text:
Forex - USD/CAD Technical Analysis (US Dollar / Canadian Dollar)
|Updated the:
|USD/CAD : Neutral zone between 1.0230 and 1.03
|Sentiment :
|A new bearish waves occured last friday on the pair USD/CAD, leading to an exit of our range 1.0230/1.03 from the bottom. So, a sell signal has been given. Then, the major support at 1.0160 has been tested. In H1, the pair got out from its bullish channel.
Given the amplitude of the bearish rally which started on 1.0350 (190 pips), the price could have the need to breath to then take up its bearish trend. A pullback on 1.0230 stay possible. In h1, the chart show a zone of rebound that is setting up with the arrival of bullish candlesticks more and more numerous.
The breakout of 1.0160 will give a new sell signal. This major level of support and its breakout will lead to a new bearish acceleration. Next levels of support are at 1.01 and 1.0054.
Our bearish scenario stay possible as far as 1.0250 is resistance. In case of return above this level, we will be neutral between 1.0250 and 1.03.
Update : 05/07 - The bearish rally finlay continues on the pair USD/CAD who broke its major support at 1.0160, giving us a new sell signal. However, the movement lost its strengh and start a new stage of indecision, moving into a tight range.
We stay bearish has far as 1.0230 is resistance and our objective is at 1.0054.
In case of reversal and a return above 1.0230, we will past our way on this pair, waiting for new signals.
Update 07/12 - A correction occured on the pair USD/CAD who is currently testing the resistance at 1.0230 (lower band of our former range). In h1, we can see that the price is moving into a bullish channel (black line).
The exit from the bottom of its channel will indicate teh take up of the bearish trend and the support at 1.0054 should then be tested in the next days.
If 1.0230 is broken, we will be neutral between this level and 1.03. We will wait the breakout of 1.03 to advise long positions.
|Complete sheet of the pair USD/CAD - Previous USD/CAD Analysis
Chart of the pair USD/CAD - Timeframe 4H - Zoom in :
Chart of the pair USD/CAD - Timeframe 1H
USD/CAD Live Chart - Timeframe : 4h


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M.D. Polytechnic - MDP
M.D. Polytechnic has been established under the aegis of the M.D. education trust M.D. Polytechnic offers a stimulating and enabling learning environment. The campus is in every way, geared for shared knowledge and constant inquiry. It is located in a lush green pollution free environment spread over 7 acres and equipped with all major facilities, students and faculty can look forward to a fruitful and memorable learning experience at the institute. M.D. Polytechnic has been promoting academic excellence rigorous discipline and sound practical exposure. First the core strength of the Institute is its academic, rigor through conceptual teaching, and workshops. We believe that teaching has to be an optimal blend of theory and practical. Secondly, the Institute believes in absolute discipline to ensure that an example is set for the student by the Institute itself. It is ensured that classes are held on time and syllabus is completed. This requires discipline which is inculcated into the students by an example. The last but not the least, we strongly believe in empowering the students and providing them a friendly and interactive atmosphere conducive to learning. M.D. Polytechnic is a self financed institute Run & Managed by Master Dayanand Educational Trust Jhajjar. The Institute is recognised by Haryana State Board of Technical Education, Panchkula and Approved by All India Council for Technical Education New Delhi & Govt. of Haryana. Its aim at providing technical knowledge and a broad vision to the technocrats of future as they are prepared for a successful tomorrow.
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He will share the stages of Pilton fields in Somerset between 25 and 27 June with Oasis, Muse - and the English National Opera, bringing classical musical to the festival for the first time.
Sir Paul, playing the prestigious Saturday centre spot, will be supported by Black Eyed Peas, Starsailor and Sister Sledge. The 115,000 tickets are already sold out.
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TEGUCIGALPA, Honduras (AP) A Honduran police official says at least 18 inmates have died in a prison fight.
Security Ministry spokesman Wilmer Torres says another eight inmates were wounded in Saturday's violent clash.
Torres says 26 prisoners were attacked by their cellmates with knives and guns hours after they were transferred Friday night to a prison in Tegucigalpa from San Pedro Sula, 110 miles (180 kilometers) north of the capital.
Torres says police are investigating a motive for the attack.
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Ensemble: NEC Philharmonia
Conductor: Hugh Wolff
Artist: Alexi Kenney (Violin)
Some listings may show incorrect start time for this concert. The correct start time is 7:30pm.
Sky-high virtuosity, passion you can just about touch, and a program that showcases it all: in association with Celebrity Series of Boston, NEC's Calderwood Director of Orchestras, Hugh Wolff, brings the NEC Philharmonia to Symphony Hall. Just one performance—don't miss it!
The Program
This season, NEC's orchestra programs allow you to discover the music of living composers, alongside familiar masterworks.
John Adams (b. 1947) has this to say about his 1993 violin concerto, performed tonight by 2016 Avery Fisher Career Grant recipient Alexi Kenney:
"A concerto without a strong melodic statement is hard to imagine. I knew that if I were to compose a violin concerto I would have to solve the issue of melody. […] As if to compensate for years of neglecting the "singing line," the Violin Concerto (1993) emerged as an almost implacably melodic piece—an example of "hypermelody." The violin spins one long phrase after another wihout stop for nearly the full thirty-five minutes of the piece."
Andrew Norman (b. 1979) has been awarded a 2016 Guggenheim Fellowship. Norman gives this simple explanation for the title of his short 2005 piece:
"As I say to the kids who listen to this piece during school visits, the process of writing it was a bit like making a tossed salad. I chopped up sounds from the orchestra—one sound for each of the thirteen verbs in the title—and then I tossed them all together and called it a piece."
With Firebird, Hugh Wolff continues a cycle of Stravinsky's big orchestral suites that brought an overflow audience to Jordan Hall two years ago with Rite of Spring.
This is a ticketed event.
Adams: Concerto for Violin
quarter note = 78
Chaconne: Body Through Which Dream Flows
Alexi Kenney (Violin)
Date: April 27, 2016 - 7:30PM
Price: Ticketed
Location: Symphony Hall, Boston
Are you an NEC faculty member or student who is giving a school concert? Submit your artist and repertoire information now!
NEC's FREE concerts do not require a ticket, unless stated in concert listing. Unreserved seating is available on a first-come, first-served basis. Doors open 30 minutes prior to the concert's start time.


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Anonymous Review
Cute and entertaining book
Excellent book for a little girl who loves purple. My five year old daughter loved the book and she wanted me to read it again to her. I actually got her to pay attention and listen to the entire book. I plan on purchasing Pinkalicious, along with If A Mouse Eat A Cookie.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 8, 2011
|Filing date
|Nov 3, 2006
|Priority date
|Nov 3, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yigal Brandman, Kevin M. Conley
|Original Assignee
|Sandisk Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (62), Non-Patent Citations (25), Referenced by (22), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to U.S. patent applications entitled "Nonvolatile Memory With Variable Read Threshold" by Yigal Brandman and Kevin M. Conley, filed Nov. 3, 2006, application Ser. No. 11/556,626, "Methods of Modulating Error Correction Coding" by Yigal Brandman, filed Nov. 3, 2006, application Ser. No. 11/556,632 and "Nonvolatile Memory With Modulated Error Correction Coding" by Yigal Brandman, filed Nov. 3, 2006, application Ser. No. 11/556,636, all of which are filed herewith. These applications are incorporated in their entirety by reference as if fully set forth herein.
This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/536,286, filed Sep. 28, 2006 entitled "Methods of Soft-Input Soft-Output Decoding for Nonvolatile Memory," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/536,327, filed Sep. 28, 2006 entitled "Soft-Input Soft-Output Decoder for Nonvolatile Memory," U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/536,347, filed Sep. 28, 2006 entitled "Methods of Adapting Operation of Nonvolatile Memory," and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/536,372 filed Sep. 28, 2006, entitled "Nonvolatile Memory with Adaptive Operation." These applications are incorporated in their entirety by reference as if fully set forth herein.
This invention relates to nonvolatile memory systems and to methods of operating nonvolatile memory systems.
Nonvolatile memory systems are used in various applications. Some nonvolatile memory systems are embedded in a larger system such as a personal computer. Other nonvolatile memory systems are removably connected to a host system and may be interchanged between different host systems. Examples of such removable memory systems include memory cards and USB flash drives. Electronic circuit cards, including non-volatile memory cards, have been commercially implemented according to a number of well-known standards. Memory cards are used with personal computers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital still cameras, digital movie cameras, portable audio players and other host electronic devices for the storage of large amounts of data. Such cards usually contain a re-programmable non-volatile semiconductor memory cell array along with a controller that controls and supports operation of the memory cell array and interfaces with a host to which the card is connected. Several of the same type of card may be interchanged in a host card slot designed to accept that type of card. However, the development of the many electronic card standards has created different types of cards that are incompatible with each other in various degrees. A card made according to one standard is usually not useable with a host designed to operate with a card of another standard. Memory card standards include PC Card, CompactFlash™ card (CF™ card), SmartMedia™ card, MultiMediaCard (MMC™), Secure Digital (SD) card, a miniSD™ card, Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), Memory Stick™, Memory Stick Duo card and microSD/TransFlash™ memory module standards. There are several USB flash drive products commercially available from SanDisk Corporation under its trademark "Cruzer�." USB flash drives are typically larger and shaped differently than the memory cards described above.
Data stored in a nonvolatile memory system may contain erroneous bits when data is read. Traditional ways to reconstruct corrupted data include the application of Error Correction Codes (ECCs). Simple Error Correction Codes encode data by storing additional parity bits, which set the parity of groups of bits to a required logical value, when the data is written into the memory system. If during storage the data is erroneous, the parity of groups of bits may change. Upon reading the data from the memory system, the parity of the group of the bits is computed once again by the ECC. Because of the data corruption the computed parity may not match the required parity condition, and the ECC may detect the corruption.
ECCs can have at least two functions: error detection and error correction. Capability for each of these functions is typically measured in the number of bits that can be detected as erroneous and subsequently corrected. Detection capability can be the same or greater than the correction capability. A typical ECC can detect a higher number of error bits than it can correct. A collection of data bits and parity bits is sometimes called a word. An early example is the (7,4) Hamming code, which has the capability of detecting up to two errors per word (seven bits in this example) and has the capability of correcting one error in the seven-bit word.
More sophisticated ECCs can correct more than a single error per word, but it becomes computationally increasingly complex to reconstruct the data. Common practice is to recover the data with some acceptably small likelihood of incorrect recovery. However with increasing number of errors the probability of reliable data recovery also decreases rapidly or the associated costs in additional hardware and/or performance become prohibitively high.
In semiconductor memory devices, including EEPROM systems, data can be represented by the threshold voltages of transistors. Typically, different digital data storage values correspond to different voltage ranges. If, for some reason, during the read operation the voltage levels shift from their preferred ranges, an error occurs. The error may be detected by the ECC and in some cases these errors may be corrected.
In a flash memory array, at a first time, a plurality of memory states are mapped to a first threshold window, where individual ones of the plurality of memory cells are mapped to sub-ranges of the first threshold window, at a subsequent second time, the plurality of memory states are mapped to a second threshold window, where individual ones of the plurality of memory states are mapped to sub-ranges of the second threshold window, the second threshold window being wider than the first threshold window.
A method of reading data from a flash memory array includes reading first data bits from the memory by comparing threshold voltages of a plurality of memory cells to first predetermined voltages, decoding the first data bits in an ECC decoder, and subsequently reading second data bits from the plurality of memory cells by comparing threshold voltages of memory cells to second predetermined voltages, the second predetermined voltages determined from the decoding of the first data bits in the ECC decoder.
A flash memory system comprises a flash memory array that includes a plurality of cells programmed to a plurality of programmed states; and a reading circuit connected to the memory array, the reading circuit comparing a memory cell threshold voltage to a first plurality of predetermined voltages do distinguish the plurality of programmed states in a first mode and comparing the memory cell threshold voltage to a second plurality of predetermined voltages to distinguish the plurality of programmed states in a second mode, the highest one of the second plurality of predetermined voltages being higher than the highest one of the first plurality of predetermined voltages.
A flash memory system comprises a memory array that includes a plurality of nonvolatile memory cells; an ECC decoder that decodes data from the memory array; a reading circuit connected to the memory array, the reading circuit comparing a threshold voltage of a memory cell to at least one predetermined voltage to determine a programmed state of the memory cell; and an adjustment circuit that increases or decreases the at least one predetermined voltage in response to information from the ECC decoder.
In many nonvolatile memories, data read from a memory array may have errors. That is, individual bits of input data that are programmed to a memory array may later be read as being in a different logical value.
Overlap between functions occurs for a number of reasons including physical defects in the memory array and disturbance caused to programmed cells by later programming or reading operations in the memory array. Overlap may also occur due to a general lack of ability to keep a large number of cells within a very tight threshold voltage range. Certain programming techniques may allow functions of threshold voltages to be narrowed (have smaller standard deviations). However, such programming may take more time. In some memory systems, more than one bit is stored in a memory cell. In general, it is desirable to store as many bits as possible in a memory cell. In order to efficiently use the available threshold voltage range, functions for adjacent states may be such that they significantly overlap.
Nonvolatile memory systems commonly employ ECC methods to overcome errors that occur in data that is read from a memory array. Such methods generally calculate some additional ECC bits from input data to be stored in a memory array according to an encoding system. Other ECC schemes may map input data to output data in a more complex way. The ECC bits are generally stored along with the input data but may be stored separately. The input data and ECC bits are later read from the nonvolatile memory array together and a decoder uses both the data and ECC bits to check if any errors are present. In some cases, such ECC bits may also be used to identify a bit that is in error. The erroneous bit is then corrected by changing its state (changed from a "0" to a "1" or from a "1" to a "0"). Appending ECC bits to data bits is not the only way to encode data before storing it in a nonvolatile memory. For example, data bits may be encoded according to a scheme that provides the following transformations: 00 to 1111, 01 to 1100, 10 to 0011 and 11 to 0000.
Both the input data bits and the ECC bits are then sent to a modulation/demodulation unit 205 that includes a modulator 207. Modulator 207 converts the digital data sent by ECC unit 201 to a form in which it is written in a memory array 209. In one scheme, the digital data is converted to a plurality of threshold voltage values in a plurality of memory cells. Thus, various circuits used to convert digital data to a stored threshold voltage in a memory cell may be considered to form a modulator. In the example of
Data may be stored in memory array 209 for some period of time. During this time, various events may occur to cause threshold voltages of memory cells to change. In particular, operations involving programming and reading may require voltages to be applied to word lines and bit lines in a manner that affects other previously programmed cells. Such disturbs are particularly common where dimensions of devices are reduced so that the interaction between adjacent cells is significant. Charge may also be lost over long periods of time. Such data retention failures can also cause data to change when read. As a result of such changes, data bits may be read out having different states than the data bits originally programmed. In the example of
The threshold voltages of memory cells are converted to bits of data by a demodulator 213 in modulation/demodulation unit 205. This is the reverse of the process performed by the modulator. Demodulator 213 may include sense amplifiers that read a voltage or current from a memory cell in memory array 209 and derive the state of the cell from the reading. In the example of
The output of demodulator 213 is sent to a decoder 215 in ECC unit 201. Decoder 215 determines from data bits and ECC bits if there are any errors. If a small number of errors is present that is within the correction capability of the code, the errors are corrected. If large numbers of errors are present, they may be identified but not corrected if they are within the detection capability of the code. If the number of errors exceeds the detection capability of the code, the errors may not be detected, or may result in an erroneous correction. In the example of
An alternative memory system to memory system 200 is shown in
The raw voltages read from memory array 423 of
Likelihood values are sent to a decoder 429 in an ECC unit 431 (in some cases, obtaining likelihood values from raw values may be considered as being performed in the decoder). ECC unit 431 also includes encoder 432. The decoder 429 performs decoding operations on likelihood values. Such a decoder may be considered a soft-input decoder. In general, soft-input refers to an input that includes some quality information related to data that are to be decoded. The additional information provided as a soft-input generally allows a decoder to obtain better results. A decoder may perform decoding calculations using a soft-input to provide calculated likelihood values as an output. This is considered a soft-output and such a decoder is considered a Soft-Input Soft-Output (SISO) decoder. This output can then be used again as input to the SISO decoder to iterate the decoding and improve results. A SISO decoder may form part of a larger decoder that provides a hard output to another unit. SISO decoders generally provide good performance and in some cases may provide better performance than is possible with hard-input hard-output decoding. In particular, for the same amount of overhead (number of ECC bits) a SISO decoder may provide greater error correction capability. In order to efficiently use a SISO decoder, a suitable encoding/decoding scheme may be implemented and demodulation is adapted to efficiently obtain a soft-input without excessive complexity and without requiring excessive time for reading data from the memory array.
In one embodiment, a soft-input for a SISO decoder is provided by reading data in a nonvolatile memory array with a resolution that resolves a larger number of states than were used in programming the memory. Thus, data may be written by programming a memory cell to one of two threshold voltage ranges and subsequently read by resolving three or more threshold voltage ranges. Typically, the number of threshold voltage ranges used in reading will be some multiple of the number of threshold voltage ranges used in programming (for example, twice as many). However, this is not always the case.
An ECC unit may be formed as a dedicated circuit or this function may be performed by firmware in a controller. Typically, a controller is an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) that has circuits designed for specific functions such as ECC and also has firmware to manage controller operations. Thus, an encoder/decoder may be formed by a combination of hardware and firmware in the memory controller. An encoder/decoder (ECC unit) may alternatively be located on the memory chip. The modulation/demodulation unit may be on a memory chip, on a controller chip, on a separate chip or some combination. Generally, a modulation/demodulation unit will include at least some components on the memory chip (such as peripheral circuits connected to a memory array). While
Efficient decoding depends on having a suitable encoding/decoding scheme. Various schemes are known for encoding data in a manner that is suitable for subsequent decoding in a SISO decoder such as SISO decoder 532. Encoding/decoding schemes include, but are not limited to, turbo codes, product codes, BCH codes, Reed-Solomon codes, convolutional codes (see U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 11/383,401 and 11/383,405), Hamming codes, and Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes. A detailed description of LDPC codes and turbo codes and how they may be used with SISO decoding is provided in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/536,286, entitled: "Soft-input soft-output decoder for nonvolatile memory" and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/536,327, entitled: "Methods of soft-input soft-output decoding for nonvolatile memory," both filed on Sep. 28, 2006.
In some cases statistics may be collected regarding correction carried out by an ECC decoder. Such statistics may be used to make adjustments in operating parameters of a memory array. U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 11/536,347 and 11/536,372 filed on Sep. 28, 2006 describe nonvolatile memory systems with operating parameters that are adjusted and methods for adjusting such parameters.
One example of an operating parameter of a nonvolatile memory that may be adjusted is a discrimination voltage between programmed memory states.
A second discrimination voltage VD′ is shown at a threshold voltage where the logic 1 function and the logic 0 function intersect. Thus, where a cell has a threshold voltage of VD′ there is an equal likelihood that the cell was programmed to logic 1 and to logic 0. This is the optimum location for a discrimination voltage. Even with the discrimination voltage at VD′ there is some likelihood that a cell's threshold voltage will indicate the wrong logic state. However, the likelihood is low and the number of cells programmed to logic 0 that are subsequently read as having logic 1 is equal to the number of cells programmed to logic 1 that are subsequently read as having logic 0. When a discrimination voltage is not at its optimum value (e.g. at VD), it may be desirable to adjust the discrimination voltage to bring it to its optimum (e.g. VD′), or at least bring it closer to its optimum value. One way to detect that a discrimination voltage is not at its optimum value is from correction made by an ECC decoder to bits corresponding to memory states on either side of the discrimination voltage.
An ECC decoding can generally indicate whether a discrimination voltage is located at an optimum location from the number of corrections made between logic states on either side of the discrimination. If a discrimination voltage is not at its optimum location, the ECC decoding may indicate (from the number of corrections from states on either side of the discrimination voltage) the direction in which the discrimination voltage should be moved. ECC decoding may also indicate how much a discrimination voltage should be moved from the respective numbers of corrections from the higher state (logic 0 in this example) to the lower state (logic 1 in this example) compared to corrections from the lower state to the higher state. Suitable circuits may be used to determine, from ECC corrections of data read using initial discrimination voltages, whether discrimination voltages should be adjusted. If such adjustments are to be made then the circuits may indicate in which direction they should be adjusted and may also indicate by how much they should be adjusted.
In some memory systems, other adjustments may be made in response to ECC corrections. For example, where a lookup table is used to correlate threshold voltages with probability values associated with particular bits, the lookup table may be adjusted to balance the number of corrections from one state to another. Thus, the correlation of threshold voltage and probability is dynamically updated according to observations of ECC correction.
As with the two state memory cell of
Because there are more than two memory states in the example of
Adjustment of discrimination voltages may be made in either direction according to corrections made by an ECC decoder. Thus, a threshold voltage range associated with a particular programmed state may be widened or narrowed and may be shifted up in voltage or down in voltage. In general, in flash memory the likelihood function for a particular programmed state becomes wider with memory use.
One way to deal with the widening of likelihood distributions associated with programmed memory states as a memory is used is shown in
After the memory has been in use for some time, likelihood functions become wider resulting in likelihood functions 1047 a-d of
In another example, adjustment may be made in response to a threshold number of erase operations being performed. Where an erase count is maintained for each block, the programming and reading voltages for the block may change when a certain erase count is reached. In such a system, different blocks use different programming and reading voltages and the memory system keeps track of which block has adjusted voltages using overhead bits within the block, or a table maintained by the controller, or in some other suitable manner using a dedicated circuit, a portion of the controller or other suitable structure. Such a system does not necessarily have an ECC decoder that determines quality of data.
Read voltages and programming target voltages may be changed together over the life of a memory. However, some changes to read voltages may be made without changing target voltages. For example, changes may be made to discrimination voltages to balance error corrections between adjacent states where the overall rate of correction is acceptable.
In general, when a read voltage is adjusted it remains at the adjusted voltage until a subsequent adjustment is made. However, in some cases it may be desirable to make a temporary adjustment in read voltage. For example, where data is read from a memory and is found to be of poor quality (e.g. low probability values or a high number of errors indicated by ECC), one or more read voltages may be adjusted in a manner determined by ECC correction of the poor quality data, and the data may be read again. This may allow better quality data to be obtained so that the data can be decoded. However, it may not be necessary to keep such read voltages at their adjusted levels. This scheme may be used for retrieving otherwise irretrievable data from a memory. Generally, such data is then rewritten to another location so that it does not degrade further. The original block may then be erased. This may be part of a scrub operation carried out by a memory controller or may occur as part of a regular read operation (e.g. in response to a host read command). Programming target voltages generally remain unchanged during an adjustment of this kind. Examples of error handling are given in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,657,332 and 6,751,766.
The various examples above refer to flash memory. However, various other nonvolatile memories are currently in use and the techniques described here may be applied to any suitable nonvolatile memory systems. Such memory systems may include, but are not limited to, memory systems based on ferroelectric storage (FRAM or FeRAM), memory systems based on magnetoresistive storage (MRAM), and memories based on phase change (PRAM or "OUM" for "Ovonic Unified Memory").
All patents, patent applications, articles, books, specifications, other publications, documents and things referenced herein are hereby incorporated herein by this reference in their entirety for all purposes. To the extent of any inconsistency or conflict in the definition or use of a term between any of the incorporated publications, documents or things and the text of the present document, the definition or use of the term in the present document shall prevail.
Although the various aspects of the present invention have been described with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it is understood that the invention is entitled to protection within the full scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Jul 17, 1989
|Aug 27, 1991
|Eliyahou Harari
|Flash EEPROM memory systems having multistate storage cells
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|Nov 10, 1998
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|Jul 2, 2001
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|Symbol frequency leveling in a storage system
|Mar 12, 2004
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|Sandisk Corporation
|Reducing the effects of noise in non-volatile memories through multiple reads
|Feb 8, 2005
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|Sandisk Corporation
|Highly compact non-volatile memory and method thereof
|Oct 3, 2003
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|Sandisk Corporation
|Flash memory data correction and scrub techniques
|Mar 15, 2005
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|Aug 18, 2005
|Aug 8, 2006
|Sandisk Corporation
|Bitline governed approach for coarse/fine programming
|Nov 16, 2004
|Aug 15, 2006
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|High speed programming system with reduced over programming
|Oct 2, 2006
|Jun 17, 2008
|Sandisk Il Ltd.
|Multi-bit-per-cell flash memory device with non-bijective mapping
|Jun 16, 2004
|Jan 20, 2005
|Amir Ban
|Methods of increasing the reliability of a flash memory
|Feb 11, 2005
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|Mitsuhiro Noguchi
|Data memory system
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|M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd.
|States encoding in multi-bit flash cells for optimizing error rate
|Mar 14, 2005
|May 11, 2006
|M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd.
|States encoding in multi-bit flash cells for optimizing error rate
|Sep 19, 2006
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|Ken Takeuchi
|Semiconductor integrated circuit device
|Jan 26, 2006
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|M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd.
|Probabilistic error correction in multi-bit-per-cell flash memory
|Jan 11, 2006
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|M-Systems Flash Disk Pioneers, Ltd.
|Method of error correction in MBC flash memory
|Sep 1, 2006
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|Ramot At Tel Aviv University Ltd.
|Method and device for multi phase error-correction
|Dec 27, 2005
|Jun 28, 2007
|Gross Stephen J
|Method of storing downloadable firmware on bulk media
|Dec 27, 2005
|Jun 28, 2007
|Gross Stephen J
|Storing downloadable firmware on bulk media
|Oct 2, 2006
|Sep 6, 2007
|Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd.
|Multi-bit-per-cell flash memory device with non-bijective mapping
|May 15, 2006
|Nov 15, 2007
|Conley Kevin M
|Convolutional Coding Methods for Nonvolatile Memory
|May 15, 2006
|Nov 15, 2007
|Conley Kevin M
|Nonvolatile Memory with Convolutional Coding
|Sep 28, 2006
|Dec 6, 2007
|Ramot At Tel Aviv University Ltd.
|Error correction decoding by trial and error
|Dec 4, 2006
|Jan 10, 2008
|Ramot At Tel Aviv University Ltd.
|Method of error correction in a multi-bit-per-cell flash memory
|Sep 28, 2006
|Apr 3, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Soft-Input Soft-Output Decoder for Nonvolatile Memory
|Sep 28, 2006
|Apr 17, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Methods of Adapting Operation of Nonvolatile Memory
|Sep 28, 2006
|Apr 17, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Nonvolatile memory with adaptive operation
|Sep 28, 2006
|Apr 17, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Methods of Soft-Input Soft-Output Decoding for Nonvolatile Memory
|Nov 3, 2006
|May 8, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Methods of Modulating Error Correction Coding
|Nov 3, 2006
|May 8, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Nonvolatile Memory With Modulated Error Correction Coding
|Nov 3, 2006
|May 29, 2008
|Yigal Brandman
|Nonvolatile Memory With Variable Read Threshold
|Apr 21, 1997
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|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Multilevel memory system
|Oct 29, 2007
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|Sandisk Corporation
|Nonvolatile memory with variable read threshold
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Flash memory device error correction code controllers and related methods and memory systems
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Determining sector status in a memory device
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|Intel Corporation
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|Apple Inc.
|Partial voltage read of memory
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
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|Marvell World Trade Ltd.
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
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|Micron Technology, Inc.
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|Apple Inc.
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Memory device and method of managing memory data error
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|Chang-Duck Lee
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|Jan 18, 2013
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|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Flash memory system and read method of flash memory system
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 6, 2006
Owner name: SANDISK CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BRANDMAN, YIGAL;CONLEY, KEVIN M.;REEL/FRAME:018487/0001
Effective date: 20061101
|May 4, 2011
Owner name: SANDISK TECHNOLOGIES INC., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SANDISK CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:026226/0764
Effective date: 20110404
|Aug 13, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 25, 2016
Owner name: SANDISK TECHNOLOGIES LLC, TEXAS
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:SANDISK TECHNOLOGIES INC;REEL/FRAME:038809/0472
Effective date: 20160516


text:
Approaching Storm
I am startled awake by a scream. Unlike last time, it's a guy screaming. By last time, I don't mean when everyone was screaming at the murderer. I mean when the girl being spit-balled screamed at a spider. I don't think it was the same spider that turned into a girl. For some reason that transformation hadn't surprised me.
This bus ride is odd. It's got me sensing things I never had before. I look back at Gloria. She seems fine, if a bit startled. I think we all were. Who would expect a big guy with tattoos to scream like that. I reach an arm over the seat back and hold it above her belly. The baby's doing fine.
As I sink back into my seat I look towards the Tattoo guy. There is something odd and shimmering near him. I don't like the way this feels. I put my books away and sink back into the seat. As if in tune with my feelings the sky becomes very dark. A storm is coming, and I'm not just saying that because a Demon just joined us.
I want the sun back. I want to sit next to Gloria. She and her child don't deserve this, what have they done to the world? I blink back my anger and frustration.
I can tell that Gloria is younger than me but I'm not sure how much. I wouldn't dream of traveling alone as near to giving birth as she is. I look back at her, but words get lost in my mouth. I wonder how she manages to be so brave.


text:
MagWeb IS THE WORLD'S LARGEST MAGNETIC MATERIAL DATABASE NOW!
(Core Loss Curves included; Expanded to 1267 Digital B(H) and Core Loss Files)
Whether you are designing an electric motor, transformer or solenoid, your product is only as good as the magnetic materials that you employ. But selection of right magnetic materials has been a tedious trial and error process so far, due to lack of a comprehensive database of magnetic properties. By compiling properties of all magnetic materials produced worldwide into a single database, MagWeb saves the substantial time needed to search for the optimal magnetic material for your product.
Magnetic Materials
Soft Magnetic materials are iron alloys with good magnetic properties. They can be grouped into 11 categories listed on the left sidebar. The list spans Electrical Steel containing 3 to 4% silicon for electric motors to Supermendur for aircraft generators to ferrite powder cores for inductors. BHmag is a comprehensive collection of B-H curves of all these magnetic materials. Such exhaustive database will greatly aid selection of optimal magnetic materials.
B-H Curve
Fig. 1 Typical B-H and Permeability Curves from our BHmag Database.
The B-H Curve plots (Fig. 1) the variation of Flux Density B vs applied Field Intensity H. The Permeability Curve plots the variation of Relative Permeability mur vs. H . Both quantify the fundamental B = muo mur H relationship of magnetic materials. The B-H curve has a characteristic "knee" . Beyond the knee the permeability decreases gradually, eventually the material saturates.
Below the knee, there are too many unmagnetized domains, so the permeability spikes sharply and reaches a peak. But as more domains are magnetized, the material resists more flux, so permeability starts reducing rapidly from the peak. As the material saturates, there will be too few unmagnetized domains. So more and more H effort is required to get even slightly higher flux density B. Thus magnetic materials are doubly nonlinear – nonlinear saturation in B-H curve, nonlinear peak permeability in Mu-H curve.
Permeability Curve
Permeability curve turns out to be more important than the B-H curve, and is the primary tool used by Finite Element design software. The peak permeability point identifies the point at which the one can use least current to pump largest flux through the material. A typical design point, which is an order of magnitude away from the peak, allows the designer to get more "bang for the buck". For example, for Posco's 35HX300 NGO electrical steel, the permeability peak of 9800 occurs at 1 Tesla. The design point of 1.6 T reduces permeability by an order of magnitude, but usable flux density increases by 60%. MagWeb database is the only source that presents both permeability curve and B-H curve.
Computers store the curves as a set of digital points. Digitizing nonlinear magnetization curves by too few points can result in too coarse data; too many points can result in noise, characterized by oscillations in B'(H) slope. To prevent these problems, MagWeb uses a reasonable number of equispaced points to digitize B(H) curve.
MagWeb Database
MagWeb is world's largest database of various softmagnetic materials, containing more than 1000 B-H curves. Each digital B-H Curve is an excel spreadsheet that contains precise Magnetization Curves as well as the Permeability Curves. It contains the large number of digital (H, B, mur) data points to represent the B-H curve. In addition, it contains hard to find metrics such as Saturation Flux Density Bsat and electrical resistivity.
Such unique database containing B-H curves, permeability curve, digital data etc will greatly aid computerized design of electrical machines such as MRI, HEV, Wind Generators, Electric Motors, Transformers, Inductors etc.
Share your B-H Curves
If you have B-H curves and want to share them with the electrical design community, please email them to email@example.com. As a token of appreciation, we will send send you B-H data worth $200 for steels in the same category.


text:
Help the Geekballs to destroy the evil cubes trying to conquer their world.
Use logic to arrive at your enemies exploding TNT blocks!
This game is an original, independent and beautiful exercise for your brain, and was made for the whole family to play.
12 fascinating and challenging levels in this version, plus free updates soon with a lot of new features.
Exercise your mind while having fun!
GeekBalls版本:1.0 高速下载


text:
Please don't use IMAGESHACK.US to post images.
Other image hosting internet services are OK.
Please don't use IMAGESHACK.US to post images.
Other image hosting internet services are OK.
For tons more rockhounding information:
Attention Mozilla Firefox Users
Since a login is not required for this message board,
it is totally secure. However, if you're still concerned
about security, you can click on the following link
Click here for McRocks Secure Message Board
William Holland lapidary school in Young Harris, Georgia is a wonderful place to go to learn all sorts of lapidary skills. There you can learn how to cab or facet a stone, how to craft and silver setting for your stone or how to wire wrap it, plus many, many other skills.If you are at all interested in this you can look them up on their website and discover a whole new world of lapidary possibilities.The cost is extremely reasonable as well. When I went a few years ago it cost me around $400 for a weeks worth of training, food and a room. The folks there are wonderful and you will learn so much, not only from the instructors but also from those who attend.
Image URL
Supported videos include:


text:
open/close all folders
Grown Ups
- "Bet you five bucks he drops to one knee." And the group laughter that ensues. And Spade's buzzer noise immediately afterwards.
- Granny overboard! (200 points)
- "I wanna get chocolate wasted!" Said by Lenny's adorable young daughter.
- Deanne getting doused with Sally's breast milk. Direct from the breast.
Deanne: It's actually not that bad.
- Kurt's constant riffing on his mother-in-law. Especially the outtake when he said she looked like Red Foxx.
- Kurt and Malcolm having an argument about being the only black guy in town.
- The game of "arrow roulette." The slow-motion scene during it is hilarious.
- "Those can't be your daughters. That one, definitely. She's fugly, just like you!"
Grown Ups 2
- Worth the price of admission? Seeing Shaq throw a guy over a house!
- And then see him immediately berated by his "big" brother (played by Tim Meadows, who is easily a foot shorter and hundred pounds lighter).


text:
Novel Therapeutic for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
Award Information
Small Business Information
ANGION BIOMEDICA CORP, 1050 Stewart Ave., GARDEN CITY, NY, 11530
Principal Investigator
Name: DAVID SMITH
Phone: (516) 326-1200
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (516) 326-1200
Email: email@example.com
Business Contact
Name: DAVID SMITH
Phone: (516) 326-1200
Email: email@example.com
Phone: (516) 326-1200
Email: email@example.com
Research Institution
AbstractDESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): A significant body of literature indicates that Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) via potent and direct anti-fibrotic activity protects many organs from the fibrosis-driven pathology. In addition, HGF has been shown to also promote muscle progenitor cells to proliferate to promote the regenerative capacity of the muscle in response to injury or significant work load. Potentially Refanalin could recapitulate both activities of HGF and promote more efficient repair and prevent fibrosis in the setting of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. We have evaluated Refanalin in several models of tissue fibrosis including, lung and liver fibrosis, and in preclinical models of ischemic stroke, hepatic, renal, pulmonary and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury including models of liver, kidney and lung transplantation. Treatment with Refanalin was associated with reduced mortality, improved organ function and preservation of tissue architecture. These efficacy data (some presented here) coupled with an excellent safety profile and ideal drugability, makes Refanalin an ideal candidate for evaluation in DMD. We are in a unique position, to test our first in class, small molecule HGF mimetic, in the setting of muscular dystrophy where the gold standard of treatment remains only the corticosteroids, which have dose- limiting potentially severe side effects. Refanalin, has been dosed in man; phase I dose-escalation safety and pK studies having been completed in healthy volunteers, and it currently being evaluated in a phase IIa pK, safety study in dialysis patients with the intent to enter larger scale phase IIb efficacy studies in kidney patients by first quarter 2009. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Our lead molecule, Refanalin, which has advanced to clinical trial in kidney patients, is a small molecule-HGF mimetic. Extensive studies in the laboratory have shown that Refanalin will exert potent anti-fibrotic effects in many disease settings. These results in conjunction with the possibility that Refanalin will mimic HGF and promote satellite cell activation- potential improving on muscle regeneration, makes Refanalin an attractive possible therapy for the severely debilitating disease of young boys, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
* information listed above is at the time of submission.
An Official Website of the United States Government


text:
Toyota's former Australian director of sales and marketing, Tom Phillips, has been appointed Mitsubishi's new chief in Australia.
Mr Phillips, 53 (pictured), takes up his position as Managing Director of Mitsubishi Australia on June 27.
His experience in the Australian automotive industry started at GM-H in the mid-1960s. After working in a number of sales positions for the company, he spent four years as a partner in a Brisbane dealership.
For the past 14 years he has worked for Toyota Motor Corporation Australia in the NSW regional office, retail, sales, and parts operations. He had been Toyota's Director of Sales and Marketing since 1997.


text: Cemitas El Tigre's strong following at Smorgasburg led to this Mexican luncheonette in Sunnyside, a neighborhood rife with interesting international eats. The appealing, simple space holds about 30 seats and includes a bar dispensing beer, wine and milkshakes. As you might gather from the restaurant's name, cemitas are the specialty here—sesame-seed buns filled with 10 ingredients: avocado, Oaxacan cheese, chipotle, papalo (a cousin of cilantro), pickled onions, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, black bean puree and a meat or vegetable (garlic portobello mushrooms) component of your choice. Neatly wrapped in butcher paper, the sandwiches almost—almost—hold together until the last bite. Owner Danny Lyu's menu also features burritos, tacos, guacamole and chips.


text:
Hotel Roma Prague
Select your stay dates to check availability at Hotel Roma Prague
Hotel Roma Prague
About the Hotel
Property Location
Hotel Roma Prague is in the heart of Prague, walking distance from Kampa Park and Lennon Wall. This 4-star hotel is close to Prague Castle and Old Town Square.
Make yourself at home in one of the 87 individually decorated guestrooms, featuring minibars and plasma televisions. Your bed comes with down comforters, and all rooms are furnished with sofa beds. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary, while video-game consoles and cable programming provide entertainment. Private bathrooms with bathtubs or showers feature rainfall showerheads and designer toiletries.
Enjoy recreational amenities such as a sauna and a fitness center. Additional features at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and babysitting/childcare (surcharge). Getting to nearby attractions is a breeze with the area shuttle (surcharge).
Enjoy a bite to eat at a coffee shop/café, or stay in and take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a 24-hour business center, and limo/town car service. Planning an event in Prague? This hotel has facilities measuring 431 square feet (40 square meters), including a meeting room. A shuttle from the airport to the hotel is provided for a surcharge (available on request).
Hotel Facilities
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Television in common areas
- Fitness facilities
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Wedding services
- Free WiFi
- Roll-in shower
- Conference space size (meters) - 40
- Number of floors - 5
- Express check-out
- Garden
- Concierge services
- Babysitting or childcare
- In-room accessibility
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Multilingual staff
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Laundry facilities
- Bar/lounge
- ATM/banking
- Accessible bathroom
- Area shuttle (surcharge)
- Conference space size (feet) - 431
- One meeting room
- Hair salon
- Porter/bellhop
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Airport transportation - pickup (surcharge)
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Total number of rooms - 87
- Year Built 2004
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Smoke-free property
- Luggage storage
- Picnic area
- 24-hour business center
- Free breakfast
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Computer station
- Elevator/lift
- Sauna
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Express check-in
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
Room Facilities
- Premium bedding
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Slippers
- Individually decorated
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Hair dryer
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free local calls
- Premium TV channels
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Air conditioning
- Room service (limited hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Private bathroom
- Ceiling fan
- Sofa bed
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Minibar
- Video-game console
- In-room safe
- Free WiFi
- Bidet
- Cable TV service
- Bathtub or shower
- Rainfall showerhead
- Plasma TV
- Desk
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Free newspaper
- Pay movies
- Designer toiletries
- Stovetop
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Free toiletries
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Daily housekeeping
- Down comforter
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- One child 2 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Airport shuttle fee: EUR 25 per vehicle
- Self parking fee: EUR 25 per night
- Valet parking fee: EUR 25 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 30 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.60 per person, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
XRAY Wheel Nut W/Cover - Hard Coated (2)
Discontinued Online
This item is discontinued and no longer available for purchase. You may want to search our site for a similar item.
This is a pack of two hard coated wheel nuts from Xray. Unlike regular wheel nuts, these wheel hub caps completely cover the wheel axles when the nuts are installed, and have a cool looking Xray logo on the hub caps.
This product was added to our catalog on October 19, 2006.


text:
The role of women's colleges—far beyond their origins in offering access to college degrees—is to help women flourish. Some women's colleges have focused on women's leadership; some on career preparation in STEM and other areas where women have been under-represented; and still others on health care, education and areas where women excel.
Increasingly, colleges and universities enroll students with a wide array of physical and mental health conditions. Legal guidelines that put the onus on students to request accommodations—plus the departmentalization of services—can make it difficult to come up with a coordinated plan for a student.
The University of Connecticut's recent announcement of a planned learning community intended for first- and second-year African-American male students has reignited a decades-old debate regarding ethnically themed living spaces on campus.
The twin goals of affordability and diversity dominate the nation's push to expand access to higher ed, but another critical factor—geography—is drawing more attention for the role it plays in where students go to college.
Choices for commencement speakers are making headlines this season, and higher ed officials are aiming to make sure those headlines are positive. For one thing, many colleges now prioritize student input and diversity when choosing commencement speakers.
In his book, Breakpoint: The Changing Marketplace for Higher Education, Jon McGee says higher education is in the midst of an extraordinary transitional period that has significant implications for how colleges understand their mission, their market and their management.
The shift to the use of families' Prior-Prior Year (PPY) financial data on the FAFSA has come to pass. This shift has far-reaching implications not only for timing of financial aid awards, but also in other aspects of enrollment, such as marketing, recruitment and institutional budgeting.
Citing that energy drinks have been linked to health problems, Middlebury College has stopped selling them to students. School officials also suggested the popular beverages, which are often mixed with alcohol, have been involved in incidents of binge drinking, "high-risk sexual activity" and other unsafe behaviors.
With the need to host both one-on-one donor chats plus receptions for a hundred or more alumni and friends, campus alumni houses tend to be versatile venues. While great rooms must have space for that next big event, the aim is for an intimate group not to feel swallowed up by the space.
Online learning has expanded dramatically over the past two decades, reaching a high of more than 5 million enrollments in 2013. While that expansion has slowed recently, it still far exceeds overall growth in higher education. Yet by 2025, the phrase "online learning" could disappear from the common vernacular.
New momentum has built behind higher education's pivotal role in helping prison inmates turn their life around and re-enter society. So, what if a city offered convicted felons a college education instead of a jail sentence?
All first-year students must buy and wear a Fitbit fitness-tracker. While some critics called this requirement an overreach, school officials say Oral Roberts has long had a fitness component as part of its "Whole Person Education," which focuses on mind, body and spirit.
Early adopters tout virtual reality as the next big thing, and in higher education, 360-degree videos are adding exciting, immersive experiences. The best indicator that the time is right for "VR" can be found in the investments made by two competing tech giants, Google and Facebook.
In recent months, students have confronted problems such as climate change, race relations, social class inequity and sexual violence with protests at colleges across the country. It's a chaotic process, and how an administration responds to a protest is vitally important to a school's ability to alleviate the issues that spark it.
As one would expect, successful athletic programs benefit their college or university in a number of ways—particularly in the admissions arena. They raise public awareness of the school, reaching prospective students who may not otherwise have heard of or looked at the university, says Scott Verzyl, associate vice president for enrollment management and dean of undergraduate admissions for the University of South Carolina.


text:
It's true.
This is a discussion on Somebody Finally Said It within the Off Topic & Humor Discussion forums, part of the The Back Porch category; So, now we have an official study that states the US is an oligarchy. While I agree with the article, it will be interesting to ...
So, now we have an official study that states the US is an oligarchy. While I agree with the article, it will be interesting to see what, if any, destabilizing publishing these studies will have. There is too much hubris in the oligarchs to see them change their ways willingly. Time will tell.
The US is an oligarchy, study concludes - Telegraph
"I've noticed that everyone that is pro-abortion has already been born." - Ronald Reagan
"When governments fear the people there is liberty. When the people fear the government there is tyranny." Thomas Jefferson
You are only paranoid until you are right - then you are a visionary.
It's true.
"... advice is a dangerous gift, even from the wise to the wise, and all courses may run ill." -J.R.R. Tolkien
Well, it isn't "one nation under nothing at all...." im just sayin...
"I've seen things you people wouldn't believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of Orion. I watched c-beams glitter in the dark near the Tannhäuser Gate. All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain."
- Roy Batty
Interesting article and from what I have seen in my life pretty much true. Of course I'm not sure many people will actually care but I wish they would.
NRA Member
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US Army Vet
It's obvious just by looking around that this report is pretty accurate. I used to be against term limits but in the past few years I've changed my mind. I think they would go a long way toward stopping this sort of thing. Our politicians become wealthy beyond imagination while in office, while only getting a salary of approx 175k. That's a nice salary but it doesn't boost you into the multimillionaire bracket. That money comes from special interest groups to influence the vote.
It probably won't ever happen though.
Heaven goes by favor. If it went by merit, you would stay out and your dog would go in.- Mark Twain
This is why I insist that Occupy Wallstreet had a point, but they couldn't put their finger on it or articulate it well. They just had an instinct 'something is wrong and it's quirking me off'.
This is a natural consequence, but it's effing frustrating. It's the nature of the current economic system that wealth will concentrate. With the illusions that we live in a meritocracy, we naturally conflate 'wealth' with 'ability', which makes it seem intuitively obvious that the wealthy 'deserve' more eartime with the lawmakers.
And, put money on the line, and people will always, always, always figure a way to work around watchdog regulations. Put effort on the line, people will work around the intent of regulations. This, plus the fact that rent-seeking pays so well, will always lead to problems. It starts with the fact that wealth concentrates (relative wealth, that is) and that we believe we live in a meritocracy.
Honestly, the concerned citizen should look at other real world countries that have less of this problem, and figure out what helps.
You can construct philosophical theories all you want, Karl Marx, but the question really is "what works in practice?"
And remember, the 'garchs' are happy if you blame the 'ologists'. Countries with the fewest 'ologists' have the most egregious 'garchs'.
From the article:
"The central point that emerges from our research is that economic elites and organised groups representing business interests have substantial independent impacts on US government policy, while mass-based interest groups and average citizens have little or no independent influence."
"Researchers concluded that US government policies rarely align with the the preferences of the majority of Americans, but do favour special interests and lobbying oragnisations: "When a majority of citizens disagrees with economic elites and/or with organised interests, they generally lose. Moreover, because of the strong status quo bias built into the US political system, even when fairly large majorities of Americans favour policy change, they generally do not get it."
And they needed Ivy League Schools to conduct a study to come to this conclusion? It's been painfully obvious to anyone paying attention to politics in the US over the last 40+ years.
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"I've noticed that everyone that is pro-abortion has already been born." - Ronald Reagan
"When governments fear the people there is liberty. When the people fear the government there is tyranny." Thomas Jefferson
You are only paranoid until you are right - then you are a visionary.
Well, they used to publish regarding gini coefficients, but the common response was 'buckle down, try harder'.
So, 'the government literally doesn't give a crap about what you want' should (hopefully) get some traction.
Anyone notice the time frame of the study ? Take a good look at the last line as well. Not denying we have an oligarcy, I do think the study might go back a little further to the two biggest expansions prior to 2009, the New Deal and the Great Society
The Totalitarian State in America will not arise at the point of a gun. It will come with a message of
"We only want what's best for you. It's for your own good."
between the years of 1981 and 2002?
I don't disagree, but the above IS our economy. Attacking business, ala Occupy, is targeting the symptom, not the problem. The problem is that government has so much power it not only matters, it is central to even being allowed to do business in the first place. Businesses HAVE to lobby and try to crony up to politicians if they want to stay in business, operate, and pay their employees. This is why the third world stays the third world even though some of those countries have far more exploitable natural resources than we do. When the government is all powerful and picks the winners and losers regardless of markets what else could you get but crony capitalism and an uneven playing field? The biggest corporations can hire an army of lawyers, and army of lobbyists, and have huge compliance departments to sift through thousands of pages of regulations. Passing more regulations and giving government more power is the solution? No, it's the problem. This is all done in the name of "fairness", and it's the exact opposite of the same rules for everyone, which by definition makes it unfair. Occupy was full of ignorance and youthful idealism. They don't even understand how the system works, because they're attacking the people trying to survive and thrive in it rather than the system itself, which has little to do with American business and everything to do with government."tend to tilt towards the wishes of corporations and business and professional associations."
Again, the 16th Amendment is what has ruined everything. If government were dependent on the economy and economic output it would end all this. This is what Benjamin Franklin meant by, "The business of America is business". He meant that our system creates a level playing field and opportunity for all, and that success is what allows us to be wealthy and have a government that is effective and functions. Cronyism would simply be political graft (and we'd call it Cronyism again) and illegal/unfair advantage of someone not playing by simple rules that everyone has to follow, and American business would again all be about who builds a better mousetrap, not who can influence the rule making. That is what made us a global superpower, not government regulations and cronyism. You wouldn't have to pit business against non-business, because business and its success would supply the public treasury instead of stealing it from individuals. Even someone who wanted to give every dime to the poor wouldn't eat their seed corn or try to hurt business or give certain business more say for advantage. It would be in the best interests of everyone to see that the most people possible succeeded under their own power and without handouts or special help from government. Right now they've placed business in-between the people and government on purpose for one reason, power. You want to fix this, make government dependent on the revenue from trade, not individuals.
The 17th Amendment neutered the states power, and eliminated the main check against Federal expansion at the expense of the people. You want the states to matter again, let the state legislatures elect Senators. The House isn't the problem. That does reflect the will of the people. The Senate was supposed to be a check on the democracy of the House and give the States a voice. Now it isn't, and it doesn't.
The 18th was repealed because it was just as ridiculous and unworkable as the first two.
Most modern problems and dysfunctions can be traced to the Progressive Amendments, including the unchecked growth and power of the Federal Government. This isn't the American system of checks and balances, and it hasn't been for 100 years, but the ramifications are just beginning to be fully felt, because history and probity have prevented what they have been long capable of doing. Now we don't know our history and probity is out the window, and that is why it is going down like this.
We repealed prohibition, but we should have repealed the rest of their nonsense that restricted liberty and expanded federal power. Everything else you're discussing is a symptom.
Of all tyrannies, a tyranny sincerely exercised for the good of its victims may be the most oppressive." C.S. Lewis
Well part of the problem is that the moneyed interests and their pet politicians have tilted the field in their favor.
Look at all of the regulations there are to start a small business, I think that most of them are there just to weed out the little guy and to keep us dependent on the government and the few big corporations and rich individuals who control our government
A real man loves his wife, and places his family as the most important thing in life. Nothing has brought me more peace and content in life than simply being a good husband and father.


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Golden, British Columbia
- 3 Chambre(s) à coucher
- 4 Salle(s) de bain
À propos de cette propriété
Captivate friends and family in your private mountain resort home. This property is located in the popular Golden Avenue development of Kicking Horse Mountain Resort, and just a short walk to ski trails, lifts and amenities. The interior features grand timber accents, hardwood and slate tile floors, warm furnishings and an excellent use of space. The ground floor is efficiently set up to welcome guests with 3 bedrooms, all with their own ensuites. The master bedroom features ample square footage and the largest bathroom in the house. Upstairs, you'll find an open-concept, stunning main floor with beautiful natural light. In the living room, cozy up by the fireplace or take in the breathtaking view of the Columbia Valley by the large windows. Leading off from the dining area is the kitchen containing a convenient, large island and stainless steel appliances. Off from the main floor are two den/flex rooms which can be conveniently used as extra bedrooms. One has its own ensuite and can easily contain a queen bed in the loft area. Walk out onto the main floor deck and enjoy you après ski time, or enjoy the lower floor deck as you relax in the hot tub over-looking the valley. The Inukshuk property is a warm and inviting luxury home, fantastic for entertaining friends and family after a great day on the slopes. GST applicable.
Demander plus de renseignements
Présenté par
- Yasmin Soomal
- Michael Macklem
- Appareils ménagers en acier inox
- Au pied des pistes de ski
- Bois-francs
- Cuisine avec coin repas
- Cul-de-sac
- Forêt
- Foyer
- Garage
- Golf
- Jardins
- Meublé
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- Penderie
- Pièce de détente
- Plan d'étage ouvert
- Planchers chauffants
- Salle de bain attenante
- Salle de lavage
- Servitude
- Ski
- Spa / Bain tourbillon
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- Terrain de ski
Éléments de la propriété
- 3,025 pi2 / 281.02 m2 - Aire habitable
- 7,535.88 ft2 / 700.08 m2 - Grandeur du terrain
- Construit en 2004
- 10 Age approximatif
- 2 Stationnement(s)
- 3 562$ Taxes autres


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FBI investigation of Saint Mary's City Council
Posted in the Kingsland Forum
#41 Jun 21, 2013
Tommy you just need to be quiet..You sound as stupid as Moreno.
#42 Jun 21, 2013
United States
#43 Jun 21, 2013
Let's not talk about stupid. You support Spencer. Tell us why he is not at the hospital anymore. Keep us updated on your showdown with Moreno. Maybe there will be less lunatic after today.
Saint Marys, GA
#44 Jun 21, 2013
Is it almost time to vote for Spencer? Can't wait!
#45 Jun 21, 2013
No, lets talk stupid...that would be you.He is working elsewhere for more money A-Hole. As for Jay, I showed up today and no he did not show up as I expected. I can provide proof as well. My receipt showing that I was in checkout counter 12..there was a new hire there being trained. NO FATASS MORENO! I expected nothing less. The yellow bastard.
Saint Marys, GA
#46 Jun 21, 2013
Does Jason Spencer not work for Peds and Parents any longer??? Where is he now???
"Master o Public Administration"
Since: Oct 10
#47 Jun 21, 2013
You damned fool.
I was in Savannah meeting with the estate auctioneer as previously planned. How long did you wait, idiot. LMFAO
#48 Jun 21, 2013
I waited long enough to get through the checkout line with my 2 heads of cabbage and the jars I am going to use to put up tomatoes. It wasn't long, but I knew you wouldn't show! You yellow, chicken shit, fat slob, Son-of-a-bitch.Savannah my ass.I'll slap the tongue out of your mouth if you ever get the nerve to face me.
#49 Jun 21, 2013
Yes, he is still there.
#50 Jun 21, 2013
if the truth hurts people calls it stupid alot of the times.
I dont mind calling a lie a lie.
Thats why I think Mike needs to not run. St.Marys does not want to hear the truth just BS from downtown and the cove. Hell there is more truth in the oaks.
#51 Jun 21, 2013
next time you have a thought, just let it go. please
#52 Jun 21, 2013
Thatswhat I do most of the time,It is said. Thats what is wrong with the city everyone cries after the fact. I do let my thoughts go and its out my mouth 99% of the time.
Do yourself a favor go back and look at the things the mayor promised before getting elected compare to what he has done.
Word from the wise my dad actions will speak louder than words everytime
#53 Jun 21, 2013
could not care any less about St. Marys. you (collectively) elected that council. you let them bet the house on developments and a mill site; both of which went toes up. you let downtown become more important than the whole city. you think a dead-end city is a legitimate tourist destination. look at Fernandina, St. Augustine, and Savannah. you think St. Marys is in the same league? no. not even close. you let a bunch of carpetbaggers steal the town from a bunch of inbred, short-sighted group of local big wigs and robot former mill employees. most of you were caged animals for the gilman family. when the mill folded, you had nobody to make decisions for you anymore. if not for the sub base, St. Marys would be a ghost town. crabs and fish charters aren't going to save the day, wonderdog. nor will locals with a high school education, if that. Osprey Cove owns you. they are the new gilman family. get used to it.
#54 Jun 21, 2013
Damn Banjo, for a while there I wasn't liking you. But, you just beat the hell out of that nail head.
It wasn't too many years ago that any fast talking land speculator could blow into St Marys, and with the help of the local real estate cartel, take over city hall. With the help of real estate cartel lawyers they would install their people in key positions in St Marys city government and rape our planning and zoning laws with impunity. They asked for water and sewer lines and improved roads to their property, no problem, city hall obliged.
Now the tax paying homeowners, after repeatedly being raped, are stuck with paying for what the real estate cartel did via city hall.
#55 Jun 21, 2013
My God,the level of ignorance/lack of reading comprehension here is staggering!
#56 Jun 21, 2013
banjo I agree with yo on most but the city being a ghost town if not for base I disagree. Here is why,think if from 1976-1978. The state put as much money into making that waterfront as they did Savannah. If KB was not here we could/would of got a part of the grants ya got and brunswick got.
Now Im glad the base is here. Now you think from end of jetties here is 2.9 miles close to kingsbay waterfront than Sav. deep water port.
If KB was not here camden county went to state saying We are 3 miles closer to atlantic than sav. and over 5 closer than brunswick got rail tracks there I-95.
I guess and say we could of got atleast 1/3 split of it.
Look at the size of base that a private co. could of bought for warehousesand such. Now Im glad base is here but you chatam county should be also
Saint Marys, GA
#57 Jun 22, 2013
While the City Council in Saint Mary's, Georgia did everything they could to run business off.(Yulee) Nassau County, Florida has quietly taken over the area. They will open the New I- Max theatre next to the New Publix. The area has stolen everything Saint Mary's had worked so hard to get. Just because you get elected does not mean have the mental capacity to do the job.
Now do you really think people from Jacksonville are going to come over to the movie theatre in Saint Mary's ? The Local theatre will be lucky to survive (if they don't get better pop corn they may go quicker than they think).
A1A looks like they had leadership. Oh and they have a grass median Look at the hodge podge of bull on Hwy 40 looks like some secondary road. Ask Me should build another road to be the main road into the chicken poop town of Saint Mary's it is pathetic.
Saint Marys, GA
#58 Jun 22, 2013
We are the real horse in Camden. The real estate cartel you talk about on these threads. Check out our ownership of property through our maze of corporations. See where we come from and how we got to this place and ownership of Camden County, Georgia.
Follow our method of over coming obstacles laid out before us.
#59 Jun 22, 2013
Nassau County has "stolen everything" from who? Saint Marys, I don't think so. You can't steal something a city never had.
Saint Marys, GA
#60 Jun 22, 2013
The federal government taking Cumberland Island from Camden County was the kiss of death for our area. Once again the State showed little interest in supporting this County.
We have and will be tax bitches for Atlanta with a few locals padding their wallets.
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Building testing and deploying this website using CircleCI
The good people of CircleCI provide a basic service for free and that is very nice.
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Brook Hill Farm held an open house to celebrate its success rescuing horses and teenagers.
Brook Hill is an accredited horse rehabilitation and retirement facility. It's where area law enforcement can bring horses that they have confiscated due to neglect and abuse. The horses, in turn, help humans.
Thaxton resident Dale Lowe loves to fish. A lot of people love to fish, but Lowe does it in a big way.
"I fish tournaments," he said.
He's good at it, too. So good that he has sponsors that provide him with equipment and boats. The sponsor that provided him with his rod, fishing line and lures was probably especially happy with the results of a tournament he fished in on Kerr Lake back in late January.
Back in the late 1960s, Andy Dooley got a letter from Uncle Sam that most young men at the time were very unhappy about getting.
It began with "Greetings." It was his notice that he had been selected by the Selective Service System to personally participate in the Vietnam War.
By Emily Scruggs
Intern Writer
"Life has been an adventure."
That is Dr. George Wortley's take. The words undoubtedly seem true for the doctor, who recently retired after 28 years and two months with the Centra Medical Group and practicing in Big Island.
Dr. Wortley, originally from upstate New York near Syracuse, moved to Bedford 30 years ago and began practicing family medicine with Centra soon after.
Assistant County Administrator Reid Wodicka is involved in a volunteer activity that he says helps keep him in touch with the community. He's a volunteer firefighter with the Bedford Volunteer Fire Department.
Abigail Brewer, who lives in Goode, is a 19-year-old sophomore at Liberty University (LU).
By Brandi Mitchell
In just a few month's time, you will not find Danielle Averill or Sarah Stephens at their standard house cleaning jobs, or even walking around Bedford.
You will find them in the woods. More specifically, on the Appalachian Trail, and you may not see them again for many months.
"I was 20 years old at that time," recalls Leonard Peverall, remembering a long-ago Sunday morning — Dec. 7, 1941.
Back in the 1950s and 1960s, Bedford had nearly a dozen small family owned grocery stores.
One of them was Childress' Cash Food Market, owned by Wes Childress. The market was located in the building, on West Main Street, that now serves as Bedford's Elks Lodge and Wes' son, Tim Childress is a member and official of that lodge.
Once again, Ron Sisson proves that electrical engineers can write.
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The Bedford Bulletin is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Bedford County and Bedford, VA and the surrounding area.


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This step is discretionary but will drastically increase your chances of receiving views from other daters on the site. Write a little something about yourself, your hobbies and attach a nice photograph of yourself.
Use our website's state-of-the-art search to uncover members who match your desired criteria. Or just flip through listings and uncover singles that take your fancy.
Discovered someone who interests you? Send a note to them or just a wink and see how you get along. With a little luck you'll be on your way to true love.
It's quick and easy