text: THE MILESTONES OF SPEECH AND LANGUAGE. Almost every baby book and text on language development has a discussion on the milestones of speech and language development. And well they should, for these milestones are a road map to the awesome processes of maturation and learning that occur in those early formative years of life. These milestones, furthermore, provide information about the normalcy of a child's development--an issue every parent and educator is concerned with. And perhaps most importantly, they expose windows of opportunity that offer chances for parents and educators to optimize the development of language and cognition for each child. Although the following discussion is about these milestones, I have included in the Notes below some additional interesting Web sites which discuss these milestones. Einstein was no elephant If brain size alone were the hallmark of intelligence, elephants would be the Einsteins of the world. The notable Russian neuroscientest, Luria, hypothesized that it is not so much the size but the way the brain of the human is organized that gives us (humans) the language edge. Luria suggested that at birth, all the modalities of the baby's brain are functioning, as they are for most baby mammals. But these modalities are functioning as individual unconnected units. We have stressed the need for all these modalities to be stimulated, in order to maximize the development of the neural infra-structure for auditory, visual and haptic processing. So you are "Mr. Organization." What are you doing for society? The mammal brain re-organizes it's function at three months into paired modalities According to Luria, at three months after birth, in the human brain there is a reorganization of function. Now the modalities establish communication between themselves, and begin to work in pairs. We see here a change in the behavior of the child. Eyehand motor coordination is a notable sequel of this advanced neuro-wiring. That is not to say that this advantage is lacking in most other mammals. Good eye-hoof (horses & deer), eye-paw (dogs & cats) eye-hand (monkeys & apes) and eye-trunk (elephants and porters) coordination is essential for survival. We have already discussed how initially, the proximal modalities almost exclusively will be used by the child to to explore his/her environment. The cross modality associations between this haptic input and the simultaneous input of the distil modalities is critical if hearing and vision are to become optimally functional. The human brain re-organizes itself again at 12 months into a single unit Around one year for humans only (and earlier maybe for some chimps and gorillas), the human brain achieves yet a higher level of re-organization, and is now capable as functioning as a single unit. It is at this point, Luria hypothesized, that symbolic behavior becomes possible. It is about this time also that children begin to use symbols to talk, albeit in one word sentences. The language bridge has begun to take shape. In discussing the milestones of speech, books often relate these behaviors to those of general motor development. This is not to suggest, necessarily, that speech development is dependent upon motor development. Rather they are intended to serve as useful measures to obtain perspective. For example, both speech and language have a maturational timetable for development. If one or the other alone lags, different etiologies are suggested. If both are slow in developing, yet a third range of possibilities becomes suspect. 0 to 1 minute--well, for crying out loud We will look, then, at both speech and at some of the major motor developments in those early years. The first aural communication a human typically makes in life is the fabled Birth Cry. Crying seems to be a simple act, but in reality it is a very complex one, requiring a high degree of body, and hence, neurological coordination. All of the muscles of respiration must be synchronized together, and also with those muscles controlling the larynx and the oral cavity. Hence, while the birth cry might be interpreted by the casual on-looker (typically Dad) as meaning, "That was no fun!" But to a doctor or a researcher, it has a more profound message. It speaks to the neurological health or integrity of the baby. For example the syndrome "Cri du Chat," can be often diagnosed at birth on the basis of the baby's crying pattern. Here, in the notes, is a support group for such children. 1 minute to 2 months--How do you spell Major Nuisance? U-n-d-i-f-f-e-r-e-n-t-i-a-t-e-d c-r-y-i-n-g. The crying that follows during those days (nights) right after birth has been called by some a nuisance, and by others, undifferentiated crying. The latter is basically because the cry lacks variety. That is not surprising considering there is a paucity of neural connections, and taking into account the fact that the infant's oral tract is too small and the tongue is too large for effective modulation. In the Notes to the right, are some auditory samples of undifferentiated crying." How do you spell inconvenience: b-a-b-y ? Often the issue for new parents is how to respond to the baby's crying, especially in the wee hours of the morning. There are those who say that we must teach the baby early to mold to the adults timetable if we don't wish to be greatly inconvenienced by the baby's crying in the middle of the night. How do you spell opportunity: i-n-c-o-n-v-e-n-i-e-n-c-e ? This means gritting our teeth and ignoring the ever undulating cacophony until it subsides. The reality, of course, is that if we don't want to be inconvenienced, we shouldn't have a baby. Once we undertake that commitment, inconvenience is the name of the game and the more we are inconvenienced and meet the challenge, the greater that baby's chances for fulfillment will be. Let's examine what we should do when the baby cries at 12 a.m., and again at 3 a.m. Vygotsky called the baby's cry a social act of communication. Here in lies a concept of some importance. If we respond quickly to the baby's crying, we are teaching the baby that the vocal mechanism is an excellent tool for communication. This engenders an underlying positive attitude about oral communication. In addition it provides additional opportunities for the parents to stimulate the child with touch, voice and visual patterns ( e.g. the face). Cast your crumbs upon the water and what do you get—soggy crumbs! Stimulation, as we have discussed, is a major player in brain cell growth and the development of the neural infra-structure. For the infant, who is in the growth "fast-lane", the parents can be contributors to that growth each minute they spend with the child, day or night! What happens if we don't answer the call? First of all, we need to recognize that a baby's metabolism is not the same as ours. So that the baby's body rhythm is different than that of an adult. Hence, they need to have their schedule of feeding prevail and not the adults'. When the baby cries and are ignored, their needs go unmet. (These are the crumbs, I was referring to.) The oral mechanism to them appears to have little value as a means of communication. In addition, what neural subsystems are being stimulated here, so that they will be the ones to develop more fully? 2 months to 3 months--How do you spell babycommunication: d-i-f-f-e-r-e-n-t-i-a-t-e-d c-r-y-i-n-g. When the baby cries, the neurons being exercised and stimulated to grow are the ones in the circuits that generate the feelings of anxiety, anger, frustration, and hopelessness. These systems will develop more readily and, because they are well developed, are more available to become the child's reaction of choice to the problems they encounter throughout life. (These are the soggy crumbs that can come back to haunt us.) Around the second and third months, the parents will have happily noticed that the baby's crying has taken on some nuances in the form of an increased number of consonant and vowel type sounds, and voice pitch changes and rhythm. This is called, differentiated crying. The sounds that the baby is making are reflexive and do not represent any particular language—only sounds that a human can make. This variety leads some mothers, however, to feel that they can interpret their baby's cries. 3 to 6 months—out of the mouths of babes comes BABBLING. Research suggests to the contrary, noting that when the crying is taken out of context, the mothers are unable to decode it's meaning. But then again, communication in context is what pragmatics is all about. So that maybe there still may be something to be said for the communication effectiveness of differentiated crying. This may be an interesting area for further research. Nonetheless, everyone does agree that the level of agitation of the baby's message can be interpreted by the pattern of the crying. Of course, all the points we have raised for responding promptly to the baby's undifferentiated crying still hold for this stage of communication too. Now about BABBLING... When professors do it, it is called "time for retirement," but when the 3 month old baby babbles, it is a sign of human genetic inheritance, and a forerunner of oral communication. Babbling is a genetic inheritance for the human species only--no primates allowed. Babbling occurs after that time when, as Luria suggests, the brain has gone through its reorganization. Modalities now work in consort, two at a time. Hence, the noises that the baby makes are now correlated with the vocal movements that are producing them, and the baby revels in this awareness. This particular aural circuit, however, is unique only to humans. Other primates do not engage in this activity. Nor do other primates develop speech. All during this period, the production of sounds increases in frequency and variety in terms of consonants (from back to front) and vowels (from front to back). The sounds, however, are still relatively reflexive or by chance and do not reflect any language background. The initial babbling is personal and occurs usually when the child is alone, usually before or after a nap. There is lot of cooing and chuckles. So what is the child doing motorically at 3 to 6 months during the period of Babbling? This quickly gives way to a modified consonant-vowel kind of cooing interspersed with nasal and nasal and labial fricatives. Later it begins to carry some social significance and is used as a tool for gaining attention—a very positive sign for the development of aural communication. There will be identifiable combinations as well as one syllable utterances. At the start of the babbling period, most notable motor behavior is the ability of the baby to hold his/her head up from a prone position (lying on his stomach). My feeling is that if you have been letting the baby roll and play a lot on the floor that he/she will gain this ability a little earlier. It's a desirable skill so that the baby can focus on more objects. By half way through the babbling period, the baby should be able to sit with support; and by the end of the period, sit without support. 6 to 8 months—Babies are not just LALLING around, but are also using the JARGON of their language. Actually, I like to talk about lalling first, and then jargon to clarify the difference between the two. Lalling is a term favored in oldtime language texts but not used so much now. I like the term, however, partly because I am an old-time professor, and partly because it underscores a particular oral growth feature— articulation control. During the babbling period, the sound combinations that the baby made were reflexive or random. Now, the baby can make a sound voluntarily, at his desecration. It's a sure sign that vocal motor patterns are beginning to be developed and stored in the "Mixer." Baby can say, "ba" when he wants to or "da" or "bada" and do it again, "bada bada bada bada bada bada bada," and again and again. The range of consonants produced voluntarily, in terms of type and frequency, will at first be limited. Quickly new vowels and consonants will appear, and will increase in frequency. Consonants appear from front to back and vowels from back to front--and all this in just on semester! Typically, the front consonants will be used first. The range of vowels will also be restricted, with the back vowels appearing first. This could easily account, at least in part, for the fact that the names of close family members in many languages are words that start with front consonants and back vowel, as in "mama" and "papa" or even "dada." Perhaps the most striking thing of all is the fact that the sounds the baby is making are now recognizable as being the sounds of the baby's language environment. In just 6 short months, this speck of humanity, who has spent much of his/her time peeing and pooing, crying and cooing, has found time to secretly extract from the surrounding stream of vocal sounds, many of the allophones of the language! That's more than I accomplished in a year of Russian in college, with the exception of the pooing and peeing. Someone is talking to the fairies. Why should babies even notice speech sounds at all? Chomsky suggests this focus is a function of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that humans alone possess. Certainly the human brain has a neurological readiness to process these kinds of sounds. What does this mean to me. It means that from day one, I will be talking to my baby a lot, even, if people think I've gone "nuts." Babies may appear to not be listening, but they are! Jargon adds another surprising element to the baby's vocal ability. Many parents have heard their babies, when they are alone after a nap, talking to the "fairies." From the other room it sounds as if the baby is having a conversation with someone. What the baby is doing is lalling, with the added quality of Prosody. Now if this were a lower division course, we would have called it the Melody of the language, but that's progress. Look Dear, they're not playing our song! That is what prosody is, a melody and all languages have their own particular song. I'm reminded of the one time I left the USA, to visit Japan. I stood on the Ginza in a state of intense culture shock, as people dressed in strange clothes drove on the wrong side of the street, ate pink and white oddly shaped foods and read signs from up to down instead of left to right. To regain my composure, I did what any true American would do…I went to see a John Wayne movie (dubbed, I later learned, in Japanese). Not understanding the currency, I believe I paid $30 for the movie, but that is another story. The real surprise came when John Wayne, in boots and chattels, came out and hissed in chopped syllables, "Oh hai yo go zaee masu." I was totally destroyed. No more, I am sure, than a citizen from Japan would be at hearing Toshiro Mifune (my favorite Japanese actor) speak (dubbed) in a drawling American tone. We have learned to expect a specific melody or prosody from a speaker of a specific language. Prosody is not just a tune--it is a percussion This feature of prosody is one of the hardest things to acquire in a new language. Yet the baby is demonstrating a knowledge of it as early as six months! Prosody is made up of a number of elements that include rhythm, inflection, stress and juncture. The rhythm of a language involves the combinations of vowels and consonants and the treatment of the vowels. It creates a cadence that we come to expect of a language. It is what poems are made of, and poems are a good way for foreign students to practice the rhythm of the new language. This rhythm is very important for effective listening as far as speech is concerned, because is helps to break the stream of sounds into their proper units. When we impose the wrong rhythm on a language, we are segmenting the stream of speech incorrectly and it becomes much more difficult to decode. Notice, that when foreign speakers speak English using their native rhythm, English becomes very difficult to understand. Look Dear, they're playing someone else's song! While I was working at the Airport in Hawaii years ago, I decided to learn Japanese, so that I could welcome visitors off the plane from Japan in their native language. After struggling for one semester at the University in Japanese 100, I finally opened the door to a plane arriving from Japan, and drawled "Ohoou Haii-yoou go-ou zaiiii maaas." The Japanese passenger, first off the plane, politely apologized to me, in halting English, saying that he didn't really understand English. He didn't even recognize my drawling Japanese as being Japanese! It was back to the "drawling" board for me. The child is actually working on this difficult problem of prosody (rhythm) from the day he/she is born. Studies have shown that when a language is being spoken around an infant, that infant will be moving in unison with the rhythm of the language--kind of like dancing. From personal experience, I know that once I have danced to music, it becomes more meaningful. Of course, my wife say's that once I have danced to music, it becomes agonizing, but she only said that in an emotional state after her foot surgery. May I have this dance? May you have this dance! Not only is the baby busy teasing out the phonemes of the language but also the elusive rhythm. What this all means, again, is that there is a good reason to talk to the infant a lot. Not only is he/she busy teasing out the phonemes of the language but also the elusive rhythm. Understanding the rhythm will set the stage for improved recognition of syllables and words later on down the line. Inflection is another element of Prosody. When people speak, their voices typically raise and lower in pitch. For example, if one reads the two underlined headings above (May I…, and may you have this dance…), the first will probably end in a rising pitch, while the second will probably fall. A monotone voice is unnatural and reminds us of computer generated speech, or of speech made via an artificial larynx. This is typical also in Parkinson's disease where control of the vocal folds is weakened. Learning Prosody can be stressful. Stress is a third component of Prosody. Prosody includes Junk-sure to be missed by a non native speaker. Besides changes in pitch (inflection), we tend to hit certain syllables and words in sentence with more intensity than others. For example in the three syllable word, "banana," which syllable is stressed? It has to be the second (ba NA na) or the word is almost unrecognizable. Juncture is the fourth element of Prosody. This refers to a short, almost imperceptible pause between words in a sentence. If you think of a "white house" and then say the words, you will put a slight pause between the words. But if you remember that the President lives in the "White House," and say those words, you may note that that pause is missing. These minute pauses would probably be missed by non native speaker of English, yet for the adult, as you can see from the examples above, they can actually change the meaning of a sentence. We are not talking Supra-calafragilistic-espialadocious here. What we are talking about here are supra-segmental-phonemes. This is what prosody ultimately develops into; and the ability to understand supra-segmentalphonemes is absolutely necessary if a person is to be an effective native speaker of a language. We all remember that the phoneme is the smallest unit of a language that can change meaning. "My wife bit me," versus "My wife beat me," illustrates this point. There is a significant change in meaning brought by changing the phoneme "i" to "ea." But prosody, superimposed over a string of words in the sentence can also change the meaning of the sentence in subtle but important ways. We saw above how changing the inflection on the end of a sentence changes it from a question to an exclamation of horror. May I have this dance? May you have this dance! Asking a person to dance can create all kinds of Stress Changing the stress pattern brings different contexts into the meaning of a sentence. For example: "MAY you have this dance!" suggests to me that the process of asking permission is a major prerequisite here. "May YOU have this dance!" suggests to me that the person was expecting (hoping) any one else than me to ask. "May you HAVE this dance!" just sounds a little strange (unnatural) to me since there is nothing else I could do with a dance (other than what my wife says to do, and I can't repeat that). "May you have THIS dance!" suggests to me that almost any other time would have been better to ask. "May you have this DANCE!" suggests to me perhaps that I misread the situation and they were really practicing judo. (Ironically, this is how my wife describes my behavior on a dance floor). We are not talking supra-segmental-phonemes here, So what is the child doing motorically at 6 to 8 months--during the period of Lalling and Jargon? This is not to imply that the 6 month old baby is using suprasegmental phonemes here. Instead what we are underscoring is the fact that the basic rudiments of prosody for the language have been recognized, and are being practiced by the baby. Later these well rehearsed patterns will be available for the more complicated supra segmental phonemic function to occur. In terms of motor development, babies at this point are actually able to stand by holding on to something. When they grab an object, they will hold their thumb in opposition to the fingers. 8 to 12 months—It sounds like speech but it's really ECHOLALIA to me. You may say to the baby of 8 months, "Daddy's coming…" and the baby may reply, "Daddy coming…" It sounds great but in most instances it is just a fancy bit of jargon in which the child has put the phonemes in the "proper" order. It is a sign of some good eidetic imagery and a well developed mixer, but there is no semantic content involved. The child has no concept of meaning of the words "daddy" or "coming" let alone the significance of the two word combination. Although it is a step above jargon, it is not yet speech and language. This occurs a lot with older nonverbal children who are progressing through the milestones of speech at a much slower pace. They will often fool us (not purposely, of course) into thinking they have reached that symbolic milestone when they in fact haven't quite made it yet. So what is the child doing motorically at 8 to 12 months during the period of Echolalia? Motorically, when it comes to creeping, the baby is the expert. And when they pull themselves up to a standing position, still using objects as support, they will begin to explore making little side steps while still hanging on. ONE YEAR—a time to be one! Luria hypothesized that the human brain achieves a level of organization, at around one year, that no other mammal is able to reach. That is the unification of the brain into one single functioning unit. It is at this point that symbolic communication becomes possible. And it is at this point that the child speaks one word. (While all this may be true, the one year old child has accrued a receptive vocabulary of around 50 words. 1 year to 1 1/2 years--Identification Language Actually, the receptive vocabulary of the one year old child will probably be much larger than 50 words, if you have been reading to him/her every day, and talking to the child a lot. It is a thrill at 10 and 11 months to tell the "speechless little speck of humanity" we call our baby to get daddy's shoe and have him/her actually do it. This first word that the child utters may not be a perfect pronunciation. It may be, for example, "dada" for "father" or "baba" for "bottle." But the consistency with which he/she uses the word in the presence of the object (referent) leaves no doubt as to its meaning. Sometimes the word is a composite, like "bye-bye-now." Although to the adult, it may seem like two words, to the child it is all one. If this were a 400 level course, we would call this a progressive phonological idiom. The vocabulary will grow slowly from this point on. So what is the child doing motorically at 1 year to 1 1/2 years during the period of Identification Language? For the next six months (1 to 1 /1/2 years), the words will be used after their referent appears. Daddy may come into the room and baby says "dada." A bottle is shown to the baby and the baby say, "baba." This is called Identification Language. The second six months will bring a subtle but significant change. Motorically, like the wild boy of Avyron, the baby is running an all fours with great efficiency. He/she can stand alone now and may even take that first ONE step alone. Outside of that he/she will walk haltingly when held by the hand. 1 1/2 years to 2 years--Anticipatory Language, and the Holophrastic sentence. A subtle change that takes place by in the second six months (1 1/2 to 2 years) is the generation of the word before the stimulus appears. This is called Anticipatory Language and it takes speech out of the realm of the old stimulus-response paradigm. Now speech gives the baby some control over his/her environment. For example, the baby says, "dada" and daddy appears. She says "baba," and someone gives her a bottle. This was the level of language that Itard longed to achieve for Victor the wild child. Unfortunately with the exception of perhaps only one instance in the visual modality, this goal was not achieved. On at least one occasion, Victor did spell out the work "milk," when he was thirsty. The Holophrastic Sentence. The words that the child is generating during this period are more than simple referentsymbol relationships. So what is the child doing motorically at 1 1/2 years to 2 year, during the period of Anticipatory Language? If one notes the context in which the words are uttered, it will become apparent that the same word may be conveying different messages at different times. "Baba" on one occasion may mean, "Bring me a bottle." On another occasion, it may mean, "That is my bottle." An still on another it may mean, "That is mine--don't touch." It might even mean, "That is white like my bottle." These are in essence, one word or Holophrastic sentences. They have within them in the deep structure, the implicit beginning of grammatical functions including, for example, verb categories, nouns and the possessive case. Motorically, the child is now walking, albeit with a somewhat stiff gait. He/she is beginning to build towers two blocks high, and shows some preference for one hand or the other. TWO to 2 1/2 YEARS—SYNTACTIC SPEECH--50 small words for baby and a big bang for language development! At one year the child communicated symbolically for the first time. But language is more than just symbols and referents. What gives language its big edge, as a means of communication, is the convention of putting single words into strings to express ideas! We could try to create a symbol for every thought we would like to communicate, but very soon we would find our lexicon to be unmanageable and still growing. But by combining words to express new ideas, all of a sudden, a limited vocabulary can go a very long way! So this is that time (2 years) when the child exhibits a subconscious knowledge of the concept (part of what is called language competency) and puts two words together to express and idea! But not until they have accumulated an expressive vocabulary of at least 50 words. Language and the Big Bang Theory--duality of patterning. C E ME 2 ? MC 2 ! Separating the babies from the gorillas. Surprisingly, humans are not the only species that put symbols together to express ideas. At least one Gorilla (Koko) and some chimpanzees will do this, up to three visual symbols, (and maybe four, except that the fourth is usually a repetition of one of the other symbols in the sentence). But there is one significant difference--sentence form, or as we discussed it, morphology and syntax, is missing! It is true, that if the Gorilla is responding to your question, they will copy to a degree your word order. But, when they generate a "sentence," the words may come in any order without any bound morphemes. Surprisingly, again, human babies are tuned into word order before they ever utter a holophrastic sentence. The reaction of babies, a little under one year old, to words presented in order versus words out of order was found to be significantly different. It is interesting, also, that there are no languages, present or past, in the history of humanity that lack a sophisticated grammar. The search for Baby Grammar If you think English grammar is hard, get a load of Aborigine grammar. One major benefit of grammar, as we described it, is in the redundancy it provides for decoding or going from surface structure to deep structure. The search for the "Holy Grail" to the developmental psycholinguist was to find and define a "baby grammar." In one description there were identified two classes of words, "Pivot and Open." Pivot words were those used frequently by the child and these were small in number. Open words included all the rest of the child's lexicon. The big restriction (grammar) was that Open words were never combined in the same sentence. This of, course would have been an explicit example of grammar. Unfortunately, although this was described in one study, it was not reduplicated in others. Apparently, the Holy Grail is yet to be found. "All the world 's a stage, and Morphemes and Semantic features are the players…"( W. Shakespeare) (Ok, Shakespeare did not say exactly that about the world stage, but what can you expect from a (your) professor who majored in Tropical Agriculture). With children having an apparently innate ability to tune in to the structure of the language being spoken, semantic features in combination with morphemes seem to set the stage for the development of grammar. In every child's environment, there are actors (parents), actions and objects etc. These are the semantic features or elements that are related to the baby's needs. They are ordered through the structure and/or morphology of the language. The child is tuned in, at least initially, to that structure. In English at the two morpheme stage, the child uses any two of the semantic features. Hence, you might hear in Stage I of Roger Browns Developmental Chart, the following two word sentences (on the next slide, please): So what is the child doing motorically at 2 to 2 1/2 years, during the stage of Syntactic Speech? "Daddy (actor) Ball (object),"." Or, "Daddy (actor) throw (action)," or "Throw (action) ball (object)." All of which may mean, "Daddy throw the Ball." The human brain seems genetically predisposed to search out these noun phraseverb phrase rules for ordering of these semantic features in a two word sentence. From here, the development path leads to three and four word more complex sentences as described by Brown. This is our inheritance and a prerequisite to language development. Motorically, babies can walk now with ease, and even run; and can manage going up and down the stairs, putting both feet on each step at a time. TWO and 1/2 to 3 YEARS—COMMUNICATIVE INTENT--and a 1000 new bucks for your bang! A new window of opportunity opens during this period. During the year from 1 to 2, the baby amassed 50 new words. From 2 to 3 they will increase their vocabulary by more than 1000 words! The recurrent theme of this period is the phrase, "What's this?" or some variation. The child has an innate "inquiring mind that wants to know", and a brain that is ready to accept and catalog this new information in volumes. I was once introduced into a small group of people, which included a 3 year old little girl. I immediately forgot everyone's name (as usual) but was further embarrassed by the fact that the three year old remembered everyone's name with ease. Then I remembered how in my beginning college Russian class, I wilted at the prospect of having to learn 10 new words per class. This child eagerly sought out twice that many in a day and needed no study cards to remember them. I was left to ponder the differences in our brains. BE THERE ! So what is the lesson to be learned here? We need to BE THERE to provide that input during this period. That means reading to the child a lot, and talking to him/her even more. This is easier said than done. Answering the child's endless requests for names and explanations, like "mad cow disease," will turn any adult's mind into mush in short order. It takes high dedication, intense focus and selflessness beyond belief to do this. Typically only well informed or fanatic parents (usually mothers or grandmothers) will do this. Baby sitters and day care attendants (who have other responsibilities) typically will not bother or may not have the time. The time will pass, however, whether or not the input is provided, and the window will close slowly. If the input has been there, the impact on the child's language development will be profound! You will become impressed with the child's awareness of his/her environment, and the precision of his/her thought processes. So, what is the child doing motorically at 2 1/2 to 3 years, during the stage of Communicative Intent? You will marvel at the child's ability to express their thoughts and/or to explain in detail why they are not doing what you told them to do (the fruits of a formal language code). Motorically, the child is stressing his/her mother out by climbing and jumping a lot. They can stand on one foot in precarious places. They will get into all kinds of containers using their enhanced hand and finger coordination. They will master the six block tower, although dad may have some problems with it. THREE YEARS to Senescence—INDIVIDUO-WHAT? With the lexicon and grammar of the child well underway, the next number of years will see a rhetorical style emerge, including a host of favorite words and phrases. This will continue throughout life and will change as the settings of the individual change. This is referred to as INDIVIDUOLECT. There is something more to be said about style, however, which has a profound effect upon the child's future and is tied into the parenting philosophy of the family. Two styles of language were described by Basil Bernstein: Restricted and Formal. Restricted Language is the code used by people who are very familiar with each other. I've been married for over 40 years. My wife says, "Can we….," I say "I don't…," and she says, "How about…," and I say "Fine." Translated, that restricted language means that she wanted to watch television tonight but I had to work on school stuff, so she suggested as an alternate plan that we go for walk later, and I said that it sounded like a good idea to me. Restricted Language--More Bang for your Buck Restricted Language is also the language used in a family who subscribes to an authoritarian approach to child rearing. For example, in a family where both parents work and there are several children, there is precious little time or energy to get things done in the few hours before and after work. Efficiency is the key, so when dad or mom speak, children are supposed to hop-to. Crisp commands like "Turn it off! Eat quietly! Sit up! Brush your teeth! Stop yelling! Get dressed! Pick the toys up!!! Don't hit your sister!" keep things under control and get things done with a minimum expenditure of time and energy! Notice that much is accomplished with supra segmental phonemes and body "language." On the other hand there is a paucity of grammatical structures and transformational rules. That, of course, is what makes it so efficient. Formal Language--More Bucks for your Bang Formal Language is the code of a democratic family philosophy. Discussions abound but often not much gets done too quickly. For example, a supper scenario might go like this. Dad says, "Children, I have just noticed a thick column of black smoke issuing from under the kitchen door. Would anyone like to venture a CAN YOU EXPLAIN THESE F's TO ME guess as to the possible causes, and to the options the family has in the event some kind of exodus is required?" If we compare this statement to it's Restricted counterpart, "FIRE, GET-OUT!" it becomes even more apparent that the former is laden with many more grammatical structures. CHILL OUT DUDE, ITS TOTALLY COOL So now, here is the child's problem I have used restricted language myself, for the same reasons outlined above. It's kind of a "just this one time to get things done," situation. The problem is that because it is successful we tend to use it more and more (kind of a Skinnerian or operant conditioning effect I suppose). We may use it in the morning to get everyone off on time; and we may use it in the evening just to get supper, clean the house; and in between to keep our sanity. I think only a grandmother or grandfather can appreciate how unbelievably quickly the weeks (months-years) sneak by while your doing this. And without realizing it, this has become the linguistic style of the childrestricted language. In essence, the child does not have a decoding system that deals well with many syntactic nuances. He/she finds these tedious and incomprehensible. This does not set the stage favorabley to have good learning experiences in school. So now here is the teacher's problem, part A Let's say that little Edward, who grew up in a restricted language scenario as described above, is now in the first or second grade. In a moment of high spirits he is doing a Gene Kelly tap dance on top of one of the classroom tables. The teacher may say, "Edward, Edward, would you immediately climb down from that table. You may hurt yourself, and you are putting scuff marks on the table, which are difficult to remove. Besides, you know how upset the principle would be if she saw you. She would probably keep the whole class after school!" Of course, this is a formal language code and not within Edward's ability to understand. As he stands there looking at the teacher and thinking, "HUH?" she wisely switches styles and says, "GET DOWN NOW !" Comprehending the message Edward obediently complies. A successful communication has taken place. So now here is the teacher's problem, part B Part A was solvable, but now the teacher tries to share with the class some of the wonders of Science. She tries to explain how the earth is a large round ball with molten lava at its core, above which large landmasses slowly float. In millions of years some of the land masses actually crash together, wrinkling the surface to make what seem to us to be large mountain ranges…" As before, Edward thinks, "HUH?" But now what is the teacher to do. There is nothing she can say that is analogous to "GET DOWN!" Edward will not be able to follow this lesson or almost any other lesson. He will be bored and will perform poorly. He has a significant language problem that is not a consequence of brain damage or basic intelligence, but of a restricted language code. How can a teacher with 20 or 30 students and a curriculum to follow reach this child? So now here is the solution Sorry folks, there is no easy solution to this one! The best course of action is PREVENTION. This takes the form of counseling young parents to be aware of the existence and consequences of restricted language. This is not to say that there is not a place for restricted language. The child's safety and the parent's sanity sometimes demand it. What the parent needs to consider, however, is insuring EQUAL TIME for formal language. This means they must take care to include ample formal language experiences each day. For example they must follow restricted discourse with a formal explanation, after the need has passed. I might say, "Edward-out of the Street-NOW!" and then follow it later with an explanation. "Edward, I yelled at you because you were in danger. The drivers of cars cannot see you and may actually hit you etc. etc." Here is some food for thought--Serve some Formal Language for Meals Meal times for many families serves as a great opportunity to discuss daily events using formal language. In general, discussions should be encouraged for as many as family functions possible. As of course, the "earthquake" insurance for this earth shattering linguistic catastrophe (restricted language) is READING to the child every night, almost without fail. Books are paragons of formal language, and by reading to the child, we come as close as we can to insuring their competence in understanding the complex syntactic and morphological rules of language, not to mention thousands of more words than they would have had. It may not be an example of good etiquette, but in the Hawking family, they spent much time reading at the diner table. Stephen Hawking, of course, is one of the most brilliant men alive today. So, what is the child doing motorically at 3 years, beginning the stage of Individuolect ? Motorically, the child of three years is hopping on one foot... and running proficiently... ...and climbing stairs with alternating feet. A definite hand preference has been established. He/she can walk on a straight line... ...and can throw a ball to a receiver, and can catch a ball with both arms. What more can I say? There are two more important situations to note, that occur during this, the Individuolect period. One has to do with fluency, and the other with phoneme pronunciation. Fluency: From around two to seven years of age, the child is engaged in an activity that puts many college students in fear-learning a new language. All things being equal, it is a more daunting task for the child because they not only have to learn the phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, but they also have to learn the concepts that go with the symbols. In addition, they have not had much time to sharpen their study skills. With the help of Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device, and many other biological aids (as outlined by Eric Lenneberg in his book, the Biological Foundations of Speech), however, the child prevails and becomes a linguistic communicator in fairly short order. We almost forget that young children are still beginners at the language game. Come together, right now…over me But it does not, to semi quote the Beatles, "...come together right now," for the child. In other words, there are many times that the child will strive to find the correct word; to apply the best syntax; to correlate the semantics and pragmatics in order to most effectively communicate his/her thoughts. And, because this is all new, many mistakes will be made. The "comparator" for the child will be busy sending error messages. While the child gropes to make the repair, he/she may make additional errors. Children will also frequently supply "filler" sounds to hold their place in the conversation. Children, like adults, sense that if they are silent, someone else will start talking, or the listener will just become preoccupied with something else. Come, come, come, come, to..to..to..together right now, come together right, right now over, over, over, over, over, over, me. The bottom line is that you may hear in the child's speech at this age, 2 to 7 years, some startling dysfluencies. This can be very unnerving to parents. When it's your child that has the problem, it seems to be far more menacing. For example, when this happened to our two year old child, my wife became very upset and immediately wanted to call in a speech pathologist. I had to keep reminding her that we both were speech pathologists. In the notes are some of her dysfluencies that occurred in just one hour's time. So what is to be done? Come together, right now, but then wait and don't say anything When the child is dysfluent, the listeners (usually Mom and Dad, and frequently extended family and friends) should wait patiently, no matter how long it takes, and then respond positively to the child's verbalization. No verbal comments nor body language signs should be made in the presence of the child to indicate concern or dissatisfaction with the child's communication skills. Parents, furthermore, should run interference for the child and ward off any derogatory comments by other children, teenagers or adults in front of the child. For example, it is very natural for others to mimic the child's dysfluency. Eventually, maybe in months, the dysfluencies will subside as mysteriously as they came. Stuttering can be a self fulfilling prophecy If the parents show their concern over the dysfluencies to the child, or should others mimic and make fun of him/her, the child's awareness of the "problem" will likely be come accentuated. Disapproval can lead to fear of failure, and fear leads to failure when it comes to making the highly complex fine motor movements of speech. A life long struggle with dysfluency, now called stuttering may ensue, and like a firestorm may escalate as fear brings failure, and failure brings more fear. We have a problem! If there is evidence of struggling in the child's attempts to speak, such as blinking eyes or pursed lips or increased oral pressure, the cat is out of the bag and it is time to call in a speech pathologist. This is not to say that stuttering in every case is caused by peoples response to a child's dysfluencies. There are many other causes of stuttering, but this is one pitfall that can and should be avoided. Not all sounds are created equal The other issue for Individuolect period is the child's phoneme pronunciation. By four years of age, the child is a master of English. At least as far as the morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics are concerned. Ironically, the mechanism upon which all these ride for expressive language may not yet be complete. Not all sounds are equal and hence not all sounds are learned at the same age. Some are easy to see and require large muscle action, like /p/ and /m/. These you might expect the child to be able to make by age three. On the other hand, /r/, /l/ and /s/, for example are difficult to see and require complex motor adjustments of the tongue to produce. It is not uncommon for children to acquire these sounds after five years of age. We have no problem! So, when little 3 year old Edward says, "I thee the puthy cat thitting on the fenth." is there cause for alarm? It all depends on the sound and the age of the child. In this case, for example, is the mispronounced sound, /s/, one that is typically is mastered by a three year old child? For this we have a solution. Most texts on speech and/or language provide charts of studies showing the average age of mastery of phonemes in English for children in the general population. The text, Born To Talk includes a chart showing the results of three different surveys. It shows that the /s/ sound is not typically mastered by three year old children. Parents need to be aware of this to lessen their anxiety when it occurs. It would be very unwise to chastise a 3 to 5 year old child for mispronouncing /s/ or to try and cajole him/her to produce a proper /s/ sound. However, there is no harm in providing sound awareness and discrimination training, which is all receptive to these or any children. This can be done in a paradigm of games or in stories, by simply accenting the sounds when it occurs in the discourse. So have we said it all now? There is much more to language than we have presented, obviously. That is one reason why we have included a text. The folks who wrote this text have spent their lives studying language, as have scores of other scholars. What we have done here, with the limited time that we have, is to reach into the heart of the matter so that we can set a course for ourselves in promoting language development, whether it is for our own children, our grandchildren, or our charges in the classroom. It is clear that we can and should facilitate the course of language development for all children. What remains now is to do it. In the notes below, is a final comment from the Headmaster, herself, your professor's wife, in person, thanking you for your perseverance for sticking with this course. I hope this has been as much of a learning experience for you as it has been for me. I have enjoyed working with you! Dr. Hall


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10:00 pm
Outdoor Idaho "Working for Wildlife" Professionals and volunteers are in forests and fields - even cities - throughout Idaho working to increase knowledge about wildlife and its chances for survival. Cameras capture "deer tackling" in eastern Idaho; follow scientists and volunteers through deep snows to radio collar the seldom-seen elusive wolverine; and visit a woman raising orphan bears in her backyard in Garden City, adjacent to Boise.G
10:30 pm
Undamming The Elwha The KCTS9/EarthFix documentary tells the story of the Elhwa River, once dammed, now set free, following the determination that two 100-year-old dams were failing. The film includes historical photos and footage as well as interviews with those involved in the construction, operation and removal of the lower dam, the largest dam ever to be removed in the United States. Some of the footage used in the film is supplied by IdahoPTV and EarthFix Idaho reporter Aaron Kunz.G
11:00 pm
Oregon Field Guide "Muskrats, Cy Bingham Arborglyphs, West Coast Game Park" NULL
11:30 pm
Travelscope "Madhya Pradesh, India - The Heart of India" Joseph begins his adventure in India's capital, Delhi, and then makes a pilgrimage to the ancient Hindu and Jain temples of Khajuraho with their erotic life-affirming 1,000-year-old carvings. His journey of discovery draws him from rural villages to palace ruins. D

subset: commoncrawl


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Critical Regions in Crisis
Rise of the Rest IV
With Nikolas K. Gvosdev, David Speedie, Devin T. Stewart, Dov Waxman
Thursday, May 19, 2011 12:00 PM to 02:00 PM
|CREDIT: Bob Bob (CC).
From the protests and violence in the Middle East to the earthquake and nuclear radiation in Japan, rising powers face an enormous range of challenges to governmental and economic security. These immediate crises spark larger quandaries around governance, energy resources and economic development. They also lend a note of urgency to the Carnegie Council's fourth annual discussion of the "Rise of the Rest."
This year's panelists will confront the following questions: What explains the timing and severity of this upheaval? How can other developing nations learn from the crises of their neighbors? What will be the lasting impact of recent events on global power structures?
After the Japan Society's Devin Stewart and Middle East expert Dov Waxman give regional updates and analysis, the U.S. Naval War College's Nikolas Gvosdev will address the significance of natural resources in these crises. Carnegie Council Senior Fellow David Speedie will moderate the discussion.
This event is in cooperation with the U.S. Naval War College.
These programs are generously supported by Alfred and Jane Ross Foundation, Hewlett-Packard, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Booz & Company, Donald M. Kendall, and Rockefeller Family & Associates.
Policy Innovations
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
170 East 64th Street
New York, NY 10065-7478
(212) 838-4120
(212) 752-2432 - Fax
Map: Click Here (opens a new window)
The luncheon is FREE for Patrons; $45 for Public Affairs Subscribers and Carnegie New Leaders. General Admission, $65. RSVP and payment is required in advance. Seating is limited. To register, please contact Stefanie Ambrosio by phone 212-838-4120 or email:
Read More: Democracy, Development, Diplomacy, Economy, Energy, Environment, Globalization, Governance, Peace, Security, Trade, Japan, Asia, Global, Middle East


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Would buy another
Good, solid construction. Well engineered for easy assembly.
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Your review: The table came fast from Global Industrial and everything was complete. I assembled it in about 2 hours, taking my time. The parts easily went together except for attaching the hanging drawers which was a bit challenging because of the cramped quarters in which to tighten bolts. The table itself feels solid and I am very happy with its quality.
Pros: Good, solid construction. Well engineered for easy assembly.
Cons: Took time to assemble, some bolts were tough to reach.
Yep....it's a shelf
Your review: The shelf doesn't mount to the very back of the bench legs. I'd call this improper design, but this is more of a subjective thing. All in all, it's still a must have accessory for the workbench.
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What is the weight capacity of this shelf? What is the shipping weight?
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This item is imported. Our best estimation of shipping weight is approximately 387 Lbs. Shipping dimensions are 40W x 75L x 40H.
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The shelf only measures 72"L with a depth of 15".
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The shelf weight is 34 lbs.
Is the footrest bar necessary? I'd like to assemble the bench without it.
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what is the thread size for the levelers. taking out the levelers to put in casters. Thanks
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Are there casters that can be purchased for this workbench? If so, what is the sku?
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If I order this along with a 60-24 Maple Square Edge Production Bench .. is the maple top 'pre-drilled' for the 48" Upright Kit ? I think I know the answer ('no') but I thought I'd ask anyway. tx
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What is the bulb size? I need to buy shatter shield coated bulbs for this unit that I bought? But I don't want to buy a whole case of 40.
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Are ballasts available for this model and at what price? Ballast model is ST232120
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Is this frame able to be purchased without any top? If so what would be the price? We are going to use the existing top.
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The Scrambl3 app creates a secure virtual-private network that connects BYOD smartphones to an agency server to send messages with end-to-end encryption.
The Port of Seattle is using NextRequest, a cloud-based public records management portal, to simplify the request process for both citizens and the government employees who field the questions.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development gives approval to Microsoft Dynamics CRM Online Government cloud, while MaaS360 gets a green light from the Joint Authorization Board.
When considering a private cloud in health care, be sure to conduct ample research, develop a solid risk management policy and ensure that business objectives are met.
The Defense Information Systems Agency recently released a new draft of security standards as the Defense Department moves to a cloud environment.
Through the Innovation Challenge, the USDA and Microsoft are asking researchers to explore how to strengthen the nation's food resilience by analyzing agricultural data.
The Canadian city of Surrey is the first to use Watson's natural language-based cognitive computing technology to improve 311 responses.
The tailored version of Microsoft's cloud-based productivity suite will include improved email, instant messaging, desktop voice/video communications and user storage capabilities.
A revised list of "leading edge technologies" for the Alliant 2 contract reflects the General Services Administration's vision for near-future IT.
MaaS is at the top of the list of options for mainframe operators looking for prudent solutions to pressing personnel and budget constraints.
Silicon Valley venture capitalist Tim Draper is donating up to $500,000 to provide every California county with a year-long subscription to OpenGov, a cloud-based financial analysis and transparency platform.
Moving to the cloud might have less of an impact than you might imagine. Data will continue to be secure, applications will continue to perform in generally the same way and job security will not change.
By harnessing newly available data, mobile tools, cloud technology and personalized responses, Indiana has made significant improvements in the effective delivery of government services.
NOAA is harnessing the potential of the cloud – and the innovation of the private sector – to deliver its enormous troves of data to the public.
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Over the next five years, government cloud adoption is expected to nearly double – from 35 percent of applications to 60 percent. Unfortunately, agencies run the risk of wasting their investments by investing in solutions that lock them into a particular approach to the cloud that cannot keep up with their evolving requirements. In this webcast, cloud and infrastructure experts will discuss how to develop a cloud model that provides the agility that you need to manage your data; on premises, in the cloud or both.
Whether a public contact center or an internal help desk, government offices managing customer service play a vital role in supporting their agencies missions. Unfortunately, many service centers lack the tools they need to deliver high-quality services in a timely fashion. In this webcast, Michelle Earley, USAJOBS Program Manager at OPM, and Stephanie Wade, Director, Innovation Lab at OPM, will discuss how they are transforming USAJOBS, the federal government's official jobs site to improve the hiring process and elevate the level of customer service that applicants receive. The transformation is comprehensive, involving the adoption of human-centered design principles, the use cloud-based DevOps to create new services, and the modernization of foundational technology, including the cloud.
Unstructured data is created and consumed at an astounding rate by both consumers and enterprise users. Storage requirements are quickly outpacing storage capacity and budgets, which creates challenges for both government agencies and other public sector organizations. As IT shifts to on-demand consumption models, data content must be available anywhere, at any time, across any device. Red Hat Gluster Storage and Red Hat Ceph Storage are open source, scale-out software-defined storage solutions that provide an ideal platform for next-generation workloads with growing content stores.
Virtualization is transforming the data center, giving agencies much more flexibility in how they manage their IT resources. In most agencies, that transformation began with server virtualization. But increasingly, agencies are realizing that storage is a critical piece of the puzzle. In this webcast, Brian Muolo, IT Storage Manager, GSA will share best practices and insights in leveraging the capabilities of software-defined storage.
As government agencies migrate to the cloud, they are working to adhere to the Government Performance and Results Modernization Act, launched by the Office of Management and Budget in 2012 to improve federal network security. Continuous Diagnostic Monitoring (CDM) is the foundation of this security initiative. CDM aims to improve security by watching round the clock for intrusions, vulnerabilities and other potentially malicious activity.
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April 27, 2011
Get a jump on spring sparkles with Zoya's new Sunshine Collection.
Atwood Industries has a new bit called "The Monster".
Color Club's new Wicked Sweet lacquer collection actually gives off scents once the polishes dry.
Noveau Nail has added colors to its Soak-off Gel Polish line.
Cuccio Naturalé's new Stainless Steel Pedicure File makes pedicure filing easier than ever.
OPI introduces a Lemon Tonic flavor to the Manicure/Pedicure by OPI line.
April 20, 2011
Created by Eno Vision and distributed by Ciil, the mirror TV is exactly as it sounds, a TV and mirror in one.
April 19, 2011
Richmond, Ontario, Canada-based Akzéntz is coming out with a new line of its very own brush-on, soak-off gel polish, called Luxio.
The new NV210 Nail Vacuum System from Erica's Advanced Technical Abrasives is made to vacuum up gel and skin particles.
For optimum ergonomics, efficiency, and function, the Eat My Dust nail vent from Nail Innovationz increases workspace and mobility by connecting through the underside of the desk top.
March 29, 2011
The Valentino Beauty Pure is a nail dust collector and an at-the-source air filtration system in one. All nail dust and odors are eliminated after being pulled down through a state-of-the-art filter, leaving nothing but clean air, says the company.
March 28, 2011
Entity's new brush-on gel polish, Entity 1 Color Couture, combines the long-lasting and high-gloss durability of gel with the ease and versatility of enamel.
The Zoya Intimate collection brings the colors of romance to the natural nail.
Strike A Pose With Jessica's Spring 2011 polish collection, Runway Style.
Kupa's Upower Acrylic Case protects your equipment with this custom made acrylic case that fits perfectly over your UPower 200.
InternatioNAILS: South Africa25 photos
Photos from Advance Beauty College + Harvard Business School Meeting26 photos
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text:
Doncaster Handicap
The Doncaster Mile is a Group 1 Thoroughbred horse race held at Royal Randwick Racecourse, Sydney. Although the race has traditionally been held on Easter Monday, the race is now run on the third Saturday in April. The race is contested over 1600 metres (one mile). The prizemoney in 2010 was AUD$1,510,000. Many great horses have won the race, including several who have also won the spring equivalent, the Epsom Handicap, while Super Impose created history in 1990 and 1991 by becoming the only horse to win both races on two occasions.
The winners
- Australian Studbook - AJC Doncaster Handicap Race Winners
- Huxley, Dennis (2007). Miller's Guide 007/08. Millers's Guide PL. http://www.millersguide.com.au/index.asp.
External links
|The above article was imported from Wikipedia.org on 08/24/2010 and may be a modified version of the Original Wikipedia article. See this article's history page for a list of revisions which may have occurred after import. This article is displayed here courtesy of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia, and its authors/contributors in compliance with the Wikimedia Terms of Use Agreement. This article was imported and is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (CC-BY-SA). Clicking on photos, videos, or drawings in this article will display copyright and license information for that non-text media where available.


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Create an Account - Increase your productivity, customize your experience, and engage in information you care about.
The Nashua Arts Commission is pleased to announce that applications are now being accepted for 2017 arts grants. The grant program was established to recognize contributions that have been made by local non-profit organizations, which have demonstrated a continued commitment to enriching the lives of area residents through Visual Arts, Spoken Word Arts and the Performing Arts.
A link to the Arts Grant Application can be found below. The deadline for the Arts Grant Application is March 1, 2017.
The Nashua Arts Commission was established by the City of Nashua, in 2010, as the "FACE" of arts & culture for the City of Nashua. The purpose of the commission is to serve the community as Nashua's cultural resource by Facilitating, Advocating, Coordinating and Educating on behalf of the arts and cultural assets of the City of Nashua.
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When visiting Pattaya, Mermaid's Beach Resort is a great choice to consider. After having fun at the outdoor pool, you can grab a bite to eat at the restaurant. Other highlights include a garden, and rooms offer balconies and free WiFi.


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Patrick Stewart
Jonathan Frakes
Brent Spiner
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On a personal note, this is the season where I gradually ceased to watch the show, not because I didn't like it anymore but because it was the year I entered high school and began devoting more time to homework and other high-schoolish affairs (mainly avoiding the aforementioned homework). Looking back now, I remember trying to latch back on a few years later but having missed most of the character development, I found it difficult. Had this box set been available then, this particular season would have allowed me to brush up on it quite nicely as it was a nice transition for the show and would probably have gotten me back into it pretty quick. That's how pivotal it was.
As far as the episodes themselves go (and I trust you're more interested in this than you are with my personal Star Trek-related tragi-comedy), we got to witness in season four, the end to the dramatic cliffhanger "The Best of Both Worlds", which had capped season 3 with Picard being abducted and slowly assimilated by the dreadful Borg. We were also treated to many episodes centering around Picard the Man, rather than Picard the Captain, among which was "Family", a great episodes that saw Picard return to Earth to visit the home of his youth and rekindle his relationship with his elder brother's family. We also delved deeper into The Klingon Worf's personal life and witnessed yet more cast changes, with the departure of the youthful Wesley Crusher, played by Wil Wheaton up to that point.
Once again though, the show's strength proved to be its writing. Both creative and entertaining, the show's writer continued to pelt viewers with fresh angles and develop its characters as best anyone could while proving to the world that TV could in fact be an outlet for intelligent entertainment (of course, the 90's rolled in and totally ruined all that, but I digress). All in all, one of the good seasons of a great series at its peak.
Disc 1: The Best of Both Worlds Part 2, Brothers, Family, Suddenly Human
Disc 2: Future Imperfect, Legacy, Remember Me, Reunion
Disc 3: Data's Day, Final Mission, The Loss, The Wounded
Disc 4: Clues, Devil's Due, First Contact, Galaxy's Child
Disc 5: Identity Crisis, Night Terrors, The Nth Degree, Qpid
Disc 6: The Drumhead, Half a Life, The Host, The Mind's Eye
Disc 7: In Theory, Redemption Part 1, Special Features
Mission Overview - Year Four: In this featurette, you take a closer look at some of the pivotal episodes in the season. Narrated mostly by Executive Producer Michael Piller with some interview segments with Patrick Stewart, Jonathan Frakes and John DeLancie (Q), the film analyzes key moments such as the confrontation with the Borg in part 2 of "The Best of both Worlds" as well as the celebration of the show's 100th episode. (16 minutes)
Selected Crew Analysis: As you did in the previous sets, you'll be able to obtain more information about particular characters in the series. This time around, we heard from Wil Wheaton, whose character Wesley Crusher was leaving the show. Also featured were Marina Sirtis (Counselor Deanna Troi) and Jennifer Hetrich (Vash). One particularly interesting moment was a story by Jonathan Frakes about being wounded and transported to a hospital wearing a Robin Hood outfit. The guy's pretty decent if you ask me. (16 minutes)
Departmental Briefing: Production: This is usually one of the most interesting features on the ST:TNG box sets, one where they discuss the on-set events and production related anecdotes about particular episodes. In this segment, Stewart and Frakes get the opportunity to discuss their own experiences directing some episodes and it was pretty interesting to hear them describe the atmosphere around the set on one of these special occasions. We're also treated to a pretty neat makeup segment that features some funny ad-libbing by Brent Spiner (Lt. Cmdr. Data) during an extensive makeup session and we got to see how Picard was transformed from gentleman captain to murderous cyborg during the season opener. (25 minutes)
New Life and New Civilizations: This was my favorite feature on this set. It was a (too) brief documentary on the way the set designers managed to create the alien landscapes used in the series. Ship sets are straightforward enough but every time these kids step off the Enterprise, it's no-holds barred to make the scenery look real and contemporary. Through a mix of locations, matte paintings and other techniques, they were able to either adapt existing structures or create new landscapes from scratch. Pretty cool. They also discussed some of the models used to make a ravaged spatial battlefield in "The Best of Both Worlds", which was pretty cool considering they literally did it in a matter of only days. Worth a look. (13 minutes)
Chronicles From the Final Frontier: This is a discussion with some members of the writing staff about the season and about where the show had been, where it was headed and so on. This isn't my favorite type of thing, especially where sci-fi is concerned as it's usually nice to keep the writers in the background, thereby keeping the fantasy just that much more real (hear that George Lucas?). Overall though, this wasn't bad but maybe a tad too long just to hear people tell stories about brainstorming sessions and lunches. (18 minutes)


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Welcome to the Global Conservation Group! We are an aggressive animal advocacy organization based in Wisconsin. We offer assistance to companion, wild and agricultural animals. We also provide grants to individuals in the state who wish to have their cats spayed or neutered.
Our Cruelty Investigation Department and Animal Emergency Response Department is available 24 hours a day investigating cruelty to animals and rescuing injured wildlife.


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Native Plants
Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants?
A: There are those who suspect Wildflower Center volunteers are the culpable and capable culprits. Yet, others think staff members play some, albeit small, role. You can torture us with your plant questions, but we will never reveal the Green Guru's secret identity.
Did you know you can access the Native Plant Information Network with your web-enabled smartphone?
Ask Mr. Smarty Plants is a free service provided by the staff and volunteers at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
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Tuesday - June 22, 2010
From: Spring, TX
Region: Southwest
Topic: Invasive Plants, Trees
Title: Bald cypress causing problems in Spring TX
Answered by: Barbara Medford
QUESTION:There is a 50+ ft Bald Cypress growing near my property line. While the tree has grown substantial knees along the driveway and some as far as 35 ft from the tree in my flower beds, I do not see any damage to my concrete slab driveway. My neighbor wants the tree cut because they think the tree is damaging their slab driveway. Granted the tree does have numerous knees near their driveway that interfere with mowing their grass border. Has the Bald Cypress been known to cause damage to slab driveways? Is there a way to stop the knees growing in the neighbors yard? If worst case comes and I'm told to cut the tree, what happens to the stump, knees, and root system? How long will it take to rot out or will the neighbor need to dig up his lawn to get rid of the knees?
Taxodium distichum (bald cypress) is noted for its "knees" which appear in poorly drained situations. That is why it can survive at the edges of waterways and in planting spaces in parking lots, because the knees keep it from suffocating. It is native to the Harris County area and can grow at a moderately fast rate to 50 to 75 ft. tall.
From the USDA Forest Service website Baldcypress, we extracted this line about the tree's propensity to lift sidewalks:
"Surprisingly, the roots do not appear to lift sidewalks and curbs as readily as some other species."
That is probably not going to impress your neighbor, and as the tree gets bigger, it could still cause damage. From your description, it sounds like the knees are far and wide in both yards. Another quotation from the same article:
"Baldcypress can also be grown in dry locations and makes an attractive lawn, street, or shade tree. Cypress knees do not generally form on these drier sites.
Another website you might want to look at is Floridata, Taxodium distichum, from which we drew this quotation (the emphasis is ours).
"Bald-cypress makes a fine specimen tree for very large landscapes. They are best suited to wet areas, lake margins, and the like, but as noted above, they will thrive in normal, even dry soils. The feathery pale green foliage is attractive in spring and summer, and again in fall when it turns reddish. A nice shade tree in summer, bald-cypress lets the sun shine through in winter."
That would seem to be it in a nutshell, it's a lovely tree, grows well in wet or dry soils, but it needs a much bigger territory than you and your neighbor appear to have. We really have no idea what the legal requirements would be under these circumstances, and your resolution probably depends on how well you get along with your neighbor. The tree isn't going to get any smaller, and it can live to be 500 years old. We have a feeling the roots are going to need grinding, and it probably will mess up the neighbor's lawn. We recommend you contact a trained, licensed arborist and get his opinion on what needs to be done, perhaps sharing that information with your neighbor, and together decide what to do.
From our Native Plant Image Gallery:
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Beechy Colclough's high profile career was thrown into doubt by allegations that he had sex with vulnerable clients who visited him in his Harley Street clinic.
Belfast-born Colcough, who has treated stars including Sir Elton John, Michael Jackson and Kate Moss was taken off the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy list after a "number of complaints".
It is understood the 58-year-old, who is married, failed to contest any of the claims lodged against him with the professional body.
Sex between therapists and clients is strictly forbidden. Born Beauchamp, and with a history of alcoholism, Colclough had a glittering career as therapist to the stars and daytime TV personality.
But his image was shattered when he was accused of seducing a lapdancer who went to him for help with an alcohol problem.
In the course of her six-month "therapy" she claims he sent her lurid text messages and a camera phone picture of himself naked, and conducted a full-blown affair.
She said she felt "humiliated and used" when it became clear earlier this year that he had no intention of leaving fellow therapist wife Josephine, whom he credits with saving him from alcoholism.
Other women then came forward to describe similar experiences.
Last night one victim, Janet Bell, told of her relief at discovering that Colclough had finally been punished.
"I feel completely liberated and no longer feel any shame. What he did is little better than abuse or rape. It's a relief that there can be a good outcome."
Miss Bell, received a letter from the BACP notifying her that Colclough had not contested the claims and that he could no longer practice under its banner.
A full decision is to be published later this month.
Secretary Miss Bell told the Mail earlier this year how she visited the therapist for help with an eating disorder and binge drinking.
She described how he played New Age music and burned incense in his consulting room and began each hour-long session with a hug.
When after six months he offered to massage her shoulders when she complained of a back problem, she agreed.
But within weeks it had become something much more intimate. "When he started touching me more intimately during the massages, I thought 'Oh My God'.
"I was so embarrassed. Afterwards nothing was said and I left quietly. I trusted him so much I never questioned it."
After a year she told how they had sex on the floor. "I should have ended it there and then, but, bizarrely his wanting to have sex with me made me feel special," she said.
Six months later the vulnerable woman took an overdose before finally ending contact in 2002. "It was totally degrading," she said.
"I wasn't getting well, I was being used. That realisation was like a flash of light."
Miss Bell, 38, said the result had helped her put her feelings of shame to rest. "Hearing that he had done it to someone else gave me the strength to came forward, " she said.
Colclough was one of eight children of a Roman Catholic tailor. He was addicted to drink at the age of 14 and spent the next 20 years in an alcoholic haze.
He married young, but left his first wife, also called Josephine, and two children, saying they were better off without him.
He married again and went to a drying out centre in Plymouth, where he later trained as a therapist. At the time of the allegations Colclough was said to be fighting to save his 17-year marriage.
The BACP decision does not stop Colclough continuing to call himself a therapist and his website is still operating.
The BACP said people looking for a therapist should look for someone who was accredited with them or a similar organisation.
Colclough pursued a career as a drummer in an Irish band until his boozing reduced him to a down and out. His epiphany came one morning when he work up under a lamp-post to find a dog urinating on him.
Miss Bell said that Colclough's usual rate was £120 an hour, but he charged her just £25, and when they started having sex told her she did not need to pay at all, even paying her cab fare.
Speaking to the Mail earlier this year she said: 'We'd have sex most sessions. I'd go in, we'd chat for five or ten minutes then he'd say: "Do you want a massage?" There was never any passionate embrace - we kissed only once - and looking back it was horrible.'
She claimed he would dish out advice as they had sex and usher her out when her hour was up. He gave her an ill-fitting bra and two garish, lacy G-strings and kept her photograph 'in a drawer with pictures of other girls,' she said. Despite visiting the therapist for drinking problems she claimed she failed to get sober during the whole period.
Meanwhile lapdancer Angela Harvey said Colcough seduced her on her fourth therapy session, while teaching her how to relax.
She said: 'I remember him touching me softly, making movements on my legs. He had calming music on and incense burning. He massaged my stomach and then my hips. I was under his spell and did what I was told.'
Another former patient Sarah Jones, who did not complain to the BACP, went to Colcough suffering from an eating disorder, but became uncomfortable when he suggested massage and asked her to wear an 'outfit she felt good in'.
'I felt like I was on a psychiatric casting couch,' said the 33-year-old from Brighton. she stopped visiting the therapist after her third appointment when she changed into a long green halterneck dress and agreed to a massage. 'He said: "I'm wearing a cricket box in case I get aroused," she said.'
'I'm glad he's got his comeuppance now, he couldn't be allowed to get away with it.'
- More about:
- Belfast
- Elton John
- Kate Moss
- Michael Jackson
- Psychotherapy


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The Irish coast is renowned for some top quality golf and clubs around Ireland play host to a great selection of golf classics, few better than the Dunmore Golf Classic.
The Dunmore Golf Classic was held for the 20th year in May with players from Ireland, the UK and further afield playing four of Waterford's best tracks in as many days.
The Dunmore Classic is a four person team event open to members of golf clubs affiliated to their home golfing union who have certified club handicaps.
Players will contest a single stableford competition on each course each day with prizes for the top three each day plus an overall prize plus other categories such as best overseas, Irish, mixed, men's and women's team.
Each year the course is played on four of the following five courses:
Dunmore East Golf Club (Par: 72, Length: 6070 metres)
Dunmore East Golf Club overlooks the village of Dunmore East, with panoramic views of the village, the bay, the Hook Peninsula, Waterford Harbour estuary, the Saltee Islands and the Irish Sea. This seaside parkland course offers idyllic surroundings, fresh clean sea air, combined with stimulating and challenging golf. This 18 hole, 6070 meters par-72 course set out on over 180 acres has, from the outset, been receiving wonderful reviews from both golf writers and players alike. To quote Dermot Gilleece of The Irish Times "A hidden gem……a very fine course with a truly spectacular finish". Nine holes are set along the cliff top over looking the beautiful coast and a further nine set amongst trees and stunning shrubbery with expansive views over the country side towards the Commeragh mountains. The course provides a challenging combination of water hazards and natural features such as the magnificent par-3 14th which shoots down a steep valley with gorse covered sides and the stunning par-3 16th which involves driving the ball over a cliff to a green on the opposite side, two of many challenging holes on a great course. Long par 3's and tricky to manage par 4's provide a challenge while reachable par 5's may allow you to reclaim a shot or two.
Tramore Golf Club (Par 72, Length: 6055 metres)
Tramore Golf Club is one of the oldest golf clubs in Ireland where golf has been played since 1894. It became established as one of the premier parkland courses in Ireland and has played host to the Irish Clcouose Championship on three occasions. It has also hosted Professional tournaments and major club competitions over the years. In 2011 it hosted the Irish Youth Championship in June and the Ladies Senior Home International Matches in September.
Tramore has been selected yet again to host the Irish Close Championship in 2015. Not content to sit back and enjoy their Championship 18-hole course, the progressive members at Tramore voted in 2006 to engage internationally renowned golf course designer Jeff Howes. (Jeff Howes is one of Europe's leading Golf Architects having worked with names such as Jack Nicklaus, Seve Ballesteros, Retief Goosen and Robert Trent Jones Snr) to remodel the existing course, while preserving it's integrity and also create a new nine holes of similar quality. The result is a fantastic blend of "the Old and the New". Tramore now boasts 27 holes with sand based greens constructed to USGA standards.
Faithlegg Golf Club (Par 72, Length: 6690 yards)
Opened in May 1993, Faithlegg Golf Course was designed by renowned Irish golf course architect Paddy Merrigan. The course carries Merrigan's familiar stamp of difficulty, undulating greens, water hazards and perfectly placed sand traps, all of which, complete and heighten the challenge which is "Faithlegg".
The 200 acre estate can be found just 4 miles from Waterford City. The course situated on the banks of the River Suir, has been perfectly designed into a wonderful landscape. Its design uses the combination of mature trees, flowing terrain and the beautiful picturesque setting to fine effect. With a championship yardage of 6674 yards, it ensures that all level of golfer will be tested. The course layout is exemplified by its memorable finishing holes; 16, 17 & 18 with Faithlegg House Hotel Waterford as a back drop to playing the 18th thus making it a truly fitting end.
Waterford Castle Golf Club (Par 72, Length: 5827 metres)
The unique Waterford Castle Hotel and Golf Club is Ireland's only true island golf resort and is completely detached from the mainland. On this privately owned 310 acre island, home of the world renowned Waterford Castle Hotel, sits a wonderful parkland golf course. Designed by Des Smyth, former Ryder Cup player, and opened in 1992, this 18-hole, par 72 championship golf course, complete with luxurious clubhouse, leads you through mature woodland and parkland. The course itself runs to 6,814 yards, off the medal tees, and covers an area of over 200 acres. Despite being completely surrounded by water Waterford Castle has an additional four internal water features on the second, third, fourth and sixteenth holes and they can even boast of having our own Swilken Bridge. The layout reveals attractive rolling fairways and subtle contoured greens, magnificently blended into a sensational setting.
Waterford Golf Club (Par 71, Length: 5232 metres)
This attractive parkland course was designed by the great James Braid who was Open Champion on five occasions and is complimented by a modern new clubhouse and excellent facilities. Waterford is particularly renowned for the quality of its' greens. The first nine demands accuracy from the tee. The back nine is more forgiving and features a great stretch with a classic finishing hole. Here the drive is struck from an elevated tee, with a 360 degree view, to a narrow fairway which winds its' way downhill, between score threatening gorse, to a receptive green 400 yards away.
All of the courses are within a 30 minute drive from Dunmore East, the popular coastal fishing village that is the base for the event and which is located just 15 minutes from Waterford Airport.
And testimony to the Classic is the amount of returning visitors who come back each year for some quality golf, interaction with locals, hearty food (although food is better pre-fixed with superb at the oustanding Azzurro restaurant in the village), great value and the odd Guinness.
Repeat visitors have already signed up for next year, which takes place from April 28 to May 2, but there are places available and event organisers are offering a team of four golfers five nights' accommodation in a self-catering holiday villa, four rounds of golf and a four course meal each evening after golf for €399. Further details can be found here.
There are 36 courses in the region and for those who cannot make it over for the Classic, Tourism Ireland has laid on the 3 Club Pass which allows play on Faithlegg, Waterford Castle and the famed Jack Nicklaus-designed Mount Juliet for €123.


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Imaging Life After Death: Love That Moves the Sun and Stars
€ 14,49
Besorgung - Lieferbarkeit unbestimmt
November 2004
BeschreibungThe award-winning author, theologian, and psychotherapist Kathleen Fischer illuminates the mystery of the afterlife in Christian and non-Christian (Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh, Jewish, American Indian, among many) traditions in this probing, eloquent, and reassuring meditation drawn from sources as varied as religion, literature--Dante, St. Exupery, Tolkien, Mary Oliver, Jane Kenyon--science (quantum physics and cosmology), psychology, personal and professional experiences. The author centers her book on the three questions fundamental to belief in life after death: "What survives death? Do relationships continue beyond death? How does life now relate to life then?" Within this construct, she soberly and lyrically rethinks the meaning of soul, presence, transformation, discussing the imagery of the afterlife--light, fire, seeds, butterflies, angels--and the use of portents of the divine found in nature, and experiences of beauty, justice, love, humor and hope, all the while emphasizing that focus on the afterlife, does not absolve us of our commitment to our present life. She shows the same compassionate allegiance to the dying and grieving, in a singular discussion. Completing her work are end chapter prayers and reflections, extensive annotated bibliography and suggestions for further reading. A work of "grace and imagination," IMAGING LIFE AFTER DEATH is an invaluable resource for anyone trying to fathom a question as mysterious and perplexing as the afterlife, and anyone caring for the dying or grieving.
Untertitel: Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: PAULIST PR
Erscheinungsdatum: November 2004
Seitenanzahl: 154 Seiten
Format: kartoniert


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Una guarida: es mi refugio
The lovely port of Mossel Bay is only 10 km away. The area is also situated on the well known garden route between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth.
Hiking, Fishing, Cycling, Snorkelling and Shopping is all nearby possibilities
The area is known as Diaz Beach and is part of other holiday amnities on a beautifull coastline.
Para organizar un intercambio de casa, debes ser miembro


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Rapper Petra has been accused of among other things of being a liar, troublesome and petty by Taurus Musik stable. The talented Femcee, whose contract has since been terminated by the stable, lied that she had been diagnosed with vulva cancer to extort money from Taurus Musik.
Petra also did not mention that she had a child as required on the contract she signed with record stable. The artiste had claimed that the Taurus had put her on a dingy house that did not meet the standards agreed upon. The femcee told Monday Blues that she was indeed pregnant and is getting married soon.


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from $90 / night help Price for guests, Nights
Marzamemi by the beach – Home 7511896 Villa
- 4 bedrooms
- 8 sleeps
- 5 nights min stay
Marzamemi by the beach – Home 7511896
- Villa
- 4 bedrooms
- sleeps 8
- 5 nights min stay
Top Review
Villa / 4 bedrooms / 2 bathrooms / sleeps 8
Key Info
- Child friendly
- Air conditioning
- No pets allowed
Description from owner
Stunning 4 bedrooms apartment literally next to the beach and around 10 min walk (through the beach) from Marzamemi.
Amazing balconies with views and veranda.
Fully equipped kitchen and two toilets with external shower.
2 parking space to ease the parking.
Minimum stay 5 days, negotiable during low season.
Lining and towels change is possible at extra charge.
Cook in service of typical sicilian food is also posssible and our sicilian ladies will blow you away with the food.
Phone assistance in English available by wazap call 8am-10pm
- Great for children of all ages
- No pets allowed
Bed & bathroom
- Bedroom 1: Queen Bed
Bedroom 2: Queen Bed
Bedroom 3: Full bed
Bedroom 4: Full bed
- 1 Wet room, 1 Toilet Only
- Air conditioning
- Internet access
- Parking
- Not suitable for wheelchair users
- Check in time:14:00, Check out time:10:00
- If you have any questions about check-in or check-out times, please contact the owner/manager.
- Payment
- This rental can only be paid for online through Holiday Lettings using your credit/debit card or PayPal (never by bank or wire transfer).
- Smoking
- Yes, smoking allowed
- Cancellation policy
View Policy
House rules
About the owner
Stefano P.
- Response rate:
- 92%
- Calendar last updated::
- 22 May 2017
Languages spoken: English, Italian
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