to obstruct the passage of excitation light into the specimen.
Similar to the top illumination configuration above-mentioned, the bottom illumination assembly 140 includes a bundle 143 of fiber optic strands composed of materials selected to have low autofluorescence properties. Again, one material particularly suitable for the fiber optic strands and filters is high purity fused silica, such as plastic clad fused silica or silica clad fused silica, which has very low autofluorescence. Further, as indicated above, all exterior fiber optic bundle portions of the fiber optic bundle 35 include a segmented, flexible metal jacket (not shown) placed around these portions together with an exterior flexible PVC sleeve 42 to reduce the introduction of exterior light or noise into the fiber optic strands. This sleeve is opaque (black), and blocks all external ambient light that might enter the fiber bundle.
The fiber optic bundle portions internal to the imaging box are surrounded by a non-phosphorescent material to substantially eliminate the possibility of spurious light sources from the fiber optic bundle within the imaging box. One particular flexible material which has low phosphorescence is a polyolefin heat shrink tubing material. Again, all optical filters (e.g., interference-type filters including bandpass filters, longpass filters and shortpass filters), filter wheel assemblies, illumination sources, fiber optic connections external to and into the imaging apparatus 21 are similar to that discussed above. Further, while the composition of the fiber optic strands for the internal fiber optic bundle may be composed of fused silica, as mentioned above, they are preferably composed of conventional fiber optic glass. Relatively costly fused silica has lower autofluorescence properties, but this is not as critical for bottom illumination where the autofluorescence is trapped under the specimen where it is not detected or seen by the camera.
In this specific embodiment, the bundle of fiber optic strands for the bottom illumination assembly 140 originates from an interior side wall 85 of the imaging apparatus 21 similar to the top illumination assemblies such as the light-ring embodiment above. In the bottom illumination assembly 140, however, the optical connector into the imaging apparatus 21 may be positioned lower to the bottom specimen platform 26 so that the bundle of fiber optic strands can extend into the interior cavity 152 of the support structure 147 without being significantly bent.
Similar to the dispersion assembly 110 of the top illumination assembly above, a reflector device 163 is included in the interior cavity 152 of the support structure 147 that is configured to cooperate with the distal ends 161 of the fiber optic strands to redirect the directional beams collectively through the window portion 142 of the slide device 155. Accordingly, the optical axes of the distal ends 161 of the fiber optic strands may be retained generally parallel to the horizontal plane of the fiber optic bundle portion extending through the bundle slot 162 and into the interior cavity 152 of the support structure 147, while the directional beams emitted from the strand distal ends are reflected (E.g., through reflector device 163) upwardly through the window portion 142 and into the specimen 145. The overall height of the bottom illumination assembly 140 can, thus, be significantly reduced since the distal ends of the fibers themselves need not be curved upward toward the window portion.
The reflector device 163 includes a reflective surface 165 oriented at an angle about 45� relative the direction substantially parallel to the optical axes of the distal ends of the fiber optic strands to reflect the directional beams of light about 90� from that emitted from the distal ends. To orient the reflector device 163 properly relative the distal ends 161 of the fiber optic bundle, mounting supports 166 are provided in the interior cavity 152 of the support structure upon which a backside of the reflector device seats. The reflector device 163 is then either permanently seated against the mounting supports through an adhesive, or removably mounted to permit interchangeability of the reflector device.
The reflective surface 165 is preferably mirror-like for non-diffuse reflection of the excitation light fully into the bottom side of the specimen. In this configuration, the turbid medium of the biological tissue is relied upon to multiply scatter and uniformly propagate the excitation light though the entire specimen. In other configurations, the reflective surface 165 may include a diffuse material that diffuses the light reflected through the window portion 142. As mentioned above, these diffuser materials may include a roughed aluminum surface or SPECRALON�.
The reflective surface 165 is preferably substantially planar. It is conceivable, however, that the reflective surface could be partially concave to reflectively focus the reflected excitation light toward a smaller area or through discretely shaped window portions. This would be particularly valuable should the size and shape of the window portion be smaller than the size and shape of the layout distribution of the distal ends of the fiber optic bundle. In the configuration shown in
As shown, the distal ends of said fiber optic bundle are thus aligned in a linear array extending substantially along the elongated reflective surface 165. Preferably, the distal ends 161 in the fiber optic cable are rearranged from a round bundle (about 0.7 cm in diameter) to a line or an elongated rectangle array of fibers that is approximately 6 cm long and 0.2 cm wide. One example of a round to linear fiber cable is the distribution unit 167 that commercially available from Dolan Jenner Industries of Lawrence, Mass., model no. BL405. In this example, the interior cavity 152 of the support structure 147 is sized to slideably receive the rectangular housing of the distribution unit 167 in a manner automatically aligning and spacing the distal ends 161 along and relative to the reflector device 163.
Although only a few embodiments of the present inventions have been described in detail, it should be understood that the present inventions may be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the inventions.
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|U.S. Classification
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|May 15, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 16, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Dinosaurs #4: Sea Monsters! Hardcover
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Dinosaurs #4: Sea Monsters! Hardcover Product Description
This volume of DINOSAURS explores such subjects as the colors of dinosaurs and nanotyrannus. Plus more Compso and Indino Jones, and an interactive journey into the process of a paleontologist!
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text:
Air conditioning can keep your body cool when you eat a spicy chip or fall in love with a model in a shampoo ad. Cool off with this Groupon.
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Customer Reviews
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+12812513143Get Directions


text:
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Check Out the new Remax App
Ask About This Home
If you want tip top condition home that is move-in ready, and located in quiet, low traffic area-here it is! This beautiful 1 level ranch is an immaculate 3 bedroom 1 3/4 bath home, with 1180 square feet of living space and located on a lovely cul-de-sac. In 2007, the basement walls had anchors installed by Thrasher Systems, with a 25 year transferable warranty! Other updates include: heat pump and gas forced air furnace, water heater with lifetime warranty, and all new Pella windows in 2009. In 2010, the sewer line from the house to the street was replaced. Remodeled kitchen with all new cabinets and installed laminate flooring in kitchen, dining room, living room, and hallway in 2014. Also in 2014, a new front door and storm doors for the front and back was installed. There is a one-car attached garage, with room for additional parking along the side of the driveway. This is a home you will want to see! Call a REALTOR today for a showing!


text:
मुंबई में सेक्स रैकेट का भंडाफोड़, 340 लड़कियां छुड़ाईं
Oct 5, 2012
बार में चल रहा था देह व्यापार का धंधा
Apr 22, 2012
बीयर बार से चलता था सेक्स रैकेट
Dec 30, 2011
Court Seeks Affidavit on Probe Into Sex Racket Charge Against Radhe Maa
Mumbai News | Press Trust of India | Tuesday September 22, 2015
The Bombay High Court on Monday asked the city police to file a detailed affidavit on its investigation into a complaint alleging that self-styled godwoman Radhe Maa is running a sex racket in the name of religion.
Priyanka Chopra Sends Legal Notice to Spa Owners
Sunday November 30, 2014
Priyanka Chopra has sent a notice asking her tenants, who have been accused of running a sex racket on her property in Mumbai rented to them, to vacate
High-profile sex racket busted; two small-time TV actresses held
Pune News | mid-day.com | Thursday August 2, 2012
Officials of the Social Security Cell on Tuesday night busted a high-profile sex racket and arrested a couple and two small-time TV actresses who chose to be a part of the flesh trade to earn an extra buck.
Birthday bash was cover for sex trade racket
Mumbai News | mid-day.com | Wednesday June 6, 2012
Cops raid restaurant in Oshiwara after receiving tip-off that girls attending a party were prostitutes; arrest organiser, his associate, restaurant owner and manager; 11 girls rescued
Why sex traders keep this cop's photo with them
Mumbai News | mid-day.com | Monday April 2, 2012
He's no movie star. But assistant commissioner of police (ACP) Vasant Dhoble of Social Service (SS) branch apparently has his photographs lying around in people's desk drawers. Well, not just any people. During a a raid at a hotel Dhoble found his photographs from a drawer close to the cash counter. The staff allegedly revealed that they had been g...
Aspiring TV actors arrested for prostitution
Mumbai News | mid-day.com | Monday March 5, 2012
A 23-year-old sex worker and her agent were arrested from a five-star hotel in Shivajinagar in a raid conducted by the Social Security Cell (SSC) of the city police on Saturday evening. Both the accused are aspiring television actors in Mumbai and had met during an audition a few months ago. Yogita Madhukar Londhe, 23, and Gaurav Satyavirsingh Panv...
Posing as Arab, cop busts sex racket in Mumbai
Mumbai News | mid-day.com | Wednesday February 15, 2012
In a joint operation conducted by the Vakola police and cops from the Western Region Special Squad, a high-profile international prostitution racket was busted with the arrest of the alleged mastermind pimp and his two cronies. A model turned actress from Andhra and a Russian national were also rescued in the operation outside a five-star hotel in ...
Mumbai model was on offer for Rs 80,000
Mumbai News | mid-day.com | Wednesday February 1, 2012
At first glance the premises appeared to be a model-coordinating agency, one of many flourishing in Versova. However, on Monday the special squad of Additional Commissioner of Police (West Region) Vishwas Nangre-Patil arrested two pimps and rescued a model and another woman from a sex racket flourishing at a flat in New MHADA Colony, Versova.
'Friendship club' owner promised sex with models, arrested
Mumbai News | mid-day.com | Tuesday May 31, 2011
An Andheri-based 'friendship club', a well-known euphemism for prostitution rackets, was raided on Monday and the owner arrested by the Mumbai Police Commissioner's Special Squad after they received several complaints of him cheating customers. Prasad Patkar (42) allegedly ran the prostitution racket under the guise of a friendship club out of a gr...
Mumbai cop accused of raping minor may be part of sex racket?
Cities | mid-day.com | Friday November 19, 2010
Police now suspect that the disgraced encounter specialist Arun Borude, named in the Powai rape case, may be involved in supplying young girls to his seniors to be in their good books.According to the FIR in the Powai rape case, Senior Police Inspector Arun Borude and three others have been charged under Sections 366(a), 376 and 34 of the IPC and S...
Mumbai sex racket busted, 45-yr-old widow is alleged mastermind
Cities | mid-day.com | Thursday September 2, 2010
The Mumbai police on Wednesday night raided a fourth floor apartment in Rishikesh Building in Malad (west) and unearthed a sex racket. The police rescued six girls and arrested the owner Madhuri Palshetkar, a 45-year-old widow, who was allegedly the mastermind behind the sex racket.Investigating officials told MiD DAY that they were informed of sus...
Forced into sex trade, 24-yr-old escapes from window
Cities | mid-day.com | Tuesday May 11, 2010
A 24-year-old woman from Kolkata, who was brought to Mumbai six years ago, on Sunday escaped from a flat in Versova village where she was being held captive. She came to the city of dreams to act in films. Her dream soon turned into a nightmare after she was forced into the flesh trade.
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text:
CBRE Mobile HVAC Engineer in Chicago, Illinois
Mobile HVAC Engineer
Chicago, Illinois, United States at https://cbre.referrals.selectminds.com/jobs/11291/other-jobs-matching/location-only
Requisition # 16025046
The Mobile HVAC Engineer will be responsible for the maintenance and repair of several facilities in the greater Miami area.
3 + years of prior HVAC experience is required for this position.
Company van, tools, gas card, uniforms, iPad, phone and full company benefits are provided for this role.
Performs general preventive maintenance and corrective repair of buildings, industrial systems, equipment and grounds.
Utilizes several trade skills such as HVAC, carpentry, plumbing, electrical, painting, roofing, heating and cooling.
Complies with all applicable codes, regulations, governmental agency and Company directives related to building operations and work safety.
Performs assigned day-to-day repairs, emergency and preventive maintenance. Completes maintenance and repair records as required.
Reviews assigned work orders. Estimates time and materials needed to complete repair. Orders necessary materials and supplies to complete all tasks.
Assists with installation and modification of building equipment systems.
Assists with troubleshooting and repairs of buildings and installed systems to include: plumbing systems, kitchen equipment, roofs, drains, shop, and HVAC.
Inspects new installation for compliance with building codes and safety regulations.
Maintains lighting systems throughout the facility, cleaning fixtures and replacing bulbs and lamps. Maintains grounds of facility or property performing such tasks as raking, sweeping, leaf blowing or snow removal.
Performs welding, carpentry, furniture assembly and locksmith tasks as needed. Responds quickly to emergency situations, summoning additional assistance as needed. Performs other duties as assigned.
No formal supervisory responsibilities in this position.
EDUCATION and EXPERIENCE :
3 + years prior HVAC experience required
High school diploma or general education degree (GED) and a minimum of three years of related experience and/or training.
CERTIFICATES and/or LICENSES :
EPA Universal certification required.
Valid drivers license required.
Ability to comprehend and interpret instructions, short correspondence, and memos and ask clarifying questions to ensure understanding.
Ability to write routine reports and correspondence.
Ability to respond to common inquiries or complaints from clients, co-workers, and/or supervisor.
Ability to calculate simple figures such as percentages.
Ability to understand and carry out general instructions in standard situations.
Ability to solve problems in standard situations.
Requires basic analytical skills.
OTHER SKILLS and ABILITIES :
Uses personal computer and / or PDA for work order system, email, ESS and training. Basic skills with Microsoft Office Outlook.
Physical requirements include stooping, standing, walking, climbing stairs / ladders and ability to lift / carry heavy loads of 50 lbs. or more.
Decisions made with general understanding of procedures and company policies to achieve set results and deadlines.
Errors in judgment may cause short-term impact to co-workers and supervisor.
US Company Profile
About CBRE (NYSE: CBG): At CBRE, you are empowered to take your career path into your own hands. Enjoy workplace flexibility in a global organization with tremendous scale. Work in an inclusive and collaborative environment with supportive teammates. Come experience the employee advantage at CBRE.
CBRE has a long-standing commitment to providing equal employment opportunity to all qualified applicants regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, pregnancy, age, citizenship, marital status, disability, veteran status, political belief, or any other basis protected by applicable law.
As a Fortune 500 worldwide leader in real estate services, CBRE's more than 70,000 professionals provide exceptional outcomes for clients in 60+ countries. When it comes to real estate, CBRE sees potential everywhere. We turn scale into strength, expense into performance, and property into prosperity. Visit CBRE.com.
Canada Profile
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TMX shareholders like LSE deal but fear politics
By Pav Jordan
TORONTO (Reuters) - A friendly bid for Canadian exchange operator TMX Group could bring growth, higher profits and higher-profile listings, but leading shareholders fear political factors could derail the deal.
The offer for the Toronto Stock Exchange from the London Stock Exchange would create a transatlantic trading venue with a market value of about $6.9 billion, to be 55 percent-owned by LSE shareholders.
A single LSE shareholder -- Borse Dubai Ltd -- would hold just over 11 percent in a deal that is subject to scrutiny by two Canadian provincial regulators, and almost certainly from the federal government as well.
"It's unfortunate for us as a shareholder that the way this deal succeeds or fails is not going to be on economic merit," said Jim Hall, chairman of Mawer Investment Ltd, which controls 1.3 million TMX shares.
"It's going to be on political decisions and that's a frustrating position to be in as a shareholder."
Even before the deal was formally announced, Canadian politicians raised concerns about what it might mean for sovereignty and whether the takeover, which the partners repeatedly refer to as a "merger of equals," would be considered of net benefit under the Investment Canada Act.
On Thursday, most domestic newspapers carried opinion columns about the deal, with most speaking out against it.
"Let's not delude ourselves. The merger ... marks the beginning of the end for ultimate Canadian control of well-established firms that are listed on the stock market," business columnist Michel Girard wrote in Montreal's influential La Presse. Continued...


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ARME's Beagle Freedom Project: Lab beagles walk on grass for the first time
Lucas Meadows stashed this in Canidae
Stashed in: Dogs!, Best of Tumblr, Adorbs
To save this post, select a stash from drop-down menu or type in a new one:
That sweet, sweet feel of grass is heavenly. Many cats love it too.
Beagle Freedom Project sounds awesome: http://www.beaglefreedomproject.org/
They have a youtube channel too: http://youtube.com/user/BeagleFreedomProject
Here is their first rescue:


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11 Teacher-Approved Crafts for School
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Latest Comments
"This is a beautiful Lacy Violet Baby Blanket! I wish I knew how to knit. I crochet and would love it if some one make a crocheted pattern for this beautiful pattern. Do you have a crochet pattern for this one? If so, please send a link.. Thanks, and fingers crossed!"
"This DIY jewelry organizer is a good way to keep your jewelry together so you can just hang it when you take it off and do not have to look for it when you need it next time and I like the idea to hang it from the metal sheet so you can use it as a wall hanging. Very easy project just got to find the metal sheet. I would also maybe close the S hooks so they will not fall out or use a heavy wire and make your own. Nice video and a tutorial too."
"Thank you for letting us know. This is getting to be a big problem today. Some people spam people everyday and I do not know why they cannot let us enjoy ourselves. They would rather steal from hard working people instedd of getting a job."
"This upcycled coffee can vase is such a cute gift to let your kids make for a teacher gift,mom gift or for themselves. So very inexpensive because you can use a can you already have,some glue and duct tape which you can get at the dollar store. Use glitter duct tape for some extra sparkle. A great way to teach your kids how to recycle. The video skips some but overall it is a good way for the kids to learn. Just add some flowers and water or soil and plant."
Recycled School Bus
By: ZiggityZoom
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Don't throw away your household items - reuse them! To get your kids ready to head back to school this fall, you can help them make this adorable Recycled School Bus. All you need is a spaghetti box, some construction paper, craft foam, and a few other crafting supplies. This back-to-school craft is also a great project for elementary school teachers to use in their classrooms. They can set up these school buses as decor on the first day of school or have the children make them during art class.
For more cute ideas for heading back to school,check out these
33 Back-to-School Crafts.
- 1" Round Head Fasteners (or wheels can be glued to be stationary)
- Long thin box (pie crust box or Spaghetti box works well)
- Thick craft foam or cardboard (for wheels)
- Sticky-back foam or construction paper (for windows)
- Masking tape
- Scissors
- Paint / brush
- After choosing a long thin box, draw the shape of the front of the bus so that the windshield and hood of the bus are slightly curved. Refer to the photo for the shape.
- Using scissors, cutboth sides of the box to match this shape.
- Use masking tape to tape across the open area you have just cut from. You can also cut a piece of the discarded box to fit across this area and then use the tape to secure. Bus will be sturdier if you do this.
- Do not tape the back end of the box (bus back) together until the bus is completed, as you will have to reach inside the box to attach the wheels.
- Paint bus and let dry.
- Using something like a milk container bottle cap, trace 4 wheels onto the thick foam or cardboard. Cut out. Make a hole in the center of each wheel, using scissors carefully. Also make 4 holes in the box where the wheels will be attached.
- Insert a fastener into each wheel and then attach to the bus, securing fasteners from the inside of the box.
- Glue box end shut and let dry.
- From sticky back foam, cut out windows, headlights and stripes for bus. Remove backing and apply.
- Your school bus is ready to roll!
For more ideas on what you can do with recycled materials, take a look at our massive list of 1000+ Recycled Crafts: Crafting with Recyclable Items.
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Uneven Rails Quilt
- Varies
- Intermediate
Additional Information
- 3/4 yd. each of seven coordinating fabrics
- 1-1/4 yard fabric for setting and corner triangles
- 1/2 yard of fabric for borders
- 4 yards fabric for backing
- 1/2 yard of fabric for binding
- One 60" x 78" rectangle of batting
- Basic sewing/quilting supplies
- Optional: One 12-1/2" square ruler
- Sewing machine
- Iron & pressing surface
Note: 1/4" seam allowance used throughout
WOF = width of fabric
Size of Quilt: 54" x 70"
1. Cut two 1-1/2" WOF strips, two 2-1/2" WOF strips and two 3-1/2" strips from each coordinating fabric.
2. To make one strip set, randomly choose two 1-1/2" strips, two 2-1/2" strips and two 3-1/2" strips. With right sides together, stitch the long edge of two of the strips together. Press seam allowance toward the darker fabric. Continue randomly adding strips to the pieced strip set until all six strips have been sewn together. Press. Cut three 12 ½" squares from the strip set squaring up/trimming as needed. Make six strip sets. (Eighteen 12-1/2" squares)
3. From setting square triangle fabric, cut three 18-1/4" squares and two 9-1/2" squares. Cut each 18-1/4" square twice on the diagonal to make twelve triangles. (You need ten triangles for the side setting pieces.) Cut each 9-1/2" square in half diagonally for the corner triangles.
4. Using the photo as reference, place triangles and pieced squares in diagonal rows. Stitch each row together. Press seam allowances for each row in the opposite direction. Stitch rows together.
5. Trim pieced unit as needed remembering to leave 1/4" seam allowance for stitching borders.
6. Cut six 2-1/2" WOF strips from border fabric. Stitch short ends together. Measure across the center of the quilt. Cut two border pieces to that measurement and stitch one to the top and one to the bottom of the pieced center. Repeat measuring and cutting directions for side borders.
7. Piece backing fabric as needed to make a 60" x 78" rectangle.
8. Layer backing, batting and pieced top. Quilt as desired.
9. Cut six 2-1/2" WOF strips for binding. Stitch short edges together. Press with long edges even and wrong sides together to make binding. With raw edges even, stitch binding to quilt. Turn and whip stitch to back of quilt.


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This beautiful MacBook Skin design comes straight out of the engineering lab.
Kratos was captured by Callum Williams from the University of Cmabridge who's research focusses on creating reconfigurable digital holographic devicesby integrating plasmonic optical devicesantennas with conventional optics.
Design features:
Protective features:
Other features:
UPROSA cases are available for the following phone models:
Our cases are made from a one-piece, impact resistant and flexible hard plastic case with an extremely slim profile. We use the latest 3-D printing technology to provide with a full-wrap case (design printed on the sides) for you to show off your science flair.
UPROSA MacBook cases are available for the following MacBook models:
Our MacBook cases consist of two pieces (top and bottom) made from ultra-slim transparent plastic to best protect your laptop. Using state-of-the-art printing technology, the top cover is printed with stunning scientific imagery - except for the centre part, which features a cut-out matching the Apple logo.
Slight variations of the design might occur due to the different MacBook models having slightly different shapes and sizes.


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You're feeling downbeat and somewhat pessimistic today, which colors everything you do. You don't have as much energy as usual, you're imagining the worst and you're also rather sorry for yourself. Try to keep away from anyone who has a tendency to put you down or make you feel like an idiot because they'll only increase your current lack of confidence.
Lucky Number944
Financial Outlookfair
Compatible SignTaurus
If you only got as far as planning a journey yesterday, you're now in the mood to take it one step further and make some concrete arrangements. You'll feel so much better for having something exciting lined up. If you're passing a bookshop or newsagent today, it will be hard to resist going in, and then it will be equally hard to resist buying something nice. Hey ho!
Lucky Number826
Financial Outlookweak
Compatible SignScorpio
You have a strong need to be with other people today, but you don't want just any old person. Instead, you're hankering for people you can trust, and in whom you can confide if necessary. Your conversation may even be mutually beneficial, with both of you sharing secrets, safe in the knowledge that they won't go any further.
Lucky Number816
Financial Outlookweak
Compatible SignGemini
A relationship hits a low point today, maybe because a partner is feeling gloomy or depressed, and their mood can't help but rub off on you. Or maybe there's an emotional gulf between the two of you, making you feel worried and lonely. Do your best not to let what are probably passing moods assume massive proportions, otherwise you'll end the day feeling utterly wretched. It may help to spend time alone on activities that always cheer you up or give you a strong sense of satisfaction.
Lucky Number496
Financial Outlookstrong
Compatible SignScorpio
Your thoughts and emotions are working in tandem today, making it easy to get on well with the people around you. It's great for taking part in discussions and negotiations because you'll make a lot of sense, as everyone in earshot will appreciate. It's also a good day for getting on with your work in your own time, especially if you have to do lots of paperwork or filing.
Lucky Number428
Financial Outlookvery good
Compatible SignAquarius
Try to get out and about today, especially if it means visiting places you've never been to before. You don't have to go on a major trek, either, because even trying out a new restaurant or shop will satisfy your desire for something new. On the other hand you'll be in seventh heaven if you can take the day off and have a mini adventure.
Lucky Number978
Financial Outlookstrong
Compatible SignScorpio
It's not a good day Libra, because you're feeling miserable and under the weather. Nothing seems to be going right, even if it's perfectly okay in practice, and you're feeling sorry for yourself. Try not to let yourself get sucked into believing in your current mood because things aren't nearly as bad as they seem and you'll soon feel much more positive again.
Lucky Number988
Financial Outlookvery good
Compatible SignPisces
You have the happy knack of being able to say the right thing today, so don't let it go to waste. Have a chat with that tricky neighbor of yours or sweet-talk a touchy relative into being docile and friendly. Try to find time to catch up on your letter-writing and emailing, too, because you'll enjoy putting your thoughts into words.
Lucky Number924
Financial Outlookfair
Compatible SignAquarius
It's a good day for putting your feelings into words, whether you're talking about something really important or merely expressing your opinion about last night's television programs. However, you'll amaze yourself if you start talking about your feelings because you'll be really articulate and not afraid to speak from the heart.
Lucky Number464
Financial Outlookfair
Compatible SignGemini
Life is a little tricky with a certain person today. Maybe they've got their chin on the floor and you can't get them to give you even a glimmer of a smile, which is disheartening and depressing after a while. Or perhaps you're the one who's feeling fed up and, like Eeyore, full of doom and gloom. It won't help if there's a small rift in one of your relationships because you'll fret and worry about it, turning it from a minor blip into a major crisis. Relax!
Lucky Number117
Financial Outlookfair
Compatible SignAries
Pace yourself today or you'll take on too much work and then struggle to get it all done. This will wear you out and reinforce your current sense of having the world on your shoulders. The fact is that things look bleaker today than they really are, so try to remember that, or you'll feel extremely miserable and sorry for yourself.
Lucky Number983
Financial Outlookvery good
Compatible SignGemini
You're in a very chatty and lively mood today, so your idea of hell will be having to spend the day by yourself or in silence. You won't mind who you talk to, although you'll have the most fun when you're with friends, neighbors and other people you see on a regular basis. If you meet someone for the first time you could discover, much to your delight, that they're a kindred spirit.


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Mobile App
Indira Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology for Women - IGCETW Chennai - IGCETW
A.C.T Educational trust was established by eminent visionaries to serve different spheres of society by providing goal-oriented education. The Trust has a strong motive to equip the modern youth that empower them to meet contemporary global challenges. Indira Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology is one of a unique institution imparting engineering education under the trust will be a model of building a knowledge society. Experts of excellence and Eminent faculties are committed to impart skills that match state of that art technology and trends in all the branch of study. The institution has strong belief that technical expertise alone is not sufficient to prosper in the career path but also to learn life skills to be an all-round personality. The Twenty First Century citizens are expected to have extremely knowledgeable and adaptable to the dynamics of life and profession, hence we take at-most care to create such a highly competent professionals who can shape the better world.Activity that refreshes and recreates; activity that renews your health and spirits by enjoyment and relaxation.Our college students involves in various types recreation activities a with healthier competition that refreshes and recreates .They enjoy and relax by participating in healthy competitions that renews their health and spirits.Several clubs are active in the IGCETcampus, initiated by enthusiastic students. The Rotaract club is a good example, motivating students, distributing low cost kits, conducting workshops and organizing competitions.It's a diverse community of students at IGCET campus and the activities on offer are as diverse and varied too.From entertainment to extra-curricular or even religious pursuits, there's never a dull moment on campus. There's never a dull moment on campus, as the activities on offer are as diverse and varied too - from entertainment to extra-curricular.
Overview Placement
Indira Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology for Women provide job opportunities by bringing the companies for campus recruitment to all the eligible students of final year.To enhance current technical and practical knowledge of students.To make the students 'PLUG & PLAY' by imparting soft skills and employability skills.To have strong Industry-Institute Interaction.
Overview 360° View
|Last Update
|02 Apr, 2016


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Change of role for Claire McKim at The Scotsman
26th September 2016
Category: National and Regional Press
The Scotsman's Digital Content Editor Claire McKim has now taken on the role of Assistant News Editor at the title, working across both digital and print. This role also encompasses Edinburgh Evening News, the sister title in The Scotsman stable of publications.
Claire can be found tweeting @scotsmanclaire.


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Farouche Shell Lantern
Vendor: Tonic Home
The Farouche Shell Lantern is a striking chandelier hand made of natural coral with small shell detailing of swirling flowers. Takes four 65 watt chandelier light bulbs, comes with canopy and 3 feet of chain. Add a touch of femininity to your coastal decor.
Dimensions: 23" round x 34" high
See more: Ceiling Lights


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Series: Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Papers Volume: 38
129 pages, b/w illustrations, b/w maps
Language: Englsh
Several reports on the mammalian fauna of Jammu and Kashmir have been published from the second half of the nineteenth century to date. But the majority of these reports are by naturalists and deal with larger species of mammals, so that the number of species, particularly the smaller sized ones from the state, still remain unknown or poorly known. No single comprehensive collection of mammals from Jammu and Kashmir had ever been made and specimens from such a zoogeographically important area accessible to different museums were exceedingly scant. Thus, for procurement of representative collection (especially of mammals) and studying their habits and ecology, the present author conducted faunistic surveys of the state during 1974 (August, September) and 1975 (October, November).
This paper provides: ecological conditions of important collecting localities; annotated lists of the species obtained by these surveys, along with those already present in the collection of the Z.S.I., B.N.H.S., or recorded in the literature by earlier workers; and notes on the taxonomy, distribution, biology and habits of several species. An analysis of the mammalian fauna of the state is also made.
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text: Evaluation of Completeness of Selected Poison Control Center Data FieldsJeanie E. Jaramillo, Brenda Marchbanks, Branch Willis, Mathias B. ForresterJ. Medical Systems2010Poison control center data are used in research and surveillance. Due to the large volume of information, these efforts are dependent on data being recorded in machine readable format. However, poison center records include non-machine readable text fields and machine readable coded fields, some of which are duplicative. Duplicating this data increases the… (More)


text:
Re-release Earthbound for the Virtual Console in the US
To spread awareness of a very good game to a new generation of gamer's, and give the old fans a new way to play.
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Hello, i have signed the petition to help Re-release Earthbound for the Virtual Console.
ren stimpy started this petition with a single signature, and now has 9 supporters. Start a petition today to change something you care about.
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A simple little tool, the Green Basics Medium Scoop will quickly become indispensable to any gardener. Comfortable to hold, thanks to its? ergonomic design, the scoop also features a handy measurement guide to let you see how deep you are digging, and is made from recycled plastic.
Important Features of Green Basics Medium Scoop Living Black
Dimensions: W 4cm x H 30cm approx.
Colour: Living Black
Ergonomic Design
Contains Recycled Plastics
More Info
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