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By FRANCO PANIZO
The Gold Cup got underway with a doubleheader in Texas on Sunday, and ten combined goals were scored in blowout victories by two of the tournament favorites.
Costa Rica opened the Gold Cup with a 5-0 rout of Cuba. Los Ticos took an early lead as Marco Urena scored his first of two goals on the day in the seventh minute of the Group A match. Heiner Mora, Joel Campbell and Real Salt Lake's Alvaro Saborio also found the back of the net in the win that kept Costa Rica undefeated against Cuba in four Gold Cup meetings.
Mexico got off to a flying start in the tournament, too, with Javier 'Chicharito' Hernandez leading the way with a hat-trick in a 5-0 thumping of El Salvador. After holding its own in a scorless first half, El Salvador broke down defensively, allowing Mexico to net three times in a span of five minutes. Efrain Juarez began that sequence, followed by a Jesus De Nigris finish and a Hernandez header.
Highlights from the two Group A games can be seen below:
Costa Rica 5-0 Cuba
Mexico 5-0 El Salvador
What do you think of Costa Rica and Mexico's wins? Which goal did you like the most? Is Cuba or El Salvador more likely to take third place in Group A?
Share your thoughts below.
Rick Poncy
Anyone who says that Mexico does not have a good defense I'll tell you this, Hector Moreno is class all around and every bit as good, and very similar, to Rafa Marquez. "Maza" may have mental lapses but he's the biggest and tallest defender Mexico's ever had and Salcido, when he's on, can be a nightmare on the wings. And I happen to think that their keeper has personality and commands respect. Let's not forget that the ONLY reason Milan did not sign him was because they were confounded as to why Aguirre preferred a 5 ft 7 37 year old keeper instead of him as a starter in the WC!
Mexico's defense might not be Spain, but it's certainly not bad!
Canada doesn't have the infrastructure to do it alone. Only US and Mexico do. They could do one in all the Central American countries combined and there still wouldn't be enough quality stadia to make a profit.
Holding it in the States exclusively shouldn't be considered unfair because the US is one of the least represented supporter groups during the tournament anyway. Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico… They all outdraw US supporters.
Will he need to? Onyewu and Ream will be out of position because Chicharito doesn't just stand in the box and wait for crosses. He moves around. We saw against Spain how mightily those two struggle with tracking runners and staying with marks. I hope neither of those two play in the Gold Cup.
"Their keeper" has a name, and most Mexican fans who don't support America refer to him as "Mema". He is their second choice, and only playing because Corona got himself suspended and dropped. La Mema Ochoa is a disaster on set plays and lets in several Rob Green/Fabian Barthez/Heurelio Gomez type soft goals a year.
I don't think it is the result. It is the confidence on the ball. The movement, the communication, the linking passes, the organization… These are things we failed to show consistently against Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, or Spain. Would the US team you have been seeing hang 5 goals on ANYONE? When was the last time we scored a team goal with several pinpoint passes and well-timed runs off the ball? Or do all our goals come from hopeful long passes, penalties, and set plays?
Yes, Univision is the way to go.
There's a reason Ochoa the keeper is their #2 choice–he's a great shot stopper but he gets rattled and flustered.
Salcido is erratic too. He can be good, but if you watched Fulham this season, you've seen him get lost and beaten.
Marquez is the real deal, but he's slowing down.
And even most Mexicans don't love Maza.
How was it that tiny El Salvador was beating them to balls in the air?
Not saying they suck, but they can be beaten.
Well said AME but as a fan when you look at:
The last gold cup 5-0 mexico (B-team)
soon after 2-1 mexico (A-team CD9 scores first)
The last US vs El Salvador encounters Tie and a 2-1 win US
While thinking about that factor in:
Mexico tie spain and scored a goal (and thats recently!!!) on a team that should have beaten us like 8-0, had a possession % of like 80-20 and limited us to like 4 ATTEMPTS on goal….
They have a recking ball crew Dos Santos, De Negris, Juarez that are always looking for or aware of their key finisher Chicharito(….all of whom are WORLD CLASS FINISHERS), whose key strength is in an area the US Defense lacks the most……the breaks
To top that off they completely mash the minnows you talk about in a fashion that the US is not capable of…..
As a US fan I'm scared AME……very scared
My question is what has changed? In 2008, the last Mexico v US game on US soil (with A squads) was the US know for its possession game? Several well-timed passes leading to goals? Or was the US the team that won because of organization and well-timed counters?
Nothing has changed…The US hasn't developed into a possession team, but the US never has been and has beaten Mexico anyway.
The US is fine. We are a better team than we were in 2008, better midfield, more experience keeper. I don't see why the result is going to be any different than the results of the past decade. Hard-fought game, US win.
St. Addi
Yeah, I think from a USMNT supporter perspective, the fact that Ochoa is playing over Corona may have been the only positive to take away from this match.
True, Mexico has beaten other teams in ways that the US has not…(except in WC 2010 qualifying where the US finished 1st). However, I think that sporting history shows that when you try to use that transitive property to predict the future, you are going to be disappointed.
Best indicator of the future is past results, in this case, past US v Mexico results. You can look at the Azteca loss and be scared, but the US never wins at Azteca, and the gold cup will not be played at Azteca. The US does not lose to Mexico on US soil, I still don't see a reason to think that this Gold Cup final will be any different.
(If the final was being play at Azteca, I would be right with you in thinking the US is doomed.)
Where are all the geniuses who said Chicharito would not be the same player he was in Europe because he would get no service from the Mexican midfield?
Whatever, the US will go as far as their pathetic defense takes them, which is in all likelyhood not very far.
I guess the Azteca is just the last "psychological" factor I can hang on too. Maybe its a little early to say….but hey, we see how we look tomorrow against Canada
Jose Hernandez Puig
Don't make me laugh! I'm Mexican and there is not a single Mexican that preferred to have "Conejo" on goal than Ochoa in South Africa…not one! Ochoa had NEVER made a mistake until Mex played North Corea in a meningless friendly previous to the WC, Aguirre fumbled the ball by telling the press that 'everyone makes mistakes' and then benching him…destroying his confidence, which no doubt set him up to make a couple of mistakes again. After that the sh#t hit the fan. Ii have enormous respect for the fact that he kept quiet, never blamed anyone and is back trying to regain top form.
Do you think "Chepo" de la Torre, would have him starting when he has Talavera on the bench? Talavera is Chepo's creation, his boy, he won a championship for Toluca with him! EVeryone from Hugo thru Sven to Aguirre has callled Ochoa to be on the Mex National team why?
Marcelo Bielsa and Parreira, whom I shure know more about futbol than you, praised him as the best keeper in America and if you have doubts of what he can do just check out his epic performance vs Brazil at the Copa America.
And your high school rant about their keeper has a name "Mema" that's because he has long hair and is a good looking kid and Mexican fans have put down names for everyone no matter what team they play for especially Club America because it is owned by the largest mass media company in the Spanish speaking world.
"Mema" by the way has NEVER lost against the US!
I'm a Cruz Azul supporter, and do think Corona was in better form than Ochoa at this point, and would've been No.1 choice! But hey it didn't happen and I support Ochoa all the way!
Key to stopping Mexico is to pressure their mids and not give them the time to pick out the perfect ball over the top for Chicharito…
Unfortunately, pressure in the midfield is not something that we do well, so…
I am sure we are all hoping for a 4+ goal performance tomorrow from the US and 2+ goals from Jozy.
Mexico will not only win the cup, but they'll win it with all out attacking soccer. They should play Costa Rica or Honduras in the final. This is El Tri's golden generation, those you get in the way will be mangled.
I think we need to quit focusing on Mexico for the moment, and focus on a good Canada team that will be playing with something to prove after our controversial win against them in the 2007 Gold Cup.
Though the result on Saturday was lopsided, I'm not worried about that. The line up we fielded was pretty experimental, and Ream and Lichaj were put in a position of having to play against some of the most talented opposition they will EVER see. I'm actually more worried about Gooch having to cover DeRosario…
Having said all of that, yes, Chicharito is a HUGE concern. We just don't have any strikers of his caliber, and it will be a challenge for our defense to contain him. I mainly think as the torunament progresses, we simply cannot get into our form of recent times of conceding early goals…that just makes everything so much more difficult when you have to "chase the game." Do that aginst Mexico, and it could be "game over" very soon.
Mexico plays much better against stronger opposition, I don't think you know anything about Mexican rivalry vs Central American teams.
Steve Chamizo
Well said, and even though De Nigris is no "Chicharito' he could be a surprise. He consistently scores for Mexico and Monterrey.
Reminds me somewhat of Batistuta.
Ya if I was a mls gm I would be all over that
And in the last couple of games havent we done the same. Mind you its against better competition but its absolutely Mind boggling and frustrating that in 15 years Our national team. Still looks horrible against teams that simply pass the ball.Th team looks Lost.
We are the kings of Parking the bus and Countering. Can anyone remember the last time we absolutely dominated a game that wasnt against a CFU team.
the federation will go broke if it isn't played in the states every two years. Its how they pay for all the competitions youth and senior levels male and female. This tourney is what pays the bills as long a mexico makes the final every time.
they have a World class striker. Biggest hole they had for ten years. major difference this Mexico Team is stacked.
I cant stand them just as much as any other US fan. But they finally got that piece of the puzzle.
The doom and gloom aspect of most of the comments here is a bit extreme however, they are very understandable. Most of it can be attributed to the fact that Mexico has enjoyed a nice unbeaten streak against some quality sides. They have a new coach at the helm that has them very organized and disciplined. Each player has a defined role and they all seem to be on the same page. Their players have the ability to constantly switch in position. Their attack is generally unpredictable due to the fact that they play any style. They look to play the ball on the ground favoring possession over the long ball. Should they be stymied in the mid-field they look to utilize players on the wing from either the LB or RB defensive positions or from traditional wingers. They look to vary their points of attack and constantly keep the defense feeling "uncomfortable". They do not have any real weaknesses at any one position save for LB (maybe keeper) and they have dept should Chepo feel the need to shake things up. Take a deep look at what has been happening with our squad. From the spine of the team all the way to the top, our team is currently in flux. Gooch is only 70-80% and does not invoke confidence at the moment. There is a big unknown right in the heart of our defense. We have a capable Goodson however, we don't know what type of chemistry or communication issues will present themselves. At the 11th hour, we are still trying to figure out who will tandem in the midfield given that Bradley will always start regardless of form. In addition, we do not know what our best tactical formation would be. Our best 2-way Mid is out injured and the other bright spots, Dempsey and LD will be the oppositions focus so the onus lies with the folks in front of them who, by the way, are virtually non-existent. Our attacking third is already a couple of steps behind the curve due to the fact that they are not playing inspiring football. We do not have a striking partnership developed and at the 11th hour are still experimenting with different options up top. Our attacking third currently does not inspire any confidence. What has the US been doing post world cup? They have been getting some experience for a younger group as well as trying some different combos at various positions, which is fine however, there has been no substantial consistency or improvement leading up to this crucial tournament. We have been playing Brazil, Argentina, Spain along with a couple of others however, the build up should have included some friendlies with teams that would have provided similar competition to that found in concacaf. In comparison to the positives attributes of the Mexican side, what is it that we do really well at the moment that would give me the confidence to say, " Yeah, Mexico is real solid and have some really talented players however, the US is going to beat them…because…"
Doom and Gloom is a bit harsh but understandable given both teams recent form. With that said, the US is always competitive and both Mexico,US as well as every other team in the tournament have to put on the jerseys and play the game on the pitch and not on paper. At the end of the day the results will speak for themselves.
"I think we need to quit focusing on Mexico for the moment,"
Not on this report. This is a report on the Mexico and Costa Rica games, that claims they 'ran rampant'. Perhaps on another report.
There's just no pleasing some people …
I think that's right … but offside traps are do or die situations.
I saw that too. I'm just glad they didn't hurt him.
Well said. The whole situation is interesting indeed … Can't wait to see how it plays out.
All interesting points Canchon, but allow me to play devil's advocate (images of homer simpson playing a video game with the same name pop into my head). Defensively, GK Ochoa still looks uneasy and if El Salvador had been a bit more creative they could have squeeze one or two in.
Dude, I have nothing against Chicharito and his intelligent runs, but don't let the performance of our B team against Spain fool you. When US plays their A team, they are much better defensively. Didn't they stop Messi from scoring when the USMNT played their A team? If they had a draw against the loaded and supremely talented Argentina, they can certainly beat Mexico.
Past performance is not a guarantee of the future results. Salvador beat Mexico 2-1 in the world cup qualifying and that did not stop them from losing to Mexico 5-0 in the Gold Cup.
None of the Mexican guys I play with think much of Ochoa… Although as far as I can tell, they all would like to have Campos back! (older crew)
I thought Ochoa played in a friendly that US won, when Altidore scored on a header… I could be misremembering. Anyway, I think the kid has the tools, he just needs a tournament to be dominant to turn that last bit of cockiness to confidence. Ummm… Like this Gold Cup maybe.
The US does not need to beat El Salvador 5-0 to win the Gold Cup. If Mexico loses 1-0 at the elimination stage, let's say to Canada, nobody will remember this 5-0 win.
We dominated in 3-0 win against Egypt in the Confederations Cup. We also dominated against Mexico in the 2-0 win in the World Cup qualifiers.
Are you referring to 1-1 draws against Venezuela and Ecuador, the teams that failed to qualify for the WC?
Why are you so preoccupied with a 5-0 win? Plenty of teams win major tournaments without posting 5-0 beatings and plently of teams fail to win tournaments after posting a blowout win. Portugal beat North Korea 7-0 in the last WC, but the tournament was won by Spain which put together a string of 1-0 wins. Consistency is more important when the ability to run up a score against a weaker opponent.
Thoughts on the falling sky:
– I thought playing our B team was gutsy and savvy. Donovan's illness changed everything. You could tell it was a shrewd last minute decision because BB knew (like all of us know) that we were not going to beat Spain without Landon. So let's bench Dempsey, Boca, Dolo, and Baby Bradley. We know what they're going to bring to the Gold Cup. They're ready. We might as well give our more promising potential guys (Lichaj, Agudelo, Rodgers, Jones) and our rusty backups (Kliejstan, Spector, Onyewu, Edu) some quality minutes against the best team in the world. If Spain didn't show up, we could draw. If Spain showed up hungry, we had no chance. Plenty of our guys will never play competitive opponents at Spain's level for the rest of their lives. The experience is good. We got hammered, but I don't question the lineup. In comparison, I hated our WC lineups. I'm not a BB homer, but the lineup decisions versus Spain weren't half bad.
– I expect a totally different performance in the Gold Cup. We brought our B team to the last Gold Cup's final. Does anyone really think our B team 2 years ago could beat our B team now? We're drastically deeper than people think. One game versus the world champions does not change that.
– Consider the usual talking points versus Mexico. Landon goes nuts when he sees green. Dempsey is in killer form. Mexico is inconsistent. Chicharito is studly but he's also a wee lad. We have experience. We have consistency. We have our home turf. What's our record at home versus Mexico? We're not going to get swept off the pitch. We came eight minutes away from drawing them in Estadio Azteca the last time we played a competitive "A-Team versus A-Team" match against Mexico.
– The cause for concern is simply high expectations. Admit it, my fellow Americans, you wanted us to beat Spain. What were you smoking? A draw was always going to be our best possible result. Nobody remembers that Stu and Gooch played out of their minds in that Confed Cup semi. Stu (our CAM in the 4-5-1 once he's healthy) is on crutches. Old Gooch isn't here right now. We were never going to beat Spain. We're just not good enough right now.
– However, we're good enough right now to win a group in the World Cup, despite being jobbed by refs versus Slovenia and despite BB's horrendous lineup decisions. We're good enough right now to win our Gold Cup despite Stu Holden's injury, Gooch playing with stone feet, and Adu/Kliejstan/Spector/Bornstein still on the USMNT. Be thankful and proud.
Jose Hernandez Puig
That's OK! I bet none of your friends wanted Perez on goal for Mexico in the WC either?
And I'm sorry to disagree with you. Of the players from Mexico that still could and should go to Europe he's one of them!
I think Dos Santos is the man to guard. He had good minutes with Racing and comes with a lot of confidence. Barrera looked rusty. Guardado a bit flat. Torrado hacking in midfield. De Nigris three goals in five games mostly as a substitute. Very dangerous. If the USMNT can stop Gio and Guardado then they win it.


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Playoff-bound Ravens must get healthy and improve
Associated Press | Last updated December 17, 2012
The Baltimore Ravens are playoff bound, and that's about the best thing that can be said about a team that's lost three in a row and has more than a half-dozen key players sidelined with injuries. Baltimore (9-5) backed into the postseason late Sunday when Pittsburgh lost to Dallas. That assured the Ravens of at least wild-card berth, although their excitement over the accomplishment has been minimized by their current plight. Coach John Harbaugh says the Ravens must ''get healthy, get better.'' Linebacker Ray Lewis remains sidelined with a torn triceps, and backup Jameel McClain is out for the year with a spinal cord contusion. Receiver Torrey Smith and running back Bernard Pierce received concussions in Sunday's 34-17 loss to Denver. The Ravens host the New York Giants on Sunday.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Loud noises emanating from your ride can definitely detract from the joy of motoring. Brake sounds add another dimension to this annoyance by raising safety concerns. When this disturbing occurrence coincides with recent repairs, workmanship and materials are called into question. The possibility of looming brake failure may add a sense of urgency to the situation, but some brake noises are somewhat less serious than others. A thorough and proper diagnosis can help eliminate the ruckus and alleviate anxieties. Whether the rear brakes are drum or disc styles, noisy operations should be investigated promptly.
The Drum Beat
Drum brake designs and construction are tried and true and have afforded good service for decades. Even so, certain requirements must be fulfilled for silent and sufficient function. Brake drums can be worn in a manner that results in a slight taper across the braking surface that widens toward the open side of the drum. The bell-mouthed distortion might go undetected during shoe replacement, and the new shoes do not mate with the taper. An alarming howling tone radiates from the drums and seems to permeate the entire vehicle. A taper in the opposite side of the drum can be the caused by metal fatigue or overheating. Both instances produce a similar sound.
Making The Cut
Grooves and scores can be cut into the brake drum by shoes that are worn down too far. Once the friction material, or lining, has been worn away, metal portions of the shoe assembly can contact the drum and score the surface. Loose lining material and dust in the drum may also contribute to the scoring. Replacement shoes only contact the high parts of the grooved surface, and a squeal or groaning sound may occur. Many of these deficiencies can be corrected by restoring the machined finish on the inside of the drum on a lathe built for the purpose. Hard spots on the friction surface of the drum develop from harsh applications or overloaded vehicles. Excessive heat darkens and hardens sections of the drum, creating a chattering sound. Conventional machining methods can not correct this malady, and new drums are required.
If The Shoes Fit
The lining on new or rebuilt brake shoes is typically tapered at each end to prevent heel or toe contact with the drum. Bargain replacement shoes may not have this feature, and the square edge of the material impacts the drum sharply at times. The sound of this can differ between applications, but squeals and scuffing noises can occur intermittently. File a bevel into the top and bottom edges of these type shoes if better parts are not available. Brake shoes have different lengths of lining bonded or riveted in place. The shoe with the shorter lining is meant to be the leading, or front brake shoe. It is possible to mount the shoes in the wrong position, and any noises created could seem trivial in comparison to the loss of stopping power.
Discs In The Back
Every detail of proper friction surface requirements may be even more critical on rear disc brakes. Rear brake rotors, or discs, are typically solid in construction, rather than the vented rotors found on front axles. Irregularities on the solid friction surfaces are more likely to "sound off," and often do not respond to machining efforts. Shims or backing substances missing from bargain brake pads might soon reveal their necessity. Quality replacement parts replicate original equipment for this reason and are often fashioned with tapers and slots in the lining material to prevent sounds, and heat accumulation. Brake pads made of materials other than those recommended by the vehicle maker may raise an intermittent racket all their own.
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Lagoon or septic
I am from and have lived in northern IL. We are looking at property in the South Central area of the US for a second home. In the real-estate listings I have been seeing Lagoon as the sewer method. I am unsure of the Pro's and Con's of such a system. Is this something I would prefer to stay away from? I am fairly familiar with septic systems, does a lagoon use any kind of drain field or similar such as a septic?
Here is a link to Residential Sewage Lagoon Systems: A Homeowners Guide to Installation and Maintenance
To reduce public health risks and protect drinking water supplies, some state legislation that took effect January 1, 1996, sets minimum construction and permitting standards for onsite sewage systems. Individual counties may adopt stricter standards than those outlined by the state legislation. To ensure compliance with local codes and to reduce their environmental liability, homeowners should consult with their county health department sanitarian or building regulations department prior to construction or repair of any onsite sewage system.
This has been very informative. I have found some other resources since posting. But this gives me another understanding of some of the problems that can occur and how the systems can vary with or without holding tanks and so on. I still am not sure of everything I can look for myself when looking at a property. But getting closer. Thanks
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Approved regulatory guidance (sixth edition) documenting the general principles as required by the Regulations known as CHIP 4. Addressed to manufacturers, importers and other suppliers with such responsibilities concerning dangerous substances and preparations and closely follows the European Commission's labelling guide (Annex VI to Directive 67/548/EEC). The revisions reflect: the introduction of European regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures; also the effect of Directive 2006/121/EC, which amends Annex VI of the list of substances with harmonised classifications and labels, established in direct-acting Community legislation; and the transfer of substantive provisions relating to safety data sheets to the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals Regulation (REACH).
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CathS on Mar 30, 2015
lovely great preparation for spinning
Jen Daly on Feb 27, 2015
Great! Thank you so much!
Queenbayman on Jan 24, 2015
Received purchase. Exactly as described. Excellent quality and workmanship. Very happy with my purchase.
Ya! I got a fiber problem!
As with most small businesses, The Twisted Hare was started because I started getting requests....."Can you make this sweater on this magazine cover?" "Do you know where I can find camel down fiber for spinning?' "I really want to learn how to make..." Etc.
I started small with just my Etsy store, some local fiber, and a yarn mill out of Idaho that had the nicest yarn I'd ever seen. Since then (5 years ago or so now) the amazing yarn mill in Idaho closed and I have branched out into hemp yarns, my own hand spun and hand dyed, and Dale of Norway yarns. I got involved in some sock blog knit alongs, started formally designing sock patterns for them, then decided to add them to the inventory online.
Last year I got the chance of a lifetime to open a "brick and mortar" yarn shop where I live. I've added a few more products and continue to grow and grow as money and sales come along. It's the job I may never retire from :o)
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The Ontario Ministry of Education's Student Success/Learning to 18 Strategy has made a significant impact on school-based mentoring programs in Ontario since 2008, and has allowed many children the opportunity to access services often not readily available to them. This partnership has also raised awareness in communities and heightened demand for programs in the province.
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Change can be a scary thing. For siblings, Zain (6), Jamal (8), and Dina (9), change and fear were common to their childhood. Zain, Jamal and Dina grew up in Syria where there has been ongoing conflict for several years.
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Most crews have integrated top-level professionals to their team, including tacticians and trimmers from various classes at Olympic and International level. Several sailors in the fleet will come straight from competing in the Etchells World Championship, fresh from sailing in a highly competitive environment and still at the top of their game. As is the nature of Farr 40 One Design racing, the racing will be incredibly close, and every manoeuvre will need to be closely considered.
The first race of the regatta kicks off at 12pm on Saturday, with an intense schedule of racing over two days. The course area will be set inside Sydney Harbour to ensure spectators can get a great view of the action.
List of Entries:
Easy Tiger (Chris Way)
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In granular form, Evergreen Mosskil with Lawn Feed is ready to use and easy to administer. Designed as a dual action product, Mosskil will destroy moss on lawns within 7 days and feed it to encourage lusher, greener growth.
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Beautiful Dawn
Beyla was the first of her pack to wake the next morning, stretching her lean form and yawning widely. She padded over to the mouth of the cave and looked outside. The sun was half-risen, spreading dozens of colours across the sky and making the snow before her glitter. Beyla's breath twisted in long white spirals in front of her eyes, dancing in the cold blue air. All the fresh smell of the winter forest rose to meet her nostrils, the sharp tang of the pine, the soft mustiness of old leaves buried under the snow and the slippery wetness of the snow itself.
Shaking her head, Beyla turned to find the white female from Akela's pack, Bec she thought her name was, staring at her. Beyla inclined her head and stepped over to face her. She felt Bec stiffen, but none the less she approached. Whatever prejudices the younger wolf held, she wanted to try and disperse them. Emnity between them would not help with the already pressing issues of survival.
"Good morning Bec. It's a beautiful day isn't it?"
Bec made a low sniff and did not reply. Beyla sighed,
"I know you do not trust me, and I'm not asking you to. I understand that you think me weak for submitting to Akela so soon, but it is necessary. We will all have to work together if we are to pull through this winter. I am not expecting us to become close friends, I simply want to stop this emnity from getting the better of us. I hope you understand."
With that, the big black female stepped past the other wolf, nudging her shoulder gently as she passed. Bec seemed confused and watched as Beyla awoke her family, then went to find Akela.
They'd need to organise a hunting strategy if they wanted any food today.


text:
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text: SOU"Ekzarh Antim I" ul.Kliment 2 Kazanlak – 6100 Bulgaria Tel.+35943164562 Fax- .+35943164562 е-mail- email@example.com website- antim1.com Our school Our school is one of the first Bulgarian secular schools. It was founded in November 1837 with the donation of the wealthy Kazanlak merchant Hristo Hinata. In the 19-th century students studied algebra and geometry, astronomy and geography, Ancient literature and three foreign languages – Greek, Turkish, French. That was also the first Bulgarian school where bookkeeping was taught. Our school in 1836-1837….. ….our school in nowadays NAME OF THE SCHOOL SOU "Ekzarh Antim I " is named after the first Bulgarian Ekzarh elected in 1872 (head of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church proclaimed independent from the Greek Patriarchy in 1870). Ekzarh Antim I (1816-1888) After the Liberation of Bulgaria from Turkish slavery Ekzarh Antim was unanimously elected Chairman of the Constitutive Assembly and the First Great National Assembly of Bulgaria (1879).He was one of the most important figures from the period of the Revival of the Bulgarian nation. Ekzarh Antim supported financially many young people to study in European universities. He was very concerned about the development of Bulgarian education in the 19 –th century. The teachers in our school are untiring enthusiasts; the school management is opened for new ideas and innovative approach to teaching. Mr.Ivan Matanov - Headmaster There are three different types of special education in SOU "Ekzarh Antim I": 1.Language classes for students aged between 15 and 18 -English language classes – students study English - (1400 classes during the 5-year course of education) and - German as a second foreign language -(550 classes during the 4-year course of education) -German language classes - students study German - (1400 classes during the 5-year course of education) -and English as a second foreign language - (550 classes during the 4-year course of education) 2.Management classes for students aged between 15 and 18 Students study economy, accountancy, finances, management, etc. 3. Music classes for students aged between 7 and 18 Students have individual classes in different folk or classical instruments, folk singing. There is a school orchestra, choir and ensemble in the school. The students from the English and German language classes are at such a high level in speaking the language that they easily study history and biology in English, physics and geography in German. Since 2008 the school has established partnerships with schools from USA, England, Australia, Canada, Portugal, Germany and Austria aiming practicing of their knowledge in the language and students exchange. The German language class(10-th grade) –school champion in the competition "Brain without limits" The English preparatory class-8-th grade The winners from the National Competition – 2008 There are Enterprise and Business classes in SOU "Ekzarh Antim I". Teachers and students have been working with "Junior Achievement" for five years. Being managers of a virtual company in I-net, working out business plans and advertising projects the students develop their leadership skills and creative imagination. From 2003 to 2008 our young managers won the first award in the National Competition – "Computer Simulation in Financial Management SOU "Ekzarh Antim I" is famous all over Bulgaria and even abroad for its Music classes. The first awards from annual music festivals and competitions are traditionally won by the musicians from our school. Students have Individual classes in playing the piano, flute, accordion, etc. Students have individual classes in playing the folklore instruments and folk singing. bag pipe tambura gadulka kaval Folk singing is famous for discovering gifted children and offering them varied forms for expressing themselves: School newspaper "Antim" ;Photo club; Drama studio; And more…. Cheer girls; Ensemble; And more…. Listen to your voice! . The first broadcast of Radio "Antim" was on 14-th January, 2008. The school radio was founded with the financial support from the United States Peace Corps. Four teams of students aged between 9 and 18 every day inform and entertain their classmates and demonstrate professionalism of a really high level. And more…. There is a modern recording studio for professional recordings in SOU "Ekzarh Antim I". The Music studio "Antim" was built in the autumn of 2007 with the voluntary efforts of teachers and the financial support from the United States Peace Corps. Its first product is a CD with vocal and instrumental performances of our students from the music classes.. • • • • In 2007 SOU "Ekzarh Antim I" constituted its own festival In 2007 SOU "Ekzarh Antim I" constituted its own "Music Awards" WINNERS 2008 The competition is held in It's for students aged between 6 and 18 divided into three groups -instrumental performance, -vocal performance, -ensemble performance. "Music Awards" of SOU "Ekzarh Antim I" presents a special award – STATUE THE FIRST WINNERS Ani Nedeva-11 g Main editor Ivaila Popova-11g Maria Markova-11g Mira Petrova - 11d PRIMARY LEVEL School company"Love is power, Violence is weakness Evening of great figures of the world history Evening of parents professions Our little singers Visiting the restaurant PRIMARY LEVEL Making bread PROGRAMME "HEALTH" "Mind without limits" Competition PRIMARY LEVEL- THE MAIN GOAL OF OUR WORK IS OUR STUDENTS TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES Presentations of the history research projects of our students…… The conferences dedicated to The 130-th anniversary of Liberation of Bulgaria( March ,2008) and 95-th anniversary of the Balkan Wars (March ,2008) The History Conference dedicated to the 170-th anniversary of our school. May ,2007 The winners from the 5-th National History contest 2007-2008 Our students were awarded for their History research project with a trip to Edirne,Turkey May,2008 PROJECTS: • • • • • • • SOU "Ekzarh Antim I" is the school with the greatest number of projects in our district. Projects which have already been won and realized: Renovation and modernization of the school building and furniture "School with no boundaries" – That's a project for out school activities to the Ministry of Education and Science won by us in 2007. "Me and the others"- to the eTwining Program with school partner from United Kingdom for students aged 10 Running projects: "Traditional games" to the eTwining Program with partners from Spain and England for children aged between 7 and 12 "Research for comic stories in national literature and folklore in different countries" to the eTwining Program - with partners schools from Portugal, France, United kingdom for students aged -15-18 "Students newspaper" to the eTwining Program – with partners from United kingdom, Spain, France for students aged between 7-12 and for students aged between 15-18 Comenius project 2008- "Intercultural Dialogue through Music". Age of students- 15-18.Partners- United Kingdom, Germany, Slovenia, Poland, Czech republic, Italy, Cyprus


text:
4.6–4 billion years ago – the Hadean geologic eon
4.6 billion–541 million years ago – Precambrian or Pre-Cambrian (a supereon spanning several eons)
4.54 billion years ago – Earth formed over about 10–20 million years
4.31 billion years ago – Theia, a hypothetical planetary-sized object, collides with the Earth, ejecting materials into orbit, which form the Moon
4–2.5 billion years ago – Archean Eon
2.5 billion–542 million years ago – Proterozoic geological eon
2.4–2.3 billion years ago – Huronian "snowball Earth"
750 and 700 million years ago – Sturtian glaciation
660–635 million years ago – Varanger (or Marinoan) glaciation
c. 541 million years–present – Phanerozoic eon, current geologic eon in the geologic time scale
542 million years ago – Cambrian period explosion lasting for about the next 20–25 million years
450 million–420 million years ago – Andean-Saharan glaciation occurred during the Paleozoic
434 million years ago – the first primitive plants move onto land
360–260 million years ago – Karoo Ice Age, which perhaps came and went in regular cycles, and was driven by changes in Earth's orbit
252 million years – Permian–Triassic extinction event (Great Dying, the End Permian or the Great Permian Extinction)
231.4 million years ago – dinosaurs first appeared during the Triassic period
c. 200 million–66 million years ago – dinosaurs dominant lifeform on earth for 135 million years, from the start of the Jurassic (about 200 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (66 million years ago)
66,043,000 years ago – Chicxulub asteroid impact
56 to 33.9 million years ago – Eocene Epoch
34.1–33.6 million years ago – abrupt cooling
33.9 million to 23 million years ago – Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene Period
33.5 million years ago – Grande Coupure ("Great Break") extinction event
23–2.6 million years ago – time of the Megalodon
4 million years ago – emergence of the Australopithecus genus in eastern Africa
2.8–1.5 million years ago – time of Homo habilis
2.6–1.7 million years ago – Oldowan culture, the earliest stone tool archaeological industry of prehistory, in Africa, South Asia, the Middle East and Europe
2.58 million years ago – the Quaternary glaciation started just a few million years ago and continues
2,500,000–c. 8,800 BC – Paleolithic period in Europe
1.9 million years – 70,000 years ago – time of Homo erectus
1.9 million years ago – Homo erectus migrated from out of Africa via the Levantine corridor and Horn of Africa to Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene
1.76 million years ago—100,000 years ago – Acheulean culture, of stone tools in Africa, West Asia, South Asia, and Europe
1.66 million years ago – China was populated by Homo erectus
c. 700,000–200,000 years ago – Homo heidelbergensis inhabited Africa, Europe and western Asia
c. 600,000–370,000 years ago – time of the steppe mammoth, which populated northern Eurasia
c.400,000–8,000 BC – time of the Woolly mammoth
300,000 years ago – Denisovans may have split from Homo heidelbergensis. See the map here
300,000–250,000 – Homo heidelbergensis evolves into Neanderthals outside Africa
200,000 years ago – Homo sapiens first appears in East Africa
130,000–114,000 years ago – the ice retreated during the Eemian interglacial
125,000 years ago – Homo sapiens reached the Near East, but evidence suggests they retreated back to Africa, as their settlements were replaced by Neanderthals
120,000–81,000 years ago – Skhul and Qafzeh in modern-day Israel contain evidence that Homo sapiens lived at those sites but then went back to Africa
c. 118,000–c. 88,000 BC – the time of the Abbassia Pluvial when North Africa had a wet and rainy climate, and North Africa had lush vegetation, lakes, swamps, and river systems
108,000 to 10,000 BC – last Ice Age
113,000 to 9,700 BC – the Würm glaciation, last glacial period of the Alpine region of Europe. See map here
100,000 to c. 50,000 years ago – dwarf Homo floresiensis (hobbits), which evolved from Homo erectus, lives on the island of Flores in Indonesia
c. 100,000 years ago – Gigantopithecus probably becomes extinct owing to the climate change in the Pleistocene era
c. 73,000 BC (± 900 years) – Lake Toba supervolcanic eruption (in Sumatra, Indonesia). This is the largest known explosive eruption on Earth in the last 25 million years. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences for human populations: it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a population bottleneck in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human world-wide population to the present
75,000 years ago – Homo sapiens left Africa again about across the Bab el Mandib, connecting Ethiopia and Yemen into Middle East
70,000 years ago – cold, dry low point; most of northern Europe and Canada were covered by thick ice sheets
60,000 years ago – humans settle New Guinea
60,000–50,000 BC – outside Africa, Homo sapiens lives in Near East, Greece, south Asia, New Guinea and Australia
c. 58,000 BC – most areas north of the tropics not inhabited by Homo sapiens because of the cold and difficulty of food supply
50,000 years ago – Homo sapiens in South Asia
c. 50,000–40,000 years ago – southeast Asians reach Australia; in Australia by 46,000 years ago at the latest
c. 48,000–28,000 BC – the time of the Mousterian Pluvial in North Africa, with a wet and rainy climate
c. 48,000 BC – the ancestor languages of the Dene Caucasian, Austric, Dravidian, Indo-Pacific, and Australian language families probably established in south Asia, Sunda, and Sahul (Australia-New Guinea continent)
c. 43,000–41,000 BC – Cro-Magnon Homo sapiens reached Europe from the Near East, eventually replacing the Neanderthal population by 40,000 years ago
c. 43,000–c. 38,000 BC – the Châtelperronian culture in central and south-western France and northern Spain
c. 41,000–c. 26,000 BC – the Aurignacian culture is found in Europe (probably associated with GoyetQ116 type people), the archaeological culture of the Upper Palaeolithic; this first appears in Eastern Europe around c. 41,000 BC, and spread into Western Europe c. 38,000 and 34,000 BC, but replaced by the Gravettian culture c. 26,000 to 24,000 BC
39,000–37,000 BC – Neanderthals die out in Europe
c. 38,000 BC – humans start to settle the northern Eurasian regions
c. 38,000 BC – time of the proposed proto-language that developed into the proto-Amerind and proto-Eurasiatic languages spoken around the northeast coast of Asia; the linguist Joseph Greenberg dates this to 13,000 to 9,000 BC; this proposed proto-language might have been descended from proto-Austric or proto-Sino-Tibetan
c. 38,000 BC – earliest proposed date for the beginning of human settlement of Alaska and north America via the Bering straits
c. 38,000 BC – Paleolithic hunter-gatherers live in Japan
35,000–12,000 BC – European hunter-gatherers descend from a single ancestral population with no significant genetic inflow from other regions
c. 33,000 BC – the Proto-World language?
c. 29,000–c. 22,000 BC – the Gravettian tool-making culture of the European Upper Paleolithic of Vestonice cluster type people; ice age glaciation seems to have wiped out Gravettian culture people c. 22,000 BC
28,000 BC – East Asia was reached by Homo sapiens
28,000–13,000 BC – last cool phase of the Ice age; humans withdraw from north Eurasia to more southerly areas
c. 27,000–18,000 BC – Last Glacial Maximum (when the ice sheets were at their greatest extension) c. 24,500 BC; deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere gradually from c. 18,000 to 17,000 BC
26,000 BC – last group of Neanderthals disappear from southern Spain
c. 22,000–13,000 BC – Mal'ta-Buret' culture on the upper Angara River in the area west of Lake Baikal in the Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia. These people were important for the genetic ancestry of Siberians, Native Americans and Bronze Age Yamnaya people. The Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) population was either the people of the Mal'ta-Buret' culture or a closely-related population
c. 20,000–15,000 BC – Solutrean industry in France and southern Spain, a flint tool-making style of the Upper Palaeolithic in Europe. See the map here
c. 18,000–17,000 BC – deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere
c. 18,000 to 12,500 BC – Kebarian culture of the Levant; this was followed by the Natufian culture. Some think the Kebarian culture was associated with speakers of the Proto-Nostratic language
c. 17,000 BC – as the Ice Age ended in Europe, people (of the El Miron cluster type, with admixture of GoyetQ116 and the Villabruna branch) from the southwest and Spain re-migrated and expanded over Europe. These people are associated with the Magdalenian culture
c. 15,000–10,000 BC – the Magdalenian culture, a culture of the Upper Paleolithic in western Europe
15,000–12,000 BC – possible date of the older, hypothetical Proto-Nostratic language, which gave rise to the proposed Nostratic macrofamily of languages, including(1) Indo-EuropeanThe original homeland of Proto-Nostratic was possibly the Mesolithic Fertile Crescent, perhaps the (1) Kebarian culture (c. 18,000 to 12,500 BC) of the Levant or the (2) Zarzian culture (12,400–8,500 BC) of the Zagros mountains, which stretched northwards into Kohistan in the Caucasus and eastwards into Iran. The migrations of these people displaced the earlier Dené–Caucasian langauges (e.g., such as Hurrian and Hattic). Modern scholars reject the old Nostratic hypothesis, and favour the proposed Eurasiatic language family hypothesis
(2) Uralic
(3) Altaic
(4) Kartvelian languages
(5) Afroasiatic languages
(6) Dravidian (or Elamo-Dravidian) language families.
c. 14,300 BC – Homo sapiens reach North America? (c. 16,500–13,000 years ago)
c. 14,000–c. 13,000 BC – the Oldest Dryas, a cold period
before 13,000 BC – the possible date of the hypothetical Proto-Dené-Caucasian language, which gave rise to the Dené-Caucasian languages includingWesternThis language family is probably older than the Eurasiatic family, and Dené-Caucasian spread in a first migration, and was later overrun by Eurasiatic. See the family tree here. A proposed homeland is the Sino-Tibetan homeland in south China c. 30,000 BC. Proto-Dené-Caucasian speakers might have migrated into the steppe, east and west, and to the west along the Silk Road into Central Asia, the Caucasus region, and Europe
Vasconic languages (Aquitanian, Iberian, Tartessian?, modern Basque)
Tyrsenian (disputed) (Etruscan, Raetic, Lemnian, Camunic?)
Paleo-Sardinian languages of the Balares and Iolaei
Sicanian language of Sicily
Hurro-Urartian (Hurrian, Urartian, Kassite?)
North Caucasian languages
Sumerian (disputed)
Na-Dené (in north America, including Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit languages)
Sino-Tibetan (Tibetan, Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Burmese, Karen, Bodo)
c. 13,000 BC – spread of the proposed proto-Eurasiatic language (of Joseph Greenberg, Indo-European and its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Stanford, 2000) giving rise to the Eurasiatic language family, possibly from a refuge area in the Last Glacial Maximum, includingIndo-EuropeanSee here. Amerind is possibly a sister language group of the Eurasiatic languages, and some scholars date proto-Eurasiatic to c. 38,000 BC and place its homeland in the north Pacific coast of Asia, with proto-Amerind; proto-Amerind then spread into America and Eurasiatic langauges into central Asia through the steppe. Proto-Eurasiatic might have descended from proto-Nilo-Saharan, proto-Afroasiatic, proto-Dravidian, proto-Dene-Caucasian, or proto-Austric. Austric may be the parent language of proto-Eurasiatic, and migrations of Eurasiatic speakers displaced earlier Dené–Caucasian languages
Altaic (Mongolic, Tungusic and Turkic)
Dravidian (now largely rejected or disputed)
Kartvelian (now largely rejected or disputed)
c. 13,000 BC – proto-Na-Dene speaking people move into Alaska from Asia
12,800 BC – Amerindians reach Patagonia in southern Chile
12,700–10,700 BC – Bølling-Allerød interstadial, the first important warm and moist period at the end of the last glacial period; during this time after the Ice Age, there was population movement into Europe from either the Near East or the Balkans of the Villabruna Cluster people, some of whom had a genetic affinity to east Asians (Fu, Posth et al. 2016). In certain regions, there was a cold period called the Older Dryas during the middle of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial
12,500–9,500 BC – the Natufian culture in the Levant; harvesting of wild plants allows more free time; Natufians may have spoken a proto-Afroasiatic language, but others disagree
c. 12,180–11,780 BC – possibly a great migration to Europe from the west via Italy?; Villabruna branch ancestry people spread out
c. 12,100–c. 11,700 – the Older Dryas, a cold period
12,000 BC onwards – Europeans are Western hunter gatherers
c. 12,000 BC – beginning of possible migration from the Near East or the Balkans of the Villabruna Cluster people into Europe
12,000–8,000 BC – most mammoths die out; small population of 500–1000 woolly mammoths lived on Wrangel Island until 1,650 BC
c. 12,000 BC – dogs probably domesticated by the Natufians in the Near East
12,000–300 BC – the hunter-gatherer Jōmon culture in Japan; some estimates put it as early as 14,500 BC
c.11,200–10,000 BC – the prehistoric Paleo-Indian Clovis culture in North America; Clovis culture ended by the Younger Dryas (10,900–9,700 BC) and associated dust storms
c. 11,000–8,000 BC – the Late Glacial Maximum or Tardiglacial, the beginning of the warm period when the Northern Hemisphere warmed substantially with significant accelerated deglaciation after the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 23,000–11,000 years ago). Human beings in refuge areas started to repopulate northern Europe and Eurasia. See the map here
c. 11,000 BC – the Grand Banks of Newfoundland underwater plateaus south-east of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf) left exposed as ice sheets melt
c. 11,000 BC – outflow of water from Lake Agassiz (which may have been the largest lake on Earth then) into the Arctic Ocean
c. 11,000–9,000 BC – Windermere interstadial in Britain, the warm phase at the end of the last glaciation preceding the Younger Dryas; perhaps it began 12,000 BC
10,900–9,700 BC – mini ice age called the Younger Dryas causes sharp decline in temperatures over much of the northern hemisphere. Younger Dryas was triggered by vast meltwater probably from Lake Agassiz flowing into the North Atlantic, which caused disruption to thermohaline circulation. This causes severe problems in Natufian culture from drought; Natufians abandoned settlements and became nomadic; on the shores of disappearing lake Galilee, Natufians began farming; others began herding
c. 10,700 BC – extinction of the North American megafauna, including giant sloths, American lion, giant tortoises, Smilodon, dire wolves, giant beaver, giant Columbian mammoth, woolly mammoth, mastodons, American cheetah, scimitar cats (Homotherium), American camels, and American horses
c. 10,000 BC – Jericho is a settlement, and before that a camping ground for Natufian hunter-gatherer groups
after 9,700 BC – after the end of Younger Dryas, climate in Near East perfect for farming, which then spreads with combination of farming and herding
c. 9,500 BC – first phase of construction of the temple complex at Göbekli Tepe
c. 8,800 – 4,900 BC – Mesolithic period in Europe
c. 8,000 BC – end of the Quaternary extinction event of the megafauna, which was a long process from the mid-Pleistocene
8,000 BC – world population is possibly around 5,000,000
c. 8,000–7,000 BC – the hypothetical Austric proto-langauge is spoken in the Burma-Yunnan frontier. The proposed Austric macrofamily has two subgroups:(1) Hmong-Mien andSee here.
(2) a proto-langauge that gave rise to(i) Austroasiatic and
(ii) Austro-Tai including Austronesian and Tai-Kadai (e.g., Thai and Lao; see map here).
c. 7,600–c. 6,000 BC – Pre-Pottery Neolithic B in the Near East; this was ended by Bond climatic event 5
c. 7,500 BC – Mesolithic hunter-gatherers reach Ireland
c. 7,500–3,500/3000 BC – Neolithic Subpluvial (Holocene Wet Phase), a period of wet and rainy conditions in the climatic history of northern Africa
c. 7,200 BC – Çayönü, a Neolithic settlement in southeastern Turkey, is the site where emmer wheat is first cultivated, and where the first domestic cattle and pigs are domesticated
c. 7,000 BC – farming spreads into Elam
7,000–3,000 / c. 1,700 BC – Neolithic Europe; 7,000–3,000 BC in southeast Europe; c. 4,500–1,700 BC in northwest Europe
c. 6,400 BC – the Black Sea, until this time a fresh water lake, is connected to the Mediterranean Sea, perhaps in a flood
6,200 BC – Bond climatic event 5 ends Middle Eastern Neolithic B culture (see Bond event), a sudden cold period lasting 200 to 400 years causing problems to humans worldwide and migrations in search of food and water
c. 6,500 BC–4,000 BC – Neolithic Anatolian farmers from northern Greece and north-western Turkey started migrating into central Europe through the Balkan route and then by the Mediterranean route to the Iberian Peninsula (see here)
c. 6,500–3,800 BC – Ubaid period, a prehistoric period of Mesopotamia; in North Mesopotamia, from c. 5,300 and 4,300 BC
c. 6,100 BC – the Storegga Slide
c. 6,100 BC – Britain gradually becomes an island after a tsunami from the underwater Storegga Slide and the later bursting of Lake Agassiz (which flooded the oceans and caused sea levels to rise in the space of two years) permanently floods Doggerland (Dogger Bank, an upland area of Doggerland, is believed to have remained as an island until at least 5000 BC)
6,000 BC – the Copper Age begins in the Fertile Crescent; the Torres Strait (separating Australia from New Guinea) is formed as sea levels rise
c. 6,000 BC – the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (underwater plateaus south-east of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf) are submerged by rising sea levels
c. 6,000 BC – the ancestors of the Austronesians migrate from South China to Taiwan
5,700–4,500 BC – time of the Vinča culture (the Turdaș culture or Turdaș-Vinča culture), a Neolithic archaeological culture in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe, of Old Europe
c. 5,500–4,800 BC – Samarra culture in Mesopotamia
c. 5,500 BC – agriculture spreads throughout ancient Egypt
5,500 BC – copper technology (e.g., a copper axe) used in Serbia
c. 5,000 BC – speakers of pre-proto-Indo-European migrate into the regions north of the Black Sea from central Asia
5,000–3,500 BC – Danube Valley civilization (or Vinča culture)
5,000–4,000 BC – the Sahara in its wet phase may have been home to the proto-Semitic speakers
4,300–3,300 BC – Chalcolithic age in the Near East
c. 4,000–3,000 BC – beginning of migrations of the Austronesian-speaking people from Taiwan to the Philippines, Borneo, Indonesia and the Pacific islands (see map here).
c. 4,000 BC – the Proto-Sino-Tibetan language still undifferentiated; the Proto-Sino-Tibetan homeland was possibly around the sources of the Yellow, Yangtze, Mekong, Brahmaputra, Salween, and Irrawaddy rivers
4,000–3,000 BC – time of the Proto-Dravidian language in India; some scholars think that Dravidian and the ancient Elamite language form the Elamo-Dravidian language family
4,000–2,000 BC – possible date of the Proto-Kartvelian language, which was spoken in the western and central areas of the Lesser Caucasus
c. 4,000–3,100 BC – the Uruk period in Mesopotamia
c. 3,900 BC – 5.9 kiloyear event (Bond event 4), which intense aridification of various regions
c. 3,900 BC – the Sahara becomes a desert during Bond event 4 or the 5.9 kiloyear event. A severe drought occurs ending the Ubaid period and a migration of people from the Sahara in search of food and water to Egypt
c. 3,800–3,500 BC – emergence of Proto-Semitic?
c. 3,800–c. 3,350 BC – the Middle Chalcolithic Ghassulian culture in the Southern Levant
3,700–3,600 BC – Minoan culture emerges in Crete
3,500–1,700 BC – Chalcolithic Europe (Copper Age) period of prehistoric Europe
3,500–2,340 BC – cities develop in Sumeria
3,500–2,300 BC – Yamna (or Pit Grave Culture) culture of Indo-European-speakers in the Pontic-Caspian, a late Copper Age/early Bronze Age culture; followed by north: Corded Ware culture (c. 2,900–2,350 BC); west: Catacomb culture (c. 2800–2200 BC); east: Poltavka culture (2,700–2,100 BC), Srubna culture
c. 3,500 BC – the Sahara becomes a desert and Proto-Semites may have emigrated into the Nile Delta and Palestine; the collapse of the Ghassulian culture in Palestine c. 3,300 BC may have been caused by this migration
c. 3,400—c. 2,000 BC – the Kura–Araxes culture (or early trans-Caucasian culture) spread from the Ararat plain north into the Caucasus by 3,000 BC, and then south Caucasus, northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and Syria; these people were ancestors of Hurrian, Urartian and Northeast Caucasian language speakers; (see map here); most probably home of proto-Hurro-Urartian, which developed into Hurrian, Urartian and possibly the Kassite language. See the map here. Also dated to 3,500 to 2,450 BC
c. 3,300–1,200 BC – Bronze Age in Near East
3,300–2,800 BC – Early Harappan Ravi Phase of the Indus Valley civilisation
c. 3,300 BC – Ötzi the Iceman dies (on border of modern Austria and Italy); his body discovered in 1991 in a glacier of the Ötztal Alps
3,300–2,500 BC – Afanasevo culture in the Minusinsk Basin and the Altai Mountains
c. 3,200–600 BC – Bronze Age in Europe
c. 3,200–c. 2,000 BC – Cycladic culture, an Early Bronze Age culture of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea
c. 3,100–1,900 BC – Corded Ware culture in central and eastern Europe
c. 3,100 BC – Narmer Palette
c. 3,100 BC – earliest phase of Stonehenge
3,000–2,000 BC – Indo-European-speaking Yamnaya-culture people swept into Europe from the Russian steppe
c. 3,000 BC – Akkadians migrate into northern Babylonia?
c. 3,000–1,000 BC – common Proto-Balto-Slavic language in eastern Poland, Russia and the Ukraine
2,900–2,350 BC – Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia (Middle Chronology; 2800–2230 BC under Short Chronology)
c. 2,700—2,100 BC – the Poltavka culture, a middle Bronze Age culture of the middle Volga near Don-Volga canal into north of present Kazakhstan; Proto-Indo-Iranian speakers
c. 2,686–c. 2,181 BC – Old Kingdom of Egypt
c. 2,667–2,648 BC – step pyramid of Djoser
c.2,600 BC – large urban centres appear in the Indus Valley civilisation at Harappa, Ganeriwala, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal; c. 1,052 cities and settlements develop
2,600–1,900 BC – height of the Indus Valley civilisation
2,400–2,000/1,700 BC – Indo-Europeans speakers arrive in Greece bringing with them the Proto-Greek language that would evolve into Mycenaean Greek and then the later Greek dialects of Classical Greece
2,340–2,316 BC – reign of Lugalzagesi (Lugalzaggesi; c. 2,294–2,270 BC under short chronology); the last Sumerian king who began his rule from Umma, and who conquered Sumer as king of the third dynasty of Uruk; he conquered Kish, Lagash, Ur, Nippur, Larsa, and Uruk. He made Uruk his new capital (see the map here)
c. 2,340–c. 2,284 BC – Sargon of Akkad, first ruler of the Akkadian empire
2,350–2,170 BC – Akkadian empire (Middle Chronology; 2230–2050 BC under Short Chronology)
c. 2,300 BC – the Hattians are attested in Anatolia in the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of Sargon of Akkad; the Hattians may be descendants of Anatolian farmers
c. 2,266–c. 1,761 BC – Third Kingdom of Mari
2,200 BC – the Bond Event 3 (or 4.2 kiloyear event) causes the collapse of the Egyptian Old Kingdom and the Akkadian Empire
c. 2,181–c. 2,055 BC – First Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 2,150 BC – invasion of Mesopotamia by the Guti?; defeat of Ur-Utu of Uruk
c. 2,115 BC – conquest of Akkad by the Guti?
c. 2,154 BC–c.2,112 BC – Gutian dynasty of Sumer (Middle Chronology)
2,112–2,004 BC – Third Dynasty of Ur (Middle Chronology; 2055–1940 BC under Short Chronology)
2,100–1,800 BC – the Sintashta culture of Indo-European proto-Indo-Iranian speakers, a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the north Eurasian steppe; the earliest known chariots found in Sintashta burials (see map here
2,100–1,800 BC – Amorite migration into Mesopotamia
c. 2,100–1,700 BC – time of the use of Cretan hieroglyphic on Crete
c. 2,055–c. 1,650 BC – Middle Kingdom of Egypt
2,025–1,378 BC – Old Assyrian Empire
before c. 2,000 BC – migration of Hittites into Anatolia, either from Balkans or the Caspian Sea, possibly from 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Some scholars put the arrival as early as c.4,000 BC. For Sturtevant's Indo-Hittite hypothesis (1926) which places the split of Indo-Hittite from Pre-Proto-Indo-European language as early as 7,000 BC, see here. For another view, see here
c. 2,000–900 BC – the Andronovo culture, a Bronze Age culture in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe; the culture of the Indo-Iranians; Andronovo culture gave rise to the Saka (Scythians), Sarmatians and Alans.
c. 2,000 BC – Stonehenge completed
c. 2,000–700 BC – Bronze Age in China
c. 2,000 BC – early Proto-German develops in northern Germany and in southern Scandinavia
c. 2,000 BC – last woolly mammoths go extinct on Wrangel island, an island in the Arctic Ocean
c. 1,900 BC – Minoan Old Palace (or Protopalatial) period begins in Crete
1,894–1,595 BC – the Amorite Dynasty of Babylon
c. 1,830 BC – Mari becomes the seat of the Amorite Lim dynasty under king Yaggid-Lim
c. 1,809–c. 1,776 BC – Shamshi-Adad I, an Amorite king of the Old Assyrian Empire, conquers a large area in north Mesopotamia
1,800–1,300 BC – Troy VI archaeological period
1,800–1,600 BC – the Indo-European speakers of India split off from Indo-Iranian language
c. 1,800–1,450 BC – period of use of Linear A script on Crete for the Minoan language, which was also used on the Aegean islands (Kea, Kythera, Melos, Thera) and Greek mainland (Laconia)
c. 1,795 BC – Shamshi-Adad I occupied Mari
c. 1,792–1,750 BC – rule of Hammurabi in Babylonia (middle chronology)
1,700–1,600 BC – height of the Minoan civilization
c. 1,732–1,460 BC – Sealand Dynasty in southern Mesopotamia
c. 1,650–1,550 BC – Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1,650 BC – Hyksos conquest of Memphis and the collapse of the 13th Dynasty of Egypt
c. 1,642–c. 1,540 BC – Minoan eruption of Thera (Santorini eruption)
c. 1,600–after c. 1,180 BC – Hittite empire
c. 1,600–1,100 BC – Mycenaean Greece
1,595 BC – Hittites sack Babylon and end Old Babylonian Kingdom
1,595–1,155 BC – Kassite Dynasty of Babylon
c. 1,550 BC – Ahmose I (ruled c. 1,539–1,514 BC) expelled the Hyksos and their last king Khamudi from Egypt
c. 1,550–c. 1,077 BC – New Kingdom of Egypt
c. 1,500 BC – migration of Indo-Iranians into Iran and northern Mesopotamia who become the elite of the Mitanni kingdom
c. 1,500 BC – migration of Indo-European speakers into northern India (Vedic people)
c. 1,500–1,300 BC – kingdom of the Mitanni, a Hurrian-speaking state in north Syria and southeast Anatolia, ruled by a Indo-Iranian elite (see map)
c. 1,490 BC – Mycenaean conquest of the Minoans
1,450 BC – the oldest Mycenaean writing, derived from the older Linear A, which remains the undeciphered earlier script of the Minoan language
c. 1,450–1,200 BC – period of the use of Linear B script for Mycenaean Greek, found in Crete (Knossos) and mainland Greece (Pylos, Mycenae, Thebes, Tiryns)
1,392–934 BC – Middle Assyrian Empire
c. 1,340 to 1,100 BC – Minoan Warm Period
c. 1,300–c. 750 BC – Urnfield culture, late Bronze Age culture of central Europe, within which was the Proto-Italo-Celtic homeland
1,279–1,213 BC – reign of Ramesses II
1,277 BC – an attack of the Sherden (or Shardana) on the Nile Delta repulsed and defeated by Ramesses II
c. 1,258 BC – the Treaty of Kadesh between the Hittite ruler Hattusili III and Rameses II
1,250 BC – Troy VI probably destroyed by an earthquake
c. 1,207–1,178 BC – the reign of Suppiluliuma II (the son of Tudhaliya IV), the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire (on short chronology)
1,200–c. 900 BC – the Proto-Villanovan culture in Italy (either early Etruscan or proto-Italic); possibly two waves of Tyrsenian-speakers came to Italy from north-west Anatolia c.1,100 BC and 900 BC; and c. 800 BC to Lemnos
c. 1,184 BC – Troy VIIa destroyed by war: there is evidence of fire and slaughter, which brought Troy VIIa to an end
c. 1,180 BC – the Hittite capital Hattusa burnt to the ground after invasions by the Kaskans, Phrygians and Bryges
c. 1,178 BC – invasion of Sea peoples during the battle of Djahy, between the forces of Ramesses III, fought in Djahy or modern day southern Lebanon
c. 1,155–1,025 BC – Dynasty IV of Babylon (from Isin)
c.1,150 – final destruction of citadel of Mycenae
c. 1,126–1,103 BC – reign of Nebuchadnezzar I
c. 1,100 BC – great Bronze Age civilizations collapse, probably by a severe drought; end of the Minoan Warm Period
c.1,100–1,000 – gradual invasion or migration of Dorians into mainland Greece (perhaps from c.1,000–900)
c. 1,069–c. 664 BC – Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
c. 1,050–950 BC – migration of Ionians to the islands and west Anatolia
1,006–965 BC – traditional date of David, king of the ancient Israelites
1,000–750 BC – The Dark Age in Greece
c. 1000 BC – proto-Thracians in the Balkans from which Dacians and Thracians develop
c. 950–900 BC – migration of Arameans and Suteans into Babylonia; in the late 10th or early 9th century BC the Chaldeans followed
965–925 BC – traditional date of Solomon, king of the ancient Israelites
911–612 BC – the Neo-Assyrian Empire:Kings of Assyria900 BC
911–891 BC – Adad-nirari II
891–884 BC – Tukulti-Ninurta II
883–859 BC – Ashurnasirpal II
859–824 BC – Shalmaneser III
824–811 BC – Shamshi-Adad V
811– 808 BC – Shammurāmat (or Sammuramat), regent
811–783 BC – Adad-nirari III
783–773 BC – Shalmaneser IV
772–755 BC – Ashur-dan III
755–745 BC – Ashur-nirari V
745–727 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III
727–722 BC – Shalmaneser V
722–705 BC – Sargon II
705–681 BC – Sennacherib
681–669 BC – Esarhaddon
668–c. 627 BC – Ashurbanipal
c. 631–c. 627 BC – Ashur-etil-ilani
626 BC – Sin-shumu-lishir
c. 627 – 612 BC – Sinsharishkun
612–c. 609 BC – Ashur-uballit II (ruled from the city of Harran)
c. 900–700 BC – time of the Villanovan culture proper (Villanovan II), which developed to Etruscan culture
c. 900–800 BC – Scythians (Eastern Iranian speakers) migrate into southern Russia
860–590 BC – the era of the kingdom of Urartu (or Kingdom of Ararat or Van), an Iron Age kingdom situated on Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. See map
859–824 BC – reign of Shalmaneser III
850 BC – the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III conquers Babylon and makes it king subject to Assyria
811– 808 BC – Shammurāmat (or Sammuramat) is regent of Assyria for her son Adad-nirari III; she becomes the legendary queen Semiramis in Greek myth
c. 800 BC – possible migration of Tyrsenian-speakers from north-west Anatolia to Lemnos (with the Lemnian language)
800–500 BC – Tyrsenian culture on Lemnos
c. 800–c. 500 BC – Hallstatt culture in Western and Central Europe, within which was the Proto-Celtic homeland
c. 800 BC – Iranian speakers who became the Medes and Persians migrate into Iran?
776 BC – traditional date of the first Olympic Games
760–656 BC – the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt (or the Nubian Dynasty or the Kushite Empire), the last dynasty of the Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt
760–740 BC – time of Eumelus of Corinth, a semi-legendary early Greek poet, who supposedly wrote the Titanomachy, Corinthiaca, Europia (Bougonia), and Return from Troy
750–650 BC – time of Hesiod, author of Works and Days, Theogony, and Shield of Heracles
750–480 BC – the Archaic Period in Greece
750–700 BC – Homeric poems the Iliad and Odyssey written down
747–721 BC – rule of Piye, the Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty of Egypt who ruled from Napata in Nubia
743–724 BC – the First Messenian War between Messenia and Sparta
738 BC – Tiglath-Pileser III occupies Philistia and invaded Israel
732 BC – Assyria takes the Aramean state of Damascus, deporting many of its inhabitants
c. 728 – the Kushite Nubian ruler Piye invades Upper and Lower Egypt
727 BC – Babylonia becomes independent of Assyria
722 BC – Shalmaneser V dies during the siege of Samaria; Sargon II takes Samaria, ending the northern Kingdom of Israel and deporting 27,000 people into captivity
716–678 BC – rule of Gyges, founder of the Mermnad dynasty of Lydian kings
c. 714 BC – the Cimmerians (from the Pontic steppe) attacked Urartu
c. 710–650 BC – the Lelantine War, the war between Chalcis and Eretria in Euboea over the control of the fertile Lelantine Plain on the island of Euboea; many other city states join in
705 BC – the Cimmerians defeated by Assyrian forces under Sargon II; the Cimmerians conquered Phrygia in 696/5
c. 700 BC – dating of Hesiod's Works and Days and Theogony
687 BC – office of archon is established in Athens
685–668 BC – the Second Messenian War between Messenia and Sparta, after a helot slave rebellion
679 BC – Cimmerians and Scythians cross the Taurus Mountains and attack Assyrian colonies in Cilicia
677 BC – Esarhaddon sacks Sidon
673 BC – Esarhaddon raids Egypt
671 BC – Assyrian invasion of Egypt by Esarhaddon; Esarhaddon drives Pharaoh Taharqa back to Nubia
664–610 BC – rule of Psamtik I (Psammeticus), the first of Saite or Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
663 BC – Assyrian invasion of Egypt; sack of Thebes
652 BC – the Cimmerians sacked Sardis, the capital of Lydia
645–560 BC – Sparta fights wars with Tegea
632 BC – the Athenian aristocrat Cylon invades Attica from Megara
626–539 BC – Neo-Babylonian empire
c. 619 BC – the Cimmerians are defeated by Alyattes of Lydia
612 BC – alliance of Medes, Babylonians and Susianians conquer the Assyrian capital Nineveh
610–595 BC – the reign of Necho II, a Pharaoh of the 26th Dynasty
609 BC – battle of Carchemish
c. 609 BC – Necho II (610–595) constructs a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea; he also founds Tell el-Maskhuta
c. 605–c. 562 BC – reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
590–580 BC – the reforms of Solon (c. 638–c.558 BC) in ancient Athens
559–530 BC – reign of Cyrus the Great
546–528/27 BC – the tyrant Peisistratos controlled Athens
539 BC – Babylon conquered by Cyrus the Great
528/27 BC–514 BC – rule of the tyrant Hipparchus (528/27 BC–514 BC) and Hippias (528/27 BC–511/10 BC) in Athens
514 BC – assassination of the Athenain tyrant Hipparchus
511/10 BC – the tyrant Hippias from Athens expelled by the Spartans
507–501 BC – Cleisthenes takes power and reforms Athenian democracy
480–322 BC – the Greek Classical Period
480–479 BC – the Persian invasion of Greece
480 BC – lions (the Panthera leo europaea) common in Greece; by 300 BC they were dying out and were extinct by c. 100 BC
478 BC – the Delian League founded as an alliance of Greek states
460–445 – First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta:460 BC – the battle of Oenoe431–404 BC – the Peloponnesian War in Greece
457 BC – Athenians defeated at Tanagra
457 BC – the battle of Oenophyta and defeat of Aegina
c. 451 – five year truce
449–448 BC – Second Sacred War
447 BC – the revolt of Boeotia from Athens and Athenian defeat at Coronea
446–445 BC – conflict ends with the Thirty Years' Peace
431–404 BC – the Peloponnesian War in ancient Greece:431–421 BC – the Archidamian war; Sparta invaded Attica and Athens uses naval power to attack Sparta; ended with the Peace of Nicias (421 BC)404 BC – the Thirty Tyrants in Athens
421 BC – Peace of Nicias
421–413 – the middle phase of the Peloponnesian War
415–413 BC – the Sicilian Expedition by Athens to Sicily
413–404 – the Decelean War (or Ionian War); Sparta incites revolts within Athens' empire
405 BC – the Athenian fleet defeated at battle of Aegospotami
404–371 BC – the Spartan hegemony in Greece; ended by the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC)
396–395 BC – the king of Sparta Agesilaus II invades Asia Minor
395–387 BC – the Corinthian War; the city states of Argos, Thebes, Corinth and Athens fight Sparta
387/386 – King's Peace, peace settlement in Greece
379/378 – expulsion of the Spartan garrison from Thebes
378–355 BC – the Second Athenian League in Greece
371 BC – the Greek city state Thebes defeats Sparta at the battle of Leuctra
371–362 BC – the Theban hegemony in Greece; ended by the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)
370–369 BC – Thebes liberates Messenia
362 BC – Athens and other Greek cities defeat Thebes in the battle of Mantinea
357–355 BC – the Social War in Greece, a rebellion against Athens by its allies in the Second Athenian League
359–336 BC – reign of Philip II of Macedon
356–346 BC – Third Sacred War; the city of Delphi seized by the Phocians
348 BC – Philip II captures Olynthos
346 BC – the Peace of Philocrates ends the Sacred war and conflict between Athens and Macedonia
338 BC – the Macedonian king Philip II defeats the Greeks at the Battle of Chaeronea
336 BC – the assassination of Philip II
336–323 BC – the reign of Alexander the Great
323–322 BC – the Lamian War
322/1 BC – democracy overthrown at Athens by Antipater
spring 318 BC – democratic revolution at Athens and the overthrow of Phocion
317 – Cassander (the king of Macedonia 305–297 BC) appoints Demetrius of Phalerum as ruler of Athens
317–307 BC – rule of the tyrant Demetrius of Phalerum at Athens
307–300 – restored democracy at Athens
c. 300–295 – rule of the tyrant Lachares in Athens
295–287 – rule of Demetrius the Besieger (king of Macedon 294–288 BC)
287–260 – Athenian democracy restored
260 – Antigonus Gonatas captures Athens and abolished democracy
300 BC–AD 300 – the Iron Age Yayoi period in Japan
250 BC–400 AD – Roman Warm Period or the Roman climatic optimum
500 AD – Slavic-speaking people rapidly expand from a homeland in eastern Poland and western Ukraine
950–1250 AD – Medieval Warm Period.
Geologic EonsBIBLIOGRAPHY
4.6–4 billion years ago – the Hadean geologic eon
4.6 billion–541 million years ago – Precambrian or Pre-Cambrian (a supereon spanning several eons)
4–2.5 billion years ago – Archean Eon
2.5 billion–542 million years ago – Proterozoic geological eon
c. 541 million years–present – Phanerozoic eon, current geologic eon in the geologic time scale
Copper Age
c. 3,500–1,700 BC – Chalcolithic Europe (Copper Age)
4,300–3,300 BC – Chalcolithic age in the Near East
Bronze Age
c. 3,300–1,200 BC – Bronze Age in Near East
c. 3,200–600 BC – Bronze Age in Europe
c. 3000–1200 BC – Bronze Age in South Asia
Iron Age
1,200 BC–500 BC – Iron Age in Ancient Near East
1,200 BC–1 BC – Iron Age in Europe
1,200 BC–200 BC – Iron Age in India
600 BC–200 BC – Iron Age in China
Fu, Qiaomei, Posth, Cosimo et al. 2016. "The Genetic History of Ice Age Europe," Nature 534: 200–205.


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Diaper cream — our favorite topic. In fact, it seems to be everyone's favorite topic when it comes to cloth diapers. A LOT of parents often wonder if cloth diaper cream is okay to use with cloth diapers and the answer is yes, but under a few conditions. You see, with bumGenius, Flip and Econobum cloth diapers, you can't just lather your baby's bum in a cream and place a cover over it. This will void your warranty, as it can cause a whole mess of issues such as leaks, odors, and unnecessary wear and tear. Creams and lotion are designed
You've all heard the song "Leader of the Pack" that goes a little something like this: I saw them at the Cotton Babies store.. My little one saw them and then smiled at me. You get the picture? That's when I fell for (the Flip Insert packs) Okay, okay, I changed the lyrics a bit, but I like my version a little better. With cloth diapers, you are the leader of the pack because you are choosing to use stylish products that are economically and eco-friendly. The leader of the pack is always ahead of the curve, and we want


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MIDDLEBURY — Diana Nyad, who last year defied the odds and dangers to achieve her lifelong goal to become the first person to swim the 110 miles between Cuba and Florida without the aid of a shark cage or fins, will deliver the 2014 Middlebury College commencement address on Sunday, May 25.
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MIDDLEBURY — The Addison County Regional Planning Commission (ACRPC) board on Wednesday voted 15-11 that the proposed natural gas pipeline from Middlebury to Ticonderoga, N.Y., can pass muster with the county's regional plan. That decision will be passed along to the Vermont Public Service Board to consider as it determines whether to green-light the controversial project being advanced by Vermont Gas.
MIDDLEBURY — The term "pop-up" was once confined to describing three-dimensional artwork in storybooks. It's now being applied to spontaneous gatherings that bring attention to products, causes or activities — such as pop-up stores or concerts.
MIDDLEBURY — The Middlebury selectboard on Tuesday set a reconsideration vote for the $6.5 million town offices-recreation center project for Tuesday, May 13. That Australian ballot vote will be preceded by an informational meeting on Monday, May 12, at 7 p.m. in the municipal gym.
MIDDLEBURY — Middlebury's rigorous standards for selecting and training its part-time police officers has placed the department in somewhat of a personnel pickle, according to its chief, and also stretched its budget.
Once trained, said Middlebury Police Chief Tom Hanley, the part-time officers are being wooed by other law enforcement agencies to fill fulltime positions, to the extent that the Middlebury force currently has no part-timers on its roster of 14 officers.
MIDDLEBURY — Two-and-a-half-year-old Charlotte LaFayette McConnell is making stellar progress in her recovery from injuries sustained after being struck by an SUV on Weybridge Street on April 1, and a fundraising effort launched on her behalf had yielded more than $13,000 as the Addison Independent went to press on Wednesday.
MIDDLEBURY — The Patricia A. Hannaford Career Center inducted 21 students into the National Technical Honor Society on Wednesday, March 19. The goal of the society is to see that deserving technical center students be recognized and that people of the community become aware of the talents and abilities of the young people and adults who choose technical education pathways to a successful future.
MIDDLEBURY — Resident Howard "Skip" Brush and his helpers on April 3 successfully capped their petition drive aimed at forcing a reconsideration vote on a new Middlebury municipal building and recreation center. Brush filed the petition, bearing around 280 signatures, with the town clerk's office with a few hours to spare.
"It was a nice effort by a lot of people," Brush said of the petition drive. "This is something that had to be done."
MIDDLEBURY — Middlebury residents will gather at Mary Hogan Elementary School on Wednesday, April 9, to consider an ID-4 budget of $6,647,165 for 2014-15, and determine whether to spend $225,000 to finance a new play structure that would replace Kidspace.
MIDDLEBURY — The European culture correspondent for The New York Times, Rachel Donadio, will deliver the Robert W. van de Velde '75 Memorial Lecture on Tuesday, April 8, at 4:30 p.m. in Dana Auditorium on the Middlebury College campus. Her topic will be "Notes From the Field: Reporting from Italy and Beyond."
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- 1soothe somebody to make someone who is anxious, upset, etc. feel calmer synonym calm The music soothed her for a while.
- 2soothe something to make a tense or painful part of your body feel more comfortable synonym relieve This should soothe the pain. Take a warm bath to soothe tense, tired muscles. Phrasal Verbssoothe somethingaway
NAmE//suð//Verb Forms present simple I / you / we / they soothe
he / she / it soothes
past simple soothed
-ing form soothing
soothingjump to other results
adjective a soothing voice/lotion
soothinglyjump to other results
adverb "There's no need to worry," he said soothingly.
Check pronunciation: soothe


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Selwyn Birchwood, Florida's rising young blues fireball, is a guitar and lap-steel-playing bundle of pure energy. He delivers his original songs with a revival tent preacher's fervor and a natural storyteller's charisma made all the more impactful by his raw, unvarnished vocals. Birchwood plays high-octane blues – at once deeply rooted, funky and up-to-the-minute – with true passion and honest emotion. With his band feeding off his drive and exuberance, the striking 6'3" 29-year-old with his trademark Afro roams the stage (often barefoot), ripping out memorable guitar licks with ease. His ability to win over an audience – any audience – is proven night after night on the bandstand. With his warm, magnetic personality, Birchwood is as down-to-earth as his music is fun, thought-provoking and vital. His mission is to spread his music far and wide, to share his joy, to play his heart out, and to push the blues into the future. "There's nothing I'd rather be doing than playing the blues," he says. "And I try to convey that with every song and with every performance." In 2013, Birchwood catapulted from local hero to shooting star. He won the world-renowned International Blues Challenge, beating out 125 other bands from the U.S. and abroad. He also took home the Albert King Guitarist Of The Year Award. It wasn't long before Alligator Records president Bruce Iglauer offered Birchwood a contract. His debut album, Don't Call No Ambulance, is a fully realized vision of contemporary blues. Birchwood's original songs range from raucous romps to hill country stomps, from searing, serious slow blues to modern blues rock. Between his uninhibited sense of fun and adventure and his serious-as-a-heart-attack musicianship, Don't Call No Ambulance is a window into the future of the blues. "All originals and no filler," he says of the album. "It's that genuineness of emotion in the songs that people can hear." The Tampa Tribune says Birchwood plays with "power and precision reminiscent of blues guitar hero Buddy Guy. He is a gritty vocalist [who is] commanding with his axe." According to Iglauer, Birchwood is the real deal. "Selwyn Birchwood is a terrific young blues talent with a huge future. He writes smart, infectious, fresh songs and delivers them with a warm, conversational vocal style and a fun-loving attitude. He's a killer guitarist, switching between a regular six-string and lap steel. Live, he's a ball of energy, interacting with the audience like they were in his living room. Selwyn is destined to be one of the next stars in the blues world." For additional info see Selwyn Birchwood Official Website Selwyn Birchwood on Facebook Follow Selwyn Birchwood on Twitter Read more on Last.fm. User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply.
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