text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 2000
|Filing date
|Apr 6, 1998
|Priority date
|Apr 6, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph Charles Engel, Richard Arthur Johnson, Gary Francis Saletta
|Original Assignee
|Eaton Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (79), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to patent application Ser. No. 09/055,559 with filing date Apr. 6, 1998.
This invention relates in general to electrical switching apparatus, and more particularly to such apparatus that employ a plurality of microprocessors to monitor separate current ranges.
Circuit breakers are widely used in industrial, commercial and residential applications for protecting electrical conductors and apparatus from damage due to excessive current flow. Initially used as a direct replacement for fuses, circuit breakers have been gradually called upon to provide more sophisticated types of protection other than merely interrupting the circuit when the current flow exceeds a certain level. More elaborate time-current trip characteristics have been developed such that a circuit breaker can rapidly open upon very high current with the time delay being roughly inversely proportional to the degree of overload. Circuit breakers are also available which interrupt upon the detection of ground fault currents. As the complexity of electrical distribution circuits has increased, the control portions of the circuit breaker have been interconnected to provide selected coordination.
During the late 1960's, solid state electronic trip units were developed for use in high power, low voltage circuit breakers. These electronic trip units performed functions such as instantaneous and delayed tripping which were traditionally achieved by magnetic and thermal means. The improved accuracy and flexibility of the solid state electronic trip units resulted in their wide spread acceptance.
The earliest electronic trip unit circuit designs utilized discreet components such as transistors, resistors and capacitors. More recently, designs such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,022 have included microprocessors which provide improved performance and flexibility. Due to the severe space limitations in low voltage circuit breakers, the assignee of this application has developed a special purpose integrated circuit known as a SuRE Chip™, which incorporates a microcontroller core processor, volatile and nonvolatile memory, and an eight bit analog-to-digital converter, four bit pre-ranging circuit amplifiers, comparators, and an input analog multiplexer which provides all of the essential analog and digital circuit functions in a single monolithic device. This device is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,985, issued Jun. 11, 1996.
These digital systems sample the current waveforms periodically to generate a digital representation of the current. The microprocessor uses the samples to execute algorithms which implement the protection curve which is typically based upon a constant value of I2 t where "I" is the value of current and "t" is the time-to-trip. Typically in air circuit breakers and vacuum interrupters, the protection curve provides an instantaneous trip, a long delay trip and, if appropriate, a short delay trip function. In some circuit interrupters, the microprocessor also performs calculations for metering such as determining the RMS value of the highest phase current.
It is also common today to have a plurality of such circuit interrupters monitored and controlled by a central network control station such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,799, issued May 30, 1995. In turn, the circuit interrupters usually have mechanical status indicating accessory devices mounted within the casings which are used by external and remote monitoring and control equipment. Examples of these are auxiliary contacts which follow the open/close status of the circuit breaker and bell alarm contacts which are closed if the breaker is in the tripped condition. While the central monitoring and control network typically communicates digitally with multiple circuit interrupters over a common network, the connection between the internally mounted mechanical contacts within the individual circuit interrupters and the remote slave devices is accomplished in parallel using two wires per pair of contacts. Usually multiple sets of auxiliary contacts are required and thus multiple pairs of wires are needed. The installation of this wire is costly and time consuming. In addition to digital status information, it is also desirable to provide certain analog information such as the value of load current, bus voltage, power factor, etc. Many remote utilization devices, such as programmable logic controllers, require this information as 4-to-20 ma current values. Typically, circuit breaker trip units don't provide 4-to-20 ma outputs.
The increase in related functional versatility that the electronic trip units of circuit breakers have added employing the capabilities of microprocessors has required the processing circuitry to monitor wide ranges in current and related parameters which can vary from open or a zero state, to a normal operating range where most of the metering calculations are performed, to the other extreme or short circuit states which exceed the normal operating range by a factor 10 or greater. Scaling of the monitored value is required to enable the microprocessor to monitor the entire range below its saturation limitations. The extent of scaling required to accommodate the trip values can affect the accuracy of the calculations performed in the metering range, the normal operating state of the protected device. It can also affect the microprocessor's ability to monitor harmonics and small distortions in the current.
Accordingly, an improved circuit interrupter is desired that has more flexibility in communicating with its auxiliary slave devices and has increased sensitivity to the monitored current over its normal operating range.
An improved electronic trip unit having a first microprocessor which monitors a load current outside of its normal operating range and is responsive to a given state of the load current to initiate a signal to open the load current circuit. The electronic trip unit also includes a second microprocessor for monitoring a characteristic of the load current in its normal operating range. In the preferred arrangement, the monitored load is scaled to different factors for each microprocessor so that the value of the respective monitored ranges inputted to the separate microprocessors are maximized for the respective assigned functions, within the limits of the saturation levels of the processing circuitry. In another embodiment, one of the processors is a dedicated interface to a master control network while the other processor is an interface to an auxiliary accessory network. One microprocessor controls an overcurrent protection function while the other controls voltage based protection and metering functions. Desirably the processors communicate with each other and either processor can initiate a trip upon detection of a fault condition.
A full understanding of the invention can be gained from the following description of the preferred embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying dyings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, primarily in block form, illustrating a circuit interrupter configured in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the accessory bus network of this invention;
FIG. 3A is a representation of a control message employed by this invention;
FIG. 3B is a representation of a data message employed by this invention;
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of examples of modulation that can be employed to establish each bit message represented in FIGS. 3A and B;
FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the load current-versus-time-to-trip curve over a range of load currents from a no trip value to an instantaneous trip value; and
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a display and switch input panel which can be used by this invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates an electronic trip unit 10 of the invention in combination with ancillary components used for protection and capture of waveforms in an AC electrical power distribution system 12, which represents the load. The power distribution system 12 illustrated has three phase conductors 14A, B and C, and a neutral conductor 14N. Current transformers 16A, B, C, and N sense current flowing into each of these conductors. Current transformer 16G is a zero sequence transformer which indirectly measures ground current by directly measuring the sum of the phase and neutral currents. These currents are sensed by the conditioning circuits 80 and 82 which prepare the signals for processing by the analog-to-digital (A/D) converters 22 and 84, respectively. Phase-to-neutral voltages are also sensed from the three phase conductors 14A, B and C by the potential transformers 18A, B and C and are inputted to conditioning circuit 82 for processing by the A/D converter 84. The conditioning circuits 80 and 82 scale the current and voltage signals to a suitable range for conversion by the A/D converters 22 and 84 for input to microprocessors 24 and 46, respectively. For example, the microprocessors can be microcomputers.
The A/D converter 84 samples analog voltages and currents at sampling instances determined by interrupts generated by the microprocessor 46 in a manner more particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,527, issued Feb. 4, 1997, and the patents referenced therein. The microprocessor 46 utilizes the data generated by the digital samples to provide voltage based protection functions for example, under/over voltage protection for the electrical system 12, and also uses the samples for waveform capture and harmonic analysis for metering and display purposes.
The microprocessor 46 communicates with a display and switch input panel 28 more fully illustrated in FIG. 6. The panel 28 serves as one means of interface with the user. It is through the panel 28 that the user can control the operation of the circuit breaker 10, and monitor the AC electrical power system 12, including the harmonic content of the waveform and various measured values such as power factor. To this end, the panel 28 has a display 30 on which the harmonic content of the waveforms can be presented to the user. The panel 28 can also be used to input values, e.g., the circuit breaker protection set points.
In implementing the overcurrent protection functions, the second microprocessor 24 operates in a protection mode to generate a trip signal when any one of the current/time characteristics of a delayed trip protection function is exceeded. This trip signal is passed to a trip mechanism 32 which opens separable contacts 34A, B and C in the three phase conductors 14A, B and C of the electrical system 12. The trip unit 32 is typically a mechanically latched electronically released mechanism. Although typically not provided in the United States, additional separate contacts can be included to also interrupt current in the neutral conductor 14N.
The microprocessors 24 and 46 can also communicate with one another through a serial peripheral interface (SPI) link 42. This allows, for example, communication between microprocessor 24 and panel 28. The microprocessor 46 can also communicate with a remote processor using the communication link 36 which is an analog transmit and receive circuit known as a transceiver. The transceiver 36 enables the circuit breaker 10 to provide information to and be controlled by a remote processor such as a central control network station 38. A central control network that can be employed for this purpose is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,799, issued May 30, 1995. Central control networks of that type typically communicate over a common bus using a digital, asynchronous communication protocol.
FIG. 5 illustrates a plot of the load current value versus time-to-trip from a no trip region to a device that experiences a short period of extremely high load current before entering an instantaneous trip condition. Reference character 76 illustrates the normal operating range. Reference character 78 identifies the broad current range that can be experienced under different trip conditions spanning from long delay to instantaneous. In some cases the current at the point of trip can be a factor of 10 of the normal operating current value. The broad current range makes it very difficult for a single microprocessor such as the microcomputers 24 and 46 shown in FIG. 1 to perform all circuit trip and metering functions accurately. The scaling factor that the conditioning circuits 80 and 82 would have to apply to maintain all of the signals that the microprocessor would be exposed to below its saturation state makes it very difficult for the processor to detect subtle changes, e.g., harmonic, in the normal operating range. FIG. 1 illustrates a further improvement provided by this invention in splitting the processing functions between two processors 24 and 46. In this way the monitoring, voltage based protection and metering functions and algorithms that need to be processed over the normal operating range of the power circuit 12 can be managed by the processor 46 while the overcurrent trip related functions can be handled by the microprocessor 24. Both processors can then communicate with trip circuit 32. In this way the conditioning circuit 82 need not scale the monitored currents to the coarse range that otherwise would have been required and the microprocessor 46 has more information available to it from the signal to perform its given functions. The conditioning circuits 80 and 82 permit different ranging factors for their respective microprocessors 24 and 46, and enable the respective microprocessors to implement different sampling rates which is sometime beneficial as noted in U.S. Pat. No. 5,600,527.
Thus the microprocessor 24 provides the overcurrent protection and communicates with the trip circuit 32 to implement an overcurrent instantaneous trip requirement. The microprocessor 46 monitors auxiliary contacts 34 on the circuit breaker 11 through a breaker status circuit 26 to indicate the breaker's open/closed condition. The microprocessor 46 also communicates with relay outputs 20 that provide local breaker status information such as high load, ground fault, etc. to a remote location. The microprocessor 24 communicates through a second transceiver 40 to an accessory bus network 48 which will be described hereafter.
Present day circuit breakers typically have internal contacts or relays which can be wired to a remote location to provide a remote indication of the digital status of the circuit breaker. The status can include an indication of whether the breaker is in an opened, closed, or tripped condition. A pair of wires from the breaker is required for each remote status indication. Remote open or close control of a circuit breaker can also be provided utilizing a pair of wires for each function from a remote location to the circuit breaker. An open command can consist of a voltage on a pair of wires connected to the breakers shunt trip circuit. A close command can consist of a voltage on a pair of wires connected to the breakers motor operator. A pair of wires is required for each remote digital input/output function. The installation of these wires is both costly and time consuming.
In addition to digital status information, it is also desirable to provide certain analog information such as the value of load current, bus voltage, power factor, etc. Furthermore, most remote utilization equipment such as programmable logic controllers require the information as 4-to-20 ma current signals. Circuit breaker trip units don't typically provide 4-to-20 ma analog outputs.
This invention replaces parallel pairs of separate wires to the various remote accessory devices associated with a given electronic trip unit 10 with a two wire, asynchronous, serial communication network 48 that is illustrated in FIG. 2. The network 48, called an accessory bus, is dedicated to a given protective device such as the electronic trip unit 10. The electronic trip unit 10 will serve as the bus "master" that controls remote "slave" devices which are the various analog and digital input and output accessory units 50, 52, 54, 56, 58 and 60. The information to and from remote accessory units to the master trip unit 10 is carried over a single, rather than multiple, pair of wires 44. FIG. 2 shows six representative types of accessory devices, each representative of the type of communication it provides or requires. For example, device 50 is representative of an accessory which provides a digital output; device 52 is representative of an accessory that accepts a digital input; device 54 is representative of an accessory that provides an analog output; device 56 is representative of an accessory that accepts an analog input; remote device 58 is representative of an accessory providing a remote display; and interface 60 is an accessory bus interface for devices such as a personal computer or a communications MODEM. It should be appreciated that one or more of these functions may be required by a single remote device such as a programmable logic controller. One special digital input and output device is a programmable time-delayed close relay which can be used to start a generator following a power outage. The delay would be sent from the electronic trip unit 10 to the relay over the network 48 during normal operation. Should the power fail, the timer within the relay, powered by a "super cap", would start timing. After time out, the timing circuit discharges a capacitor into a magnetically latched relay which transfers the relay to a closed condition. The relay is wired into the generator start circuit which allows the generator to be started to restore power. When power is restored the latched relay is restored to the open condition. The network 48 can also be provided with an interface 60 that can alternately serve as the interface with a personal computer for purposes of inputting, monitoring and storing breaker trip unit 10 setpoints. The interface can also be used to communicate with other networks via a MODEM. Such a MODEM could be a phone connection which initiates a call should a problem exist.
The address of each slave device can be set by its function, for example, as in Table 1 where "DO" represents digital output devices; "DI" represents digital input devices; where "AO" represents analog output devices; where "AI" represents analog input devices; where "DD" represents digital display devices; and "I" represents an interface to another system.
TABLE 1______________________________________Type Address Hardware Function______________________________________DO 001H 1 or more relay outputs auxiliary contacts which follow state of circuit breakerDO 002H 1 or more relay outputs bell arm contacts which indicate a trip conditionDO 003H 1 or more relay outputs high load alarm contactsDO 004H 1 or more relay outputs ground fault alarm contactsDO 005H 1 latched relay time-delayed generator startDI 007H 2 push button inputs remote open/close control inputAO 008H 4 to 20 mA output RMS value of highest phase current sealed 4 mA = 0 A and 20 mA = rated currentAI 009H 3 RTD inputs circuit breaker terminal or switchgear bus temperatureDD 00AH remote digital display provide remote means for reading breaker setting, metered values, etc.I 00BH RS232/RS485 PC or MODEM interface to electronic trip unit______________________________________ * H indicates a hexadecimal address
Setting the address of each slave device by its function eliminates the need for the electronic trip unit to be programmed for a given application. Alternately the display and switch input 28 can be used to provide such programming. This allows a single slave device such as a digital output unit 50 to be programmed for multiple purposes. Each slave device would need to have means such as switches to allow its address to be set. Also the display and switch input 28 can be used as shown in FIG. 6 to program the bus. The display is shown as having three rows with eight alpha/numeric characters per row. The first row is used for column labels such as slave address (ADD), slave relay number (R) and relay function (FN). A digital output slave 50 is identified in row 2 (address 001H). Its relay 1 (it could have for example 4 relays) is programmed to function as an auxiliary contact (AX). Row 3 illustrates that the same slave device 50 has its relay 3 programmed to function as a bell alarm (BA). Thus the display and switch input device 28 shown in FIG. 6 can be used to set the desired address, I/O number, and I/O function. Once programmed the trip unit 10 will verify that the slave device at a given address is the type specified. If not, the display would blink to annunciate a programming error.
The microprocessor 24 within the electronic trip unit 10 communicates with accessory bus devices using control messages illustrated in FIG. 3A and data messages illustrated in FIG. 3B. The communication consists of 33 bit asynchronous messages. The first two bits, bit 0 and bit 1, are start bits which are used to synchronize the receiver. The third bit, bit 2, is a control or data bit. As shown in FIG. 3A, this bit is 1 if the message is a control message. If it is, then bit 10 through bit 22 contains the 12-bit slave destination address.
Bit 3 through bit 6 consist of an instruction field which is used to set the communications hardware. In this accessory bus application, this field will be 0011B (binary), or 3H, which enables the addressed slave device to communicate back to the master microprocessor 24. All other slave devices which are not addressed have their communication interface disabled by the message. This establishes a master-slave communications network as a slave can speak only when enabled.
The command and subcommand fields, bit 7 through bit 9 and bit 23 through bit 26 are used to pass a command request to the slave. As an example, should the slave be a digital output device consisting of four relays the command field could consist of the desired state of the relays while the sub-command could be the complement of the desired state. Thus if a 0 means that a relay should be de-energized and a 1 energized, then a command of 0010B would means that relays 4, 3 and 1 should be de-energized while relay 2 is energized. The slave will not respond to this request unless the sub-command field contains the complement of the command field or 1101B. The command and subcommand field's definitions are thus specific to the slave device function.
The data message shown in FIG. 3B is typically used to send data to/from a slave device. Bit 3 through bit 26 form a 24-bit data field. Should the slave be an analog input/output device consisting of two 4-to-20 mA inputs and two 4-to-20 mA outputs the communication message protocol master-to-slave could be as follows. First the master microprocessor 24 would send an instruction of 3H to the slave and a command and subcommand which would instruct the slave to send the value of its two analog inputs and be prepared to accept the desired value of two analog outputs. The 24 bit data field would be considered to consist of two 12 bit fields where bit 3 through bit 14 represent analog value 1 and bit 15 through bit 26 represent analog value 2. The scaling would be such that the maximum value could be 20 mA=FFFH or 4095D, while the minimum value would be 4 mA=333H, or 819D. A value less than 333H such as zero indicates that the analog value is invalid or not used.
The Analog Input Module 54 shown in FIG. 2 can be used, for example, to measure bus bar temperature with the switchgear near the breaker terminal connection. Such a temperature measurement could be made by means of a resistance temperature detector (RTD). The voltage output of the RTD would be an input to Analog Input Module 54. The Circuit Breaker Electronic Trip Unit 10 can then read this value, display it on the Display and Switch Input 28, and trip the breaker if the temperature reading is too high. A high reading can occur if the breaker's contacts are worn or damaged. A poor contact can have a high resistance which will make the breaker's terminal run too hot, even if the current is below the full load rated value.
The Digital Input module 52 shown in FIG. 2 can be used to provide a remote open/close control station. For safety it is desirable to be able to close a breaker without standing directly in front of the unit. Two normally opened switches feeding a Digital Input module 52 can be used for this purpose. One normally opened switch would be labeled OPEN while the other would be labeled CLOSE. The Circuit Breaker Electronic Trip Unit 10 could read these two switches such that if one and only one switch is closed the breaker would perform the requested action. If both are opened or closed no action would be taken. Such a request would be confirmed by multiple reads to avoid false action.
The Remote Display 58 shown in FIG. 2 could be used to display Circuit Breaker Electronic Trip Unit 10 analog and digital information such as is normally displayed at the trip unit on the Display and Switch Panel 28.
The Accessory Bus Interface 60 shown in FIG. 2 has a number of uses. When connected to a personal computer (PC) it can be used as a means for programming the trip unit 10. The PC would have the ability to establish the desired setpoints by means of its display and then on command download the settings from the PC to the Accessory Bus Interface 60. The values would be saved in a non-volatile memory such that the values are preserved during a power outage. The Circuit Breaker Electronic Trip Unit 10 would be able to upload these values on command from the PC. Should a trip unit setting be changed using the Display and Switch Panel 28 the new values would be saved within the trip unit 10 and also downloaded to the Accessory Bus Interface 60. In this way the Accessory Bus Interface 60 will always hold the latest setpoint values. Should the trip unit 10 be changed it will be possible to upload the old values into the trip unit from the Accessory Bus Interface 60. The Accessory Bus Interface 60 can also be used as a communications MODEM connection such as a phone connection. This would allow the trip unit 10 to initiate a phone call should a circuit problem be detected.
FIG. 4 illustrates a number of modulation examples that can be used to carry information on the asynchronous, serial communication accessory network. Waveform 62 is known as "non return to 0" modulation format "NRZ"; waveform 64 is known as "return to 0" modulation format "RTZ"; waveform 66 is known as "return to complement" modulation format "RTC"; waveform 68 is known as "amplitude shift keying" modulation format "ASK"; waveform 70 is known as "frequency shift keying" modulation format "FSK"; waveform 72 is known as "phase shift keying" modulation format "PSK." A BIT length is illustrated in FIG. 4 by reference character 74.
It should be appreciated that the foregoing protocols are exemplary and others may be employed without detracting from the invention. In addition, accessory bus 48 and the central controller 38 can employ completely different and distinct protocols.
Thus, in accordance with the preferred embodiment described heretofore, the microprocessor 24 performs the overcurrent protection, monitors the breaker status, trips the breaker during overload and fault conditions, and communicates with the microprocessor 46 through a serial peripheral interface (SPI) link 42 and serves as the master for the accessory bus 48. The microprocessor 46 provides metering and voltage based protective relay protection, controls output relays, human interfacing by way of display and switch input panel 28, trip implementation under voltage based fault conditions or upon a request from the central controller 37, communication with the microprocessor 24 through the serial peripheral interface (SPI) link 42, and remote communication with the central controller 37 which serves as a master to the circuit interrupter. Either microprocessor 24 or 46 can trip the breaker should the information shared over the synchronous serial port 42 indicate that either or both microprocessors detect a problem. Thus, this invention provides a number of improvements enabling a layering of networks and improved communication and digital processing capability.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, that various modifications and alternatives to those details could be developed in light of the overall teachings of the disclosure. Accordingly, the particular arrangements disclosed are meant to be illustrative only, and not limiting as to the scope of invention which is to be given the full breadth of the claims appended and any and all equivalence thereof.
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|Mar 3, 2005
|Puskar Michael P.
|Circuit breaker and trip unit employing multiple function time selector switch
|Apr 18, 2005
|Oct 20, 2005
|Abb Service S.R.L
|Self-supplied electronic protection device for automatic circuit-breakers
|Jul 30, 2004
|Feb 2, 2006
|Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc.
|Power quality indicator
|Jan 24, 2006
|Jun 8, 2006
|Eaton Corporation
|Wireless system for one or more electrical switching apparatus
|Oct 27, 2005
|May 3, 2007
|Anusheel Nahar
|Temperature estimation based on a signal oscillation
|Jul 2, 2007
|Jan 17, 2008
|Square D Company
|Burden resistor temperature compensation algorithm
|Feb 25, 2008
|Jun 19, 2008
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|Metering Device with Control Functionally and Method Thereof
|Mar 26, 2008
|Jul 17, 2008
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|Intelligent Electronic Device with Board-Range High Accuracy
|Mar 13, 2008
|Sep 4, 2008
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|High speed digital transient waveform detection system and method for use in an intelligent device
|Apr 3, 2008
|Sep 25, 2008
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|Intelligent Electronic Device for Receiving and Sending Data at High Speeds Over a Network
|Sep 16, 2008
|Jan 8, 2009
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|System and Method for Multi-Rate Concurrent Waveform Capture and Storage for Power Quality Metering
|Dec 18, 2007
|Jun 18, 2009
|Robinson Judy A
|Trip unit and electrical switching apparatus including a movable indicator to indicate selection of an arc reduction maintenance system current condition
|Jan 31, 2008
|Aug 6, 2009
|Carlino Harry J
|Manually selectable instantaneous current settings for a trip unit and electrical switching apparatus including the same
|Mar 13, 2008
|Sep 10, 2009
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|Intelligent electronic device with enhanced power quality monitoring and communications capabilities
|Nov 24, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|Square D Company - Schneider Electric
|Two Pole Circuit Breaker Voltage Monitoring Integration
|Nov 24, 2008
|May 27, 2010
|Square D Company-Schneider Electric
|Improper Voltage Detection for Electronic Circuit Breaker
|Apr 3, 2008
|Dec 23, 2010
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech.
|Intelligent electronic device with enhanced power quality monitoring and communication capabilities
|Jun 29, 2009
|Dec 30, 2010
|Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc.
|System and method for detecting a fault condition
|Jan 28, 2009
|Feb 3, 2011
|Dirk Graupner
|Protective switching device for monitoring the electrical current flow to an electrical user and method for monitoring the electrical current flow to an electrical user by way of a protective switching device
|Nov 12, 2010
|May 17, 2012
|Rivers Jr Cecil
|Shared memory architecture for protection of electrical distribution equipment
|Apr 16, 2012
|Aug 16, 2012
|Electro Industries/Gauge Tech
|Intelligent electronic device with enhanced power quality monitoring and communication capabilities
|Dec 20, 2012
|Sep 19, 2013
|Landis+Gyr Inc.
|Service Voltage Load Protection in an Electric Utility Meter
|Mar 18, 2013
|May 22, 2014
|Power over data transmission
|Apr 19, 2005
|Sep 30, 2009
|A self-supplied electronic protection device for automatic circuit-breakers
|Nov 10, 2011
|Jul 25, 2012
|Shared memory architecture for protection of electrical distribution equipment
|Nov 10, 2011
|Aug 3, 2016
|Oct 22, 2012
|Apr 24, 2013
|A relay with an intermediate alert mechanism
|Oct 22, 2012
|Sep 7, 2016
|Feb 25, 2003
|Sep 25, 2003
|General Electric Company
|Circuit protection system
|U.S. Classification
|361/93.2, 700/292
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 6, 1998
Owner name: EATON CORPORATION, OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ENGEL, JOSEPH CHARLES;JOHNSON, RICHARD ARTHUR;SALETTA, GARY FRANCIS;REEL/FRAME:009126/0107
Effective date: 19980324
|May 28, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 15, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 25, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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Surrounded by landscaped gardens, Al Baeirat Hotel is located on the banks of the Nile. It features a swimming pool, a shopping arcade and a 24-hour front desk that offers ironing services. Free Wi-Fi is available in the entire hotel. Overlooking the gardens, the bungalows at Al Baeirat Hotel features a traditional Oriental décor. Each bungalow offers a small seating area with an arm chair, a wardrobe and a minibar. Guests have an easy access to the city using the Luxor train station which is a 10-minute drive away. Luxor Airport is 15 minutes by car. A boat shuttle from East Bank can be arranged, and airport shuttle is available for a fee. Free private parking is possible on site.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur, India
Copyright 2016, American College of Chest Physicians. All Rights Reserved.
SESSION TITLE: Sleep Disorders 2
SESSION TYPE: Original Investigation Poster
PRESENTED ON: Wednesday, October 26, 2016 at 01:30 PM - 02:30 PM
PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of OSA in asthmatics and to assess the factors responsible for OSA in asthma
METHODS: 50 patients who met the study criteria were enrolled. Demographic and clinical data including comorbidities were collected. Spirometry was done in all patients and subjected to type 1 polysomnography. Level of asthma control was assessed using GINA 2014 guidelines.
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HiRise for Apple Watch is an elegant, modern stand that showcases your beautiful new timepiece while you charge it overnight. The sturdy HiRise holds any Apple Watch at a stable height and angle that lets you interact with your watch while it's charging. It only takes a moment to insert (or remove) your Magnetic Charging Cable, and it can be used with any style Apple Watch band, including closed-loop metal bands. Thoughtful silicone accents and a leather landing pad protect your watch, buckled or not.
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Free HIV Testing On Site at the Essence Music Festival
NEWS RELEASE July 1, 2011 "I CAME TO GET TESTED" Week-Long Greater Than AIDS Statewide Testing Tour Culminates at this Weekend's Festival in New Orleans, July 1st-3rd NEW ORLEANS, LA – Friday, 1st July, 2011 – Greater Than AIDS, a national campaign to respond to HIV/AIDS in the United States, has…News Release Read More
Leading Media and Other Corporate Allies Encourage Americans to be "Greater Than AIDS" on World AIDS Day
As the world marks World AIDS Day (December 1) in this 30th year of the epidemic, Greater Than AIDS announces scaled up partnerships and collaborative efforts with leading media and other corporate allies, community organizations, and state and local health departments to increase knowledge and understanding about HIV/AIDS in America,…News Release Read More
AIDS Is a Deeply Personal As Well As Societal Concern for Young Americans of Color
Survey finds Black and Latino Youth "Very Concerned" about Impact of HIV on Themselves and Others Their Age; Black Youth Most Likely to be Offered and to Get a Test for HIV Menlo Park, Calif. – Nearly three times as many Black teens and young adults, and twice as many Latino youth,…News Release Read More
Black Celebrities Unite In Response To AIDS
NEWS RELEASE Embargoed for release until: February 6, 2012 New Greater Than AIDS PSAs and Social Media Messages Mark National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (Feb. 7) More than 60 Black celebrities have united with Greater Than AIDS to bring attention to the severe and disproportionate epidemic facing Black Americans and…News Release Read More
Women And Girls Are Greater Than AIDS
NEWS RELEASE March 6, 2012 Black Women from TV, Film and Music Speak Out in a Powerful New Message on National Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (March 10th): "Make Every Moment, A Deciding Moment" In support of National Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (March 10), Greater Than AIDS…News Release Read More
Be Greater Than AIDS: Get Yourself Tested!
NEWS RELEASE June 21, 2011 Public and Private Sectors Join to Get Out the Word about HIV Testing Five-City Concert Series, Free HIV Testing Events, Special Programming and More Greater Than AIDS and GYT: Get Yourself Tested, two leading national campaigns committed to reducing the spread of HIV and other…News Release Read More
Walgreens, Ebony Encourage Americans to "Be Greater Than AIDS"
NEWS RELEASE June 21, 2011 Free HIV Testing, Targeted HIV/AIDS Resources at Walgreens Stores in Heavily Affected Areas Walgreens is teaming up with Greater Than AIDS, a national campaign in response to HIV/AIDS in the United States, to distribute informational resources and specialized HIV-related services at more than 300 Walgreens…News Release Read More
Greater Than AIDS
A leading public information response to the U.S. domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic with a focus on areas and people most affected. Emphasizing hope, unity and personal empowerment, Greater Than AIDS is about what is possible when we come together. Through targeted media messages and community outreach, Greater Than AIDS and its partners work to increase knowledge and understanding and confront the stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS, while promoting actions to stem its spread.Landing Page Read More
We Are Empowered: Alicia Keys Wants To Change the Way Women Think About HIV
Fourteen-time Grammy Award-winning artist and HIV advocate Alicia Keys has teamed up with Greater Than AIDS to launch EMPOWERED, a new public information campaign to reach women in the U.S. about HIV/AIDS. Being released in the lead-up to National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (March 10), the ongoing…News Release Read More
Alicia Keys in Washington, D.C., with Kaiser Family Foundation To Introduce Empowered Campaign To Reach Women in the U.S. About HIV/AIDS
White House Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett, U.S. Rep. Barbara Lee Discuss Impact of HIV on Women. New Kaiser Report Shows Progress in Stemming New HIV Infections among Women in U.S., though Only a Quarter have Virus Suppressed with Treatment AIDS United Announces Community Grants Program to Support Efforts in Hard…News Release Read More


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How long does it take for a (disappointing) facelift to heal before the surgeon can try to tighten it? (Photo)
Doctor Answers 26
How long to wait for a revision facelift?
Web reference: http://www.plasticsurgerynola.com/face/lift-new-orleans
May Be Able to Explore Fat Grafting/Resurfacing at 6 Months
Web reference: http://www.drthomasmustoe.com/facial-plastic-surgery/facelift.cfm
Wait At Least 6 Months for Revisions
Web reference: http://www.mcnemarcosmeticsurgery.com/plastic-surgery/facelift.cfm
You might also like...
Wait 6 Months, Minimum
Web reference: http://www.jrcs.com/plastic-surgery/facelift.cfm
Post Facelift Procedure and Healing
The scars from a facelift mature within six to twelve months from the surgery date. It is during this time that the rejuvenating effects of the facelift will become apparent and the real result will be seen.
If you have certain concerns about the procedures and #healing process, it is recommended to call your board-certified surgeon or their medical staff and discuss those #concerns.
Web reference: http://www.pacificcenterplasticsurgery.com/face-procedures-newport-beach/facelift/
How long does it take for a (disappointing) facelift to heal before the surgeon can try to tighten it?
Web reference: http://www.bostonplasticsurgeryspecialists.com/services/face/facelift/
Unhappy with results
Thanks for posting. It is such a shame when clients feel unhappy with their results as this should be a positive experience. Discussions in the consult should cover off all the expected results and what is achievable or not.
There does not seem to be much improvement in your photo's, though not sure if they are just post op. Recommend going back to your surgeon who should be able to do revision surgery if you are not happy. We tend to do this within the 3 months mark, as most of the healing is done. Since we do our facelifts under local, there is minimal bruising and downtime.
All the best and hopefully you reach your desired outcome.
Web reference: https://www.bellavou.co.uk/face/concept-facelift/
How long to wait before having a revision?
How long does it take for a (disappointing) facelift to heal before the surgeon can try to tighten it?
As you can see in many of the other responses, you need to give things time to heal. If considering a revision or tuck up, you should wait at least 6 months and preferably a year. The reason is that the area continues to heal over this time period. It's also important to realize that a facelift only removes the slack in the skin and it creates little improvement for the chin area and above and below the lip. These wrinkles are better treated with resurfacing such as with lasers, chemical peels, or dermabrasion.
Continue to follow up with your surgeon during the healing phase. If after this you wanted a second opinion, consider consulting with a facial plastic surgeon.
I hope this helps and good luck.
Web reference: http://www.DrGuyFacialPlastics.com/face-lift
Facelift revision
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Posted May 24, 2013 by JamesTown in Music Video
Wyclef Jean 'Bang Bang Bang' [Video]
Chicago's gun violence is out of control, Wyclef does his part to reach the at risk youth in this new music video "Bang Bang Bang". I truly hope the kids and everyone in the Chicago community reverse the from current violent course they are on. Do concept songs from entertainers help with social issues any more? Let us know in the comment section.


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From 's Dogster Photos[ View profile page ]
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text: For just keeping guns safe from kids almost any safe will work. THIS ONE is a biometric Safe and big enough for guns and other valuables. Another thing to consider is most of them have a KEY as a backup. So even if it doesn't recognize it, you can use backup KEY. Again, if purpose is just for kid protection, most work just fine.


text: Divxturka.net is using Redbunker! Because Redbunker is better than Hotfile, Netload and Rapidshare ! Click here and buy REDBUNKER premium account! Plot: Lily and Alison face a life-changing event after they leave their Salton Sea home and follow the boys they meet back to Los Angeles. Genre: Drama IMDB rating: 6.6/10 from 276 users Directed by: Elgin James Starring: Juno Temple, Kay Panabaker and Leslie Mann Release Name: Little.Birds.2011.DVDRip.XviD-IGUANA Size: 700 MB Video: AVI | 640×272 | 872 kbps Audio: English | MP3 | 128 kbps Runtime: 94 MIN Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1623745/ Download: Code: http://www.redbunker.net/h8tg8dhn6l1b/iguana-lb.xvid.avi.html HAPPY NEW YEAR !!!


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American aerospace company Lockheed Martin is working on a jet that could see the return of commercial supersonic air travel, more than a decade after the retirement of the Concorde fleet.
The proposed Lockheed Martin N Plus 2 jet could soar at speeds of Mach 1.6, which would cut the travel time from New York to Los Angeles from five hours to just 2.5. The company aims to be able to carry 80 people on the journey from west to east by around 2022.
According to the special CNN Money report into supersonic flight, engineers at Lockheed and Boeing are working with NASA on lowering the Sonic Boom, with the aim of legalising breaking the speed of sound when traveling over US airspace.
The Sonic Boom makes a sound equivalent to a loud clap of thunder for the entire duration of its flight, which currently means supersonic flight is outlawed in many countries.
Lockheed isn't the only company with plans to put supersonic planes back on the runway. Aerion, based in Reno Nevada is also working on a 12-passenger business jet that'll also travel at Mach 1.6 which could cut London-New York journey to just four hours.
While the N Plus 2 would be geared towards commercial flight, Aerion's $110m jet would be primarily aimed at business passengers and the firm has already cashed deposits from hundreds of customers.
Considering BA and Air France's Concorde first entered service in 1976 and enabled Londoners to get to New York in about two and a half hours, we'd say these developments are very much overdue.
Any how about we get some transatlantic Wi-Fi installed too? Is that too much to ask?
Read more: Smartphones cleared for in-flight use in Europe
Via: Pocket-Lint


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
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Dubai Customs, as part of its effort to combat smuggling of drugs, could successfully foil a bid to smuggle more than 2 Kg of heroin stuffed in 125 capsules hidden by an African passenger in his guts while arriving in Dubai from the Brazilian Airport of Sao Paolo, Brazil.
Ali Al Maqhawi, Director of Airport Operations at Dubai Customs uncovered the details of the seizure when he said that customs officers at Terminal (3) of Dubai international airport suspected , by virtue of their experience in body language, a passenger when observing signs of confusion and discomfort on his behaviour.
Customs control was then focused on the suspected passenger until reached the inspection point, but nothing prohibited was found inside his bags when passed through the scanning device or during manual inspection.
The increasing signs of unrest on the passenger`s face, however, called for exposing him to hi-tech body scan machines, which detected some murky items in his guts suspected to be narcotic substances. When asked about the nature of such substances, he admitted being capsules containing heroin that found to be 125 capsules in which 2177 gram of heroin was stuffed.
The passenger stated that he was instructed to deliver these drugs to another person against a sum of money.
"As part of the joint coordination and cooperation with Dubai Police Headquarters, the passenger together with the seizure report and the information obtained during customs investigations were delivered to the Anti-Drug General Administration for necessary and further actions," said Al Maqhawi.
" The higher efficiency enjoyed by Dubai Customs Inspectors and their experience in body language as well as knowledge of potential methods of smuggling contributed to detecting these drugs carried by the passenger inside his guts and saving youths from using them," he added.
Al Maqhawi underlined that Dubai Customs will continue encountering such unlawful operations subject to its responsibility as the society`s first defence line and by relying upon a national cadre of qualified inspectors who attended specialized training on all areas and equipped with modern bags and body scan machines.
[1] http://www.albawaba.com/en/node/355857?nid=498259
[2] http://www.albawaba.com


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As many of you may already know, my sister Ira is expecting a baby. My family lives in St. Petersburg, Russia and it's difficult to be so far away from them during this time. To keep me updated they send new pictures to me every couple of weeks. With each additional set I notice big and amazing changes in my sister.
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Simon Jenkins's resolute argument (Comment, 4 September) was going splendidly. Then: "To our grandparents, the idea of a woman driving a bus, reading the news, conducting an orchestra … would have been beyond imagining." I'd guarantee that my own feisty Cornish grandma, having come through WWII with her married daughters (cf Princess Elizabeth with her army lorry) would have been not a whit surprised.
Peter Fiddick
Kew, Surrey
• Simon Jenkins misses the point. It does not try to include women regardless of their ability, it ends discrimination against women with ability.
Margaret Davis
• Greenham women are still everywhere (Report, 3 September). On Monday several people from Action AWE were arrested just down the road from Greenham for blockading Burghfield nuclear weapons factory; and every second weekend of the month Aldermaston Women's Peace Camp holds a camp to protest about the UK's retention and maintenance of nuclear weapons and all the research and development which is going into the production of the next generation of nuclear weapons.
Ailsa Johnson
Penzance, Cornwall
• I see that according to the developers, Land Securities and Canary Wharf, that it was the sun wot did it (Hot spots: when builders turn up the heat, Shortcuts, G2, 4 September). An Arthur C Clarke short story told of an angry South American football crowd using reflective football programmes to fry a referee. It now seems that insufficiently imaginative architects and engineers (and not the sun) are bringing another of his ideas to fruition.
Peter Graham
St Albans, Hertfordshire
• Jeremy Taylor wrote and recorded Jobsworth (Letters, 3 September) in 1966. You can listen to it on any reputable music-sharing service – that is, until some jobsworth stops you.
Dave Headey
Faringdon, Oxfordshire
• I see weather forecasters are predicting an Indian summer (Weather, 4 September). Is this what TV forecasters mean by "Apache rain in places"?
Phil Rhoden
Kidderminster, Worcestershire


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Hidden in the heart of a luscious mahogany forest is Lake Manyara Tree Lodge. The ten spacious guest tree-houses, which perch on stilts, are cradled by branches and have been designed to have minimum negative impact on the environment.
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New Golf Communities Focus Less On The Golf, More On The Community
"The new breed of golf community has a strong personality with distinctive architecture; loads of amenities, many catering to families; and a real sense of place."
"The new choices include log homes on a Colorado mountain, sleek modern designs in Florida, and estates managed by Ritz-Carlton in Virginia. Aside from the manicured 18 holes, there is barely anything recognizable from the typical golf club in these developments, which can come with round-trip airport transfers, concierge services (like club and dog washing), spas and stables."
"Vacation home buyers continue to get younger - a median age of 47 in 2006, down from 52 in 2005, according to a survey by the National Association of Realtors - as more families move in next to the retirees at golf communities. Developers have responded by offering more design options, holiday kids' clubs and summer camps, and myriad recreational activities beyond the driving range."


text: I have a Roamio Plus with two Minis on Charter Cable with a Cisco Tuning Adapter. On 3-4 occasions, I have lost a few digital channels, sometimes more than others. The first time this happened, I gritted my teeth and called Charter support. After taking me through several things, the support person suggested rebooting the TA and changing it to a different USB port on the Tivo. This did the trick. After that, this is the procedure I have used when I notice untunable digital channels. This is not a big deal, and in the larger scheme of things, just an annoyance, but I was wondering if there was anything else that could be done to prevent this occurrence?


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$24.95 - NOW 16.95 -Hand-Knitted Cat Ear Beanie
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These are just some Christmas ornaments I made when I was off sick last week. I got the pattern from the 2007 Holiday issue of Vogue Knitting, and I just used some sport weight yarn I picked up along the way. I love the gold one, though, it's flecked with little sparkly bits that are kind of hard to see in the picture. I have similar yarn in red that I need to make into an ornament as well. I couldn't find ornament hangers anywhere, so I had to improvise some decreases on the bottoms. I recommend these, they're a great, easy little project.
Very pretty
I love them. You did a great job.
Very pretty and a good stash buster as well! They look wonderful on your tree.
Those are great! Santa will love them! :teehee:
I love those...they look great!!
Jessica, they're gorgeous! I'm glad I finally got to see them!
very cute:)
Thanks everybody. :hug: I think I've decided to make one of these for the ladies I work with to include with their holiday gifts. Hopefully they'll like them.
Those are very pretty.


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Hi, we are the Classic Covers Band.
We consist of four "mature guys" who after each playing for many years in other bands got together in 2012 to perform the music that we love, and as we've found many of you do too.
We have the traditional "beat band" format of three guitars and drums, recreating the authentic sounds of the time. We aim to perform all the songs you remember, and some you might have forgot, and to always have a good, fun time.
We will always try to accommodate any special songs you require. (If given advance warning for us to arrange them for you.)
We are always interested in performing for charity events etc. if needed.
Hope this gives you an insight into the CCB's and we look forward to hearing from you.Stevie B, Dave, Pete & Steve.


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My shotty has 2 barrels and, a big smile behind them.
Doesnt matter if its an AR, Benelli Super blaster, or Super Zapper, its the resolve and experience of the person behind it.
This is a discussion on Is a shotgun "useless"? within the Defensive Rifles & Shotgun Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; Originally Posted by jonconsiglio This is what Dr Roberts always talks about. As a surgeon, he's seen a fair share of firearm related injuries. I ...
My shotty has 2 barrels and, a big smile behind them.
Doesnt matter if its an AR, Benelli Super blaster, or Super Zapper, its the resolve and experience of the person behind it.
" Blessed is that man, who when facing death, thinks only of his front sight"
-Jeff Cooper
I guess, my pain level must be lower than most of you people here.
If I broke into someones home and I, was met with the buisness end of a shot gun, and was shot with it.
I know it's going to hurt like H. E. double L. if it's a single shot, Im going to back off and try a different way, Like when that person is NOT home.
But if he has my winchester defender 1300, I know he has at least 5 more comming my way, I'm running.................. And you ???
Proven combat techniques may not be flashy and may require a bit more physical effort on the part of the shooter. Further, they may not win competition matches, but they will help ensure your survival in a shooting or gunfight on the street. ~Paul Howe
I hope that my comment above was not misunderstood, as it well may have been. I was thinking 10-15 feet, and not lightweight birdshot 7-8-9's. Sorry for the clarification so late. I have 00 in my Benelli, personally.A shotgun at close proximity, regardless of the load, is pretty devastatingI miss your point I guess. Can you elaborate?Approaching the point of a low powered 10mm training round?
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"A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon the world" Albert Camus
I have the solution for the birdshot dilemma!
Want to use birdshot? Worried about overpenetration? But still want to stop the BG?
Look no further than the "cut shell." Now - this will NOT cycle in a semi auto or pump shotgun, but will work fine in a double. What you end up with is the world's largest "Glaser safety slug."
The lost art of "Cut Shells" - YouTube
The number of people killed because they didn't have "enough gun" is dwarfed by those who had none at all.
I'm torn. I love my shotty and AR. But for home defense I have my shotgun at my bed and my AR is in my safe.
2. So, even in your right mind, a SG wouldn't keep you from doing what want - just make you rethink your tactics? - sorry, not good enough.
3. Hardly any BG is gonna id what kind of SG is used against them.
Good afternoon jonconsiglio, Ladies & gentlemen: My friend I will contest you later on individual shot performance and to the mass shot effect in reference to room distances., but, for the present, as I hinted, a single 00 at around 1200 fps is almost the same as the Navy colt .36, which has accounted for many a BG and Injun in the old west. (me part injun so don't get up tight peeps)
The ole Navy colt was considered a good man stopper among the pistols available, which included perhaps the best of all, The ...44 Dragoon (Walker colt, almost equal to the present .44 magnum.)
Now as to shotguns being effective, it's history of usage speaks for itself.
All stage coaches used it as their primary defensive arm.
All police / Sheriff depts. used it, most still use it, as the their primary close in weapon.
Prisons also used it.
The US military used it extensively, and it was considered the best by far, for stopping the Juramentado Muslim in the Philippines..
The Us Army issued it for extensive use in the trench warfare in WW-1, It was extremely effective for breaking up the German mass attacks. It was so affective that it lead to the German's official protest that by using lead shot, it violated the Geneva convention and that all Allied soldiers caught with a shotgun would be executed on the spot. The US retaliated with an appropriate remark, and the German order was never carried out
Even in the rev. and later the civil war, shotguns were considered as basic defensive arms especially suited for night work.
sheesh I could go on for pages in which it was, and is, considered as a serious weapon,
It is still considered as the weapon of choice for the wounded big cats, Lion, Leopards, and Tigers, in thick coverage. Shall we hint at room size zones?
So enough examples, as to 'terminal ballistics', may I point to a slight error, we are interested in 'delivered ballistics, energy, regardless of range. One refers to potential energy for deliverance, the other to actual 'delivered energy', many times there is a vast difference.
In my study of homicides I was told to always caution the investigating doctor to be especial watchful for the shot wad, for evidence, At close range -say across a room - the shot charge has spread very little and many times the shot would carry the wad into the wound.. The location of the wad could sometimes be useful in identifying the distance that that particular shotgun had been fired. All shotguns perform differently.
Side issue, most shot patterns in a room are almost in a solid column of densely packed shot, far far different from individual shot. So there is no way to calculate the one in reference to the other. In one case the shot pattern produced a 3 inch hole to the back bone, it was quite effective.
Don jose de La Mancha
Thanks tayopo you have a better way of explaining it then myself, i know when i explained it on #5 section of this forumi make it sound to dramatic and makes me look ignorant its just me its how i talk, and it throws everyone completly off and im sorry, again thanx,well said.even though everyones statment also made alot of sense... Eddie.
However, I don't think anyone is doubting the shotgun as a solid HD weapon. I believe the point of contention is the argument for and against bird shot, and that there is no way to consistently predict terminal results with its use.
Tayopo, good post. I do agree the shotgun is a formidable weapon and one that makes a great choice for home defense.
Proven combat techniques may not be flashy and may require a bit more physical effort on the part of the shooter. Further, they may not win competition matches, but they will help ensure your survival in a shooting or gunfight on the street. ~Paul Howe
Jon, Gentlemen coffee is being seved in the patio, join me?
Don Jose de La Mancha


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Lemonade Playset
The Lemonade Playset exudes a retro vibe with a modern flair. Perfectly sized for any space, the easy-wipe finish of the metal Lemonade Playset makes it the ideal spot for your little ones to get creatively messy. The Lemonade Playset's two backless stools promote healthy play posture and stack for easy storage.
- 1 metal play table and 2 metal backless stools
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Model M9806
Made in China
M9806 Lemondade Playset 09.11.14
- Assembled dimensions (table): 27.56 X 27.56 X 18.11"
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Tighnafeile House
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Travel Blogs from Timaru
I am not a road runner...
... good idea I will never know. 7km we ran, I have never run for 45 minutes without stopping in my life! And what is worse, the group was led by a 12 year old school girl! Ridiculous! It is confirmed, I am a footballer, not a road runner! However I did feel a lot better for it afterwards. Chilled out this evening in front of the fire under my blanket. I will sleep well ...
The first day as Mobile Holmes by car.
... pronunciation of Madame as being ver Frensh, and so engaged the bloke in conversation. We were short of time so set of south without much delay. The day had started fine but on arriving at Akaroa the wind quickly got up on the water and the crowds spilled down the hills. As we came the hill before Akaroa there was an amazing view of the inlet with incredible aquamarine coloured sea, but, before Amanda could take photo, the clouds came over and ...
Hiking Aoraki/Mount Cook
... believe Dad when he first told me it was Jupiter); Orion's Belt and, by association, Canis Major, the dog constellation; the Southern Cross and the Pointer Stars; and the cluster of stars contained in Orion's sword. Greg saw a red dot – we think he was looking through the wrong eye. We also had a look at the full moon, which was akin to looking at the sun. Another short night was in order – we didn't get back to the hotel until nearly midnight. ...
To Timaru
Our first stop this morning was at Baldwin Street in Dunedin, famous for being considered the steepest residential street in the world with a gradient of 1 : 2.86. We didn't climb it ourselves, just took photos of others doing it.
From there we left Dunedin for tonight's stop at Timaru roughly half way to Christchurch. First coffee stop today was at the Moeraki boulders which formed millions of years ago in a process similar to the formation of oyster pearls. The ...
The Hooker Valley
... to give us a good start tomorrow. We have a day in hand cos earlier in the holiday we had hurried on to Queenstown to take advantage of a good weather window for our Dart River and Doubtful Sound trips. Looking at the weather after those trips that was definitely a good decision. So we are going back up to north of Christchurch to see the Lewis Pass and Hanmer Springs. At the beginning of our trip the pass was only open with snow chains but it should be accessible ...
Other places to stay in Timaru
Grosvenor Hotel26 Cains Terrace, Timaru | 3 star hotelfrom $78
- Small room
Comfort Hotel BenvenueSH 1/16-22 Evans Street, Timaru | 4 star hotelfrom $122
Caroline Motel46-48 Evans Street, Timaru | Hotelfrom $72
Aspen on King51 King Street, Timaru | Hotelfrom $102


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GEORGE TOWN (Bernama) – Three hand-grenades, 76 bullets and four M16 magazines were found in an empty premise at Jalan Tun Dr Awang, Bukit Jambul on Monday night.
Northeast District Police chief ACP Mior Faridalathrash Wahid (Bernama photo, below) said the explosives and ammunition were found in a multipurpose bag behind an air conditioning unit in the balcony of the premises.
"Three workers who were trying to fix the air conditioner at the premises found the items when they were checking its compressor at 9pm," he said in a press conference yesterday.
He said all the items were still functional and the police would run a ballistics test on the ammunition for further investigation.
The premises, which was located on the first floor of a three-storey shophouse had previously been raided by police on Jan 6 and the police were currently investigating the possibility of a connection between the two cases, he said.
Mior Faridalathrash said the premises had been used as a beauty parlour before, but it was evacuated by the previous tenant after the drug raid.
"The police are currently investigating the reason why the grenades and ammunition were hidden there," he said.


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The Living Reminder: Service and Prayer in Memory of Jesus Christ
The Living Reminder was like a visit from a friend I needed to speak with. The surprise for me was how much I needed to hear him say familiar things. National Catholic Reporter
The Living Reminder is a gift from Henry J.M. Nouwen along with C.S. Lewis and Thomas Merton, one of the 20th century s most beloved and important spiritual writers. Subtitled Service and Prayer in the Memory of Jesus Christ, Nouwen s book presents simple yet powerfully profound expressions of the joys of religious service, prompting the publication New Review of Books and Religion to note that we read Nouwen to discover new possibilities in our own faith.
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The soft mud held the imprints of black Converse sneakers as Ethan stepped quietly through the churchyard, toward the familiar headstone at the east end. Clasped to his chest was a single white Easter lily. They had always been Laura's favorite. He brought her one every Friday night, and laid it on her headstone, brushing away the dirt and fallen leaves that collected in the engraved words.
She'd been so young, only 17, a year younger than him. But some people would never learn that drinking and driving wasn't safe, and it would take more than one young girl being killed before they did.
The moonlight glinted softly off of Ethan's blond hair and reflected in his hazel eyes as he knelt at Laura's grave, not bothering to stop the tears from coming. An anger boiled in him, anger at who had done this, who had taken his perfect life and ripped it to shreds before he'd had a chance to realize it was happening. And all too soon the anger would boil up and flow out in a storm of rage, and anyone who got in his way would be sorry.
He would make them suffer like he had.


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Martin van Staden
Editor-in-Chief and Director
Martin is a co-founder and the Editor in Chief for the Rational Standard. He is a Legal Researcher at the Free Market Foundation, the Academic Programs Director for Southern Africa at Students For Liberty and the Editor in Chief of Being Libertarian. Martin holds an LL.B from the University of Pretoria. His personal website can be found at www.martinvanstaden.com.
Nicholas Woode-Smith
Marketing and Technical Director
Nicholas is a co-founder and Marketing and Technical Director at the Rational Standard. He is a Council Member of the Institute for Race Relations as well as the Regional Coordinator for African Students For Liberty. Nicholas has written two science fiction novels. He is currently studying Politics, Philosophy and Economics at the University of Cape Town.
Daniël Eloff
Multimedia Content Creator
Daniël is a Senior Staff Writer at the Rational Standard. He is currently part of the Democratic Alliance Young Leaders Programme, co-founded the Tuks Leadership and Individual Program, eCivix and the UP Debatsvereniging. Daniël is currently an academic associate at the University of Pretoria at the Department of Mercantile Law while completing his postgraduate Constitutional- and Cyber Law degree.
Nicholas Babaya
Senior Staff Writer
Nicholas is a Senior Staff Writer at the Rational Standard. He is a Local Coordinator for Students For Liberty as well as an organiser of SAFREECON 2017. He takes great interest in the philosophy underlying classical liberal values as well as the Austrian school of economics. He is currently a student at Rhodes University studying towards a BA in Chinese and German.
Johan van der Merwe
Staff Writer
Johan is a Staff Writer at the Rational Standard. He is currently serving his articles of clerkship at Haasbroek & Boezaart Attorneys while also completing his postgraduate LLM degree in Constitutional Interpretation and the Rule of Law at the University of Pretoria. He holds an LLB from the same university.
Dr Harald Sitta
Dr Harald Sitta is a Contributor at the Rational Standard. He is an Austrian attorney emeritus and business owner who immigrated to South Africa in 2007. He obtained his law degree 1978 and also earned a post graduate in international relations 1979.
Phumlani Majozi
Phumlani is a Contributor at the Rational Standard. Hei is a writer and radio commentator on economic and political issues, with a major focus on South Africa. He is a non-executive director at the Free Market Foundation South Africa, a policy fellow and member of the council at the Institute of Race Relations, a policy analyst and director at Independent Entrepreneurship Group.
Anthony Stuurman
Anthony Stuurman (a pen-name) is a regular Contributor at the Rational Standard. The writer is an educator in the Eastern Cape with an interest in neuroscience, ethnobotany and a passion for free speech.
Malusi Ndwandwe
Malusi is a Contributor at the Rational Standard. He is a first year BEng (Bachelor Of Engineering) Civil Engineering student at the University Of Johannesburg. He has worked in the auto industry as a trainee product engineer, then as a lab assistant at the Durban University Of Technology.
Prof. Tim Crowe
Professor Tim Crowe is a descendant of oppressed Irish freedom-fighters from the United States working class. He is a first generation university graduate, non-settler immigrant alumnus, Elected Fellow and emeritus (40 years' service) professor at the University of Cape Town. He is a Ph.D.-educated expert on evolutionary biology. He has published nearly 300 peer-reviewed scientific papers/books and is regarded as the world's leading authority on game birds.
Tim Bester
Tim Bester studied economics, political science and public administration at the University of the Witwatersrand where he also served two terms on the Student Representative Council. Tim is now retired after a successful career in advertising and marketing research.


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At Wimbledon, a Djokovic-Murray final reveals the state of tennis
WIMBLEDON, England -- It wasn't until late Friday afternoon that the secret aim of this year's Wimbledon became clear. The fortnight of falls, all those buckling knees and quivering ankles, were but little alerts meant for Novak Djokovic: Tennis' grand dame was coming after him.
No player's body, of course, has proven more elastic, more inhumanly resilient while strapped onto the rack known as today's men's tennis, and Djokovic slid through his first five matches largely unscathed. Now she'd finally had enough. There Djokovic was, late in the third set of an epic semifinal, pinned behind the baseline by Juan Martin Del Potro's lasered cannonade -- racing back-and-forth, back-and-forth, legs like pipe-cleaners splayed ever wider with each exchange. Finally he groaned. He crashed. He stood up slow. Next rally, again: Seven strokes, seven more clicks of the rack that now pushed spectating into the surreal. You actually thought: Stop, please. Del Potro's about to split the man in two.
And yet, after Djokovic literally held it together, after he survived the valiant Argentine and the longest semi in Wimbledon history -- after a match, indeed, that any other Grand Slam would've taken as a perfect finish, the vicious old dame wasn't done. If Djokovic wants to win his second title at the All-England Club, all he need do is withstand a surging, stronger Andy Murray, a Centre Court cauldron brewing with hostility, a nation of 60 million intent on pushing their man over the line at last.
"It's going to be very loud," said Djokovic, who at 26 is just seven days younger than his opponent. "But I'm ready to go all the way. As long as it takes for me to play, to give it all, I'm ready to go out on the court and give everything I have."
Murray, of course, beat Djokovic in a five-set marathon to win his first -- and only -- Grand Slam title last fall at the U.S. Open. All of his breakthroughs -- last year's run to the final here, his resulting tears, his gold-medal win at the London Olympics -- seem sure to ease anxiety over his becoming the first British man in 77 years to lift the trophy. But the last time these two men met on such a stage, at the 2013 Australian Open final, Murray battled Djokovic evenly until the second set tiebreak, when a rogue feather -- of all things -- drifted into view and derailed his concentration. He stopped play to move it, and went on to lose in four. Maybe that's just a coincidence.
"He's improved a lot in his offensive tennis," said Djokovic's coach Marian Vadja of Murray today. "He improved on serve, he improved on his forehand. He's more stable. He's mentally strong, as he never has been before. I have to say he's very ready, too."
And maybe it's not. "I think I'll be probably in a better place mentally," Murray said Friday of his state compared to a year ago. "I would hope I would be a little bit calmer going into Sunday. But you don't know. You don't decide that. I might wake up Sunday and be unbelievably nervous, more nervous that I ever have been before. But I wouldn't expect to be."
That Murray himself can even concede that possibility, though, tells just how heavy the weight must be. He may call the U.S. Open his favorite Slam, but to Brits his win there was somehow minor, the necessary means to a glorious end. No other tennis championship really matters. "With Wimbledon, obviously, you double it," said former Brit No. 1 John Lloyd of the difference in impact. "Because unfortunately in Britain tennis is not that popular a sport until Wimbledon happens. Then a lot of audience is housewives, but after Wimbledon finishes it's, like, 'Let's wait 'til next June.' They don't even look at the rest of the tournaments."
But in truth, they're not too far wrong. Wimbledon may be played on archaic grass and can be aggressively out of touch with modernity, but its Championships -- at least on the men's side -- consistently provides the game with its most discerning winnowing of talent, its truest test of greatness. Djokovic won his first major in Australia in 2008 and has since won three more there. He came off the canvas to stun the great Roger Federer en route to winning in New York in 2011. None of them can compare.
"I visualized holding this trophy when I was only six, seven years old," Djokovic says of his four-set win over Rafael Nadal. "When I won it back in 2011 it was definitely the highlight of my career -- and it still is."
But Wimbledon does more than unveil living history. Today marks the third meeting between Djokovic and Murray in a Grand Slam final in the last year -- but the first as No. 1 and No. 2. There's a reason: Wimbledon reveals the game as much as players; it showcases the state of the art. Just as the 1980 final between John McEnroe and Bjorn Borg -- and the 2008 final between Federer and Rafael Nadal -- remains that era's ultimate expression, Sunday's showdown will provide the clearest picture of today's game: The fitness and speed, the near-extinction of serve-volley, the string technology that has revolutionized the transition from defense-to-offense, the vital endurance that leaves previous generations in awe.
"What we're seeing is two guys who have taken movement and physicality to a different level," said commentator Patrick McEnroe, the head of player development for the USTA. "They don't have the dynamic shot-making ability of Federer. They don't have that easy-to-see intensity of Nadal. They bring more predictability, but they do it so well; they're so efficient.
"Djokovic brings almost perfect tennis skills. Murray's not as great a mover, but he's willed himself -- just busted it so hard -- to get to where he is. He's stronger physically, and his tennis skills are more varied. There are subtle differences, and that should be the defining factor on grass. I like Murray in this match, because he has a bit more versatility. Djokovic is a better ball-striker. Overall they're pretty similar."
That fact alone, of course, militates against the kind of rapturous reviews that followed Federer-Nadal matches. The criticism of this new era is that it's more assaultive than artistic, more exhausting than exquisite, with only the current baseliner offense capable of consistent success. Federer and Nadal -- grace and guts, ice and fire -- made it easy for even the casual fan to access their genius, "because they were doing stuff differently than the prior generation," says former U.S. top ten Todd Martin. "These guys are just doing it better."
Indeed, just as the Fed-Rafa rivalry seemed to echo McEnroe-Borg, carries more than a whiff of the mid-80s rise of Ivan Lendl and Mats Wilander, players whose matches inspired more respect than rapture. "No, it's not as appealing." Wilander said. "Contrast of styles is always going to be more appealing than the level of play."
That's why, too, this Wimbledon's legacy might prove even more lasting. The excitement caused by 22-year-old Pole Jerzy Janowicz was hardly dampened by his four-set loss to Murray in the semis; his 140 m.p.h. serve, quickness, soft hands and pure feistiness ("I don't care," Janowicz said about Murray's complaints over the roof being closed mid-match. "What I can do? I care about myself. I don't care if he was angry or not.") felt like a one-man challenge to today's dominant pair.
"When he starts to put it all together, to try and actually win matches, as much as points? He's one who can break into those guys," Wilander said of Janowicz. "He's the next No. 1 in the world. But these two are going to be around a while. They're both so dedicated to fitness and strength and flexibility and eating and coaching; they're taking it to the next level in all of what they're doing. And they're going to push each other. They need each to stay ahead of the rest, so they can end up playing in every Grand Slam final -- apart from the French Open -- every year for the next four years."
But why get ahead of ourselves? Asked to sum up his Wimbledon in one word, Janowicz said, "Fun." That's not how British fans will regard today's torment, not until -- maybe -- it's all over. And it's certainly not how Murray and Djokovic would describe what they face in each other today. For tennis fans, though, the prospect of pomp, excellence and national heartache loosed together upon Centre Court is irresistible. Get the rack ready. Fun, indeed.