text:
American Motors knew when it released the Wrangler in 1987 that it was playing with fire. Designed to replace one of the most beloved and time-tested vehicles ever produced, the Wrangler might have been something of a bomb for the company had it not been so almost-universally well-received. It remains something of a testament to AMC that, almost 20 years after it went out of business, Chrysler was still using engines that AMC had designed back when people knew who Walter Mondale was.
Horsepower vs. Torque
Engines produce two kinds of power: torque and horsepower. Torque is the amount of physical force -- expressed in foot-pounds -- the engine produces per crankshaft revolution. Horsepower is the amount of torque an engine produces combined with its rpm; horsepower is a measurement of work performed over time. Think of it this way: You've got two men carrying buckets of water up a hill. One man is strong but slow, carrying 20 gallons at a time and making the trip 20 times in an hour. The other is weaker but faster, carrying 10 gallons at a time but making 40 trips in an hour. They've both carried 400 gallons of water in an hour -- exerted the same amount of horsepower -- but the smaller man compensated for is lack of strength -- torque -- by doing his work faster, or at a higher rpm.
Power Curves and Shift Techniques
All engines have an rpm at which they operate with peak efficiency, or do the best job of converting fuel into energy by combining it with oxygen. In most cases, an engine will use the least amount of fuel from about 1,500 rpm below its torque peak to the torque peak. The engine's peak horsepower rpm -- where it does the most amount of work for a given period of time -- offers the best acceleration but also tends to coincide with the point of worst fuel economy. The rpm band between the engine's peak torque and peak horsepower is known as the "power band." Extracting maximum performance means shifting so you keep the engine as close to the horsepower peak as possible, while getting the best fuel economy means keeping it as close to the peak torque as possible.
Jeep Inline-Four Engines
Most of the Wrangler's four-cylinder engines actually descend from the old American Motors four-cylinder. American Motors purchased Jeep from Kaiser in 1970 and sold the division to Chrysler when it went out of business in 1987. Chrysler used the old 2.5-liter AMC four-cylinder all the way through 2003, when it went away in favor of Chrysler's own 2.4-liter PowerTech. Older 1982 through 1986 Jeeps using carburetors will get the best fuel economy by keeping rpm between 2,000 and 2,800, and get the best acceleration keeping it around 5,000 rpm. Later fuel-injected 2.5-liters will prove most efficient when shifted between 2,200 and 3,500 -- use higher rpm for higher gears -- and will provide the best acceleration when shifted at between 5,200 and 5,300 rpm. The more sophisticated 2.4-liter should return the best economy by keeping rpm between 2,000 and 2,800 rpm and the best acceleration by shifting at between 5,200 and 5,300 rpm.
Inline Six Cylinder Engines
The Wrangler has used four different six-cylinders: the AMC-sourced 4.0-liter and 4.2-liter inline-sixes, and the Chrysler-sourced 3.6- and 3.8-liter V-6s. While the 4.0-liter's torque doesn't peak until about 3,000 rpm -- depending upon the model year -- it makes enough torque off-idle that you should get the best fuel economy by keeping the rpm as low as possible -- between 1,000 and 2,000 rpm, depending upon the gear. The less-sophisticated AMC 4.2-liter produces less torque and peaks at between 1,800 and 2,000, so you'll likely get the best fuel economy shifting at 1,200 to 2,000 rpm. The 4.2-liter should return the best acceleration when shifted at 3,200 to 3,400 rpm -- which keep it close to its 3,200 horsepower peak -- while the 4.0-liter will do better when shifted at between 4,600 and 4,800 rpm
V-6 Engines
Both the 3.8-liter and 3.6-liter peak at staggeringly high rpm -- 4,000 and 4,800. But they also use modern technology like variable-length intake runners and variable valve timing to boost torque at low rpm. With the 3.8-liter, you should get the best fuel economy shifting from 1,800 to 3,000 rpm, depending upon the specific weight and transmission. You'll want to target about 2,500 rpm to get the heavy JK chassis moving. The dual-overhead-cam 3.6-liter is a revvier beast by nature, so it'll do better with about 500 rpm more than its bigger brother. The 3.8-liter's horsepower peaks at 5,000 rpm, and you should target rpm there or slightly higher for peak acceleration. The 3.6-liter produces its peak 305 horsepower at a fairly stratospheric-for-a-Jeep 6,350 rpm; shift at between 6,400 and 6,500 to keep the 3.6-liter on boil for maximum acceleration.
Related Searches
- Alldata: Jeep Wrangler Engines and Specifications
- Speed Secrets: Professional Race Driving; Ross Bentley
- Racing Engine Builder's Handbook; Tom Monroe
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Comstock/Getty Images


text: Pipe smoking isn't an art; it's a habit. It has died for a number of good reasons, including the fact that many people can't abide the smell—even cigarette and cigar smokers. It's also time-consuming, fairly dirty and no doubt rather unhealthy. I have found pipe smoking often attracts annoying, pretentious people (although I'm sure you're not one of them). Pipes and their gear (and there's a lot of it) can be picturesque and involve a lot of lore, but so do electric trains. The place to smoke your pipe is in your study. I have no idea what tobacco is best for you, but my macrobiotic health-nut friends swear that black tobacco of the sort found in Gauloises and Gitanes is good. Very yang, apparently.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Object Results
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Fairfield Porter
American, 1907 - 1975
The Beginning of the Fields, 1973
American Painting
Oil on canvas
52 in. x 76 1/8 in. (132.08 cm x 193.36 cm), without frame
Marion Stratton Gould Fund, 86.132
Currently on View
Portfolios in which this object can be found
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Search by keyword or try our advanced search options.


text:
Euro Rises Away From Near-Term Lows
The euro has climbed off of near-term lows against the other major currencies on Wednesday in New York as traders showed more confidence in the higher-yielding currencies with stocks rebounding.
The euro turned higher against the dollar after hitting a nine-day low earlier in the morning. The single currency has moved near the 1.3260 after earlier hitting 1.3146.
In the U.S., a government report showed that wholesale inventories fell 1.5 percent in February following a revised decrease of 0.9 percent in January. Economists had expected inventories to fall by 0.6 percent compared to the 0.7 percent decrease originally reported for the previous month.
The single currency also turned to the upside against the British pound after hitting a monthly-low of 0.8986 in overnight trading. The euro has moved back as high as 0.9046 in the late morning.
The economy of Great Britain contracted by an estimated 1.5% in the first three months of 2009, according to a study released by the National Institute of Economic and Social Research. The Institute also said the decline in output is very similar to the recession that began in the summer of 1979.
The euro also turned away from a six-day low of 1.3160 against the Japanese yen. The single currency challenged the 133.00 mark in the late morning.
On the economic front in the Eurozone, Germany's Federal Statistical Office reported that calendar and seasonal adjusted exports decreased 0.7% month-on-month in February, subsequent to 7.4% decline in January. Meanwhile, economists had forecast a 3.3% decline. On an annual basis, overseas sales plunged 23.1% in February versus a 23.2% fall in January.
On a monthly basis, imports fell for the fifth straight month with February recording a 4.2% decline after a slower 1.8% drop in January. On an annual basis, imports were down 16.4% following a 13.7% decrease in the prior month. The annual fall in imports extended for the fourth straight month.
The foreign trade balance showed a surplus of EUR 8.7 billion in February, down from EUR 17.1 billion surplus recorded in the same month of the previous year.
For comments and feedback: contact firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Sidley Austin Brown & Wood's London office has seen two of its lawyers gain partner status in the firm's recent round of promotions.
Of the 30 Sidley Austin lawyers made up this year, compared to 28 who gained equity in the previous year, two hail from London specifically from the office's international finance group.
Last year, no European associates were made up, with the lion's share of new partnership members were based in Chicago, New York and Washington.
However as part of this year's haul, as well as the London promotions, Brussels-based Maurits Lugard, an international trade and dispute resolution specialist, will also gain equity.


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
big marks trading post701 dunbar ave. bay st. louis, Mississippi United States of America
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 08/22/2012 09:14 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/big-marks-trading-post/bay-st-louis-mississippi-39520/big-marks-trading-post-played-me-like-a-fool-lost-my-things-bay-st-louis-mississippi-930848. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
WorldPay, RBS WorldPay, WorldPay LynkWorldPay, Inc. Atlanta Georgia Atlanta, Georgia United States of America
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 08/01/2011 04:23 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/worldpay-rbs-worldpay-worldpay-lynk/atlanta-georgia-/worldpay-rbs-worldpay-worldpay-lynk-affiliate-company-of-citizens-bank-worldpay-sued-in-759381. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
Ripoff Report has an exclusive license to this report. It may not be copied without the written permission of Ripoff Report. READ: Foreign websites steal our content
Click Here to read other Ripoff Reports on WorldPay, RBS WorldPay, WorldPay Lynk
If you would like to see more Rip-off Reports on this company/individual, search here:Search Tips
In order to assure the best results in your search:
Advertisers above have met our
strict standards for business conduct.


text:
Authors: Rafael-Andrés Alemañ-Berenguer
Since the very begining of quantum theory there started a debate on the proper role of space and time in it. Some authors assumed that space and time have their own algebraic operators. On that basis they supposed that quantum particles had "coordinates of position", even though those coordinates were not possible to determine with infinite precision. Furthermore, time in quantum physics was taken to be on an equal foot, by means of a so-called "Heisenberg's fourth relation of indeterminacy" concerning time and energy. In this paper, the proper role of space and time in the core of non-relativistic quantum phsysics is analyzed. We will find that, rigorously, that relation for time and energy shows a different root. For the role of space, it will be discussed that there is no "coordinate of position" in the conceptual structure of quantum physics because quantum particles are not point-like objects.
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Section Links
New Britain Museum of American Art
"InSight Design Studios has been instrumental in doubling the number of hits to our website. Thanks to Tina Rice and her associates, we also have doubled our attendance over the years that she has worked for us designing, improving, and adapting our website to the very highest standards in the field. She is innovative, knowledgeable, accommodating, and extremely easy to work with. She has earned the respect of the entire Museum staff and the Board of Trustees. Because of her efforts, we have enjoyed unparalleled success and have made maximum use of our website to provide up to date information and to encourage visitors to come to the New Britain Museum of American Art."
Douglas Hyland, Director
New Britain Museum of American Art
"Tina Rice of Insight Design Studios came highly highly recommended to us as a web designer particularly because she can 'get you noticed'. From the first contact through to the final launch, she over - delivered, relative to our expectations. For our logo, she submitted a variety of possible designs, which were thoughtful, original and professional. We are thrilled with the one we ended up choosing. Regarding our website, she guided us smartly as to what to consider and include, and the final result is a website of her creation that is polished, clear, easy to navigate, and one we are very proud to have as our prime marketing tool. Working with Tina is a joy because she is very responsive, warm, easy to connect with, and honest. We are very grateful for all the work that she did and could not recommend her more highly."
Joan Shafer
Lincoln Waste Solutions
"Our industry is decidedly low-tech and competitors do not put a lot of effort into their web positioning. Knowing this, Tina had us focus on creating rich content that would speak to our prospects and in the first two weeks after our launch we had more web hits then we had received the first eight months of the year.
Our site has gained much needed visibility within the search engines and general news sites as well as the public relations world…and we are just getting started. We proposed many complicated and challenging solutions that we wanted to see enacted and InSight Design was more than up to the opportunity.
More times than not, they would have an even more challenging and better solution for us. I received communication every day and knew exactly what was being done on the project at any given point. The result is a site that exceeds our expectations. It is rare to find service this good and I encourage you to contact me if you are evaluating Insight Design Studios for your project."
Marc Shafer, CEO
Lincoln Waste Solutions
Word Wisdom Art
Emily Dakota Black
Owner, Creative Director
Word Wisdom Art
Catholic Charities
"We are very grateful to Tina Rice of Insight Design Studios - she came to our rescue when our website was left unfinished by another web design firm. Tina stepped in quickly and professionally to get us up and running. She also was able to clearly and concisely provide the necessary instructions for us to continue to maintain and update the website as needed. We would not hesitate to call on Tina for any future web design."
Janet Romanowicz, Development
Catholic Charities - Archdiocese of Hartford
CT Orthopaedic Society, The New England Hand Society and Massachusetts Orthopaedic Association
"When it comes to web design and web maintenance, Insight Design Studios and Tina Rice know what it takes...from the planning and developing to implementation and support, Tina and her company are fantastic to work with and deliver a website that is creative, easy to navigate and relevant to users. Tina brings her years of design development to the table each time and her responsiveness to client's needs is unparalleled in today's market."
Susan Schaffman, Administrative Liaison
CT Orthopaedic Society, The New England Hand Society and Massachusetts Orthopaedic Association
Hallmark Jobs
"Hallmark Information, Science and Technology, Division of Hallmark TotalTech, Inc. hired Tina Rice many years ago to design one of our first web sites based on a new branding project that we were developing. She took the time to understand our business and create something that was artistically attractive and appropriate for our needs and budget. Some years later, when we won a major government contract, we asked her to create a new site specifically dedicated to this contract. It was challenging, since it had to comply with various government regulations and accessibility concerns. We were so pleased with the results that we recently asked her to create a new web site that included a content management system and job-posting capabilities."
Andrew Parker, CPC President
Hallmark Information, Science & Technology
Simply Soles Reflexology
"When I saw the quality of work by InSight Design Studios, I wanted them to design the marketing materials for my Reflexology practice. Thanks to InSight Design I have a complete marketing package from a logo and print materials to a terrific website. They listened to me and asked the right questions, which fueled ideas for my new business that I had not thought of. My website is attractive, easy to use and everything I asked for. More importantly, it has lead to many new clients for my small business which means that my site is coming up on the search engines. Thanks InSight Design."
Alyssa Phelan, Certified Reflexologist
Simply Soles
Community Solutions
"InSight Design Studios' quality of service and competitive prices are excellent. Their services are friendly and obliging, and they have excelled themselves in meeting our website needs. They are always responsive, deliver on time and sometimes at very short notice. I have no hesitation in recommending InSight Design services to others, and look forward to a continued relationship for our web design requirements."
Alan Butkus, IT Manager
Community Solutions
St Bridget School and Church
"We enjoyed working with Tina to create St. Bridget School & Church websites. Her style and creativity were perfect for the look we were trying to achieve. We continue to receive many positive comments, some coming from marketing professionals. Our site has also been used as an example of what an outstanding school site should be. Tina also came in and trained our staff on how to maintain the site. She continues to give exemplary service whenever we need help."
Darla Blevin, Technology Coordinator
St Bridget School & Church
Atlantic Law Books
"The Atlantic Law Book Co. has worked with Tina Rice for several years, providing site maintenance services. Last year when we decided it was time for some overdue major updates to our website she came up with a fresh look which brought our site up to today's standards. The service we receive is always prompt, courteous and professional. We highly recommend InSight Design Studios website design services."
Richard Epstein, Vice President
Atlantic Law Books
Law Office of Todd Becraft
"Very quick turn around. Responsive to customers message and content needs. Reasonably priced."
Todd Becraft
Law Office of Todd Becraft
Center Church
"We are very pleased with the way Tina listened to our needs in redesigning our church website. The suggestions she made far surpassed our expectations, as did the level and quality of the finished product. I am happy to recommend InSight Design Studios to anyone who is seeking professional, state-of-the-art service."
Marie Ferrantino, Administrator
Center Church of Hartford
Artist Larry Caveney
"InSight Design Studios' service was quick to respond to my needs; now I am showing my work in a more professional level because of the site design. I refer many of my colleagues to this company."
Larry Caveney


text:
|Property type
Beautiful apartment, recently renovated and located just few meters from the Peace Arch and the Arena Civica, in the center of Milan. This flat is the perfect choice for people willing to spend short holiday or work periods in Milan.
Beautiful newly renovated apartment in the center of Milan at about 15 minutes walk from Piazza Duomo. Just a few meters from Brera, this apartment is the perfect choice for Those Who Must spend short vacations or work in Milan.
Close to Sempione Park real green lung of the city as well as strategic point to visit the Castello Sforzesco, the Triennale Museum and Arena Civica (a small Colosseum) the location of the apartment Allows you to enjoy an intense day and night life thanks to many bars , cafes and restaurants near Arch of Peace and have famous Night clubs under the Torre Branca.
The apartment Consists of a double bedroom with double bed and large closets. Bathroom with shower and washing machine. Living room with small kitchen and sofa bed. The apartment is equipped with wi-fi and saw trees!
Style and essential care of the apartment is on the first floor of a typical Milan house. Incredible choice of restaurants under the house where you can spend a pleasant evening choosing from Japanese, Chinese, Thai and Italian of course. All in one hundred meters.
In the evening, the area of the Arch of Peace, Which is about 200 meters walk offers an incredible choice of-local very stylish and glamorous. Here are from all over Milan-to-drink cocktails and being outdoors in an area closed to traffic and well attended. Not far from the zone of Corso Garibaldi and Corso Como.
The neighborhood is full of anche shops, bars and cocktail bars, cafes, ice cream parlors, different types of supermarkets. A few steps from the house you can find a number of cafe where you can drink a cafe or al fresco dining in the area without a car in front of the park. A great way to start the day.
The supermarket and pharmacy are under the house and Wednesday there is a market on a Cesariano always near the park, where you can buy fresh fruit and vegetables!
The apartment is situated in an excellent location:
- 10-minute walk from the train station and the metro Porta Garibaldi and Corso Como (with its shops and trendy bars) - 5 minutes from Moscow (metro green line), - 15 minutes walk from Brera and the Castello Sforzesco, - 15 / 20 minutes from Piazza Duomo, - 25 minutes by tram from Tortona (for Fuorisalone) - 10 minutes walk from the station Domodossola (railways NORD), which with only one stop leads to the train and subway Cadorna (green and red line), - only 30 minutes from Milan Malpensa.
Lines 12 and 14 tram stop in front of the apartment and take you directly to the Brera, Navigli and Piazza Duomo.
SERVICES - bed - kitchen - washing machine - dryer
THE PRICE INCLUDES: - clean sheets and towels - consumption (electricity, water, gas, heating) - wi-fi
A unique apartment Because It's like being at home. Warm and bright here are two good reasons to stay here. I was born in Milan and I know its the most beautiful and secret and will be a pleasure, if you like, share this information with you. Welcome :-)
Roberto was a great host, very helpful and accommodating. Location is very convenient, not central but with easy connection to everything. Apartment is simple but has everything you need.
Beautiful newly renovated apartment in the center of Milan at about 15 minutes walk from Piazza Duomo. Just a few meters from the Peace Arch and Arena Civica, this apartment is the perfect choice for Those Who Must spend short vacations or work in Milan.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
|Event Price
My Standard Rate
1 night minimum stay
for 1 night
|No additional mandatory fees
check out alle 12:00-13:00
* Approximate monthly price. Actual pricing will depend on the days of the month you stay.


text:
< Jabra
3,413pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
This is a lit of commonly heard quotes from Jabra.
One Piece: Pirate WarriorsEdit
- "Don't get so angry... I really don't want to kill anyone. Once I rip out your throat... it's all over!"
- "Don't get so angry... I really don't want to kill anyone. Drop your guard against the wolf... and you'll be eaten up!"
- "What, you here to fight me? You don't look that strong..."
- "Let your guard down, and your throat's gonna be bleeding."
- "Oh, no! Better get 'em back at least as hard!"
- "I don't play with my prey. I just rip out their throats!"
One Piece: Pirate Warriors 2Edit
- "Mutt-Mutt Fruit, Model: Wolf. You want a taste of my power?"
- "Don't interfere!"
- "I still haven't had enough!"
- "What... You want to fight? You don't look very strong..."
- "Maybe I should've tortured it a bit more?"
- "This place had been hijacked! Wahahaha!"
- "I may look nice but I'm vindictive! Get ready...!"
- "I'll end this in the blink of an eye... This'll be an easy hunt!"
- "Whoa, no good wolf fang!"
- "Damn it! These guys are treacherous."
- "You didn't consider the "wolf" a threat? I guess I'd just have to take your base then!"
- "Wahaha... I guess I'll just kill you."
- "Wahahaha! The wolf fang worked!"
- "That's what you get for looking away! Stupid!"
- "I'm not interested in torturing. I'll rip out your throat... That'll be the end!"
- "Ha! Without even knowing it these little "lambs" have come to be my prey."
- "I'll hunt down a thousand "lambs"! I'm a one wolf army!"
One Piece: Pirate Warriors 3Edit
- "I'm done playing around! Time to settle this."
- "There is no reason we can't win."
- "This place had been hijacked! Wahahaha!"
- "If you hesitate, your prey'll get away."
- "Wahahaha! This is great! Awesome!"
- "Sorry... Maybe I should've tortured you a bit more?"
- "I'm saying you've got no chance wolf fang!"
- "Go on, Straw Hat Pirates, I'll let you. Like I'd ever say that! Wolf Fang!"
- "Even the Straw Hat Pirates go down in an instant against a wolf! Wa ha ha ha!"
- "I don't enjoy tearing out throats when I'm against small fry like you."
- "I'll hunt down a thousand "lambs"! I'm a one wolf army!"
- "You guys cut me out! I'll fight you for the rest."
- "You didn't consider the "wolf" a threat? I guess I'd just have to take your base then!"
- "Are you satisfied, doing that?"
- "Fine, I'll back you up."
- "That monster cat is brutal!"
- "You brawl unmatched! It makes my wolf's blood boil!"
- "Hey, Lucci! Your shameless face sure looks mad."
- "Poor thing! The enemy is shaking in their boots!"
- "How do you like that!? That's all you are, monster cat!"
- "Well, now you've gone and made me mad!"
- "I'm a wolf! I won't quit until you kill me!"
- "This is pathetic. I'm getting beaten."
- "I can't let this slide! I've gotta return the favor!"
- "You showed up just in time!"
- "Ugh, tough game!"
- "That's what you get for looking away! Stupid!"
- "Damn it! I can't move!!"


text:
A Dead Man's Tale
The story of revenge.
It was a night so dark and grim during an ungodly hour.
I could hear from a distance the bell from the clock tower.
If I only knew it meant my time was ending.
There was no turning back, there was no pretending.
He stood before me as silent as the night.
His eyes brightened a vengence that gave me a fright.
He gave a slithering, serpants', smile as if he could see my hands still stained.
I no longer saw the boy crying for his family; instead, I saw a man broken and
The energy between us had deepened a strife.
I knew he wasn't here to be friends, he was here for my life.
I was no longer able to escape death's claws.
I stared at the outcome of the pain I've caused.
By God the moon shall be my witness of my death.
As I take one, final, whispering breath.


text:
Selected by artist Jack Pierson, these serene portrait drawings of various Tinseltown personalities—not just actors, but writers, directors and other film-industry types—are strangely timeless. Yet their fluid lines seem to speak to the moment when Hollywood's fabled studio system lost its hold on the way movies were made.
|Event phone:
|Event website:
To improve this listing email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
McNair Graduate Scholars Program
Graduate School applicants who participated in and successfully completed the McNair Scholars Program as an undergraduate are eligible to receive a graduate non-refundable application fee waiver and may be eligible to receive a tuition and fee waiver.
The graduate non-refundable application fee at UL Lafayette will be waived upon receipt of a signed letter (on letterhead) from a McNair Director stating that the applicant is a successful completer of the McNair Scholars undergraduate program. The letter should accompany the graduate application packet.
McNair Graduate Scholars Program: UL Lafayette will offer up to 20 graduate tuition and fee waivers (for two years) to qualified master's level applicants. Interested applicants should make application to the UL Lafayette Graduate School. To be admitted to a graduate program, applicants must:
- provide transcripts from all universities or colleges attended;
- have an overall undergraduate grade point average of 2.75, or 3.0 on the last 60 hours of undergraduate work completed;
- must have acceptable GRE or GMAT scores;
- must provide three letters of recommendation; and
- must provide any other application materials required by departments.
In addition to all other required application materials, the McNair Graduate Scholars Program application packet should include:
- a signed letter (on letterhead) from a McNair Director stating that the applicant is a successful completer of a McNair Scholars undergraduate program (The letter submitted for the graduate application fee will suffice);
- a personal letter with contact information (sending an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com will suffice) indicating that he/she is applying for the McNair Graduate Scholars Program tuition and fee waiver; and
- three letters of recommendation.
Immediately after being admitted to a UL Lafayette master's degree program, the student must contact the Dean of the Graduate School at 337-482-6963 to schedule a meeting to discuss the McNair Graduate Scholar Program and the opportunities available for volunteer service to departments.
Recipients of the McNair Graduate Scholars Program receive a waiver of tuition and most fees and are required to take a minimum of nine hours of graduate course work each fall and spring semester and six hours each summer semester (if enrolled in the summer).


text:
How can I add my png files as template on Frame Photo Editor?
You need to download the latest version from our website. From version 5.0, FramePhotoEditor support adding png files as template.
How to add photo to the editing picture?
Just Click the "Photo" button on the left side of main window. A file dialogbox will popup. Then you may select a photo in it, and the photo with default mask will be inserted into the top-left corn of the picture you are editing.
How to change the mask of a photo?
Click the photo you want to change mask in the image page of the main window. Then click the button "mask" on the left side of the main window. The Setting of mask will be appeared on the bottom part of main window. You just click on the mask you want, the effect will be shown on the image page right after you click.
Can I use the image myself as the backgound?
Yes. You just click the button "Background", then select an image files in the dialog box. Then background will change to the image you selected.
Can I delete the mask of photo?
Yes. You just click the button "Delete Mask".
Can I delete the clips I insert?
Yes. Click on the clip you want to delete, then click the button "Delete".
What image format support current version?
JPEG, BMP. And will support more in the coming new version.
Why there is text "Frame Photo Editor" on my picture?
It's the limitation of trial version. After you have bought and regsitered, the limitation will be unlocked.
Can I rotate the photo in the mask?
Yes. You can rotate both photo and the mask outside the photo. Click the photo you want to rotate, then click the button "Mask" on the left side, the mask Setting will be shown on the bottom part of main Windows. Select "Change Mask and Photo Size" Tab on the right-left of mask Setting. There are a circle button you can rotate the photo and mask.
Can I Email to picture I'm editing to my friends?
Yes. Click the button "Email" on the top of main window.
Can I Set the editing image as the wallpaper of my PC
Yes. Click the button "Wallpaper" on the top of main window.
Can I Add text comment to my picture
Yes. Click the button "Text" on the left side of main window. In the bottom part of main window, it's the text Setting window where you cant insert text & Speaking Frame.
Can I add 2 frames to the picture at the same time?
No. You can add 1 frame to picture at most.


text:
Get Sleeker and Sculpted Thighs with Thermage
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If you've lost a lot of weight recently and notice your inner and outer thighs still have some bulges and excess fat around them, diet and exercise may not be enough to achieve a sleeker, sculpted appearance. Many people who have stubborn fat around their inner and outer thighs need to undergo a cosmetic procedure to get rid of it. Liposuction is the answer for some, but for those who don't want to go under the knife, Body by Thermage could be equally as effective for tightening and toning the skin.
Body by Thermage is an innovative skin tightening procedure that helps to tighten loose and lax skin, and helps create a more sculpted look. The Body by Thermage device can be applied to the inner and outer thighs to shrink the fat cells and crate a smooth, sculpted appearance. If you would prefer a non-invasive procedure for getting rid of those stubborn inches around your thighs, set up a consultation with a cosmetic surgeon in your area. Your surgeon can discuss the pros and cons of Body by Thermage and determine whether you are a good candidate for treatment.
Thigh Reshaping with Thermage
Even though Thermage is often used to treat cellulite and improve lax skin on the arms and abdomen, it can be very effective at reshaping the thigh area. The non-surgical procedure uses radiofrequency energy to affect the layer of skin cells located deep within the dermis. The energy waves trigger the production of collagen in the area where collagen may have become depleted, and the skin resumes a much tighter and toned appearance within a few short weeks.
Most patients only need to undergo a single thigh reshaping session with Body by Thermage, and a special tip can be used to target just the right amount of tissue around the thighs. It's a painless procedure that is performed on an outpatient basis, and patients can return to regular activities within a few hours after their treatment.
Top Benefits of Body by Thermage
Body by Thermage is one of the safest and simplest plastic surgery procedures for skin tightening, and supports the body's ability to produce more collagen. As your body produces more collagen in the treated areas, your skin will appear firmer and toned, and will also give you a much more sculpted look. Some of the top benefits of Body by Thermage include:
- No downtime
- No risk of bruising or scars
- No incisions involved
- Patient can return to regular activities immediately
- Progressive results
- Smoothes and tones dimpled skin
- Single treatment produces long lasting results
- No need for repeat doctor visits
- Cleared by the FDA for the treatment of wrinkles
- Ideal for patients between 35 and 60 years of age
Thermage is not appropriate for patients who use pacemakers or for those who are NSAID users. Learn more about Thermage in our information guide or set up a consultation with a cosmetic surgeon in your area to find out if you are a good candidate for this skin tightening and body shaping procedure.


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I had read the previous reviews that indicated it might cook faster, and I think if you have a Crock Pot (as opposed to another type of slow cooker), you will be wise to check it between 3 and 3.5 hours. I used a Crock Pot on low and it was perfect at 3.5 hours. This recipe is easy to make and is moist enough. If you like your lasagna with lots of sauce, I suggest adding another 8 ounces of tomato sauce. I used a crock pot liner for easy clean up and recommend that with any dish like this.
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800 University WaySpartanburg, SC 293031-864-503-5000
NOTE: Not all PS3s have WiFi cards in them. Read your instruction manual or visit the Playstation website to determine if the device is capable of connecting to the wireless.
Help Desk 864-503-5257
Remote Assistance
Report issues through email
Hours of Operation
Monday - Thursday
8:00 a.m. - 10:00 p.m.
8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m.
Phone Support:
5:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m.
Contact Us
USC Upstate
Information Technology & Services
800 University Way
Spartanburg, SC 29303
Phone: 864-503-5257
Fax: 864-503-5065
Faculty/Staff Directory
The University of South Carolina Upstate is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges to award baccalaureate and masters degrees. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia, 30033 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of USC Upstate. Comments or Complaints?


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Just installed newest SW version on a Win2K3 R2 server. Have not been able to do the initial network scan, it runs until it hits 1% then it says can't run because the data collector is not running will scan again later, then gives a date and time, but this never happens and every time I manually kick off the scan I get the same results. I have had SW running on my workstation for months with no issues, is there anything I need to be aware of when running on Server 2003 R2?
1 Reply
Jan 13, 2009 at 9:00 UTC
You will want to consult your log files to see what is causing Spiceworks to abort.
The log files are located at C:\Program Files\Spiceworks\log\ and since you haven't had a successful scan yet, there should not be too many entries in the log files.
Look for the following in the startup.log: Read error: #<Errno::ECONNABORTED: An established connection was aborted by the software in your host machine.
Are you running any other services or applications that are attempting to to talk to the outside world on, say port 80?
Is SW configured to use port 80. or have you changed that to another port?


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 2, 2006
|Filing date
|Dec 12, 2000
|Priority date
|Dec 15, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Nikolai Nefedov
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Mobile Phones, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (22), Classifications (22), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention concerns generally the technology of distributing the time and frequency resources of a radio communication system among the users of the system. Especially the invention concerns the technology of using the time slots defined in a time division multiple access system effectively in a situation where users may have mutually different and/or dynamically changing needs for data rates over the radio interface.
In TDMA-based cellular radio systems a base station allocates cyclically occurring time slots from certain transmission frames to the use of portable terminals. We will discuss the known GSM (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) and its further developed version EDGE (Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution) as examples.
As a background for the invention, the known GSM transmission chain will be briefly discussed with reference to
The code words that come from the channel encoder 103 are input to the interleaver/burst formatter 104 for mixing up the bits of several code words in a predetermined fashion and organising them into bursts. The aim of interleaving is to decorrelate errors that will potentially occur in the transmission so that the resulting erraneous bits will be distributed into essentially randomised positions in several code words instead of corrupting a sequence of successive bits in a single code word. Most interleaving methods that are currently used are diagonal, meaning that bits from consecutive code words are cross-distributed so that certain bits of the later codeword come earlier in the interleaved data stream than certain other bits of the former codeword. In the GSM arrangement, the bits from a certain full-rate speech channel code word are spread over a period of 8 bursts so that 57 bits from the code word go into each burst. Also other interleaving schemes are used in GSM depending on the nature of the information to be interleaved (speech, data, access request etc.).
Remaining within our full-rate speech example, the burst formation part of the interleaver/burst formatter 104 inserts 57 bits from a certain B:th code word into the odd-numbered bit positions of a burst and 57 bits from the (B+1):th code word into the even-numbered bit positions of the burst. It adds 2 so-called stealing flag bits to get an entity of 116 interleaved bits. Additionally it adds three zero bits (called the tail bits) at the beginning and end thereof as well as a so-called training sequence of 26 bits exactly in the middle. At the output of the interleaver/burst formatter 104 the flow of information consists therefore of bursts of 148 bits altogether. For the description to be consistent throughout this patent application, the bits of a GSM burst will be called symbols in the following. Additionally the burst will be denominated as a digital burst while it is still in digital form.
The ciphering block 105 performs a logical exclusive-or operation between the coded data symbols of a digital burst and a certain pseudo-random bit sequence in order to impede the unauthorised reception of the transmitted data. The tail symbols, the stealing flag symbols and the training sequence are not ciphered. After ciphering the digital bursts are input into a modulator/upconverter 106 that transforms each digital burst into a sequence of a radio-frequency analogue oscillating signal, which is amplified in an amplifier 107 and conducted into an antenna 108 for transmission. Because of its close connection with the digital burst, the analogue signal sequence is also known as a burst; for clarity it can be further specified as a transmission burst. Several filtering operations take place inside the modulator/upconverter 106 and between it and the antenna 108; for graphical clarity the respective filter blocks are omitted from
A receiver chain for receiving, demodulating and decoding the data transmitted by the transmission chain of
Minor changes are required in the above-explained functions of the transmission and reception chain blocks for other transmission modes than full-rate speech. These changes are known to the person skilled in the art from the GSM specifications published by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) and e.g. from the book Michel Mouly, Marie-Bernadette Pautet: "The GSM System for Mobile Communications", published by the authors, ISBN 2-9507190-0-7, Palaiseau 1992.
The transmission chain of
The most radical difference would result from the different modulation method. In the 8 PSK modulation scheme of EDGE, three consecutive bits in the formatted digital burst are mapped onto one transmission symbol. For this reason already a symbol in the digital burst is said to consist of a group of three consecutive bits instead of one bit as in GSM. During the transmission of a burst, the transmitter will produce transmission symbols with the instantaneous rate of 270 ksymbols/s, which is the same as in GSM; the difference in performance results from the fact that an 8 PSK symbol carries the information equivalent to three bits, whereas in GMSK each symbol only corresponds to one bit.
If the propagations conditions on a radio channel are good, it is possible to multiplex two simultaneous connections between the base station and GSM or EDGE terminals so that each connection is only allowed to use the allocated slot in every second frame. This arrangement is known as the allocation of a half-rate traffic channel. The general burst structure to be transmitted in an allocated time slot remains the same, but the generation of data to be transmitted, the channel coding and the interleaving/burst formatting schemes have to be adapted accordingly. The same approach can be extended to quarter-rate traffic channels, where a certain connection is only allowed to use the allocated time slot in every fourth frame, and even to eighth- or octave-rate traffic channels, where a certain connection is only allowed to use the allocated time slot in every eighth frame.
The drawback of the known multiplexing methods is that they tend to decrease the effective interleaving depth. A full-rate traffic channel has an effective interleaving depth of eigth frames, a half-rate traffic channel has an effective interleaving depth of four frames, and so on until the eighth- or octave-rate traffic channel has an effective interleaving depth of only one frame. Reducing the interleaving depth is synonymous to increasing sensitivity to propagation errors, so in order to achieve a certain QoS or Quality of Service the signal to noise (S/N) ratio or carrier to interference (C/I) ratio associated with the connection should increase correspondingly. This not a feasible assumption, because simulation has shown that for example an octave-rate traffic channel would require a C/I ratio of over 30 dB. The severity of the problem is underlined by the fact that every one of the multiplexed connections should simultaneously experience the same excellent propagation conditions, which is not probable since the locations of the users within the cell may vary considerably.
A straightforward solution for providing more robustness against propagation errors on the reduced-rate traffic channels would be to extend the interleaving scheme depending on the channel rate so that the bits of a certain code word would be spread over a larger number of bursts. However, this leads to unacceptably long delays in the interleaving and deinterleaving stages.
From the applicant's U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 60/144,307, 60/144,491 and 60/144,723, which are not publicly known at the priority date of the present patent application, there is known a method and an arrangement where the known burst structure is radically changed so that a single time slot actually comes to house two different, temporally consecutive bursts separated from each other by a guard period. This solution relieves the requirements for excessively good carrier to interference ratio, but it has the drawback of necessitating the specification and implementation of a completely new burst structure, which makes it unattractive to the designers of transceiver equipment.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and an arrangement for multiplexing several connections to the time slots of a TDMA system without placing exaggerated requirements to the carrier to interference ratio. It is an additional object of the invention to provide such a method and arrangement which would allow for flexibility in the number of multiplexed connections.
The objects of the invention are achieved by allowing two simultaneous connections to use a same time slot, and by using coding and decoding arrangements to separate the transmissions related to the different connections.
The transmission method according to the invention comprises the steps of
The reception method according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises the steps of
The invention also applies to a transmitter arrangement for maintaining multiplexed communication connections in a telecommunication system based on time division multiple access, comprising a burst formatter arranged to compose a transmission burst that consists of symbols and fills a time slot at a radio interface. It is characterized in that it comprises means for providing the burst formatter with information symbols of a first kind and information symbols of a second kind, so that the burst formatter is arranged to fill a first part of a transmission burst with said information symbols of a first kind, a second part of the transmission burst with said information symbols of a second kind and the rest of the transmission burst with control symbols.
Additionally the invention applies to a receiver arrangement which comprises a burst decomposer arranged to decompose a transmission burst that consists of symbols and fills a time slot at a radio interface into sequences of information symbols; it is characterized in that it comprises means for separatedly attempting the decoding of different sequences of information symbols extracted from a transmission burst by said burst decomposer, and means for accepting as received those information symbols the decoding of which proved to be successful.
The general idea of using some kind of coding and decoding arrangements to separate between two simultanous radio transmissions is known e.g. from the field of spread spectrum communications, where each individual transmission is spread with a code taken from a family of orthogonal or nearly orthogonal spreading codes. A receiver which knows the inverse of the code of its intended reception signal performs a despreading operation where the orthogonal or nearly orthogonal nature of the spreading codes serves to cancel the effect of the other simultaneous, unwanted signals. However, the application of spread spectrum technologies necessitates a relatively complicated architecture for the transmitter and receiver devices.
According to the present invention, a receiver may well receive even some of the contents of an unwanted transmission, if a digital ciphering arrangement is used to ensure that a certain receiver can decode (and decipher) only those parts of the received signal which carry information that is intended for the reception of that receiver.
According to a so-called downlink embodiment of the invention a digital burst is formatted according to a burst formatting scheme which may well be generally the same which is applied in some other, previously known communication system, but where the symbols or data bits that are the constituents of the digital burst come from at least two differently encoded (or ciphered, or scrambled) sources. A receiver receiving such a burst uses the received data bits to construct a number of code words according to a certain deinterleaving scheme. The receiver will only be able to successfully decode (or decipher, or descramble) those code words which were encoded (or ciphered, or scrambled) in the transmitter with the code associated with that particular receiver.
According to a so-called uplink embodiment of the invention different transmitters may transmit simultaneously so that only a part of the payload portion in the transmission burst transmitted by each transmitter consists of actual data while other parts of the payload portion are empty. The partitioning of payload portions is coordinated between the transmitters so that in the time domain, only one transmitter at a time transmits actual data. The transmitters use their own training sequences within the transmission burst so that a receiver may use the training sequences to separately produce a channel estimate for each propagation channel between a transmitter and itself. The training sequences from different transmitters may be temporally simultaneous, whereby the receiver uses a technique known as joint channel estimation for differentiating between training sequences from different transmitters.
Flexilibity may be added to the method and arrangement by introducing new traffic channel coding schemes that reduce the gaps between the known full rate, half rate, quarter rate and octave rate schemes. These coding schemes, combined with the burst formatting embodiments described above, give a wide variety of different multiplexing configurations to choose from.
The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The mobile terminal 202 comprises a receiving antenna 240 and coupled thereto a serial connection of a receiver 241, a demodulator 242 and a burst decomposer 243. The output of the burst decomposer 243 is conceptually coupled to a first reception subchain and a second reception subchain, although in practice there may be only one reception chain hardware the operation of which is time divided. The first reception subchain consists of a serial connection of first deinterleaver 250, a first channel decoder 251, a first descrambling unit 252 and a first parity checking unit 253. The second reception subchain consists of a serial connection of first deinterleaver 260, a second channel decoder 261, a second descrambling unit 261 and a second parity checking unit 263. The outputs of both parity checking units 253 and 263 are coupled to a data sinking block 270.
The arrangement of
The burst formatting unit 230 takes interleaved symbols from both interleavers 214 and 224 as constituents for common digital bursts. In order to preserve compliance with known cellular radio systems, it is advantageous to use a known format for the digital bursts.
When the mobile terminal 202 receives the transmission burst through the receiving antenna 240, it converts it to baseband symbols by using the receiver 241 and demodulator 242 according to known methods. The burst decomposer 243 directs the symbols to the deinterleavers 250 and 260 as it would do if the mobile terminal were just receiving normal transmission bursts. The data symbols from the first data field 302 go into the first deinterleaver 250 and the data symbols from the second data field 306 go to the second deinterleaver 260. The same procedure is repeated for every received transmission burst so that interleaved data symbols from the first data field of each transmission burst accumulate into the first deinterleaver 250 and interleaved data symbols from the second data field of each transmission burst accumulate into the second deinterleaver 260. The deinterleavers 250 and 260 invert the effect of interleaving, producing the original code words. The code words are channel decoded in the respective channel decoders 251 and 261, and the descrambling of the results is attempted in the descrambling units 252 and 262.
Now we may assume that the first data source 210 in the base station subsystem 201 produced data which was meant to be transmitted to the mobile terminal 202, while the second data source 220 in the base station subsystem 201 produced data which was meant to be transmitted to some other mobile terminal. The mobile terminal 202 is aware of the code used in the first scrambling or ciphering unit 212, because the code was agreed upon when the communication connection between the base station subsystem 201 and the mobile station 202 was set up. The mobile station is not aware of the code used in the second scrambling or ciphering unit 222. Therefore the descrambling operation in the first descrambling unit 252 succeeds, because the mobile terminal uses the correct descrambling code, but the descrambling operation in the second descrambling unit 262 fails, because the mobile terminal uses the wrong descrambling code. The success and failure of the descrambling operations in units 252 and 262 is noted in the parity checking units 253 and 263 respectively, because only the correctly descrambled data block corresponds correctly to its associated parity code. Only that data block for which the parity check provided a match is fed into the data sinking block 270.
As an alternative we may asssume that both data sources 210 and 220 in the base station subsystem 201 produced data which was meant to be transmitted to the mobile terminal 202, but channel allocation or some other circumstance caused two different scrambling codes to be used. If the corresponding two descrambling codes were both known to the mobile station, 202 it is able to set one of them to be used in the first descrambling unit 252 and the other in the second descrambling unit 262 so that descrambling in both unit succeeds and the data blocks for which the parity checks in blocks 253 and 263 provided a match are fed into the data sinking block 270.
The invention does not place any limitations to the method which is used to pack the symbols into bursts in the base station subsystem and correspondingly to decompose the bursts in the mobile terminal.
The arrangement of
The advantage of the arrangements of
Next we will explain the so-called uplink embodiment of the invention with reference to
The arrangement of
The burst formatting units 715 and 725 take interleaved symbols from the corresponding interleavers 714 and 724 as constituents for digital bursts. In order to preserve compliance with known cellular radio systems, it is again advantageous to apply a known format for the digital bursts in an only slightly modified way.
The dummy symbols may be some predefined constant symbols or they may mean instants of no transmission of symbols at all (cf. the tail symbols which mean no transmission of symbols at all). It is probably most advantageous to use the latter alternative, because not transmitting at all for the duration of dummy "symbols" means that less interference is generated and transmission power is not used in vain. Keeping the general interference level low is advantageous because it directly improves the overall achievable capacity of a cellular radio system. Savings in transmission power are especially important in portable radio terminals where they help to extend the interval between two successive battery rechargings. For the sake of consistency we will use, throughout this patent application, the designation "dummy symbols" even in association with those embodiments of the invention where nothing is actually transmitted in place of the dummy fields of a transmission burst.
The association of non-dummy fields with certain connections is emphasized in
When the base station subsystem receives the simultaneously transmitted transmission bursts produced from the digital bursts 800 and 810 through the receiving antenna 730 and receiver 731, it uses the joint channel estimator 732 to obtain channel estimates for the two different training sequences 804 and 814. The invention does not limit the selection of technology for joint channel estimation, but an advantageous method is for example that described in the publication "Co-channel Interference Cancelling Receiver for TDMA Mobile Systems" by P. A Ranta, A. Hottinen and Z.-C. Honkasalo, Proc. ICC'95, pp. 17–21, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference. When the base station subsystem has obtained a channel estimate for the propagation channels between it and both mobile terminals, it is able to successfully equalize and decode the data fields from both transmission bursts in the parallel equalizers 740 and 750 and parallel decoders 743 and 753. Note that the use of dummy symbols ensures that the base station subsystem does not receive temporally overlapping data symbols.
The reception of consecutive transmission burst pairs in the appropriate time slots and the joint channel estimation and assorting of data symbols into the equalizers 740 and 750 results in data symbols from the first mobile station 701 accumulating into the first deinterleaver 742 and data symbols from the second mobile station 702 accumulating into the second deinterleaver 752. Deinterleaving again inverts the effect of interleaving in both reception subchains, whereafter it is straightforward to perform channel decoding, descrambling (if required) and parity checking in the appropriate functional blocks.
The arrangement of
In a patent application which is filed simultaneously at the priority date of this application by the same applicant there is presented a method and an arrangement for iteratively improving a channel estimate. The solution presented therein is based on iteratively updating the channel estimate with information obtained from channel decoding. Such a solution is especially well suited for improving the joint channel detection performed in the base station subsystem.
The above-described examplary embodiments of the invention should not be construed as placing limitations to the scope of applicability of the appended claims. Especially the certain additional features that are disclosed as further developments of the basic invention are not mutually exclusive but can be combined in a multitude of ways.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 12, 2000
Owner name: NOKIA MOBILE PHONES LTD., FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NEFEDOV, NIKOLAI;REEL/FRAME:011359/0787
Effective date: 20001204
|Sep 30, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 13, 2013
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 2, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 24, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140502


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