text: Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Turk J Med Sci (2014) 44: 471-475 © TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/sag-1301-9 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/ Research Article Protective effect of L-carnitine in a rat model of retinopathy of prematurity 1, 2 1 3 4 5 6 Sadullah KELEŞ *, İbrahim CANER , Orhan ATEŞ , Özgür ÇAKICI , Fatih SARUHAN , Uğur Yılmaz MUMCU , Deniz ÜNAL , 2 7 4 8 9 Kadir Şerafettin TEKGÜNDÜZ , Ayhan TAŞTEKİN , Ahmet HACIMÜFTÜOĞLU , Nesrin GÜRSAN , Hamit Hakan ALP 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 2 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 3 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla University, Muğla, Turkey 4 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 5 Department of Ophthalmology, Tunceli Government Hospital, Tunceli, Turkey 6 Department of Histology & Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 7 Department of Pediatrics, Selçuklu Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 8 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey 9 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey Received: 03.01.2013 Accepted: 06.05.2013 Published Online: 31.03.2014 Printed: 30.04.2014 Aim: To investigate the effects of L-carnitine (LC) on rats with oxygen-induced retinopathy. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on 40 Sprague Dawley rat pups. The rat pups were randomly divided into 4 groups: group 1 (n = 10), the healthy control group with intraperitoneal 0.1 mL/day physiological saline injection; group 2 (n = 10), exposed to hyperoxygen, did not receive LC but received 0.1 mL/day physiological saline intraperitoneally; group 3 (n = 10), exposed to hyperoxygen and received 100 mg/kg/day LC intraperitoneally; group 4 (n = 10), exposed to hyperoxygen and received 200 mg/kg/ day LC intraperitoneally. After postnatal day 20, the rat pups were killed and an histological examination was performed on the eyes, in addition to the detection of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Results: The retinal and choroidal histopathological changes due to hyperoxygen were less in group 3 and minimal in group 4 compared with group 2. Compared with the healthy control group, the increase in the MDA levels in group 2 was significant (P < 0.05). Compared with group 2 there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the MDA levels in groups 3 and 4. Conclusion: LC has beneficial effects on oxygen-induced retinopathy in rats in terms of histopathological changes and MDA levels. Key words: L-carnitine, malondialdehyde, oxygen toxicity, retinopathy of prematurity 1. Introduction Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants is a leading cause of blindness in childhood. Factors such as premature birth, low birth weight, blood transfusion, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, light exposure, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen therapy increase the risk of ROP development (1,2). ROP is a typical and original sign of oxygen toxicity in advanced premature infants. Supplementary oxygen therapy contributes to ROP development with toxic effects in the retina (3–5). Although there is not yet a clear explanation for their mechanisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by higher oxygen concentrations in tissues, result in oxidative damage to cellular components. Higher levels of ROS generated by over production or *Correspondence: [email protected] insufficient elimination of ROS results in damage to cellular proteins, nucleic acids, and membrane lipids (6,7). ROS-induced oxidation in membrane lipids results in the production of lipid peroxidation products. Lipid peroxidation is a well-defined cause of cellular damage in human beings, and the existence of lipid peroxidation products is a sign of oxidative damage to cells and tissues. Lipid peroxides are unstable and decompose to form a complex series of compounds. These include reactive carbonyl compounds, among which malondialdehyde (MDA) is the most abundant (8,9). The antiperoxidative effect of L-carnitine (LC) on different tissues has been proposed (10,11). LC protects tissues with some mechanisms against peroxidative stress; LC prevents ROS formation generated by the 471 KELEŞ et al. / Turk J Med Sci xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and reduces possible damage in the cell membrane (12,13). In addition, LC has been reported to have a scavenging effect on ROS and a stabilizing impact on damaged cell membranes (13). We aimed to determine the choroidal and retinal histopathological changes and the levels of MDA in rats with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) that were treated with LC. Cambridge, UK) (15). Its level was expressed as nmol/mg protein. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 11.5 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The statistical significance was calculated using chi-square and oneway ANOVA tests. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation and the significance level was set at P < 0.05. 2. Materials and methods In this experiment 40 Sprague Dawley rat pups were used. The rat pups were randomly divided into 4 groups: group 1, (n = 10), the healthy control; group 2 (n = 10), exposed to hyperoxygen and did not receive LC but did receive 0.1 mL physiological saline intraperitoneally; group 3 (n = 10), exposed to hyperoxygen and received 100 mg/ kg LC intraperitoneally; group 4 (n = 10), exposed to hyperoxygen and received 200 mg/kg LC intraperitoneally. A relative hypoxic condition state in the OIR rat model has been previously described (14). Together with their mothers, newborn rat pups were exposed to hyperoxygen (80 ± 1.3% O2) in Plexiglas chambers (Natus Oxydome II, Seattle, WA, USA) from postnatal (P) day 2 to P14 at 2 h/day in room air. They were then returned to normal ambient air conditions (room air, 21 ± 1.5% O2) from P14 to P20. Control rat pups were kept in normal room air. All rat pups were killed on P20. LC was injected (Carnitine ampule, Sigma-Tau, Rome, Italy) intraperitoneally in both groups 3 and 4 every day, starting 1 day before (P1) hyperoxia exposure and ending 14 days after (P14) (total of 15 days). Both the control group and group 2 were administered daily 0.1 mL of physiological saline intraperitoneally starting from P1 and ending at P14 (total of 15 days ). The animals were housed in facilities accredited by international guidelines and the studies were approved by and conducted in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Atatürk University. 3. Results All ROP models (groups 2, 3, 4) had a characteristic appearance of severe ROP with peripheral avascular retina similar to zone II ROP at P14. Inner retinal plexus vascularization had extended to the ora serrata in the control group. Histopathological results in group 1 (healthy control group): Parts of the tunica vasculosa such as the choroid and the ciliary body were found to be normal. In both low and high magnifications of the sections, the neural tunic was clearly detected. Histopathological results in group 2: Hyperchromasia in ciliary epithelial cells, edema under the ciliary epithelium, and inflammatory cell infiltration under the ciliary epithelium were detected in all rats. Intense cell degeneration in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cells layer were observed. There was intense degeneration in nerve fiber and edema among fibers in the inner plexiform layer. Many necrotic cells and large amounts of cell debris were detected. Histopathological results in group 3: Hyperchromasia in ciliary epithelial cells, a few inflammatory cell infiltration, and edema under the ciliary epithelium were determined in the choroid of group 3. Cell degeneration in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cells layer was less than in group 2. Degeneration in nerve fiber and edema among fibers in the inner plexiform layer was less than in group 2. Sparse necrotic cells and cell debris were also determined. Histopathological results in group 4: There was no hyperchromasia in the ciliary epithelial cells. Edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were not detected under the ciliary epithelium. There was no degeneration in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cells. Degeneration in nerve fiber and edema among fibers in the inner plexiform layer was not detected. There were no necrotic cells. All rats had choroidal changes (hyperchromasia in ciliary epithelial cells, edema under ciliary epithelium, and inflammatory cell infiltration under ciliary epithelium) in groups 2 and 3. All rats had retinal changes (intense cell degeneration in inner nuclear layer and ganglion cells layer, degeneration in nerve fibers and edema among 2.1. Tissue preparation At the end of the experiment, all the animals were killed by intraperitoneal injections of pentobarbital (200 mg/ kg). The eyes of the rat pups were removed. Each eye was fixed in a 10% formalin solution for 48–55 h, dehydrated in a graded alcohol series, embedded in paraffin wax, and sectioned using a microtome (Leica RM2125RT). Sections of 5 µm were mounted onto glass slides and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for routine histological examination. All sections were studied and photographed by using a light photomicroscope (Olympus BH40). Analysis of plasma for MDA levels was determined in supernatants spectrophotometrically (CE 3041, Cecil, 472 KELEŞ et al. / Turk J Med Sci fibers in inner plexiform layer, many necrotic cells, and large amount of cell debris) in groups 2 and 3. No rats had choroidal or retinal changes in groups 1 and 4. Retinal and choroidal change levels were found to be increased in groups 2 and 3 compared with the control and group 4 rats. The levels of MDA in the samples are all presented in the Table. Compared with the healthy control group, increases in the MDA level as an end product of lipid peroxidation in group 2 were significant (P < 0.05). Compared with group 2, LC administration in groups 3 and 4 resulted in a significant decrease in MDA levels (P < 0.05). 4. Discussion The retina is one of the organs exposed to high oxygen tension. Retinal over-oxygenation can play an important role in ROP pathogenesis with rising ROS levels (16,17). ROS results in more oxidative damage through lipid peroxidation by invading the double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cell membrane oxidation due to ROS results in products of lipid peroxidation such as MDA (18,19). The present study found high levels of MDA in rats with ROP compared to those without ROP, as in previous research (19,20). Some agents were reported in the literature for protecting the retina in animal models of OIR. In a previous study, Kaya et al. (21) demonstrated that octreotide acetate inhibited endothelial cell proliferation in an OIR model of mouse. They also showed that intravitreal octreotide acetate decreased apoptotic cell death. LC is a carrier of long-chain fatty acids and plays an important role in branched-chain amino acid metabolism, ketone body utilization, peroxisomal oxidation, and erythrocyte membrane phospholipid turnover (22). Carnitine can also act as a chelator by decreasing the concentration of cytosolic iron, which plays a very important role in free radical chemistry (23). The present study, in parallel with other studies, suggests that LC plays a role against oxidative damage, preventing lipid peroxidation and supporting the antioxidant system (24). Other research has shown that LC reduces acetaminophen-induced high aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total sialic acid, and MDA concentrations (25). Shamsi et al. (26) examined the effect of LC on oxidative changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). They identified a protective effect of LC against oxidative stress on the RPE. They pointed out that micronutrients could play a crucial role in oxidation-induced eye diseases based on the protective effect of LC against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Alagoz et al. (27) examined the efficiency of LC on ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs. They found that the mean MDA value and the tissue thickness of the LC-treated group were statistically insignificant versus those of the control group. However, these values were significantly different in the group receiving saline versus the control group and that receiving LC. At the end of study, they concluded that LC might be an alternative drug for ischemia-reperfusion injury of the retina. Ates et al. (28) determined the antioxidant properties of LC in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Their study involved 60 patients diagnosed with early AMD. The patients received LC supplementation for 3 months. At the end of the 3-month period, the MDA level was significantly reduced in patients treated with LC. Likewise, Kocer et al. (29) studied the efficiency of LC on retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in guinea pigs. In their study, TBARS levels in retinal tissue were found lower in the LC group than in the control group and mean retinal thickness was found to be increased in the control group when compared to the LC group. They concluded that LC is effective in preventing retinal injury followed by ischemia-reperfusion. Park et al. (30) investigated the effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on retinal expression of decorin in a rat model of OIR. The results of their study showed that neuronal cell death was increased in OIR rats relative to Table. Levels of MDA in all groups. Groups Levels of MDA in plasma (nmol/mg) Healthy control group Hyperoxia-exposed group Group exposed to hyperoxia and treated with 100 mg/kg LC Group exposed to hyperoxia and treated with 200 mg/kg LC Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 13.13 ± 1.02 24.44 ± 1.75 13.86 ± 1.00 12.28 ± 1.24 LC: L-carnitine. 473 KELEŞ et al. / Turk J Med Sci controls. However, treatment with TA restored neuronal cell death in OIR rats. They suggested that decorin is involved in hypoxic retinal damage and that TA protects retinal neurons damaged by relative hypoxia. In conclusion, LC plays an important role in OIR in rats, reducing lipid peroxidation and minimizing histopathological changes. Therefore, it might be used as an alternative drug with other treatments in OIR. References 1. Yin H, Li XX, Li HL, Zhang W. Incidence and risk factor analysis of retinopathy of prematurity. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2005; 41: 295–9. 2. Knezevic S, Stojanović N, Oros A, Knezević J. The importance of timely ophthalmologic examination in preterm infants at risk of retinopathy occurrence. Vojnosanit Pregl 2012; 69: 765– 70. 3. Araz-Ersan B, Kir N, Akarcay K, Aydinoglu-Candan O, Sahinoglu-Keskek N, Demirel A, Akdogan B, Coban A. Epidemiological analysis of retinopathy of prematurity in a referral centre in Turkey. Br J Ophthalmol 2013; 97: 15–7. 4. Auld PA. Oxygen therapy for premature infants. J Pediatr 1971; 78: 705–9. 5. Urrets-Zavalia JA, Crim N, Knoll EG, Esposito FA, Collino E, Urrets-Zavalia ME, Saenz-de-Tejada G, Torrealday JI, Serra HM, Gilbert C. Impact of changing oxygenation policies on retinopathy of prematurity in a neonatal unit in Argentina. Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96: 1456–61. 6. Kelly FJ. Free radical disorders of preterm infants. Br Med Bull 1993; 49: 668–78. 7. Rao NA, Wu GS. Oxygen free radicals and retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 1996; 80: 387. 8. Kunitomo M. Oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. Review. Yakugaku Zasshi 2007; 127: 1997–2014 (article in Japanese with English abstract). 9. Nanetti L, Raffaelli F, Vignini A, Perozzi C, Silvestrini M, Bartolini M, Provinciali L, Mazzanti L. Oxidative stress in ischaemic stroke. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41: 1318–22. 10. Ribas GS, Biancini GB, Mescka C, Wayhs CY, Sitta A, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Oxidative stress parameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionate metabolism: a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32: 77–82. 14. Chung IY, Kim YH, Park JM, Seo SW, Choi WS, Cho GJ, Yoo JM. Protective effects of triamcinolone acetonide upon the upregulation and phosphorylation of GAP 43 in an animal model of retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Ophthalmol 2010; 88: 217–21. 15. Czauderna M, Kowalczyk J, Marounek M. The simple and sensitive measurement of malondialdehyde in selected specimens of biological origin and some feed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879: 2251–8. 16. Grimm C, Willmann G. Hypoxia in the eye: a two-sided coin. High Alt Med Biol 2012; 13: 169–75. 17. Shahidi M, Wanek J, Blair NP, Little DM, Wu T. Retinal tissue oxygen tension imaging in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 4766–70. 18. Pifferi F, Perret M, Guesnet P, Aujard F, Alessandri JM. Lipids. Fatty acid composition of the brain, retina, liver and adipose tissue of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, primate). Lipids 2012; 47: 793–801. 19. Ates O, Alp HH, Caner I, Yildirim A, Tastekin A, Kocer I, Baykal O. Oxidative DNA damage in retinopathy of prematurity. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19: 80–5. 20. Weinberger B, Anwar M, Henien S, Sosnovsky A, Hiatt M, Jochnowitz N, Witz G, Hegyi T. Association of lipid peroxidation with antenatal betamethasone and oxygen radial disorders in preterm infants. Biol Neonate 2004; 85: 121–7. 21. Kaya FS, Akkoyun İ, Haberal Reyhan AN, Dağdeviren A, Yılmaz G, Oto S, Akova Y. Effect of intravitreal octreotide acetate injection on retinal neovascularization, morphology, and apoptotic cell death in an oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse model. Turk J Med Sci 2012; 42 (Suppl. 2): 1519–27. 11. Dokmeci D, Akpolat M, Aydogdu N, Doganay L, Turan FN. L-Carnitine inhibits ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharmacol Rep 2005; 57: 481–8. 22. Şıktar E, Ekinci D, Şıktar E, Beydemir Ş, Gülçin İ, Günay M. Protective role of L-carnitine supplementation against exhaustive exercise induced oxidative stress in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668: 407–13. 12. Ribas GS, Biancini GB, Mescka C, Wayhs CY, Sitta A, Wajner M, Vargas CR. Oxidative stress parameters in urine from patients with disorders of propionate metabolism: a beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32: 77–82. 23. Panjwani U, Thakur L, Anand JP, Singh SN, Amitabh, Singh SB, Banerjee PK. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on endurance exercise in normobaric/normoxic and hypobaric/ hypoxic conditions. Wilderness Environ Med 2007; 18: 169– 76. 13. Izgüt-Uysal VN, Agaç A, Derin N. Effect of carnitine on stress-induced lipid peroxidation in rat gastric mucosa. J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 231–6. 24. Karanth J, Jeevaratnam K. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in rat blood, liver and muscle: effect of dietary lipid, carnitine and exercise. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2005; 75: 333–9. 474 KELEŞ et al. / Turk J Med Sci 25. Yapar K, Kart A, Karapehlivan M, Atakisi O, Tunca R, Erginsoy S, Citil M. Hepatoprotective effect of L-carnitine against acute acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Exp Toxcol Pathol 2007; 59: 121–8. 29. Kocer I, Taysi S, Ertekin MV, Karslioglu I, Gepdiremen A, Sezen O, Serifoglu K. The effect of L-carnitine in the prevention of ionizing radiation-induced cataracts: a rat model. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245: 588–94. 26. Shamsi FA, Chaudhry IA, Boulton ME, Al-Rajhi AA. L-Carnitine protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative damage. Curr Eye Res 2007; 32: 575–84. 30. Park YJ, Kim YH, Choi WS, Chung IY, Yoo JM. Treatment with triamcinolone acetonide prevents decreased retinal levels of decorin in a rat model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35: 657–63. 27. Alagoz G, Celiker U, Ilhan N, Yekeler H, Demir T, Celiker H. L-carnitine in experimental retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ophthalmologica 2002; 216: 144–50. 28. Ates O, H. Alp HH, Mumcu U, Azizi S, Cinici E, Kiziltunc A, Baykal O. The effect of L-carnitine treatment on levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione in patients with age related macular degeneration. Eurasian J Med 2008; 40: 1–5. 475


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Cup and saucer, Sandringham fine bone china, made in England. Strong cherry red rose and leaves design. Gently scalloped edges with gold edging. Check photos to assess condition. Postage listed covers the weight of secure packaging needed for this fragile item.
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Well, what happened was that I was going to try with breast milk but didn't have enough so I added... pee. about 1/4 tsp BM and 2 tsp pee... and dipped the stick in. It looked all white at first and then there were 2 distinct lines. I even took pictures. Hey, I figured that if it's actually possible it's a true positive, TTCers would love to know about the freaky breast milk- pee theory. So yeah. I am SO BORED today. I have to wonder though, what could possibly be in breastmilk that even diluted would cause a positive. I pee'd on one a while later and it was stark white negative.
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Chapter Twenty-FiveMature
His eyes snapped open, seeing the soft-grey light filtered through the windows to illuminate the room's clutter. For a moment he's confused as to why he was looking at a bright red sheet and in a nest-like bedding on the ground, it was a very comfortable pile of blankets, not in his bed or in the tree-house. Then he remembered that it was Christmas morning and he was in Chris' room in the blanket fort that he helped build last night. This was conformed when he saw Chris sprawled out a few feet away, snoring at a moderate level, how he didn't hear it before was beyond him, his holiday style nightwear was half covered, his Santa was off his head and on his pillow. When he looked in the other direction, his gaze fall on Tia, who was still asleep, that's when Alex saw something on his baby blue pillow, a box and a note that had fallen off.
'Dear Alex' he read in Tia's neat hand writing, happy that the note was for him, but he couldn't help but be surprised. 'Merry Christmas and knowing you, this will be the first one you've celebrated in a long time so I hope that you enjoy it. Moving here was the best thing to ever happen to my family because we met you (Cheesy I know). You mean the world to us and I promise that I will always be here to help and protect you. Always. Anyway Merry Christmas! Love always Tia.
When Alex opened the box he found a handmade bracelet, it was made out of parachute cord and it was forest green, on the back of the note Tia explained that it was a survival bracelet, just in case of emergency, could be undone and he would not only have a length of cord to use, but he would also have matches, wire, fishing hook, and a finger hook. Alex clipped it on his slim wrist and smiled at the practical gift.
"Oh… good you're awake." Robert said, looking into his son's room. "Wow… what a fort I think this is one of the best ones they've built."
Alex nodded and couldn't help, but curse himself for being so on edge around Robert, still. It didn't matter that he was learning sign language just by being around a family that uses it on a daily bases, it didn't matter that Robert showed no signs of wanting to hurt or harm him in anyway, no matter how quite he was and no matter how many times he muttered and looked at the ground, just so Robert didn't understand what he was talking about. None of that mattered because no matter how hard he tried… he still had trouble feeling comfortable around Robert, it wasn't his fault. As if by some alarm or sixth sense that alerted her to Alex's growing discomfort… Tia stretched, waking up.
"Merry Christmas dad." Tia yawned, running a hand through her already messy hair.
"Merry Christmas and good morning." Robert loudly laughed; it made Alex wonder how Chris wasn't awake yet. "Sweetie your hair is a mess. If you can wake up Chris, you can have a cup of coffee."
As soon as Robert left from her field of vision, the room, Tia was already throwing a pillow at her brother's stomach, the only way to wake him up… sadly.
"Wake up!" Tia yelled, aiming to kick or punch the boy if the boy didn't move "Chris wake up! It's Christmas."
"Mmph!" Chris groaned; he really wasn't a morning person and had a very hard time getting out of bed… when he didn't have to "You just want coffee. Sis let me sleep."
"Santa visited." Tia bribed playing at the Christmas loving but tired boy's weakness.
That caused Chris to get up, even if his movement's where sluggish. They went to their rooms to wash up. The three met up and sat there, waiting for the signal to come down, Alex hummed absently his long slim fingers drawing pictures on the ground.
"Mum! Dad!" Tia impatiently yelled "Can we come downstairs yet? I want my coffee."
"Oh hush." Alex said, jumping at the loud sound "Be patient."
"Be patient." Tia mimicked, in a squeaky southern drawl. She may like the boy… but that little fact won't stop her from teasing him.
"I don't sound like that." Alex huffed "You're been around Scarlet, Amber and Jasmine too much; they put you up to this… didn't they?"
"No, Alex… it's fun to tease you." Tia laughed behind her hand, as Alex's checks heated up.
"Okay kids." Lily shouted appearing at the bottom of the stairs video camera in hand, rolling off course. "What day is it?"
"Christmas." They cheered in sync
"What are your names and ages?"
"I'm Christopher Pine Peterson and I'm seventeen years old." Chris stated leaning against the walls of the stairs, his Santa hat on at an odd angle.
"I'm Laurentia Ivory Rosamund Peterson and I'm Seventeen as well, but I'm older than Chris." Tia said with a smile on her face, she was never one to be outdone by anyone, even her own brother.
"I'm Alexander Frost Foster." Alex said, blushing even deeper as they all stared at him, but you had to give them a break… this was the first time the boy said their full name… what they were an old fashioned family. "and I'm also Seventeen… but I'm the youngest."
"Okay." Robert grinned at his family, one that soften his hard face "Honey… let's stop teasing them. You three can come down and see what Santa had brought you!"
The three young adults paraded down the stairs like five-year olds, laughing and sounding more like a herd of awkward llamas than young adults or people really. Sitting around the living sat five piles of presents; on top of each was a stocking with the name of the owner embroidered down the front. Lily had made one for Alex, an Ocean blue with his name in white; in fact the others were in their favourite colours. Alex blue and white, Tia green and black, Chris red and green, Lily purple and blue, and finally Robert with green and brown.
Alex carefully went to his pile of goodies, under his stocking, with candy canes and lemon drops, sat a verity of different clothes in his favourite colours; blue, brown, green and black. He looked over each article of clothing as if he had never been given something so wonderful as this, it caused Lily and Robert, who were watching the young boy to see how he would react, to grin and hug each other, knowing they helped give this boy his first real Christmas and showed him that they loved him.
After a while they gathered around the piano, while Chris expertly played the tones –having learned every Christmas song known to man- while Tia, Alex and Lily sane. Robert watched, as every show needed an attendance, sometimes Tia and Lily would fall off and just listened to Alex sing. He had a very pleasant voice; soft, lilting, sounding like water and wind if either of the two elements could sing. When they finished they had a small lunch and went to settle down for a nap. Alex disappeared to his tree house, this time leaving the ladder down, knowing that Toa would eventually follow him up.
Alex just relaxed on his back, thinking about nothing when the heard the sound of rope snapping. Rolling onto his stomach he peered over the edge to say something to Tia, but he wasn't greeted with his best friend/crushes smile, but much more menacing sneer.
That's it Alex thought, the comment he was going to make dead in his throat Fate is going after me for surviving this long, must really hate my family, what did we do to deserve this. This is how it ends, in the tree house that he didn't help be build, in a place I never wanted to move to, and completely alone.
Alex just looked at his death with a steady unstartling gaze, he wanted the man who was going to kill him watch the light go out in his eyes, hoping that the image would forever haunt him, drive him insane and make him regret what he had done for the rest of his life.
I hope Lily can return the cloths and I hop Tia won't blame herself for this Alex thought with a sad smile as fate started to begin And I never got to tell her… tell her that I love her with all my heart.


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Product Description
Norman Rockwell The Saturday Evening Post 16 Month 2017 Wall Calendar.
Norman Rockwell, the beloved pictorial narrator, began illustrating covers for The Saturday Evening Post in 1916, an association that lasted nearly half a century. His greatest covers are anecdotes about average Americans, each a scene telling a story with a remarkable amount of detail. Conveying extraordinary warmth and humor, these twelve reproductions of his work prove Rockwell's art is also a form of entertainment.
Full size 12" x 12" format. 3 languages: English, French, and German. High-quality images and materials used to produce calendars. Includes month before and after at-a-glance.
Additional Info
Additional Information
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Stuffed Eggs I
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Description Edit
4 servings.
Ingredients Edit
- 4 hard-cooked eggs
- about 1½ tbsp chopped ham, tongue, anchovy fillets, or smoked salmon
- 1 tsp butter
- 3 tbsp grated cheese
Directions Edit
- Peel the eggs and halve lengthwise.
- Carefully remove the yolks and combine with the remaining ingredients.
- Stuff the egg whites with the mixture.


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ED Magedson – Founder
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The application process for a designs differs between the local filings and international filings you are applying from. For more information, click on the respective links below.
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Like everyone else, I was planning on sculling down to the polling station on 5 May and voting one way or the other in the AV referendum. Which way? "Yes", probably, with "No" as my second choice. It sends a message to the politicians: you're up there because we're down here. And we can change things. It may not be the ideal change but it opens the door.
And first past the post is just silly. You can get in with the majority of voters wishing you hadn't. That fails the Bentham Utilitarian Test, which says that the moral worth of any action depends on its tendency to increase the happiness, or decrease the unhappiness, of the greatest number.
Also (1) it's silly. There is no post. The post is hammered in once the race has been run. Would Ladbrokes put up with that? "I'll have 20 quid on Consortium of Orthodontists From The Wirral, please." "Twenty on Consortium, right. To...?" "Eh?" "To win? Each way? Place?" "Oh. Right. Can we wait until they've run, then I'll decide?" It wouldn't wash.
And (2) it obviously doesn't work. Look at the Government. Look at any government. They're rubbish. They do things I hate. And they've all been elected by first past the "post". I rest my case.
Then the phone rang. Would I debate AV with Lord Leach? Publicly? At the Quenington Society? In Gloucestershire? Well of course I would. We public intellectuals are like barristers. We'll sleep with anyone.
So I googled the Quenington Society. According to wn.com, whatever that is, they "indulge in witchcraft and the black arts". Fair dos. So far so good. Then I googled Lord Leach of Fairford. Chairman of the No to AV campaign. Jardine Matheson chap. All Souls'. Several brains.
If you had agreed to debate something which you didn't know much about, with a triple-brained man who knows everything about it, in front of an audience of well-heeled, well-educated rural Satanists, you'd have done what I did: assumed there was a good chance of Britt Ekland being there to reprise her role in The Wicker Man, but without the actual Wicker Man due to Health and Safety. And then you'd have headed back to the internet.
Try to understand the pros and cons of AV from stuff on the internet, and rather than downloading information, you will find yourself uploading your prejudices but getting nothing back in return. Everything is either incomprehensible or so wildly biased it's meaningless, and so the brain vacates itself.
Why, if we are having a referendum about our electoral system, do campaigners on both sides find it useful to spam the electorate with unverifiable prejudice and utter bollocks is beyond me. But all I know – really; it is all I know, now; you should have asked me last week – is that I know nothing. I am in a sort of post-Rumsfeld state of unknowing unknowingness.
Halfway through the debate, chaired by Bamber Gascoigne, who did his best to help me along, I found myself utterly convinced by what Lord Leach had to say. What was it? I only recall, perhaps incorrectly, that he blamed Berlusconi's string of dancing girls on the French electoral system. Of my arguments, I only recall that the many countries that adhere to first past the post, as touted by the Prime Minister, include Botswana, Bangladesh, Congo, Gambia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Mongolia, Rwanda, Pakistan, Sudan and Syria. Oh, and us.
It's not enough. Before that, I knew not much, but a bit. Lord Leach's razor intellect and the internet between them have driven me into psephological oblivion, aided, perhaps by the Quenington Society, who were all very respectable and intelligent and well-informed and nice, but of course that's what you'd expect from devil-worshippers.
So come 5 May, all I'll be able to vote, really, is (1) Don't Know and (2) Not Sure. Except I can't, because we don't have AV.
- More about:
- Botswana
- Ladbrokes
- South Asia
- The Brain


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touchdown turnaround
by crystallic rain
Notes: There's a lot of want for Cheerio!Kurt and football!Blaine going around, so.. I thought I'd switch it up. Enjoy. (:
It had started out as a simple conversation. Now that Blaine was in McKinley, he was trying to slowly involve himself in the school. Glee Club was the obvious choice, and he was quickly accepted. However, he was hoping for something a little more.
Kurt's eyes brightened and the corners of his lips curled up, signaling that he had an idea. At this, Blaine raised his eyebrows expectantly. It was then that Kurt had mentioned football tryouts were fast approaching, and that just a few days later, there would be auditions for Cheerios.
And, well, Blaine did love football, and Kurt had mentioned once that he'd been a Cheerio.
So they'd come to the agreement that one of them would be one, and the other would be the other.
Blaine hadn't considered the looser terms of the agreement until after he saw Kurt strutting onto the field.
The darker-haired boy tilted his head slightly. "Are you here for me?" he asked.
Kurt merely smiled. "Oh, no," he said.
Blaine frowned slightly. "Kurt..."
"Dude, did he never tell you?" Blaine turned to Finn, who was also on the field, as Coach Bieste had once again made it necessary to re-try for the team. "Kurt was on the team in sophomore year."
Puck was at Finn's shoulder. "He was pretty sick at it, but..."
"But that was before you stopped throwing me into dumpsters," Kurt offered.
Almost immediately Blaine hooked his hand around Kurt's elbow, and dragged him away from the other boys. Kurt was frowning at him.
"I—I thought you were trying for the Cheerios, Kurt," Blaine hissed, and Kurt arched an eyebrow.
"I will," he said. "If I don't make the football team."
"But why—"
"Blaine," Kurt sighed. "I really thought this through. Last year, I was named prom queen. Becoming a Cheerio would only fuel their argument that I'm not truly a male, no matter how many other guys are on the team. And besides, Finn said that the team was looking for a kicker. Last year, the biggest problem the team had was with field goals, and if I could earn my spot back and help the team win a second championship... maybe they wouldn't hate me so much."
"These are the guys that made your life hell, Kurt," Blaine said gently, but Kurt only sighed again.
"Yeah, they did," he said. "But thanks to Karofsky and Santana, the hatred they showed by brute force has completely disappeared. Maybe I can earn that letterman jacket—though god knows I'd never wear it because it's terribly unfashionable. But maybe then I could be part of a team more than just glee club. Maybe this will be that final little step I can take to truly make things better for me. For both of us."
There was a moment of silence, and Kurt merely frowned. "Why do you still look so down about this?"
Blaine glanced over his shoulder, and sure enough everyone else was distracted amongst themselves. He pulled Kurt close to him, breathing in his ear, "Honestly, I was really liking the idea of you in a cheerleading uniform."
Kurt laughed, pressing a kiss to Blaine's lips, quick and chaste. "Did you think Coach Sylvester let us borrow them? Please, I had to buy that uniform," he said with a smirk. "I still have it. It's hanging in my closet."
"If I say that I don't believe you, will you show me?" Blaine asked cheekily, and Kurt smacked him playfully on the arm.
Blaine's sneakers squeaked slightly on the polished gymnasium floor. He should have seen it coming. Really, he should have.
The moment that Kurt had bounced onto that field, he should have known that he would be the one who would end up auditioning for the Cheerios. But he wasn't about to back down. He'd made the deal with Kurt, and he was determined to keep his end of the bargain.
He'd have to try his best to be a cheerleader.
The moment he stepped into the center of the floor, Sue Sylvester shook her head and held up her hand. "I'm stopping you right now," she said, "on the grounds that you aren't even a McKinley student. Not that that's the first time this has happened in one of my Cheerio tryouts—"
"With all due respect, Coach," Blaine said quickly, "I am a McKinley student. I transferred here from Dalton to be with Kurt, and—"
"Sweet Porcelain," she muttered under her breath, and Blaine merely raised an eyebrow. "Very well, Tom Thumb, go on."
The woman watched him carefully as he did the routine Kurt had helped him prepare, and the moment he finished, he checked her face for any sign of approval or disgust, but she remained expressionless. She simply put on her reading glasses, glancing back at some of her notes, then back at the boy.
"Tell me, Blaine Warbler—"
"Actually, it's Anderson—"
"I don't really care," she said plainly. "So tell me, why are you trying to be one of my Cheerios? And don't tell me it's because of how amazing they are, because I already know that."
Blaine swallowed. "I made a deal with Kurt, that should one of us make the football team, the other would try out for Cheerio," he admitted, and Sue pulled off her reading glasses with a smirk.
"Well-played on his part," she said. "Fine. Samwise, you're on the team. On one condition." She raised her eyes slightly to the top of his head. "You wash out every ridiculous ounce of margarine in your hair, and you never let it return, because I'm pretty sure it's worse than Schuester's."
Blaine frowned in the mirror on the locker room wall, hopelessly tugging and pushing at his hair, trying to make it a little less unsightly. He sighed, wishing he had his tub of styling gel, but he'd promised that he wouldn't touch it anymore. 'For the sake of the team and Sue Sylvester's sanity', or something like that.
"I'm a little jealous that Coach Sylvester convinced you so quickly to stop using product when I never could." Blaine whipped around, his boyfriend entering the deserted locker room, still in his practice gear. Blaine forced himself to swallow the lump in his throat at the sight because, dear god, his boyfriend looked amazing.
"You use product," Blaine shrugged, trying to sound casual as he gaped at his boyfriend, a little surprised at just how good the boy looked in his gear. But then again, no, he wasn't surprised because, not only did Kurt make anything look good, but Blaine always did have a bit of a thing for football players (at least, the hot ones, not that ones that were 300 pounds with tattoos on their shaved heads). He could even honestly compare this moment, with the bead of sweat sliding down Kurt's forehead, making its way down the side of his face, to the first time he'd paid a visit to the Hummel garage over the summer, where Kurt said he was working (he assumed he'd find his boyfriend doing paperwork for his father, not wearing overalls, a small smudge of grease on his flawless skin—but damn his boyfriend looked really kind of sexy when he was a little dirtied up).
"I use it well," Kurt said haughtily adjusting his hair meticulously as he always did. "Don't come near me right now, though, I'm disgusting."
Quickly Blaine took the taller boy into his arms, and Kurt made a disgruntled noise.
"Blaine," he murmured. "I look and smell awful right now, and—"
But Blaine merely covered his mouth with his, kissing him hungrily. "You don't know what you're doing to me," he groaned.
Kurt smirked. "Oh, I don't know about that," he mumbled, pulling away slightly. "I kind of really like my view as well..."
"If it wasn't for this stupid hair—"
"I like it," Kurt repeated, his hand on the back of Blaine's neck twitching ever-so-slightly. "Now I can do this properly..."
At last his hand moved up into Blaine's curls, tangling his fingers in them. Blaine hummed softly and moved in to kiss Kurt hard on the mouth once more, causing the other boy to give his hair a light tug. Again, Blaine groaned.
"Maybe," he breathed out, "I could get used to this."
Kurt smiled. "Oh, I'll make sure you do."


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Unit 2013
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Please expand the article as well as you can!
|Unit 2013
|Robot (but thinks he's a human)
|Patient at the Hal Institute
|First appearance
|Insane in the Mainframe
|Voiced by
|Phil LaMarr
- "Hey, man. I believe you're a human."
- ―Unit 2013
- "You do?"
- ―Fry
- "Sure. They don't believe I'm a human either. Name's Unit 2013."
- ―Unit 2013[source]
Unit 2013 is a robot patient at the Hal Institute for Criminally Insane Robots. Thinking he is a human, he befriends Fry who was sent there when the Institute for Criminally Insane Humans was filled up (after the judge had it ruled that being poor made someone insane).
Appearances Edit


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|Wikipedia has an article about:
Mesquite is a plant found in the Forgotten Realms. The Azuposi people of Maztica use it as fuel, and as a healing incense.[1]
|This article is a stub. You can help the Forgotten Realms Wiki by expanding it.
- ↑ John Nephew and Jonathan Tweet (April 1992). City of Gold. (TSR, Inc), p. 20. ISBN 978-1560763222.


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We review and explore the role of standards in innovation, with particular emphasis on the design and manufacturing processes. We begin by defining and classifying standards and by exploring their role and infrastructure in society. This is followed by a similar discussion for innovation. By examining the relationships between innovation and standards, we extract the negative impact and the positive impact each has on the other. As expected, a study of four case histories in various domains - manufacturing, computer hardware, mechanical component design, and product data exchange -- reveals that standards are often derived from innovative technology. Surprisingly, however, innovation is often spurred - directly and indirectly - from standards as well. We conclude that, in general, the benefits of standards on innovation in design and manufacturing outweigh the possible limitations on creativity imposed by such standards.
Citation: Technological Forecasting and Social Change
Volume: Volume 64
Pub Type: Journals
Download Paper
case histories, innovation, relationships, standards


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is elective but will drastically enhance your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Type a little about yourself, your hobbies and attach a nice photograph of yourself.
Utilise our website's advanced search to spot over 40s members who are up to your requirements. Or just flip through listings and spot people that seem interesting.
Found someone who you like the look of? Send an email to them or just a wink and see what comes of it. With a little luck you'll be on your way to uncover your soulmate.
And start dating


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Best Western Plus Saint John Hotel & Suites
Select your stay dates to check availability at Best Western Plus Saint John Hotel & Suites
Best Western Plus Saint John Hotel & Suites
About the Hotel
Property Location
Located in Saint John, Best Western Plus Saint John Hotel & Suites is in a shopping district and close to Stewart Hurley Arena and Rockwood Park. This hotel is within close proximity of Cherry Brook Zoo and Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.
Make yourself at home in one of the 77 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and LED televisions. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming provides entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary newspapers, as well as phones with free local calls.
Enjoy recreational amenities such as an indoor pool and a fitness center. Additional features at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, a television in a common area, and a picnic area.
A complimentary full breakfast is included.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Planning an event in Saint John? This hotel has 1125 square feet (105 square meters) of space consisting of a conference center and a meeting room. Free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Multilingual staff
- Conference space size (feet) - 1125
- Accessible bathroom
- Conference space size (meters) - 105
- Conference center
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Number of floors - 4
- Fitness facilities
- Free self parking
- Indoor pool
- Luggage storage
- Television in common areas
- Smoke-free property
- Picnic area
- 24-hour business center
- Computer station
- Breakfast service
- Year Built 2008
- 24-hour front desk
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Free breakfast
- One meeting room
- ATM/banking
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Free WiFi
- Total number of rooms - 77
- Roll-in shower
- Elevator/lift
Room Facilities
- Shower/tub combination
- Iron/ironing board
- Daily housekeeping
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Desk
- Hair dryer
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free local calls
- Private bathroom
- Cable TV service
- Refrigerator
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free toiletries
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
- The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Pet fee: CAD 15 per accommodation, per night (maximum CAD 100 per stay)
- Rollaway bed fee: CAD 15.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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Contact Us
You can contact Cummins India at +91 20 6706 7000. For additional contact information, including office locations and access to our online service locator, visit the contact page on the official Cummins Indian regional website.
For more information on Cummins India, including a complete list of the products that we sell, visit the Cummins India regional website.
Who We Are
Cummins in India, a power leader, is a group of complementary business units that design, manufacture, distribute and service engines and related technologies, including fuel systems, air handling, filtration, emission solutions and electrical power generation systems.


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How Can Public Compete with Private?
Seven years ago, the University of California at Berkeley's Haas School of Business was in a rut. For decades the program was on the short list for top MBA talent. But as competition in the B-school world increased, Haas began losing top faculty to private B-schools that could offer higher salaries.
As a possible solution, then-dean Laura Tyson proposed a pilot program that allowed Haas to supplement faculty salaries with funds raised through self-supporting business programs such as executive education. The idea was that this would bring the pay scale at Haas to levels comparable with those offered at top private B-schools.
It seemed like a long shot, but the plan worked. Since its implementation last year, Berkeley has been able to retain faculty and secure its spot in the top tier of B-schools.
Most public business schools are dealing with this challenge to compete. Because public programs get little state monetary support, yet have to abide by university mandates for hiring and tuition, they are left to fend for themselves in raising money to compete.
At some schools, this means ramping up executive education offerings; others have worked out deals with their universities that allow the business school to pay faculty with private money. These solutions have worked for schools such as Berkeley, Indiana University's Kelley School of Business and the University of Texas at Austin's McCombs School of Business. But most haven't been so lucky.
Is it possible for a public MBA program to compete without operating like a private B-school?
Robert Bruner, dean at University of Virginia's Darden Graduate School of Business, doesn't think so. "It would be difficult to continue to make the investment necessary to remain a top business school without the assistance of private support," he says.
And he should know: His school became entirely self-sufficient in 2002. Darden now draws all of its support from tuition, executive education, and earnings from its endowment.
In being self-sufficient, Bruner has control over what the school charges for tuition, as well as what the student intake will be each year. He also has greater flexibility in offering faculty compensation packages and employment terms that match those offered at other top MBA programs.
Darden is required to pay 10% of MBA tuition to the university as a fee, but to Bruner, it's worth it. "We wouldn't be where we are today without the benefits self-sufficiency has provided us," he says.
Darden's total privatization is not possible at UT's McCombs School of Business. Instead, Dean George Gau has opted to take a different route: he's put an added focus on for-profit endeavors, most notably, nondegree executive education.
When Gau became dean at McCombs in 2002, 15% of the school's budget came from executive education. Today that has doubled to 30%. "A big chunk of my faculty's salaries is being paid by the customers of executive education," Gau says.
Small Fish, Big Pond
For schools like UT—located in or around large cities—executive education has proven a good way to raise the money necessary to compete. But for schools like the Henry B. Tippie College of Business at the University of Iowa, located in small-market Iowa City, a robust open-enrollment executive offering doesn't make financial sense. Because of this, Dean Curt Hunter has come to grips with the fact that his school can't compete with the elite MBA programs.
So he must decide the direction of his graduate program. Does it make sense to go for national recognition in a few specialized areas? Or would he be better off marketing the program as a destination for MBA seekers in the region?
Hunter has even considered shutting down the full-time MBA program and focusing solely on the popular part-time MBA offering and the booming undergraduate program. "It's conceivable," Hunter says, "but not preferred."
Whether or not executive education is a possibility, Paul Danos, dean of the private Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, isn't sure that schools should rely too much on for-profit endeavors. If the economy weakens and MBA applications drop, Danos says, not only would schools miss out on the executive education revenue they were depending on but they also wouldn't have a full MBA class. "It's a double whammy," he says.
For now, historically strong public B-schools are putting up a good fight in holding onto top faculty and competing with the private MBA programs for talent. But as the line between the "haves" and the "have-nots" grows wider, it's hard to say what other options public schools will have—other than to follow in Darden's footsteps and go completely private, or to get comfortable being a second-tier program.


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Berenice Bejo & Jean Dujardin's Night at the DGA Awards
Their film has swept the awards season thus far, and "The Artist" co-stars Berenice Bejo and Jean Dujardin were both on-hand for the 64th Annual Directors Guild Of America Awards in Hollywood, California on Saturday evening (January 28).
The 35-year-old Argentine-French actress worked the arrivals area alongside her director Michel Hazanavicius at the Grand Ballroom at Hollywood & Highland while Mr Dujardin suited up for his solo turn on the red carpet.
As for the reason behind their appearances, Miss Bejo and Mr Dujardin are both among the stars selected to pass out a trophy while joining fellow presenters such as George Clooney, Octavia Spencer, Laura Dern, Deborah Ann Woll and Stana Katic.
Meanwhile, Mr Hazanavicius is in the running for Best Feature Film honors while facing a field of contenders including Woody Allen (Midnight in Paris), David Fincher (The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo), Alexander Payne (The Descendants) and Martin Scorsese (Hugo).


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PowerPoint Specialist Certificate
Build a solid foundation in PowerPoint 2013 or 2016.
Receive instruction in our PowerPoint Fundamentals before moving on to more advanced topics in PowerPoint Advanced. Complete all classes within one year and receive the PowerPoint Specialist Certificate.
Once completed, you may take the Microsoft Office Specialist exam at our Regnier Testing Center.
Prerequisite: Comfortable using Windows, keyboard and mouse.
See individual classes for detailed descriptions, outlines and online enrollment.
Required Courses
We suggest attending these classes in this order.


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Bundle up for these all-ages seasonal activities and combine incredible sightseeing with some outdoor recreation.
Soldier Field isn't just the home of the Bears; it also boasts one of the city's most popular sledding hills.
The Soldier Field Sledding Hill (1801 S. Museum Campus Drive), which stays lit at night, sits on 30 acres of parkland that surround Soldier Field and features a 220-foot slope that gets covered in faux snow when Mother Nature needs a little boost starting in December. It also has hay bales lining the hillsides for safety and ramps to accommodate disabled sledders, so grab a sled, snowboard or toboggan and get ready for some fearless fun.
Who says you can't ski in the center of a city? Visit Northerly Island (1521 S. Linn White Drive), a 91-acre peninsula that some call the best-kept secret in Chicago, and get ready to glide.
If cross-country skiing isn't your thing, Northerly Island offers another great option: snowshoeing. It's easy – if you can walk, you can snowshoe. Whether you rent snowshoes or bring your own, you can stomp through the snow, looking for birds and native animals while enjoying the incredible views of Chicago's skyline.
And when you need to warm up, slip inside the Northerly Island visitor's center for a soothing sip of hot chocolate.


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My trip to Northern Italy (plus Croatia, Greece, Turkey)Author: Barry S (More Trip Reviews by Barry S)
Date of Trip: June 2009
People talk about Italian drivers. I can tell you that, around Lake Garda, nobody attempted to drive faster than fifty kilometers an hour. The spectacular views slowed every road user in appreciation of the glory of the location. Highly recommended to spend time exploring the Italian lakes.
After an enjoyable stay in this region we headed to MILAN. We stayed there for five days. This was probably two days longer than necessary. The attractions are by the DUOMO with the Victor Emmanual Esplanade leading to the LA SCALA. But how many times do you need to return there to eat and to spend time? Yes, we strolled the MONTENAPOLEONE, we visited other recommended areas, such as the BRERA, but were not attracted to spend more than a couple of hours there. We stayed in hotels on the CORSO BUENOS AIRES. This street has been called the Oxford Street of Milan. That's like comparing Bury Football Club to Manchester United! It's long. Here the comparison ends. Best Western have a couple of reasonable hotels on this street. We stayed in two of them. Try HOTEL GALLES. Among the advantages is they offer free internet to guests.
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text: "Recruiting patients to participate in clinical trials can be a significant pain point for pharmaceutical companies and can cause costly delays in their drug development processes," said Al Heller, an operating partner with Water Street who has more than 30 years of pharmaceutical experience. "CCBR-SYNARC stands out for its proven ability to both quickly recruit patients from targeted geographies and efficiently analyze images to support customers while increasing their clinical trial success rates."CCBR-SYNARC expands Water Street's group of companies specializing in health care products and services to 12. The firm is also an investor in AAIPharma Services Corp., a provider of pharmaceutical product development services. It sold its oral health pharmaceutical company, OraPharma, to Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc. last year. Since its founding in 2005, Water Street has completed 39 transactions to create and grow a diverse group of market-leading health care companies. "We are pleased to build Water Street's presence in the pharmaceutical sector with our investment in CCBR-SYNARC. The company is highly regarded as a partner that delivers results through its unique combination of scientific acumen, local market knowledge and proprietary technology," said Peter Strothman, partner, Water Street. "We look forward to working closely with Dr. Christiansen to strategically expand both businesses' unique capabilities." Water Street has activated its newest fund, Fund III, with its investment in CCBR-SYNARC. The firm is seeking new opportunities to partner with corporations interested in divesting non-core health care businesses, and middle-market companies wanting to accelerate growth. Water Street targets investments ranging from $50 to $500 million in four health care sectors: distribution, medical products, health care services, and pharmaceutical products and services. About Water Street Water Street is a strategic private equity firm focused exclusively on health care. The firm has a strong record of building market-leading companies across key growth sectors in health care. It has worked with some of the world's leading health care companies on its investments including Gentiva, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic and Orthofix. Water Street's team is comprised of industry executives and private equity professionals with decades of experience investing in and operating global health care businesses. The firm is headquartered in Chicago. For more information about Water Street, visit waterstreet.com. SOURCE Water Street Healthcare Partners


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This guest post by Andrew C. Bernasconi, of Counsel at Reed Smith, is about a hopeful development in a False Claims Act case we've already blogged about once. The previous post queried, what happens when a FCA relator,...more
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A 49-year-old senior project manager for a roofing contractor was indicted on April 19 on three charges that he made false, fictitious and fraudulent statements to federal OSHA investigators. The Department of Justice accuses...more
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Plaintiff alleged, on behalf of a putative class of...more
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Section 523(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code is clear that a debtor can discharge a debt for money obtained by a false statement respecting the debtor's financial condition unless that statement is in writing. What hasnot been...more
Life sciences companies continued to be popular targets of securities fraud class action lawsuits filed in 2016, and prudent life sciences companies should take heed of the results of this year's decisions. In 2016,...more
It's March, which means that wedding season is nearly upon us. Let's say you run your own wedding-related business with one employee: you. A customer gives you a review on the internet that is not only negative, but contains...more
Yesterday's post concerned the Court of Appeal's decision in People v. Black, 2017 Cal. App. LEXIS 130 (Cal. App. 6th Dist. Feb. 16, 2017). The case involved the criminal prosecution of an individual for making false...more
On January 12, 2017, the Office of Inspector General (OIG) of the Department of Health and Human Services issued the final rule implementing its statutory authority under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to expand the exclusion...more
In Texas, Plaintiff Wade Brady brought claims for libel and libel per se against Carter Publications, Inc., publisher of the newspaper West Fort Bend Star, and one of its writers, LeaAnne Klentzman. Wade alleged that the...more
President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump recently have found themselves embroiled in two separate defamation cases in state courts – but while the President defended himself against claims resulting from his...more
Last month, a New York trial court dismissed a complaint against Donald J. Trump and others brought by political consultant and commentator Cheryl Jacobus that alleged, in part, a defamation claim (libel) based on tweets by...more
In Retail Wholesale & Department Store Union Local 338 Retirement Fund v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 955 (9th Cir. Jan. 19, 2017), the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit addressed for the...more
The Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General (OIG) published a final rule on January 12, 2017, expanding the OIG's authority to exclude providers from participation in federal healthcare programs....more
The Supreme People's Court (SPC), China's highest judicial body, issued a judicial interpretation on December 26, 2016 which defines 18 types of environmental crimes as "serious environmental pollution" and identifies 13...more
A decision rendered during the sometimes peaceful interlude between Christmas and New Year's is worth reading, and heeding. Hurston v. Anzo (In re Hurston), Adv. Proc. No. 15-2026 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. Dec. 27, 2016) is a helpful...more
Affirming an earlier order handed down by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, the First Circuit recently denied Plaintiff D'Agostino leave to amend his complaint, finding the proposed claims...more
The SEC last week announced that it has sanctioned several market participants in the penny stock industry, including attorneys who wrote offering documents as well as stock transfer agents, for their roles in various sham...more
On October 19, 2016, the Eighth Circuit issued one of the first post-Escobar opinions addressing materiality under the False Claims Act ("FCA"). In United States ex rel. Miller v. Weston Educational, Inc, No. 14-1760, 2016 WL...more
In United States ex rel. Bishop v. Wells Fargo & Co., 823 F.3d 35 (2d Cir. 2016), the Second Circuit rejected an attempt to use the False Claims Act ("FCA") as an enforcement mechanism for banking regulations in the lead-up...more
The focus this week was offering fraud actions. Three cases were brought. One involved a registered transfer agent. A second centered on claims that the defendant was an expert trader. The third was based on false claims...more
As we wrap up another election cycle that has kept "fact checkers" working overtime analyzing the many dubious claims by candidates of all political persuasions, the Seventh Circuit has issued a decision that reminds us of...more
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How do I tape& bed drywall?
Apply the TapeCut the drywall tape to the length of each joint. Spread an ample layer of drywall mud about 5 inches wide over each joint using a drywall tool. Place the tape on the mud at the cente...
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How do I mud& tape drywall using mesh tape?
Apply the TapeCut the mesh drywall tape to the length of each joint. Center the tape over each joint, placing one hand at the top to hold it in place and pulling your other hand downward to secure ...
Read More »
How to Tape and Mud Drywall?
Most walls and ceilings in modern construction are made from sheets of drywall, also known as gypsum board. Drywall is a plaster-like substance sealed between two sheets of heavy duty paper and att...
Read More »
How do I tape and mud drywall?
Apply Mud and Tape to JointsSpread a thin layer of joint compound (mud) on walls using a small 5-inch drywall knife across the seams in the drywall. Scrape excess mud off the knife. Roll out paper ...
Read More »
How do I drywall& tape?
Hanging DrywallScrew or nail the individual sheets of drywall to the studs or rafters, cutting sheets with a utility knife as needed to fit. Pound in nails with a hammer or use a screw gun to drive...
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text:
Notice: On March 31, it was announced that Statalist is moving from an email list to a forum. The old list will shut down on April 23, and its replacement, statalist.org is already up and running.
[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
st: Mediate with non-binary treatment variable
"Brian Carolan" <email@example.com>
st: Mediate with non-binary treatment variable
Mon, 25 Feb 2013 17:44:38 -0700
I am using the user-written package -mediate- in Stata 11. Can someone
point me to any published examples that have used this procedure with a
non-binary treatment variable and a binary outcome variable? I am
trying to get some guidance on how to report and interpret the results
(average causal mediation effects and average direct effects). Thank
you for any leads.
Regards, Brian Carolan
* For searches and help try:
* http://www.stata.com/help.cgi?search
* http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/resources/statalist-faq/
* http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/


text:
LYLO has no description.
I'm a Producer and DJ from Leeds UK, I love making music and I hope you like my tracks!
This is one of the tracks from my forthcoming self titled EP, it's also one of my favorites!
The first track from my EP, and also my very first track!
Another track from the EP, something a little different than what I usually make!


text:
Mac address changed on 192.168.x.x ,
detail information
mac adrress was xx.xx:xx::xx:xx:xx now not set message showing in timeline
3 Replies
· · ·
Jun 23, 2010 at 10:04 UTC
Do you connect remotely? If so you may get a temporary MAC address for the session. Nothing to worry about if this is the case.
· · ·
Jul 5, 2010 at 7:52 UTC
No , I am not connecting remotely . neither i have made change in system . I am using Trend Micro as an anti virus.
· · ·
Jul 6, 2010 at 4:43 UTC
Is it a Virtual Machine of some kind?
Also, the MAC address is the unique hardware address of the network adapter, is it connecting using a different one i.e. wireless as opposed to Lan adapter?


text:
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wikiHow to Make Scrolling Work in Office2007 Spreadsheets
You may experience scrolling issues in Excel after upgrading to Office 2007. How to make scrolling work in Office 2007 spreadsheets.
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text:
I trust he made it out ok? :-)
On 6/23/08, Kitty <email@example.com> wrote:
> I once had a plumber named Junior who was 78 yrs old. He didn't ask about
> spiders under the house b4 climbing down into the crawl space. I was a
> little worried that I'd have to go down and help him get back out; he didn't
> seem all that spry.
> Kitty
> neIN, Zone 5
> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Pam Evans" <email@example.com>
> To: <firstname.lastname@example.com>
> Sent: Monday, June 23, 2008 6:29 PM
> Subject: [CHAT] OT - ongoing plumbing saga.
> Well, the plumber finally came out today (my neighbor was home so he was
>> "babysitting") and get this. He calls me and says - ma'am, you have
>> spiders
>> under your house. I said hello, the house is 150 years old, what did you
>> expect? Well he just can't be going under there under he kills the
>> spiders
>> and he'll be back tomorrow. I said I have a better idea, spray go to
>> lunch,
>> come back and they'll be dead. Oh no he says, can't take that chance. I
>> told him NO aerosols, I have a cat in the house. So he got some Viper -
>> whatever that is - a pump spray and sprayed all under there and will be
>> back
>> in the morning. I told him I am not happy having to take tomorrow off for
>> this, and you better be back. He said he would. I'm thinking this guy is
>> in the wrong line of work. Plumbers are always going under houses, in
>> cabinets under sinks, in old water heater closets which all are spider
>> prone. HELLO?? He had better do a DARN good job because I am NOT happy
>> w/
>> this rube at this point. Looks like there are two leaks, not one. I'm so
>> delighted - not. And he's no kid, Bobby (neighbor) says he looks to be in
>> his mid-40's. I was flabbergasted. My boss looked at me like I was nuts
>> when I told him about it. So here we go - another exciting evening of no
>> water. Sheesh.
>> thanks for letting me vent.....
>> --
>> Pam Evans
>> Kemp TX
>> zone 8A
>> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
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>> message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT
> ---------------------------------------------------------------------
> To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
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Pam Evans
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zone 8A
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Saudia Airlines
Saudi Arabian Airlines internationally known as Saudia is the third largest airline in the Arabian region, behind Emirates and Qatar Airways. The airline operates as the flag carrier of Saudi Arabia. Launched as a fully owned government agency in 1946, grew to become one of the largest airlines in the world. The airline carries out operations from its base at Jeddah-King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah to over 90 destinations worldwide.
It has an operational fleet of 139 aircraft equipped with state-of-the-art technologies, operating domestic and international scheduled flights to several destinations on a global network spreading across the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. The airline has codeshare agreements with some of the global airlines and since May 2012, it became a fully functional member of the SkyTeam alliance.
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text:
Fuse Creativity System Project Guide: Fun Party Themes, Idea for Handmade Cards, And More Paper Crafts from Fiskars
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Latest Comments
"This is a beautiful Lacy Violet Baby Blanket! I wish I knew how to knit. I crochet and would love it if some one make a crocheted pattern for this beautiful pattern. Do you have a crochet pattern for this one? If so, please send a link.. Thanks, and fingers crossed!"
"This DIY jewelry organizer is a good way to keep your jewelry together so you can just hang it when you take it off and do not have to look for it when you need it next time and I like the idea to hang it from the metal sheet so you can use it as a wall hanging. Very easy project just got to find the metal sheet. I would also maybe close the S hooks so they will not fall out or use a heavy wire and make your own. Nice video and a tutorial too."
"Thank you for letting us know. This is getting to be a big problem today. Some people spam people everyday and I do not know why they cannot let us enjoy ourselves. They would rather steal from hard working people instedd of getting a job."
"This upcycled coffee can vase is such a cute gift to let your kids make for a teacher gift,mom gift or for themselves. So very inexpensive because you can use a can you already have,some glue and duct tape which you can get at the dollar store. Use glitter duct tape for some extra sparkle. A great way to teach your kids how to recycle. The video skips some but overall it is a good way for the kids to learn. Just add some flowers and water or soil and plant."
Poinsettia Holiday Card
By: Kreinik Manufacturing Co., Inc.
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Make a statement this holiday season with a Poinsettia Holiday Card. This unique papercraft is sure to catch someone's attention this season.
- Kreinik Iron-on threads and assorted metallic threads (#6120 & 6350 in Iron-On Ribbon is used in picture above)
- Magenta Stamp
- Black Embossing Powder
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- Create fun tags with our metallic threads and miscellaneous tools.
- Use your imagination and embellish your tags, too, with the interesting, fabulous, earthy colors of Mrs. K's Iron-on Threads.
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text:
Facing molestation charges from a married Sector 19 woman resident, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) councillor Ravi Kant Swami first tried to turn the matter into one where he tried to show off his strength.
Swami's supporters surrounded the police post of Sector 19, here in the morning, even as the Assistant Commissioner of Police (headquarter) Adarshdeep Singh had called the victim and the leader to the post to sort out the issue. Slogans were also raised and senior deputy mayor SS Nanda and deputy mayor Sunil Talwar were present when the ruckus was being created outside the police station. However, later in the day Swami apologised to the victim and the case was reportedly settled.
During the protest, however, supporters had alleged that the woman, who had claimed that he was sexually harassed by Swami on April 22, had previously made such allegations against other people. In her complaint against Swami, the complainant had alleged that even asking a PCR van for help did not come to her rescue that day as Swami continued to harass her. Some supporters even tried to enter the police post.
Later, with the protesters continuing to disperse the ACP decided to take the councilor and the victim to his office at the mini-secretariat Sector-1, where the strong police force found it relatively easy to deal with the protesters.


text:
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From Moleskine, the worldwide leader in journals, comes this artful mini notebook themed to Alice in Wonderland. Includes original illustrations by John Tenniel along with the fine details found in all Moleskine journals.
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text:
WOODBINE — Sara Bartleson spent Monday morning packing grocery bags to give to needy families for Thanksgiving Day.
The food bank at St. Casimir's Roman Catholic Church had to scramble to fill its need this week after a corporate donor in Philadelphia withdrew its support.
The Woodbine Chamber of Commerce and local businesses came to the charity's rescue to make sure that about 270 needy families in northern Cape May County will have a bounty on their table Thursday.
The charity serves 68 square miles around Woodbine, including rural pockets of Upper and Dennis townships.
"We live in America. Every American should have a turkey dinner. Nobody should go without," Bartleson said. "You're supposed to be giving thanks. Today, there's a lot to be thankful for."
But St. Casimir's is hardly alone in its need. Food pantries across southern New Jersey said the demand for assistance has increased in the wake of the recession, putting a strain on their resources.
In Ocean County, more families are turning to charities such as the St. Francis Community Center on Long Beach Island for food or energy assistance.
This charity is in the Brant Beach section of Long Beach Township and serves the county from Lacey to Little Egg Harbor townships.
Christine Lill, director of family support services, said the center helped 1,269 needy people in September, up from 822 in September 2008. And 533 of those recipients were children.
"People who've never been in a food bank are coming in," Lill said.
That was the case Monday, as the center ran out of prepared food baskets two hours before it closed. Volunteers packed more food, so no one was turned away, Lill said.
But the agency is at its limit in terms of donations.
"There's a capacity of what we can ask the community to donate," Lill said.
St. Francis and other food pantries are finding that while stretched, they're meeting the demand. St. Francis has a surplus of federal utility and housing assistance it can distribute through the end of the year.
Donations to Sister Jean's kitchen in Atlantic City have been slow in coming, said the Rev. John Scotland, executive director of the Friends of Jean Webster. Webster has been feeding Atlantic City's poor for nearly 20 years, first out of her Indiana Avenue home and for the last 13 years from the Victory First Presbyterian Church.
By this time last year, the charity had received $65,000 to $70,000 in donations, Scotland said. So far this year, they have about $15,000. He hopes contributions will pick up after the Christmas newsletter goes out this week.
"We have a long way to go to hit our budgeted mark," Scotland said.
Likewise, the United Way of Atlantic County is not sure whether it will reach its fundraising goal of $2.7 million this year, Executive Director John Emge said.
"It's kind of like throwing the net out there right now and seeing what we can catch," he said.
The organization has had mixed results. Some local campaigns have done well while others are merely keeping up with last year's figures, he said.
"There have been no big, devastating losses — and that's a good sign," he said.
The Community Food Bank has been overwhelmed with need, according to program director Karen Meredith.
Requests are up about 38 percent over last year, she estimated. Meredith said she expects that number to grow by next week.
"That seems to grow every month," Meredith said.
She helped distribute 500 turkeys with boxes of fixings Monday at A.C. Linens in Atlantic City.
"Donations are barely keeping up," she said. "We're now looking for a good week this week to help for Christmas."
Employees at Atlantic City Electric will be delivering about 400 pounds of donated food today.
Every little bit helps, said Lisa Fisher, president of the Woodbine Chamber of Commerce.
"Times are tough. We as business owner are struggling," she said. "You're thankful you have food on the table. We focus on it around the holidays. But it's something we should focus on all year long."
Staff writers Michael Miller, Elaine Rose, Lynda Cohen, Thomas Barlas and W.F. Keough contributed to this report.