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- Magazine
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Pharmig - Articles and news items
Wickham Labs to Exhibit at Pharmig 2016
Supplier news / 3 November 2016 / Wickham Laboratories Limited
Wickham Laboratories will be on Stand 8 at the 24th Annual Pharmig Conference in the Nottingham Belfry Hotel, November 16th & 17th…
Cherwell strengthens team with Microbiology Product Specialist appointment
Supplier news / 14 December 2015 / Cherwell Laboratories
Company boosts industrial microbiology expertise to enhance customer support…
Fungal contamination of pharmaceutical products: a growing menace
Issue 1 2014, Microbiology / RMMs / 19 February 2014 / Tim Sandle, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Interest Group (Pharmig)
Any pharmaceutical product, whether manufactured in the hospital or industrial environment, has the potential to be contaminated with microorganisms. With sterile products, any microbial contamination presents an unacceptable risk; with non-sterile products, the implication of the contamination is dependent upon whether the microorganism can be considered 'objectionable', and then to the extent that it can cause patient harm (and here a risk assessment is ordinarily required).
Pharmig 16th Annual Conference: Latest Updates and Hot Topics in Microbiology
Issue 5 2008, Past issues / 29 September 2008 /
On 26 – 27 November the Pharmig 16th Annual Conference will take place at the Nottingham Belfry Hotel, Nottingham. Building upon the success of previous years, this years conference will include keynote presentations, exhibition, open discussion sessions as well as social and networking opportunities for delegates.
Microbiology / Microbiologists – Where next?
Issue 1 2008, Past issues / 23 January 2008 /
Arguably microbiology is the oldest of the applied sciences, although early exponents doubtless had no understanding of how the fruits of their labour in fermentation for example, came about. The true forerunners of microbiology as it is recognised today would be Koch, Pasteur, Petri et al, who developed much of our basic understanding of the subject and many of the methods that are still in use approximately 150 years later. In that intervening period our knowledge of human and microbial genetics has dramatically increased and our exploitation of that knowledge has led to the current explosive growth of Biotechnology, such that clinically important biopharmaceuticals can now be produced by insect, plant, bacterial or mammalian cell lines or indeed in the milk of bovines.


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Check out XLR8 Snō, our newest board in the works!
What is XLR8?
- Arduino-compatible development board
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- FASTER clock rates and overall application speed
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XLR8 can improve the speed, performance and functionality of your Arduino-based applications and projects!
What people are saying about XLR8
… a serious tool for experienced Makers facing all sorts of problems
Alasdair Allan
Author, MAKE Magazine
…a rather cunning drop-in replacement for an Arduino Uno with a twist.
Max Maxfield
Editor, EE Times
Although Arduino is an excellent platform for rapidly and inexpensively building new product designs, it is resource limited. Alorium Technology's XLR8 board solves this problem in a cost-effective manner by integrating an Arduino-compatible processor into an FPGA with custom Xcelerator Blocks that significantly improve Arduino-based projects.
Tom Pomphrey
Dragonfly Software
Hardware-accelerated functions run in a fraction of the clock cycles required to execute the same function in software.
This results in faster overall application performance.
Shorter times to complete complex tasks in hardware result in more clock cycles available for additional software functions.
Computation performance is significantly improved.
The functionality and capabilities accelerated in the FPGA hardware can be expanded and scaled for many different applications.
We are just scratching the surface of what is possible to accelerate!
Physical Dimensions
- Based on the Arduino Uno
- Matches the Uno's physical footprint – including pin headers for attaching shields
- Mounting brackets or shields that fit Uno will also fit XLR8
Digital I/O
- 5V Inputs
- 3.3V Outputs
- 14 Digital I/O Pins
- 6 PWM Digital I/O Pins
- 6 Analog Pins
Analog Inputs
- 5V tolerant
- Performance: 1 MHz
- Resolution: 12-bit sustained
- Sample Rate: 154k samples/second
Why XLR8?
XLR8 is a drop-in replacement for an Arduino Uno with an interesting twist. It is an Arduino-compatible board that uses a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as the main processing chip.
The FPGA provides a reconfigurable hardware platform that hosts an ATmega328 instruction set compatible microcontroller.
The FPGA also accelerates specific functionality that is slow, problematic or even impossible for an 8-bit microcontroller.
The FPGA-based hardware acceleration and offload provided by XLR8 results in significantly improved performance in the same physical footprint and using the same tool chain as standard Arduino Uno boards.
XLR8 is a great solution for accelerating your Arduino-based applications and projects!
An Introduction to Xcelerator Blocks
What's an Xcelerator Block?
An Xcelerator Block is an optimized hardware implementation of a unique processor intensive function. Since everything needs a cool acronym, we simply refer to one of these blocks as an "XB".
XLR8 ships with pre-installed XBs that target application-specific behavior. XLR8 can be field-updated to change the XBs implemented on the FPGA.
A list of initial XBs available with XLR8 is provided on the right. Early feedback from developers indicates interest in Xcelerator Blocks targeted toward functions such as:
- Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control
- Event Counters and Timers
- Quadtrature Encoders/Decoders
- Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
- Multiple UARTS
Alorium will implement future XBs based on feedback from early adopters and new potential customers. If you have an idea for an XB you'd like to see, jump over to the XB Forum and share your thoughts and requests.
Available XBs
Enhanced Analog-to-Digital Converter
The Enhanced Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) XB provides a solution that improves sampling performance and overall results. With the ADC XB, XLR8 can sustain a 12-bit output resolution and can achieve a sample rate of 154k samples/second! This means XLR8 could be a great solution for interesting audio applications or other projects where finer ADC resolution is required.
NeoPixel Control
The NeoPixel Control XB provides three key improvements for controlling NeoPixel shields, strips, and arrays:
- Data memory is not used for pixel color storage.
- Interrupts are not disabled while updating the pixel array.
- Changing pixel brightness does not corrupt color data.
These improvements open the door to new and enhanced ways of implementing NeoPixels in your projects. In addition, the XLR8 board can drive arrays as large as 1280 pixels!
Servo Control
This XB completely eliminates the "jitter" problem that commonly faces developers using Arduino to control servos for drones, robotic platforms, sensor alignment or other applications. The XLR8 servo control block can be used by simply including a different header file and then leaving the rest of your sketch completely unchanged!
Floating Point Math
Intense mathematical computation is a known challenge for applications using Arduino-compatible solutions. The Floating Point XB provides hardware based floating point math implemented in the FPGA fabric. Functions and operations can be accessed from your sketch by installing our library and using our floating point arithmetic functions.
OpenXLR8 is the methodology we are actively developing that allows XLR8 users to create their own custom Xcelerator Blocks and integrate them into the FPGA.
The History of XLR8
The XLR8 concept was born as a result of brainstorming ideas for how we could offer the advantages of FPGA processing and acceleration to the Arduino ecosystem. At the same time, one of our own makers was running into some problems with a home project. The rest, as they say, is history.
Here's our Kickstarter video from last fall that tells the story.
Hardware Versions
Rev 1 Prototype
This is the first version of XLR8 that we designed. This board went from concept to hardware in our labs in about two months, and it worked like a champ!
Rev 2
Rev 2 of the XLR8 board includes level shifting circuitry to provide true 5-volt compatibility for legacy 5V shields. There were also some small mechanical changes and a new color.
The production version of our board includes a new silk screen, some additional test points for automated production testing, and some minor circuit modifications.

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Nice 01/23/2014
This review is from: Acer H6 Series H226HQLbid Black 21.5" 5ms (GTG) HDMI Widescreen LED Backlight LCD Monitor, IPS Panel 250 cd/m2 ACM 100,000,000:1 (1000:1)
This monitor is slick looking and is easy on the eye. It's small and light and no dead pixels out of the box. Compared to my old LCD 1680x1050 I can really see the difference in color. Shinier, is the best way to put it. The glossy screen goes from edge to edge except for the bottom. DVI and HDMI, as well as and audio out port which I'm guessing is due to the lack of speakers.
It may just be a setting, but using the HDMI cable caused my PC's output to get scaled down for some reason, even with it set to 1080p. In my opinion, this is just impractical even if changing the setting is easy. Hence the egg loss.
Other Thoughts:
There are no mounting holes in the back. This is not a con in my opinion as it's a computer monitor, not a television. But if your looking for something that can mount on a stand, this monitor is not the one.
Did you find this review helpful? Yes / No Thanks for the valuable feedback you provided!


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Lexington Collection
This handsome Arts and Crafts Style Corner Computer Desk fits snugly into your used corners. This is the perfect computer desk for that unused corner. Store your computer cpu inside the cabinet door and use the pull out drawer tray for the keyboard. This Amish Arts & Crafts corner computer desk is Amish handcrafted in your choice of oak wood, cherry wood or quarter sawn white oak wood.
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Home Improvement: To Build Your Very Own Comfort Zone
Home is your asylum. The spot you do a reversal to each night and by one means or another it doesn't appear to be correct. Your house is a statement of who you are and on the off chance that you exit each of a spot that you doesn't appear to have a place with you then most likely your home needs change. You are most likely think about how you are going to make the installments for your home change. Your home renovating arrangements are no more to be limited to the idea stages. Give them a chance to see the light of day. Home change advances will give you a reliable basis to expand on the home you have a dream of.
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Home change arrangements can be subsidized by method for a secured advance, unsecured credit, remortgaging or taking further progress on your home loan. Unsecured home change offers a run of the mill level rate of interest 12-14%. Yet, a tiny bit of examination will get you an unsecured home change credit for 10%. A secured home change advance undeniably draws in lower rate of interest. APR of a secured credit is around 7%. You can acquire anything from £ 5,000 to £ 75,000 for home change. The reimbursement term can be reached out from 5 years to 25 years contingent upon the advance sum, your accessible pay and the measure of value in the property.
5 Home Improvement Projects You Shouldn't DIY
We are in the time of DIY. Due to sites like YouTube and Pinterest, it's simpler than at any other time to discover guidelines on the best way to do anything from nail workmanship to re-tiling a story. Be that as it may, there are a few ventures that should be attempted by an expert in particular, home change ventures. There's nothing amiss with sprucing up a room with a crisp layer of paint or another floor covering. Be that as it may, a few tasks (when DIY-ed) can wind up costing you for sure. Here are some home change extends that are best left to the experts.
1. Real pipes work
Settling a flawed fixture is no issue, however any inconveniences greater than that ought to altered by an expert. Endeavoring to settle your pipes all alone could aggravate the issue, or make new ones. This likewise implies you shouldn't DIY any remodels in rooms that have a great deal of pipes in them, similar to a washroom or kitchen.
2. Any electrical work
Botching up electrical repairs can bring about significant issues for you and your home. Supplanting a light apparatus is one thing, yet supplanting a circuit board is an entire other ball game. Indeed, even experts approach electrical work with great alert, so it's best to abandon it to them.
3. Basic changes
While it appears to be sufficiently simple to thump down a divider, it can be difficult to tell how vital that divider is. It might be burden bearing, or it could have critical wiring inside. A temporary worker will have the capacity to figure out which dividers are protected to expel, and will have the capacity to evacuate them without harming different parts of your home.
Why Should I Do Home Improvements?
As we as a whole know, planning and home change does not generally go together but rather this will give you data that could enhance your home and still spare a minimal expenditure.
Home change extends frequently drive individuals away, on the grounds that numerous judge that they will pay a large number of dollars to modify one room, since they don't have what it takes to carry out the employment them self. They may likewise feel that the employment is expensive in light of the fact that supplies and devices are required.
Despite what might be expected, home change does not need to be unreasonable by any means. Obviously, in the event that you employ a subcontractor or contractual worker to carry out the occupation, you will pay a fortune, yet in the event that you have tolerance and the capacity to peruse and adhere to the bearings, then you can revamp an entire room in your home for less than a hundred dollars. Obviously, you should change and associate materials.
Before beginning the technique of enhancing your home, you should arrangement of assets and a timetable to begin. You should contemplate different thoughts while considering and get ready home change. For instance, do you plan to paint your home? Do you plan to tile your home? Do you need floor covering in your home?
Experiencing the last some portion of this , you will see exactly how critical planning and home change should be possible which will spare you cash and enhance your home.
Making inquiries is a piece of breaking down and planning for home change. One of the best instruments to have when considering home change is figuring what you like and ascertaining what you need. When I enhance my home the primary thing I do is investigate my psyche looking for top choices and what energizes and speaks to me. Hence, when I go to the home change distribution centers, I as of now have in my mind what I am prepared to buy, accordingly this unwinds my mission to enhancing my home.
Home Improvement Tips: How to Paint Home Interiors
For a great many people, their house is their most significant resource. Truth be told, for more than 60% of Americans, their home speaks to at any rate half of their total assets. It's nothing unexpected that with so much money related speculation and individual connection, numerous are spurred to put in genuine sweat value with weekend home change ventures.
Pick Your Paint Wisely
One of the easiest home change extends that will roll out a major improvement to your living space is a crisp layer of paint. In the event that the room is sufficiently vast, you can paint every one of the dividers in a shade of your picking, yet know that something besides white will make the space feel little. Putting shading on a solitary divider gives a room a pleasant individual touch without trading off the apparent size. A spotless white (or eggshell, cream, material, and so on.) will dependably be in style, and it will give you with a scenery to compositions and different improvements.
Begin by preparing the space. Set out a canvas or plastic drop fabric to secure your floor. On the off chance that there are any unmistakable gaps or breaks, get spackling glue to fill them in with a putty blade. You need it even and near flush with the divider, yet don't fixate on this since you'll sand down any flaws. Utilize a sanding post and a medium-coarseness (120) sandpaper. Your objective isn't to sand it down until it's sleek yet to clean up soil and harsh it up so that the paint has something to stick to. A great many people's inside dividers are drywall, which makes a considerable measure of dust. You can purchase a dust veil for a couple bucks (at most) at any home change store, or, when there's no other option, wrap a handkerchief over your face. Once the surface is sanded, you're prepared to paint.
The Painting Process
It's exceedingly suggested that you purchase a pack of paint booties, put them over your shoes when you're remaining on the drop fabric, and take them off each time you leave the territory. Following paint through the house can transform a weekend home change work into a multi-week cleanup.
The Importance of Regular Home Improvement
Home change, by definition, is rolling out improvements to one's home by making enhancements on the house's looks. Home change is typically done by expert temporary workers, jacks of all trades, and even the house proprietor himself. Home change is essential since land's worth acknowledges increasingly if a property is all around kept up. Home change is seen by numerous as pointless expense. Be that as it may, losing estimation of a land is generally brought about by disregard in a property's support. In this manner, over the long haul, normal support is significant for the property's estimation to appreciate.
Standard home change employments and remodels will most likely make your present living conditions more great. Individuals don't effectively see that a few ranges of the house need change. Over the long haul, customary upkeep will lessen the genuine basic harms to your property. It is likewise vital to note that there are distinctive support plans for various ranges of your home. Case in point, pipes ought to be checked month to month. Broilers, warming frameworks, smoke locators, and so forth ought to likewise be checked month to month to counteract heartbreaking catastrophes. The greenery enclosure range ought to be kept up routinely and ought to experience thorough support like clockwork. This is to avert creepy crawlies and termites infestation which can bring about critical harm in framework. The scene of a house ought to likewise be in great appearance to protect your property's estimation. Fridges ought to be checked each three to four months. Check for broken or free wiring and keep away from vitality over-burden. The rooftop, then again, ought to be checked no less than at regular intervals. Check for shingles and breaks and deal with them immediately. Look out for blocked canals as this can lead water to go inside your home. On the off chance that your home is made primarily of wood, have a customary termite exterminator group visit your home.
Beside these standard ranges in the house that need change, redesigning or remodeling is additionally a smart thought. It can likewise increase the value of land. Renovating can be as straightforward as changing the paint shading in your family room or laying an alternate shade of floor covering in your room. Something this straightforward can roll out critical improvements in your home's climate. Remodeling can be as major as tearing down the normal mass of two rooms to make them one major room. Tearing down dividers makes a greater space which can be utilized for some reasons. Extra expansions should likewise be possible. Extra space that can be utilized as carport space is helpful. Home change assignments that require huge development ought to be finished by expert contractual workers. Make a rundown on what you need changed inside your homes and counsel with a group of contractual workers. Along these lines, you will have a thought on the costs that will be brought about and also the degree of the repairs and changes you can do.


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South Africa's Eastern Cape is a super safari spot for children of all ages: both its landscapes and waters are teeming with exciting animals;many lodges cater brilliantly for kids (think junior ranger programmes and footie matches against the locals);and some reserves are malaria free, meaning you needn't worry about the mossies.
You'll know you're somewhere special straight away...Cape Town is one of the world's most dramatically located cities, squeezed between the ocean and Table Mountain. And Cape Grace, right on the waterfront, makes a magical base here. When you've explored the city, you can relax by the hotel's heated pool or listen to storytellers weave African tales.
The nearby Winelands region might sound as if it's more suited to Mum and Dad –but is equally intoxicating for the under-18s. At Babylonstoren, one of the oldest Cape Dutch farms, kids can collect their own breakfast eggs from the chickens then join the duck herder with his charges as they enter the vineyards to eat the snails (the ducks that is, not the children!). Families can canoe on the dam and cycle through the orchards too –there are 200 hectares of working farm to explore.
Hermanus is the self-declared whale-watching capital of the world, and between July and December hundreds of southern right whales swim by, so close you can see them from the shore (great if the kids get a little sea-sick). You might see other creatures off the coast too –from dolphins to sharks!
The Garden Route region of South Africa is packed with private reserves and centres where the game-viewing is incredible and the focus is on families. You can get up-close to cheeky chappies at the Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary, stroll trunk-in-hand with Dumbo at the Elephant Sanctuary and take a cheetah for a walk at Tenikwa Wildlife Awareness Centre.
To see the Big Five –lion, leopard, elephant, rhino and buffalo –head for the malaria-free Shamwari Game Reserve. As well as heading out on safari with keen-eyed guides, you can visit the rescued lions at the Born Free Foundation Big Cat Rescue Centre.
Or stay at Tuningi in the Madikwe Game Reserve (also malaria free) to learn how to be a wildlife ranger. Kids can head out on treasure hunts, looking for bones and snake skins;trace animal tracks around waterholes;make animals from clay;toast marshmallows on a bush barbecue;and keep a log book of everything they've spotted, from trees to poo!
Debbie Duncan-Studart - General Manager
[email protected]
+ 971 2 245 8100
Debbie loves exploring the World, but Africa is her true passion and she know it intimately. Her favourite travel memory is sitting in a canoe on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe watching the sun go down behind the Matusadona Mountains whilst listening to the sound of hippos splashing around us. Next on her list is Vietnam as it has several of the world's top beaches along with an amazing history, world heritage sites and fabulous cuisine. It's also really easy to see a lot in Vietnam in a very short time.
Camille d'Harambure - Senior Travel Consultant
[email protected]
+971 2 245 8103
Camille grew up in South America and Africa and as a result knows these destinations extremely well. After a year as a bush guide in the horn of Africa, she spent several years as a tour leader across Africa and the Middle east. Following this experience, she lived in Mauritius for four years where she founded a small travel agency specializing in luxury travel in the Indian Ocean. Camille joined A&K in Abu Dhabi at its opening in 2014. With her passion for adventure and luxury travel expertise, she creates inspiring journeys for the most discerning travellers.
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Malevolent Creation
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|1990s 2000s
Formed in Buffalo, New York, USA, in 1987, it took Malevolent Creation four years to secure a contract and release their official debut for Roadrunner Records. This gore-fixated recording, The Ten Commandments, was mixed at Morrisound Studios in Florida by noted extreme metal producer Scott Burns, whose distinctive work had previously more or less defined the death metal sound. The bands line-up at this early stage in their career featured Brett Hoffman (vocals), Phil Fasciana (guitar), Jeff Juszkiewicz (guitar), Jason Blachowicz (bass/vocals), and Mark Simpson (drums). Malevolent Creation were initially considered an above average example of an often formulaic genre, and attracted a degree of critical acclaim. They arrived on the death metal scene too late, however, to establish themselves among the front-runners and as its popularity waned, the band found themselves without a contract. A number of line-up changes did not help, with Rob Barrett and Alex...
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Style: 28553907 Color Code:
Vintage painted military jacket with button front closure and two utility pockets at the chest. Lightweight cotton cargo. The back has the hand-drawn on words and graphic: ?Cowgirl in the Sand?. Front has small patch near button closure. Shows normal signs of wear and some small stains.


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Vanity of My Beloved
This is sort of a joint effort between myself and one of my good friends, who goes by patrickmorrrow on this site. No, the similar username was not intentional. Anyways, this idea sprouted from his mind, and he told me to write about it.
You'll appreciate this story much more if you have a rough knowledge of Greek mythology. If you're confused by the end of the story, read this link: http://www.echo.me.uk/legend.htm
He was the most beautiful creature upon which the sun had ever laid eyes; his glorious, coarse hair; his fathoms-deep soul-windows; his rich virility. There were many that admired him, seeking to be the object of just one of his approving glances, but none measured up to his standard of beauty and worth. Oh, they tried to gain his favor, and they mustered up all the look-at-mes they could manage, but he still saw them as petty worshipers to bolster his enormous ego.
And then, he saw me.
I shimmered under the brilliant sun's rays, shivering with excitement that a being so heavenly as he should determine me deserving of even one moment's consideration. Yet as soon as his eyes fell upon my fluid form, he appraised my appearance and looked at me as "good enough."
I danced beneath his acceptance of my figure, for most who saw me only perceived how valuable I was in regards to what I could do for them. My soul reached from within me and gently caressed his perfect face, and I was speechless - for who could have understood me, even if I had dared to speak?
A nearby grievance of nature disturbed my fluid dancing, and his face fell, for he could no longer catch a glimpse of my good-enough presence. When I returned, he pleaded, "Why, beautiful being, do you shun me? Surely my face is not one to repel you. The nymphs love me, and you yourself look not indifferent upon me. When I stretch forth my arms you do the same; and you smile upon me and answer my beckonings with the like."*
Narcissus wept for his loss, and it was then that I knew it was not me whom he saw, but himself.
*quote taken from Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fables, chapter 13.


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Queen Elizabeth II, who will be 82 in April, will have outlived her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria who was the second oldest monarch since the Norman invasion in 1066.
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She will spend the day at Windsor Castle with the Duke of Edinburgh and there will be no public pronouncements.
Her Majesty was born on April 21st, 1926 at 17 Bruton Street in London. She is the fourth longest serving monarch but will become the longest reigning in eight years time. This would make Prince Charles, who is 59, the oldest heir to the throne.
Her cousin Margaret Rhodes believes the octogenarian royal will never abdicate. "When she took her Coronation vow all those years ago, she promised to serve her country whether her life be long or short," Ms Rhodes said.
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"As we have seen, her life is proving to be very long, healthy and productive.
"It is not a responsibility she will ever - if at all - give up lightly. I am sure that she will never abdicate."
And with the Queen Mother living to 101, the Queen looks set to break yet another royal record in 2015.
Although now in her eighties, the Queen continues to carry out about 450 engagements each year and splits her time between Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. Since 1952 she has conferred 387,700 honours and awards and continues to personally hold regular Investitures.
"She has phenomenal energy and her determination to continue is second to none," senior courtiers told the Daily Mail.
The Queen has passed a number of milestones during her reign. Last year she became the first monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding ceremony. In 2002 she was the oldest monarch to mark a Golden Jubilee and she is also the first to have a Prime Minister born during her reign.Reuse content


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XRAY XCA (Centrifugal-Axial) Clutch Set (NT1)
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Author has written 3 stories for Hi Hi Puffy Ami Yumi, Harry Potter, and Inheritance Cycle.Oh WOW! name change- again?Oh well if you don't like it, you can kiss my shiny metal...bat, yeah, like in ball bat... o_0'
Fave movies; I'm totally looking forward to seeing DaVinci code! -jumps about her room- Memoirs of a Geisha, King Kong, TLK, Harry Potter 4... Have too many more to list.
Fave shows; Family Guy, South Park,Futurama, The Grim adventures of Billy and Mandy. Anything that basically has people killing or destroying..stuff.
Fave books; Harry Potter, A series of Unfortunate events, The DaVinci Code, Deception Point, Pendragon, Eragonetc. I would have a bunch more, but, eh, I'm not in the mood for mentioning every single one.
Miscellaneous stuff to know about me:
I'm an artist so, go, click on my page; I could always use a few more pageviews.


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View other listings in Dutton Park, Chermside West, New Farm, Chermside, Stafford.
Online 6 months ago
Rent budget
Preferred stay length
Move date
I work Monday to Friday, plumber by trade. I like the outdoors and I like to relax on my weekends off. Im pretty relaxed but I also like to be clean and tidy...lets just say I got well domesticated as a child.
Khan is also interested in Teaming-Up and starting a new share house.
All people looking in Brisbane or more in Dutton Park, Chermside West, New Farm, Chermside, Stafford


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Pages 38-57
Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Elizabeth, Volume 15, 1581-1582. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1907.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying and sponsored by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. All rights reserved.
February 1581, 1-15
|Feb. 1.
36. COBHAM to the QUEEN.
The enclosed brief note, which seems to me to signify preparations to annoy your realm of Ireland, was sent me from the Queen Mother, enfolded in a letter from Secretary Pinart ; but with what mind it was sent by her, and how sincerely, you may better judge upon other proofs. I hope your Majesty will weigh how vehemently on many sides their malices are united and disposed against your person and dominions, envying your prosperous government ; by the consideration of which you may wisely be moved in these evil days to be more vigilant in preserving yourself and your estates, winning and compassing such assured friendship with princes, if it may be safely done, and other means whereby you will not only have power with your own forces to withstand the designs of your adversaries, but that something further may be thought of to divert the sharp humour wherewith it seems they are stirred determinately to trouble you. Moreover it is held assured that many secret practices are intended whereby the good disposition of your subjects may be altered ; and the Romish Bishop 'shows to be' thoroughly bent to maintain and encourage the rebels in Ireland. On the other side 'there be of his complyses which have sought drifts' to trouble and transpose the government of Scotland ; which is expected, and held almost 'effectued.' Upon the just consideration of these imminent dangers, your best servants hope you will be pleased to prevent and withstand speedily these confederated enterprises, by using your forepast magnanimity and counsels in applying remedies in time.Blois, 1 Feb. Add. and Endt. gone. 1 p. [France V. 14.]
|Feb. 2.
37. HODDESDON to WALSINGHAM.
I cannot forget the good advice and counsel in your letter of the 29th ult. to use all diligence in this service with little charge, 'whereto assuredly I have endeavoured myself to the uttermost of my power and all comeliness' ; but through the abundance of the ice which many times altered the course of my passage, together with the unconscionable dealing of the people, seeing the necessity of my travel, has caused [sic] my charges to be so great that I am almost ashamed to bring them into account. I have thought good to send them by this bearer, who can satisfy you of the truth of every particular, and knows that I have not one penny profit thereby, but in all duty to serve her Majesty as becomes me with the travail of my body. As touching my commission and the answer of the Estates, I refer to my letter enclosed, addressed to you and others who jointly commended these affairs to me. If I have not 'dealt orderly' in addressing it I desire your good advice for my better instruction. The Estates of Holland gave me very good entertainment. The report of their liberty and zeal I refer to this bearer, who knows 'therein,' as in all needful matters, as much as I myself do. Antwerp, 2 Feb. 1580. According to yours I have delivered to this bearer 20 Flemish, and have put it in my account, which has advanced the sum to 55 12s. 2d. sterling ; which please cause to be paid to John Pryce, or else give him order to enter it into your account, or otherwise as you shall determine. P.S.I have 'wayed' this day 50 barrels of the powder of which I sent you the sample, and find it very excellently well packed and good. In this packet are enclosed the Estates' answer and four other letters, two to her Majesty and two to yourself, all from the Prince and States. [Nos. 26-30.]
Annexed to the above :
A note of the money laid out by me, John Wilsford, on behalf of my master the R. W. Mr Christopher Hoddesdon, for the charges of his journey between Antwerp and Delft.
|From Antwerp, 9 Jan., for provision of victuals and other necessaries to carry aboard the hoy wherein we went towards Dort .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Expenses at Armieu [Armuyden] in Zealand from Tuesday night till Wednesday afternoon, with fresh victuals to carry aboard .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Passage from Antwerp to Dort, but by reason of ice forced to land at the Plate [Dottiesplaet] .. .. .. ..
|Dinner at Plate .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Wagon-hire from thence to Somerdyke .. .. ..
|Boat-hire from Somerdyke to Hornsfery [?] and bringing trunks ashore .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Charges at Hornsfery one night .. .. .. ..
|Wagon-hire from thence to Henfleet .. .. ..
|Boat hire from Henfleet to Maseland Sluse .. .. ..
|Dinner at Maseland Sluse .. .. .. ..
|Wagon-hire from thence to Delft .. .. .. ..
|Spent at Delft for diet and other charges during our abode there
|Wagon-hire from Delft to the Hague, minding to have gone that way towards the sea, but not finding commodious passage, went by land .. .. .. .. ..
|Charges at the Hague for one night .. .. ..
|Wagon-hire from the Hague to Delftshaven .. ..
|Charges at Delftshaven, dinner and supper .. .. ..
|Passage from Delftshaven to Swartwater [Zwartevaal] in the land of Brill .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Wagon-hire from thence to Hornsfery .. .. ..
|Boat-hire from Hornsfery to Midle Harnesse .. ..
|Charges at Midle Harnesse one night .. .. ..
|Wagon-hire from thence to Old Tonge .. .. ..
|Boat-hire from Old Tonge to Barrow [Bergen-op-Zoom] ..
|Dinner at Old Tonge .. .. .. .. ..
|Charges at Barrow ; dinner and supper with victuals aboard ..
|Passage from Barrow to Antwerp, with charges by the way ..
In this account, besides the charges of my master and his
company, is comprehended the expenses of Mr Bruyne and his
servant from the time of my master's going till his return to
Antwerp, and of Mr Gilpin and his servant from my master's
arrival at Delft till his return to Antwerp.
Besides delivered to Mr Bruyne for carrying the packet to England .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Summa du tout, Flemish .. ..
|Facit sterling after 30s. Flemish the pound .. .. ..
|Add. Endd. 2 pp. [Holl. and Fl. XIV. 17.]
|Feb. 2.
38. HODDESDON to BURGHLEY, WALSINGHAM and MILDMAY.
Having on the 7th ult. received my commission by this bearer with letters and instructions from you I directed my course accordingly and on the second day after took my journey towards Delft, being forced by reason of continual frosts and much ice to spend five days on the way, so that I arrived only the 13th at night. On the 15th I went to the Prince, whom, after delivering my letters of credit, I found very well inclined, acknowledging not only his readiness to do her Highness all dutiful service but also assuring me of his utmost assistance in the speedy accomplishment of the negotiation. After which I dined with him, receiving all courteous entertainment at his hands. Next day, the prince being present, I had audience before the States ; by whom, after 'delivery of my credit' and rehearsal of my commission, I was answered that they confessed themselves for sundry respects much bound to her Majesty, alleging their former delays in contenting her in this matter to have grown through the altering and new choosing of such as represent the General Estates of their United Provinces. And although those now present, being for the most part but lately elected to the place, were at the least not thoroughly acquainted with those things that had been determined by their predecessors, yet they would not fail to show as much forwardness in effecting what might be acceptable to her Majesty as any that had 'supplied the room' before them. And to discharge their duty with more expedition they would appoint commissioners to treat with me touching the causes which I declared to them. Accordingly there resorted to me on the 18th the Lord of 'Barkham' [qu. Berghem], with a commissioner of Antwerp and the Pensionary of the Frank in Flanders, as deputed by the States to confer and report, but not to conclude anything. They used very mild and reverent speeches towards her Majesty, chiefly running upon the terms of their necessity, and complaining much of Artois and 'Henegoo,' of whom they wished it would please her to 'take some satisfaction' ; for those Provinces were bound to perform the same as they. In this they would think themselves greatly pleasured by her Majesty as being through her means eased of part of their burden. To this I answered that I might not deal in anything to which my commission did not lead me, and that by virtue of their general bonds she might lawfully take satisfaction where she pleased ; and therefore I counselled them without further delay to give her full contentment, according to equity and their bond, and then afterwards they might make suit against those of Artois and Hainault as they should themselves think good ; with other speeches tending to the uprightness of her Majesty's demand, and that which was given me in charge, whereupon [I] rested resolute as appertained. To which they were able to reply nothing ; but affirmed that she had always been very gracious and good lady to them, and that in reason she was to have all contentment required. After this conference I daily expected the States' resolution ; but I understood they could not agree about levying the just portions that every province must pay ; which as the prince himself told me was the only stay of the matter. He therefore requested me to have patience for two or three days longer, within which time he doubted not that I should receive an absolute answer. I declared the charge of my commission, and that I was to send away this bringer with all expedition, and therefore required to be heard again before the States, unless there were some likelihood of their speedy determination. He answered that there wanted no good will in the States, and that he himself would do nothing more earnestly than travail with them for my dispatch. So for three or four days together they were thoroughly debating what resolution they should make. On the 24th the Lord of 'Barkham' came to me requesting that I would not 'think much' if the States' answer were not yet brought to me ; the only let of it rested in the Hollanders and Zealanders, for, he said, all the other provinces were ready to 'answer' their several portions for her Majesty's satisfaction, only those of Holland and Zealand stuck at the matter, but he still hoped that through the prince's earnest persuasion they also would be wrought to agree with the rest. The cause why Holland and Zeeland made some stay in this matter was, as near as I can learn, that at their entering into league with the rest of the united provinces they 'conditioned' to maintain a certain charge yearly, which they would not exceed. They therefore alleged that they ought not to be burdened extraordinarily with any contribution towards the payment of this debt, upon which point there grew some dispute among the States, whereby the time of my dispatch being longer 'detracted' I sent them word on the 26th that I was upon departure, and therefore desired audience. Whereupon they fell to a short consultation, and after a two hours' 'respite' sent the Lord of 'Barkham' and the Pensionary of Bruges to accompany me to their council chamber, where the prince and the States being assembled, it was declared to me that as her Majesty has been always careful for them they were bound to provide for her satisfaction and security in this behalf, being ready to their utmost ability to accomplish all that she demanded. Yet since they would have one bond to be made with the assent of the commonalty of Antwerp, and the other with the general agreement of every province, they besought her to take patience till their next meeting, which should be within three months at furthest. To which I answered that I had already declared to them my full commission and the time prescribed by her Majesty, which I had no authority to prolong, nor could yield to anything that was not given me in charge. Yet I would willingly send her their determination, such as by writing they should deliver to me, referring the consideration of it to her Privy Council ; and so took my leave. Next day one of their secretaries brought me the enclosed answer, which is in words and matter all one with that which the day before was declared to me by word of mouth in the presence and hearing of the Estates both of Holland and Zealand, and of the other united provinces. This is the effect of my negotiation with the States ; which I thought to set down somewhat at large, that you might perceive why they gave me their resolution no sooner.Antwerp, 2 Feb. 1580. Add. Endd. 2 pp. [Holl. and Fl. XIV. 18.]
|Feb. 3.
39. HODDESDON to BURGHLEY.
In my general letter I have written at large touching my negotiations with the States, wherein I endeavoured as nearly as I could to observe the charge of my commission and the meaning of your instructions. One thing I noted at my being in Holland ; that although the rest of the provinces are somewhat inclined to receive the French, yet the Hollanders and those of Zealand reserve to themselves a certain liberty herein, as bearing more affection to the Queen. Which I thought good to certify you, with such other news as 'are' lately written from Friesland, touching the 'success' in those parts.Antwerp, 3 Feb. 1580. Add. Endd. p. [Holl. and Fl. XIV. 19.]
|Feb. 4.
40. ROSSEL to WALSINGHAM.
Since my last letter I have been in the country by direction of the Four Members of Flanders to assist in bringing up the forces from Brabant and Flanders to the number of 15 cornets of cavalry and 2,000 good infantry, in order to break up 5 cornets of Albanese and 3 regiments of Malcontents who are in the town of 'Grandmont,' a place accessible from all sides. I think they would have been broken up, if some malignant spirit had not diverted the enterprise by false information that the enemy had entered in the night with 14 cornets, which broke off the execution of it, to the great disservice of the country. In Friesland the enemy has been beaten by Mr Norris, with great loss, and Schenk is dead. Some have put it about that we were beaten, but that is false. I told you that the peace was not published in France, by reason of sundry interruptions (intervalles) that have supervened in Guyenne. It seems to me that for this cause the coming of M. d'Alenon is put off till April. Meanwhile he is sending M. de Fervacques his commander-in-chief hither with 2,000 cavalry and 6,000 foot, who are drawing near Cambray. You know of the forces being prepared by the King of Spain in Italy, Germany and elsewhere, which has caused great 'alteration' and discontent among those of Hainault and Artois. They do not want to receive the Duchess of Parma in the government ; because Cardinal Granvelle is trying to have the Prince of Parma sent away, in order, as it seems, to return hither himself, since Portugal remains quiet. It further appears that M. Strozzi was on his way to the aid of Don Antonio ; but it is doubted that it may be to go to Scotland, since he is still in the Islands of Britanny. I would put more details before you, were not the bearer in a hurry.Antwerp, 4 Feb. 1581. Add. Endd. Fr. pp. [Holl. and Fl. XIV. 20.]
|Feb. 4.
41. GILPIN to WALSINGHAM.
Mr Governor arriving at Delft delivered me your letter, and have [sic] by all means continued my former travail, as your servant, Mr Brune, if need so require, can testify ; as also what hope I had to obtain some good resolution ere the States' departure. For Mr Governor's 'success' I need not trouble you, but refer the enlargement of it to his own letters. Of such charges as I have been at, both in my travel into Holland and at my being there, and some small trifle spent before, I enclose the note, beseeching you to allow thereof, and to give such order for payment as may be convenient. I have imparted to the bearer divers particulars, desiring your plea, sure thereon to accomplish which I am always at your command.Antwerp, 4 Feb. 1580.
Annexed is the following :
Bill of charges spent with my servant being sent to Holland by order of Mr Secretary Walsingham from 15 Dec. last to 29 Jan. 1580 : sterling money.
|Provision taken with me on ship board .. .. ..
|Passage to Flushing .. .. .. .. ..
|The 19th [sic] for charges there one night and morning ..
|The 17th for a wagon to Middleburg .. .. ..
|Dinner there .. .. .. .. .. ..
|Boat to 'Armewe' .. .. .. .. ..
|Supper there and provision taken on ship board .. ..
|The 18th for passage which I was forced to make to Dort ..
|The 19th for dinner at Dort .. .. .. ..
|Boat-hire thence to Rotterdam .. .. .. ..
|Supper and other charges there .. .. .. ..
|The 20th for boat-hire thence to Delft .. .. ..
|Expenses there from Dec. 20 to Jan. 15 .. .. ..
|Lodging, fire, and other 'petit' charges, Dec. 20 to Jan. 29 ..
|More spent as occasion presented during the following of the suit in Antwerp touching Pallavicino and Spinola .. ..
|Paid at several times for copies of writings and postage of letters from 'Cullyn' and elsewhere any time this two years and more
As for my travail and pains, wherein I have shown all ready
service, I beseech you favourably to accept thereof.
Add. Endd. 2 pp. [Ibid. XIV. 21.]
|Feb. 4.
42. RICHARD SOME to WALSINGHAM.
Mr Bruin, lately come out of Holland (by whom I thought to have sent this), can inform you of the state of things better than I. Yet I think it not amiss to touch thus much touching the general French cause. That matter is held to be so greatly advanced there that it is given out here that 6,000 foot and 2,000 horse are lately arrived on the frontier of Artois, and that another such band is at present levying between Paris and Soissons. Our news from Friesland comes mingled with good and bad, yet all so uncertain that I dare 'affirm' none. I will write these, because report may make them greater or lesser. For my own part, I have received no letters lately from thence. It is given out here, first that Mr Norris has defeated 3 cornets of the enemy's cavalry, and taken one of his 'skonces' before Stenwick, but with the loss of two of his captains, Mr Champernoll killed, and John Brown, my Lord of Leicester's servant, wounded and taken prisoner ; and that he himself afterwards, upon the coming down of the enemy's cavalry, was constrained with all his forces to retire to an orchard, where, seeing himself in danger to be besieged without any victual, he broke out and killed 400 of the enemy, and retired afterwards in safety to Meppell. This was done on Jan. 24. On Monday last it is also reported that he assailed the enemy before Stenwick, where, with loss of many of his men and himself wounded in the shoulder, he gave a great overthrow to the enemy, drove them away, and succoured the town. This news is confidently reported here, and it is all, both best and worst. Mr Yorke, I hear, is weary of his sergeant-majorship in Flanders. Many of the captains, 'from general misliking not to be commanded by him,' have entered into private quarrel with him, and begin to 'bandie' against him. I think he could wish himself in Friesland, 'his reputation saved.' You may do most with the prince, Mr Norris and him, of any others. Antwerp, 4 Feb. 1580. Add. Endd. 1 p. [Ibid. XIV. 21.]
|Feb. 5.
43. STOKES to WALSINGHAM.
My last letter to you was the 29th ult. I have this week little to write. On Jan. 30, at Mons in 'Henogo,' most of the chief Malcontents met ; about many matters, but chiefly for three causes. The first was how to find money to pay their soldiers ; the second, how to 'defend' the French, for they would never believe in their coming till now ; and the third, whether they shall take the aid of the Spaniards or not. To none of these, nor to any other matter, have they resolved upon anything, so that they departed in great displeasure one against another ; which has put the Prince of Parma in great anger. Also at this assembly it was desired that all the walled towns in Artois and 'Henogo' should take in soldiers for their defence against the French, which generally they have refused to do ; save Mons and Douay, 'who' with much ado have consented to take each two ensigns of foot, but no horse. The Duke of Aerschot made a motion for the release of Count Egmont for M. de la Noue ; saying it is a great discouragement to all gentlemen to serve, that when they are taken they cannot be released. So there is good hope that M. de la Noue, who lies still at 'Lymborough,' will be released for Count Egmont. M. de Montigny with all his force, 6 cornets of horse and 10 ensigns of foot, lying in Saint 'Gheringsborghe,' which is an open place, those of Ghent meant to have set upon them ; and in gathering their forces to do it Montigny had knowledge thereof, and sent in great haste to the Marquis of Risbourg for aid. He is gone to him with 16 cornets of horse and 25 ensigns of foot, so that now those of Ghent dare not meddle with them, for they are but 9 cornets and 30 ensigns. Now that all the Malcontents are together it seems they will do something ; for they have sent to Alst 100 small boats, and every boat is made to carry 8 or 10 men. It seems their meaning is to pass over the river to spoil the country about Stecken and those parts. It is a rich country, for they have not been touched at all these troubles. On the 2nd inst. M. de Villiers, who was captain of Bouchain, took ship at Flushing for Calais, for the prince has suddenly sent him back in haste to Monsieur. The prince has written to the magistrates of this town that M. de 'Vervac' and M. de Rochepot are now on the frontier with 5,000 foot and 1,800 horse, whom Monsieur has sent to the aid of the States ; and withal that Monsieur will be here in person about the middle of May next. M. Argentlieu is come again to this town, and the magistrates hope to have him to continue here. It is said also that the Prince of Parma goes to 'Lewke' [Lige], to get Cardinal Granvelle to be bishop there.Bruges, 5 Feb. 1580. Add. Endd. 1 pp. [Ibid. XIV. 23.]
|Feb. 5.
44. COBHAM to [WILSON].
I have had an answer from the Lord of Arbrothe that he will meet me at an appointed place in Orleans, on Tuesday the 7th inst. at night ; so it seems he continues well affected. I suppose he has great need of money to pay his debts, wherewith he must be supplied before he can conveniently depart thence. My messenger found him at Moret, where he remains. The 'Lard' of Ferniehurst is likewise in the same town. I cannot tell what to think of the stay Adams makes at Monsieur's Court, for he went hence on Monday the 23rd ult., a fortnight to-morrow. Queen Mother and the Commissioners find it strange that 'de Vrey' and la Fin are not heard tell of. The Pope's nuncio had audience yesterday. Much kindness passes between him and the Spanish ambassador. I should have had access to her Majesty on Shrove Monday, but Pinart and Lansac wished me to stay till she had heard from Monsieur. She intends to go to Tours on Thursday, to see certain silks and to be 'cheered' by Madame la Bordesire ; so to return, and repair hither the first Monday in Lent. Marshal Montmorency 'addresses himself' towards Toulouse, to have conference with Monsieur about Agen. Colonel Schomberg returned last week to Germany, to make some levies, and to stay others that are preparing there. The king last month caused M. le Grand Ecuyer to send his son-in-law, the eldest son of M. de Carouges, governor of Rouen, secretly to Geneva, where he spoke with M. de Guitry, who was there about the Prince of Cond's affairs. The Dukes of Italy, beside the confederacies they have made for the maintenance of their repose and the public peace, are making alliances by marriage, as I have already said. The like policy were to be wished, where there is need. In the secret advertisements from Rome they certify that the Spanish king is very indisposed. I have stayed this dispatch these two days for the return of my servant ; but seeing him tarry I would not defer it any longer. Blois, 5 Feb. 1580. P.S.It is understood that Lavalette is in some danger of losing the king's favour, which he has hitherto enjoyed, on account of his haughty carriage towards divers, and specially to the other minions ; besides that there has been a quarrel between him and Beauvais 'L'Angy,' captain of the guards, about having the colonelship which Strozzi enjoys. Monsieur has sent in all speed to Count Montgomery, at Loches, near Tours, to go with all expedition to Cambray. The Abbot of Guadagna has lost some of his favour or credit with Queen Mother. Add. and Endt. gone. 1 p. [France V. 15.]
|Feb. 5.
45. COBHAM to the SECRETARIES.
Receiving lately a letter from Secretary Pinart I have enclosed it herewith. It specifies a note of an intelligence sent from Queen Mother to me, to be advertised to the Queen, which I have directed to her in my 'particular' letter. Further, where the Secretary writes of the sending of M. de Marchaumont into England, Marchaumont has passed through this town, having been with Chancellor Birague and Chiverny, Keeper of the Seals, who by the king's command have 'taken his oath' to be one of the king's Privy Council, and so is gone with his dispatch to Paris, where he stays only for the return of his secretary from Monsieur's Court, which is hourly looked for. He intends to remain about his Majesty to deliver assurances of his master's entire affection toward her. Before he left Chenonceaux the Queen Mother 'showed' to be unwilling that he should pass on till the Commissioners began their journey, telling him that the king did not like his voyage to England, and using, as I am informed, persuasions that if he had no other matter to treat of than the procuring of the marriage the Commissioners would be sufficient to bring that negotiation to a conclusion. To which it is said Marchaumont answered that since it was Monsieur who sought the Queen and was her servant, it was requisite and in reason that he should have one of his servants there to whom he had imparted his mind who might entertain the Queen's affection after his own manner ; in which respect he was sent to offer his master's good will to the Queen, after her own liking, and as she would have it pass. Then the Queen Mother desired him to take heed that he entered not into the broiling of matters, marvelling much that her son at this instant should so earnestly prosecute the negotiations for marriage, considering he himself had been there, and after some dealing passed the matter has quailed and been slacked till now. Marchaumont assured her that he meant only to accomplish the service of his master, carrying messages full of good will ; being commanded by Monsieur to deal in all things not as he should appoint but as the Queen might direct. The Queen Mother desired him not to intermeddle in any matters but for the marriage, for M. de la Mauvissire had written to the king that the Queen would have no other matter dealt in. I understand, moreover, that the commissioners only stay for further orders from Monsieur, as M. Pinart's letter also signifies. M. de la Mothe-Fnelon is daily looked for, but is not yet come to Court. I am informed that 'Taxis,' the new Spanish ambassador, at his audience of Queen Mother, entered further than I reported into persuasions not to hearken to Don Antonio's entreaty, which served only to put his master to charge, to 'take unkindness' with her, to trouble the realm of Portugal, and to maintain one who was not lawfully begotten ; wherein she could not reap such honour as belonged to her estate. Otherwise, if she moved therein upon any claim of her own, the king assured her, that for the respect he bears her, being his good mother, though he were peaceably possessed of all Portugal, he would upon just proof of her right, yield it entirely to her. To which she answered that she had not dealt much therein ; but she did not mean to part from the right that was thought to belong to her. Therefore, if his master did respect her, and was so bent to justice as he professed, he would not without trial invade a realm to which he pretended a claim, and others thought they had a good right. The ambassador then said there was another matter which he had to move to her, and to beseech her to be the means that her son should not seem [? seek] to impatronise himself of any parts of the Low Countries ; considering that if there were any claim to be made, it should rather belong to the king, his elder brother. It would not be needful for him to use any hostility, for his master respected the Christian King as his good brother ; wherefore he hoped that the king and she would 'persuade with' the Duke of Alenon to leave that enterprise, remembering that the king, his master, had married his sister and that he was uncle to her 'nieces' in Spain. The Queen answered that she did not understand the causes which moved her son to those enterprises ; but she heard tell that all or most part of that country sought him. Nevertheless, she and the king meant to be informed of his 'pretences.' Howbeit, she said, if he spoke these things to her 'as to lament of unkindness,' they had cause to rehearse further injuries than these ; as of the Spanish King's dealings in the Marquisate of Saluces, in maintaining some of her son's subjects against him, and stirring up others by gifts and pensions. Therefore, if he meant to take that course, she had more to say upon those occasions. The Ambassador, seeing her something moved, used modesty and great reverence towards her. She was informed that he said aloud to M. Lansac at dinner that it would be good for her to have one of his master's daughters in her Court, which would be a fit marriage for Monsieur ; whereby she seemed to be very much displeased, saying that if he had uttered those words to her, he would have had such a rebuke that never ambassador had received a greater, and she understands that he delivers like speeches again, she intends to give order that he shall not be 'forborne.' I have heard that the Queen has very lately taken occasion to be offended with the 'motion' of the Spanish King's daughter, upon the delivery to her of a letter that was surprised among the packets in which Cardinal Granvelle answers Captain Mondragon, who had wished him to be persuaded to these two points ; first that the king should 'compass' Monsieur by way of money to be his friend, and so frustrate those of the Low Countries of that hopeto which the Cardinal answered that he could not advise the king to dishonour himself by seeking the Duke of Anjou, one meaner than himself, who had injured him and made a party with his rebels ; he doubted not but the Catholic king had yet so many true subjects in the Low Countries and such power elsewhere, that he will shortly be avenged of his enemies and illwillers 'whatsoever.' For the second point, whereas Mondragon wished the king were persuaded to give his daughter in marriage to Monsieur, and by a new alliance to withdraw him from the Flemish practices, the rather because the King of France had no succession, and small hope of it, while if he married the Queen of England, the whole Low Countries will be put in hazard, considering the desire already shown to Monsieur, and the party which the Queen of England has in respect of religion, and their powers being united might prevail to this the Cardinal replied that he could not use persuasion to the king to seek to deliver his daughter to one that was his enemy and had allied himself with heretics ; wishing that the marriage with the Queen of England might go forward, whereby the Catholic king would have the better occasion to be revenged on Monsieur. This letter of Cardinal Granvelle was carried in the Queen Mother's pocket some days, but it is feared that a little alteration of time and change of persuasion will put her into some other humour. Fregoso, who was put into the Bastille at Paris, is deceased, 'and' given out that he is dead of the plague ; but it is thought he has been secretly executed by some such means as they use in like cases. The Commendator Birague, kinsman to the cardinal, enjoys the office which Fregoso had in the Marquisate of Saluces. The secretary to Germigny, this king's ambassador with the Grand Signior, is sent to Constantinople, since the late audience which the Spanish ambassador had. It is discovered that the Spanish king has 'persuaded with' the Genoese [qu. Genevese] to give him better assurance in their state, because he is advertised that the French king practises to reduce their commonwealth to his devotion. The last advertisement from Spain by way of Lyons 'import' that the king is very sick. It is further signified that he is troubled with a kind of falling-sickness, wherewith his senses are so 'astonied' that by fits it continues with him the space of four or five days. It is practised in the Turkish Court to bring the Grand Signior's mother, wife, and sister to the Romish religion ; wherein so much has passed that a secret hope is conceived. Assan Aga, viceroy of Algiers, has returned to Constantinople. Sinan Bassa has been repulsed by the Persians. At Constantinople they are afflicted with pestilence and famine. The Pope communicated to many of his household servants after his sacrifice of the Mass made this Christmas. He will have delivered to him certain prisoners whom he demanded heretofore of the Grand Master of Malta, it being agreed among those knights of all the nations that notwithstanding their ancient privileges, the Grand Master shall obey the Bishop of Rome's writs, which appears by the late confirming of the resignation of the Grand Priory of Auvergne to the son of Mme de Garnache.Blois, 5 Jan. 1580. P.S.I have received no letters from you since those of the 16th ult. by Henry Adams. Endd. by Walsingham. 4 pp. [France V. 16.]
|Feb. 8.
46. DANIEL ROGERS to the COUNT OF BUCQUOY.
I think myself happy, most noble count, that it has been my fortune, in my frequent sojourns in Belgium, to see and make acquaintance with the noblemen of your country ; at the same time I regret that I never had to do with you, whom all men constantly declare to be eminent among those noblemen in virtue, wisdom, learning and humanity, not only in family dignity. I think I have heard from others that virtue and honour have entered into a close alliance in you, so that you are as far superior to the other chief men in the endowment of wit and ability (genii et ingenii), as in nobility of birth. Further, you hold a conspicuous place among the king's councillors, and delight to deserve well of mankind and especially of suppliants. It would therefore have been a great pleasure to have had your closer acquaintance, and I should now find you more ready to relieve my misfortunes. All which is the reason why, although you do not even know me by sight, I decided to write to you and ask your aid because you hold so high an office and are so brilliant by your virtues. Consider with a favourable eye my unlucky lot ; being sent as ambassador from the Queen of England to the Emperor, and certain electors and princes of the Empire, I have been illegally and treacherously captured in a district not under Spanish jurisdiction by Schenk's reiters, who perpetrated this crime under no orders from your side. Let us have done with cruel suspicions ; if of late years I have been employed on various business for our Queen, let it not do me harm. Let my fidelity and industry in performing duties for my mistress bespeak your praise of me, not your hatred. In sum, either I have injured you, or I have not. If I have, let me be sent back to my mistress, your king's ally, whom you will find as just in punishing me, on the accusation of your king's ambassador, as I expect her to be liberal and kind in rewarding my services. If, as I hope, I have not injured you, acknowledge my innocence. Of the rest of my state, that I be not tedious to you, I have twice already written fully to the right honourable d'Assonleville, who if you wish (such is my confidence in him) will gladly impart all to you. If my hopes are fulfilled, and I obtain your favour in my liberation, I shall never regret this writing, nor you the kindness.Bredeford, 8 Feb. 1581. Copy in D. R.'s hand and endorsed by him. Lat. 1 pp. [Germany II. 14.]
|Feb. 8.
47. ROGERS to D'ASSONLEVILLE.
Well and sensibly does that great man Decius Ausonius, consular, tutor to the Emperors Valentinian and Gratian, an experienced courtier, twice prefect in Italy and in Gaul, pray to God in these lines :
Nec vero crimine laedar,
Nec maculer dubiis ; paullum distare videtur
Suspectus vereque reus.
He could easily have seen in the Palace during his long stay with the Emperor how atrocious was suspicion at that time, and not unreasonably desired that his own reputation might be free from it. I doubt whether it is possible in this age, cankered as it is with civil wars, when suspicions are picked up and make their own way so widely, that those who handle public affairs should wholly escape them, and I think that any within our memory may rather hope for this happiness than obtain it. Still I think that men who study true virtue and renown should try all they can to get the better of unfair suspicions. This, then, is my reason for adding the present to my former letters. For I hear that the Commissioners, after leaving this place, opened certain papers of mine left by Schenck at Anholt, in which were some notes of instructions with which a little before my journey into the Low Countries I was, as it was commonly reported, to have been sent into Portugal ; and so discovered cryptic characters, vulgarly called cyphers. Hence sundry suspicions arose in their minds, as I heard from some ; and it is lest these should further prejudice my cause that I thought good to add this little to my last letter. So far as regards the notes of instructions, I may tell you that neither they nor any others that there may have been were approved by the Queen's sign-manual as authority ; but I thought it well to keep copies of them, as it is my habit to do in the case of political discussions. But whereas the Queen was often solicited by the Portuguese to help them in their difficulties, her answer is believed, as I have been told by living persons worthy of credence, to have been purposely delayed, because she could not get at any certainty as to the right of succession. She was, however, much annoyed at Don Antonio's assumption of the title of king without the consent or approval of the judges appointed by King Henry to decide the question. On hearing of it, therefore, she decided neither to write nor to send to Portugal ; nor would she admit Antonio's ambassador to audiences, and even forbade her councillors to meet him. As for the cyphers, I took several such with me because I had been ordered to put some together for correspondence with the Court ; and as I was thinking of starting an improved method of composing them, I thought I ought to make out the methods of others who would be held great authorities in that line, that I might think it out more carefully. So far as I can remember I never used a cypher up till now. I have often begun to consider the question of characters, but I have always been hindered either by shortness of time when a letter had to be written or something else. Often, too, the cypher given me was not satisfactory ; so that I have never used this kind of character.Bredeford, 8 Feb. 1581. Copy in D. R.'s hand. Endd. by him. Lat. 1 p. [Holl. and Fl. XIV. 64 (r).]
|Feb. 10.
48. COBHAM to [? WILSON].
I have had conference with the Lord of Arbrothe, and find him in his speeches fully bent to sue her Majesty. He has 'yielded himself' willing to repair to England, and desires to have a sufficient passport signed by her hand, in virtue of which he may be licensed to repair to and return from England about such affairs as he has to deal with the Queen [sic]. He was besides earnest with me to have a few words written in her hand, signifying her liking of his repair to her. But I showed him that princes never or seldom do so much, but advertise by their secretaries or ambassadors their minds in such cases. So he rests presently satisfied ; nevertheless if it seemed good to you, it would more content him if you wrote a few lines to him, or to me so that I might show him the letter. Notwithstanding, he has promised to be ready about March 10 to depart for England, 'so as' he may receive the passport and some help towards the payment of his debts. Meantime he proposes, by retiring little by little from the Bishop's house, to take away suspicion of his departure. Likewise he will give the best order by commission to the rest of his creditors, 'taking days' for the repayment. I find from his servant that he cannot put himself in order without 300 or 400. It seems that he has care to do his business in honourable sort. He is for the present going, as he informed me, to 'Burgis' in Berry, to see and speak with the young Earl of 'Huntle,' his sister's son. Pray let her Majesty be advertised of this, and let me know her further resolution herein ; the 'raither' because I have assured him I will satisfy his demands by the 22nd inst. It is greatly feared that the companies which are ranging in la Beauce are to be employed in some intestine action and not for any foreign. The couriers who were looked for out of Spain 'come short,' and are not heard tell of. They now certify that the queens will be at Chiverny's on Monday, and so come to this town.Blois, 10 Feb. 1580. Add. gone. Endt. (which does not seem to belong to this letter) : Sent by the Q. the king's mother. 1 p. [France V. 17.]
|Feb. 10.
49. COBHAM to the SECRETARIES.
I have taken occasion to write to you only upon this : that having sent the other day to the Court to have audience of Queen Mother, it seemed that Secretary Pinart at my servant's first coming to him, entered into questioning when the commissioners would go hence, and 'how chanced' that all those affairs were broken off, and whether in good earnest it was meant that the marriage-negotiations should proceed ; enquiring further if Parliament was begun and all those causes resolved on in England. To which my servant answered that he knew of no alteration, nor of anything meant contrary to what their Majesties had been given to understand. Lastly, M. Pinart asked if I had received any news from England, marvelling that they heard nothing from their Majesties, and purposing to wait till they heard. My servant, finding these speeches strange and his countenance altered, made enquiries of the secretary's servants, from whom he understood that the preparation for their present departure from the Court was suddenly stayed. M. Lansac also certified me of the change of his purpose to come hither ; 'having' prepared to receive them both yesterday according to their appointment, as may appear by the enclosed letter. It is advertised that Monsieur uses great diligence to accomplish all things accorded on in the articles of the peace. Puynormand and Saint Emilion are already surrendered. He has likewise sent gentlemen to enter into the other towns. Howbeit they of Cahors and Mende make great difficulty. The Queen Mother has been informed that the Prince of Cond is so ill-satisfied with the peace that he would make some party if he were not better considered ; which somewhat troubles the course of affairs. M. 'Beauvays la Nogle' has returned from his Highness, having accomplished those offices on behalf of the Duke of Nevers ; though the Duke of Montpensier remains still unsatisfied. There are many companies ranging about the countries of la Beauce, Gtinais, and Alenon, 'bearing the name that it is' for the service of his Highness. Meantime Cambray remains much distressed. About Saint Mathurin march Rochepot's and la Fert's companies ; which is not the way to Flanders, whereby other suspicions are conceived. Upon the intercepting of a packet, Montmorency and Biron this week advertised the Queen Mother of an enterprise the Spanish king pretends against this realm. The king has continued at St. Germain's ever since the 21st ult. with Lavalette, d'O, Arques, Chteauvieux and Lenoncourt. No others have access to him, except Horatio, who was sometime one of his pages ; and none but his guards are suffered to lie in the town. Notwithstanding, he dispatches many letters with his own hand. His four physicians, who resort to him, have counselled him to continue his diet all this month. At meals the above-named gentlemen serve him by course, and are nightly watched by the grooms of the chamber. Meantime the queens live at Chenonceaux, somewhat retiredly, having stayed their intended journey to Tours for a while. The Duke of Nemours governs the young Duke of Savoy peaceably and politicly, having a great party in that Court. He has sent his eldest son to the Duke of Ferrara. I should have been glad to receive your letters before this, for the last that came were dated the 18th of the past month ; so that I might better have satisfied M. Pinart's doubts, and also be put out of the pain I am in for some little fond rumours, which those here hear whispered without any foundation of truth, or without naming the person, but that some are brought into suspicion with her Majesty, whereof I can hear no certainty.Blois, 10 Feb. 1580. Add. and Endt. gone. 2 pp. [Ibid. V. 18.]
|Feb. 11.
50. FREMYN to WALSINGHAM.
I have been for some time away from this town, which has been the reason why I have not written to you. As for what has passed in these parts, his Excellency has been always in Holland, with the Estates of the Provinces, and it seems as if they would be there some months yet, in order to carry out the purpose of their meeting, which will greatly advance their affairs. In Friesland the enemy continues the siege of Steenwyk, and on the 6th inst. the States forces were to be employed in relieving it, as they wrote. Mr Norris has borne himself very valorously in those parts up to now, and there is hope that he will do some good in this relief. The Prince of Parma and the ecclesiastics of Hainault and Artois have proposed to bring back the Spaniards, which has caused some division between those provinces and the principal lords, and the Prince of Parma has been very busy appeasing them. He is preparing forces to hinder the entry of the French and the re-victualling of Cambray, which it is hoped will come about by the arrival of M. de Fervacques on the frontier, pending that of Monsieur's army. It will be a difficult thing to re-victual it, inasmuch as the Malcontents are strong there. Those of Cambray have dispatched M. de Rinsard to Monsieur, asking him to help them as soon as he can, in order to stop the people of that town, who are murmuring a good deal. Those of this town have made a fresh demand, namely the 25th [qu. 20me et 5me] penny and some other things, which have been granted, and will bring in a large sum, with which they reckon to pay their soldiers every month. Next Tuesday the matter will come before the Great Council, and if things turn out according to agreement there will be a means of setting affairs in order. As to Scotland, there are various rumours here ; and I will tell you what I have heard from some Scots, able men, who say that the English want to govern their state with a rod ( baguette) and as they pleased, and introduce such persons into the King's Council as they thought fit, and turn out any that did not suit them. It was not long since Mr Bowes, (fn. 1) being sent from her Majesty, made difficulties about delivering his message if M. d'Aubigny was not turned out of the Council ; and further, in the last 23 years, since the English were called into Scotland under cover of practice, they have caused two or three of their fortresses on the frontier to be razed and have burnt a number of gentlemen's houses at the discretion of partisans in their pay, of whom the Earl of Morton, formerly regent, is the principal ; who was imprisoned on the 1st of January last for having tried by all means to ruin and banish all who took the opposite side. They say moreover that the league with the English was the ruin of the nobility of the country for the good of a few pensioners of England. They had lost their great advantages from France, with which they had been allied for 700 years, and had always some great lord in France, a knight of the order, of their nation, always in some great post, captain of 100 men-at-arms, and a hundred gentlemen besides were kept in service every year, besides the convenience of many captains employed in honourable offices. Now, losing the advantages of France, and their country being poor, without resources, the younger sons of the nobility were constrained to serve their elder brothers or others, or to employ themselves in the mechanical arts. So that for their honours and 'utility' they were forced to seek to France, to recover what they had lost ; and the only means thereto was that M. d'Aubigny should be the restorer ; and he has at present great credit, as a prince of the blood, etc. A few months there left these parts one Mr James Balfour, who was coming from France and going into Scotland. He has greatly furthered this movement ; and if you do not attend to it very dexterously this little fire will light a big one for you. You know I am your servant. I send you such news as there is. Please let Secretary Wilson see it.Antwerp, 11 Feb. 1581. Add. Endd : From Monsr. F. Fr. 2 pp. [Holl. and Fl. XIV. 24.]
|Feb. 11.
51. HODDESDON to WALSINGHAM.
Being at dinner with the Prince of Orange lately in Holland, there were present at the table two daughters of Egmont ; who hearing that I was an Euglishman, and in commission there for her Majesty's affairs, seemed for that respect to offer me greater courtesy, and within two days after sent three ancient gentlemen to invite me to their house at the Hague, where a little before my departure from those parts I received at their hands courteous entertainment. Upon this beginning of acquaintance they have since my return hither written their letter to me, which I thought good to enclose to you, desiring that you would advertise me how I may best frame some answer to their contentment. They are gentlewomen, as I understand, very well given, and endowed with divers singular qualities, both by nature and the help of good education. At my being with them I noted a certain rare modesty as well in their behaviour as in the order and government of their house ; the most part of their family being staid men and well grown in years. The elder of these sisters is about 28 years of age, the other 20 ; both unmarried and of sufficient reserve in Holland to maintain their degree, although a great part of their patrimony, lying in Artois and 'Henegoo,' remains at the disposition of the Malcontents. And forasmuch as their desire seems to proceed from a very good fountain, that is, from the affection which they bear to her Majesty, I am the more emboldened to commend the furtherance of it to you, awaiting your opinion and advice.Antwerp, 11 Feb. 1581. I beseech you that their letter may be either safely kept, or sent back hither. 1 p. [Ibid. XIV. 25.]
|Feb. 11.
Enclosed with above :
52. The Ladies of Egmont to Hoddesdon.
'Monsieur le gouverneur,' when some years ago we heard talk of the rare and royal virtues of her Majesty, we were desirous (and notably since we have been in this country of Holland) to see her, and present our humble services ; considering, too, that she always held our late father in good affection and all our house. But the diversity of our affairs here, together with the few connections that we have in that country, to do it honourably, in any way conformably to our rank, have been the reason why we could not manage it. And since at present we have put our affairs, at least certain great difficulties belonging to them, on a better footing, being urged by the same desire, we have thought good to make it known to you, and jointly beg you, for the confidence we have in your affection for us, to be so kind as to send us a word to say if you think that if we were to make an expedition to kiss her Majesty's hand, it would not be disagreeable to her ; and in case you think it would not, to advise us as to the best means of making the journey, with the least danger in the passage, and the further steps we ought to take. If you will do us this kindness you will oblige us to show our gratitude by all means in our power.The Hague, 1 Feb. 1581. (Signed) Franchoyse d'Egmont, Sabine d'Egmont. Add. Endd. (in England). Fr. 1 p. [Ibid. XIV. 25 A.]
|Feb. 12.
53. STOKES to WALSINGHAM.
My last was the 5th inst. The Malcontents are beginning to gather all their forces together at 'Ghetrinsberghe,' for thither are gone already two regiments of 'Allmans' and one of Burgundians, all foot ; which was their only want, so that the speech goes here they will have a camp in the field about the beginning of March or shortly after. M. Montigny, he remains still at 'Ghetringsberghe,' and the Marquis of Risbourg is returned back from 'wenst' he came beside Cambray, with the forces he brought with him. Surely they 'slepe' not their matters as the States do, for although there is some discord among them, and also want of money to pay their soldiers, yet it seems they will go through with their matters ; for they write from Lille they will be strong enough to keep the French out of the country. It is also written from Lille that M. de Bours is prisoner at Mons, by command of the Prince of Parma, being commanded not to leave the town. Since the last meeting of the Malcontents at Mons great persuasions have been used by letters and other ways to the town in Artois to take in soldiers, but 'by no means they will have none,' which makes the Prince of Parma fort malcontent against them. Because money is wanting, and must presently be had, the Malcontents have offered to sell certain abbey lands that lie in Artois and Hainault, but they can find none that will buy them. The late speech that was here, of a camp that the States would have made beside Ghent, is now all dead, for there is no more speech of it, nor any preparations for it ; greatly to the misliking of those that wish well to the cause ; so that it seems their only trust is in the coming of Monsieur, who is greatly desired here, and 'much feared' he will tarry too long, for it is thought the enemy will be strongly planted in the field before his coming, which will be greatly to the discommodity of the States. It is said he will be here shortly, for two days ago a post came from Paris with letters to the Prince, who declared at Ghent as he passed that he came from Paris and left Monsieur and the King of Navarre both there, and that the speech there was that both would depart for these parts in two or three days, and further, that between Cambray and Saint-Quentin 'it lies' full of Frenchmen awaiting Monsieur's coming.Bruges, 12 Feb. 1581. Add. Endd. 1 pp. [Ibid. XIV. 26.]


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