text: LSA.218 Sound change in progress LSA.218 Transmission and diffusion QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Linguistic Institute Cambridge July 2005 Family tree and wave models of linguistic change The family tree model has been the principal guide and major output of the comparative method. Yet all linguists agree that there are some situations where the effects of a wave model must be recognized, registering the influence of distinct terminal branches of the tree on one another. Best Indo-European family tree (Ringe, Warnow & Taylor 2002) A definition of linguistic descent (transmission) A language (or dialect) Y at a given time is said to be descended from language (or dialect) X of an earlier time if and only if X developed into Y by an unbroken sequence of instances of native-language acquisition by children. --Ringe, Warnow and Taylor p. 63 Transmission the result of incrementation This is the normal type of internal language change, "change from below," which is responsible for increasing distances between the branches over time. Such internal changes are generated by the process of incrementation, in which successive cohorts and generations of children advance the change beyond the level of their caretakers and role models, and in the same direction over many generations (Labov 1994: Ch. 14). The mechanism of incrementation Incrementation begins with the faithful transmission of the adult system, including variable elements with their linguistic and social constraints (Labov 1989, Roberts 1993). These variable elements are then advanced further in the direction indicated by the inherited age vectors. The incrementation of the change may take the form of increases in frequency, extent, scope or specificity of a variable. Though internal changes may simplify the system (as in mergers), they normally maintain structural contrasts (as in chain shifts) or increase it (as in splits). Fronting of (aw) by age with partial regression lines for sex in Philadelphia Neighborhood Study [N=112] Regression analyses of fronting of (aw) of men and women by decade in the Philadelphia Neighborhood Study [N=112] F2 constant + age*F2 age coefficient 2200 2100 2000 WOMEN: slope = -5. 38 r2=.961 1900 1800 1700 1600 Under 20 MEN: slope = -6. 60 r2=.788 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60- A definition of diffusion We also observe changes that diminish the distances between branches of the family tree. This may happen spontaneously, when parallel branches converge through independently motivated changes, but more often it is the result of contact between the speech communities involved and the transfer of features from one to the other. This transfer across branches of the family tree is here designated linguistic diffusion. Best family tree with indications of contact between Germanic and Italo-Celtic --Ringe, Warnow & Taylor 2002 Constraints against structural diffusion RWT argue for a strong linguistic constraint against structural borrowing. They state that the essential condition for the family tree model is that morphosyntactic structures are faithfully transmitted across generations, and are not transferred from language to language in normal linguistic development. Though most language contact situations lead to unidirectional, rather than bidirectional linguistic results, conditioned by the social circumstances, it is also the case that linguistic structure overwhelmingly conditions the linguistic outcomes. Morphology and syntax are clearly the domains of linguistic structure least susceptible to the influence of contact, and this statistical generalization is not vitiated by a few exceptional cases. --Gillian Sankoff, Age: Apparent Time and Real Time. Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, in pres.. Accounting for the difference between transmission and diffusion. It is proposed here that the contrast in patterns of transmission within and across languages is the result of two different kinds of language learning. On the one hand, transmission is the product of the acquisition of language by young children. On the other hand, the limitations on diffusion are the result of the fact that most language contact is largely between and among adults. It is proposed here that structural patterns are not as likely to be diffused because adults do not learn and reproduce linguistic forms, rules and constraints with the accuracy and speed that children display Lowering of /æ/ on Brunlanes peninsula: Speakers age 70- Trudgill 1974: Map 3.7 Lowering of /æ/ on Brunlanes peninsula: Speakers age 25-69- Trudgill 1974: Map 3.8 Two models of linguistic diffusion The cascade model: change originates in the largest city, diffuses to the next largest city, and so to successively smaller cities. The gravity model: the influence of one city on another is directly proportionate to population size and inversely proportionate to the square of the distance between them (Trudgill 1974) Question: Why does change diffuse in a stronger form within the metropolis, but in a weaker form to communities without? The metropolis of Tehran [500,000] and the neighboring capital of Ghazvin province, [distance: 150 km] Tehran Ghazvin Percent raising of /a/ to /u/ in the Farsi of Tehran and Ghazvin by age and style. 80 70 60 50 T ehran 10-19 T ehran 20-29 40 T eheran over 50 Ghazvin 10 to 29 Ghazvin over 50 30 20 10 0 Cas ual Careful Readi ng Word lis ts Mini mal pairs Source: Modaressi 1978 Percent raising of /a/ to [u] before nasals by years of education in the Farsi of Teheran and Ghazvin 100 90 80 70 60 Teher an 50 Ghazvin 40 30 20 10 0 Some colleg e 10-12 year s 7-9 year s under 7 years Source: Modaressi 1978 Short-a systems in North American dialects All North American dialects show a differentiation of the short-a class into tense and lax forms (ANAE: Ch. 13). There are five basic types: a. The nasal system, All short-a before nasal consonants are raised and fronted (man, manage, span, Spanish) while all others remain in low front position. b. Raised short-a. All words with historical short-a are raised and fronted to mid and high position. Found only in the Inland North.. c. Continuous short-a raising. Short-a words are variably raised and fronted, with vowels before nasal codas leading and vowels before voiceless stops and words with obstruents/liquid onsets (glass, brag) remaining in low front position.. d. Southern breaking. Breaking of short-a into a low front nucleus, palatal glide and following inglide in the Southern dialect area. e. Split short-a systems. A phonemic split between tense and lax short-a is found in New York City and the Mid-Atlantic states, with distribution dictated by phonological, grammatical, stylistic and lexical conditions. Eastern N.E. nasal short-a system: Diane S., 37, Providence, RI General raising of short-a in the Northern Cities Shift: Donna K., 34, Syracuse NY: highlighted symbols indicate following nasals /æh/ tense New York City short-a pattern: tensing in closed syllables p t c& k b d j& badge g m f v cab ham half n T s mad man bath pass D z l N s& cash z& r bag Further constraints on tensing of short-a in New York City Function words (an, and, I can, had) are lax while corresponding content words are tense (tin can, hand, add), with the exception of can't, which remains tense. Short-a is lax in open syllables, so that we have tense ham, plan, cash but lax hammer, planet, cashew). Syllables are closed by inflectional boundaries, so that tense forms include planning as well as plan, staffer as well as staff, as opposed to lax planet and raffle. There is considerable variation before voiced fricatives (magic, imagine, jazz). Initial short-a with codas that normally tense are lax (asperin, asterisk) exept for the most common words (ask, after). Abbreviated personal names are often lax (Babs, Cass). There are a number of lexical exceptions: e.g., tense avenue is normally tense as opposed to lax average, savage, gavel, etc. Many learned or late-learned words with short-a in tense environments are lax: alas, carafe. Mid-Atlantic split short-a system: Nina B., 42, NYC voiced stops æh tense lax voiceless fricatives open syllable manatee æ function word am open syllable animal Diffusion of the NYC short-a system The Hudson Valley as a dialect area NYC Rutherford, NJ An ambiguity in polarity "Hey Dad, can I go with you?" "I can't take you. . ." or "I can take you. . ." "Did you mean C-A-N or C-A-N-T?" The Hudson Valley as a dialect area No. Plainfield NYC Rutherford, NJ Short-a system of Alex O., 81, No. Plainfield NJ voiced stops voiced stops voiceless fricatives tense/lax tense auxiliaries The Hudson Valley as a dialect area Albany No. Plainfield NYC Rutherford, NJ Diffusion of NYC short-a system to the Hudson Valley: John E., 46, Albany NY, TS 353 voiceless fricatives open syllable animal voiced stops lexically tense in NYC tense lax Diffusion of the NYC short-a pattern The Cincinnati short-a system While other Midland cities show either a nasal system or a continuous pattern of raising, the traditional Cincinnati system closely resembles that of NYC, with a tense class of short-a before nasals, voiced stops and voiceless fricatives and a residual lax class. While the Mid-Atlantic region of Baltimore, Wilmington and Philadelphia limits tensing before voiced stops to only three words—mad, bad, glad—Cincinnati has tensing before all voiced stops except /g/. While the Mid-Atlantic region limits tensing to codas with front voiceless fricatives, Cincinnati resembles NYC in tensing cash, ash, hashbrown We also find in Cincinnati the same type of deviations from the NYC pattern as in North Plainfield and Albany. The open syllable constraint is missing: The Telsur subjects show tense Catholic, passive, fascinated, davenport, Canada, Spanish, cabin, family. In addition, the function word and is found in the tense group, reflecting this loss of this grammatical constraint. Diffusion of NYC pattern to Cincinnati: Lucy M., 58 TS120 open syllable voiced stops voiceless fricatives open syllable tense function word open syllable lax lax /g/ voiced fricatives The settlement of Cincinnatti Cincinnati was first settled in 1787, when Congress opened to settlement the land between the Allegheny Mountains and the Mississippi River. Benjamin Stites was a native of Scotch Plains, not far from the town of North Plainfield. He first became acquainted with the Cincinnati region during the French and Indian wars, and conveyed his enthusiasm for settlement to John Cleves Symmes, a native New Yorker who moved to New Jersey at the age of 28, became a New Jersey congressman and like Stites, fought in the Revolutionary War. Symmes and associates purchased 330,000 acres between the Great Miami and Little Miami Rivers. Shortly afterwards, a party of 26 settlers headed by Stites arrived. His children Benjamin Jr., Elijah and Hezekiah were all prominent in the early history of the area; Benjamin Jr.'s wife is said to have been the first white woman in Cincinnati. Following the Principle of First Effective Settlement (Zelinsky 1993) it is likely that the original English dialect of Cincinnati was based on the speech of residents of New York and neighboring regions of New Jersey. Diffusion of the NYC short-a pattern New Orleans New Orleans and New York There is a New Orleans city accent. . . associated with downtown New Orleans, particularly with the German and Irish Third Ward, that is hard to distinguish from the accent of Hoboken, Jersey City, and Astoria, Long Island, where the Al Smith inflection, extinct in Manhattan, has taken refuge. -A. J. Liebling, The Earl of Louisiana (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1961) Diffusion of NYC short-a pattern to New Orleans: Sybil P., 69, TS 167 voiced stops voiceless fricatives function word tense lax function word Elizabeth G. A younger New Orleans speaker studied by Telsur is Elizabeth G, who was 38 years old when interviewed in 1996. She was a teacher, of French/Irish/German background. Again, the distribution of tense vowels matches the NYC system, including short-a before nasals, voiced stops (dad, bad, sad, grabbing) and voiceless fricatives (ask, grass, glass, master, past). Again the class of function words is tense, and not lax (have). The status of the open syllable constraint is severely weakened. The word internationally is clearly tense, and ceramic is in an intermediate position. On the other hand, Canada and catholic are in the lax set. The short-a pattern of Dr. John (Mac Rebennac) Tense [closed syllable] answer, fancy, hand, bad, dad Tense [open syllable] piano (2), classical, daddy, fascinate [2], Manny Lax [closed syllable] that, cats, fact, that's, at Lax [open syllable] Allen from A History of New Orleans Donald McNabb & Louis E."Lee" Madère, Jr. From 1810 until 1840, New Orleans grew at a faster rate than any other large American city. By 1830, New Orleans was America's third largest city, behind New York and Baltimore; and in 1860, it was still the nation's fifth largest city. New Orleans, despite the Post-Civil War boom that transformed the North into an urban-industrial area, would remain among the twelve largest U.S. cities until 1910. New York City and New Orleans In the ante-bellum period, roughly between 1820 and 1860, financial, commercial and social relations between the city and the South were at fever pitch: New York banks underwrote the plantation economy, cotton was shipped routinely from New Orleans, Charleston, Savannah and Mobile to be trans-shipped to England, and Southern planters regularly combined business with pleasure in the Big Apple of the 1800s. "…down to the outbreak of the Civil War, New York dominated every single phase of the cotton trade from plantation to market" (Foner 1941). --Marshall D. Berger, New York City and the Antebellum South. In J. L. Dillard (ed.) Perspectives on American English. The Hague: Mouton. 1980. P. 137 Commercial relations between NYC and New Orleans . We find many descriptions of commercial and social relations between New Orleans and New York in the five-volume history of The Older Merchants of New York City by John Scoville (1885), but the typical pattern involves movement of New Yorkers to New Orleans. Thus in the description of the prominent Seixas merchant clan, founded by Benjmain Seixas in 1780, we read: "Madison [Seixas] is in New Orleans, and a partner in the large firm of Glidden and Seixas." (Vol II, p. 127) Korn's history of The Early Jews of New Orleans deals with social and business relations from 1718 to 1812. References to New York City are found on 55 pages, compared to 6 for Boston. Optimality constraints on tensing of short-a *æh[+voc]: no tensing before resonants (pal, carry) *æh[-cont,-voi]: no tensing before voiceless stops (cap, bat, back) *æ#: no laxing before Class 2 inflectional boundaries (manning, passes) *æh.: no tensing before syllable boundaries (manner, castle) *æ[+cont,-voi]: no laxing before voiceless fricatives (pass, cash, half) *Vh[+G]: no tensing in function words (can, am, an, had, has) *æ[-cont,+voi]: no laxing before voiced stops (cab, bad, bag) *æh[+vel]: no tensing before velars (bag, bang) *æ[+nas]: no laxing before nasals (ham, man, bang) *æh: IDENT-æ *æ: No lax æ. Inland North constraints on tensing of short-a *æ bæht bæt bæhk bæk mæhn mæn !* !* !* x y z New York City short-a constraints *æh [+cont] *æh [–cont, –voi] *æ# *æh. *æh [+G] *æ [+cont, –voi] *! * * *! * *! * mæ.n ´ r * *! * *! * *! * *! kæs& *! fæh.s&´ n * fæ.s&´ n bæhg bæg bæhng bæng pæhl pæl *æ [+nas] mæh.n#ing mæ.n#ing hæhd hæd pæhs pæs kæhs& *æh [+vel] *! bæht bæt bæhk bæk kæhn kæn kæhn [aux] kæn [aux] mæh.n´ r *æ [–cont ,+voi] * * *! *! * *! Short-a constraints in Northern New Jersey *æh [+cont] *æh [–cont –voi] *æ# *æh. kæhn kæn kæhn [aux] kæn [aux] *æ [+nas] * *! *! * hæd mæh.n´ r *! * mæ.n ´ r mæh.n#ing mæ.n#ing fæh.s&´ n fæ.s&´ n bæhg bæg bæhng bæng *æh [+vel] *æ [–cont +voi] *! hæhd *æh [+G] *æ [+cont –voi] *! *! * *! * *! * * *! Short-a constraints in New Orleans *æh [+cont] *æh [–cont –voi] *æ# kæhn kæn kæhn [aux] kæn [aux] hæhd [aux] hæd [aux] mæh.n´ r mæh.n#ing mæ.n#ing fæh.s&´ n *æh [+G] * *! * *! * *! *! *! * *! * fæ.s&´ n bæhg bæg bæhng bæng *æh. *æh [+vel] *æ [–cont +voi] *! mæ.n ´ r *V [+nas] *æ [+cont –voi] *! * * *! The diffusion of the Northern Cities Shift along the St. Louis corridor The Northern Cities Shift desk mat busses head boss socks U.S. at Night U.S. at Night The St. Louis corridor along Interstate I-55 Fairbury The Northern Cities Shift AE1 measure: raising of /æ/ to F1 < 700 Hz. The Northern Cities Shift EQ measure reversal of relative positions of /e/ and /æ/ The Northern Cities Shift O2 measure: fronting of /o/ beyond 1450 Hz/ The Northern Cities Shift ED measure: front-back alignment of /e/ and /o/ The Northern Cities Shift UD measure: /^/ backer than /o/ Full Northern Cities Shift of Kitty R., 56, Chicago, TS 66 Partial Northern Cities Shift of Rose M., 38, St. Louis, TS161, Speakers with all the defining features of the Northern Cities Shift Distribution of NCS measures in No. Illinois and the St. Louis corridor Nort hern Illinois S terling I L E lgin I L S S E lign I L RS J oliet I L Roc kford J G B elvidere I L H ammond I N Roc kford I L V S L ena I L St . Louis Corridor S t. L ouis M H S t. L ouis J H 2 Fairbury I L S pringfield A K B loomington S pringfield KR S pringfield WK S t. L ouis J H S t. L ouis RM A E1 O2 EA Q EOD UD A ge Rank 34 1 19 1 42 1 30 1 37 2 33 2 45 3 65 4 47 5 C orr 0 .7 3 8 48 1 57 2 25 3 60 4 27 5 32 6 67 6 53 6 38 6 C orr - 0 .0 5 Diffusion along the St. Louis corridor is largely the result of the acquisition of the individual elements of the Northern Cities Shift and is not driven by the chain shift mechanism that is responsible for the uniform development of the NCS in the Inland North. Conclusions • Both family tree models and wave models are needed to account for the history and relatedness of language families. • Family tree models are generated by the transmission of changes internal to the system of the speech community, while the wave model reflects diffusion through language contact. • Transmission is through the language learning activity of children, while diffusion is largely due to contact among adults. • The strong constraint against the diffusion of language structure in language contact. is due to the limited language learning abilities of adults. • It follows that the results of language contact will be slower, less regular, and less governed by structural constraints than the internal changes that are the major mechanism of linguistic diversification in the family tree model. • The difference will be a matter of degree, since recent studies of language change across the lifespan have shown that adults do participate in ongoing change, but more sporadically and at a much lower rate than in their formative years. Research frontiers Incrementation At what age can it be said that children have acquired the dialect of their caretakers? At what age does the influence of peers first affect the dialect acquired from caretakers and how completely can it be reo-organized? If children look to older peers as models of behavior, how does it happen that they overtake and surpass those peers in the incrementaton of linguistic variables? Diffusion How rapidly does language learning ability fall off in late adolescence and early adulthood and how does this cognitive change intersect with social factors? Are there communities where children are the agents of language contact? Who are the agents in the diffusion of the new verb of quotation (be like) throughout the English-speaking world? Northern Cities Shift of Martha F., Kenosha WI, TS3: Vowel means i æ e √ oh ah Eastern N.E. nasal short-a system Dawn L., 21, Boston MA Mid-Atlantic split short-a system: Nina B., 42, NYC /æh/ tense lax /æ/ Acquisition of Philadelphia output phonetic variables by children of out-of-state families by age of arrival AGE OF ARRIVAL 100 90 80 70 60 0-4 [n=17] 5-9 [n=14] 10-14 [n=3] 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 aw ay° ow oy uw from Payne 1976 from-- - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI AND HAMILTON COUNTY The large number and great wealth of the Hebrew people in Cincinnati would lead one to expect handsome synagogues and interesting charities, and that expectation would not be disappointed. No handsomer edifice is to be found in the city than the Plum Street Temple, over which Dr. Isaac M. Wise has been rabbi for fifty years. In this noble structure, whose elegant proportions delight the eye, are seats for 1,500 people. It is the wealthiest organization in the city. Jewish Synagogues: Holy Congregation of Children of Israel, Eighth and Mound streets; Beth Tfila Congregation House of Prayer, Carlisle avenue; Hevra Beth Hakenisis, George street; Holy Congregation of Brethren in Love, John and Bauer avenue; Holy Congregation Children of Jeshurun, Plum and Eighth; K. K. Beth Hamedrasch Hagadol Congregation, Fifth street; K. K. Beth Hamedrasch Synagogue, West Court street; Synagogue Kashir Israel, Mound and Richmond streets. Three further constraints on NYC short-a tensing Tense in but not in closed syllables semantic open syllables panic inflectional paradigms derivational forms passing content words bad tin can passive function words had I can Philadelphia short-a pattern compared to NYC p t b cab d * m n ** ** f T s half bath pass v D z l c& k j&badge g bag N s& cash z& r *mad, bad, glad only **all except irregular verbs ran, swam, began North American short-a systems The nasal system The general raising system Split of /æ/ and /æh/ New York City Mid-Atlantic Continuous raising Southern breaking Lax and tense short-a vowels of 30 Philadelphia African American speakers in casual speech Normally tense Nasals can, ham Voiceless fricatives half, glass, bath mad, bad, glad Lax Tense 5 95 27 69 16 83 56 43 29 71 Normally lax Intervocalic nasals ran, swam, began hammer, banana Anita Henderson, The short-a Pattern of Philadelphia among AfricanAmerican speakers. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 3.1:127-140, 1996 The Inland North defined by the front-back approximation of /e/ and /o/ Percent deletion of coronal consonant clusters in spontaneous speech of 256 children in 2nd to 4th grade African American 56 White 40 Latino (learned to read in English first) 48 Latino (learned to read in Spanish first) 56 Logistic regression weights of deletion of consonant clusters in spontaneous speech of 256 children in 2nd to 4th grade by language/ethnic group African American 0.9 0.8 Preceding segment Number cons. Gram'l status White Latino(Eng) Latino(Span) Voicing Voicing Stress relation Following segment 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 Vowel /y/ /h/ Pause Stop /r/ Fricative /w/ Nasal Lateral Stresssed Unstressed Heterogeneous Homogeneous Voiced Voiceless Preterit Monomorphemic Derivational 1 2 Liquid Fricative Stop Nasal 0 Sibilant 0.1 Frequency of invariant BE by ethnic/language group and region 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Percent BE of all copula Percent BE of all copula 18 20 15 A African American E 10 Latino(Eng) S Latino(Span) W 5 White 0 Atl 2 Phi Cal 0 Atlanta Philadelphia C alifornia Distribution of invariant BE by complement Numbers of invariant BE 35 30 25 20 Latino(Eng) 15 African American 10 5 0 P rogres s ive A dj/Loc BE like The Inland North defined by the relative frontness of /o/ and /√/ A 4th grade Latino(Eng) speaker's use of invariant BE Elizabeth: A haunted house. What do you think it's like there. P02-012: They be killing real people with real knives Elizabeth: Really? P02-012: On my block, there's some store, they be having a lot of people hanging up right there with fake costumes. They put like - like newspapers, a lot of newspapers, so it can look like a real person, they press, they have a string, then they press the - uhm - when they be back there and that thing be over here, they press - they pull the string, and the thing squeeze and blood come out from the face like that. Latino (Eng) speaker's use of invariant BE P07-001: And I told my mom to don't sell 'em. I only have - I'm'onna - I'm'a - I - my sist- my cat's gonna have eight. And my - my sister's gonna have one, my mom's gonna have two - the big one and the little one, and my brother's gonna have one. He doesn't like our cat. He always um - he always jumps on it. EAW: Oh okay. P07-001: He bes mad. stuff at it. When he's mad he throws The Inland North defined by the relative reversal of /e/ and /æ/ Eastern N.E. nasal short-a system, Debbie T., 34, Manchester, NH Diffusion of NYC pattern to Cincinnati: Lucy M., 58 TS120. Continuous short-a distribution of June K., 23, Columbia, MO Preliminary to the Northern Cities Shift: tensing of lax low vowels Structural changes in the Inland North Vowel system Short vowels front back high i mid e u √ low æ o Long and ingliding vowels oh æh ah Collision course in the Northern Cities Shift Northern Cities Shift for Martin H., 48, TS 111 from A History of New Orleans Donald McNabb & Louis E."Lee" Madère, Jr. For New Orleans, American annexation brought population growth and economic development. The Louisiana Purchase removed the political barriers to the development of New Orleans' natural economic and situational advantages. From 1803 until 1861, New Orleans' population increased from 8,000 to nearly 170,000. The 1810 census revealed a population of 10,000 making New Orleans the United States' fifth largest city, after New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore and the largest city west of the Appalachians. From 1810 until 1840, New Orleans grew at a faster rate than any other large American city. By 1830, New Orleans was America's third largest city, behind New York and Baltimore; and in 1860, it was still the nation's fifth largest city. New Orleans, despite the Post-Civil War boom that transformed the North into an urban-industrial area, would remain among the twelve largest U.S. cities until 1910. Diffusion of the NYC short-a pattern Sephardic bankers in NYC Among the bankers closely related to New Orleans were many representatives of the large Sephardic Jewish families. Scoville underlines the importance of the Jews in many places: The Israelite merchants were few then [1790], but now? they have increased in this city beyond any comparison. There are 80,000 Israelites in the city. It is the high standard of excellence of the old Israelite merchants of 1800 that has made this race occupy the proud position it does now in this city (4) The Northern Cities Shift as a structural rotation +front -front -front +front -front -front -back -back +back -back -back +back -high, -low e ^ oh æ e ^ -high, +low æ o oh +high, -low => o +front -front -front +front -front -front -back -back +back -back -back +back -high, -low e ^ oh æN e,^ oh -high, +low æ +high, -low o => æ o


text:
*From the Department of Pediatrics (Drs. Oermann and Sockrider), Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Department of Pediatrics (Dr. Konstan),
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH.
Study objectives: In recent years, there has been
considerable interest in the use of anti-inflammatory medications to
decrease airway inflammation and preserve pulmonary function in
patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Long-term use of oral
corticosteroids (OCS) and ibuprofen (IBU) has been proven efficacious
in slowing the progression of CF. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have
not been adequately studied. Little is known regarding use trends and
physician attitudes toward these drugs.
Cross-sectional survey mailed to 111 directors of Cystic Fibrosis
Centers in the United States accredited by the Cystic Fibrosis
Foundation. The two-page written questionnaire included items regarding
physicians' attitudes toward anti-inflammatories, center demographics,
patients receiving therapy, and number of physicians prescribing
Results: Sixty-seven surveys were returned
(60%). The responding centers represented 239 physicians and served
9,363 patients, 2,234 (24%) of whom were receiving routine
anti-inflammatory drugs. Complete data sets were available for 8,803
patients with 2,169 (25%) receiving anti-inflammatory therapy.
Ninety-eight (41%) physicians prescribed long-term use of oral
steroids for 413 (5%) patients, 103 (42%) prescribed inhaled steroids
for 1,032 (12%) patients, and 108 (45%) prescribed high-dose IBU for
723 (8%) patients to control CF. The practitioners reported
familiarity and efficacy as the primary reasons for prescribing OCS;
concerns over side effects were the major reason for not prescribing.
Regarding ICS, the primary reasons for prescribing were familiarity and
safety, with lack of efficacy being cited as the major reason for not
prescribing. For IBU, efficacy was ranked highest among reasons for
prescribing, with concern over safety being the highest ranked reason
for not prescribing.
Conclusions: Anti-inflammatory
medications appear to be an underutilized therapeutic modality in CF
care. This is true for numbers of patients receiving these drugs as
well as numbers of care providers prescribing them. Additional studies
will be required to address physicians' concerns regarding the
long-term efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory drugs in treating
CF = cystic fibrosis; IBU = ibuprofen; ICS = inhaled
corticosteroids; OCS = oral corticosteroids
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Welcome to OECI Members by the President, Professor Dominique de Valeriola
On September 1st 2014, I formally took up my position as OECI President. My opening words go to my predecessor, Professor Wim Van Hartem. As his successor, and on behalf of the OECI, I would like to warmly thank him for all the work done during his active and constructive presidency.
While continuing to pursue the previously launched activities, we also plan to undertake an in depth evaluation of the OECI's mission, with a view to highlighting and prioritising the challenges that lie ahead.
Overlapping with other Organisations and their projects should be avoided, and the goals of the existing and future OECI Working Groups should support the specificity and the "branding" of the OECI as the main European Network of Cancer Centres. Cancer Centres are the bedrock of the fight against cancer. The OECI is unique on a European scale and, as such, must play an indispensable role in helping Europe and its Member State authorities adapt their cancer health care systems.
This last point must be clearly drawn to the attention of the EU Authorities, endorsing the reasons why, 35 years ago, a small group of Cancer Stakeholders decided to found the OECI. The OECI Members are called to play a primary role in the above mentioned exercise, confirming, when needed, that we are an inclusive Organisation, which offers the possibility to all Members of contributing towards continued growth in their specific areas of expertise.
Thanks to its extended network, composed of Members with different skills, the OECI has the resources to activate translational research and disseminate the exploitable results to the wider cancer community. The need to improve our role in supporting the innovation process and personalised medicine and providing equal access to treatments, on a European scale, is reflected by the stakeholders' growing interest in the OECI Accreditation and Designation programme. This approach is in alignment with accreditation systems already adopted at national levels.
We have to invest more in this activity in order to improve the quality level of our Centres, but also with a view to obtaining international recognition of our certification. This, in turn, will bring added legal value at national level, as in the case of Italy or in other countries currently under discussion.
The EC is moving towards a policy of guaranteeing access to equal cancer care treatments for all European citizens: the Directive on cross border care for rare diseases is a clear indication of this. The OECI, with its certified centres, must play the role of promoter, thereby constituting a European network of reference for rare cancers, based on National selected centres.
With its ageing population, the burden that cancer imposes on our society will increase and, therefore, we must be attentive to all European initiatives that aim to improve healthy living and the outcome for cancer patients. Our contribution is fundamental in securing the development of the best health policies and actions that favour patients. In this context, collaboration with the European Cancer Patients Coalition - ECPC - is essential in linking our expertise with patient expectations.
Budget pressure and lack of professional skills may prevent patients and health systems from gaining access to some of the new care approaches. Within this framework, the OECI needs to put more effort into training programmes, especially through collaboration with the European School of Oncology and the European Association for Cancer Research.
A strong organisation of cancer institutes at European level, such as the OECI, contributes to the diffusion of knowledge on the quality of cancer care and translational research, and has the role of supporting coordinated growth for all its members. Therefore, we consider the twinning instrument, recently launched as part of the EU's Horizon 2020 project, as a step in the right direction, to better link our Cancer Centres with one another. This action will also boost the circuit of top quality cancer research and care.
The OECI considers itself as the European point of reference for cancer centres in Europe. Therefore the purpose of my Presidency is also to increase our membership base, as well as strengthening the cooperation with our US counterpart, the Association of American Cancer Institutes, thereby launching a transatlantic axe.
Political actions must be traced in order to find new ways to interact with the recently elected European governing Bodies and in particular, with the European Parliament, the General Directorates for Research and Innovation, as well as for Health and Consumer Protection. I wish the OECI every success in achieving these challenging objectives.
Dr. Dominique de Valeriola MD


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The Tale of the Allergist's Wife presents a refreshingly offbeat comedy from the Erie Dramashop.
Ben Speggen reviews "Sense and Sensibility," which runs through Sunday, Mar. 24 at the Erie Playhouse.
Your guide to the 2017 festival scene
Analysis, commentary on Erie's latest elections
Frank advice from a former mayor to a future one
Erie team ends its championship drought
Scenic speed bumps and ski mask surprise


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Okay, this has been back and forth but Sylvester Stallone has now confirmed to Deadline that HE IS NOT DIRECTING EXPENDABLES 2. I recently reported that Sly would return to direct but the source of that news at Box Office Mojo appears to have been incorrect, not entirely sure what the whole story is there. Deadline also states that Sly is still trying to secure Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger for larger roles in the sequel which is awesome!! At present, Sly is putting a list together of potential directors but no word yet on who is on that list. So there you have it folks, the search for a new Director continues.
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Images to text Complex to label
people, age, finger prints, celebrities, faces
medical, skin disease
nature, stars, bugs, plants
things, fashion, other objects
text, quotes
touchscreen, Alternative uses for capacitive touchscreen, Other sorts of input surfaces
Owner, Alertness sensor, driving, studying, staying awake
Child monitor
Room, Is someone in the room?, using camera?, sound, motion
Food, meat sensor
Phone tether, Tamagochi, Preventing loss
unauthorized access, kensington lock, Voice unlock, location tracking for theft: done?
what, home automation, Remote: done?, Connect to a car and play music: done?, Desktop sync: done?, Remote desktop control, Remote desktop display
how, Phone as mousepad
Podcast search
At restaurants: e.g. starbucks and chipotle
Take a picture, get the name of the person
Producing layers on a GIS
voice, to code, to text, Call to SMS or email, to UI commands, Voice to song play, Phone that talks back
SMS, to voice
image, to text
text, LED for information: e.g. morse, voting app, light show, SOS, To sound, e.g. "C" to tone
image, Cartoonize any picture: done?, Content based image editing
audio, editing, music to chiptune
text, to text: done?, A text expander?
bright rooms vs dark, school vs home.
Aware in other ways?, moving/still, emotion
Says what's wrong, where you are. Can't talk, buttons for emergency type Enhanced panic button
Google latitude? Hotpot? See new feature from latitude
Take a picture of the table surface, then play cards on that surface. Other games: chess, wargames, monopoly, settlers of cataan
they don't get your location, maybe only by mutual agreement. Dating?
yard sales
Bump existing on android?
Only responds if soothed.
dice, who goes first (who taps first), etc
Keep the ball up, using location and physics
e.g. pictionary, taboo, etc.
Maybe something that solves a jigsaw puzzle from a picture?
Stuff we don't sense well
other body stats
IR vision


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6 terms
BMZ Exam 2 (plant hormones)
-Establish apical-basal polarity, induce vascular tissue development (xylem), mediate phototropism, promote formation of adventitious roots, promote cell elongation (if low levels-phototropism), inhibit leaf and fruit drop, and stimulate fruit development (seedless)
-Found in Embryo of seed, meristems of apical buds, young leaves
-Promote cell division, influence cell specialization and plant aging, activate secondary meristem development, promote adventitious root growth, and promote shoot development on callus
-Synthesized in roots and transported to other organs
-Stimulate cell division/enlargement and cell elongation, stimulate stem elongation and flowering, promote seed germination, retard leaf/fruit drop
-found in Meristems of apical buds and roots (primary), young leaves, embryo
-Promotes seedling growth/germination, induces fruit ripening, flood response in roots (development/stress), opposes auxin
-found in tissues of ripening fruit, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers
Abscisic acid
-Slows or stops metabolism during environmental stress, induces bud and seed dormancy, prevents seed germination in unfavorable conditions, and promotes stomatal closing and opening
-found in leaves, stems, roots, green fruit
-Promote cell (shoot) elongation, inhibit root elongation, xylem development, retard leaf drop, promote stress responses
-Found in seeds, fruits, shoots, leaves, floral buds
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The vitality of the future workforce is supported by introducing young people to career opportunities in technology and engineering.
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Mr. Tony Smith
Education, Science, Technology, Camp, Workforce Development, Adolescent, Manufacturing, Awards, Silver Crescent Foundation
Also Known As
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Main Address
308 Jamesbury Rd
Charleston, SC 29492
Education N.E.C. (B99)
Scholarships, Student Financial Aid, Awards (B82)
Engineering (U42)
IRS Filing Requirement
This organization is required to file an IRS Form 990 or 990-EZ.
How does this organization make a difference?
Self-reported by organization
What are the organization's current programs, how do they measure success, and who do the programs serve?
Program 1
1. Camp Success, a summer engineering day camp for middle school students in SC. 2. SC Design Challenge, students in grades 1 - 12, compete for scholarship awards by creating graphic designs portraying a dynamic, positive image of manufacturing in their local communities and in the state of SC. 3. Salute to Manufacturing, an annual luncheon event highlighting the importance of the manufacturing industry to the economy and standard of living in SC. 4. The Silver Crescent Award, given annually to an outstanding small, medium and large manufacturing company recognizing outstanding leadershipo in SC's manufacturing community.
Program long term success
Premier sessions of Camp Success were held in June/July, 2006 at USC in Columbia and at Orangeburg/Calhoun Technical College in Orangeburg, SC.
Program success monitored by
Not available
Program success examples
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Population(s) Served
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The people, governance practices, and partners that make the organization tick.
Mr. Tony Smith
Tony Smith spent his "first" 30 year career in South Carolina's technical college system serving as an instructor, a department head, the Director of Evening College, the Dean of Industrial and Engineering Education, Dean of Professional Development and Director of Industry Contract Training. In 1980, he founded South Carolina's State Government Exposition Division to help accelerate technology transfer in manufacturing. Upon his retirement in 1996, Mr. Smith was Associate Director for the State Board for Technical and Comprehesive Education, Division of Special Events. After retirement, Mr. Smith formed TEC, Inc., a non-profit corporation devoted to raising awareness of the importance of manufacturing to South Carolina and the nation. TEC, Inc. supported industry education, provided high-quality venues for the exchange of manufacturing products, ideas and information and helped to positively impact South Carolina's competitiveness in the modern, global economy. In 2005, TEC, Inc. reorganized and became the Silver Crescent Foundation to address the critical need for talented, prepared workers to fill the pipeline to become the designers, engineers and manufacturing leaders of tomorrow. Silver Crescent Foundation initiatives begin with middle school students, the age studies indicate career goals begin to take shape. Silver Crescent Foundation programs are designed to develop young people's creativity and leadership skills while simultaneously helping them understand the rewards of applying those skills to engineering and manufacturing jobs. As young people come to understand ways engineering innovation betters people's lives, and as they grasp the connections between manufacturing vitality and a higher standard of living for us all, their interest in these areas will only grow.
GuideStar worked with BoardSource, the national leader in nonprofit board leadership and governance, to create this section, which enables organizations and donors to transparently share information about essential board leadership practices. Self-reported by organization
Does the board conduct a formal orientation for new board members and require all board members to sign a written agreement regarding their roles, responsibilities, and expectations?
Has the board conducted a formal, written assessment of the chief executive within the past year?
Have the board and senior staff reviewed the conflict-of-interest policy and completed and signed disclosure statements in the past year?
Does the board ensure an inclusive board member recruitment process that results in diversity of thought and leadership?
Has the board conducted a formal, written self-assessment of its performance within the past three years?


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This site is completely free. There is no charge for any of the information on this site.I have been using Phentermine on and off for years and was always looking for reliable sources to buy from without the fear of either not receiving the product, or worse yet, getting something other then what I had ordered. The other problem I had was when I would start taking it again, trying to find a reliable place because sometimes people are not very willing to share that information. So, I decided I would build this site and make available to anyone that is looking for a reliable place that sells a legitimate product. If you have any questions, you can contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com im phen4less
Update I am going to be updating this site with a list of online pharmacies that I have had a positive personal experience with or that I know is reliable. I will also include a list that have been known to have some problems. If any of you want to add to the list, just let me know:) I thought this could be a good place to get information on some good resources and some feedback from others. I hope to have this up within the next few days. As you know, the best place to get any kind of information is by word of mouth. Groups of like minded people:) There are many weight loss clinics out there that are becoming more available and more understanding to each individuals circumstances. They are also more willing to work with you more then just your local Doc. Not all states are quite there yet, but they are catching up. Until then, you will see what we see on the internet now, and that is why these online pharmacies are so popular when it comes to prescription weight loss diet pills. Those of us that have a hard time obtaining them, will turn to online pharmacies as a last resort. There are those out there running some of these online pharmacies that are aware of this and will take advantage of people online. You see it all the time no matter what the medical need is. That is why we need more forums and support groups so that we can share information.
** Please Note, The link here Links to a list of online pharmacies that are known to offer legitimate phentermine without the worry of what you are going to receive and if you are going to receive it. The pharmacies listed there do not require a prior Doc. referral or prescription. Please refer to my blog on how online pharmacies and outside sources are listed in this area. These online pharmacies also do offer other medications as well that covers anything from pain medications, anxiety, etc. So if you are looking for anything in this area, it may be able to help you. I myself focus on the phentermine since that seems to be the thing most difficult to come by, and hard to find legitimate online pharmacies that offer it.
Be sure to Subscribe to my site, I am updating all the time! Keep up to date on all the changes and updates on online pharmacies that offer legitimate Phentermine Adipex. I do not spam, or offeryour mail addresses to outside sources! I have no affiliation with any groups, pharmacies,or weight loss programs.


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Violent PassionsPalgrave Macmillan 2005; US$ 105.00
This book re-evaluates the perception of "courtly love" in Old French verse. Adams traces how these verses explore the emotional trials of amour and propose coping methods for the lovelorn. more...
The Philosophy of the Marquis de SadeTaylor and Francis 2002; US$ 49.95
The Marquis de Sade is famous for his forbidden novels like Justine, Juliette , and the 120 Days of Sodom . Yet, despite Sade's immense influence on philosophy and literature, his work remains relatively unknown. His novels are too long, repetitive, and violent. At last in The Philosophy of the Marquis de Sade , a distinguished philosopher provides... more...
The Comic Genius of Clémont MarotThe Edwin Mellen Press 2009; US$ 159.95
In this work, theories of comedy are used to examine the techniques and processes in Marots poetry. It begins by considering his use of humor in its historical context, his story-telling skills, and his skill in manipulating language for humor, especially in puns, quotation and allusion. The full extent of the inspiration Marot draws from François... more...
Charles d'Orl�ans in England, 1415-1440Boydell & Brewer 2000; US$ 99.00
Studies of evidence of Charles d'Orleans as scholar, politician and poet during his 25 years of captivity in England more...
Counterfeit CapitalStanford University Press 2008; US$ 52.50
Counterfeit Capital is a comparative and interdisciplinary study exploring the unexpected yet essential relationship between irony and capital in the texts of Baudelaire and Marx and arguing for the renewed relevance of their work to contemporary thinking about the place of aesthetic and cultural experience in social and political life. more...
Vietnam and the Colonial Condition of French LiteratureUNP - Nebraska 2014; US$ 70.00
Vietnam and the Colonial Condition of French Literature explores an aspect of modern French literature that has been consistently overlooked in literary histories: the relationship between the colonies?their cultures, languages, and people?and formal shifts in French literary production. Starting from the premise that neither cultural identity nor... more...
R�tif de la Bretonne spectateur nocturneEditions Rodopi 2012; US$ 47.00
� la lumi�re d?une r�flexion sur les motifs politiques � l?origine du sort r�serv� � l??uvre de R�tif de la Bretonne par ses contemporains, cet essai propose de replacer l?�criture r�tivienne au sein des strat�gies de pouvoir qui, de Fontenelle � Marmontel, sont � l??uvre dans le champ symbolique et culturel des Lumi�res. � partir d?une �tude d�taill�e... more...
Collected PoemsCarcanet 2012; US$ 9.99
Rimbaud called him 'le premier voyant, roi des poetes, un vrai dieu', and the history of modern poetry, which begins with him, has borne out that opinion. This is a comprehensive new translation of all Baudelaire's poetry, excluding only the juvenilia, occasional verse and work of doubtful attribution. It includes all the poems published in the first... more...
The Flowers of EvilThe Floating Press 2014; US$ 3.99 US$ 3.47
One of the most influential volumes of poetry of the nineteenth century, Charles Baudelaire's The Flowers of Evil caused a sensation when it was originally published, even earning Baudelaire a fine when he was charged with "insulting public decency." With strong themes of debauchery, decadence, hedonism and sensuality, these intoxicating... more...
Paris SpleenWesleyan University Press 2010; US$ 19.99
A modernist classic translated for the twenty-first century more...


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Bibliographic Details
Title: L.A. Outlaws
Publisher: Dutton February 2008
Publication Date: 2008
Binding: Hardcover
Book Condition: Fine
Dust Jacket Condition: As New
Signed: Signed by Author(s)
Edition: First Edition.
Signed by Author 0525950559 This hardcover book is Fine, being square and tight. The boards and spine have no wear with pristine lettering. The pages and endpages are clean, with no markings or folds. The dustjacket is As New. Original Price is intact. Not ex-lib. No remainder mark. This copy is signed by the Author on the title page without inscription and dated 2/9/08 (the month and year of publication) in his hand. Bookseller Inventory # 006473
Los Angeles is gripped by the exploding celebrity of Allison Murietta, her real identity unknown, a modern-day Jesse James with the compulsion to steal beautiful things, the vanity to invite the media along, and the conscience to donate much of her bounty to charity. Nobody ever gets hurt?until a job ends with ten gangsters lying dead and a half-million dollars worth of glittering diamonds missing.
Rookie Deputy Charlie Hood discovers the bodies, and he prevents an eyewitness?a schoolteacher named Suzanne Jones?from leaving the scene in her Corvette. Drawn to a mysterious charisma that has him off-balance from the beginning, Hood begins an intense affair with Suzanne. As the media frenzy surrounding Allison?s exploits swells to a fever pitch and the Southland?s most notorious killer sets out after her, a glimmer of recognition blooms in Hood, forcing him to choose between a deeply held sense of honor and a passion that threatens to consume him completely. With a stone-cold killer locked in relentless pursuit, Suzanne and Hood continue their desperate dance around the secrets that brought them together, unsure whether each new dawn may signal the day their lies catch up with them.
About the Author: T. Jefferson Parker is the bestselling author of fourteen previous novels, including Storm Runners and The Fallen. Alongside Dick Francis and James Lee Burke, Parker is one of only three writers to be awarded the Edgar Award for Best Novel more than once. Parker lives with his family in Southern California.
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7 Uses for Super Bowl Leftovers
Give game-day leftovers a delicious makeover with a little creativity and these 7 tips.
Photo By: Tara Donne
Photo By: Wendy Davis
#1: Turn Leftover Chips or Crackers Into Breadcrumbs
Process the chips or crackers in a food processor until finely ground. Transfer them to a resealable plastic bag and freeze until ready to use. Swap them in anytime a recipe calls for breadcrumbs, adding a flavorful twist to foods like breaded fish sticks or chicken fingers.
By Teri Tsang Barrett
#2: Slice Off or Shred Meat from Leftover Hot Wings
This versatile leftover can be used in any dish that could benefit from some protein. Try it out as a pizza topping or in a salad, or get creative by swapping it in for any recipe calling for a spicy meat: Spread sticky Asian rice on a whole lettuce leaf, dot with a chili-garlic sauce, and top with sliced scallions and the shredded wing meat before rolling up for a Korean-style lettuce wrap. The meat can also be stored in a resealable plastic bag with the excess air pressed out and frozen for up to 1 month.
Get the Recipe: Buffalo Wings
#3: Use Leftover Salsa as a Flavor Booster
Add bold flavor to tomato-based sauces and soups by adding leftover salsa to the pot. Cook until any chunks have softened as needed, or puree the salsa before adding.
#4: Blend Leftover Guacamole Into a Refreshing Cold Soup
Scoop leftover guacamole into a blender and thin with chicken or vegetable broth, using about equal parts liquid to guacamole. Puree until smooth, then season to taste and refrigerate until chilled.
Get the Recipe: Guacamole with Cumin Dusted Tortillas
#5: Dress Leftover Chili Up as a Southwestern Shepherd's Pie
Sure, chili's one of the best frozen assets you can have stored in the freezer for an easy dinner, but a few tweaks can transform this game-day staple into a different meal altogether. Cook the chili until it's ultra-thick, then spoon into a baking dish, smoothing out the top. Add a thick layer of mashed potatoes and bake at 375 degrees F until heated through and just golden in spots.
#6: Use Any Leftover Bean-Based Dip as a Filling for Baked Taquitos
Spoon the dip down the center of a small corn tortilla, then roll up into a cigarlike shape and arrange on a lined baking sheet, seam-side down. Bake at 350 degrees F until the tortilla just begins to crack in some spots, 10 to 15 minutes. The starchy, sticky texture of bean dip helps the filling retain its shape, meaning that any additional dip ingredients — such as those found in traditional 7-layer dips — stay put.
Get the Recipe: Six Layers and a Chip Dip
#7: Use Leftover Beer as a Braising Liquid
Whether it's leftover beer in a growler or the remnants of a keg, don't throw out flat beer! The flavor profile of most beers — especially craft beers — is vibrant enough to infuse cuts of meat with an additional depth of flavor. Season the beer with sugar and salt to taste, then use to braise cuts of meat such as brisket or pork butt.


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WASHINGTON - Professionals who use plastics products and materials provide an economic impact of $129 million into the Orlando economy March 23-27, 2015, during NPE2015: The International Plastics Showcase. The triennial show draws recyclers, manufacturing technology experts, and international and U.S. executives who make major manufacturing purchasing decisions that impact the world's economy. NPE2015, held at the Orange County Convention Center (OCCC), is produced by Washington-based SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association.
"NPE2015 is expected to be the largest, most successful International Plastics Showcase in our 69-year history," said SPI President and CEO William R. Carteaux. "Every sector of the plastics manufacturing industry will be represented at this world class event that attracts professionals across industries challenged with producing products we use in our everyday lives. The latest U.S. government data indicate that consumption of plastics products increased to record-breaking levels in 2013, up 6.5 percent to $267 billion. Plastics are everywhere, and a walk through NPE2015's massive show floor will illustrate the ubiquitous nature of our products."
Highlights of NPE2015: The International Plastics Showcase:
Registered media are invited to attend the NPE2015 Media Breakfast and Briefing from 7 to 8 a.m., Monday, March 23, in Room W312B in the West Hall at Orange County Convention Center. Carteaux is the featured speaker. For additional information, contact Bob Martino, firstname.lastname@example.com.
# # #
About Orange County Government: Orange County Government strives to serve its citizens and guests with integrity, honesty, fairness and professionalism. Located in Central Florida, Orange County includes 13 municipalities and is home to world famous theme parks, the nation's second largest convention center, and a thriving life science research park. Seven elected members make up the Board of County Commissioners including the Mayor who is elected countywide. For more information please visit www.OCFL.net or go to the Orange County facebook and twitter pages.
NPE: The International Plastics Showcase is a triennial exposition solely owned and produced by SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association. NPE2015 will take place Monday through Friday, March 23-27, 2015, at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida. It will be the largest plastics industry event in 2015, including a world-scale trade show and multiple educational programs. The trade show portion will include more than 2,000 exhibitors on over 1.1 million sq.ft. (102,000 sq.m) of space. NPE2015 will host over 60,000 industry professionals from 120 countries. Visit www.npe.org.
Founded in 1937, SPI: The Plastics Industry Trade Association promotes growth in the $373 billion U.S. plastics industry. Representing nearly 900,000 American workers in the third largest U.S. manufacturing industry, SPI delivers legislative and regulatory advocacy, market research, industry promotion and the fostering of business relationships and zero waste strategies. SPI also owns and produces the international NPE trade show. All profits from NPE are reinvested into SPI's industry services. Find SPI online at http://www.plasticsindustry.org and http://www.inthehopper.org.
"From resin suppliers and equipment makers to processors and brand owners, SPI is proud to represent all facets of the U.S. plastics industry," said William R. Carteaux, president and CEO, SPI. Our most recent economic reports show that the plastics industry as a whole is resilient, and has come through the recession significantly better than other U.S. manufacturing sectors."


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Kiplinger's July issue ranks cities based on strong economies, growth of high-quality jobs, reasonable living costs and fun things to do. The cost of living is well below the national average.
Kiplinger's Jane Bennett Clark says vitality and livability come from having large numbers of people in creative fields.
"Creative class workers—scientists, engineers, educators, writers and artists—just gives a city a certain sizzle that adds that extra something that you wouldn't get. I mean, obviously a strong economy is great, a decent cost-of-living is great, but the creative buzz is why you want to be in a place, and that's why the creative class is important."
Research included traveling to cities and checking out prospects for continued prosperity.
"I found that Houston had a lot of energy and I just found that there seemed to be an excitement in Houston that was a sense of possibility, and I was able to park my car and walk around in Houston and take the light rail. I enjoyed, it was a fun way to get to know the city."
University of Houston economist Barton Smith says topping the list may change people's perceptions.
"I think it does have an effect. It's the fact that our unemployment rate is low right now. There are economies scattered all over the country that are struggling, big-time. You know, the word's gonna get out! Jobs are in Houston. Houston's the place to go look for employment."
Greg Ortale with the Greater Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau says that means the word is getting out.
"You know, we know from selling the city as a destination that when people come here and see it, they love it, and it's the lack of awareness that has been the problem."
Rice University sociology professor Stephen Klineberg is impressed.
"I don't think I've ever seen Houston at the top of any list of this sort. It's really surprising. Very interesting. Potentially a beautiful sign of a city doing the right kinds of things to position itself for success in this new economy."
The list relied on data about jobs and growth, but also on intangibles.
"Well, these are all arbitrary, strange kind of evaluations but what's striking for Houston is that Houston has been largely ignored and unknown by the rest of the country. And this may be a very positive first sign of growing recognition of what we Houstonians have always known, that this is a very special place. People outside of Houston have traditionally seen the city as an unattractive place—not where you'd want to go for anything of much interest. And maybe—just maybe—this is a first sign of a city coming into its own in the broader consciousness of Americans."
Ed Mayberry, KUHF Houston Public Radio News.


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Energise tired skin with Balance Me Super Toning Body Wash. This spa-inspired blend of natural ingredients has been formulated to soften, smooth and improve skin tone whilst encouraging good circulation. The gentle mix of juniper, bergamot, geranium and lavender make this body wash kind enough to be used on even sensitive skin types, whilst releasing an uplifting scent to stimulate your senses.
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by Brett Larner
The final day of the 2010 Japanese National University Track and Field Championships wrapped up with some of the best action of the meet's three days. Despite missing its three top-ranked runners Kiragu Njuguna (Kenya/Daiichi Kogyo Univ.), Taku Fujimoto (Kokushikan Univ.) and Akinobu Murasawa (Tokai Univ.), the men's 5000 m field included 18 men with PBs under 14 minutes. The conditions, 32 degrees, sunny and windy, meant that the race would be slow and allow some of the slower men to have a chance.
With the early leaders taking it out on track for a 14:10, Hiroki Mitsuoka (Kyoto Sangyo Univ.) took full advantage of the situation. One of the only men in the field from outside the Kanto region, with just the 15th-best PB in the field, 13:57.67, Mitsuoka patiently waited until the final 800 m to get into the race. With no warning he suddenly kicked from 700 m out and dropped a 59-second 400 m. Pursued partway by Waseda University ace Yo Yazawa, Mitsuoka broke away and held on with a 62-second final lap to steal the win in 14:01.90 and trump some of the best Hakone Ekiden runners. Mitsuoka beat 14 men with better PBs, and the next-best runner from outside Kanto finished only 17th. It was a rare win at Nationals by a complete outsider, the first time a non-Kanto runner has won the men's 5000 m since 2000 and the first time since the great Toshinari Takaoka's win in 1992 that a runner from the Kansai region has taken the title. You have to love it.
The women's 5000 m saw the season debut of the two best distance runners in the Japanese university scene, 2009 World University Games 10000 m gold medalist and 5000 m silver medalist Kasumi Nishihara and 10000 m national collegiate record holder Hikari Yoshimoto of Bukkyo University. The pair faced a likely challenge only from Kyoto crosstown rivals Michi Numata and Risa Takenaka of Ritsumeikan University. Yoshimoto took things out right on pace for the 9 year-old meet record of 15:38.75 despite the heat, sun and wind, with Nishihara, in her first race in 4 months following a left leg injury in the late spring, at her side and the Ritsumeikan pair right behind. Partway through Nishihara took over and, pursued by Takenaka and unheralded Ayuko Suzuki of Nagoya University, sped off to claim the meet record by less than a second as she won in 15:38.19. 10000 m winner Hanae Tanaka of Ritsumeikan overtook Numata for 4th, while Yoshimoto faded badly to a distant 7th. In contrast to the men, the highest finisher from a school in Kanto was no higher than 11th, Josai University's Miki Yamada.
Expectations were heavy for 2010 World Junior 200 m Champion Shota Iizuka (Chuo Univ.) in his event of choice, but as in Saturday's 4x100 m relay he appeared relatively flat. A terrible run through the curve put him near the rear of the pack coming into the straight with little chance of catching eventual winner Yuichi Kobayashi (Hosei Univ.). Iizuka's superior closing speed allowed him to bridge the gap to 2nd, but Kobayashi was far out of reach. Kobayashi crossed the line in a wind-aided 20.52, faster than Iizuka's PB of 20.58, as the World Champion came home in a disappointing 20.70.
Having already broken her own meet record on Saturday in the 100 m, Momoko Takahashi (Heisei Kokusai Univ.) did it again with a 23.62 win in the women's 200 m. Takahashi's time clipped the old record, held by 400 m specialist Asami Tanno, by just 0.02. Less than 2 hours later Takahashi was back again to anchor Heisei Kokusai's 4x400 m squad. Although she ran by far the fastest split in the field she was unable to catch Miyabi Tago (Chuo Univ.). Tago collapsed after holding Takahashi in a duel to the line and giving Chuo the win in 3:40.23. Video is linked below.
2010 Japanese National University Track and Field Championships
click here for complete results
click event headers for video links
Women's 5000 m
1. Kasumi Nishihara (Bukkyo Univ.) - 15:38.19 - MR
2. Risa Takenaka (Ritsumeikan Univ.) - 15:46.99
3. Ayuko Suzuki (Nagoya Univ.) - 15:49.22
4. Hanae Tanaka (Ritsumeikan Univ.) - 15:54.18 - PB
5. Michi Numata (Ritsumeikan Univ.) - 15:57.33
Men's 5000 m
1. Hiroki Mitsuoka (Kyoto Sangyo Univ.) - 14:01.90
2. Yo Yazawa (Waseda Univ.) - 14:03.92
3. Benjamin Gando (Kenya/Nihon Univ.) - 14:04.61
4. Tetsuya Yoroizaka (Meiji Univ.) - 14:05.54
5. Yuki Yagi (Waseda Univ.) - 14:07.20
Women's 200 m - wind +0.8 m/s
1. Momoko Takahashi (Heisei Kokusai Univ.) - 23.62 - MR
2. Rina Ichikawa (Chukyo Univ.) - 23.84
3. Saori Imai (Shigakkan Univ.) - 23.88
Men's 200 m - wind +3.8 m/s
1. Yuichi Kobayashi (Hosei Univ.) - 20.52
2. Shota Iizuka (Chuo Univ.) - 20.70
3. Kei Takase (Juntendo Univ.) - 20.74
Men's 3000 mSC
1. Minato Yamashita (Chukyo Univ.) - 8:53.45
2. Kosei Yamaguchi (Josai Univ.) - 8:53.98
3. Ken Akazome (Tokai Univ.) - 8:54.40
Women's 4x400m Relay
1. Chuo Univ. - 3:40.23
2. Heisei Kokusai Univ. - 3:40.72
3. Shigakkan Univ. - 3:41.51
Men's 4x400m Relay
1. Chuo Univ. - 3:06.70
2. Waseda Univ. - 3:06.98
3. Chukyo Univ. - 3:06.99
(c) 2010 Brett Larner
all rights reserved


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Guy SmoothSt. Louis, Missouri, US
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It was an audience that may someday boast of having in its midst skilled orators or diplomats. For the students of Sanskriti School, the following three days of rigorous, simulated United Nations sessions at their fourth Model United Nations (MUN) will prove to be a steady platform.
"This endeavour involves students who act as delegates of member states of the United Nations. This educates participants about current events, international relations and the very functioning of the UN, because of which this is an exercise of immense significance," said Abha Sehgal, principal, Sanskriti School.
The MUN has 20 participating schools, including those from Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Shashi Tharoor, a former under-secretary general at the UN and now a member of Parliament, highlighted the history as well as the significance of the organisation.
"The UN is both a stage and an actor. It is a stage for member nations and it is an actor because it carries out what is discussed on that stage," he said.
The chief guest of the event, Sachin Pilot, discussed changes in information technology as well as the importance of going beyond the obvious media of knowledge to gain wider perspectives of events.


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NASHVILLE, Tenn. -- Texas Rangers general manager Jon Daniels said he has not communicated with Josh Hamilton's agent, Mike Moye, at the winter meetings.
But Daniels did acknowledge that he could meet with Moye on Tuesday night or Wednesday.
Daniels claimed he saw various reports the Rangers and Hamilton were close to a multiyear deal. Daniels disputed those reports, stating that outside of texting to talk about getting together at some point, he hasn't had any contact with Moye.
Read the rest of the story here.


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Story Behind this Recipe
My grandma used to make these delicious croquettes with meat and vegetables in them. I remembered them suddenly and really wanted to eat them again, so I recreated them the best I could from memory. These multi-ingredient croquettes are really delicious (although they'll never be able to beat my grandma's).


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Wonder Horses
The phrase Wonder Horses refers to the equine companions of cowboy heroes in early Western films. What makes these horses different from others that have appeared on the silver screen is their rise from trusty steed to a genuine screen personality. There have been a number of horses who have enjoyed such fame, often receiving equal or second billing with their human costars.
Heroic Horses of the Silver Screen
Though the first heroic horses emerged out of the silent film era, they were prominently featured in the B-Westerns of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. During the early decades of sound film, cowboy movies targeted a juvenile demographic. The films' heroes were generally one-dimensional, stock characters who represented and promoted truth and goodness to their young audience. More popular with adolescent viewers than a human sidekick, the Wonder Horse could not only outrun the mounts of the villains, but could also perform a series of feats and tricks to ensure that the cowboy hero would triumph.[1][2][3]
The bond between a cowboy and his horse is an important part of the cowboy mythology created by dime novels, pulp fiction stories, and Western cinema.[4] Movies featuring Wonder Horses embellish this relationship between man and beast while heightening the exceptional and heroic qualities of the cowboy by his association with a remarkable animal.[5]
Fritz was the first horse to be named in the credits as a costar to his rider, William S. Hart, appearing in at least eight silent films: Pinto Ben (1915), Hell's Hinges (1916), The Narrow Trail (1917), Blue Blazes Rawden (1918), The Toll Gate (1920), Sand (1920), Three Word Brand (1921), and Singer Jim McKee (1924). He received his own fan mail, which often included sugar cubes from admirers.[6]
During his career, Fritz was much beloved by his costar, actor William Hart. The horse belonged to film producer Thomas Ince, but during a raise negotiation with Ince, Hart was able to acquire ownership of Fritz. Fritz was known for his ability to do unique and risky stunts. He could jump into moving rivers, through windows, over fire, and "allow himself to be thrown to the ground after a sudden stop." [7] In his autobiography, Hart speaks lovingly of Fritz, and describes some of their stunts together. One in particular illustrates the danger of the stunts Fritz performed and the love Hart felt for his "pinto pony." While filming a scene for the 1920 film The Toll Gate, Hart and Fritz were caught in a whirlpool:
Once an animal got into it, he could neither swim out nor climb out. There was no bottom for his hind legs to reach and he could only get his front hoofs on the ledge which was six feet under water.
Almighty God! How Fritz did try! He struggled. He screamed. He looked at me with the eyes of a human being. He actually climbed the arched side walls until he turned himself over backwards. Twice we went down in those cold, whirling depts and twice we fought our way to the surface again. I knew the next time would be the last. Fritz spoke to me—I know he did. I heard him, and I spoke to him. I said, "God help us, Fritz." ...And God did help us!
My little friend could not struggle any more, his eyes were glazed with coming death, and as we were going down for the last time the strong current we had been fighting carried us over the ledge back toward the way we cam in, and as we sank we touched the bottom and regained our feet.[8]
After his retirement from film, Fritz lived out the rest of his 31 years at Hart's California ranch. His grave is marked by a cobblestone monument that reads: "Bill Hart's Pinto Pony Fritz—Aged 31 Years—A Loyal Comrade." [9]
The first horse to bear the name "The Wonder Horse," Tony was the companion of actor Tom Mix. He starred in over two dozen silent and sound films during his career, becoming a celebrity in his own right. When Mix placed his handprints in the cement outside Grauman's Chinese Theater in 1927, Tony's hoofprints were placed alongside them. He was the first horse to be given equal billing with his human costar, and was featured in the title of three movies: Just Tony (1922), Oh! You Tony (1924), and Tony Runs Wild (1926).
Tony is most known for his intelligence and ability to perform remarkable stunts, many of which would not be allowed today. Mix reportedly did not have to train Tony, but simply show him what to do for each feat. Such stunts included untying Mix's hands, opening gates, loosening his reigns, rescuing Mix from fire, jumping from one cliff to another, and running after trains.[10][11]
Tony retired from the film industry at the age of twenty-two when he was slightly injured on the set of his last movie, The Fourth Horseman (1932). He outlived Tom Mix, dying in 1942, two years to the day after Mix was killed in a car accident.[12]
Following Tony's retirement, Tom Mix began featuring another horse in his films, Tony, Jr. A third horse, Tony II, was used for public appearances.[13]
Known as "The Wonder Horse" and "King of the Wild Horses," Rex was a black Morgan stallion with a fierce reputation. Despite the fact that over the years he was termed "mean," "vicious," "ornery," "undependable," "warped," and "dangerous," Rex was in the film industry for nearly fifteen years, starring in over a dozen films. Few actors were willing to work with the wild horse, so a double was often used in close-ups. He was the first horse to star in his own films.[14]
Rex appeared in such silent and sound films as The King of the Wild Horses (1924), The Devil Horse (1926), No Man's Law (1927), King of the Wild Horses (1933), Law of the Wild (1934), The Adventures of Rex and Rinty (1935), and King of the Sierras (1938).
Rex was very often the star of these films, bringing comedy and action to the screen. In one scene from No Man's Law, Rex saves the modesty of a young women swimming in the nude from a pair of rowdy villains. Chasing one around in circles, rearing up and bucking like a wild mustang, until he finally runs him off of a cliff, he sneaks up behind the other and nudges him with his nose over the ledge and into the watering hole. He then nose prods the now clothed young woman back to her father.
Tarzan, The Wonder Horse was the onscreen companion to silent and sound film star Ken Maynard. Together, the two starred in over five dozen films and serials from 1925 until Tarzan's death in 1940.
While previous Wonder Horses had been used by their cowboy costars to perform impressive stunts, actor Ken Maynard was the first to take advantage of the merits of a talented horse. While Tarzan could perform stunts like jumping off cliffs, he was known better for his tricks, such as dancing, bowing, nodding his head to answer questions, playing dead, untying ropes, dragging Maynard to safety, or nuzzling him into the arms of the leading lady. Incredibly intelligent, Tarzan performed these stunts in response to word commands from Maynard.[15][16]
Four of Tarzan's films can be viewed for free in the Feature Films Collection of the Internet Archive: Tombstone Canyon (1932), Hellfire Austin (1932), Phantom Thunderbolt (1933), and Honor of the Range (1934).
One of the most well-known Wonder Horses was Roy Rogers' palomino stallion, Trigger. He appeared in all 81 of Rogers' films as well as 101 television shows. He retired from show business in 1957, dying in 1965 at the age of 33; he was stuffed and the taxidermy mount resided at the Roy Rogers Museum in California and then in Branson, Missouri until its closure.[17][18] On July 14, 2010, Trigger was sold in auction at Christie's New York Saleroom to Patrick Gottsch, who plans to display the mount at the corporate headquarters of his network, RFD-TV, in Omaha, Nebraska.[19]
Trigger was billed as "The Smartest Horse in the Movies." His trainer, Glen Randall, described him as being "almost human," knowing as many as 60 different tricks. Like Tarzan, many of his tricks were performed by word cue. One of his more exceptional "tricks" was that he was housebroken, allowing Roy Rogers to make public appearances with him. During a trip to New York City, it was reported by the Times that Trigger delighted audiences by dancing, rearing, pawing, and playing dead on the ballroom floor of the Hotel Astor.[20][21]
Like Tony, there was more than one horse to bear the name Trigger. Little Trigger and Trigger, Jr. were also used for public appearances, film, and television to lessen the strain and stress on the original Trigger. Rogers and Trigger placed their hands and hooves in the cement at Grauman's Chinese Theater in 1949.
Champion the Wonder Horse, was the onscreen companion of the singing cowboy Gene Autry. Originally belonging to Tom Mix, Autry likely purchased Champion after working with him in The Phantom Empire series.[22] Several horses bore the name Champion; the first passed away while Autry was serving in the Army Air Force during World War II.[23]
Champion was able to perform numerous tricks, including jumping through paper-covered hoops and galloping toward and coming to a stop atop a piano.[24] Gene Autry and Champion (probably Champion II) left their handprints and hoofprints in the cement outside Grauman's Chinese Theater in 1949.
Champion (and his successors) appeared in nearly one hundred films and television shows from the 1930s through the 1950s.
Four of his films can be viewed for free in the Feature Films Collection of the Internet Archive: Oh, Susanna! (1936), Ride Ranger Ride (1936), The Big Show (1936), and Red River Valley (1936). A star in his own right, Champion was featured in his own television series, The Adventures of Champion, based on a radio series of the same name. Lyrics from the theme song emphasize his status as Wonder Horse.
Like a streak of lightnin' flashin' 'cross the sky,
Like the swiftest arrow whizzin' from a bow,
Like a mighty cannonball he seems to fly.
You'll hear about him ever'where you go.
The time'll come when everyone will know
The name of Champion the Wonder Horse! [25]
Other Notable Wonder Horses
- Baron with Tom Tyler
- Black Jack and Feather with Allan Lane
- Cyclone with Don Barry
- Duke with John Wayne
- Falcon with Buster Crabbe
- King with Bill Cody
- Knight with Rod Cameron
- Koko "The Miracle Horse of the Movies" with Rex Allen
- Lightning and Duke with Tim Holt
- Midnight with Tim McCoy
- Mike with George O'Brien
- Mutt with Hoot Gibson
- Raider with Charles Starrett
- Rebel with Reb Russell
- Rush with Lash LaRue
- Scout with Jack Hoxie
- Shamrock with Bob Livingstone
- Silver with Buck Jones
- Silver with the Lone Ranger
- Silver with Sunset Carson
- Silver Bullet with Whip Wilson
- Silver King with Fred Thomson
- Sonny and Thunder with Wild Bill Elliott
- Starlight with Jack Perrin
- Topper with Hopalong Cassidy
- White Eagle and Silver with Bug Jones
- White Flash with Tex Ritter
Wonder Horse Toys
As these Westerns had great appeal to children, toys, clothing, and other accessories were marketed, many of them featuring their favorite cowboy's Wonder Horse. Tony, Trigger, Champion, Rocky Lane's Black Jack, and the Lone Ranger's Silver were some of the Wonder Horses of cinema that were featured in Western comic books.
- ↑ Roderick McGillis, He Was Some Kind of a Man: Masculinities in the B Western, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press (2009), 2-3, 106.
- ↑ Richard W. Slatta, The Cowboy Encyclopedia, New York: W. W. Norton & Company (1996), 188.
- ↑ Brad Prowse, "Screen Horses and their Heroes," American Cowboy (Jan/Feb 1999), 62.
- ↑ Slatta, 187.
- ↑ McGillis, 107.
- ↑ Staci Layne Wilson, Animal Movies Guide, USA: Running Free Press (2007), 324.
- ↑ Lillian Turner, "The Golden Horse on the Silver Screen," Montana The Magazine of Western History (Autumn 1995), 9, 10.
- ↑ William S. Hart, My Life: East and West, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1929), 289-90.
- ↑ Ronald L. Davis, William S. Hart: Projecting the American West, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (2003), 223.
- ↑ Turner, 11.
- ↑ Deanne Stillman, Mustang: The Saga of the Wild Horse in the American West, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2008), 212.
- ↑ Turner, 11.
- ↑ Gary A. Yoggy, Back in the Saddle: Essays on Western Film and Television Actors, North Carolina: McFarland & Company (1998), 41.
- ↑ Turner, 12.
- ↑ Edward Buscombe, editor, The BFI Companion to the Western, London: Deutsch (1996), 152.
- ↑ Lawrence Scanlan, Wild About Horses: Our Timeless Passion for the Horse, Canada: Random House of Canada (1999), 163.
- ↑ Turner, 14.
- ↑ Buscombe, 152.
- ↑ Erin Grace. 2010. "Trigger's happy trails to Omaha." Omaha World Herald, July 15, Metro/Region section.
- ↑ Turner, 13.
- ↑ Prowse, 62.
- ↑ Don Cusic, Gene Autry: His Life and Career, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. (2007), 55.
- ↑ Prowse, 62.
- ↑ Cusic, 96.
- ↑ Julie Whitaker, The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge, UK: Ivy Press (2007), 124.
Works cited
- Buscombe, Edward, ed. The BFI Companion to the Western, London: Deutsch (1996).
- Cusic, Don. Gene Autry: His Life and Career, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. (2007).
- Davis, Ronald L. William S. Hart: Projecting the American West, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press (2003).
- Grace, Erin. "Trigger's happy trails to Omaha." Omaha World Herald, July 15, 2010, Metro/Region section.
- Hart, William S. My Life: East and West, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1929).
- McGillis, Roderick, He Was Some Kind of a Man: Masculinities in the B Western, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press (2009).
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External links
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