text: Microeconomics precourse Academic Year 2013-2014 Course Presentation This course aims to prepare students for the Microeconomics course of the MSc in BA. It provides the essential background in microeconomics PAOLO PAESANI Office: Room B6, 3RD floor, Building B Telephone: 06-72595701 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Office hours: to be agreed 1 WHY ARE WE HERE ? • Get to know each other • Economics in a nutshell • Cracking the nutshell open … • It can't be easier than this. • Friendly advice: make sure you know this by heart ! 2 PRESENTATION OUTLINE • What is economics about? • What is microeconomics about? • The market • Consumer theory • Theory of the firm 3 Micro ECONOMICS "Political economy or economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing" (Marshall 1890). "Economics is the science that studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." (Robbins 1935). 4 Micro ECONOMICS "It seems to me that economics is a branch of logic, a way of thinking; […] Economics is a science of thinking in terms of models joined to the art of choosing models which are relevant to the contemporary world. It is compelled to be this, because, unlike the typical natural science, the material to which it is applied is, in too many respects, not homogeneous through time. […] The object of a model is to segregate the semipermanent or relatively constant factors from those which are transitory or fluctuating so as to develop a logical way of thinking about the latter, and of understanding the time sequences to which they give rise in particular cases. […] In the second place, as against Robbins, economics is essentially a moral science and not a natural science. That is to say, it employs introspection and judgments of value". (Keynes 1938) 5 Micro MICROECONOMICS Microeconomics studies: • How individuals take rational economic decisions • How individuals interact in a defined social context. Individuals = Economic agents = Decision-takers / Choice-makers Human beings, firms, policy-makers Decisions about what? What kind of decision? Rational economic decisions = decisions about how to best use limited resources to achieve possibly conflicting goals 6 Micro ECONOMIC RATIONALITY Rational agents facing economic decisions are confronted with constrainst and alternative courses of action (COAs). Constraints (individual, socio-cultual, economic, legal, timerelated) shape COA . Each COA entails costs and benefits which materialise over different time periods … short-term vs. long-term (MOTLO) Costs and benefits associated to different COAs may be uncertain (risk) or unknown (uncertainty)… expectations 7 Micro ECONOMIC RATIONALITY Economic rationality is about choosing the best course of action for a give constraint-set where best is defined with respect to the individual's objective function (which we assume to be well-defined) and on the information at his disposal (full vs. limited information). Rationality assumption and its two motivations More on rationality and homo economicus (Sen 1987, Smith 2008, Rodriguez-Sickert 2009) 8 Micro SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT Free market economy: • Well-defined property rights over available resources. • Freedom to put available resources to the best (most profitable) use as judged by the owner (resource allocation). • Property rights protection. • Freedom to transfer property rights in a regulated and organised way (Voluntary exchange) • Price-based resource allocation. Modelling social interaction: • The Robinson Crusoe economy (no interaction) • Strategic interaction (Game theory) • Market interaction 9 Micro ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC MODELS (NOT THE SAME THING) Theory: A set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena in their relation to one another. Theories can be deduced from given axioms or be the result of observation and conjecture, they can be empirically tested and used to make predictions about phenomena. Economic model: simplified representation of reality based on a set of pre-specified simplifying assumptions and on the use of one or more languages (the three languages of economics). 10 Micro MARSHALL ON THE USE OF MATHEMATICS IN ECONOMICS "[I had] a growing feeling in the later years of my work at the subject that a good mathematical theorem dealing with economic hypotheses was very unlikely to be good economics: and I went more and more on the rules - (1) Use mathematics as a shorthand language, rather than an engine of inquiry. (2) Keep to them till you have done. (3) Translate into English. (4) Then illustrate by examples that are important in real life. (5) Burn the mathematics. (6) If you can't succeed in (4), burn (3). This last I did often". [Marshall 1906] 11 Micro ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC MODELS (NOT THE SAME THING) "Models are objects to enquire into and to enquire with: economists enquire into the world of the economic model, and use them to enquire with into the economic world that the model represents" (Morgan 2012, p. 217). "Reasoning in terms of models involves four steps "Step 1 is to construct a model relevant for some problem of interest. Step 2 is to ask questions about 'something in the model or in the world'. Step 3 is to 'demonstrate the answer to the questions using the model's resources'. This is where manipulation comes in: the answer is arrived at by manipulating the model. Step 4 is to add a 'narrative' that 'accompanies the demonstration to link the answers back to the questions and to their domains". (Morgan 2012 p. 225). 12 Micro Varian (2010) 13 Micro THE MARKET "A mechanism for effecting purchases and sales in a relatively public manner. Thus a market entails a way of carrying out transactions and some means of collecting and disseminating information on the terms of the transactions, particularly price. These two aspects are inherently interrelated. " (Burns 1979, p. 5) Market identification: Where ? When ? Who ? What ? How ? Market classification: • Markets for goods and service, factor markets, asset markets • Spot, futures and options markets • Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly, monopoly/monopsony • Auction markets, dealer markets, broker markets, private negotiations • Regulated vs non-regulated (OTC) markets 14 Micro THE COMPETITIVE MARKET • Many potential buyers and sellers, motivated by self-interest, competing against each other and acting as price-takers. • Traded goods are excludable (the owner can exercise property rights on it) rivalrous (use by one necessarily prevents that of another) and homogenous (only price matters). • No barriers to entry and exit • Perfect information • No transaction costs (costs related to market participation): search and information costs, bargaining and decision costs, policing and enforcement costs. • Prices are perfectly flexible and respond to imbalances 15 between demand and supply. Micro THE MARSHALLIAN CROSS • y = Market price • x = Quantity traded over a given period of time • DD = Demand function • SS = Supply function • A = Market equilibrium • ds = Excess demand) • sd = Excess supply) Marshall (1890) 16 Micro THE COMPETITIVE MARKET - PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL P = market price , nominal price (money?), relative price (MOTLO) Q = quantity traded over a given period of time (flow variable … MOTLO) DD = Market Demand function (Horizontal aggregation, MOTLO) • Inverse demand function Pd = f(Q) ; f'(Q) < 0 • Demand price the MAXIMUM price that consumers are willing to pay for the goods and services the are planning to buy when a particular amount or quantity is available. • Demand function proper Qd = g(P) ; g'(P) < 0 SS = Market Supply function • Inverse supply function Ps = h(Q) ; h'(Q) > 0 • Supply price the MINIMUM price that firms are willing to accept in return for a particular amount or quantity of goods and services. • Supply function proper Qs = k(P) ; k'(P) > 0 EQUILIBRIUM ; Pd = Ps or alternatively Qd = Qs 17 Micro THE COMPETITIVE MARKET – DEMAND ANALYSIS Slope: The law of demand states that when the price of a good rises CP, the amount demanded falls, and when the price falls, the amount demanded rises.(MOTLO) Position of the demand curve depends: Preferences, Disposable incomes, Income distribution, Price of complements and subsitutes, Expected ownprice, Expected price of complements and substitutes … when one of these EXOGENOUS VARIABLES changes the demand curve shifts up or down. 18 Micro ELASTICITY Price elasticity of demand: the degree to which the number of products sold changes when the product's price changes Marshall (1890) 19 Micro ELASTICITY Income elasticity of demand: the degree to which the number of products demanded changes with an individual's income. Brown e Deaton (1972) 20 Micro THE COMPETITIVE MARKET – SUPPLY ANALYSIS Slope: No equivalent of the law od demand, slope of supply function in a competitive market depends on marginal costs (MOTLO) Position of the supply curve depends: Technology, Fixed inputs, Input prices, Degree of sectoral integration … when one of these EXOGENOUS VARIABLES changes the demand curve shifts up or down. Marshall (1890) 21 Micro REACHING MARKET EQUILIBRIUM Marshallian adjustment: if for a given initial quantity the demand price exceeds (falls short of ) the supply price, producers find it profitable to increase (reduce) market supply. As quantities change so do demand and supply prices. Walrasian adjustment: if for a given initial price the quantity demanded exceeds (falls short of ) the quantitiy supplied, producers find it in thier interest to reduce (increase) market prices. As the price falls (increases), demand increases (falls) and supply falls (increases). 22 Micro EQUILIBRIUM AND WELFARE ANALYSIS • Efficient allocation of scarce resources • Welfare maximization – Consumers surplus (*) – Producers surplus • Market "freedom" • Market "democracy" • Problems – How long does it take to reach market equilibrium? – What happens to those left behind? – Existance? Unicity, stability? 23 Micro CONSUMER SURPLUS Varian (2010) 24 Micro MARKET ANOMALIES 25 Micro Narrow definition (Fama 1970) "A market is efficient when prices fully reflect available information" : Weak, Semi-strong and Strong efficiency. Broad definition (Burns 1979): "An efficient market is liquid, orderly and wellorganised. Liquidity fosters orderly market conditions and influences a market's organisation. In turn, orderly market conditions and good market organization promote market liquidity". Liquidity MARKET EFFICIENCY Orderly market conditions Good market organisation 26 Micro MARKET LIQUIDITY Market liquidity, or liquidity of an asset traded on a market, has two interreated aspects: certainty of price (with respect to underlying value) and expected marketability (inversely related to transaction costs). Liquidity depends on: • Breadth and urgency of demand, • Cost of ascertating an asset quality (quality standardisation in case of commodities, publicly available info in case of financial assets), • Expected cost of default underlying financial assets (default risk together with enforcement cost), • Transport cost and cost of holding inventories (storage, deterioration, theft, financing costs, risks of price change). Risk of price uncertainty associated with inventory holdings one of the main factors behind the establishement of futures and option markets and of the activities of Hedgers, Speculators and Arbitrageurs. 27 Micro ORDERLY MARKET CONDITIONS Disorderly market conditions are associated with: • • • • • Unexpectedly high price volatility (symptom, rather than cause), Artificial barriers to entry or exit (e.g. monopoly / monopsony) Information manipulation Traders overreaction Destabilising trading activity as a result of trading restrictions Liquidity helps to prevent structural monopolies and price manipulation and together with an appropriate organisation contributes to generating orderly market condition 28 Micro MARKET ORGANISATION The organisation of a market embraces the institutions that service it: dealers, brokers, clearing houses, inspection services, regulatory authorities. Development of a market's organisation involves applying economies of scale to effecting transactions as well as to provide information about the terms of the transaction. The history of a market organisation is one of increasing specialization of function induced by, and in turn inducing, an increase in market liquidity. 29 Micro MARKET FAILURES A market failure is a situation where free markets fail to allocate resources efficiently. Economists identify the following cases of market failure: Productive and allocative inefficiency: Markets may fail to produce and allocate scarce resources in the most efficient way. Monopoly power: Markets may fail to control the abuses of monopoly power. Missing markets: Markets may fail to form, resulting in a failure to meet a need or want, such as the need for public goods, such as defence, street lighting, and highways. Incomplete markets: Markets may fail to produce enough merit goods, such as education and healthcare. De-merit goods: Markets may also fail to control the manufacture and sale of goods like cigarettes and alcohol, which have lessmerit than consumers perceive. Negative externalities: Consumers and producers may fail to take into account the effects of their actions on third-parties, such as car drivers, who may fail to take into account the traffic congestion they create for others. Third-parties are individuals, organisations, or communities indirectly benefiting or suffering as a result of the actions of consumers and producers attempting to pursue their own self interest. 30 Micro MARKET FAILURES Property rights: Markets work most effectively when consumers and producers are granted the right to own property, but in many cases property rights cannot easily be allocated to certain resources. Failure to assign property rights may limit the ability of markets to form. Information failure: Markets may not provide enough information because, during a market transaction, it may not be in the interests of one party to provide full information to the other party. Information asymmetry (adverse selection, moral hazard, costly state verification) belong to this category. Unstable markets: Sometimes markets become highly unstable, and a stable equilibrium may not be established, such as with certain agricultural markets, foreign exchange, and credit markets. Such volatility may require intervention. Inequality: Markets may also fail to limit the size of the gap between income earners, the socalled income gap. Market transactions reward consumers and producers with incomes and profits, but these rewards may be concentrated in the hands of a few. Source http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Market_failures/Types_of_market_failure.html 31 Micro MARKET REGULATION Increase market efficiency by promoting liquidity, orderly market conditions and an appropriate organization. Correct market failures by resorting to: • Price mechanism: change the behaviour of consumers and producers by using the price mechanism. For example, this could mean increasing the price of 'harmful' products, through taxation, and providing subsidies for the 'beneficial' products. In this way, behaviour is changed through financial incentives, much the same way that markets work to allocate resources. • Legislation and force: For example, by banning cars from city centres, or having a licensing system for the sale of alcohol, or by penalising polluters, the unwanted behaviour may be controlled. Source http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Market_failures/Types_of_market_failure.html 32 Micro REFERENCE Burns J.M. (1979) A Treatise on Markets, American Enterprise Institute, Studies in Economic Policy, Washington DC. Rodriguez-Sickert C. (2009) "Homo economicus", Handbook of Economics & Ethics, Peil, J., and Van Staveren, I. (eds.) Edward Elgar Publishing. Sen, A. (1987) "Rational Behaviour", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, vol 3, pp. 68-76, Smith V. L. (2008) Rationality in Economics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Varian H. (2010) Intermediate Microeconomics, 8° edition, W. W. Norton & Company 33


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page 5Mature
The air was cold on the roof, the sun retiring and giving way to the night, taking with it the small amount of heat that had halted the rain. Now the mountain air was heavily scented with the threat of falling droplets, and the breezes along the roof top were a chilly reminder of the season—but the view was beautiful.
From the roof I could see the whole city and the distant phantom shapes of mountains. The sky was clear and a dusky blue but strangely bright at the same time, the clouds were like swirling smoke caught in a jar.
I had read in my history book that once the sky had been crisscrossed with electronic wires like a giant spider web bringing energy to people's homes. Now there was only one power source, a large dome topped tower named the Tesla, named after the man who had first come up with the idea some three hundred years ago. It sent out waves of energy to the receiver of every electronic device blinking unseen in the landscape.
The only thing that marked the sky was the faint light trails and humming of the cars flying above.
"Are you okay?" Titanic asked sitting down Indian style with her tray. "Looks like death just sat on your face."
"Yeah." I said chuckling slightly at the imagery.
"Ya sure?" she asked.
"Yeah." I insisted edging over to where she was. I just got queasy whenever I was at great heights but I wasn't going to tell her that.
"I'd hate to worry anyone." She said winking at me.
I was confused as to what she meant by that. It seemed the more time I spent with Titanic the more confused I felt.
"You had something you wanted to tell me?" I asked dipping my garlic bread into my soup and taking a bite.
"Yeah." Titanic said, pushing her short hair from her face only to have it fall back in front of her eyes. "It's more of a visual thing." She reached into her inside the pocket of her worn leather jacket and pulled out a bulky medium size envelope.
"Your lady friend said that all I had to do was submit it and you would edit and publish it."
"It's not that simple." I said reserving my right to refuse her article. "It has to meet a certain protocol." I hinted taking the envelope from her.
She raised an incredulous eyebrow at me.
"Mmm-hmm." I mumbled opening the envelope and riffling through it.
Inside were two things, a short essay and a series of important looking files. It took me a moment of studying the curt, concise format to realize what these were.
"Police documents?" I demanded. "You stole police documents?"
"Burrowed." Titanic corrected through a mouth full of Clam Chowder. "For the special of the week, this is terrible." She pushed the food away from her.
"Yeah, Ti-tanic." I still hadn't gotten over her weird name.
"This little report thing is, I don't know how to say…" I paused as I closed the envelope without further investigation of its contents, trying to think of a polite way to say 'federal offense'. "What's the word?"
"Maybe the words would come easier to you if you actually read the essay." Titanic suggested, her elbows resting on her knees and her chin resting on her linked fingers as she watched me closely.
"Mmm yeah." I said extending the envelope for her to take, a gesture that clearly said my time was not so easily wasted.
Titanic watched me for a moment unmoving. I waved the envelope at her.
She gave a frustrated growl.
"Get over yourself you're not the editor of Vogue!" She complained snatching the envelope.
"Very mature. An elegant solution to handling rejection." I commented.
"Just sit there and shut up!" Titanic ordered.
I scoffed affronted. I had half a mind to get up and leave but then she started to talk.
"Chain deaths, Supernatural happening, or what you will." She ripped the envelope apart taking out the contents and discarding her essay. She picked up the first picture.
"Tina Martin died in 3076, drowned. Max Stanford died six months later in a house fire. His neighbor six months after that and six months later her doctors die. Aren't you least bit interested now?!" She asked.
"Interested, no." I lied. "Put off, yes." This was not a lie.
"Good then I'll continue." Titanic said pointedly.
"Water, Fire, Blood, fear the demon they will make, by crash of air he will wake, by the blood of the breeze his cage will break."
I waited a moment for the conclusion, before I realized she wasn't going to tell me unless I asked. She was good.
"Which is to say?" I asked despite myself.
"When Tina Martin died, drowned in the wee hours of the morning in her local lake; the only witness to this was Max Stanford."
"Wait, he saw her die?!" I asked finally getting the coincidence.
"Creepy right?"
I nodded, neglecting my soup and giving her my full attention.
"Wait." I paused, catching myself before being plunged fully into her story. "You're not making this up are you?"
"I wouldn't dream of it." Titanic said solemnly. "Proof." She handed me back the police reports and I read through them and them carefully as she continued her story.
"Six months later Mr. Stanford dies in a house fire. His elderly neighbor is the only witness and calls the Fire Department."
"Six months later she dies." I guessed.
"Not so simple." Titanic corrected. "She has a heart attack, manages to call for help. The ambulance get there and pick her up, she makes it to the hospital where she dies."
"This is important because?" I asked looking up from the police reports.
"Six months later, the ambulance driver who tended to her and the Doctor who pronounced her dead both died, at the exact same moment."
"Mnnah-uh." I said shaking my head. That was too much to ask someone to believe.
"Actually it was pretty easy, see they were married and in the same car when it crashed, ran into solidified air."
Chills ran down my arms, this was too, coincidental. I felt like I was listening to my life.
"You said solidified air, that's…that's not physically possible." I pointed out. That was the only thing I was brave enough to question.
"If you want to get technical, they hit a block of invisible solidified veil, the veil that separates us from the white noise, something manipulated the veil so it harden when they hit it, but soften so when their bodies flew from their car they were swallowed by the veil. That's why their bodies were never found!"
I froze, this was too familiar.
I flipped frantically through the police documents looking for the one of the car accident.
While a stream of memories played in the back of my mind, breaking free of the barricades I had built to hide them and forcing their way to the surface of my mind.
"Their bodies haven't been found." The police officer had said.
"Could they still be alive?" My Aunt Rebecca asked.
The officer shook his head, a quite gesture that had silence so many of my desperate hopes.
I blinked myself back to the present, as my hands found the report I was looking for.
Titanic was still talking to me but my brain seemed to have lodged its self somewhere out of space and time, somewhere beyond words and voices, a place silenced by pain.
On the police report, I saw the names that identified Titanic's nameless medical couple, my parent's names. In the pictures of our mangled car, I saw the letters of our license plates, memorized by years of cleaning that car.
Icy hand crushed my heart in a constricting grip, freezing the blood in my veins till the burn under my skin and melted tears behind my eyes.

subset: commoncrawl


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Joseph McCormick Construction Co., Inc.
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The DJ Calls Arkansas Style Cutdown Single Reed Duck Call is a cut-down version of the Grafton duck call, tuned Arkansas-style with a key way slot. The tonal plug is rounded off on the end and the contour of the tonal plug has been modified for a loud coarse sound of the dominate hen. This call differs a lot in the way it is tuned to help meet the needs on how you were taught to blow the call. This old way of duck calling was almost a lost art. The DJ Calls Arkansas Style Cutdown Duck Call has brought that back to life.
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Danner Men's Acadia 8IN ST Boot - $294.95
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Monitor Asus MG28UQ combines exclusive gaming features with extremely fine resolution 4K Ultra HD. This should give you a competitive advantage, because you will see four times more content, which make up acting especially for RTS and RPG. 1 ms response then provides high motion sharpness even during fast and dynamic events. All your equipment easily connect via HDMI 2.0, DisplayPort 1.2, or a pair of HDMI 1.4 There are also built-in stereo speakers, a headphone jack and also a handy two-port USB 3.0 hub, which allows you to connect even the most demanding peripherals. Everything closes perfectly tuned design with a slim bezel and stand with 150 mm height adjustment (416 ~ 566 mm), shooting (+ 60 ° / -60 °), tilt (+ 20 ° / -5 °) and 90 ° rotation (Pivot) . New gaming experience that has nothing stand in his way.
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Technologie Ultra-Low Blue Light efektivně snižuje množství vyzařovaného modrého světla, zvyšuje pohodlí a snižuje únavu očí, Pomocí OSD menu lze zvolit jeden ze čtyř režimů filtru pro různé typy zobrazovaného obsahu.
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Excess low back pain
I am 3 months pregnant. It is been 1 month now and I have excess pain in my lower back. Doctors cannot give painkillers as Iam pregnant. Paracetomol has no effect on me. Using tolagin gel also. Gives relief only for half an hour. Phisotherapist gave me Tens therapy for 3 days. It gives relief for many hours. And also application of medical tape on back after having therapy releives. But now from 2 days I did not take the tens therapy and my low back pains like hell. Already taking medicines for folic acid, calcium, vitamin d3. I am thinking to buy tens machine but is it safe during pregnancy.
Answers (2)
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Got ur pain n concern too its Garbhini Makkal n it's vataj issue Gokshur, Dhashmul and sahachar Matra Basti therapy will add amazing outcomes though all these r time tested drugs n Therapies still consult AYURVEDIC college Hospital in ur city Or Dr
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see if your pain is unbearable you can always ask for pain killers. we do avoid drugs in pregnancy but then you cant stand your pain. the tab is safe in pregnancy and you can go ahead with it
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Tom Keny with his little brother,Bobby are hunting for bugs near the TVA Nuclear power plant. A crazed Owl is flying erratic towards the unsuspecting Keny brothers.
"Bobby! Have you found any bugs yet?" says Tom.
Nothing yet. Hay look at that Owl! What is it doing out during the middle of the day? Watch out Tom! It's going to hit you!
Bobby watches with morbid curiosity as the nocturnal bird swoops down and hits Tom on the head. Both Tom and the Owl lie motionless on the marshy ground.
Tom! (runs over to him) Wake up! Yeeech! That bug! It'sburrowing in to your ear!
Sound of chewing in to Tom's ear.
Hours later... Tom wakes up in his bedroom. His younger brother looking at him with concern. Mother walks in frantic.
You okay, Tom?
Tommy I was worried about you... Your brother said you were dead!
Can I have his room Mom?
No! Little Billy, your brother still needs his room. Get some moist clothes
It's Bobby Mom! Thanks a lot. (disappointed) Keep me in mind if there any changes. As bobby walks out of the room.
Tom wakes up. Ouch! My head! What…. What happened to me?
Dead? I must have passed out when that stupid Owl hit me. Ooh! I don't feel so well. How did I get these two bumps on my head?
Tom you have two evenly spaced knots on your head. They look like pimples.
Boy. These sure are sore. Like somebody gave me two noogies. Oooch! My tail-bone is sore too. What gives?
Tom rubs his bum.
Meanwhile in Kevyn is walking up to Mr Peays home.
Foot steps walking in a hurried manner for a few seconds. Stops and then knocks on Mr. Peays door.
Hello? Mr. Peay? I am here in reply to the maid ad. (Talking rather loud.)
Knocking rapidly. (pounding)
The sound of a old man rustling about trying to find the door knob.
Hello? Baaaa! Who's out their?
Mr. Peay… I'm here 'bout the live-in maids job. Can I come in?
(Door unlocks and opens.) Come in… Let me see you. Ummm yes.
Mister Peay is in a wheel chair. He lets Kevyn in… As she passes by him, Mr. Peay looks her over with interest.


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A Rainy Day Story
... never been married before. Jason had but we didn't really get into that. We got along real well right away. You know how it is when you start talking and there is no lag in the conversation because you have lots of things in common. That's how it was with them.
We didn't really solve the problems of the world but we did share a bit about how our lives were and what things interested us. We did have quite a lot of similarities. ...
First full day at sea
... long hallway called the I-95. We're no longer able to see the actual engine room for security reasons (9/11). The second officer on the bridge was a 23-year-old young man from Victoria, B.C. After the tour we were all gifted with an RC backpack, bandana, and water bottle. Dan and I enjoyed Japanese food for lunch at Izumi before going to watch Mamma Mia! The musical, which were both pretty fantastic. The boys spent some ...
OBX Marks the Place!
... when in Walmart the night before. Ted trudged into Walmart to find the thing so he could have his burrito. A simple soul with simple needs he is.
We then stopped at the McDonalds again to send an email that needed to be sent right away and also paid a bill. We found the OBX visitor's center around the corner and got some maps and a few brochures and headed south down the chain of islands. North is ...
Outer Banks - Part 2
... we took the free ferry to ocracoke island.( free parking as well). we loved ocracoke, another small fishing village, but has more of a "beach town" feel to it than hatteras. a few more restaurants, (not chains) and a few more gallerys and shops, but not many. most of the side roads were dirt and kinda wooded. the shelling was amazing. we went to a really cool coffee house and met a four year old little girl who is bi ...
The Kite Club Hatteras Experience
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Peter Shilton
You've recently backed Rob Green to get the number one spot in the England team for the World Cup. Why him ahead of Hart and James? Well people asked me who I thought was favourite to play in the first match and with the process of elimination I said Rob Green. I think he has got his nose in front, just slightly really, because he's played pretty regularly in the last 18 months.
I know West Ham have struggled but club form isn't international form, and with David James we know what we're going to get because of his experience and he's been England's goalkeeper before and lost his place but he's got a lot of vital experience.
And Joe Hart is really the unknown, he's come through. I don't think Fabio Capello would have put him in the squad if he didn't think he was going to be happy to play him. But whether he's quite got the experience to go in at the first match I don't know because we saw the situation with Scott Carson a few years back against Croatia.
Green and James have both played in struggling teams this season. Is that bad preparation or good practice? Well it's not ideal, but having said they have had plenty of practice. But as long as their form hasn't dipped dramatically, which I think it hasn't really - I mean there's been little goals that have gone in that normally, maybe they wouldn't let in, in a side that wasn't struggling. But I don't think there has been a dramatic loss of form. Both of them are in good enough form to be in the England team.
When you played in Mexico in 1986 the temperature was unbelievable but have you experienced the altitude they will do this year? Mexico was altitude as well. We went to Colorado for four weeks and trained at altitude for Mexico. It is different, the ball moves through the air when you're playing in altitude. But from a training point of view, it's hard to describe, you feel great when you come down from altitude to sea level, it only lasts for so long but you do feel tremendous. Even I could run a long way when we trained at altitude.
There's a lot of competition for the goalkeeping spot, with several players missing out such as Ben Foster, Paul Robinson and Scott Carson. Is it good to have that competition? We've got more goalkeepers playing in league football, which is good. But we haven't got anyone that's been there and really established themselves and that's why we're having this debate. But it doesn't mean to say someone like Rob Green or Joe Hart can't go in there and do a terrific job.
When players like Robinson and James have calamitous moments are they able to get rid of that reputation? Well David's at that age now, he had that one good season at Portsmouth when they won the FA Cup and he was really consistent and brilliant, and if he was back to that sort of form you wouldn't be talking about it, he'd be in the England team and playing regularly.
But since then he's obviously had moments with England and for Portsmouth again so he hasn't really got rid of that and I think he's never going to get rid of it.
Looking at England's chances, you played under Brian Clough and Bobby Robson. How good is Fabio Capello and can he lead England to World Cup victory? Well there's no reason why not. We're in with a good shout. I mean you need a bit of luck but Capello's done a terrific job, you couldn't have asked for anything more but it's a big tournament for him coming up, it's a big tournament for him to prove himself.
I think he's brought a lot of good discipline and things to the England squad, organisation, back to basics attitude, and I think the players have responded, the results have gradually got better, the players seem to know what is expected of them.
We've had some good results in qualifying, although it wasn't a hard group, but we beat Germany in Germany. So it's all there now, this is the big test and obviously it's all to play for. But confidence wise, I think everyone's looking forward to progressing and doing really well and there's no reason why we can't. We're third favourites with the bookies and I think that's about right really, just slightly behind Spain and Brazil.
You played in three World Cups so have bags of experience. What advice would you be giving to the three contenders for the goalkeeping spot? If I had to say something, I'd say you've got to be confident when you play for England, you've got to believe in yourself, and you're judged a lot of the time on the mistakes you make. It's to be solid and secure and then brilliant second. Do a good steady job, be confident, organise your defence and if you can be brilliant, that's the added bit we're looking for. Try and cut out the mistakes. Every goalkeeper makes mistakes but you can't afford to make too many in a World Cup.
Words: Owen Edwards. Interview: June 2010. Peter Shilton is pictured signing a National Express coach which has been touring the country collecting signatures of good luck from fans and celebrities. Leave yours at Nation Expects on Facebook here.
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Battlefield 3 is two distinctly different games -- chaotic, complex, world-class multiplayer with enormous replay value versus a pulp fiction singleplayer story that sometimes plays like a pop-up shooting gallery. The game's tacked-on co-op missions sit uneasily between MP and SP in terms of enjoyment. If you're an online gamer you're well catered for -- Battlefield 3 is undoubtedly one of the best multiplayer games we've spent time with in a long time, and although some features are missing from previous Battlefield games we're still happy. If you're an offline gamer -- well, you're out of luck thanks to EA's somewhat Draconian backend software.
Battlefield 3 is the latest game from Swedish game developer DICE, building on a franchise started in 2002 with the seminal Battlefield 1942. Since the first Battlefield over a dozen games have been released, each with minor improvements from the last iteration. Battlefield 3 is the pinnacle of this continual evolution — it has almost all the multiplayer features of the older games, and a fleshed-out singleplayer story a la Battlefield: Bad Company 2. It's definitely not perfect, but overall it's a solid gaming experience that has massive long-term playability.
The Battlefield franchise didn't start with any kind of single-player storyline — for years it was strictly an AI-only version of the multiplayer game, for gamers with shoddy Internet connections and no willing family member for a lift to the nearest LAN party. The Bad Company spin-off changed this, giving traditionally multiplayer-hungry players a chance to settle down with some semblance of a plot and character development.
Battlefield 3, in its efforts to emulate and overtake its Call of Duty competition, has a fully-fledged single player campaign component. To say the storyline is like something out of a book you'd buy to read in an airport isn't entirely inaccurate — think US soldiers in the Middle East, stolen suitcase nukes, Russian special forces, rogue spies, lots of angry bad guys — but that's not to say it isn't fun. It should come as no surprise that Andy McNab was a technical advisor for the game's storyline; he's also written a novel to accompany the storyline and build back-story for one of the playable characters.
Battlefield 3's single player storyline plays like a McNab or Matthew Reilly novel, chopping and changing between characters, flashbacks, settings and assorted 'intrigue' (we use inverted commas because it's really not that intriguing, to be honest). The fast pace of the storyline does mean the game comes off as slightly schizophrenic — although there's ostensibly a main character in Sargeant Henry 'Black' Blackburn, you'll spend half the story playing the three supporting characters. What's most frustrating is that the majority of the story is built in pre-rendered flashback cutscenes, in thirty-second lumps — the missions you undertake in the game are tied together loosely under the guise of recalling the past few days' events.
The single player campaign is formulaic and, to a cynic, largely indistinguishable from its Call of Duty and Medal of Honor counterparts. The missions are generally fun, but there are moments where you're snapped out of the run-and-gun of fighting enemies — who do seem to pop up out of cover for you to attack, like a shooting gallery at a carnival — to partake in slightly frustrating mini-games: think 'press SPACE repeatedly to climb up the side of this speeding train carriage'. It's a console gaming convenience hangover that detracts from the immersiveness of the story.
Battlefield 3's single player component is very short, too — we clocked it in just under seven hours on Normal difficulty, and this time includes retrying sequences where we didn't mash the appropriate button fast enough (falling off the side of the aforementioned train a couple of times, for example). As an addendum to the multiplayer component it works well, but we definitely wouldn't buy Battlefield 3 solely on the appeal of its single player mode.
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HP OfficeJet Pro 8730
A smarter way to print for busy small business owners, combining speedy printing with scanning and copying, making it easier to produce high quality documents and images at a touch of a button.
HP OfficeJet Pro 8730
I've had a multifunction printer in the office going on 10 years now. It was a neat bit of kit back in the day -- print, copy, scan, fax -- when printing over WiFi felt a bit like magic. It's seen better days though and an upgrade's well overdue. This HP OfficeJet Pro 8730 looks like it ticks all the same boxes: print, copy, scan, and fax. (Really? Does anyone fax anything any more? I guess it's good to know the facility's there, just in case.) Printing over WiFi is more-or- less standard these days.
HP OfficeJet Pro 8730
As a freelance writer who is always on the go, I like my technology to be both efficient and effective so I can do my job well. The HP OfficeJet Pro 8730 Inkjet Printer ticks all the boxes in terms of form factor, performance and user interface.
Windows 10 for Business / Dell XPS 13
I'd happily recommend this touchscreen laptop and Windows 10 as a great way to get serious work done at a desk or on the road.
Windows 10 / HP Spectre x360
Ultimately, I think the Windows 10 environment is excellent for me as it caters for so many different uses. The inclusion of the Xbox app is also great for when you need some downtime too!
Windows 10 / Lenovo Yoga 910
For me, the Xbox Play Anywhere is a great new feature as it allows you to play your current Xbox games with higher resolutions and better graphics without forking out extra cash for another copy. Although available titles are still scarce, but I'm sure it will grow in time.


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You've heeded the warnings about the north-east snowstorm, filling up on gas, batteries, milk, booze and other essentials. You left work a few hours early and made it home safely ahead of the blizzard conditions forecasted for the evening commute. This weekend, with a blizzard raging outside from New York to Maine, it's just you, your family, your dwindling provisions – and your Netflix account.
The Shining
It's the ultimate in snowed-in entertainment And while Netflix doesn't offer the Stanley Kubrick classic for streaming, Amazon Instant will rent it to you for $1.99.
The Day After Tomorrow
Whatever role climate change has played in the winter weather across the US north-east, things hopefully won't get as bad as they do in this 2004 disaster drama starring Dennis Quaid and Jake Gyllenhaal. Gyllenhaal's character is stranded in New York City, where he and other survivors of extreme weather are forced to burn books in the New York Public Library to stay warm while they wait for Dennis Quaid to hike up from DC to rescue them. Netflix doesn't offer it, but Amazon's digital download is $9.99.
2012 Ice Age
This is a knockoff film streaming on Netflix, which might be worth a watch based entirely on this amazing summary: "An unsuspecting family is forced to change their plans for the year when a volcano erupts in Iceland and inadvertently triggers another ice age. With a glacier now headed for their home in North America, family bonding is more important than ever." Yes, family bonding, as opposed to, say, survival.
Discovery Extreme Survival Pack
If you are ever stuck in a frozen wasteland, it will be a good idea to have seen this five-episode collection, in which the Discovery channel's survivalist experts teach you how to last in extreme conditions. In episode four, Lost in the Snow, Les Stroud "braves the Colorado winter through 80 mile-per-hour winds at 86 degrees below zero". (If you're logged into your account, click here to watch.)
Dead Snow
Nazi zombies. Streaming on Netflix. What more can we say?
People in North Dakota may scoff at our pathetic "blizzard", because life in North Dakota is one permanent blizzard if this Coen brothers movie is anything close to accurate. (Fargo's having a bit of a moment right now anyway because it won a few Oscars in 1997, and if Argo wins this year they'll be the first rhyming movie titles to claim that "distinction".) Available for a $2.99 rental on Amazon.
The 1993 Ethan Hawke film, based on the true story of the Uruguayan rugby team stranded in the Andes for more than two months after their plane crashes. It's heartwarming, in the way that there are survivors who are eventually rescued, and incredibly depressing, in the way that many of the team members and friends died before they were discovered. Amazon rental for $1.99.
Cannibal! The Musical
Long before Trey Parker made his name with South Park, he wrote this bizarre and strangely cheerful musical about Alferd Packer, who allegedly resorted to cannibalism when his crew of miners gets lost in the mountains. It's Trey Parker, and it's a musical about cannibalism, so, you know, maybe queue this one up after the kids have gone to bed. Streaming on Netflix.
Empire Strikes Back
Yes, this piece is about streaming options, but you probably own the DVD anyway, so when you've run out of everything else, pop the disc in and cozy up with Han and a tauntaun while the battle of Hoth rages on outside.
Finding Nemo
You may have heard your local weather forecaster call this storm "Nemo", because the Weather Channel has instituted the (dumb) idea of naming winter storms. While we cannot endorse such a stupid idea, we can endorse watching this delightful Pixar film, which is streaming on Amazon for $1.99.)
What about you? What's your go-to snow entertainment? Tell us in the comments below.


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To characterize the humoral response to the unglycosylated central region of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment (G) protein, we generated glutathione S-transferase (GST)-RSV G subdomains (central core (CC), residues 151–190; proximal central core (PCC), 151–172, and distal central core (DCC), 173–190) to screen paired sera from RSV subtype A- or B-infected adults in hospitalized or outpatient settings. Following RSV infection, a ≥ 4-fold increase in homo- and heterosubtypic IgG response was noted in most subjects against the RSV G CC and PCC regions; in contrast, such titer increases against the RSV G DCC was only noted in a homosubtypic manner. Our results have implications for RSV G-based serological diagnostics and vaccine development.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of wintertime respiratory tract infections among patients of all ages [1,2]. Following RSV infection, one of the key targets of adaptive host immune response is the RSV attachment (G) protein that bears a genetically variable, extensively glycosylated ectodomain [3]. Previous serological studies of anti-RSV G antibody response have primarily utilized purified, full-length G protein, recombinant G protein fragments, or a series of overlapping G-derived peptides as screening antigens for immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer measurements in pediatric primary RSV infections[4–12]. RSV G-specific antibodies in adults, including G domain- and homo/heterosubtypic-specific immune responses, remain largely uncharacterized.
A structural hallmark of the RSV G protein is its central unglycosylated domain that is typically comprised of residues 151–190 [3]. Within these contiguous amino acids (aa), residues 151–172 (termed the proximal conserved core; PCC) bears overlapping epitopes for two partially neutralizing, RSV subtype-independent monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) K6 and L9 [13]. Within and carboxy-terminal to the PCC, residues 164–176 are universally conserved among all clinical isolates [3]. Cysteines at positions 173, 176, 182, and 186 are involved in two disulfide bonds that comprise a "loop" structure. Residues 182–186 comprise a CX3C chemokine (fractalkine) structural motif that contributes to the immunomodulatory functions of the RSV G protein[14]. Thus, humoral response against the unglycosylated region of RSV G may be critically important to RSV immunity with implications for vaccine development.
We have recently shown that the RSV G PCC subdomain is the target of a ≥ 4-fold increase in IgG response between acute- and convalescent-phase sera in ~40% of adults infected with subtype A RSV [13]; the ≥ 4-fold increase in IgG titers against RSV-encoded glycoproteins is the historical standard by which serological evidence of RSV infections has been determined[15,16]. To extend these results, we analyzed the serum reactogenicity against various bacterially derived RSV G subdomains using paired acute and convalescent sera from RSV A and B infected adult human subjects.
HEp-2 cells and RSV A2 and B1 strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). HEp-2 cells were maintained in Modified Eagle's Media (MEM) + 5% fetal calf serum + penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen).
The RSV A2 and B1 strain G cDNAs (GI accession 138294 and 9629205, respectively) were codon-optimized and used for plasmid constructions. For glutathione S-transferase (GST) - RSV G 151–190 (numbers refer to the residue positions within the G protein), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the cognate cDNA fragments from each of the codon-optimized G cDNAs. The resulting amplicons were ligated into the pGEX4T-1 BamHI site that generates the linker aa sequence …GS…between GST and the RSV G moieties. For plasmid constructions encoding shorter fragments of RSV G protein (residues 151–172, 173–190, or 173–190mut in which serines were substituted for each of the four cysteines at positions 173, 176, 182, and 186; Figure 1), complementary oligonucleotide pairs encoding the relevant RSV A2- or B1-derived G aa residues followed by a termination codon were phosphorylated, annealed, and ligated into the BamHI-EcoRI sites of pGEX4T-1. For plasmids encoding the GST-G 173–190 and 173–190mut, a slightly longer linker sequence (…GSGSG… with the underlined residues were derived from the BamHI site) was engineered between the GST and the RSV G moieties so as to reduce potential steric interactions. The integrity of the RSV G cDNA-derived sequences was verified by sequencing (Eurofins MWG Operon).
Competent E. coli (DH5α strain) were transformed with each of the pGEX4T-1 derivatives and propagated in LB or 2XYT broth with carbenicillin. The recombinant GST-fusion proteins were expressed using 0.1–0.2 mM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG; Invitrogen) at 37°C for 3–4 hrs and purified using glutathione-agarose beads (Sigma-Aldrich) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Amersham).
For Coomassie staining of proteins, bacterially derived proteins (~0.5–1 µg) were diluted 1:1 (vol:vol) with 2X sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-sample buffer containing β-mercaptoethanol, denatured at 95°C for 2–5 minutes, and then resolved on 12%/6% discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The resolved proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassie Blue R-250.
Patient identifier-unlinked acute and convalescent paired sera were previously collected during an institutional review board-approved epidemiological study of RSV among elderly and hospitalized adults [2]. For this study, we identified a subset of archived, paired sera from RSV A or B-infected adults whose nasopharyingeal secretions were positive by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for RSV and in whom there was a ≥ four-fold increase from acute to convalescent serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers (in reciprocal log2 dilutions) to purified, subtype-specific RSV G glycoprotein as measured in ELISAs. Such RSV diagnoses were made while the subjects were in hospitalized (subtype A-infected: n = 16; subtype B infected: n = 24) or outpatient (subtype A: n=16; subtype B: n=8) settings.
For the non-hospitalized cohort, the median (range) age for subtype A and B infected outpatients were 79 (55–96) and 70 (59–83), respectively; the difference in the median age between the two groups was not statistically significant. The status of underlying medical conditions were as follows: no underlying cardiopulmonary diagnoses: n=10 and n=0 (subtype A- and B-infected, respectively); subjects with cardiac condition: n=1 and n=2; underlying pulmonary condition: n=4 and n=6; and nursing home resident: n=1 and n=0.
For the hospitalized cohort, the median (range) age for subtype A and B infected inpatients were 74 (55–96) and 78 (47–98), respectively; the difference in the median age between the two groups was not statistically different. Admission (ICD-9) diagnoses for the inpatient cohort were as follows: Subtype A: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation: 8; pneumonia: 6; myocardial infarction: 1; and respiratory arrest: 1; Subtype B: COPD exacerbation: 11; pneumonia: 4; asthma: 3; congestive heart failure: 2; and 1 each of myocardial infarction, respiratory arrest, and hypoglycemia.
Aliquots of each sera sample were tested in ELISAs that were performed essentially as previously described for reactogenicity against GST alone or each of the GST-G derivatives [17]. Typically, GST or each of the GST-RSV G derivatives was diluted in carbonate buffer pH 9.0 and plated at 100 ng/well onto 96 well ELISA plates (Nunc) followed by overnight incubation at 4°C. Following blocking of non-specific binding with PBS/0.5% Tween-20/1mM ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA)/0.5% gelatin, the plate-bound antigens were incubated with serial two-fold dilutions of human serum and then with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated goat anti-human secondary antibodies (Southern Biotech). Phosphatase substrate (p-nitrophenyl phosphate 104; Sigma-Aldrich) dissolved in diethanolamine buffer was then used to detect antigen-antibody complexes. The resulting colorimetric reactions were read at OD405nm using a 96-well enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate reader (Molecular Devices). For each GST-G fusion protein, the OD 405nm generated by serum reactogenicity against GST alone was subtracted from that elicited by the GST-G protein. The resulting OD405nm [GST-G – GST alone] readings vs. serum dilutions were plotted using Excel 2003 (Microsoft) and used to calculate the end point serum titers (expressed as mean ± standard deviation reciprocal log2 dilutions) as previously described [17].
Statistical manipulations were performed using JMP version 8.0 (SAS, Cary, NC). For univariate analyses, means were compared with Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and proportions were compared using two-tailed Fisher's exact tests.
To examine the humoral response against the RSV G unglycosylated region, we first generated a series of GST fusion proteins, each bearing a portion of this domain from the G protein of the prototypical RSV A2 (subtype A) and B1 (subtype B) strains. For each of the two RSV subtype-derived G proteins, we generated four GST-G derivatives: 1) those bearing the entire conserved core (CC; residues 151–190); 2) those bearing the proximal central core (PCC; residues 151–172); 3) those bearing the distal conserved core (DCC; residues 173–190, including the four cysteines); and 4) those bearing cysteine → serine substitutions at each of the four cysteines within the DCC (DCCmut; Figure 1). Each of the GST-G fusion proteins were affinity purified to >95% homogeneity (data not shown).
Using these recombinant proteins as screening reagents, we assayed the serum reactogenicity to various portions of the RSV G central unglycosylated region in ELISAs using paired acute and convalescent sera from RSV-infected adults. Subjects were classified by the infection-associated RSV subtype A or B (N = 32 for each group) and were further categorized into one of two subgroups (hospitalized/inpatient vs. outpatient) based on the initial location of patient screening. In all paired sera, there was a ≥ four-fold increase in the anti-RSV Ga or Gb IgG titers from acute to convalescent sera.
Among RSV A-infected adults, we observed a relatively high degree of acute and convalescent serum reactogenicity against the entire RSV A2-encoded CC domain (mean ± SD log2 reciprocal dilution: 10.2 ± 2.3 → 13.8 ± 2.0) and to the PCC (8.8 ± 1.7 → 10.8 ± 2.0) and DCC subdomains (10.3 ± 1.9 → 14.0 ± 2.8; Table 1). In all three cases, such homosubtypic-specific titer increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05) and the proportion of paired sera that bore ≥ four-fold increase in IgG titers against the A2-encoded RSV G subdomains was ≥ 50% (Table 1). In parallel, we also observed statistically significant titer increases against the RSV B1-derived PCC and CC subdomains (Table 1). However, there was no significant change between the acute and convalescent IgG response against GST-RSV B1 G DCC subdomain (10.0 ± 2.4 → 10.7 ± 2.8; p = 0.28) and the proportion of subjects with a ≥ four-fold titer increase between paired sera was only 16% (n = 5). In all sera, we noted no detectable serum reactogenicity against GST-A2 or –B1 DCCmut in which the four RSV A2 G-encoded cysteines were substituted by serines (data not shown).
We also performed similar analyses with paired sera from RSV B-infected adults (Table 2). Against RSV subtype B-derived G residues, we observed robust acute and convalescent homosubtypic serum reactogenicity against the RSV B1 CC, PCC and the DCC; in all three cases, such increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05) and the proportion of paired sera that bore ≥ four-fold increase in IgG titers against the B1-derived subdomains was ≥ 56% (Table 2). Against RSV A2- derived residues, we observed heterosubtypic titer increases of 10.0 ± 1.8 → 12.2 ± 2.3 and 8.3 ± 1.7 → 10.2 ± 2.8 for the A2 CC and PCC, respectively (Table 2). However, we noted minimal change in paired serum reactogenicity against the A2-derived DCC and only one (3%) of subjects demonstrated a ≥ four-fold titer increase between paired sera (Table 2). As in the case of subtype A-infected adults, we noted no detectable serum reactogenicity against GST-A2 or –B1 DCCmut (data not shown).
Taken together, these data suggest that for RSV infected adults, there is a statistically significant acute to convalescent titer increase against the homo- and heterosubtypic RSV G CC and PCC. However, such titer increases specific to the RSV G DCC are homosubtype-specific. The serine substitutions of the four DCC-embedded cysteines abolishes the serum recognition of the RSV G DCC subdomain.
We performed a subgroup analysis to determine the correlation between the clinical setting in which the patients were identified (inpatient vs. outpatient) and the titers and the proportion of patient sera that reacted against the RSV G-derived residues. For RSV subtype A-infected adults, there were no statistically significant differences between the mean acute titers of outpatient vs. hospitalized groups for any of the A2- or B1-derived G subdomains (Table 3). However, in convalescent sera, the mean titers were greater and in a statistically significant manner (p < 0.05) in the inpatient population than in the outpatient cohort for IgG response against the A2 PCC and DCC subdomains but not against the A2 CC and all three B1-derived subdomains (Table 3). For RSV B-infected adults, the acute titers were higher in the outpatient group (n = 8) as compared to the hospitalized cohort (n = 24) against both RSV A2- and B1-derived PCC residues (Table 4). For convalescent serological response among subtype B-infected patients, the inpatient group bore higher titers than the outpatient cohort with respect to the A2 and B1 CC domains (Table 4); such increase was statistically significant for anti-B1 PCC response (p < 0.05) and the anti-A2 PCC response followed a similar trend (p = 0.054). These data suggest that: 1) the serum reactogenicity to the RSV G PCC may correlate to severity of disease at the time of diagnosis for RSV subtype B infection among adults; and 2) convalescent titers against portions of the RSV G central region are higher in hospitalized than in outpatient subjects.
To study the humoral response against the central unglycosylated region of the RSV G protein, we screened sera from RSV-infected adults for reactogenicity against recombinant GST-RSV G fusion proteins. Our approach utilized rational partitioning of the RSV G unglycosylated central residues into the PCC, DCC, and the entire CC region; in contrast, previous reports have utilized overlapping peptides or bacterially derived hypervariable G domains with or without the unglycosylated core as screening reagents to determine RSV G domain-specific serological responses [4–11].
For each of the six RSV G derivatives (PCC, DCC, and CC encoded by RSV A2 and B1 strains), we observed robust IgG titers in acute sera and in a homo- and heterosubtypic-specific manner. This is not unexpected since adults in this study would have experienced a number of RSV subtype A and B infections during their lifetimes [2]. In convalescent sera, we noted statistically significant titer increases against the homosubtypic and heterosubtypic RSV G PCC and CC domains. The subtype-independent reactogenicity against the PCC and CC regions may primarily be due to the canonical aa sequence HFEVFNFVPCSIC (residues 164–176; Figure 1) that overlaps most of the PCC residues and is embedded within the CC [3,13]. Our observations are also consistent with the fact that anti-RSV G MAbs with cognate epitopes that overlap residues 164–176 typically recognize RSV G in a subtype-independent manner [13,18].
Interestingly, convalescent sera from subtype A-infected adults responded weakly to B1-derived DCC and subtype B-infected adults responded minimally to A2-derived DCC, i.e. there is homosubtype-specific serum reactogenicity against the RSV G DCC subdomain. It has previously been reported that peptides bearing RSV A2 or B1 strain-derived G residues 158–189 were recognized in a subtype-specific manner in paired sera from pediatric patients with primary RSV infection [7,8]. Our results with adult convalescent sera confirm and extend these results by defining the potential residues that may be responsible for such subtype-specific targets of immune response to those within the DCC.
Between the RSV A2- and B1-derived DCC, we note the following six residue differences: A2: CSICSNNPTCWAICKRIP vs. B1: CSICGNNQLCKSICKTIP, in which differences at positions 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, and 188 are underlined and in bold. Based on comparative analysis of reference RSV G sequences, the RSV A2 and B1 DCC are likely to be representative of subtype A and B-specific residues 173–190 of the RSV G protein ([19–23]Murata, et al., unpublished observations). The existence of subtype-specific differences within the DCC subdomain may be evolutionarily conserved since bovine RSV (BRSV) G residues 180, 182, and 184 of strain 391-2 (subtype A) (CSTCEGNLACLSLCHIET) differ from those of BOV-X (subtype B) (CSTCEGNPACSPLCQIGL; differences underlined and in bold) [7]. We conclude that ≥ 1 of the six residue differences between subtype A and B viral strains confers homosubtype specificity of acute to convalescent serum anti-RSV G DCC reactogenicity increases in adult RSV infections. Furthermore, our analysis of corresponding BRSV DCC residues implies the existence of similar DCC homosubtype-specific humoral response in BRSV infections.
Our results are relevant to the structural and functional aspects of the RSV G DCC region, which is not essential for RSV replication in vitro or in vivo but elicits robust immunomodulatory effects, e.g. CX3C motif-mediated cellular trafficking [14,24]. Our results suggest that the presence of cysteines is required for the antigenic/structural integrity of DCC-embedded epitopes since the substitution of all four cysteine residues with serine rendered the resulting DCCmut moiety non-reactogenic. Particularly notable is our observation that for both RSV and BRSV, the subtype-specific residue differences at residues 183 and 184, i.e. between C182 and C186, involve the CX3C motif; for BRSV G protein, mutations of residues 183 and 184 are predicted to have major structural consequences of the antigenic surface of the G "loop" region [25,26]. Taken together, these observations raise the possibility of viral subtype-specific, evolutionarily conserved immunomodulatory effects of the RSV DCC subdomain, including the CX3C homology region.
Our data also have implications for clinical course and severity of disease among RSV-infected adults. For subtype A-infected adults, there were greater and statistically significant increases in A2 PCC- and DCC-specific convalescent titers among hospitalized patients as compared to those of subjects diagnosed with RSV as outpatients; a similar but non-statistically significant (p = 0.08) trend was also observed for A2 CC domain (Table 3). Among subtype B-infected adults, outpatients bore higher anti-B1 PCC titers than did inpatients at the time of diagnosis (i.e. acute sera) and hospitalized adults bore higher anti- A2 and –B1 CC convalescent titers than did outpatients. Thus for RSV-infected adults, hospitalization may be correlated with greater burden of disease, i.e. elevated viral loads, and subsequent IgG increases in convalescent sera titers against RSV G CC and its subdomains [27]. For RSV subtype B-infected adults, elevated acute titers against the RSV G PCC may correlate with severity of illness at diagnosis and may potentially be utilized as serological correlates of disease severity. We acknowledge the limitation that the number of non-hospitalized subtype-B infected adults was relatively small (n=8) and thus the clinical utility of such serological correlates requires additional studies.
Lastly, our results have implications for immunological function of RSV G and potential epitopes for host adaptive humoral response and vaccine development. The RSV G CC domain contains immunologically important structural and functional motifs, including: 1) aa 184–198, thought to be involved in CD4+ T cell-mediated eosinophila; 2) canonically conserved residues + G "loop" that collectively have been associated with broad anti-inflammatory effects; and 3) the presence of a human HLA DP4-restricted CD4+ T-cell epitope (minimum epitope residues defined as either 163–171 or 162–175) [28–31]. Adult and pediatric subjects who were either naturally infected with RSV or received live attenuated RSV vaccine candidate generated IgG response that inhibited RSV G-mediated leukocyte chemotaxis and RSV G-CXC3 receptor interactions [14]. To enhance such RSV G-specific immune response, particularly against potential subtype-specific immunomodulatory effects, it may be necessary to engineer the RSV G "loop" region as DCC or the entire CC domain from both subtype A and B viruses for potential vaccine epitopes. As an alternative immunogen, the RSV G PCC from either subtype A or B virus strain may be sufficient to elicit viral subtype-independent antibody production and protective efficacy. Such possibilities require empirical testing in animal immunogenicity studies.
This work was supported by Public Health Service grants from the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21 AI076781 to YM and R01 AI045969 to EEW). We thank Patricia Hennessey, RN, for compiling the clinical demographic data.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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The Universe in Me - I in the Universe (Pehmeäkantinen kirja)
Toimitusaika 3 - 14 arkipäivää
This book has a personal touch and a delicate taste to your thinking. In this book I show my joy and positivity in my findings that have helped me build my world view to a more balanced one than which I had in my earlier commercial studies. Though I feel that its is not the ripe time to reveal all that I have found via my thinking I want to guide you, dear reader, to the areas in which I want to produce well thought mental structures to "explain the universe" in my coming books. If this or the large font of my basic text or any other thing in this book irritates you I can assure you that, maybe then, you have read a book that certainly did not leave you innerly cold. Have an interesting chain of reading moments with my CMEDP book.
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- 4 Tuotteilla ilmainen palautusoikeus 14 päivän ajan.


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text: BAODING, China and MADRID, Spain, May 30, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited (NYSE: YGE) ("Yingli Green Energy" or the "Company"), a leading solar energy company and one of the world's largest vertically integrated photovoltaic ("PV") manufacturers, which markets its products under the brand " Yingli Solar", today announced that the Company has signed a contract to supply 96 MW of PV modules to the Jasper PV, located in South Africa's Northern Cape. This solar plant will not only produce clean energy for South African residents, but also create jobs and help to stimulate the local economy. (Logo: http://www.prnasia.com/sa/2012/04/01/20120401160439160364.jpg) The consortium formed by Iberdrola Ingenieria y Construccion ("Iberdrola") and South African company Group Five has been selected by Jasper Power Company to build the Jasper PV Plant in South Africa, which will be powered by more than 325,000 Yingli YL295P-35b multi-crystalline modules spread across 180 hectares. Yingli Green Energy is the exclusive PV module supplier for this project. This is a significant milestone in the history of Yingli Green Energy as the Jasper PV Solar Plant is one of the solar projects that was developed by a consortium led by SolarReserve, a U.S. developer of utility-scale solar power projects, and was selected by the South Africa Department of Energy (DOE) in May of 2012 in the second round of bids under the South Africa Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Program (REIPPPP). The South Africa DOE awarded the construction of eight PV plants and seven wind farms during the second round of bidding. Iberdrola had selected Yingli Green Energy based on experience of performance yield in existing projects, superb quality and technology leadership. In addition, given that Yingli Green Energy is one of the major crystalline manufacturers to have secured Munich RE's module performance warranty insurance, the project will also be covered under Munich RE's Option Cover. The Option Cover provides greater investment security over the lifetime of the project financing.


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One Indonesian officer and 14 paratroops, four UN military observers - from the United States, China, France and Senegal - and two Khmer interpreters were seized on Tuesday and yesterday.
Negotiations were under way for the men's release. 'We don't think they're in any kind of danger and we're confident they'll be released very shortly,' Eric Falt, spokesman for the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia, said.
However, a new quick-reaction force of Indonesian soldiers, organised to respond to a recent wave of assassinations and other political violence, was placed on alert.
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Adjust-A-Wings. A product name that is music to professional growers' ears. If you are looking for the ultimate in control of the light rays from your grow lamp, then you need the Adjust-A-Wings reflector.
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by Brett Larner
This Sunday the Fukuoka International Marathon celebrates its 70th running. Once upon a time playing the role of the men's marathon world championships in a day before there were World Championships, Fukuoka has seen its importance worldwide dwindle in the face of modernity and the changes it has brought in the sport. It still manages to put together good-quality, interesting fields from a spectrum of nationalities, but it has been a while since Fukuoka could really pull in the type of talent who now head to the World Marathon Majors. On the home front too, despite serving as the first of three main selection races for Japanese national teams at the major international championships, its timing a bit less than four weeks before the increasingly important New Year Ekiden corporate men's national championships means that more and more top level Japanese man now pass it over in favor of February's Tokyo Marathon or March's Lake Biwa Mainichi Marathon. Fukuoka has looked at moving to a February date, and with additional pressure from the new mass-participation Fukuoka Marathon held just three weeks earlier its historical position is increasingly precarious. But change doesn't come easy, especially with the inertia of 70 years of history behind it.
The field up front reflects these issues. The marquee athlete this year is 2015 World Championships silver medalist Yemane Tsegay (Ethiopia), who along with 2014-15 Fukuoka winner Patrick Makau (Kenya) and James Kwambai (Kenya) has run under 2:05 in the past but nowhere near that in the last few years. Makau has the best recent time with his 2:08:18 Fukuoka win last year, but has DNFd in two of his last three marathons. Another win would make him just the third man to win Fukuoka three years in a row after legends Frank Shorter and Toshihiko Seko. Barring a spectacular debut from last year's sub-60 Marugame Half winner Paul Kuira (Kenya/Team Konica Minolta) or an equally spectacular second marathon from Tariku Bekele (Ethiopia) it looks likely to be a 2:08 race, maybe 2:07 if all goes well. There's no shortage of other people like Amanuel Mesel (Eritrea) around the 2:08 level, but even a 2:07 falls short of the JAAF's sub-2:07 requirement for the London World Championships team.
The JAAF is saying that it might not send complete three-runner teams to London if people don't run fast enough, but who in the domestic field has the potential to run that kind of time? Yuki Kawauchi (Saitama Pref. Gov't) is the fastest Japanese man this year with a 2:09:01 at July's Gold Coast Airport Marathon, but a calf injury three weeks ago has seriously eaten into his preparations and it would take a miracle for him to be competitive. Tomoya Adachi (Team Asahi Kasei) is the only other Japanese man in the field to have broken 2:10 in the last three years, barely, with a 2:09:59 in Fukuoka two years ago. Chiharu Takada (Team JR Higashi Nihon) was the next Japanese man behind Kawauchi at Gold Coast in 2:10:43 and has run 2:10 marathons four times without being able to break through. Kazuhiro Maeda (Team Kyudenko) has the best PB among the Japanese men, 2:08:00, but his fastest marathon in the last three years is only a 2:11:46 last year at Lake Biwa and a terrible performance at September's Great North Run was not encouraging.
The depth of Japanese distance running means that people can and often do unexpectedly drop breakthrough performances, so there is a good chance the top Japanese man could be a relative unknown. But without at least a 2:08 there's an equally good chance the JAAF may play hardball and leave him home next summer. Not having its top man on the team could only hurt Fukuoka's position. Regardless of how fast it goes Fukuoka almost always delivers an interesting race, and this year looks more unpredictable than usual. Conditions are looking good right now so let's hope for the best. Follow @JRNLive for English-language coverage during the live TV broadcast starting at 12:10 p.m. Japan time.
70th Fukuoka International Marathon Elite Field
Fukuoka, 12/4/16
click here for complete field listing
times listed are best within last 3 years except where noted
last-minute withdrawal announcements pending
Yemane Tsegay (Ethiopia) - 2:06:51 (Daegu 2014)
James Kwambai (Kenya) - 2:07:38 (Seoul 2014)
Patrick Makau (Kenya) - 2:08:18 (Fukuoka Int'l 2015)
Amanuel Mesel (Eritrea) - 2:08:18 (Warsaw 2015)
Henryk Szost (Poland) - 2:08:55 (Warsaw 2014)
Joseph Gitau (Kenya/JFE Steel) - 2:09:00 (Fukuoka Int'l 2013)
Yuki Kawauchi (Japan/Saitama Pref. Gov't) - 2:09:01 (Gold Coast 2016)
Benjamin Ngandu (Kenya/Monteroza) - 2:09:18 (Tokyo 2015)
Melaku Abera (Ethiopia/Kurosaki Harima) - 2:09:27 (Beppu-Oita 2016)
Yared Asmerom (Eritrea/SEISA) - 2:09:41 (Tokyo 2015)
Cuthbert Nyasango (Zimbabwe) - 2:09:52 (Prague 2014)
Tomoya Adachi (Japan/Asahi Kasei) - 2:09:59 (Fukuoka Int'l 2014)
Chiharu Takada (Japan/JR Higashi Nihon) - 2:10:03 (Fukuoka Int'l 2014)
Reid Coolsaet (Canada) - 2:10:28 (Berlin 2015)
Yoshiki Otsuka (Japan/Aichi Seiko) - 2:11:40 (Fukuoka Int'l 2014)
Kazuhiro Maeda (Japan/Kyudenko) - 2:11:46 (Biwako 2015)
Noriaki Takahashi (Japan/DeNA) - 2:12:00 (Fukuoka Int'l 2014)
Hiroki Yamagishi (Japan/GMO Athletes) - 2:12:27 (Tokyo 2016)
Dmytro Baranovskyy (Ukraine) - 2:12:40 (Warsaw 2014)
Ryo Ishita (Japan/SDF Academy) - 2:13:52 (Nobeoka 2014)
Bunta Kuroki (Japan/Yasukawa Denki) - 2:14:27 (Warsaw 2014)
Michael Githae (Kenya/Suzuki Hamamatsu AC) - 2:14:29 (Shizuoka 2016)
Sho Matsumoto (Japan/Nikkei Business Service) - 2:14:54 (Osaka 2014)
Kenta Iinuma (Japan/SGH Group) - 2:15:05 (Biwako 2014)
Saeki Makino (Japan/DNP Logistics) - 2:15:22 (Seoul 2015)
Tomoya Shirayanagi (Japan/Toyota Boshoku) - 2:15:56 (Shizuoka 2016)
Trying Again
Tariku Bekele (Ethiopia) - 1:01:39 (Great North Run Half Marathon 2014)
Aritaka Kajiwara (Japan/Atsugi T&F Assoc) - 1:02:45 (Takanezawa Half Marathon 2016)
Paul Kuira (Kenya/Konica Minolta) - 59:47 (Marugame Half Marathon 2015)
John Kariuki (Kenya/Hiramatsu Byoin) - 28:38.16 for 10000 m, Hokuren DC Abashiri 2016)
© 2016 Brett Larner
all rights reserved


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World's Fastest Amphibious Vehicles by Watercar
The brainchild of Dave March, Watercar is a car and boat customization company that specializes in building the world's fastest amphibious vehicles allowing you to fulfill your need for speed on land and sea with one vehicle.
The company offers two different kits. The Gator kit is essentially a bolt on kit that can convert several different models into an amphibious vehicle, while the Python is a muscle car equipped with a Chevy Corvette engine seen in orange below. Depending on your needs Watercar's products can you set you back anywhere from $30,000 all the way up to $200,000. Via
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@gardenheadLocale: Western NC
Well loved Evernew UL 900 pot with sidewinder caldera cone. Great set-up, but I've been using something smaller for solo stuff so this needs a new home.
The caldera cone has some small (cosmetic) wrinkles from a clumsy step on a late night potty break. These in no way affect the stability or performance of the cone. The pot is in great shape with blackening (not sticky) on the bottom from wood and esbit use. Doubt this'll matter but I sanded the evernew logo off the lid and wrote on basic volume conversion with a sharpie.
I no longer have the original 12-10 stove and I'm gonna hold onto the esbit set-up.
I don't have a scale, but I'm sure the weights can easily be found online with little effort. Also, I'm more than happy to take more photos if there's something you want to see.
I bought this with the inferno insert, which I'm hanging on to, but if anyone's interested I can throw in the one piece ti floor as well.
You get:
pot, lid, sidewinder cone, tyvek sleeve, original mesh sack.
Looking for $75 shipped, but that might be negotiable if I get no takers.
@gardenheadLocale: Western NC
Now $75 shipped.
@georgemaungLocale: BayArea
Interested in buying it. PM sent.
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Play gameVisit Celia's game page
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Jupiter_Hadley · 1 year ago
Cute graphics! I included it in part 8 of my WAG Challenge compilation video series, if you would like to check it out :) https://youtu.be/s0Fzo8YiKT0
Lucid Level Games (View their submission) · 1 year ago
Thank you for your nice comment @qualifiedbadger. I wonder which ending you went with?
qualifiedbadger (View their submission) · 1 year ago
Cute story! I liked all the references to the original Alice story, but also how it ended up so differently. Good job with the mistaken identity sub-plot too - that seemed difficult to write but you kept it interesting all the way through.
Lucid Level Games (View their submission) · 1 year ago
The first upload was missing the data folder.
I have now uploaded the correct zip file. Sorry for the inconvenience.
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BILS Nalagarh
Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences
Himachal Pradesh
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Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences is situated at Chandigarh-Nalagarh Road, Budh, Baddi, Teh. Nalagarh, Solan-173205, Himachal Pradesh, India in Nalagarh.
Courses Offered
- 3 Years
- Bachelor of Science-B.Sc.
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Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences - BILS Nalagarh - BILS
Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences offers a unique combination of academic and vocational skills in a modern and supportive environment. The Institute was established with an aim to imbibe and infuse the true spirit of education. It is setup on NH-21A near Baddi (H.P.), a hub of 400 small, medium and large Pharmaceutical Units on the foothills of Shiwaliks with a panoramic view of Kasauli Hills, one of the three UN heritage council recognized tourist hotspot in Devbhoomi. Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences is committed to provide well conceived, quality educational courses and atmosphere of excellence to all students through collaborative efforts of all. We believe in using the latest educational techniques, "state of the art" equipments and well qualified faculty to achieve excellence in their careers and to fulfill our sole objective of meeting national and international standards. Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences is situated in the foothills of Kasauli range at Village Budh (Baddi) the biggest industrial estate of Himachal Pradesh on Chandigarh-Nalagarh Road (NH21 A) - just 20 Km from the "City Beautiful" Chandigarh, Union Territory and the capital of Punjab & Haryana. The institute is reachable from Delhi by rail i.e. Delhi-Chandigarh-Kalka Shatabdi, which runs twice daily and takes 3 hours till Chandigarh and another 30 minutes till Kalka and by road as well. Kalka & Chandigarh are the nearest Railway Stations.
Why join Bhojia Institute of Life Sciences
The Institute has magnificent building and airy classrooms.
5 Type Courses Available
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The institute maintains liaison with the industry for training and placement of the students, and has an active "Training and Placement Cell". The training and placements are directly taken care by the heads of respective departments. The college recognizes the importance of industry interface, and being a professional educational institution the college develops strong links with industry and other professions, through placements of our students in the top-level and dynamic organizations / institutions of the country. College tries to ensure that the talent and skills of our students are polished and utilized to their full potential and are thereby valued and rewarded by the world of practice. Institutes liaison with various organizations is directed towards exposure, attachment or placement either for research in advanced applications or for contributing actively in production and process function.
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The infrastructure is dynamic in nature catering to the demands of the various curricula running in the Institute. The architecture of the main spacious three-storeyed building boasts of half a dozen lecture halls and a dozen laboratories to impart in-depth knowledge of the modules of the curricula. The building also houses a conference hall of capacity of 100, separate common rooms for both boys and girls besides separate offices for faculty members. The scenic beauty of the Institute is enhanced by sprawling lush green lawns.
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