text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 26, 1998
|Filing date
|Oct 17, 1994
|Priority date
|Mar 18, 1994
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Akihiko Oka
|Original Assignee
|Fujitsu Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (38), Classifications (24), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a network in which path protection switching rings (hereinafter referred to as PPS rings) in a synchronous optical network (SONET) are interconnected with interfaces at a lower level than the SONET level. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and device which provide survivability of traffic or signals by triggering path switching in the event of a failure in such a network.
2. Description of the Related Art
When SONET PPS rings, for instance, access PPS rings, are connected together to set up a network, they may be linked by means of signals at lower levels than the SONET level, e.g., DSn (DS: Digital Signal, n=1, 2, 3).
FIG. 1 shows a general structure of multiple PPS rings that are connected together. As shown in FIG. 1, first and second PPS rings 1 and 2 are connected together by two physically different serving nodes, i.e., a first serving node 3 and a second serving node 4. Each of the first and second serving nodes 3 and 4 provides signal paths between the rings. It is assumed that, in a given hierarchical network, the first PPS ring 1 operates at a higher speed than the second PPS ring 2. This configuration is intended to provide survivability of traffic (e.g., DS1/DS3 services) passing between the rings 1 and 2 against a serving node failure. Any signal passing between the rings 1 and 2 is protected fully and automatically against the loss of a serving node. For survivability of services, protection against a failure in a serving node is essential in addition to protection against a break in the ring.
FIG. 1 shows how two PPS rings are interconnected to provide protection against serving node failures. At the top of the PPS ring 1, channels (e.g., DS1 services) are transmitted to the designated serving nodes 3 and 4 via the ring 1. The serving nodes 3 and 4 distribute channels to various customers on the ring 2. DS1s are mapped into 28�N floating VTs (virtual tributaries) on the ring 1. Channel assignments onto the ring 2 are made at the serving nodes 3 and 4. ADMs (Add-Drop Multiplexers) 5 through 8 in the serving nodes are connected with an electrical STS (Synchronous Transport Signal) connection or optical OC-M connection (OC: Optical Carrier) to preserve alarms and maintenance signals carried in path overhead. In the case of channelized (i.e., VT organized) STS-1, the STS-1 is carried on the ring 1 to the designated serving nodes and terminated at the serving nodes. The STS-1 is then demultiplexed to VT signals for channel assignment onto the ring 2. Further, higher-speed channels (e.g., D3 rate services) are also delivered directly from the ring 1 to a customer termination on the ring 2.
The PPS ring 1 comprises ADMs 5, 7, 9, 10, and 11, while the PPS ring 2 comprises ADMs 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The serving node 3 comprises the ADM 5 on the PPS ring 1 and the ADM 6 on the PPS ring 2, which are connected together. The serving node 4 comprises the ADM 7 on the PPS ring 1 and the ADM 8 on the PPS ring 2, which are connected together.
The SONET ADM 10 located at the top of the ring 1 transmits its VTs in both the clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) directions. The VT traffic is routed to both the serving nodes 3 and 4 via a drop and continue feature. The drop and continue feature permits the same traffic to be routed to the serving nodes 3 and 4 from the same direction. For instance, CCW traffic is dropped off at the SONET ADM 5 and passed to the SONET ADM 7. CW traffic is dropped off at the SONET ADM 7 and passed to the SONET ADM 5. Thus, with the drop and continue feature, the continued signal is forwarded like a pass-through signal. In this way, at either serving node, two signals (one from each direction) are available for signal selection. The ADM drop and continue feature is expected to be provisionable at the path level.
During normal operating conditions (i.e., no ring failures), 2:1 selectors in the serving nodes can be set up such that the preferred (or default) signals for traffic selection are opposite each other, ensuring that a failure in the ring 1 will not cause channel selection in both serving nodes. It is assumed that the PPS rings are revertive. At the serving node 3, therefore, the 2:1 selector of the SONET ADM 5 selects either the CW or CCW channel received from the ring 1 as the dropped signal. This signal is routed as an input to the SONET ADM 6. The SONET ADM 6 sends this signal only in the CCW direction on the ring 2. This implies that a 2:1 selector is needed only for each channel received from the ring 1. The same procedure is performed at the second serving node 4, except that the SONET ADM 8 transmits the pre-selected signal from the SONET ADM 7 only in the CW direction on the ring 2. Traffic entering the ring is then routed to only one fiber. Thus, this procedure satisfies the PPS ring requirement of having duplicate signals in the CW and CCW directions.
In the same manner, VT traffic from customers on the ring 2 (heading back to the ring 1) is routed to both the serving nodes via the drop and continue feature. Channel assignments onto the ring 1 are made at the serving nodes. The serving nodes transmit their traffic in only one direction on the ring 1, opposite of each other (ADM 5 transmits CW and ADM 7 transmits CCW), thus satisfying the PPS ring requirement of having duplicate signals in the CW and CCW directions.
It is important to emphasize that the operation of the serving nodes is symmetrical. The serving node 3 pair, ADM 5 and ADM 6, serves one of the unidirectional fibers in each PPS ring. Similarly, the serving node 4 pair, ADM 7 and ADM 8, serves the other unidirectional fiber. With this arrangement, (1) service will continue between the rings during loss of the serving node 3 or 4, including interconnecting links within each serving node; and (2) there is always a path between the rings with the loss of either node. Restoration is automatic in the event of a node failure; no rerouting of traffic between nodes is necessary. Also, both the rings 1 and 2 are treated as autonomous, independent rings, which creates a robust network. This means the ring 1 can operate at the STS-1 level, and the ring 2 can operate at the VT level. More notably, this configuration can survive a simultaneous fiber break in both the ring networks without loss of communication between the rings.
If, as described above, the SONET PPS rings are connected together by signals at lower levels (e.g., DSn: n=1, 2, 3) than the SONET level, the SONET access PPS ring may not be connected properly, providing inadequate protection against a failure, i.e., inadequate survivability of signals in the event of a failure.
That is, in the event that, when the rings are connected by DSn, a break occurs in the ring connection location, a VT Path AIS (Alarm Indication Signal) or STS (Synchronous Transport Signal) Path AIS, which is at the SONET level, cannot be sent out. If, when DSn is used in the ring connection, a break occurs in the connection, DSnAIS will be sent out. In the SONET PPS rings, the VT Path AIS or STS Path AIS triggers path switching for survivability of traffic. If the rings are connected by DSn, therefore, the SONET-level PPS ring cannot protect traffic because path switching cannot be performed.
Reference will be made to FIG. 2 to describe the survivability of traffic by performing path switching in the PPS ring at the SONET STS level.
Here, an example is taken in which the SONET PPS ring provides protection against a fiber (cable) cut. FIG. 2 shows an example of a PPS ring configuration which uses SONET ADMs that add/drop STS-1. For simplicity, only the drop side is shown. On the ring there are provided four SONET STS-1 level ADMs to form nodes #1, #2, #3, and #4. Each of these ADMs adds/drops three STS-1 signals. That is, a single SONET ADM is placed in each of the nodes #1 to #4. Furthermore, it is assumed that a single STS-1 path exists between SONET ADMs.
During normal operation STS-1 signals are inserted onto first and second fiber rings FB1 and FB2. The first fiber ring FB1 is assumed to be a working ring. When a failure occurs in the fiber pair between the nodes #1 and #4 as shown, the receiver at node #1 detects the failure, enters a failure state, and indicates the alarm condition. A partial, per-line type of failure in the PPS ADM is equivalent to the cutting of one fiber, which does not disrupt the entire ring. The control operation applies to the first and second fiber rings FB1 and FB2. The following description of the first fiber ring FB1 is applicable to the second ring FB2.
After the SONET ADM node #1 detects the loss of an incoming signal or line AIS, it inserts STS path AIS into all valid path signals. At the drop side of node #1 in the dropped direction, the path signal is continuously monitored for path AIS. The detection of Path AIS in the working path signal at the drop side triggers path switching, which causes the 2:1 selector to select a valid path from the second fiber FB2. Since the node #1 is close to the fiber cut location, all its 2:1 selectors perform path switching. The output of the node #1 on the first fiber ring FB1 has Path AIS on all its path signals, except those added at node #1. At node #2, the high-speed interface will not detect any signal failure because framing is not interrupted. The framing pattern at the output of node #1 is required to be valid at all times, which is a basic requirement for SONET ADMs. After extracting the dropped signals, the 2:1 selectors a and b of node #2 detect Path AIS and perform path switching. The 2:1 selector c of node #2 is an interface corresponding to paths between nodes #1 and #2. The signal in the first fiber ring FB1 is not affected by the cut; thus, no path switching is required. For those paths that propagate through node #2, only the 4-3 path (i.e., the path from node #4 to node #3) carries Path AIS. Both the 1-3 and 1-4 paths that originate from node #1 carry valid data.
In the PPS ring, the same algorithm is applied to node #3. In node #3, only the 4-3 path is required to perform path switching. Moreover, the three through paths at node #3 are carrying valid data that has been inserted onto the ring downstream from the failure location. Thus, none of the 2:1 selectors in node #4 is required to perform path switching.
In the ring configuration of FIG. 2, each SONET ADM adds and drops STS-NC level signals (e.g., STS-3C). The operation of a ring that adds/drops at the STS-NC level is identical to that of the PPS ring at the STS 1 level, except the control operation for failure recovery is based on the detection of STS-NC Path AIS on the STS-NC paths.
An example of a VT PPS ring consists of SONET ADMs that add/drop DS1 signals from an OC-N level optical signal. The configuration of a VT PPS ring is identical to that of an STS-1 PPS ring. Thus, the description of the function of the STS-1 PPS ring is applicable to the VT PPS ring. The differences are that path switching is performed in the VT PPS ring not at the STS-1 level but at the VT level and is triggered on a different basis. However, VT-level protection can be accomplished alternatively by protecting at the higher STS-1 path level, similar to line protection switching for all lower layers (STS/VT). This only applies when no VTs are added/dropped to the STS-1 at an intermediate node. A VT-level PPS ring is not applicable with the locked VT mode of operation. For the locked mode of operation, VT-level protection would be provided by protection at the STS-1 level.
In this way, path switching is performed at the STS/VT level in SONET PPS rings.
However, if, when DSn, such as DS1, DS3 or the like, is used in the ring connection, a cut occurs in the ring connection, then DSn AISs will be sent out in place of VT Path AISs or STS Path AISs that are SONET level AISs. In this case, in the SONET level PPS ring, such signal protection path switching as described above cannot be performed.
It is an object of the present invention to enable a network, which comprises multiple SONET PPS rings that are connected together with interfaces at a level lower than the SONET level, to trigger path switching effectively even in the event of failures in the interfaces to thereby provide survivability of signals.
In the event that a failure occurs in a network in which SONET PPS rings are interconnected with interfaces at a lower level than the SONET level, a signal protection system according to the present invention detects an AIS (Alarm Indication Signal), LOS (Loss of Signal) or LOF (Loss of Frame) in a low-level interface at an input section for low-level signals for the SONET ring, converts it to a SONET-level AIS, and triggers path switching, thereby protecting traffic or signals in the network.
A signal protection arrangement of the present invention is placed in an ADM constructing a serving node for interconnecting the PPS rings and comprises a failure detector, an AIS generator, and a signal processing unit.
The failure detector, connected to receive a signal from an interface at a lower level than the SONET level such as a DSn interface, detects a failure in the interface, such as a cable cut or the loss of signals (e.g., at least one of AIS, LOS and LOF), and issues a failure detect signal to the AIS generator.
The AIS generator is responsive to the failure detect signal from the failure detector to generate a SONET level (STS or VT level) AIS to the signal processing circuit.
The signal processing unit converts a low-level signal from the interface to a SONET level signal for transmit data. Upon receipt of a SONET AIS from the AIS generator, the signal processing unit inserts it onto the SONET level signal for application to ADMs on the SONET PPS rings.
Such a signal protection arrangement is installed in a section which feeds signals from the low-level interface to an ADM serving as one of serving nodes for interconnecting the PPS rings with low-level interfaces. Upon receipt of a failure detect signal from the low-level interface, the ADM performs path switching, thereby protecting paths and transmit signals.
Such a signal protection arrangement is provided for each of low-level-interface-connected ADMs serving as the serving nodes. The serving nodes typically form in pairs a PPS ring connection.
When the low-level interface is an interface for DS1 signals, a VT path AIS is generated based on a failure in a DS1 signal (AIS, LOS or LOF). When the low-level interface is an interface for DS2 signals, a VT path AIS is generated based on a failure in a DS2 signal. When the interface is an interface for DS3 signals, an STS path AIS is generated based on a failure in a DS3 signal.
By generating and adding a SONET level AIS, i.e., a VT path AIS (in the case of DS1 or DS2 signals) or an STS path AIS (in the case of DS3 signals), when an input interruption or other failures are detected at a low-level interface signal input section, the network signal protection system of the present invention provides survivability of signals against any node failure or other failures in the PPS rings.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent during the following discussion in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows an example of a general multiple PPS ring configuration;
FIG. 2 is a diagram for use in explanation of signal protection by path switching in a general PPS ring;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a signal protection arrangement according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 shows a network system which has a signal protection arrangement according to a second embodiment of the present invention built in;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the signal protection arrangement of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a diagram for use in explanation of mapping DS1 information of the VT format in the network system of FIG. 4;
FIG. 7 is a diagram for use in explanation of the VT format in the network system of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a serving node according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
<First Embodiment>
In FIG. 3 there is shown a signal protection arrangement according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The signal protection arrangement according to the present invention is arranged to detect, in the event that a failure occurs in a network in which SONET PPS rings are interconnected with interfaces at a lower level than the SONET level, an AIS (Alarm Indication Signal), LOS (Loss of Signal) or LOF (Loss of Frame) of a low-level interface at an input section for low-level interface signals to the SONET ring, convert it to a SONET level AIS, and triggers PPS ring path switching, thereby protecting signals against the network failure.
The signal protection arrangement of FIG. 3, which is positioned at each of ADMs (ADD-Drop Multiplexers) forming serving nodes for connecting the PPS rings together, comprises a failure detector 31, an AIS generator 32, and a signal converter 33.
The failure detector 31 is connected to receive signals from an interface at a lower level than the SONET level, e.g., DSn interface, and detects a failure in that interface, such as a line cut or loss of signals (e.g., AIS, LOS, or LOF). Upon detecting such a failure, the detector sends a failure detect signal to the AIS generator 32.
Upon receipt of the detect signal, the AIS generator 32 generates a SONET-level (e.g., STS level or VT level) AIS and applies it to the signal converter 33.
The signal converter 33 converts a low-level signal from the low-level interface to a SONET-level signal. When receiving a SONET-level AIS from the AIS generator 32, the signal converter inserts it onto the converted signal for application to the SONET PPS ring ADMs.
This arrangement is positioned in that portion of each of the ADMs forming serving nodes which connect the PPS rings with low-level interfaces which applies signals from the corresponding low-level interface to the corresponding ADM, as shown n FIG. 8. Upon receipt of such a signal, the ADM triggers path switching, thereby protecting the PPS rings and signals against a failure.
The signal protection arrangement is installed in each of the interface-connected ADMs forming the serving nodes. Typically, the serving nodes form in pairs a PPS ring connection.
More specifically, when the low-level interface is DS1, a VT Path AIS is generated based on a DS1 signal failure (AIS, LOS or LOF). When the low-level interface is DS2, a VT Path AIS is generated based on a DS2 signal failure. And, when the low-level interface is DS3, an STS Path AIS is generated based on a DS3 signal failure.
Thus, by generating and adding a SONET-level AIS, i.e., a VT Path AIS (in the case of a DS1 or DS2 signal) or an STS Path AIS (in the case of a DS3 signal), in the input section of low-level interface signals, the signal protection arrangement of FIG. 3 provides survivability of signals against a node failure or other failures.
<Second Embodiment>
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a network system which has a signal protection arrangement according to a second embodiment of the present invention built in.
This network system has first and second SONET-level PPS rings 51 and 52, which are interconnected with first and second serving nodes 53 and 54.
The PPS ring 51 has ADMs 9, 10 and 11 which are identical to those of FIG. 1 and ADMs 55 and 57 to which the signal protection arrangement of the present invention is applied. The PPS ring 52 has ADMs 12, 13, 14 and 15 which are identical to those of FIG. 1 and ADMs 56 and 58 to which the signal protection arrangement of the present invention is applied.
The serving node 53 comprises the ADMs 55 and 56, whereas the serving node 54 comprises the ADMs 57 and 58. The serving nodes 53 and 54 interconnect the SONET-level PPS rings 51 and 52 with DS1 interfaces by way of example. In the DS1 signal input section of each of the ADMs 55, 56, 57 and 58 in the serving nodes 53 and 54 there is installed a signal protection circuit which detects a DS1 signal failure to generate a SONET-level VT Path AIS, and inserts it onto signals.
The signal protection arrangement used in the network system of FIG. 4 is constructed as shown in FIG. 5, which is a more specific arrangement of the signal protection arrangement shown in FIG. 3.
The signal protection arrangement of FIG. 5 comprises a failure detector 61, an AIS generator 62, and a signal converter 63. The signal converter 63 comprises a decoder 64, a memory 65, and a multiplexer 66.
The failure detector 61 detects a break in a DS1 signal path or other path failures on the basis of AIS, LOS or LOF generated in the DS1 signal path. The AIS generator 62 is responsive to the detection of a DS1 failure by the failure detector 61 to generate a SONET-level VT Path AIS, for example.
The signal converter 63 converts DS1 level signals to SONET VT path levels. That is, the decoder 64 converts various DS1 codes to VT path codes. The memory 65 temporarily holds a DS1 signal output from the decoder 64, serving as a buffer for speed conversion to VT path signals. The multiplexer 66 multiplexes a VT path AIS generated by the AIS generator 62 with data read from the memory 65. The decoder 64 writes data into the memory 65 synchronously with a write clock WCLK, and the multiplexer 66 reads data from the memory 65 synchronously with a read clock RCLK.
Here, VT-mode (floating VT mode) mapping of DS1 mode information will be described mainly in connection with AIS.
Reference is made to FIGS. 6 and 7 to describe how DS1 payload is mapped into a VT path frame.
In order to transmit a DS1 signal via a VT path, the DS1 format must be mapped on a VT path. FIG. 6 shows an example of asynchronous mapping of a DS1 signal into a VT SPE (Synchronous Payload Envelope) format.
The VT SPE format of FIG. 6 into which DS1 payload is mapped consists of 26 bytes�4=104 bytes. Of the first 26 bytes, the first byte is VT path overhead (POH) V5 and the second byte consists of 6 fixed-stuff bits R, a bit of information I, and a bit of fixed stuff R, followed by 24 bytes (192 bits) of information I. The second and third 26 bytes are identical to each other, their first byte consisting of 8 fixed-stuff bits R and their next byte consisting of 2 stuff-control bits C1 and C2, 4 bits of overhead O, a bit of information I, and a fixed-stuff bit R, followed by 24 bytes of information I. Of the last 26 bytes, the first byte consists of 8 fixed-stuff bits R, and the next byte consists of 2 stuff control bits C1 and C2, 3 fixed-stuff bits R, 2 stuff opportunity bits S1 and S2, and a fixed-stuff bit R, followed by 24 bytes of information I.
Such a VT SPE is mapped into the floating VT 1.5 format as shown in FIG. 7.
In FIG. 7, 26-byte blocks in the VT SPE shown in FIG. 6 are respectively incorporated into 26 VT bytes 2 to 27 in blocks corresponding to VT pointer 1 (V1), VT pointer 2 (V2), VT pointer 3 (V3) and VT-reserved area V4 of the floating VT 1.5 format. The VT pointer 1 (V1), VT pointer 2 (V2), VT pointer 3 (V3) and VT-reserved area V4 each require one byte, which is placed into the corresponding VT byte 1.
In this format, in the case of DS1 level AIS by way of example, all Is in FIG. 6, i.e., the seventh bit of the second byte in each of the first, second and third 26-byte blocks and the third through twenty-sixth bytes (24 bytes in total) in each of 26-byte blocks, are set to ones. In contrast, in the case of VT 1.5 AIS, VT bytes 1 through 27 in each of blocks for VT pointer 1V1, VT pointer 2V2, VT pointer 3V3 and VT-reserved area V4, i.e., 108 bytes in total, are all set to ones.
Thus, the signal converter 63 places DS1 signals into VT payload and converts them into such VT path signals as shown in FIG. 7 by the use of the decoder 64, memory 65, and multiplexer 66. In this state, however, Is of FIG. 6 are merely set to ones even if a DS1-level AIS is originated. This AIS is not recognized on the VT paths and hence no path switching is performed; thus signals cannot be protected. Thus, the failure detector 61 detects the DS1-level AIS and causes the AIS generator 62 to generate a VT path AIS, i.e., a signal which sets 108 bytes in the VT format shown in FIG. 7 to all ones. This signal is inserted into the VT format by the multiplexer 66, so that the 108 bytes are set to all ones.
In this way, the DS1-level AIS is converted to the VT-level AIS, which, in turn, is transferred to the ADMs constructing the SONET-level PPS ring.
Upon receipt of the AIS in a VT path signal, each of the ADMs performs path switching, thereby providing survivability of signals.
Thus, in the event of the loss of a DS1 signal due to a cable cut in the first serving node 53, for example, in FIG. 4, the PPS ring protection mechanism is activated properly, maintaining signal transmissions between the PPS rings.
Even when a DS1-level AIS is generated by dual failure not by cable cuts in the serving nodes 53 and 54, it can be detected by the failure detector 61, thereby permitting the same processing as above to be performed.
The above description was made taking the use of DS1 as a signal at a lower level than the SONET level by way of example. For DS2, the same signal protection arrangement as above can be used for survivability of signals. For DS3, the AIS generator 62 is simply required to generate an STS path AIS in place of a VT-level AIS.
In summary, it is only required that, in the signal input section for the SONET level, a SONET-level AIS be generated based on the detection of the loss of lower level signals.
It is apparent that, in this invention, a wide range of different working modes can be formed based on the invention without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 19, 1982
|Mar 19, 1985
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for switching loop type transmission lines
|Aug 19, 1985
|Mar 3, 1987
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Distributed control time division multiplex ring communication apparatus
|Feb 4, 1988
|May 30, 1989
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Survivable ring network
|Dec 9, 1988
|Oct 30, 1990
|Transwitch Corporation
|System for cross-connecting high speed digital SONET signals
|Aug 11, 1989
|Mar 26, 1991
|Infotron Systems Corporation
|Survivable network using reverse protection ring
|Oct 26, 1990
|Sep 8, 1992
|Alcatel Network Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for rapidly restoring a communication network
|Jul 26, 1991
|Sep 22, 1992
|Nec Corporation
|Dual-ring atm communications system
|Dec 20, 1988
|Oct 27, 1992
|Northern Telecom Limited
|Ring transmission system
|Aug 6, 1990
|Aug 3, 1993
|Alcatel Network Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for identifying a failed span in a network of span interconnected nodes
|Jun 17, 1991
|Aug 31, 1993
|Fujitsu Limited
|Rerouting and change-back systems for asynchronous transfer mode network
|Jul 3, 1991
|Nov 23, 1993
|Transwitch Corporation
|Sonet alarm indication signal transmission method and apparatus
|Jun 2, 1992
|Jan 11, 1994
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Dual hubbing in a bidirectional line-switched ring transmission system
|Dec 7, 1992
|Jan 25, 1994
|Alcatel Network Systems, Inc.
|Ring network overhead handling method
|May 7, 1991
|Apr 26, 1994
|Fujitsu Limited
|Fault recovery system of a ring network
|Jun 22, 1993
|Jul 5, 1994
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|Self-healing meshed network using logical ring structures
|Jul 17, 1992
|Jul 12, 1994
|Alcatel Network Systems, Inc.
|High-speed facility protection in a digital telecommunications system
|Oct 22, 1993
|Feb 28, 1995
|At&T Corp.
|Ring interworking between bidirectional line-switched ring transmission systems and path-switched ring transmission systems
|May 27, 1993
|Dec 8, 1993
|AT&T Corp.
|Dual hubbing in a bidirectional line-switched ring transmission system
|May 7, 1991
|Mar 19, 1992
|Bell Communications Research, Inc.
|A dual-hubbed arrangement to provide a protected ring interconnection
|Bellcore Technical Reference, "Sonet Add-Drop Multiplex Equipment (Sonet ADM) Generic Criteria: A Undirectional, Dual-Fed, Path Protection, Switched, Self-Healing Ring Implementation", Issue 2, Sep. 1989, Supplement 1, Sep. 1991.
|Bellcore Technical Reference, Sonet Add Drop Multiplex Equipment (Sonet ADM) Generic Criteria: A Undirectional, Dual Fed, Path Protection, Switched, Self Healing Ring Implementation , Issue 2, Sep. 1989, Supplement 1, Sep. 1991.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 8, 1997
|Apr 25, 2000
|Method to signal a failure in a mixed PDH/SDH network in order to enable the latter to provide a service such as a protection mechanism
|Mar 4, 1997
|Sep 19, 2000
|Fujitsu Limited
|Add-drop multiplexing apparatus
|Jan 31, 1997
|Jun 26, 2001
|Telestra Corporation Limited
|Network fault system
|Jan 16, 1997
|Jul 3, 2001
|Nortel Networks Corporation
|Self-healing line switched ring for ATM traffic
|Sep 8, 1998
|Sep 25, 2001
|Mci Communications Corporation
|Method and system therefor for ensuring a true activation of distributed restoration in a telecommunications network
|Sep 8, 1998
|Jan 8, 2002
|Mci Worldcom, Inc.
|Quantification of the quality of spare links in a telecommunications network
|Mar 17, 1998
|Jan 8, 2002
|Fujitsu Limited
|Path switching device for transmission apparatus
|Sep 16, 1998
|Apr 9, 2002
|At&T Corp
|Back-up restoration technique for SONET/SHD rings
|Sep 8, 1998
|Jun 11, 2002
|Mci Worldcom, Inc.
|Method of exercising a distributed restoration process in an operational telecommunications network
|Sep 11, 1998
|Jun 25, 2002
|Mci Communications Corporation
|Signal conversion for fault isolation
|Mar 23, 1998
|Jul 2, 2002
|Mci Communications Corporation
|Method and system of managing unidirectional failures in a distributed restoration network
|Sep 8, 1998
|Jul 9, 2002
|Mci Worldcom, Inc.
|Out of band messaging in a DRA network
|Sep 11, 1998
|Dec 17, 2002
|Worldcom, Inc.
|System and method for restricted reuse of intact portions of failed paths
|Mar 11, 1998
|Jan 14, 2003
|Worldcom, Inc.
|Telecommunications network distributed restoration method and system
|Jun 2, 1999
|Jul 15, 2003
|Marconi Communications, Inc.
|Transmitter-based path protection switching in a ring network
|Aug 23, 1999
|Apr 20, 2004
|Marconi Communications, Inc.
|System and method for packet transport in a ring network
|Dec 20, 1996
|Jul 6, 2004
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Automatic protection switching system in a network
|Jun 11, 1999
|Nov 2, 2004
|Mci, Inc.
|Method of identifying low quality links in a telecommunications network
|Dec 20, 1999
|May 3, 2005
|Nortel Networks Limited
|Self-healing link switched ring for ATM traffic
|Jun 1, 2001
|Oct 4, 2005
|Calix Networks, Inc.
|Optical network restoration
|Jun 4, 2001
|Feb 28, 2006
|Calix Networks, Inc.
|Traffic merging system
|Jun 4, 2001
|Apr 25, 2006
|Calix Networks, Inc.
|Backplane bus
|Apr 14, 2006
|Jun 23, 2009
|Calix Networks, Inc.
|Backplane bus
|Aug 16, 2002
|Jan 26, 2010
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and system for emulating an ethernet link over a sonet path
|Dec 30, 2005
|May 7, 2013
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for providing internet protocol call signaling network assurance
|Mar 30, 2006
|Sep 30, 2014
|Alcatel Lucent
|Fault isolation and provisioning for optical switches
|Nov 8, 2013
|Feb 2, 2016
|Fujitsu Limited
|Communication monitor, occurrence prediction method, and recording medium
|May 6, 2013
|May 17, 2016
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Method and apparatus for providing internet protocol call signaling network assurance
|Nov 20, 2013
|May 24, 2016
|Fujitsu Limited
|Communication monitor, prediction method, and recording medium
|May 11, 2001
|Nov 14, 2002
|Thompson Richard A.
|System and method for the configuration, repair and protection of virtual ring networks
|Jun 4, 2001
|Dec 5, 2002
|Jason Dove
|Traffic merging system
|Feb 20, 2002
|Feb 27, 2003
|Koichi Maeda
|Transmission apparatus equipped with an alarm transfer device
|Dec 27, 2001
|Mar 18, 2004
|Stormo Magne Sigbjorn
|Controlled handling of far end at equipment failure in an msp'unidirectional configuration
|Jun 4, 2001
|Dec 9, 2004
|Jason Dove
|Backplane bus
|Mar 30, 2006
|Oct 11, 2007
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Fault isolation and provisioning for optical switches
|Nov 20, 2013
|Jul 17, 2014
|Fujitsu Limited
|Communication monitor, prediction method, and recording medium
|Jul 2, 2001
|May 6, 2009
|Loopback protector for light monitor channel
|Jan 14, 1999
|Jul 22, 1999
|Mci Worldcom, Inc.
|System and method for sharing a spare channel among two or more optical ring networks
|U.S. Classification
|370/242, 370/249, 370/224
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 17, 1994
Owner name: FUJITSU LIMITED, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OKA, AKIHIKO;REEL/FRAME:007192/0142
Effective date: 19941007
|Nov 1, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 4, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 28, 2009
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 26, 2010
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 13, 2010
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20100526


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Léa Massiot <lmhe...@orange.fr>
|Re: WebApps sharing uploaded files
|Tue, 04 Oct 2011 08:44:29 GMT
Hello André, > Do you mean that you are going to create a new JSP for every new file > someone may ever upload? No... > Or do they always upload the same file "f.txt"? No... I understand your being puzzled... my bad: the example I posted is oversimple but it works if tested! In reality, the "c:choose" is "dynamic" in the JSPs: it is part of a loop which loops through a dynamic list of attachments. And yes you're right, contrary to my original description, there is not a unique "uf" directory storing both the attachments of "w1" and those of "w2". Some attachments are in "w1\uf1", all the others are in "w2\uf2" (it's a partition). That solution is quite good because: - there are no file duplicates, - the JSPs are the same, - I just need a switch inside of them to pick the attachments in the right directory according to a test. What's interesting is that, in the same servlets container, one WebApp "has access" to another WebApp through "/w1/uf1/f.txt" "/w2/uf2/f.txt" type of addressing. Thank you for your interest and best regards, -- Léa -- View this message in context: http://old.nabble.com/WebApps-sharing-uploaded-files-tp32570911p32587506.html Sent from the Tomcat - User mailing list archive at Nabble.com. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
|View raw message

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Need help ordering? Call us at 1-888-2GO-HIKE Store Locations
Pioneering in technology the Fisher Trekker Space Pen can hang upside down forever yet function immediately when needed. This pen is "the Bomb" for so many different folks. Are you an executive? Put it on your keychain and always have a quality writing instrument at hand. Police/Fire/Ambulance...clip it to your belt and it will sail through the daily abuse it will get! Students love this on their school lanyard. It's the choice of mountain climbers, sojourners, farmers and security guards.
Writes upside down, under water and in extreme temperatures.
Give this pen as a gift and you'll be remembered forever. The Trekker Space Pen with a key chain ring attached to the posi-lock cap allows for easy accessibility. The trekker Space Pen comes in a gift box with a carabiner and a break-away lanyard making it easily attachable to a belt loop, back pack, purse, climbing gear, briefcase or anything else that is within your reach.
Be the first to Write a Review


text:
The entire Fosterburg Water District and the city of Bunker Hill are under a boil order, which could extend through the Labor Day weekend.
The water in Fosterburg has a low chlorine level because of water line flushing that Illinois American Water began this week. The district purchases its water from Illinois American.
Any water used for consumption should be boiled 5 to 10 minutes. For more information on the Bunker Hill order, call 618-585-4632.
Customers with questions about the situation, or to find out when the boil is lifted should call the district offices at 618-259-0935.
A Google Maps image of Fosterburg Township. The entire district is under a boil order.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is optional but will greatly raise your chances of your profile getting noticed by other daters. Tell people about yourself, your hobbies and upload your best photograph.
Use our website's sophisticated search to find members who match your criteria. Or just flip through listings and find folks that appear interesting.
Discovered someone who takes your fancy? Send them a word or two or just a wink and see how you get along. With a little luck you'll be on your way to uncover that special someone for you.
It only takes a few minutes


text:
Morehouse College Strategic Plan
Our truly distinctive Mission:
Rich History & Enduring Values
The mission of Morehouse College is to develop men
with disciplined minds to lead lives of leadership and service
by emphasizing the intellectual and character development of its students
and by assuming a special responsibility for teaching
the history and culture of black people.
Since the founding of Morehouse College in 1867, the faculty, staff, and leadership have worked to inspire, engage, challenge, support, and mentor its students with the expressed intent of fomenting their intellectual and character development. How we have articulated success in that endeavor has evolved over time. President John Hope (1906-1931), perhaps the first to be called "a maker of men," insisted that "a Morehouse Man cannot fail." He argued that Morehouse Men should be prepared for "the work of their generation" and must "defy anything less [than] … fairness and real brotherhood."
President Benjamin Mays's (1940-1967) 14 points promoted students being "radical thinkers, proud, confident and impactful; attendant to social justice needs and the needs of their fellow students; in control, humble and respected; [and] striving for the best." And President Hugh Gloster '31 (1967-1986) added that Morehouse Men should "learn as much about American Negro literature and history and the race problem and race relations" as possible.
More recently, during President Walter Massey's tenure (1995-2007), the seven pillars—academic excellence, respect, integrity, awareness, truth, compassion, and spirituality—were introduced to capture the values students must seek to cultivate in themselves. President Robert Franklin (2007-2012) described a Renaissance man who exhibited five wells: well-read, well-traveled, well-spoken, well-dressed, and well-balanced. And President Wilson (2013- ) has said that "a Morehouse Man is one who moves through the world with obvious competence and confidence, able at once to compete and work in the world that is, and yet imagine and work for the world that must yet be."
We have combined and integrated these definitions to provide a new characterization of the Morehouse Man, one which speaks to our unique mission and tries to capture the enduring values from all 150 years of our history. In particular, we seek to produce men of acuity, integrity and agency; men who commit to brotherhood; and men who strive to lead consequential lives.
Equally important, these values not only define the Morehouse Man and exemplify our history, but they also guide our embrace of students and reflect our unique character as an institution.


text:
MMA Forum - UFC Forums - UFC Results - MMA Videos (http://www.mmaforum.com/forumindex.php)
- Other MMA & Amateur MMA (http://www.mmaforum.com/other-mma-amateur-mma/)
- - Looking for a serious training partner (http://www.mmaforum.com/other-mma-amateur-mma/3658-looking-serious-training-partner.html)
Looking for a serious training partner
Hey guys, Im new to the sight, new to mma. Im looking for a training camp in Houston TX if anyone knows of a good one. I am also looking for a partner to train with, i have alot to learn and I am eager to do just that. If anyone is interested or f you know of a good place to train, let me know.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 06:18 PM.
Powered by vBulletin Version 3.8.7 , Copyright ©2000 - 2017, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.
vBulletin Security provided by vBSecurity v2.2.2 (Pro) - vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.
User Alert System provided by Advanced User Tagging (Pro) - vBulletin Mods & Addons Copyright © 2017 DragonByte Technologies Ltd.


text:
point break live
3 point break live Articles
The Greatest LA Stage Show Point Break LIVE! Is Coming To An End11 months ago 0
Point Break Live! You say those words to people and a big smile comes across their face because they know the magic of the show that has been… Read Article ▶
Get Your Tickets Now! Terminator Too Judgment Play Is Awesome5 years ago 0
Looking to have an amazing night with friends in Hollywood? Terminator Too Judgment Play will easily make that happen! Get your tickets NOW! From… Read Article ▶
Jessica Alba Takes A Break From Playing Mommy For a Night Out On The Town With Her BFFs!7 years ago 0
Don't you love hanging with your girls when you have some free time? Jessica Alba has a schedule we could only describe as 'hectic' at best… Read Article ▶


text:
By The KBC
Achingly current, crossing Bloc Party with The Music and The Rapture it's like an NME journalists wet dream. Now don't scoff there is little wrong with all of the aforementioned acts and in doing their blending trick The KBC manage to sprinkle enough of themselves in to the mix. Unfortunately two of those ingredients happen to include a rather wet vocal performance and some lyrics straight from that popular book "Clichés for Idiots". No chorus should ever include the line "Yer trippin on acid" now the Mondays are dead and buried! Still putting these things aside and accounting for the bands sickening lack of years on the clock, this is a strong debut and a band who surely will feel the cleansing ring-lick of those NME journos before too long.
Related Bands
Other bands you might like.


text:
Very Easy Recorder Tunes
Written by Anthony Marks
Illustrated by
Part of the Activities Series
Lovereading4kids Price £5.59
£6.99 saving £1.40 (20%)
when in stock
As soon as this book is back in stock we will send you an email.Compare book price We'd love you to buy your books from Lovereading - especially if we helped you to choose them! But as our mantra is guidance, and that includes guidance on price, please do use our 'Compare Book Price' service to discover if the best value deal is from Lovereading or another specialist bookstore.
Very Easy Recorder Tunes by Anthony MarksThis volume includes simple recorder tunes for anyone learning to play the descant recorder. Information about the origins of each tune on the borders of each page gives children a more intuitive feel for the music and advises them on timing. It also includes 50 stickers.
About the Author
Other Formats
Book Info
32 pages
Anthony Marks
More books by Anthony Marks
Usborne Publishing Ltd
Publication date
29th August 2003
I am so pleased to have signed my kids up as they are reading a much wider range of books and even choosing books out of their comfort zone.Angela East
I love 'LoveReading 4 kids' because they let you read and learn things you'd never dreamed of learning before.Emily Horncastle – age 11
I think Lovereading4kids is an amazing company because of the friendly staff and the fabulous chance to read great books before publication.Adam Graham
I love finding new books to read. My mummy and me look at the new ones coming out. I have written reviews of some of them!Jessica Cobbin – age 7
It's so easy to find the right book for your child. Such an easy-to-use, yet in-depth website. 100% reliable.Pippa, Jack, Liam & Matthew Wils
A great way to introduce kids to great books, authors & genres. Parents can find age-appropriate books to share with their children.Judi Davies – Aberdare Girls Sch
We love Lovereading4kids because they put books in front of us we wouldn't otherwise have read. They make us more adventurous readers!Emily Jacques
I love Lovereading as it provides an honest opinion and showcases a range of fiction. Suited to both parents & kids alike, it's a must-use.Georgie Rowe – age 16


text:
With an emphasis on a green lifestyle, reusable bags are becoming a new fashion statement. This cluster explores the many different styles totes have.
From free designer totes to retro shoulder art, there are many reusable bags to choose from.
Implications - As environmentalism becomes more mainstream, consumers are taking a closer look at consumption and potential areas to cut down on personal waste. Artistic reusable totes blend form and function; within this niche, bags made of recycled or sustainable materials demonstrate the wearer's attention to eco-friendliness and cultural savvy. To stand out against the competition, designers must focus on personalized eco bags that are not only Earth-friendly, but also fashionable.
32 Eco-Friendly Totes
More Stats +/-
Viral Eco Totes
Tattoo Totes
Fashionably Green
Silver Space Tote
Chinese Roulette Tote Bag by Goods of Desire
From Mean Green Totes to DIY Couch Cushions
Jul 24, 2009 Updated: Mar 28 2011By: Tisah Tucknott -


text:
Sharing many memories old and new. Friendly insights and free hugs.
I have been plaqued with trouble on this site. I had to change my settings so that two particular hackers could not get thru my blog into my email account. It is so frustrating the steps I have been thru. I considered closing out of QCA because of the turmoils Everyone be aware!!! It is a shame we have to deal with such issues when all we want is a "Pieceful" place to share our memories and concerns, our love for quilting and to encourage one another! Hugs to you all and Happy Quilting!
Have you reported your problems to Administration?
Oh Kathy, how terrible! No wonder I haven't heard from you for so long! My prayer is going up for you. Hugs, Linda


text:
AMY HUBERMAN – sexy star of hit comedy Threesome – says her rugby player
husband got a right ribbing about her saucy show.
Amy plays new mum Alice who has a baby with her boyfriend and gay best friend.
But Amy's hubby, Irish rugby captain Brian O'Driscoll, got stick after a
newspaper made it sound like she'd had a baby while he was away playing for
his country.
Amy said: "It came out when he was in New Zealand for the Rugby World Cup.
There was an article there saying, 'Brian O'Driscoll's wife is pregnant, who
is the dad?'
"People there wouldn't know it was about a TV show. They would think I was
some tramp lady, just shacking up with God knows who when he has gone off.
"That was quite funny. But when his team-mates saw the show he got a bit of
kudos because they thought it was really funny. He loves the series. He's
thrilled it's a success."
Amy has also signed on to appear in the second series of Sky1's Moone Boy,
which is currently being filming in Ireland.
She will play a teacher in the series, which is written by and stars
Bridesmaids actor Chris O'Dowd.
Meanwhile, the second series of Threesome continues on Comedy Central tonight
at 9.30pm.


text:
The Magpul Samsung Galaxy S3 Field Case is an impact resistant protective case for your Samsung Galaxy Smartphone. The ridges provide extra grip and security, while not being too obtrusive to slip into a pocket. Magpul's unique iPhone case polymer is almost grippy, without being sticky or abrasive.
Designed and Manufactured in the USA!
Magpul Samsung Galaxy S3 Field Case Features:
-Compatible with Samsung Galaxy S3 (i9300/i9305)
-Semi-Rigid Thermoplastic Elastomer
-Protects against minor bumps and abrasion
-Compact Design adds Minimal Bulk
-Textured Surface with PMAG style ribs
-Raised Lip Protects Screen when Laid Flat
-Charging Port, Headphone Jack, accesible with case installed


text:
Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'The Water Cooler' started by whoosh, Sep 18, 2013.
That was a waste of a couple of minutes.
Not easy to keep in line
Try a different line.
That is a line of inquiry I will look into.
Still following that line
Did Monty Python re-incarnate? Not the best of productions, but with a pinch of salt I found it amusing. And we do need some salt in our lives, don't we, now?
Indeed we do
I suppose that it's a matter of taste, which is both subjective and subject to change, but what I tasted was more akin to vinegar and I don't think a pinch of salt would change it's PH level.
Gotta love that
Very good. The thing I love about this Forum is, it gives space for opinions. Like Mike noted, out of free memory, Forum rules were created for members, not Moderators' need or want for power. --- It was something like that. Vinegar for one may be sweet for another. An ideology to cherish? Or is it just us elderly men, with enough of bruises by time of life, come to understand......... one has a neighbor and a fellow [wo]man, and who was the one with the right opinion? The longer I live, the more I doubt, and the more I suspect my own certainty.
Yes it is in the differences that we find a common ground. We can agree to differ.
Pauli, I don't believe there is such a thing as a true opinion, only a truth that is true...opinion doesn't necessarily equate to truth and more often than not doesn't. Therefore, we all have the right to be wrong, as much and as long as we can withstand the consequences, as long as doesn't harm someone else. Expressing one's opinions is not harmful to anyone, but their reaction to them may be.
Truth is a matter of opinion and perspective. That which is true today may not be so tomorrow. Firmly held opinions that would seem true are found wanting. Scientific truth is not always so. Boundaries extend as we learn. Each step is stated to be true. So even truth has a certain elasticity as we learn. Nothing is certain. The more we know the less we know.
That you can say that means that you don't understand the word truth in the fashion that I use it. I said nothing about science. Truth is not subject to anyone opinion or understanding, nor does it change, only our limited perspectives of it does.
To say we understand truth we would need to know a truth. Truth seems to change and ultimate truth is always just out of reach.
I never meant to imply that anyone knows all truth, but some knows part of it. It is to that part to which one must anchor one's search, otherwise one will become lost in a maze of possibilities. The trick is to find that anchor, and no one is able to find it for someone else.
It would seem to be a matter of perspective. Each person views the world in a different manner. Same with religion. From the mundane to the highest thought processes, nobody has the monopoly on truth. Each group or religion is certain they hold the only true way. Some get very frustrated that others cannot see that . Indeed the search for ultimate truth has lead to more bloodshed then any other .
Obviously, it is a matter of perspective...from your perspective, but it doesn't matter in the least that there are conflicting views. Nor would it matter if everybody agreed, if what they agreed on was false. Truth doesn't waver one iota, regardless of what anyone thinks of it. As long as you persist in dismissing the concept of truth, because there is disagreement about it, you will never learn about the truth. If that makes you happy, then so be it.
In the Uk I can say it is night yet in the US it will be day. It is all a matter of perspective. Time and place. Each is stating the truth but it is still only a partial truth. Truth changes as the earth revolves. One thing persists mans ability to insist he know the truth. We are the chosen ones etc. Having taking on the mantle of some higher power man feels able to wage war and inflict all manner of harm. Throughout history most wars have been waged with priests blessing the men. God is with us and no witch shall be allowed to live. Torturing to save the soul. Men who knew the truth or deluded and fanatical followers. They knew the unchanging nature of God. So in his name torture and war was fine. for the greater good. I know one thing. Love and hatred are to opposite poles. You cannot hold up the idea of a loving being and then do the most grievous and inhuman acts upon another and call that religion. How long has this inhumanity persisted as long as religion and we still learn nothing. I know that I know nothing but once thought I did. We can all guild lilies and make suitable noises. Most religion is such. Man gets his hand on a thing it is going to fail. The Inquisition was man taking and doing the exact opposite of that which was preached. Nothing changes.


text:
Antarctica - an icy expanse where scientists in anoraks pore over ice cores like palm readers, using clues from the past to tell the future of the planet. Mention polar research to anyone and this is likely to be the picture that comes to mind. But this spring two researchers from opposite ends of the globe are hoping to challenge this ingrained view.
The Share project (Social Sciences and Humanities Antarctic Research Exchange) is the brainchild of Daniela Haase and Machiel Lamers. Both are doctoral students - one at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, the other at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands. But this physical separation is bridged by a common interest in the impact of tourism on the Antarctic.
The humanities and social sciences have the knowledge and tools available to assess the state of the human/environment relations and the legal, political, socio-economic and cultural situation in Antarctica, but this potential is currently not used to the full, they say.
Having initiated the network in February, they hope to unite social science and humanities researchers working on Antarctica - from lawyers to policy researchers, under the Share banner, encouraging cooperation and coordination in their budding field.
So far, Share has not required any dedicated funding, and Lamers and Haase are not actively looking for grant money to support its activities. But once a wider network of researchers has been established, the plan is to approach policy-makers to create greater awareness of the work done in the social sciences and humanities, and to stipulate targeted funding, says Haase.
The Share initiative is part of International Polar Year, which kicked off last month. IPY is, in fact, a two-year coordinated programme for research on the polar regions. It will involve over 200 projects, with thousands of scientists from over 60 countries. It is actually the fourth such "year", although not many of those taking part today would have been there for the last one in the mid-50s, and none for the first in 1882.
For obvious reasons, climate change will take a lead role in the science projects planned for IPY 2007-08. But there will also be a strong focus on outreach and education.
Against this background, it is not surprising that something like Share is being set up. After all, hardly a day goes by without newspapers carrying stories on how climate change in the polar regions will affect people around the globe. Perhaps the most important research on Antarctica over the next couple of years will be done by people not wearing thermals.
The Share web portal will go live in May at www.share-antarctica.org, and those interested in joining the network before then can email its founders at email@example.com.
· Linda Nordling is editor of Research Africa. firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Hello. Sign In
Please enter a valid city, state or zip code
44 reviews | 4.2 out of 5
I have been backpacking for a number of years and this has been my stove of choice. It has traveled in extreme conditions and never once fail to perform exceptionally, -10 and 110 degrees alike, all over the eastern US, and alot of the AT. It cost a little more than diy stoves and a lot less than msr or jet boil. However it performs just as well. There is a bit more weight to this stove, but don't let that discourage you. I have been able to stretch a tank of fuel over multiple weekend and week long excursions, boiling water for multiple people. That defiantly justifies weight to cost for me. I have only ever owned two tanks of fuel for this stove and am about to get on my third. This is my 5th year of ownership. Every time I get ready to upgrade, I remember how much this stove cost and how well it performs. Rolling boil at 6min in 10 degree weather. 2 min 50 sec in 70 degree. Thats pretty amazing for $25 stove, plus you can always get cheap, long lasting fuel from Walmart, which are very numerous. It also simmers pasta and rice very well, and does pancakes in the one egg wonder pan to perfection. I would recommend this to anyone that is starting backpacking or is seasoned. If you are an ultralight, this might not be your stove, but for the money, durably, performance, I have found no other stove, including diy alcohol stoves, that present the value, cooking control, and reliability of this stove
I purchased this stove because it seemed to be fairly compact to fit in my emergency supply bag. As I took it out of the box to set it up, I was impressed how compact it really was and how sturdy my pot sat on the retractable "arms." As with another coleman stove I had purchased in the past, I was not impressed with the valve settings from simmer to full-blast, however this little stove has a solid turning knob with no "play," meaning that it does what you want it to do. I timed it to see how long it would take to boil 2 cups of water (for my freeze-dried food packages) - and it was about 2 min. 50 sec. with a full-blown rapid boil at right over 3 minutes.
Great backpacking or emergency stove.....and you can't beat canister stoves from start-up to finish (no priming, pumping, or warming up liquid gas).
I used this small stove for the first time in very cold weather at about 7500 feet along with the Coleman Anodized Cookset (25 bucks for two pots/two pans in mesh bag). Lighting the unit was easy and it stayed burning in windy 10-15 mph winds with no trouble. I heated 3 pints of water to a boil in three 1 pint batches. It took about 5 or 6 minutes for each because the water and pot were very cold to start with. I used a 100g fuel can and burned a total of 30g (yes I weighed before and after). The burner folds up and fits well in the larger of the two cook sets. A 230g fuel can fits inside too. If you use the smaller pair of the pot pan set, two 100 gram fuel cans fit inside, but not the burner.
Overall, I am very happy with the construction and effectiveness of the burner. Users can control the burn rate easily for keeping liquids hot and conserving fuel. A good purchase.
For the cash, I had to pick one up. I have a pretty extensive stove collection. I read reviews as usual and decided to pick this one up. I gotta say, for the small price you get a lot of stove. It fits inside the Coleman Anodized Cook Set (also purchased and reviewed). Sure, it's a little heavy. Can you justify paying triple the cash for a lighter unit...that can't simmer? One thing I like right off was the fact that I could simmer or turn the heat down enough to cook eggs, bacon, and bannock. The first thing I tried was a boil test. I put 2 cups of water in my GSI Ketalist and put it on the stove. I had a rolling boil in 3 minutes flat. I have a Jetboil PCS that was designed for the sole purpose of boiling water and it gets 2 cups going in the same time...for $90(when I bought it). The Jetboil won't simmer. It's way too hot. Most of my other stoves are around the 4-6 minute mark for the same amount of water to a rolling boil. If you don't mind a little extra weight, you have one heck of a value in this stove. Combined with the Anodized Cook Set, it weighs half again what the Jetboil weighs, but the Jetboil won't simmer and comes with a mug. With the Coleman set up, I get 2 mugs, 2 pans, and a stove I can cook slow with. Can't beat it!
I chose this product over lighter models because of cost v/s weight. It was a quarter of the price for a little more than double the weight. Took the stove on an AT weekend trek. It is pretty efficient. The small butane/propane canister that I packed was enough to cook 2 meals a day for three people with some fuel left over. The stove is compact enough to fit in you back pocket and can boil water in no time. GREAT FOR SCOUTING TRIPS. Made to be durable and take a beating. I plan to purchase a couple more for my boys.
Bought this for a boy scout backpacking trip - I found it to be lightweight, durable and quite efficient at cooking. This stove was dropped by one of the boys, it fell about 15 or 20 feet on to rock, and lived to tell the tale.
It cooked dinner, late night snack, breakfast and was none the worse for wear.
I will be buying several more of these for my family, as well as reccomending them to the rest of the troop.
A solid value all the way around.
This stove is just like the MSR or other expensive brands and works just as well!!! It is slightly heavier (like few ounces) but who cares about that unless you're extreme.
Buy it!
I bought this for my 12 year old son who is a Boy Scout. It is a little heavier than most others but is tough and functional. He has used it several times now and he is not exactly gentle (as any father of a 12 YO boy knows!) with his gear. It is easy to use and light, although he said it is not the best in the wind but if you can block the wind a bit it is great. It sips the fuel and he was able to stretch a single canister for 2 trips of three days each.
I took this stove with me on a winter hiking/camping trip for three days, against my colleagues advice. They all have the latest greatest big brand names for high altitude stoves. One of the other stoves didnt work so I took out my stove - and the first few things I noticed - so much quieter than the others and more importantly cooked the food a lot quicker. We ended up using my stove a lot more as the other stoves couldnt light up easily due to the cold. This made gas consumption efficient as I didnt have to run it so hot. In the end the 5 other companions ate there words and two went out to purchase one of these stoves. We always go out in winter and I have to say I was extremely impressed with the way the stove compacted down, it was light to carry. I also used it for summer camping with my daughter to great affect. This is an awesome piece of equipment and I feel I would survive the harshest of winters and it was tested - we were in a constant -20F - to -40F climate - the last thing I wanted to worry about was warm soup or drinks - The Coleman Peak took that concern away - Bravo! and I would highly recommend this stove - yes even to those of you that just buy the big brands!! SWITCH learn from someone who has seen this stove work in extreme conditions.
I am more than satisfied with my Coleman Peak1/Max Micro Butane Stove. I have other stoves for camping, including two of the Coleman 2 burner 425 series stoves that work great too, as well as an MSR XGK Expedition stove. The problem with the old Coleman 2 burner stoves is that they're way too big and heavy for backpacking, but the best thing for car camping. The MSR is incredible for being able to burn multiple fuel types, producing incredible heat, and being field serviceable, but it is not a stove to use around young campers or those who aren't familiar with pressurized liquid fuel stoves. The Peak1 Micro is small and produces fast high heat, like the MSR, but the Peak1 can be turned down to a simmer much easier, and takes almost no training to learn to use safely. It's also less than half the price of the other stoves, which is a big plus in this economy. The fuel canisters are easily found at my Walmart store, but I can also use the MSR and Jet Boil canisters found at REI, Dick's and other sporting goods stores too, so it's easy to keep a couple cans on hand. Unlike liquid fuels, like unleaded gas, this Butane fuel can be stored for very long periods without going bad. This last point is a big plus when you live in an area of the country that gets hit by natural disasters like hurricanes from time to time and you don't know when the power will be restored. This stove makes fantastic coffee with a camp/stovetop percolator, which is particularly nice when there's a storm blowing and the power is out.
This stove is not replacing my other stoves, it's just a very nice addition to my collection that will be easy to use backpacking with my sons, and I won't be afraid to let them learn to cook on the trail with it.
I have 8 camping stoves of various configurations besides this one. I bought two of these, one to keep in my vehicle emergency kit, and one for my reglar camping gear. I've been all over the lower 48 with this stove, backpacking, canoeing, rafting and car camping. It has more bang for the buck than any of my other stoves, including the big dollar highspeed stoves. It has never failed me under any conditions. It's fast and easy to use, boils water/soup in about 4 minutes from cold. I just make sure to keep it protected when I'm not using it. I find I can get by with two cylinders for a five day trip, although I always take an extra "just in case". One of the most reliable pieces of gear I've ever had.
I am a Scoutmaster and backpacker, that being said I believe in only taking what you can carry. This stove/burner is exactly the ticket. I have been told that it is too heavy and I just reply if 3 to 5 oz is enough to break you you should not be backpacking. I have the Coleman cook kit as well and as a pair they are the best. I have cooked everything from water to steak with this stove and have never had any problems. Why spend $100 or more to impress people when you can pay $25 and cook more quicker. I would recommend this stove to any and all who are looking for a backpacking stove.
I chose his stove over the MSR whisperlite due to the price. It is heavier than the MSR but is in my opinion much sturdier. It held up on a recent weekend backpacking trip on the OT with my two boys (7 and 9). It also cooked our meals relatively quickly. All in all this is a great stove.
Great little pack stove. Works well even in windy conditions and cold temperatures. Have had NO problem finding fuel canisters for it, the Walmart I shop in has a tons of them, made by Coleman, and in a couple different sizes too. It's durable, reliable, and easy to use. Would recommend this to anyone looking for a cheap, small stove to use.
I ordered th Peak 1 and got a MAX. I guess that is Coleman's new name for it. buit the specs are a little different too. little heavier and shorter burn time. Overall, great buy. We just bought 8 for our Boscout Troop as opposed to 3 - more expensive units.
Fuel seems expensive at $5.00for 2hrs. My MSR Whisperlite is much cheaper to operate but will not simmer.
The Coleman Micro stove is just as I expected...compact and efficient. I needed
a stove that would be small but would give out high BTUs to boil water quick. The canister fuel is a bit bulky but compared to other 'fuel' stoves worth their size. No muss no fuss...screw it on, light it up, go !!! The only thing that I think it needs is a case of some sort to store it in. I will make a leather pouch for it to fit in...but a vinyl zippered case
would have been nice.
This is an excellent backpacking stove for a starting backpacker. The price is excellent compared to other similar stoves. The only drawback is that it is a little heaver than the more expensive single burner butane/propane camp stoves. Since is it is made of steel, young scouters/backpackers cannot dammage it.
I might have gotten a defective one, but the Coleman stove did not meet my expectations. When I would light it, the flame would be sporadic and inconsistent, and after it would dance around for a while it would stay really low. I tried turning the flame up all the way, and it never got higher. It took about 15 minutes to boil water, so I returned it. Again, I may have gotten a defective one. For $10-15 more you can get a much higher quality and more compact stove from Campmor or REI. I got the MSR from Campmor.
Coleman used to make high quality camping gear, but lately they've been filling the Wal-Mart aisles with cheaper gear. Oh well, there's a market for everyone I suppose...
simple, light, compact and economical stove. Flame is easy to control and stove stable using the small canistors of butane/propane mix.
It works great, packs small, and it's tough. I wish it had a case.


text:
British Sign Language tours
About the BSL tours
BSL tours are are available for two routes - either the King's Apartments or Victoria Revealed. Sadly we are unable to offer tours for the other routes due to space constraints.
We advise focusing on one of these routes, as trying to have an interpreted tour of the whole palace in one go would be too much for both the interpreter and the group! Of course, you are always welcome to book and come along a second time in order to enjoy the describer tours in both areas – or why not become a member of Historic Royal Palaces and enjoy unlimited free entry to all six of our palaces for a year plus all the describer tours they offer!
If you would like to arrange a tour with one of our Explainers accompanied by a BSL interpreter please contact us requesting a particular date/s at least two weeks in advance and we will check availability with our interpreters. Tours can be offered to start at any time between 10.00 and 15.00. Our contact details are below and tours must be booked in advance.
There is no additional charge as this service is included in the admission price.
How to book
Tours are included in your admission ticket and are free for members. Carers are admitted free of charge.
To book a BSL tour email us, giving at least two weeks' notice, at firstname.lastname@example.com including the following information:
- the preferred date(s) and time of tour
- your party size
- your contact details
Alternatively please call on (18001) 020 3166 6133 and leave a message with Kensington Palace Reception where these bookings are processed. We will then get back to you and ensure that we have all the information required to make your visit as enjoyable and personal as possible.
Further information
For information on access, admission tickets, getting to Kensington Palace, opening times and events at the palace, please view our video:
Video: Visitor information on Kensington Palace in British Sign Language


text:
April 12, 2017
Greeley, PA – If you are attending the 146th NRA Annual Meeting and Exhibits in Atlanta, Georgia April 27-30, save the date of Saturday, April 29th to meet John "Tig" Tiegen in the Kahr Firearms Group booth. "Tig" will be in the booth from 2:00-4:00 that day signing his book: 13 Hours: The Inside Account of What Really Happened in Benghazi.
Tiegen, a former Marine Sergeant, Infantry Squad Leader, and an Annex Security Team member for CIA's GRS (Global Response Staff) is most noted for his heroic role in the terrorist attack on September 11, 2012 when Islamic militants attacked the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya which killed four Americans. John has also received the Award for Heroism and Valor in recognition of his bravery.
Stop by the Kahr Firearms Group booth, number 3832, and meet John "Tig" Tiegen in person to shake his hand and thank him for his service. The NRA Annual Meeting, which brings together over 80,000 attendees and has over 800 exhibitors, is the largest NRA hosted event of the year. It is being held at the Georgia World Congress Center.
March 21, 2017
Greeley, PA – Kahr Firearms Group is proud to announce a sponsorship agreement with John 'Tig' Tiegen. As a sponsor of Kahr Firearms Group, Tiegen will serve as a representative of the brands to include: Kahr Arms, Magnum Research and Auto-Ordnance and will participate in promotional appearances, shooting events, and for demonstration and instruction in firearm classes.
Tiegen, a former Marine Sergeant, Infantry Squad Leader, and an Annex Security Team member for CIA's GRS (Global Response Staff) he is most noted for his heroic role in the terrorist attack on September 11, 2012 when Islamic militants attacked the American diplomatic compound in Benghazi, Libya which killed four Americans. Tig is also co-author of 13 Hours: The Inside Account of What Really Happened in Benghazi and was a consultant of the movie 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi. John has also received the Award for Heroism and Valor in recognition of his bravery.
"As a veteran and an honored military hero, Tig adds great value to the Kahr Firearms Group brand, especially at a time when the war on terrorism looms on and the U.S. continues to come together in solidarity to support our troops" stated Frank Harris, VP of Sales and Marketing, Kahr Firearms Group. "Tig's skills, life experiences, and knowledge of firearms blend well with what we represent here and it is an honor to be working with him."
Stop by the Kahr Firearms Group booth and meet John 'Tig' Tiegen in person at the USCCA Concealed Carry Expo to be held April 7-9 at the Fort Worth Convention Center in Fort Worth, TX.
February 1, 2017
Greeley, PA – During the 2017 SHOT Show, Kahr Firearms Group awarded honors to Dustin Coffman as the 2017 Rep of the Year. Coffman is employed by H&G Marketing based in Big Lake, Minnesota and has been with the company since 2013. His territory is the state of Florida.
"We brought H&G Marketing on as our rep group in 2016 and it has proven to be a very successful partnership" stated Frank Harris, VP of Sales & Marketing for Kahr Firearms Group. "Dusty Coffman is a giant of a man with an incredible knowledge of our products, the ability to work exceptionally well with our customers, and is a very likable guy. We are proud to honor him as our first H&G Marketing, Rep of the Year."
January 26, 2017
Pillager, MN - Magnum Research has become aware of some Israeli manufactured IMI SP-21 pistols that recently are being sold in the USA that were not imported or distributed by Magnum Research. Many of these pistols have been and are being returned to Magnum Research for repair. Although they have Magnum Research's name on them, Magnum Research is not responsible for the integrity or quality of them. Our professional staff of gunsmiths may be able to service these pistols on a limited and a for charge basis. Service issues connected to them will not be handled on a warranty basis.
Magnum Research apologizes for this confusion and inconvenience and wishes to assure our customers that products we import are of the highest quality and reliability.
January 25, 2017
Greeley, PA – Convenience is the newest product from Kahr Firearms Group (KFG). Introducing, the 2017 Kahr Firearms Group App. This new app is not only convenient, but is also packed full of useful information about KFG products.
The free KFG app includes product catalogs for Kahr Arms, Thompson, Auto Ordnance, and Magnum Research products. It also includes owner's manuals for nearly all of the products in the Kahr Firearms Group arsenal. If you are looking for a parts list, technical data, diagrams, operating instructions, dismantling and reassembly instructions, safety information, or cleaning and lubrication recommendations – it can all be downloaded from the Kahr Firearms Group App.
The KFG App is available free for all iOS and Android phones and tablets. From iTunes, the link is https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/kahr/id1095545176?mt=8 or through Google Play by linking to https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kr.global.ebookn.kahr&hl=en.
January 16, 2017
On behalf of all of us at Kahr Firearms Group, we congratulate Drac Thalassa from McDonough Georgia on his win in the Kahr Firearms Group Video Shooting contest. Using a Kahr P9, Drac demonstrated the effectiveness of the pistol by shooting through 2 decks of cards. Drac's video was viewed 118,483 times giving him the win in the contest. He will now be able to choose from up to $5,000 in Kahr Firearms Group. Thanks for sharing, Drac.>> Kahr Firearms Group Shooting Video Contest 2016
January 2, 2017
Greeley, PA – If you have 15 seconds, you can swap out a Desert Eagle .44 Magnum caliber barrel for a .50 AE caliber barrel. Next, swap out the magazine from a .44 Magnum to a .50 AE magazine and you are ready to launch .50 AE rounds down range. Magnum Research is proud to introduce their brand new DE44WB6 combo caliber package.
New for 2017, the Desert Eagle Mark XIX, Model Number DE44WB6, features a .44 Magnum caliber with a 6" barrel, O/A length of 10.75" a slide width of 1.25" and a height of 6.25". The steel-framed pistol is manufactured in Israel and has a black oxide finish with a black barrel, and a combat-type fixed sight. The new combo caliber package includes a .50 AE caliber barrel in a black finish and a .50 AE magazine. The MSRP for this 3-piece package is $1949. This is the first time that Magnum Research has offered a combo caliber package featuring the .44 Magnum and the .50 AE calibers in one gun case.
"We know that some of our Desert Eagle fans like to switch between a .44 Magnum and a .50 Action-Express. But, until now, they have had to buy the barrel and magazine separately" stated Frank Harris, VP of Sales and Marketing, Kahr Firearms Group. "We decided that it was time for us to create a combo caliber package featuring our two most popular calibers. We are already hearing some very positive feedback from our dealers about this package."
>> Magnum Research News 2016


text:
On entrance, you are met with a long driveway to the house past the beautiful English garden and tennis court. There is plenty parking space and a double auto garage with storage.
The garden offers a large sparkling pool, lush lawns and a well maintained tennis court.
The main entrance offers a double volume reception area that leads onto the living area offering a study, large lounge with a stunning marble fireplace. Through the french doors lead to an extraordinary covered veranda with fireplace with stack back doors and American shutters overlooking the garden, pool and tennis court. Off of the lounge is a formal dining room and exceptionally large chefs kitchen fitted with granite tops, a Smeg gas stove, 3 ovens and a scullery.
Leading up the magnificent wooden staircase passed the stained glass windows one is met with extraordinary space light and design. There is a linen cupboard/ storage located by the landing. There are four large bedrooms(3 are en suite) with plenty built in cupboard space, and there is a fourth shared bathroom. The main bedroom is exceptional boasting large space, extra cupboards and an incredible bathroom, it leads out onto a private balcony with lovely sea views.
There is an outbuilding in the backyard with a guest suite, double staff accommodation with a bathroom, and a laundry room.
The home is air-conditioned throughout with split unit A/C
The property is very secure with extra height electric fencing, beams, entrance CCTV and an alarm system as well as burglar guards.
|Office: 031... 031 5615838 Show Numbers
|Cell: 082... 0825685091 Show Numbers
|Email: ... Casey Holloway Show Email
|Fax: 031 5615858
|View my Properties
|Office: 031... 0315615839 Show Numbers
|Fax: 0315616042


text:
|<< Previous book
|Next book >>
Hasta Luego, San Diego(1991)
(The third book in the Flying Fingers Club series)
A novel by Jean F Andrews
The Flying Fingers Club sleuths find themselves in action again when the boys witness the theft of rare cockatoos from the San Diego Zoo. Middle readers will delight in this latest thriller!
Used availability for Jean F Andrews's Hasta Luego, San Diego
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Hardback Editions
January 2002 : USA Hardback
|Title: Hasta Luego, San Diego
Author(s): Jean F Andrews
ISBN: 0-613-95785-7 / 978-0-613-95785-4 (USA edition)
Publisher: Sagebrush Education Resources
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK
Paperback Editions
December 1991 : USA Paperback
|Title: Hasta Luego, San Diego (Flying Fingers Club)
Author(s): Jean F Andrews
ISBN: 0-930323-83-1 / 978-0-930323-83-7 (USA edition)
Publisher: Gallaudet University Press
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


text:
Home ⁄ Junior/Misses ⁄ Skirts ⁄ Below The Knee ⁄ Ladder Trim Lace Midi Skirt (Style #39124292)
Ladder Trim Lace Midi Skirt
Style # 39124292
Compare at $46
Ooze ultra feminine appeal in this lace midi skirt, featuring trendy ladder trim. Wear this pull-on skirt with a slit neck layering tank for a work-ready look.
- 27 in. length
- Side zipper closure
- Shell: 51% nylon, 41% polyester, 8% spandex
- Lining: 100% polyester
- Machine wash
- Imported
No reviews have been written for this product.
Be the first one! – Write a Review
Convenient, Flat-Rate Shipping:
We offer a $6.95 every day flat rate for standard shipping in the continental United States (with the exception of California). Allow up to 7-10 business days. Need it faster? Choose our expedited, 2-3 business day shipping for $15.95. We also offer a convenient Ship to Store option at no charge (allow up to 15 business days). Additional $14.95 for shipping to Alaska or Hawaii. We currently do not ship to California. For more shipping details, click here.
Easy Returns:
We hope you love what your order from us and want you to be fully satisfied with every item you purchase. If you are not satisfied, you may return your item(s) for a refund of the purchase price. We will gladly accept returns of online purchases to catofashions.com or you may return online purchases at any one of our Cato store locations and a sales associate will be happy to assist you.
With an original receipt (your packing slip/invoice), we will honor a refund in the original form of payment within 60 days of purchase. Items must be unworn and have price tickets attached. Washed or worn merchandise cannot be returned or exchanged unless defective.
Items purchased at our retail store locations must be returned to a Cato store. Exchanges cannot be processed by catofashions.com and can only be made, subject to availability, by visiting one of our retail locations or by returning your current item to catofashions.com and reordering the new item of your choice.
For more information about returns, click here.


text:
Open vs Closed
Objects: books, software, dna, seeds, etc
Rules of the games, How money works. Law-system
Capitalism/ Closed, Concentrates capital in the hands of the few, Control of the means of production rests in the hands of those already in control of capital, License fees. You don't actually own the book/ file
FREE and OPEN, Changed the way social movement operate, Questions, When is something free?, Means of production distributed freely
Definition, People coming together under the banner of common ideals, People sharing their sense of values and finding their peers, People coming together to take action to bring about a solution based on a set of values, Questions, Is there anything important about the difference between individual and collective action?, Movements may or may not produce actions or things that other people look at. Sometimes a movement is simply an affinity group organized for the purpose of mutual appreciation. The only outcome may be a sense of belonging for individual participants.
endogenous movements, Free to use, Free to adapt, Free to distribute BUT under the same conditions, Untitled, Creates new commons, limited to specific contexts? e.g. non/commercial use ?
struggle for public space
Laws, copyright, patents
Activists, IndyMedia, consumer/producer of news, Be the Media, 'free' distribution of news, Collaboration, Protests/ Collective action, Hacklabs
Artists, 'Free culture'/ Remix movement
Enterpreneurs, new business models
Hackers, Software, Operating Systems, Applications, Web/ Internet, Untitled
Manufacturer, Open Farm, Open Manufacturing
Conventional Business/ Global Corps, Microsoft, Apple, Monsanto, Unilever, Untitled
"The State?"
Hybrid Business models, Make use of crowdsourcing, Make use of free solutions, Use Crowdsourcing, Cooptation
Untitled, Creation of Scarcity through laws and licenses
licenses, gnu public, creative commons, copyleft
network, endogenous movements, Free to use, Free to adapt, Free to distribute BUT under the same conditions, Untitled, Creates new commons, limited to specific contexts? e.g. non/commercial use ?
Change what you want and share


text:
A lone voice singing 'Wheels On The Bus' wakes me from the small doze I have been in; my gold hair matted slightly and splayed out on Aidan's shoulder. I rake my hand through it; annoyingly it reminds me of an over-used mop. Aidan looks down when he sees the movement, and I realize I have probably been in his way of sleeping. His eyes look dazed but then I see it is not just me who has stopped him from sleeping.
Gabby stands in the aisle, swaying slightly as the bus rapidly turns a corner, and her rough voice is attracting a lot of attention. It's not just Aidan who is wincing from this less-than-comforting song; a wise-looking lady in an old shawl is scowling at Gabby as she tries to settle down into her seat. She's new I see, is the instant thought that comes into my head.
As I lean across to the singing figure, I try and think of the kindest possible way to tell Gabby that she is completely out of tune.
"Woooww, Gabby. I think perhaps that song may be a bit…outdated. Um…maybe you should let someone else pick another song…" And suddenly her warbling stops. I see a couple of grateful glances in my general direction, and hope they won't regret it after what I am about to do.
Aidan stands and whispers in my ear, "Go on, I know what you want to do-and I know you have the courage to proceed…" I pale slightly, and shake my head definitely.
"Fine then," he mutters, rolling his eyes, "Excuse me Gabby, I hope you don't mind a bit of Catholic celebration!" So he starts to sing 'Tell Out, My Soul', his carefully trained Tenor voice spreading through the bus like thick caramel. That's what I'd always thought Aidan's voice sounded like: Caramel.
Partway through the third verse I join in with him-my Soprano voice a whole octave higher than his, giving lightness and an airy feeling to the tired song.
When we reach the final 'To children's children and for evermore' I feel giddy-lightheaded and not just from the unsteady sway of the bus; it's from the feeling of utter satisfaction! I have the sudden courage to do the thing I've loved all my life but have never admitted I have an unusual natural talent for.
Taking a deep breath, and steadying myself against the back of Gabby's chair, I suddenly launch into a rendition of 'Head Over Heels', an ABBA classic. My voice fills the whole bus but I see no reason to stop, the gravity holds me no longer and I am flying, flying away from everything. Flying from the recent grief my mother has been giving me and flying away from any differences in the age gap. I love Aidan, I know I do, and now there is nothing to stop me from being together with him…
As the song ends, I am still up in 'Cloud Meggan'-dizzy, disorientated, but beaming. Aidan is beaming too, and catches my arm, pulling me up to his face. Our lips touch and I am flying above wonderland again, oblivious to the giggles and 'tut-tuts' of the background life. Nothing matters anymore except the two of us embracing, brought together by our music.


text:
2011 Hyundai Equus arrives to take on the big guns
Started by
1 post in this topic
Create an account or sign in to comment
You need to be a member in order to leave a comment
Create an account
Sign up for a new account in our community. It's easy!
Register a new account
Sign in
Already have an account? Sign in here.
Sign In Now


text:
It's time to get cozy and get baking.
14 Perfect-for-Fall Apple Crisp Recipes
Dessert is the point of fall, anyway. These easy recipes are the perfect way to celebrate autumn. Plus, try these healthier fall-inspired treats!More
Don't forget to Pin these for later!
If you're only using batter in your waffle iron, you're missing out.
Get the recipe from Delish.
11 Sweet Blueberry Muffins To Wake Up To


text:
Measurements of the thermal conductivity of aqueous LiBr solutions at pressures up to 40 MPa
- Received:
- Cite this article as:
- Kawamata, K., Nagasaka, Y. & Nagashima, A. Int J Thermophys (1988) 9: 317. doi:10.1007/BF00513074
- Citations
- 199 Downloads
This paper describes absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of aqueous LiBr solutions in the concentration range 5 to 15m (molality), the temperature range 30 to 100°C, and the pressure range 0.1 to 40 MPa. The measurements have been performed with the aid of a transient hot-wire apparatus employing a thin tantalum wire coated with an anodic tantalum pentoxide insulation layer. In using the tantalum wire, a modification of the bridge circuit has been made to keep the electric potential of the wire always higher than the ground level in order to protect the insulation layer from breakdown. The experimental data, which have an estimated accuracy of ±0.5%, have been correlated in terms of the polynomials of concentration, temperature, and pressure for practical use. Also, it has been found that the pressure coefficient of the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing concentrations.


text:
Last week I made Potato & Leek Soup and my whole family enjoyed it. It was my first time using leeks as an ingredient and I was wondering what to do with the leftover leeks. Maybe the same soup again?
Then my fellow blogger, Shannon from Living with Umami (unfortunately her blog doesn't exist anymore) told me she was going to cook Potato Leek Gratin. I LOVE gratin dish. It's one of my favorites since childhood. There is no way I will pass on making this dish.
Shannon is my new cool foodie friend and she is genuinely nice. Since I joined FoodBuzz (a food blog community) last month I've met many nice wonderful food bloggers like her. Shannon made the gratin and shared the recipe on her blog. On the same night I also cooked her yummy gratin! It was so good!
Some of you already know I love potatoes but that's not only the reason. My husband who is not into potatoes also loved the dish. I guess it all just depends on how you prepare the ingredient. Enjoy!
Don't want to miss a recipe? Sign up for the FREE Just One Cookbook newsletter delivered to your inbox! And stay in touch on Facebook, Google+, Pinterest, and Instagram for all the latest updates. Thank you so much for reading, and till next time!
- 3 Tbsp. unsalted butter
- 2 stalks of leeks
- 1 tsp. salt
- ¼ tsp. fresh/dried thyme
- Freshly ground black pepper
- ½ cup heavy whipping cream
- 2 cups Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, grated
- 2 cups Mexican style cheese
- 3 russet potatoes (1.5 lbs)
- Chopped green onions for garnish
- 1 Tbsp. Panko
- Rinse the leeks and cut in half lengthwise. Chop into 1" pieces.
- Carefully wash the leeks again in running water.
- Butter a baking dish.
- In a large skillet, heat the rest of butter on medium high heat and add leek.
- Cover and let simmer for 20 minutes. Stir occasionally and cook until leeks are soft.
- Meanwhile, peel and slice the potatoes into ¼" pieces.
- Soak in water until you are ready to use them (prevent from changing color).
- When leeks are soft, add thyme, salt, pepper, and heavy whipping cream. Simmer another 5 minutes until the sauce gets thickened.
- Preheat an oven to 400F. Divide the potato, leek mixture, and each cheese according to your baking dish size. I divided them in half as this baking dish is a shallow one.
- Layer one portion of potatoes in the baking dish.
- Then layer one portion of leek mixture.
- Layer one portion of each cheese. Repeat for each layer.
- Sprinkle Panko and green onion on top.
- Cover with the aluminum foil and bake for 45 minutes. To check whether the dish is done, test by inserting a skewer through the foil. If the skewer is able to go through the potato smoothly then it's ready. Remove the cover and change oven setting to broil. Broil for 2-3 minutes until golden brown on top. Be careful not to broil for too long since you don't want to burned the dish.
- Remove from the oven and let it sit another 15 minutes before it's ready to serve.
If you make this recipe, snap a pic and hashtag it #justonecookbook — We love to see your creations on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter!


text:
Usenet Death Penalty (UDP)
Definition - What does Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) mean?
The Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) is a penalty for non-adherence to Usenet anti-spam standards. This penalty is considered the final straw for ISPs or individual users who have received serious prior warnings.
Techopedia explains Usenet Death Penalty (UDP)
This term is somewhat dated given the relative decline in popularity of Usenet. In the early 90s this was a major issue as Usenet users got together in order to get the attention of unresponsive ISPs.
At one point is was big news that an ISP like Excite@Home or CompuServe was hit with a Usenet death penalty. While still used, this is clearly less of an issue today as compared to the simplistic systems of the early Web.
Related Terms
Related Articles
Related Tutorials
Related Products
3 FREE Network Management Tools - Simplify everyday tasks and troubleshooting. 100% Free | No Expiration | Download them All
FREE Network Analyzer & Bandwidth Monitoring Bundle - FREE Network Analyzer & Bandwidth Monitoring Bundle makes it easy to quickly identify the types of network traffic by flow data capture and interface monitoring for bandwidth usage in real time!
Related Tags
Email Newsletter
Join thousands of others with our weekly newsletter
Please Wait...
The 4th Era of IT Infrastructure: Superconverged Systems:
Learn the benefits and limitations of the 3 generations of IT infrastructure – siloed, converged and hyperconverged – and discover how the 4th...
Approaches and Benefits of Network Virtualization:
Businesses today aspire to achieve a software-defined datacenter (SDDC) to enhance business agility and reduce operational complexity. However, the...
Free E-Book: Public Cloud Guide:
This white paper is for leaders of Operations, Engineering, or Infrastructure teams who are creating or executing an IT roadmap.
Free Tool: Virtual Health Monitor:
Virtual Health Monitor is a free virtualization monitoring and reporting tool for VMware, Hyper-V, RHEV, and XenServer environments.
Free 30 Day Trial – Turbonomic:
Turbonomic delivers an autonomic platform where virtual and cloud environments self-manage in real-time to assure application performance.


text:
CSC tops revenue and earnings expectations
Computer Sciences has exceeded its earnings and revenue expectations in its 2004 second quarter.
This Article Covers
Supplier management
Computer Sciences has exceeded its earnings and revenue expectations in its 2004 second quarter.
CSC reported net income of $108.1m (£64m) during the quarter ending 3 October, a growth of 16% compared with last year.
Revenue came in at $3.59bn (£2.1bn), slightly above analysts' expectations of $3.51bn.
CSC's acquisition of DynCorp boosted the company's US federal government revenue, which almost doubled to $1.52bn (£903m) compared with last year's second quarter.
Jargon-buster guide to GDPR
The 10 most important things you need to know about GDPR, and a jargon-buster explanation for some of the key terminology.
By submitting your personal information, you agree that TechTarget and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers.
You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy.
CSC expected its sales to the US federal government to continue being strong in the short term, especially to the US Department of Defense.
All other revenue not generated by US federal government sales grew 6.3% to $2.07bn. Within this segment, US revenue fell 1.9%, while European revenue rose 21.1%.
CSC expects to close the third quarter, which ends on 2 January, with revenue of about $3.6bn.
Juan Carlos Perez writes for IDG News Service
Enjoy the benefits of CW+ membership, learn more and join.