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JIM FLORENTINE, comedian and Special Ed from Comedy Central's Crank Yankers, was in town a couple weeks back to deliver some hilarious stand-up, including material from his very first attempts at humor, documented on his latest CD, Awful Jokes: From My First Comedy Notebook. It's cringe worthy stuff for the composer, but so bad it's good for the audience (sample: "I broke my toe the other day and I couldn't move it...so I called a 'toe' truck"). One of the more interesting aspects of Awful Jokes is that Metal Blade Records is distributing it. A New Jersey-born comic and the label that has put out offerings from Cannibal Corpse, Armored Saint, and a compilation featuring the first officially released Metallica track might seem like strange bedfellows on the surface, but not so much when looking at Florentine's other gig, co-host of VH1 Classic's That Metal Show alongside comedic cohort Don Jamieson and metal savant Eddie Trunk.
Season 12 kicks off this May, and backstage at Nick's Comedy Stop in the Theatre District just before his second set of the night, I sat down with Florentine and talked about a variety of music related topics, including his dark past of delving into the world of new wave.
Michael Christopher: Just over a year ago, you and I were at that crazy Van Halen invite-only show in New York. Other than a few shitty videos on YouTube, there's no quality documentation of it to this day except for the snippets you put up on your podcast following the gig. How did that you pull that?
Jim Florentine: That was fuckin' unbelievable. I don't know how; I got this friggin' Zoom little recorder, it's 124 bucks and I bought it because I do my podcasts on it and I just put it on the table at Café Wha? and was like, "Alright, I'm just gonna record this and see what happens." I pout a couple songs on my podcast and people went fucking crazy, all these Van Halen fans all around the world on message boards. I got all these offers from bootleggers, but I didn't want to do it in case it got back to the band, plus they did "She's the Woman," which wasn't released yet and so I just put a couple songs up. Cut to like, five months later, and my manager goes, "Uh... I got a call from David Lee Roth's assistant about your audio from the show." My fucking heart dropped because I put some songs up and I thought [Dave] was pissed. But my manager said, "No, he heard the podcast, he loved it and he wants that audio and he'll give you whatever you want for it. He wants to know where you were sitting, what you recorded on," all this stuff, because it was a special night for Dave (Roth's Uncle Manny founded the legendary NYC basement club, and at 92-years-old was in attendance the night of the show). So I sent it to them and they sent me this huge box of merchandise -- I didn't want any money, and his assistant told me, "Dave said you're good for any Van Halen show for the rest of your life." It was so cool that that happened.
What originally got you into hard rock?
I had two older brothers who were into hard rock like Van Halen, Ted Nugent, AC/DC, Aerosmith, Sabbath –- definitely Sabbath, Zeppelin; and they used to just bring this shit home and play it constantly. Once you're a metalhead, you're a metalhead for life.
How do you feel about the rep that metal fans get as being lunkheads or meatheads or not that smart?
It goes back to high school, because the metalhead always had the patches on his jacket or wore the Iron Maiden shirt and you're like, "Oh -– you're a weirdo," because they didn't play sports and were kind of loners. Any shit going on in their life they get through it with music. They weren't in with the "in crowd" so everyone just thought they were idiots. But it's weird, because I see people come out that watch That Metal Show that are doctors and lawyers and have a wife and four kids and are "normal" and I love that stuff; it's not just guys that live at home in their parent's basement.
Alright, so whose patch did you have on your denim jacket in high school?
I had the Blizzard of Ozz album cover and Iron Maiden Killers -– that was a big one. I think I had Metallica's Ride the Lightning too.
Was there any hesitation to go from being a comedian to hosting That Metal Show? It's almost like you're outing yourself as a metal fan.
No -– I originally wanted to be in a band, but I didn't have the talent for it. Actually, David Lee Roth, being really funny in the interviews and Dee Snider riffing between songs when I saw Twisted Sister do four sets a night, and then when Andrew Dice Clay and [Sam] Kinison came along and they were almost like rock stars, I said, "Shit, that's that I want to do."
Do you dig into anything other than metal?
I like Southern rock too, like Skynyrd and newer stuff like Blackberry Smoke.
You're married now, are you ever getting busy with the wife and she's like, "Let's put on some soul music and you're like, 'Nah, let's throw on some Motörhead?'"
She's a huge country fan. So she'll play country in the car and I'll play metal. In the bedroom there's no sounds...except for her sighing.
I want to give you some quick hits; sort of like a metal version of If You Had to Choose.
Yeah -– cool.
Better short guy in metal: Dio or Danzig?
Who's the best artist who doesn't wear a shirt: Phil Collen from Def Leppard or all of Manowar?
Phil Collen is actually an underrated guitarist, but I'll go with Manowar. It's a little silly, but it still kind of works; I saw them a couple of years ago in New York.
More disturbing: Lemmy's moles or Zakk Wylde [Black Label Society] thinking he is actually in an actual biker gang?
I guess Lemmy's moles. I love that he's never taken them off -– he won't; and he slept with over a thousand women.
More likely to reunite and tour: Zeppelin or Pantera?
That's a good one. I'd have to say at this point Pantera, only because if Zeppelin were gonna do it they would've done it back in 2007. Robert Plant knows he can't hit those notes and that people would be on YouTube the next day ripping him apart. They have enough money and he's just not interested.
What did you think about that 2007 show at the 02 Arena?
I loved it. I saw it in a movie theater and it was fuckin' phenomenal. It really just showed everybody, "Ok look: this is what we did back in the day, and we're gonna leave it at that." I wish they would have done a couple more shows back then. And with Pantera, even though I never see Phil [Anselmo] and Vinnie [Paul] making up, Vinnie especially, I'd say there's a better chance of that happening -– with Zakk on guitar.
Bigger mistake by a legendary band: Van Halen getting Gary Cherone to sing for them or Journey finding a new singer from the Philippines via YouTube?
Gary Cherone with Van Halen. I like Gary, but it just wasn't a right mix with the band. That fucking kid from Journey is unbelievable -– he sounds better than Steve Perry! We saw them at Download in 2009 and they were one of the best bands of that day.
Who looks more alike: Steve Perry in the Journey: Behind the Music and a Men's Wearhouse clerk, or Jimmy Page and the Quaker Oats guy?
[laughs] I'd say Jimmy Page.
Better Metallica bassist not named Cliff Burton?
I'd say a tie on that...
There's a lot of shit Rob [Trujillo] gets for his backing vocals whereas Jason [Newsted] would kill it on them.
That's true; I'd go with Rob, but backing vocals Jason was definitely better.
Nu-metal or new wave?
It's weird because there was a phase from '83 to '85 where I got into new wave because I needed to get laid. Walking around with a Judas Priest shirt, no chicks wanted to fuck me. So I started hanging out in new wave dance clubs and I was dancing... I was getting' laid, I'm sorry -– I turned my back to the metal community for like two years because I needed to get some pussy. But then nu-metal, besides Limp Bizkit, what was there?
Korn, Disturbed...
I'll go with nu-metal, because I liked some of it -– I still do.
And you don't like anything new wave –- except getting pussy.
I did then, but now you listen back and Thompson Twins -– ugh! "Hold Me Now?" What the fuck was I thinking? Yeah -– I'll take "did it all for the nookie" over fuckin' "Hold Me Now" by the Thompson Twins any day.
Rap rock or Krautrock?
I like rap rock –- Rage Against the Machine is one of my favorite bands.
Best place to get your favorite metal band shirt?
I get them at the concert, but I hate that the union fees take 30 percent. A lot of times I'll get them from the black guy in the parking lot; I always get a shitty one out there for 10 bucks. Then I go on eBay to find the obscure ones. I get them from all over.
Finally, you're going to be stranded on a desert island. Who do you trust to supply you with the only five CDs you'll ever listen to for the rest of your life: Eddie Trunk or Don Jamieson?
I'd go with Don.
Really? You don't think he'd fuck you by throwing in some Thompson Twins?
No, because me and Don like more of the similar stuff where Eddie likes more of the '80s stuff where me and Do like some of the newer stuff like Gojira or Hatebreed, stuff like that. Eddie's not so much into that stuff. Eddie might throw a Skid Row CD in there, and I don't hate Skid Row but it wouldn't be in my top five.


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Everything in that post of mine is indisputable truth.<quoted text>
You believe a lot of crazy stuff.
Pope's resignation spurs death threats, vicious bigotry
Posted in the Columbus Forum
Hugh Victor Thompson III
"Larchmont's Leading Citizen"
Since: Dec 12
#82 Feb 15, 2013
#84 Feb 15, 2013
Well Paco, one would not be able to tell looking at you.
#85 Feb 15, 2013
Almost everything you peck on a keyboard is disputable.
#86 Feb 15, 2013
Pope Benedict XVI has had an adventurous and colorful life. He has overcome many challenges and ordeals and worked his way to the Papacy. Now he's 85 and he's lasted longer as Pope than certain people expected, but at that age he probably has severe ailments and disabilities that interfere with his ability for governing the Church. Remember, he's now approximately the same age his predesessor John Paul II was when he died. Benedict XIV is no quitter.
On the other hand, Sarah Palin was in a local beauty pageant in BFE (whoopie f'n doo!) as well as a local TV journalist and it's been revealed that Ms. Goody 2 Shoes had a tryst with a basketball player (oh my) and maybe others. Then she got to be administrator in some icy dump with a population of 13 Eskimos, 15 polar bears and 3 elk. After that she became the Ice Queen of Alaska and then she ran as a veep candidate on the ticket with the honorable-but- smeared-by-Dumbya-Bush Vietnam Vet John McCain. Sarah popped off the chops, making it obvious to everyone that her IQ is less than Alaska's polar temperatures. Her husband has had membership in an Alaska sessionist party, and then there's that "winner" Bristol, whose lover didn't glove his pistol. Afterward, Sarah kept on being an attention whore, bashing everyone, even McCain, and QUITTING the Alaska governorship in order to shill 2 books of pulp that almost certainly were ghostwritten.
Pope Benedict XIV has had a full life and he's no quitter. Sarah Palin is a quitter, a faker, a Goody Two Shoes type, and one real dumb broad.
"Tenured Marxist Radical"
Since: Jan 13
Ivy League-ISIS
#87 Feb 15, 2013
OK, I've had leftists tell me that Palin is a crack snorting adulterer, and now you are referring to her as "Goody two shoes", not to mention that they routinely accused her of being corrupt.
#88 Feb 15, 2013
Bye bye. All you need is a passport. Need a lift to the airport? Happy to drop you off. Cheaper than a cab.
United States
#89 Feb 15, 2013
crack snorter? Gee whiz, are you that square not to know that 'crack ' is not snorted but smoked instead? It's cocaine base, that's powder mixed with baking soda, heated in a large glass mason jar until its a melted glob, cooled with cold water,and cut into $20,$50 and $100 dollar pieces, and sold in every state, including Hawaii and Alaska. You could've learned that on the internet!
#90 Feb 16, 2013
I recognize that a lot of Alternate Lifestyle people snort brown crack and hairy crack.
No fire is required, except maybe in their loins.
"Queen of my domain"
Since: May 10
Location hidden
#91 Feb 16, 2013
Sounds like you've got the experience... not everyone is, or cares to be, exposed to those things. There's a reason for that.
#92 Feb 16, 2013
Wouldn't surprise me one bit if Palin tried to snort crack.
Hugh Victor Thompson III
"Larchmont's Leading Citizen"
Since: Dec 12
#93 Feb 16, 2013
Then you have Joe:
#94 Feb 17, 2013
OK, I don't know about the crack stuff but the adultress notion has some strong evidence to support it. What I mean as "Goody two shoes" is the image she constantly projects. An elk is shot by a real hunter and she kneels at the beast and openly poses - pretends to pray to give thanks for animal that she didn't hunt. This was to impress hunters and outdoorsmen - for political support. Then she posed in front of a wooden stars + stripes decorated board and flashes an idiotic smile while folding her hands as in prayer. She sits on a seat, crossing her legs and grinning like a doofus again, turning on all those Alex P. Keaton types. She constant portrays herself as being wholesome goody two shoes but in real life she is corrupt, mean and unbelievably stupid. It's all a put-on. Also, her 2 books are absolutely dimwit crap.
#95 Feb 17, 2013
We used to joke with one of my friends in school. She used to like black guys and we'd tell her that no white guy is ever going to touch you after having sex with a brother. Accordingly, Sarah lost me when I found out she did the black basketball player.
Roger Ailes thinks she's a dimwit. That's good enough for me.
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CALVARY AND THE MASS Fulton J SheenSoftcover - 102pp
"Calvary and the Mass" Bishop Sheens reflections on what is now know as the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass is one of his most dynamic and eloquent Catholic books. It is a vivid, inspiring explanation of the true meaning of the Mass, an explanation that is filled with wisdom and beauty.
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Hamilton community raises money for injured local
HAMILTON, Mont. - The Hamilton community is raising money for a local man who was badly injured in a late January accident.
Family and friends have been arranging fundraisers to help cover 24-year-old Jonathan Couch's expensive recovery.
Sunday afternoon NBC Montana caught up with Couch's close friends and family to get the full story.
"He's an ox he's one of the strongest guys I know both physically and mentally and if anybody else can pull through it it's going to be him," said John Rankin, one of Couch's longtime best friends.
Rankin says it's been difficult watching his buddy go through such a tragic ordeal, but he's thankful Couch's fiancée Gabbie is by his side.
"She's in Seattle with him and at his side 24/7," said Rankin. "Whether it's cleaning his wounds or bringing him any necessities, anything."
Gabbie's mother, Bridgid Jarrett, put together a Facebook page called 'Jon Couch Update' where she keeps the community filled in on his condition. It also lets Gabbie and Couch read the many supportive comments posted on the page.
"He was not expected to live through this and he did; he was not expected to walk again and now he will likely walk," said Jarrett. "We feel like he's doing his part and we should just do our part to bring him home."
The accident left Couch with a number of serious injuries including internal bleeding, facial fractures, multiple fractures to his sacrum and pelvis, and significant damage to the left side of his body including his leg.
Jarrett says she's thankful Couch didn't suffer any brain injuries or spinal cord damage.
Rankin says he admires Couch's positive attitude and optimism.
"Initially when he was told there was a possibility he may not walk again he asked well you know would I be able to get a plastic leg with a smile on his face," said Rankin.
Jarrett says it's a tragedy for the young couple to endure such hardships, as both have had to leave their jobs because of the ordeal, but she says she's proud of her daughter and the community for supporting couch.
"If you ever needed anyone to be there for you he'd be the one and Gabbie's over there and everyone's seeing what a sacrifice she's making for him, but she would be the first one to tell you that he saved her," said Jarrett. "He saves her every day, so you know she's there for him and he's always been there for her."
"Just days after the accident he's giving a thumbs-up letting us know he's okay," said Rankin. "That's the attitude we can expect moving forward from this guy you know and the sooner we can get our Couch back the better."
Jarrett told NBC Montana they're hoping to have Couch back in Hamilton by July.
There is a bank account set up to help with Couch's recovery costs and to help pay for his family and Gabbie to stay in Seattle with him while he recovers.
Donations can be made through any Wells Fargo Bank; the fund is called "Jon Couch Benefit Fund." You can call your local Wells Fargo to work with a bank representative or phone Wells Fargo of Missoula.
You can also mail donations to Couch's employer Meridian Drywall Supply.
Couch's friends and family are holding a singles auction to raise money; the event will be on March 8th at the Silver Coin in Hamilton.
Jarrett says for the best up-to-date information on Couch's condition or to find out when other fundraisers will be held she suggests checking the 'Jon Couch Update' page on Facebook.


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Swallowing difficulty developed 3 days after Botox. Any suggestions?
I had botox injected for the first time (by a medically professional) approximately 6 days ago - to combat forehead and frown lines. The brand was either Azzallure or Botox - it has slipped my mind which type the doctor ended up using as I was nervous at the time. The doctor is away at the moment and I won't get a chance to speak to him for another 2 weeks. From about the 3rd day onwards I have experienced difficulty swallowing and a sensation that my throat is closing. Is this a possible side effect?
Doctor Answers 3
Side Effects of Botox
Thank you for your question. I'd recommend booking an appointment with your physician.
All the best.
Thank you for your question. I'd recommend booking an appointment with your physician.
All the best.
Botox and side Effects
There have been reports of Botox spreading to other parts of the body. I would definitely return to your treating physician for examination and if he or she is unavailable then you should consult an expert to see if the problem is from Botox or from something else. Best, Dr. Green
Web reference: http://www.michelegreenmd.com/botox-cosmetic
Swallowing difficulties after Botox
Difficulties with swallowing 3 days after Botox to the forehead is unlikely related. If your airway feels compromised, call your physician
You might also like...
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Congrats! I guess the old adage of "mechanical engineers make weapons, civil engineers make targets" really is true.
This is a discussion on New Job within the Bob & Terry's Place forums, part of the The Back Porch category; Technically, it's my first full time job. I'm graduating college with a mechanical engineering degree in May and I just signed the paperwork this afternoon. ...
Technically, it's my first full time job. I'm graduating college with a mechanical engineering degree in May and I just signed the paperwork this afternoon.
I will be working in the department that makes the metal links for machine gun belts for the U.S. government. Talk about a sweet gig!
I'm just so thankful I'm done with job applications and interviews!
Congrats! I guess the old adage of "mechanical engineers make weapons, civil engineers make targets" really is true.
Kimber Pro TLE II (EDC)
Bersa Thunder .380 (EDC)
Sig Sauer P226
Bushmaster XM15-E2S
Winchester Model 70 .270
It's good you found something you like to do, it makes the daily grind more bearable.
Congratulations on graduating, starting your career, and a wonderful new job.
Congratulations, it sounds like a great job.
Don't believe what you hear and only half of what you see!
-Tony Soprano
Congratulations! My nieces and nephews are all graduating with good degrees and are having a heck of a time. I really feel bad for young folks hitting the market right now.
Great job!
__________________________________________________ ____
You Can Also Find Me On Personal Defense Forum Dot Com
Congrats on the beginnings of a great new life!
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
ALWAYS carry! - NEVER tell!
"A superior Operator is best defined as someone who uses his superior
judgement to keep himself out of situations that would require a display of his
superior skills."
For finding a job.
And for wanting to work.
Benjamin Franklin: "They who would give up an essential liberty for temporary security, deserve neither liberty or security."
^^^^^^^^^^^What evo said^^^^^^^^^^!!!!!!!
One less graduate moving back home to live with ma n dad !
I would rather die with good men than hide with cowards
If you want to make God laugh, tell him your plans
Don't ever think that the reason I'm peaceful is because I don't know how to be violent
M&Pc .357SIG, 2340Sigpro .357SIG
Congratulations! Even with qualifications, good jobs are difficult to come by in today's job market. Best of luck!
"We are the people our parents warned us about!" J. Buffett
I must say I am severely jealous, although I am very happy for you. I graduated last May with a civil engineering degree, and I have yet to find anything. I'm currently working at a local HVAC company and Best Buy to make ends meet. Although I'm not where I want to be, I am extremely grateful for the two jobs that I do have. Many people can't even find one. Again, congratulations, and share the luck
"But blessed is the man who trusts in the LORD, whose confidence is in him."-Jeremiah 17:7
Thanks for all the kind words guys!
Now I just have to figure out what self defense tools are actually legal for me to have in my car since its a military base. Anyone who frequently works on a base knows all the security requirements that go with that.


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PortCityDaily.com is your source for free news and information in the Wilmington area.
A teen was sentenced to 20 years in prison after pleading guilty to murder in the death of a 51-year-old man who was fatally shot in October 2013.
Rammaj Tyshawn Walker, 19, pleaded guilty Wednesday in New Hanover County Superior Court to charges of second-degree murder, robbery with a dangerous weapon and conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon, according to court records.
Walker was one of three suspects charged in connection with the robbery and death of Angelo Freeman, who was shot several times at his home on Lilac Court in Wilmington on Oct. 1, 2013.
His co-defendant in the case—22-year-old Nicholas Terrell Bannerman—pleaded guilty to the same charges on July 20.
Freeman's body was found on the floor of his home by a close family friend, according to Wilmington Police Chief Ralph Evangelous, who spoke about the case in October 2013, following Bannerman's arrest. An unlit gas stove was turned on in the home, he added.
"It appears that there was a struggle inside Mr. Freeman's home…he was found face-down in his back bedroom," Assistant District Attorney Timothy Severo said in Bannerman's plea in superior court.
Freeman had been shot in his thigh, hand, chest and back, Severo said.
"What doctors determined to be the fatal shot was a contact wound to his back that damaged his heart and his lungs. And that's what killed him," he added.
Walker was arrested on Oct. 10, 2013. He was originally charged with first-degree murder, two counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon and first-degree arson. Court records show all other charges in the case were dismissed as part of his plea agreement.
Wilmington police also arrested 22-year-old Trey Quadrell Scott in connection with the case. He has been charged with first-degree murder, robbery with a dangerous weapon, conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon, first-degree burglary, attempted first-degree arson and first-degree kidnapping. Scott is being held at the New Hanover County Jail under a $500,000 secured bond.
According to Samantha Dooies, assistant to District Attorney Ben David, the state's case against Scott is pending in New Hanover County Superior Court.
Sentencing for both Bannerman and Walker will be held at a later date, she said.


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What would financial Armageddon look like?Breaking News
Yet current events are clearly not in the same league.
"I don't think so, considering that the Great Depression had thousands of banks failing and people losing their life savings, 25% unemployment and social unrest and tent cities of the poor," says Allan Sloan, Washington Post and Fortune magazine columnist.
The US government may end up spending trillions of dollars dealing with the problems, but so far, with unemployment at about 6% and arguments going on about whether the US economy is even in recession, it seems frivolous to mention the current crisis in the same sentence as the Great Depression.
However bad things seem at the moment, they could be a great deal worse.
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More Comments:
Jules R. Benjamin - 9/28/2008
We will not experience a repeat of the depression of the 1930's because our economy is very different that that of the 1930's. We are much more dependent on consumer spending and credit than we were in the 1920's. International trade is not only much larger today but much "freer." The trading system of the 1920's was tariff bound. Bank deposits are protected and government intervention will protect the bankers as well; as we are seeing. I am not saying that we cannot have a major economic collapse only that it will not take the form that it did in the 1930's. One similarity, however, between today and 1929 is that the crisis began at the top and was the result not of failures of production or consumption but of leverage, liquidity and "confidence." Yes, that means Wall St. But -- since Wall St. has the ability to bring down the whole system if we don't come up with the level of "confidence" they need, kowing who is guilty doen't mean we can afford to punish them. I guess our economic system is not the wonder that we usually take it to be.
Randll Reese Besch - 9/26/2008
The un and under-employed are not counted in any meaningful way that hides their true number. Plus we have a middle class that has been eviserated on purpose by those who do not like the New Deal or its outgrowths.
- Historian David Kaiser says the most exciting day of his life was JFK's election
- Michael Bliss, Historian Who Dispelled Myths of Insulin's Discovery, Dies at 76
- Jill Lepore: Americans Aren't Just Divided Politically, They're Divided Over History Too
- AHA joins protest of Trump's plan for drastic cuts to the NEH
- Diane Ravitch says the Democrats paved the way for the education secretary's efforts to privatize our public schools


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Hotel Do Pozzi
Select your stay dates to check availability at Hotel Do Pozzi
Hotel Do Pozzi
About the Hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Hotel Do Pozzi in Venice (San Marco), you'll be minutes from Teatro La Fenice and St. Mark's Basilica. This hotel is within close proximity of Santa Maria del Giglio and La Fenice Opera House.
Make yourself at home in one of the 28 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with showers feature rainfall showerheads and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include desks, housekeeping is provided daily, and cribs/infant beds (complimentary) can be requested.
Make use of convenient amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and babysitting/childcare (surcharge).
Enjoy a bite to eat at a coffee shop/café, or stay in and take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a 24-hour front desk, multilingual staff, and luggage storage.
Hotel Facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Total number of rooms - 28
- Luggage storage
- Free breakfast
- Free WiFi
- Elevator/lift
- Concierge services
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Multilingual staff
- Number of floors - 3
- Bar/lounge
Room Facilities
- Daily housekeeping
- Rainfall showerhead
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Hair dryer
- Room service (limited hours)
- Air conditioning
- Satellite TV service
- Desk
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Private bathroom
- Free WiFi
- Minibar
- Free cribs/infant beds
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- All guests, including children, must be present at check-in and show their government-issued photo ID card or passport.
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2999.99, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 3.50 per person, per night for adults; EUR 1.75 per night for guests aged 10-16 years old. This tax does not apply to children under 10 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
Originally posted on Larry Brown Sports | Last updated 11/23/12
The Kansas City Chiefs are hearing criticism from all angles. Even when they try to good things, they still are razzed about their abysmal 1-9 record. Receiver Dexter McCluster was one of the players who took part in the team's annual delivery of meals to low-income residents in Kansas City this week. As KSHB captured on video, one elderly lady couldn't accept her meal without sharing some thoughts on the team. "Y'all better start winning some games. I be praying for you all, but you've been coming up short," the woman told McCluster. When he responded that she needs to pray a little bit harder, she gave a zinger back. "Y'all got to work a little bit harder." What can you say to that? This is just the latest chapter in a contentious year between Chiefs fans and the team. They're have been snafus over Twitter, airplane banners calling for the GM's firing and quarterback's benching, and in the strongest example, there was this. Chiefs fans are passionate about their team, and they won't put up with this losing nonsense much longer. Helmet smack to Deadspin
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smartCAT gives me access to a team of translators whom I trust and who know the voice and writing style we're looking for at HotelTonight. The messaging functionality included in the smartCAT editor allows me to communicate with them and provide any feedback and support they need to render the quirkiness and edginess of our content. In addition, the platform provides the latest CAT tools and ensures complete transparency for every project. I can view the progress of our translations, organize collaborative projects and access stats and metrics for each freelancer all in one place, which is awesome!
smartCAT is a handy cloud based CAT tool for those who cannot afford to purchase the ridiculously overpriced and buggy software that has become the standard in our industry. It is very easy to use and great for someone getting acquainted with CAT
smartCAT's network of translators localized 30 courses for Coursera, resulting in a 300% increase in enrollment in Europe. This was the first crowdsourcing project of such a great scale, which united thousands of people on a single smartCAT platform. Eli Bildner, Product Manager for Localization at Coursera, says. "We can't thank our Russian-speaking friends enough for their commitment to making great educational content available across linguistic and geographic borders.
A very comfortable and attractive interface. Everything is very clear and easy to work with. The software takes into account absolutely everything, including glossaries and dictionaries, which is a great help for translators. We can now work anywhere, from any computer, and use machine translation as help. Everything is very convenient. I'm looking forward to updates. Good luck!
smartCAT is the very such solution that provides possibility to translate large volumes of data into different languages within a short time with the required quality, and to save completed translations for further reuse. Possibility to use ready templates and translations reduces considerably the time for document creation and allows to improve its quality. When working with such documents, it may seem that they were worked at by one person, while, in fact, they are the result the whole team collaboration, whose work is carefully preserved by smartCAT
smartCAT has really changed my attitude about working in the cloud! Contrary to other cloud platforms I've used, it's very user-friendly. If you've used other CAT tools, you don't even need training. No more formatting, no more saving files on your computer, and all the tools you need in one place! And if your computer crashes or your connection drops in the middle of a job, everything is already saved. smartCAT empowers translators and editors! I'm a real fan!


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I have bought myself some hosting and am now blogging over at davidrutt.me.uk – so this blog will be archived and no comments will be possible.
Please do head over there!
I have bought myself some hosting and am now blogging over at davidrutt.me.uk – so this blog will be archived and no comments will be possible.
Please do head over there!
In recent weeks I have started a bit of a fitness regime. I have been feeling my age for a few years, and while I didn't really have to put much effort into staying reasonably 'fit' during my youth it turns out that you start feeling tired and energy-less when you hit your forties.
This cannot stand, and so I have restarted running. This has been more difficult than I imagined.
I have never really been able to sustain any self-enforced fitness programme, so I decided to augment my enthusiasm for such a thing by buying a fitness-based smart watch. I can't afford an Apple Watch, so I decided to buy a Fitbit Blaze. I found that I couldn't afford that either, so I decided I'd better save up for something. Then Amazon Prime day came along and they had the Garmin Vivoactive for £60 off and I just HAD to get one.
So I did.
I've been using it for a few weeks now, and for an infrequent runner like me it is perfect. Well, not perfect, but certainly excellent value for money for the amount of functions it provides. The low-quality screen is good enough and doesn't drain the battery like many other watches of its type – I only really need to recharge every couple of weeks, and I'd have to recharge every night with an Apple Watch. It's GPS accuracy is great and I've found it a great motivational tool to get out and run or walk.
It also provides some useful exercise information which can be shared with friends and used for keeping track of progress. Here's my latest run.
Note that this is pretty slow, but pretty acceptable for a chap nearing 50. I've also linked in my existing RunKeeper and Strava accounts so that they stay in sync.
I don't know where this is going or how much improvement I can get. I'm feeling good about it at the moment and intend to keep going. I've joined the gym at work and I'm starting to add in some strengthening exercises into my week. I'm just trying to keep the decrepitude away for a little bit longer, but I'd also love to just get down to running a 5k in a 5 minute KM pace. I have some way to go for that.
There are posts in this blog from previous (failed) attempts at getting more fit. I've already exceeded the number of continuous weeks of exercise from those attempts and I do feel a lot more motivated than in previous years. The new tech is part of that, but also the feeling of impending infirmity. I'm increasingly aware of my age and the fact that I want to enjoy a good few decades with my lovely wife and daughter. I want to live it well, not feeling like crap.
I'm going to keep it going. Yes.
Like a large slice of Doom Metal with a side-order of Prog? Then you'll love King Goat.
I can't stop listening to this track. The rest of the album is very good too. Go and buy it!
With still more than two weeks left of this EU Referendum nonsense, how does a sensible person choose which box to tick come June 23rd?
There's so much crap to wade through before we get to any FACTS. This is the fault of the modern politician, everything has to be so binary and I don't think anyone really has a handle on what will actually happen given either option being selected by the British electorate.
I particularly enjoyed this blog:
I have not really engaged with the referendum campaign. I feel angered that a short term political fix thought up by a bloke who can't see more than one move ahead on the political chessboard, and which he appears never to have imagined would lead to an actual vote with actual voters expressing actual opinions […]
via Ach, to hell with it – on not engaging with the referendum — Love and Garbage – some commonplace musings
I am going to vote 'Remain'. This is mainly because the current situation is not terrible, if somewhat imperfect, and changing to another unproven position is, well, unknown. I am in favour of free movement and being part of a larger trade area. While the EU parliament appears to be chock full of incompetent bureaucrats I have even less faith that our own government (of any stripe) could create as good a position come Brexit.
The Referendum is giving us two bad options and I think Remain is the least bad. It's all a bit rubbish, isn't it?
I know it's not fashionable to prefer the Phil Collin's era of Genesis over Peter Gabriel, but there's just something about the poppier approach. I like it. I like it a lot. My favourite Genesis track is this:
This is a great track by any standards.
I love a good metaphor. They help a great deal in systems thinking modelling of complex situations; but they do have their limits and the most excellent posiwidblog has a very useful post about this.
Metaphor, huh yeah What is it good for? Absolutely nothing, oh hoh oh Metaphor huh yeah What is it good for? Absolutely nothing, say it again y'all Metaphor, huh good God What is it good for? Absolutely nothing, listen to me… Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to […]
via Metaphor, huh yeah, what is it good for? — posiwidblog
We have a systemsy workshop at work and we are using Clean Language to develop metaphors for how we see certain aspects of what we do. It's a very useful exercise and can really help us to learn how we work, and we can improve.
This blog post is related to an excellent webinar by Dan Ashby for the Ministry of Testing. Want to hire great testers? Have a read of this.
I've been conducting a lot of interviews recently and I thought I'd share my format for asking questions and stemming conversations that works well for me to be able to determine if the candidate is the right person for the job when it comes to skills, experience, mindset and remaining relevant in the industry.


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This time the ELCA:
At its inception in 1988 the ELCA it had about 5.3 million members in 11,133 churches. Every year but two has marked decline in membership; every year has marked a loss of congregations. In 2010 and 2011 after the decisions of 2009 in which gay blessings and ordinations were approved, the ELCA lost 710 congregations. Now two break-off churches—Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ and the North American Lutheran Church—account for about 1100 congregations. In 2011 the ELCA listed 4,059,785 members and 9,638 congregations. By 2013 there is little doubt it has fallen below 4,000,000. From 2003-2011 weekly attendance dropped by 26% across the church. There is decline in every demographic, every geographic area.


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The Engineering Simulation Expo 2017 is the trade show dedicated to the world of simulation technology, hardware and software. It brings world-leading products and services within the Simulation and Modeling field together with an audience of Simulation, FEA, Design, Stress, CFD and Structural engineers, senior decision makers and users from across the global engineering industry.
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Because I had so much fun making my DIY Finals Survival Kit, I couldn't help myself from think of more easy gift ideas! I love gifts in a jar (isn't everything better in a jar, really?) and now is the time of year when people really need a reminder to relax. Especially with finals coming up, relaxation is a major necessity. Here's a super cute DIY that you can whip up quickly for a stressed out friend!
What you'll need
In order to create your very own relaxation in a jar, you'll need to consider what kind of items you want to include. Think about this persons personal preferences. You can include makeup, food, bath goodies, and comfy items that will give your recipient a medley of relaxation items! It's helpful if you shop for all your items in one place because that way you can make sure your jar or container is large enough to fit everything you need! Also, don't feel limited to a jar! Consider using a basket, cute bucket, box, bowl, or coffee mug instead.
Once you've gathered your supplies, arrange them nicely in your jar and add a label for extra effect! You can save my "Relaxation in a jar" label here! Add a bow or some wrapping paper for extra appeal! (Tip: stick to a color scheme for an even cuter jar!)
Here's some ideas for inexpensive things you can include!
- Lip balm
- Moisturizer
- Facial mask
- Scrub
- Nail Polish
- Hair mask
- Deep conditioner
- Conditioning oils
- Luxury Shampoo/Conditioner Samples
- Bath bomb
- Essential oils
- Bubble bath
- Luxury soap
- Lufah
- Book
- Wordsearch/puzzle
- Magazine
- Relaxing playlist
- Candle
- Gloves
- Scarf
- Socks
- Candy
- Chocolates
- Coffee
- Hot cocoa
- Healthy snacks
I hope this relaxation kit helps the people in your life unwind from the holiday season stress! How do you relax during the holidays?


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The closing reminds me of locally owned restaurants that went out of business years ago.
Beeker's General Store in Pemberville is a familiar northwest Ohio landmark.
More telling than the thermometer readings are signs of this glorious season.
Tradition, deep respect for the couple who started Ole Zim's Wagon Shed are served with love.
Memories of friend Donna Morgan.
It just might be the right time to reconsider the Golden Buckeye card. The suggestion is not only because we are days from tax deadline but because I personally am sick and tired of all the "deals" offered if I have the dexterity and
Welcome April — the joyful month with Easter as the centerpiece, and green grass, chirping birds, and bright sunshine. How sweet it is to get out the Easter decorations and perhaps add new ones. There is something so inviting about the candy
Annual dinner theater event upcoming for Otsego Schools.
How sweet it is to find restaurants that are new to me but have been in Northwest Ohio for years. Yes — and please don't ask me again — I miss Posey Lake, probably always will, but the area that is now home has a wealth of
I really don't care how well Oprah is doing on Weight Watchers. Good for her and the money she probably is making for the commercial. And I am sick and tired of Marie Osmond's TV promotion, "I lost 50 pounds on Nutrisystem."


text:
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UniversetAarhus University Press 2003; US$ 19.88
Kosmologi er et fag i rivende udvikling. Inden for de seneste �r har man eksempelvis opdaget, at vores univers udvider sig hurtigere og hurtigere, i mods�tning til hvad man tidligere troede. Bogen indeholder kapitler om vores nuv�rende viden om universets egenskaber, fra stjerner og galakser til den kosmiske baggrundsstr�ling, den sidste rest af str�ling... more...
Great AstronomersReadHowYouWant 2006; US$ 3.99
This work enlists the services of men who worked in the field of Astronomy. Ball has chronicled the lives of all great astronomers and provided glimpses of their personal lives as well as their interests and their era. This gives a deep understanding of their work and discoveries. more...
Dinosaurs and CreationBaker Publishing Group 2000; US$ 10.99
Answers to fifty questions about dinosaurs, including Where do dinosaurs fit into biblical history? Why were dinosaurs so large? more...
Adventures in Order and ChaosSpringer Netherlands 2007; US$ 156.33
For many years I was organizing a weekly seminar on dynamical astronomy, and I used to make some historical remarks on every subject, including some anecdotes from my contacts with many leading scientists over the years. I described also the development of various subjects and the emergence of new ideasindynamicalastronomy. Thenseveralpeoplepromptedmetowritedown... more...
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This publication, in two volumes, includes most of the scientific papers presented at the first meeting of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life (ISSOL), held on June 25-28, 1973 in Barcelona, Spain. The first volume contains the invited articles and the second volume the contributed papers, which also appear in the 1974 and... more...
Origin of Cosmic RaysSpringer Netherlands 2012; US$ 85.97
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text:
AUD/USD - Australian Dollar US Dollar, European Session - 16/06/09
0,7918. AUD USD is in a consolidation after the last bearish movement. AUD USD moves without trend and swings around exponential moving averages (EMA 50 and 100). The volatility decreases. Bollinger bands are parallel and form the trend. ForexTrend 1H (Mataf Trend Indicator) is in a bearish configuration. The downtrend should continue on 0,7790 support (128 pips).
- Resistances
- 0,7965 - 0,8050
- Supports
- 0,7860 - 0,7790
tags: Forex, audusd
author: Arnaud Jeulin
Mataf.net offers technical analysis, forex news and currency converter.


text:
In the five years since Dynamite, electro and dubstep have made significant inroads into the dance-pop mainstream, which leaves an old-school full-band funk exercise like Rock Dust Light Star sounding more than a little dated.
The slippery disco-funk of tracks such as "White Knuckle Ride" and "She's A Fast Persuader" recalls The Bee Gees, while the gospelly backing vocals and swampy guitar licks of "Hurtin'" flash straight back to 1972. Alongside the usual slick soul, the title-track itself is a confused and largely shapeless venture into prog-funk. The anti-drug song "Hey Floyd" makes a better fist of shifting mid-song from funk-pop to reggae, and "All Good In The Hood" features a virtuoso bass part that channels James Jamerson, Bernard Edwards and Larry Graham all at once, but it's a patchy affair overall.
DOWNLOAD THIS All Good In The Hood; Hey Floyd; Hurtin'
- More about:
- Jamiroquai
- Reggae & Dub
- Rock
- The Bee Gees


text:
The C 280 combines the ultimate in fishability with creature comforts not typically found in hard core fishing machines. Play hard and look great in the new C 280 from Pursuit.
PURSUIT 280 Center Console w/ Twin Yamaha F250 HP Four Strokes w/Command Link , Stainless Steel Props, Freight, Prep, Full Deluxe Coast Guard Package, Rigged & Ready, Full Fuel & Orientation
Navy Blue Hull W/ Red Boot Stripe
Fiberglass Top W/ Rod Holders, PFD Storage, Electronics Box, Front & Side Enclosure
Tempered Glass Windshield
Power Steering w/ Sport Adjustable Helm, 15" S.S. Polished Steering Wheel
Enclosed Compartment W/ Electric Head, 20 Gal. Holding Tank, Macerator & Sink
Polk Stereo W/ Bluetooth, 4 Speakers, Remote Control at Helm & Mounted iPod USB
Forward Console Insulated 140 Qt. Cooler W/ 3"Cushion
Bow Seating w/ Cushions, Aft Fold-Down Seat
Outriggers (Rupp Revolution W/ 15' Poles)
52 Gal. Oceana Blue Lighted Livewell
Insulated 45 Gal. Insulated Transom Fishbox
Twin Insulated In-Floor 29 Gal Fishboxes W/ Macerator Pump-Out & Overboard Drain
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Lenco Trim Tabs, Ritchie Compass
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text: Lecture 02 Symmetric Cryptography Asst.Prof. Supakorn Kungpisdan, Ph.D. email@example.com NETE0519-ISEC0513 1 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Cipher DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 2 Basic Terminology plaintext - original message ciphertext - coded message cipher - algorithm for transforming plaintext to ciphertext key - info used in cipher known only to sender/receiver encipher (encrypt) - converting plaintext to ciphertext decipher (decrypt) - recovering ciphertext from plaintext cryptography - study of encryption principles/methods cryptanalysis (codebreaking) - study of principles/ methods of deciphering ciphertext without knowing key cryptology - field of both cryptography and cryptanalysis NETE0519-ISEC0513 3 How a Cryptosystem Works Plaintext (M) (data file or messages) encryption algorithm (E) + secret key A (KA) EKa(M) = C DKb(C) = M DKb(EKa(M)) = M Ciphertext (C) (stored or transmitted safely) decryption algorithm (D) + secret key B (KB) Plaintext (M) (original data or messages) Note: Key A may be the same as Key B, depending on the algorithm NETE0519-ISEC0513 4 Brute Force Search always possible to simply try every key most basic attack, proportional to key size assume either know / recognise plaintext Key Size (bits) Number of Alternative Keys Time required at 1 decryption/µs Time required at 106 decryptions/µs 32 232 = 4.3 109 231 µs = 35.8 minutes 2.15 milliseconds 56 256 = 7.2 1016 255 µs = 1142 years 10.01 hours 128 2128 = 3.4 1038 2127 µs = 5.4 1024 years 5.4 1018 years 168 2168 = 3.7 1050 2167 µs = 5.9 1036 years 5.9 1030 years 26! = 4 1026 2 1026 µs = 6.4 1012 years 26 characters (permutation) NETE0519-ISEC0513 6.4 106 years 5 Types of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Deploy the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt messages The secret key is shared between two parties Encryption algorithm is the same as decryption algorithm Asymmetric (Public-key) Cryptography Private key, Public key The secret key is not shared and two parties can still communicate using their public keys Encryption alg. is different from decryption alg. NETE0519-ISEC0513 6 Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 7 Public-Key Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 8 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 9 Model of Symmetric Cryptosystem NETE0519-ISEC0513 10 What is Symmetric Encryption used for? Transmitting data over an insecure channel Secure stored data (encrypt & store) Provide integrity check NETE0519-ISEC0513 11 Properties of Symmetric Cryptography Message Confidentiality Message Authentication Message Integrity NETE0519-ISEC0513 12 Cryptanalysis Depending on what a cryptanalyst has to work with, attacks can be classified into Ciphertext only attack Known plaintext attack Chosen plaintext attack Chosen ciphertext attack (most severe) NETE0519-ISEC0513 13 Ciphertext-only Attack Collect ciphertexts of several messages encrypted using the same encryption algorithm and try to recover plaintexts or encrypting key(s). Given: C1 = Ek(P1), C2=Ek(P2), ..., Ci=Ek(Pi) Deduce: Either P1, P2, …, Pi; k; or an algorithm to infer Pi+1 from Ci+1=Ek(Pi+1) NETE0519-ISEC0513 14 Known-plaintext Attack Able to collect ciphertext of several messages and corresponding plaintext, and try to resolve the encrypting key(s). Given: P1, C1 = Ek(P1), P2, C2=Ek(P2), ..., Pi, Ci=Ek(Pi) Deduce: Either k, or an algorithm to infer Pi+1 from Ci+1=Ek(Pi+1) NETE0519-ISEC0513 15 Chosen-plaintext Attack Able to collect ciphertext of several messages and associated plaintext, and also able to choose the plaintext that gets encrypted. Try to deduce the encrypting key(s). More powerful than known-plaintext attack Given: P1, C1 = Ek(P1), P2, C2=Ek(P2), ..., Pi, Ci=Ek(Pi) where the cryptanalyst gets to choose P1,…, Pi Deduce: Either k, or an algorithm to infer Pi+1 from Ci+1=Ek(Pi+1) NETE0519-ISEC0513 16 Chosen-ciphertext Attack Able to choose different ciphertext to be decrypted and has access to the decrypted plaintext. Try to deduce the key E.g. has access to a tamperproof box that does automatically decryption. Given: C1, P1 = Dk(C1), C2, P2=Dk(C2), ..., Ci, Pi=Dk(Ci) Deduce: k Primarily applicable to public-key algorithms. NETE0519-ISEC0513 17 More Definitions unconditional security no matter how much computer power or time is available, the cipher cannot be broken since the ciphertext provides insufficient information to uniquely determine the corresponding plaintext computational security given limited computing resources (eg time needed for calculations is greater than age of universe), the cipher cannot be broken NETE0519-ISEC0513 18 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 19 Substitution Ciphers Character in plaintext is substituted for another character in ciphertext Caesar Cipher: each plaintext character is replaced by the character three to the right modulo 26. E.g. AD, BE, XA ROT13: commonly found in UNIX systems. Every plaintext character is rotated 13 places. NETE0519-ISEC0513 20 Caesar Cipher earliest known substitution cipher by Julius Caesar first attested use in military affairs replaces each letter by 3rd letter on example: meet me after the toga party PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB NETE0519-ISEC0513 21 Caesar Cipher (cont.) K=3 Outer: plaintext Inner: ciphertext NETE0519-ISEC0513 22 Caesar Cipher (cont.) can define transformation as: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C mathematically give each letter a number a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 then have Caesar cipher as: c = E(p) = (p + k) mod (26) p = D(c) = (c – k) mod (26) NETE0519-ISEC0513 23 Cryptanalysis of Caesar Cipher only have 26 possible ciphers A maps to A,B,..Z could simply try each in turn a brute force search given ciphertext, just try all shifts of letters do need to recognize when have plaintext eg. break ciphertext "GCUA VQ DTGCM" NETE0519-ISEC0513 24 Monoalphabetic Cipher rather than just shifting the alphabet could shuffle (jumble) the letters arbitrarily each plaintext letter maps to a different random ciphertext letter hence key is 26 letters long Plain: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Cipher: DKVQFIBJWPESCXHTMYAUOLRGZN Plaintext: ifwewishtoreplaceletters Ciphertext: WIRFRWAJUHYFTSDVFSFUUFYA NETE0519-ISEC0513 25 Monoalphabetic Cipher Security now have a total of 26! = 4 x 1026 keys with so many keys, might think is secure but would be !!!WRONG!!! problem is language characteristics NETE0519-ISEC0513 26 Language Redundancy and Cryptanalysis human languages are redundant eg "th lrd s m shphrd shll nt wnt" letters are not equally commonly used in English E is by far the most common letter followed by T,R,N,I,O,A,S other letters like Z,J,K,Q,X are fairly rare have tables of single, double & triple letter frequencies for various languages NETE0519-ISEC0513 27 English Letter Frequencies NETE0519-ISEC0513 28 Use in Cryptanalysis key concept - monoalphabetic substitution ciphers do not change relative letter frequencies discovered by Arabian scientists in 9th century calculate letter frequencies for ciphertext compare counts/plots against known values if caesar cipher look for common peaks/troughs peaks at: A-E-I triple, NO pair, RST triple troughs at: JK, X-Z for monoalphabetic must identify each letter tables of common double/triple letters help NETE0519-ISEC0513 29 Example Cryptanalysis given ciphertext: UZQSOVUOHXMOPVGPOZPEVSGZWSZOPFPESXUDBMETSXAIZ VUEPHZHMDZSHZOWSFPAPPDTSVPQUZWYMXUZUHSX EPYEPOPDZSZUFPOMBZWPFUPZHMDJUDTMOHMQ count relative letter frequencies (see text) guess P & Z are e and t guess ZW is th and hence ZWP is the proceeding with trial and error finally get: it was disclosed yesterday that several informal but direct contacts have been made with political representatives of the viet cong in moscow NETE0519-ISEC0513 30 Vigenère Cipher simplest polyalphabetic substitution cipher effectively multiple caesar ciphers key is multiple letters long K = k1 k2 ... kd ith letter specifies ith alphabet to use use each alphabet in turn repeat from start after d letters in message decryption simply works in reverse NETE0519-ISEC0513 31 Example of Vigenère Cipher write the plaintext out write the keyword repeated above it use each key letter as a caesar cipher key encrypt the corresponding plaintext letter eg using keyword deceptive key: deceptivedeceptivedeceptive plaintext: wearediscoveredsaveyourself ciphertext:ZICVTWQNGRZGVTWAVZHCQYGLMGJ NETE0519-ISEC0513 32 Transposition Ciphers now consider classical transposition or permutation ciphers these hide the message by rearranging the letter order without altering the actual letters used can recognise these since have the same frequency distribution as the original text NETE0519-ISEC0513 33 Rail Fence cipher write message letters out diagonally over a number of rows then read off cipher row by row eg. write message out as: m e m a t r h t g p r y e t e f e t e o a a t giving ciphertext MEMATRHTGPRYETEFETEOAAT NETE0519-ISEC0513 34 Row Transposition Ciphers a more complex transposition write letters of message out in rows over a specified number of columns then reorder the columns according to some key before reading off the rows Key: 3 4 2 1 5 6 7 Plaintext: a t t a c k p o s t p o n e d u n t i l t w o a m x y z Ciphertext: APTMTTNAAODWTSUOCOIXKNLYPETZ NETE0519-ISEC0513 35 Steganography Plaintext can be hidden by two ways: Steganography: conceal the existence of the message Cryptography: render the message unintelligible to outsiders using various kinds of transformation of the text Examples of Steganography Character marking: overwrite text with pencil Invisible ink: use special substance Pin punctures: pin puncture on selected letters NETE0519-ISEC0513 36 One-Time Pad One-time pad is a large non-repeating set of truly random key letters Encryption is a additional modulo 26 of plaintext character Pad length must be equal to the message length !!! For example: Message: ONETIMEPAD Pad Sequence: TBFRGFARFM Ciphertext: IPKLPSFHGQ Because O+T mod 26 = I 15+20 mod 26 = 9 N+B mod 26 = P 14+2 mod 26 = 16 E+F mod 26 = K, etc. NETE0519-ISEC0513 Decryption P+K mod 26 = C P = C-K mod 26 I-T mod 26 = 9-20 mod 26 = -11 mod 26 = -11+26 mod 26 = 15 mod 26 =O 37 One-Time Pad (cont.) if a truly random key as long as the message is used, the cipher will be secure called a One-Time pad is unbreakable since ciphertext bears no statistical relationship to the plaintext since for any plaintext & any ciphertext there exists a key mapping one to other can only use the key once though problems in generation & safe distribution of key NETE0519-ISEC0513 38 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 39 Cryptographic Process Message m1 m2 Message mn m1 Encryption c1 c2 Ciphertext NETE0519-ISEC0513 m2 mn Decryption cn c1 c2 cn Ciphertext 40 Block Cipher VS Stream Cipher Block cipher: divides entire message in to blocks used to produce ciphertext. Stream cipher: encrypts a data stream one bit or one byte at a time. NETE0519-ISEC0513 41 Stream Ciphers process message bit by bit (as a stream) have a pseudo random keystream combined (XOR) with plaintext bit by bit randomness of stream key completely destroys statistically properties in message Ci = Mi XOR StreamKeyi but must never reuse stream key otherwise can recover messages (cf book cipher) NETE0519-ISEC0513 42 Stream Cipher Structure NETE0519-ISEC0513 43 Stream Cipher Properties some design considerations are: long period with no repetitions statistically random depends on large enough key large linear complexity properly designed, can be as secure as a block cipher with same size key but usually simpler & faster NETE0519-ISEC0513 44 RC4 a proprietary cipher owned by RSA DSI another Ron Rivest design, simple but effective variable key size, byte-oriented stream cipher widely used (web SSL/TLS, wireless WEP) key forms random permutation of all 8-bit values uses that permutation to scramble input info processed a byte at a time NETE0519-ISEC0513 45 RC4 Key Schedule starts with an array S of numbers: 0..255 use key to well and truly shuffle S forms internal state of the cipher for i = 0 to 255 do S[i] = i T[i] = K[i mod keylen]) j = 0 for i = 0 to 255 do j = (j + S[i] + T[i]) (mod 256) swap (S[i], S[j]) NETE0519-ISEC0513 46 RC4 Encryption encryption continues shuffling array values sum of shuffled pair selects "stream key" value from permutation XOR S[t] with next byte of message to en/decrypt i = j = 0 for each message byte Mi i = (i + 1) (mod 256) j = (j + S[i]) (mod 256) swap(S[i], S[j]) t = (S[i] + S[j]) (mod 256) Ci = Mi XOR S[t] NETE0519-ISEC0513 47 RC4 Overview NETE0519-ISEC0513 48 RC4 Security claimed secure against known attacks have some analyses, none practical result is very non-linear since RC4 is a stream cipher, must never reuse a key have a concern with WEP, but due to key handling rather than RC4 itself NETE0519-ISEC0513 49 Block Cipher Principles most symmetric block ciphers are based on a Feistel Cipher Structure needed since must be able to decrypt ciphertext to recover messages efficiently block ciphers look like an extremely large substitution would need table of 264 entries for a 64-bit block instead create from smaller building blocks using idea of a product cipher NETE0519-ISEC0513 50 Ideal Block Cipher NETE0519-ISEC0513 51 Claude Shannon and SubstitutionPermutation Ciphers Claude Shannon introduced idea of substitutionpermutation (S-P) networks in 1949 paper form basis of modern block ciphers S-P nets are based on the two primitive cryptographic operations seen before: substitution (S-box) permutation (P-box) provide confusion & diffusion of message & key NETE0519-ISEC0513 52 Diffusion and Confusion Confusion: hard to find any relationship between ciphertext and key. Diffusion: spreads influence of individual plaintext or key bits over as much of the ciphertext as possible. In particular, one bit change of plaintext or key must increase the difficulty of cryptanalysis. NETE0519-ISEC0513 53 Block Cipher Divide a message M into m1, …, mn Add padding to last block Use Ek to produce (ciphertext blocks) x1, …, xn Use Dk to recover M from m1, …, mn Modes of Block Ciphers: Electronic Codebook Cipher Block Chaining Cipher Feedback Output Feedback Counter (CTR) NETE0519-ISEC0513 54 Electronic Codebook NETE0519-ISEC0513 55 Electronic Codebook (cont'd) Ideal for short amount of data transfer e.g. encryption key ECB produces the same message pattern if using the same input. Not secure for lengthy message, easy for cryptanalysis. NETE0519-ISEC0513 56 Cipher Block Chaining NETE0519-ISEC0513 57 Cipher Feedback NETE0519-ISEC0513 58 Output Feedback NETE0519-ISEC0513 59 Counter (CTR) a "new" mode, though proposed early on similar to OFB but encrypts counter value rather than any feedback value must have a different key & counter value for every plaintext block (never reused) Ci = Pi XOR Oi Oi = DESK1(i) uses: high-speed network encryptions NETE0519-ISEC0513 60 Counter (CTR) (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 61 Advantages and Limitations of CTR efficiency can do parallel encryptions in h/w or s/w can preprocess in advance of need good for bursty high speed links random access to encrypted data blocks provable security (good as other modes) but must ensure never reuse key/counter values, otherwise could break (cf OFB) NETE0519-ISEC0513 62 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 63 Feistel Cipher Structure Virtually all conventional block encryption algorithms, including DES have a structure first described by Horst Feistel of IBM in 1973 The realization of a Fesitel Network depends on the choice of the following parameters and design features (see next slide): NETE0519-ISEC0513 64 Feistel Cipher Structure (cont.) Block size: larger block sizes mean greater security Key Size: larger key size means greater security Number of rounds: multiple rounds offer increasing security Subkey generation algorithm: greater complexity will lead to greater difficulty of cryptanalysis. Fast software encryption/decryption: the speed of execution of the algorithm becomes a concern Roung Function (F): Greater complexity is better, resistance to cryptanalysis NETE0519-ISEC0513 65 Feistel Encryption and Decryption NETE0519-ISEC0513 66 Proof: LD1 = RE15 Encryption side: LE16 = RE15 RE16 = LE15 F(RE15, K16) Decryption side: LD1 = RD0 = LE16 = RE15 RD1 = LD0 F(RD0, K16) = RE16 F(RE15, K16) = [LE15 F(RE15, K16)] F(RE15, K16) = LE15 [F(RE15, K16) F(RE15, K16)] = LE15 0 = LE15 NETE0519-ISEC0513 67 Data Encryption Standard (DES) most widely used block cipher in world adopted in 1977 by NBS (now NIST) as FIPS PUB 46 encrypts 64-bit data using 56-bit key has widespread use has been considerable controversy over its security NETE0519-ISEC0513 68 DES History IBM developed Lucifer cipher by team led by Feistel in late 60's used 64-bit data blocks with 128-bit key then redeveloped as a commercial cipher with input from NSA and others in 1973 NBS issued request for proposals for a national cipher standard IBM submitted their revised Lucifer which was eventually accepted as the DES NETE0519-ISEC0513 69 DES Design Controversy although DES standard is public was considerable controversy over design in choice of 56-bit key (vs Lucifer 128-bit) and because design criteria were classified subsequent events and public analysis show in fact design was appropriate use of DES has flourished especially in financial applications still standardised for legacy application use NETE0519-ISEC0513 70 Data Encryption Standard (DES) A block of 64-bit data is encrypted using 56-bit key to produce a 64-bit block of ciphertext. Decryption can be done by encrypting the ciphertext using the same key. NETE0519-ISEC0513 71 DES Encryption NETE0519-ISEC0513 72 Single Round of DES Encryption NETE0519-ISEC0513 73 Permutation Table for DES NETE0519-ISEC0513 74 Permutation Tables for DES NETE0519-ISEC0513 75 DES Key Schedule Calculation Permuted Choice 1 and 2 NETE0519-ISEC0513 76 Calculation of F(R, K) 1. 2. 3. 4. R is expanded to 48 bits. The expanded R is XORed with 48-bit K. Split 48-bit data into 8 groups of 6-bit data to enter S-Boxes For each of the group, do the following: 1. For the 6-bit data to enter each Si, 1st and 6th bits form a 2-bit binary number to identity the row number in Si. 2. The decimal value of 2nd – 5th bits identify the column number in Si. 3. The selected decimal value from Si is then converted into 4-bit binary output of Si. NETE0519-ISEC0513 77 DES S-Boxes Permutation Function NETE0519-ISEC0513 78 DES S-Boxes (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 79 DES S-Boxes (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 80 Example Input to S5: 100111 1st and 6th bits are 11 -> row 3 2nd-5th bits are 0011 -> column 3 The decimal value in row 3 and column 3 of S5 is 7. The output value of S5 is 0111 S5 NETE0519-ISEC0513 2 14 4 11 12 11 2 8 4 1 7… 2 12 4 … 1 11 10 … 12 7 1 … 81 Avalanche Effect key desirable property of encryption alg where a change of one input or key bit results in changing approx half output bits making attempts to "home-in" by guessing keys impossible DES exhibits strong avalanche NETE0519-ISEC0513 82 Avalanche Effect in DES NETE0519-ISEC0513 83 Strength of DES – Key Size 56-bit keys have 256 = 7.2 x 1016 values brute force search looks hard recent advances have shown is possible in 1997 on Internet in a few months in 1998 on dedicated h/w (EFF) in a few days in 1999 above combined in 22hrs! Recently, .... still must be able to recognize plaintext must now consider alternatives to DES NETE0519-ISEC0513 84 More about DES If only the attack on DES is brute force, then use longer key size. NETE0519-ISEC0513 85 Multiple Encryption & DES clear a replacement for DES was needed theoretical attacks that can break it demonstrated exhaustive key search attacks AES is a new cipher alternative prior to this alternative was to use multiple encryption with DES implementations Triple-DES (3DES) is the chosen form NETE0519-ISEC0513 86 3DES with Two-Keys hence must use 3 encryptions would seem to need 3 distinct keys but can use 2 keys with E-D-E sequence C = EK1(DK2(EK1(P))) nb encrypt & decrypt equivalent in security if K1=K2 then can work with single DES standardized in ANSI X9.17 & ISO8732 no current known practical attacks NETE0519-ISEC0513 87 3DES with Two-Keys (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 88 Triple-DES with Three-Keys although are no practical attacks on two-key Triple-DES have some indications can use Triple-DES with Three-Keys to avoid even these C = EK3(DK2(EK1(P))) has been adopted by some Internet applications, eg PGP, S/MIME NETE0519-ISEC0513 89 3DES with Three-Keys (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 90 Other Symmetric Block Ciphers International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) 128-bit key Used in PGP Blowfish Easy to implement High execution speed Run in less than 5K of memory NETE0519-ISEC0513 91 Other Symmetric Block Ciphers RC5 Suitable for hardware and software Fast, simple Adaptable to processors of different word lengths Variable number of rounds Variable-length key Low memory requirement High security Data-dependent rotations Cast-128 Key size from 40 to 128 bits The round function differs from round to round NETE0519-ISEC0513 92 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 93 Origins clear a replacement for DES was needed have theoretical attacks that can break it have demonstrated exhaustive key search attacks can use Triple-DES – but slow, has small blocks US NIST issued call for ciphers in 1997 15 candidates accepted in Jun 98 5 were shortlisted in Aug-99 Rijndael was selected as the AES in Oct-2000 issued as FIPS PUB 197 standard in Nov-2001 NETE0519-ISEC0513 94 AES Requirements private key symmetric block cipher 128-bit data, 128/192/256-bit keys stronger & faster than Triple-DES active life of 20-30 years (+ archival use) provide full specification & design details both C & Java implementations NIST have released all submissions & unclassified analyses NETE0519-ISEC0513 95 AES 128-bit plaintext block Key length -> 128, 192, 256 bits 10 rounds for each encryption and decryption 128-bit plaintext is divided into 16 8-bit (1-byte) blocks. 128-bit key is generated to 44 32-bit "words", and 4 different words will be used in each round 11 sets of 4-word keys are used in 10-round encryption ! Decryption algorithm is not identical to encryption algorithm NETE0519-ISEC0513 96 AES Parameters NETE0519-ISEC0513 97 AES Key Expansion NETE0519-ISEC0513 98 AES Encryption and Decryption XOR XOR NETE0519-ISEC0513 99 AES Encryption 4 stages in each round: Substitution bytes -> use S-box for byte-to-byte substitution Shift rows -> simple row-by-row permutation Mix columns -> a substitution that alters each byte in a column as a function of all of the bytes in the column Add round keys -> bitwise XOR of the current block with the key NETE0519-ISEC0513 100 AES Encryption Round 16 bytes NETE0519-ISEC0513 101 SubBytes NETE0519-ISEC0513 102 SubBytes (cont.) S-box NETE0519-ISEC0513 103 SubBytes (cont.) Inverse S-box NETE0519-ISEC0513 104 SubBytes (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 105 ShiftRows NETE0519-ISEC0513 106 MixColumns NETE0519-ISEC0513 107 MixColumns (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 108 AddRoundKey NETE0519-ISEC0513 109 AddRoundKey (cont.) NETE0519-ISEC0513 110 AES Operations NETE0519-ISEC0513 111 Implementation Aspects can efficiently implement on 8-bit CPU byte substitution works on bytes using a table of 256 entries shift rows is simple byte shift add round key works on byte XOR's mix columns requires matrix multiply in GF(28) which works on byte values, can be simplified to use table lookups & byte XOR's NETE0519-ISEC0513 112 Implementation Aspects (cont.) can efficiently implement on 32-bit CPU redefine steps to use 32-bit words can precompute 4 tables of 256-words then each column in each round can be computed using 4 table lookups + 4 XORs at a cost of 4Kb to store tables designers believe this very efficient implementation was a key factor in its selection as the AES cipher NETE0519-ISEC0513 113 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers Vs Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 114 Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems A Cryptographic algorithm should be efficient for good use It should be fast and key length should be of the right length – e.g.; not too short Cryptographic algorithms are not impossible to break without a key If we try all the combinations, we can get the original message NETE0519-ISEC0513 2-115 115 Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems (cont.) The security of a cryptographic algorithm depends on how much work it takes for someone to break it E.g. If it takes 10 mil. years to break a cryptographic algorithm X using all the computers of a state, X can be thought of as a secure one – reason: cluster computers and quantum computers are powerful enough to crack many current cryptographic algorithms. NETE0519-ISEC0513 116 Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems (cont.) Encryption Algorithm Design Should the block size of messages be small or large? Should the keyspace be large? Should we consider other search rather than brute-force search? NETE0519-ISEC0513 2-117 117 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 118 Placement of Encryption have two major placement alternatives link encryption encryption occurs independently on every link implies must decrypt traffic between links requires many devices, but paired keys end-to-end encryption encryption occurs between original source and final destination need devices at each end with shared keys NETE0519-ISEC0513 119 Locations of Encryption Devices NETE0519-ISEC0513 120 Placement of Encryption (cont.) when using end-to-end encryption must leave headers in clear so network can correctly route information hence although contents protected, traffic pattern flows are not ideally want both at once end-to-end protects data contents over entire path and provides authentication link protects traffic flows from monitoring NETE0519-ISEC0513 121 Placement of Encryption (cont.) can place encryption function at various layers in OSI Reference Model link encryption occurs at layers 1 or 2, 3 end-to-end can occur at layers 4, 6, 7 as move higher less information is encrypted but it is more secure though more complex with more entities and keys NETE0519-ISEC0513 122 Link Encryption VS End-to-end Encryption NETE0519-ISEC0513 123 Encryption VS Protocol Level NETE0519-ISEC0513 124 Traffic Padding NETE0519-ISEC0513 125 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 126 Key Distribution The security of symmetric cryptosystem is based on the security of key distribution. Important process two hosts need a shared key before transmitting a message securely. Secret key must be securely distributed between hosts, and need to be updated frequently. But, HOW can we securely distribute the shared key? NETE0519-ISEC0513 127 Key Exchange with Symmetric Cryptography Two kinds of keys: Session key temporary key used for encryption of data between users for one logical session then discarded Master key used to encrypt and distribute session keys shared by user & key distribution center Key Distribution Center (KDC) Shares permanent key with hosts Distributes session keys upon the requests of hosts NETE0519-ISEC0513 128 Key Distribution Scenario NETE0519-ISEC0513 129 Steps 1. Alice sends a request (IDA, IDB) for a session key and a nonce (N1) to KDC. Nonce may be a random number. What is nonce for? 2. 3. 4. 5. KDC sends an encrypted message to A containing: Session key KS Encrypted session key for Bob EKb(KS, IDA) Alice forwards EKb(KS, IDA) to Bob. Bob can decrypt it. (anyone else?) Bob confirms that he has received KS by sending Alice EKs[N2]. Alice responses by sending f(N2) encrypted with KS. NETE0519-ISEC0513 130 Hierarchical Key Control In a very large network, a single KDC is not enough -> a hierarchy of KDCs can be established. Local KDCs and a global KDC Local KDC is responsible for parties in the same domain, whereas global KDC is taking care of communications of parties in different domains. NETE0519-ISEC0513 131 Key Distribution Issues hierarchies of KDC's required for large networks, but must trust each other session key lifetimes should be limited for greater security use of automatic key distribution on behalf of users, but must trust system use of decentralized key distribution controlling key usage NETE0519-ISEC0513 132 Session Key Lifetime The more frequently session keys are exchanged, the more secure they are. However, each session key distribution causes delays. In connection-oriented protocols, a new session key is issued for each connection. However, if the connection is open for a long time, it may be needed to retransmit a new session key. In connectionless protocols, not obvious how often the new session key is exchanged. A better strategy is to use a given session key for a certain fixed period only or for a certain number of transaction. NETE0519-ISEC0513 133 A Transparent Key Control Scheme NETE0519-ISEC0513 134 Decentralized Key Control Centralized Key Control -> KDC is normally assumed to be trusted and secured from attacks. However, attacks may occur. -> try decentralized approach Decentralization is suitable for local connection. Involved parties need a master key between pairs of parties as many as [n(n-1)]/2 keys among n users. NETE0519-ISEC0513 135 Decentralized Key Distribution NETE0519-ISEC0513 136 Decentralized Key Distribution (cont.) 1. Alice and Bob share a master key MKm. 2. Alice sends a request for a session key with a nonce N1 to Bob. 3. Bob sends KS encrypted with shared master key MKm. The message contains a nonce N2. 4. Alice responses with f(N2) encrypted with the session key. NETE0519-ISEC0513 137 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 138 Random Numbers many uses of random numbers in cryptography nonces in authentication protocols to prevent replay session keys public key generation keystream for a one-time pad in all cases its critical that these values be statistically random, uniform distribution, independent unpredictability of future values from previous values NETE0519-ISEC0513 139 Pseudorandom Number Generators (PRNGs) often use deterministic algorithmic techniques to create "random numbers" although are not truly random can pass many tests of "randomness" known as "pseudorandom numbers" created by "Pseudorandom Number Generators (PRNGs)" NETE0519-ISEC0513 140 Using Block Ciphers as PRNGs for cryptographic applications, can use a block cipher to generate random numbers often for creating session keys from master key Counter Mode Xi = EKm[i] Output Feedback Mode Xi = EKm[Xi-1] NETE0519-ISEC0513 141 ANSI X9.17 PRG Date/time Seed value NETE0519-ISEC0513 142 ANSI X9.17 PRG (cont.) It uses date/time & seed inputs and 3 triple-DES encryptions to generate a new seed & random value. DTi - Date/time value at the beginning of ith generation stage Vi - Seed value at the beginning of ith generation stage Ri - Pseudorandom number produced by the ith generation stage K1, K2 - DES keys used for each stage Then compute successive values as: Ri = EDE([K1, K2], [Vi XOR EDE([K1, K2], DTi)]) Vi+1 = EDE([K1, K2], [Ri XOR EDE([K1, K2], DTi)]) NETE0519-ISEC0513 143 Natural Random Noise best source is natural randomness in real world find a regular but random event and monitor do generally need special h/w to do this eg. radiation counters, radio noise, audio noise, thermal noise in diodes, leaky capacitors, mercury discharge tubes etc starting to see such h/w in new CPU's problems of bias or uneven distribution in signal have to compensate for this when sample and use best to only use a few noisiest bits from each sample NETE0519-ISEC0513 144 Published Sources a few published collections of random numbers Rand Co, in 1955, published 1 million numbers generated using an electronic roulette wheel has been used in some cipher designs cf Khafre earlier Tippett in 1927 published a collection issues are that: these are limited too well-known for most uses NETE0519-ISEC0513 145 Outline Overview of Cryptography Symmetric Cryptography Classical Cryptographic Techniques Block Ciphers VS Stream Ciphers DES and 3DES Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Design of Symmetric Cryptosystems Locations of Encryption Devices Key Distribution Random Numbers Problems of Symmetric Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 146 Problems of Symmetric Cryptography Keys must be distributed in secret. Keys are valuable as all the messages they encrypt. If a key is compromised, then so the security of the entire system. Not scalable -> assume that each pair of total n users shares different secrets. Number of keys needed is n(n-1)/2 keys Algorithms are easy to break compared to public-key cryptographic algorithms However symmetric one can be performed faster -> less time -> less power consumption -> suitable for being implemented in mobile devices Lack of necessary security services e.g. non repudiation, provide low-level of integrity check NETE0519-ISEC0513 147 Questions? Next week Public-key Cryptography NETE0519-ISEC0513 148 Discussion Discuss two differences between Block Cipher and Stream Cipher Explain how symmetric cryptography can provide authentication Suggest a key distribution technique that provides offline key generation and distribution NETE0519-ISEC0513 149


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The Huiyang hotel is located at No.151 Baiyun 2nd Road in Danshui Town of Huizhou, the administrative center of Huiyang District. The hotel is adjacent to the municipal plaza and the district government. It is opposite the Danshui Bus Station Headquarters.
All of its 72 rooms are equipped with ...
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Conveniently located in Marrakesh's Hivernage Quarter, the Hivernage Hotel & Spa offers easy access to excellent shopping, indulgent dining, and entertaining nightlife. The luxury hotel's deluxe accommodations, premium hotels services, first-class facilities, and close proximity to Marr...
Cancellations policy:
- No charge up to 60 days prior to the arrival. After this delay the following cancellation fees will apply.
- Cancellation from D-60 to D-30: 30% of the first night will be invoiced.
- Cancellation from D-30 to D-20: 50% of the first night will be invoiced.
- Cancellation from D-20 to D-10: 100% of the first night will be invoiced.
- Cancellation from D-10 to arrival day AND No show: 100% of the total stay will be invoiced.
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The hotel was recently renovated in full this summer.
l'extérieur de l'hôtel