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Polo is a team sport played on horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team. Players score by driving a small white plastic or wooden ball into the opposing team's goal using a long-handled mallet. The traditional sport of polo is played at speed on a large grass field up to 300 yards in length, and each polo team consists of four riders and their mounts.
On horseback
A modern variant is called arena polo which is played indoors or more commonly outdoors on an enclosed all-weather surface (the field of play is much smaller, rarely exceeding 100 yards in length). In arena polo there are only three players on each team and a small inflatable leather ball is used instead. Arena polo matches usually consist of four 7 minute periods (called chukkas or chukkers), as opposed to field polo matches which consist of between four and eight 7 minute chukkas (depending on the level being played). A form of arena polo seen almost exclusively in the western United States is cowboy polo.
A recent variant is beach polo, a close variant of arena polo, played on sand in Dubai and Miami and most recently in the .
Another modern variant is snow polo, which is played on compacted snow on flat ground or a frozen lake. The format of snow polo varies depending on the space available. Each team generally consists of three players and a bright colored light plastic ball is preferred.[citation needed]
A popular combination of the sports of polo and lacrosse is the game of polocrosse, which was developed in Australia in the late 1930s.
These sports are considered as separate sports because of the differences in the composition of teams, equipment, rules, game facilities etc.
Other variants
Polo is not played exclusively on horseback. Such polo variants are mostly played for recreational or touristic purposes; they include canoe polo, cycle polo, camel polo, elephant polo, golfcart polo, Segway polo, BMX polo, yak polo, and water polo.
A game first played in Persia (Iran) at dates given from the 5th century BC, or much earlier,[1] to the 1st century AD and originated there,[2] polo was at first a training game for cavalry units, usually the king's guard or other elite troops. To the warlike tribesmen, who played it with as many as 100 to a side, it was a miniature battle.[3] In time polo became an Iranian national sport played extensively by the nobility. Women as well as men played the game, as indicated by references to the queen and her ladies engaging King Khosrow II Parviz and his courtiers in the 6th century AD.[4] Certainly Persian literature and art give us the richest accounts of polo in antiquity. Ferdowsi, the famed Iranian poet-historian, gives a number of accounts of royal polo tournaments in his 9th century epic, Shahnameh (the Epic of Kings). In the earliest account, Ferdowsi romanticizes an international match between Turanian force and the followers of Siyâvash, a legendary Iranian prince from the earliest centuries of the Empire; the poet is eloquent in his praise of Siyâvash's skills on the polo field. Ferdowsi also tells of Emperor Shapur II of the Sassanid dynasty of the 4th century who learned to play polo when he was only seven years old.[5]
From Persia, in medieval times polo spread to the Byzantines (who called it tzykanion), and after the Muslim conquests to the Ayyubid and Mameluke dynasties of Egypt and the Levant, whose favored it above all other sports. Notable sultans such as Saladin and Baybars were known to play it and encourage it in their court.[6] Polo sticks were features on the Mameluke precursor to modern day playing cards.
Later on Polo was passed from Persia to other parts of Asia including the Indian subcontinent[7] and China, where it was very popular during the Tang Dynasty and frequently depicted in paintings and statues. Valuable for training cavalry, the game was played from Constantinople to Japan by the Middle Ages. Known in the East as the Game of Kings.[4] The name polo is said to have been derived from the Tibetan word "pulu", meaning ball.[8]
The modern game of polo, though formalized and popularized by the British, is derived from Manipur (now a state in India) who played the game known as 'Sagol Kangjei', 'Kanjai-bazee', or 'Pulu'.[9] It was the anglicised form of the latter, referring to the wooden ball which was used, that was adopted by the sport in its slow spread to the west. The first polo club was established in the town of Silchar in Assam, India, in 1834.
The origins of the game in Manipur are traced to early precursors of Sagol Kangjei.[10] This was one of three forms of hockey in Manipur, the other ones being field hockey (called Khong Kangjei) and wrestling-hockey (called Mukna Kangjei). Local rituals such as those connected to the Marjing, the Winged-Pony God of Polo and the creation-ritual episodes of the Lai Haraoba festival enacting the life of his son, Khori-Phaba, the polo-playing god of sports. These may indicate an origin prior to the historical records of Manipur, which go back to the 1st Century A.D.
In Manipur, polo is traditionally played with seven players to a side. The players are mounted on the indigenous Manipuri pony, which stands less than 13 hands high. There are no goal posts and a player scored simply by hitting the ball out of either end of the field. Players were also permitted to carry the ball, though that allowed opponents to physically tackle players when they do so. The sticks were made of cane and the balls were made from the roots of bamboo. Colorful cloth pom-poms dangle at sensitive and vulnerable spots around the anatomy of the ponies in order to protect them. Players protected their legs by attaching leather shields to their saddles and girths.[11]
In Manipur, the game was not merely a "rich" game but was played even by commoners who owned a pony.[8] The kings of Manipur had a royal polo ground within the ramparts of their Kangla Fort. Here they played Manung Kangjei Bung (literally, "Inner Polo Ground"). Public games were held, as they are still today, at the Mapan Kangjei Bung (literally "Outer Polo Ground"), a polo ground just outside the Kangla. Weekly games called Hapta Kangjei (Weekly Polo) were also played in a polo ground outside the current Palace.
In 1834 the first polo club, Calcutta Polo Club was established by two British soldiers, Captain Robert Stewart and Major General Joe Shearer.[12] Later they spread the game to their peers in England. The British are credited with spreading polo worldwide in the late 19th century and the early 20th century. Military officers imported the game to Britain in the 1860s. The establishment of polo clubs throughout England and western Europe followed after the formal codification of rules.[11] The 10th Hussars at Aldershot, Hants, introduced polo to England in 1834. The game's governing body in the United Kingdom is the Hurlingham Polo Association, which drew up the first set of formal British rules in 1874, many of which are still in existence.
Meanwhile, British settlers in the Argentine pampas started practicing it during their free time. Among them, David Shennan is credited to having organized the first formal polo game of the country in 1875. The sport spread fast between the skillful gauchos and several clubs opened in the following years in the towns of Venado Tuerto, Cañada de Gómez, Quilmes, Flores and later (1888) Hurlingham. In 1892 The River Plate Polo Association is founded and constitutes the basis for the actual Asociación Argentina de Polo. In the Olympic Games held in Paris in 1924 a team composed by Juan Miles, Enrique Padilla, Juan Nelson, Arturo Kenny, G. Brooke Naylor y A. Peña obtained the gold medal; this also occurred in Berlín 1936 with players Manuel Andrada, Andrés Gazzotti, Roberto Cavanagh, Luis Duggan, Juan Nelson, Diego Cavanagh and Enrique Alberdi. From then on, the game spread powerfully across the country and Argentina is credited globally as the mecca of polo.
This version of polo played in the 19th century was different from the faster form that was played in Manipur. The game was slow and methodical, with little passing between players and few set plays that required specific movements by participants without the ball. Neither players nor horses were trained to play a fast, nonstop game. This form of polo lacked the aggressive methods and equestrian skills to play. From the 1800s to the 1910s, a host of teams representing Indian principalities dominated the international polo scene.[11]
Polo found popularity in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Pakistan and the United States of America.[13][14][15]
James Gordon Bennett, Jr. organized the first polo match in the United States at Dickel's Riding Academy at 39th Street and Fifth Avenue in New York City. During the early part of the 20th century, under the leadership of Harry Payne Whitney, polo changed to become a high-speed sport in the United States, differing from the game in England, where it involved short passes to move the ball toward the opposition's goal. Whitney and his teammates used the fast break, sending long passes downfield to riders who had broken away from the pack at a full gallop.
The oldest polo ground in the world is the Imphal Polo Ground in Manipur State. The history of this pologround is contained in the royal chronicle "Cheitharol Kumbaba" starting from AD 33. Lieutenant Sherer, the father of modern polo visited the state and played on this polo ground in the 1850s. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India visited the state in 1901 and measured the pologround as 225 yards long and 110 yards wide. The oldest royal polo square is the 16th century Gilgit Polo Field, Pakistan, while the highest polo ground in the world, Shandur, located in district Chitral, Pakistan at 4307 meters (14,000 ft).A traditional polo tournament between the teams of Chitral and Gilgit takes place every year in July. Maj Cobb from British Raj was a polo fan and he used to come to Shandur for playing polo on the invitation of Mehtar Chitral in moon light. The oldest polo club in the world still in existence is the Calcutta Polo Club (1862).
The game
Field polo requires two teams of 4 players. A full-size field is 300 yards long, and either 200 yards or 160 yards wide if there are side boards—these are generally 6" high. There are tall collapsible goalposts at each end of the field spread 8 yards apart. The object of the game is to score the most goals by hitting the ball through the goal. Polo teams change direction after each goal in order to compensate for field and wind conditions.
In arena polo, which is popular in the United States, the size of the field is ideally 100 yards long by 50 yards wide. The size of arena fields in the United States, where arena polo was first played, is often more variable where indoor armories and riding academies are still occasionally used. The playing boundary is marked by high wooden walls (usually at least 6 feet high). Arena polo requires teams of three riders, and goals are scored by passing the ball into a 10-foot-wide by 12-foot-high goal recessed into the end walls. In arena polo ends are changed at the end of each 6-minute period (chukka, chukker, or chucker) and not after a goal is scored. Arena polo uses a small leather ball between 12.5 and 15 inches in circumference and looks like a miniature football.
In Pakistan Shandur invites visitors to experience a traditional polo tournament between the teams of Chitral and Gilgit annually in July. The tournament is held on Shandur Pass, the highest polo ground in the world at 3,700 meters. The festival also includes Folk music, dancing and a camping village is set up.[15]
Gilgit, Chitral and Skardu have always played the game of polo closest to its original form. In the past, local Khans, Mirs and Mehtars were the patrons of the game. At times, more than 50% of the annual budget of their principalities would be spent on supporting the game[16]
A polo game has periods of play, known as chukkas (also chukkers or chuckers). This term originated in 1898 and is derived from Hindi chakkar from Sanskrit chakra "circle, wheel" (compare chakka). Depending on the rules of the particular tournament or league, a game may have 4, 6 or 8 chukkas; 6 chukkas are most common[17] Usually, each chukka is 7 minutes long, but some games are played in shorter chukkas. Between chukkas, the players switch to fresh ponies. In less competitive polo leagues, players may play only two ponies, alternating between them. For more competitive leagues, and in United States intercollegiate polo, each pony is played in at most two chukkas.
Games are often played with a handicap in which the sum of the individual players' respective handicaps are compared. The team with the lower handicap is given the difference in handicaps as goals before the start of the game.
The game begins with the two teams of four lined up each team in line forming two rows with the players in order 1, 2, 3, 4 facing the umpire in the center of the playing field. There are two mounted umpires on the field and a referee standing on the sidelines. At the beginning of a game, one of the umpires bowls the ball in hard between the two teams. Teams change goals on ends of the field/arena after each score or chukker in outdoor polo to minimize any wind advantage which may exist. Switching sides also allows each team equal opportunity to start off with the ball on their right side, as all players must hit right-handed.
Common Techniques and Practices
There are two basic defense techniques allowed in polo. The hook, or hooking, is when a player uses their mallet to block or interfere with an opponent's swing by hooking the mallet of the other player with their own mallet. A player may hook only if is he is on the side where the swing is being made or directly in front or behind an opponent. A foul is awarded for any hooking that does not fit this stipulation. For example, a player cannot reach over the mount of another player to hook their mallet, and this would be considered a penalty.
The other defense technique is the bump, or ride-off. This is similar to a body-check in hockey. It is used to break an opposing player's concentration, move him off the line of the ball, or spoil his shot. A ride-off is when one player rides his pony next to an opponent to lead him away from the ball. This is only allowed when the angle of collision is no greater than 45 degrees.
Polo ponies
The mounts used are called 'polo ponies', although the term pony is purely traditional and the mount is actually a full-sized horse. They range from 14.2 to 16 hands high at the withers (one hand equals four inches or 10.16 cm), and weigh between 900-1100 lbs. The polo pony is selected carefully for quick bursts of speed, stamina, agility and maneuverability. Temperament is critical; the horse must remain responsive under pressure and not become excited or difficult to control. Many are Thoroughbreds or Thoroughbred crosses. They are trained to be handled with one hand on the reins, and to be responsive to the rider's leg and weight cues for moving forward, turning and stopping. A well trained horse will carry his rider smoothly and swiftly to the ball and can account for 60 to 75 percent of the player's skill and net worth to his team.
Polo training generally begins at age three and lasts from about six months to two years. Most horses reach full physical maturity at about age five, and ponies are at their peak of athleticism and training at around age 6 or 7. However, without any accidents, polo ponies may have the ability to play until they are 18 to 20 years of age.
More than one pony per player is needed in order to allow tired mounts to be changed for fresh mounts between or even during chukkas. There are typically between 4 to 8 ponies per player. The group of ponies for a given player is commonly referred to as a "string of polo ponies", with a minimum of 2 or 3 ponies in Low Goal matches (with ponies being rested for at least a chukker before reuse), 4 or more ponies for Medium Goal matches (at least one per chukker), many more for the highest levels of competition.
Each team consists of four mounted players, which can be mixed teams of both men and women.
Each position assigned to a player has certain responsibilities:
- Number One is the most offense-oriented position on the field. The Number One position generally covers the opposing team's Number Four.
- Number Two has an important role in offense, either running through and scoring themselves, or passing to the Number One and getting in behind them. Defensively, they will cover the opposing team's Number Three, generally the other team's best player. Given the difficulty of this position, it is not uncommon for the best player on the team to play Number Two so long as another strong player is available to play Three.
- Number Three is the tactical leader and must be a long powerful hitter to feed balls to Number Two and Number One as well as maintaining a solid defense. The best player on the team is usually the Number Three player, usually wielding the highest handicap.
- Number Four is the primary defense player. They can move anywhere on the field, but they usually try to prevent scoring. The emphasis on defense by the Number Four allows the Number Three to attempt more offensive plays, since they know that they will be covered if they lose the ball.
Polo must be played right-handed.
The basic dress of a player is a protective helmet (usually of a distinctive color, to be distinguished at the considerable distance from which onlookers are watching the game), riding boots to just below the knees, white trousers (often ordinary denim jeans), and a colored shirt bearing the number of the player's position. Optional equipment includes one or two gloves, wristbands, kneepads (mandatory in some clubs), spurs, face mask, and a whip. The only piece of equipment required by the United States Polo Association (USPA) rules is the helmet or cap with a chin strap.[18]
The outdoor polo ball is made of a high-impact plastic, but was formerly made of either bamboo or willow root. The indoor polo ball is leather-covered and inflated, and is about 4½ inches (11.4 cm) in diameter. The outdoor ball is about 3¼ inches (8.3 cm) in diameter and weighs about four ounces (113.4 g). The polo mallet has a rubber-wrapped grip and a webbed thong, called a sling, for wrapping around the thumb. The shaft is made of manau-cane (not bamboo because it is hollowed) although an increasing number of mallets today are made from Composite materials. Wood Mallets in NZ is the pioneer of this technology. The heads of the mallet are generally a cigar shape made from a hardwood called tipa, approximately 9 1/4" inches in length. The mallet head weighs from 160 grams to 240 grams, depending on player preference and the type of wood used, and the shaft can vary in weight and flexibility depending on the player's preference. The weight of the mallet head is of important consideration for the more seasoned players. Female players often use lighter mallets than male players. For some polo players, the length of the polo mallet depends on the size of the horse: the taller the horse, the longer the mallet. However, some players prefer to use a single length of mallet regardless of the height of the horse. Either way, playing horses of differing heights requires some adjustment by the rider. Variable sizes of the mallet typically range from 50 inches to 53 inches. The ball is struck with the longer sides of the mallet head rather than its round and flat tips.
Polo saddles are English-style, similar to jumping saddles although most polo saddles lack a flap under the billets, having instead a saddle blanket. Some players omit the saddle blanket. A breastplate is added, usually attached to the front billet. A tie-down (standing Martingale) may be used: if so, for safety a breastplate is a necessity. Usually the tie-down is supported by a neck strap. An overgirth may be used. The stirrup irons are heavier than most, and the stirrup leathers are wider and thicker, for added safety when the player stands in the stirrups. The legs of the pony are wrapped with polo wraps from below the knee to the fetlock to prevent injury. Often, these wraps match the team colors. The pony's mane is roached (hogged), and its tail is braided so that it will not snag the rider's mallet.
The bit frequently is a gag bit or Pelham bit. If a gag bit, there will be a drop noseband in addition to the cavesson supporting the tie-down. There frequently will be two sets of reins, and one set of reins frequently will be a draw rein.
The field
The playing field is 300 yards long by 160 yards wide, the approximate area of nine American football fields. The playing field is carefully maintained with closely mowed turf providing a safe, fast playing surface. Goals are posts which are set eight yards apart, centered at each end of the field. The surface of a polo field requires careful and constant grounds maintenance to keep the surface in good playing condition. During half-time of a match, spectators are invited to go onto the field to participate in a polo tradition called "divot stamping", which has developed to not only help replace the mounds of earth (divots) that are torn up by the horses' hooves, but to afford spectators the opportunity to walk about and socialize.
Outdoor polo
The game consists of six 7 minute chukkas, between or during which players change mounts. At the end of each 7 minute chukka, play continues for an additional 30 seconds or until a stoppage in play, whichever comes first. There is a four minute interval between chukkas and a ten minute halftime. Play is continuous and is only stopped for penalties, broken tack (equipment) or injury to horse or player. The object is to score goals by hitting the ball between the goal posts, no matter how high in the air. If the ball goes wide of the goal, the defending team is allowed a free 'knock-in' from the place where the ball crossed the goal line, thus getting the ball back into play.
Arena polo
There are minor variations between the US and British rules of arena polo. The game consists of four periods also called chukkas (six and a half minute chukkas are currently played under British arena rules), between which players change mounts. An individual horse may not play two successive chukkas. Play is continuous and is only stopped for penalties, broken equipment that may be dangerous, or injury to horse or player. The object is to score goals by hitting the ball against the back wall of the recessed goalmouths at each end of the arena. Ends change at the end of each chukka not after goals are scored as in field polo. High wooden boundary walls, which are usually 5–6 feet high, and netting above the walls aim to prevent the ball from going out of bounds. If the ball goes out it is considered a dead ball and the game is restarted (under current British arena rules free hits are awarded against the team that hit the ball out). Although the smaller playing area in arena polo prevents the horses from galloping at the speeds reached in field polo, the game is arguably quicker with non-stop end-to-end action.
Contemporary sport
Polo is now an active sport in 77 countries, and although its tenure as an Olympic sport was limited to 1900–1939, in 1998 the International Olympic Committee recognised it as a sport with a bona fide international governing body, the Federation of International Polo. The World Polo Championship of Polo is held every three years by the Federation of International Polo.
Polo is, however, played professionally in only a few countries, notably Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, Germany, Iran, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[19] Polo is unique among team sports in that amateur players, often the team patrons, routinely hire and play alongside the sport's top professionals.
The United States Polo Association (USPA) is the governing body for polo in the U.S. However, the U.S. is unique in that it possesses a professional women's polo league and a professional men's polo league: the United States Women's Polo Federation and the United States Men's Polo Federation, founded in 2000. The 32-team league plays across the country. The U.S. Open Championship is held at the International Polo Club Palm Beach, in Wellington, Florida.
The modern sport has had difficulty grappling with the traditional social and economic exclusivity associated with a game that is inevitably expensive when played at a serious level. Many polo athletes genuinely desire to broaden public participation in the sport, both as an end in itself and to increase the standard of play. The popularity of polo has grown steadily since the 1980s, and its future appears to have been greatly strengthened by its return as a varsity sport at universities across the world.
Arena (or indoor) polo is an affordable option for many who wish to play the sport, and the rules are similar. The sport is played in a 300 feet by 150 feet enclosed arena, much like those used for other equestrian sports; the minimum size is 150 feet by 75 feet. There are many arena clubs in the United States, and most major polo clubs, including the Santa Barbara Polo & Raquet Club, have active arena programs. The major differences between the outdoor and indoor games are: speed (outdoor being faster), physicality/roughness (indoor/arena is more physical), ball size (indoor is larger), goal size (because the arena is smaller the goal is smaller), and some penalties. In the United States and Canada, collegiate polo is arena polo; in the UK, collegiate polo is both.
South East Asia
After an 18 year absence, polo gained Olympic recognition when it was played at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games. Nations that competed in the tournament were Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Philippines. The tournament's gold medal was won by the Malaysian team, followed by Singapore with silver and Thailand with bronze.
The recent surge of excitement in south-east Asia around the game has resulted in its popularity in cities such as Pattaya, Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta. In Pattaya alone, there are 3 active polo clubs (Polo Escape, Siam Polo Park and Thai Polo and Equestrian Club. Indonesia, a country without royal ruling, has a polo club (Nusantara Polo Club). A South East Asian Polo Federation was formed with initial meeting in March 2008 that involves Royal Malaysian Polo Association, Thailand Polo Association, Indonesian Polo Association, Singapore Polo Association, Royal Brunai Polo Association and The Philippines Polo Association.[citation needed] More recently, Janek Gazecki and Ruki Baillieu have organised polo matches in parks "around metropolitan Australia, backed by wealthy sponsors."[20]
A new Chinese Equestrian Association has been formed and two new clubs have been formed in China itself: the Beijing Sunny Time Polo Club, founded by Xia Yang in 2004 [21] and the Nine Dragons Hill Polo Club in Shanghai, founded in 2005.[22]
Notable polo players
Italics indicate those who are notable also outside of polo.
- Prince Charles
- Dennis Coleridge Boles
- Martin Garrick
- Prince Harry
- Tommy Lee Jones
- Porfirio Rubirosa
- Jonathan Curthbert Wright
- Stephen O'Brien
- George Patton
Related sports
- Buzkashi involves two teams of horse riders, a dead goat and few rules. It is played in Central Asia, and has a variant known as kokpar which is quite similar.
- Cowboy polo uses rules similar to regular polo, but riders compete with western saddles, usually in a smaller arena, using an inflatable rubber medicine ball.
- Horseball is a game played on horseback where a ball is handled and points are scored by shooting it through a high net. The sport is a combination of polo, rugby, and basketball.
- Pato was played in Argentina for centuries, but is much different than modern polo. No mallets are used, and it is not played on grass.
- Polocrosse is another game played on horseback, a cross between polo and lacrosse.
- ↑ R. G. Goel, Veena Goel, Encyclopaedia of sports and games, Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1988, Excerpt from page 318: Persian Polo. Its birth place was Asia and authorities credit Persia with having devised it about 2000 BC..
- ↑ Steve Craig, Sports and games of the ancients, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0313316007, p. 157.
- ↑ "polo. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 26, 2007, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online". http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-5832/polo.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Polo History". http://www.scottishpolo.com/history_game.html.
- ↑ Naqsh-i Jahan Square in Isfahan is in fact a polo field which was built by king Abbas I in 17th century.
- ↑ Touregypt.net
- ↑ Malcolm D. Whitman, Tennis: Origins and Mysteries, Published by Courier Dover Publications, 2004, ISBN 0486433579, p. 98.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries by Robert Crego. page 25. Published 2003. Greenwood Press. Sports & Recreation. 296 pages ISBN 0313316104
- ↑ "Polo History". http://www.indiapolo.com/Polopedia/History/history.html.
- ↑ The Guinness Book of Records. 1991 edition (page 288)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries by Robert Crego. Page 26. Published 2003. Greenwood Press. Sports & Recreation. 296 pages. ISBN 0313316104
- ↑ "History of Calcutta Polo Club". Calcutta Polo Club. http://www.calcuttapolo.com/about.html. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
- ↑ Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries by Robert Crego. Page 26 - 27. Published 2003. Greenwood Press. Sports & Recreation. 296 pages ISBN 0313316104
- ↑ FIP World Cup VIII - 2007
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Tourismesouthasia.com
- ↑ Youtube.com
- ↑ .Polo.co.uk
- ↑ United States Polo Association Rule Book 2009 [1]
- ↑ 8o Campeonato Mundial de Polo: México 2008
- ↑ David, Ceri (2008-11-23). "Going Polo". Sunday Herald Sun: pp. Sunday magazine supplement (pp. 20–21).
- ↑ The Daily Telegraph
- ↑ NDPpolo.com
- Polo by Penina Meisels and Michael Cronan. Collins Publishers, San Francisco, 1992. ISBN 0-00-637796-3
External links
- Hurlingham Polo Association - Governing body of the sport in the UK & Ireland
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Olive ridley turtle (Pacific ridley)
Olive ridley turtle hatchling. Photo: Dr. M Guinea
Common name: olive ridley turtle (Pacific ridley)
Scientific name: Lepidochelys olivacea
Family: Cheloniidae
Conservation status: This species is listed as Endangered in Queensland (Nature Conservation Act 1992) and Endangered nationally (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999). It is ranked as a critical priority under the Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (EHP) Back on Track species prioritisation framework.
Olive ridley turtles are grey or olive-grey above, usually without any conspicuous markings and whitish below. Their head is large and massive. The carapace (shell) is broad and heart-shaped, usually with six or more costal scales. They can grow to a total length of 1.5 m. Their hatchlings are blackish above and dark brown below.
Habitat and distribution
Olive ridley turtles occur in shallow, protected waters, especially in soft-bottomed habitats. They occur across the tropics in distribution but are rarely found around oceanic islands. Major breeding aggregations occur in Mexico, the west coast of Costa Rica, in Surinam, and the east coast of India. In Australia, they occur along the coast from southern Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef, northwards to Torres Strait, the Gulf of Papua, Gulf of Carpentaria, Arafura Sea and Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in Western Australia. Low density nesting has been recorded at a limited number of sites over recent decades. Within Queensland, breeding is known only from isolated nestings at five locations within the Gulf of Carpentaria: Crab Island, Edward River, north of Weipa, Scrutten River mouth and the Wellesley Islands.
Life history and behaviour
Olive ridley turtle sub-adult. Photo: Col Limpus (EHP)
No large rookeries of olive ridley turtles have been recorded in Australia. Olive ridley turtles nest all year round, although most nesting occurs during the dry season from April to November. Females lay on average about 109 large round, parchment-shelled eggs. Hatchlings emerge from the nests about two months after laying.
Threatening processes
All marine turtle species are experiencing serious threats to their survival. The main threats are pollution and changes to important turtle habitats, especially coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove forests and nesting beaches. Other threats include accidental drowning in fishing gear and over-harvesting of turtles and eggs.
Recovery actions
- To conserve current populations it is imperative that major existing feeding and nesting sites are protected so that urban and industrial development can no longer threaten them
- The control of feral animals and domestic dogs is essential at nesting sites along Queensland's coast to protect eggs from predation
- Increase public awareness about the effect of light sources around nesting sites and promote the use of alternative lighting and protection of nesting sites to local councils
- Encourage traditional hunters to comply with harvesting conditions
- Fishing activities need to be monitored, in particular the use of Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) and the need for commercial fishers to check longlines, gillnets and lobster/crab pots frequently to disentangle any turtles caught accidentally.
What can you do to help this species?
- Remembering that rubbish you throw away can find its way to the sea, where turtles can mistake things such as plastic bags for jellyfish. Plastic swallowed by mistake can cause blockages of the stomach and intestines of marine animals such as turtles.
- Being on the lookout to avoid turtles when out in your boat. Many turtles are struck by propellers of speeding boats and this can cause injury and death.
- Following the regulations relating to "go slow areas for turtles and dugong" including operating vessels off the plane and not undertaking motorised water sports.
Related information
Department of the Environment and Heritage 2005 Protected marine species identification guide Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Environment Australia and Marine Turtle Recovery Team 2003 Recovery plan for marine turtles in Australia Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. 2012. Lepidochelys olivacea, Olive Ridley turtle (Pacific Ridley turtle): in the Species Profile and Threats Database.
Carpentaria Ghost Net Programme
Spotila, JR 2004 Sea turtles The John Hopkins University Press, London.

subset: commoncrawl


text: acclaimed, mouth-watering Miami dining menus Award-winning cuisine and world-class cuts, inspired by the vision of James Beard winner and internationally renowned restaurateur Michael Mina, are at the heart of BOURBON STEAK. This celebrated steakhouse invites you to savor menus artfully tailored to the Miami dining scene, incorporating fresh, seasonal South Florida treasures. Modern and visually striking, BOURBON STEAK excels at both igniting the taste buds and enticing the senses. BOOK A TABLE


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Olympics for Kids
Take advantage of the Olympics excitement by having an Olympics for Kids at your house!
The more the kids are involved in the process of organizing it, the better!
I used blue painters tape to make a "balance beam" on the floor (pictured above). My kids would mimic the gymnasts on TV and have their own competitions. Eventually it turned into part of an obstacle course, which is always fun too.
Check out these 50+ Olympic Themed Activities, Crafts, and Games for Kids on my Pinterest Board that are awesome!
Other Olympic Themed Ideas:
Opening Ceremony Bingo from Thirty Handmade Days
Summer Olympics Printable Pack from 3 Dinosaurs
21+ Olympic Crafts from Red Ted Art
The Olympics are so exciting! Looking forward to cheering on our teams with the family.
I agree! Such a fun time! Great activities! Can't wait for next Friday!
We are having fun learning about them.
A 14 page Olympic Activity Book– illustrated patterns, a word search and bingo [+ fun facts about the host country!]
Print, Play, Repeat: perfect for everyday Olympics watching over all 17 days or for an opening ceremony party!


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Burton Riley One Piece Snow Suit Women's
Just as stylish as it is performance minded, the Burton Women's Riley One Piece Snow Suit is the the perfect winter piece for riders looking for full coverage in the mountains. Bringing pants and jacket together, the Riley offer head to toe protection from the elements with fully taped seams and a waterproof, breathable DryRide DuraShell two layer membrane. Through state of the art tech, the Taffeta Living Lining keeps you warmer with less by utilizing smart pores that shrink or expand to retain or release excess heat, keeping you at just the right comfort level through the varying conditions of the mountain. The Fulltime Contour hood is helmet compatible and designed to keep any unwanted snow on the outside where it belongs.
|Regular Price
|$287.96 on sale
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text:
Welcome to the Bear Tooth Grill
The Bear Tooth Grill offers food fresh off the grill—-such as Alaskan seafood, burgers, and southwestern inspired dishes. Open for brunch, lunch, and dinner, the Grill also boasts a full-service bar, where you can choose from over 90 different choices in tequila, as well as a wide variety of award-winning craft beverages and cocktails.
Here at the Bear Tooth, we are proud to work with local Alaskan farmers and fisheries to source the highest quality of produce and seafood for our menus. We recognize the importance of supporting our community and local economy by seeking out Alaskan products and businesses to work with and purchase from whenever possible.


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Bible study doesn't have to be boring. Watch a high-quality, cinematic short film with compelling teaching and get to know about Jesus.
What are we really thirsty for? Learn who Jesus is and how he can quench the thirst we've been trying to fill with the temporary things of the world.
Seven episodes. Seven unique stories. Each engaging episode is a mini-movie with a new compelling story line that will draw you in.
Kyle uses story to help us understand scripture. Experience God's truth in a powerful way as Kyle unites biblical truth to these cinematic episodes.
Each episode reveals purifying subjects that help distill religion into true faith. Faith is what is lasting and eternal, and only faith in Jesus can quench our thirst.
Episode Titles: Thirsty, Polluted, Source, Pure, Mirage, Drowning, Drink
The H20 product line includes: the Journal, Leader's Guide, Small Group Study and Pastor's Kit.
Water. Our world could not exist without it. It covers our planet and fills our bodies. It keeps us alive.
Jesus knew how important water was. Maybe that's why He called himself the Living Water. He was making a claim and an offer too good to ignore.
H2O is about the Living Water that Jesus said He offered. If you're thirsty, you owe it to yourself to consider what He said…and who He is.


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|Name : Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (Bengali) (BR) (1973)
|Releaser Info : movieloverz.net
|Releasing Date : 27 July 1973
|Genre : Drama | Family
|Size : 269 MB
|Duration : 02:38
|Starcast : Rosy Samad, Fakrul Hasan Bairagi, Narain Chakraborty
|Description : A fisherman, Kishore, marries Basanti when he visits a nearby village. After their wedding night (during which the couple is almost too shy to speak), she is kidnapped on the river. When she is found, she has amnesia; although Basanti does not remember her new husband's name or what he looks like, she remembers the name of his village. Ten years pass before she attempts to find him with their son, who sees his mother as a goddess. Some residents of Kishore's village refuse to share food with Basanti and her son because of the ever-present threat of starvation.
|Titash-Ekti-Nadir-Naam-Bengali-BR-1.mp4 [134 MB] (384 Hits)(Generate Movie Preview)
|Titash-Ekti-Nadir-Naam-Bengali-BR-2.mp4 [131 MB] (602 Hits)(Generate Movie Preview)
How to Download Movies
Download HD Bollywood Videos


text:
The mid-Atlantic port handled 2.56 million tons of general cargo during the first quarter of 2017, up 5 percent year-over-year, primarily due to an increase in car and container throughput.
The Building and Renewing Infrastructure for Development and Growth in Employment (BRIDGE) Act is sponsored by U.S. Sens. Roy Blunt, R-Mo., and Mark Warner, D-Va.
London-based Shipamax, a participant in the logistics technology accelerator Dynamo's initial program last year, is aiming to digitize dry bulk broker processes.
Registration takes less than 1 minute.
Saddle Creek Logistics Services adds senior director of business development, while Port of Price Rupert vice-president of commercial and regulatory affairs and general counsel steps down.
The Canadian Class I railway's profit for the quarter tumbled 20.2 percent year-over-year, despite modest increases in revenues and volumes.
The $14 million project to raise the height of four cranes at the Port of Oakland's Ocean International Container Terminal will allow the facility to work larger containerships.


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Africa is currently in a war that seems like it will never end. Due to this war ordinary people, including children, are forced to form militias and get involved in the fight. This is what things look like at the ground level.
Friday, December 18, 2015
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I only use hair spray to hold back my loose hair when it's put up in a pony tail. So I can't comment on the volumizing aspect. But this does a nice job at keeping my straggling hairs in place. It's not heavy nor make my hair crunchy.
I got this as a gift for Christmas and I was unsure at first for using it
once I did I loved the smell of it, and for me I found it worked good, kept my hair in place better then other products I've used in the past
Marc Anthony oil of Morocco Argan Oil hair spray is a great product. It produces great volume and staying power for your hair. Once applied there are no worries about fussing with hair, everything stays in place. I also, love the fact it is sulfate free.
I received this as a sample and it worked very well. It wasn't sticky at all and it left my hair with a nice shine and it also has a good hold and nice scent.
This hair spray was too bad. It held my hair up for the night and didn't leave it feeling too crunchy.
Its great for a medium to light hold in my opinion. Marc Anthony Oil of Morocco Volumizing Hairspray is all around a good hairspray for natural volume. It doesn't hold heavy back combing, but I personally don't look for a heavy hairspray. This is perfect for me because I like that light natural hold.
Marc Anthony Oil of Morocco Volumizing Hairspray;
just doesn't compare to the original "moroccan oil" hair line products......
comparable but not quite...
works great and smells amazing for a hairspray, I use it regularly and love it
I love this hairspray! It smells great and works wonders on giving my fine, thin hair volume and hold. It lifts hair and holds it in place without leaving it crunchy. This is my new favourite hairspray!
The smell of this is amazing! It's quite good at calming down my fly aways.
These reviews are the subjective opinions of ChickAdvisor members and not of ChickAdvisor Inc.


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Click here to view sale items.
Can't find the item you are looking for using the search and browse tools above? View our special order catalog.
If you travel any distance with any kind of gear, Bontrager's Town Double Throw Panniers are for you. Students, cycling tourists and commuters love the durable, water-resistant construction, the easy on/off, the large main compartments and the smaller zip pockets that keep your gear organized and easy to find. There's even a handy carrying strap so your panniers (and your stuff) go with you when you're not riding.
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Amanda Paa
Amanda's goals for Heartbeet Kitchen included revising her branding to better reflect her aesthetic, showcase her photography, curate experience as her content expanded to more lifestyle niches, and allow for easy navigation and curation of recipes. This project involved an update of her existing branding, plus the build out of several icon elements to be used as needed. I designed and built a specific page that allows Amanda to showcase certain recipe collections in the Recipe Box.
December 2015


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News By Tag
* Corporate Wellness
* Employee Wellness
* Iglobalfitness
* Corporate Health
* Corporate Wellness competition
* Workplace Health
* More Tags...
Industry News
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Industry News
Top 10 Tips for burning off those Easter egg calories
iGlobalFitness have the Top 10 Tips to help people effortlessly increase their activity, burn off those Easter Egg calories and improve their health.
But for all the gym haters, running phobics and early rising, late working employees who don't have time to exercise, the good news is that incorporating calorie burning activity into your daily lifestyle is easy, fun and effective.
iGlobalFitness have the Top 10 Tips to help people effortlessly increase their activity, burn off those Easter Egg calories and improve their health.
1. Join in with the kids' games. Building dens, playing football and trampolining are all great ways to get active.
2. Get out in the garden. Mowing the lawn can burn 300 calories in 30 minutes.
3. Have a spring clean. If you put a bit of gusto into your hoovering, mopping and dusting, your housework will count towards your recommended daily amount of activity.
4. Instead of sitting at your desk in your lunch hour, make sure you get out for a half hour walk.
5. Try doing some light physical activity whilst watching TV - grab a skipping rope, do some toning exercises or even get a stationary bike to pedal while you watch.
6. Instead of driving to the shops when you need a few items, try cycling or walking instead. You will burn calories and save petrol money at the same time.
7. If you have a desk job then try and move around at least once an hour – deliver documents, go and talk to colleagues or offer to do the coffee round.
8. Switch the TV off and go for a family walk after dinner. Not only will you burn calories and improve your cardiovascular health but you'll get to spend quality time together.
9. Take up a new hobby. Replace sedentary hobbies like reading, going to the cinema or drinking at the pub with more active pursuits. Treat yourself to tennis lessons, go swimming or join a walking group.
10. Join the Stay Active Challenge and compete to burn the most calories and be the most active! www.stayactivechallenge.com
iGlobalFitness is a leading provider of corporate health and wellness programmes. We work with companies to develop effective wellness strategies and build a convincing business case to support a more comprehensive approach to improving the health and wellness of their workforce. We combine this strategic approach with a global network of resources to offer a range of sustainable and measurable wellness services designed to stimulate employee participation, increase performance and drive employee engagement.
Website: www.iglobalfitness.net www.stayactivechallenge.com
If you would like more information on the Stay Active Challenge or to trial a complimentary Activity Monitor please contact iGlobalFitness on +44 (0) 1244 206222 or email@example.com
For more information about iGlobalFitness contact Nilmot PR on 02079934993 or e-mail Nicola.hobbs@
*Retail Active, 2010
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Samuel Sandys (Royalist)
Sir Samuel Sandys (15 June 1615 – 5 April 1685) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1640 and 1685. He fought for the Royalists in the English Civil War.
Sandys was the son of Sir Edwin Sandys and his wife Penelope Bulkeley, daughter of Sir Richard Bulkeley. He was grandson of Sir Samuel Sandys who had represented Worcestershire in parliament in the time of King James I.[1]
In April 1640, Sandys was elected Member of Parliament for Droitwich in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected in November 1640 for the Long Parliament. He supported the King and was disabled from sitting in August 1642.[2] He was made governor of Evesham in 1642 and commanded a troop of horse at the action at Wickfield and at the Battle of Edgehill. Later he raised an infantry regiment and cavalry regiment for the king at his own expense. He was lieutenant-governor of Worcester under Prince Maurice in 1644.[1]
In 1660 Sandys was re-elected as MP for Droitwich in the Convention Parliament.[2] In 1661 he was elected MP for Worcestershire in the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1681[2] He was re-elected MP for Droitwich in 1681 and held the seat until 1685.[3]
Sandys died on 5 April 1685 at the age of 69.
Sandys married firstly Mary Barker daughter of Dr Hugh Barker and had two sons and a daughter. His second wife was Elizabeth Packington, daughter of Sir John Packington of Westwood. His son Samuel was MP for Droitwich.[3]
- ^ a b Burke 1832, pp. 399–400.
- ^ a b c Rowlands 1983.
- ^ a b Burke 1832, p. 400.
- Burke, John (1832), A General and heraldic dictionary of the peerage and baronetage of the British Empire, 2, pp. 399–400
- Rowlands, Edward (1983), "Sandys, Samuel I (1615-85), of Ombersley, Worcs.", in Henning, B.D., The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690, Boydell and Brewer
|Parliament of England
|Preceded by
Parliament suspended since 1629
|Member of Parliament for Droitwich
With: John Wilde 1640
|Succeeded by
Thomas Rainsborough
Edward Wilde
|Preceded by
Not represented in Restored Rump
|Member of Parliament for Droitwich
With: Thomas Coventry
|Succeeded by
Samuel Sandys
Henry Coventry
|Preceded by
Henry Bromley
John Talbot
|Member of Parliament for Worcestershire
With: Sir John Pakington, 2nd Baronet 1661–1679
Thomas Foley 1679–1681
|Succeeded by
Thomas Foley
Bridges Nanfan
|Preceded by
Samuel Sandys
Henry Coventry
|Member of Parliament for Droitwich
With: Henry Coventry
|Succeeded by
Samuel Sandys
Thomas Windsor


text:
Hey BSS91,
If you go to this link http://forums.cnet.com/7723-13973_102-542437/service-issues-click-here-for-help/ and ask one of our SM support specialists, providing them with the model and serial number of your unit, you'll find them most helpful. Have a good one!
HD Tech
I just have a question about Samsung laptops - does anyone know if/how it is possible to check how long is remaining on the warranty?
I have a Samsung ultrabook and would like to find out if it is still in warranty and if so, until when.
Thanks in advance!


text:
Winning songs weren't the only hits at the VMAs!
For the past two decades, MTV has been rewarding and showcasing our favorite recording artists at the MTV Video Music Awards. Celebrities have used this event to showcase some of their most outrageous yet stylish looks on the red carpet.
The VMAs red carpet has hosted numerous iconic looks, from Justin and Britney's full denim ensemble to Lady Gaga's meat dress. This year was no different, however, the red carpet looked relatively normal for a change. (Perhaps the absence of Lady Gaga had something to do with it?)
Fresh faces like Rita Ora, Charli XCX, and the ladies of Fifth Harmony went with funky, retro pieces. Some of the more seasoned celebs, such as Beyoncé, Jennifer Lopez, and Gwen Stefani, opted for more classic, sultry, and glamorous looks. But in true VMAs fashion, there was no shortage of glitter!
Above are some of the best looks from last night's show!
Photo Credit: PR Photos


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Download: a-squared Free 220.127.116.11 - Spyware Scanner
The Free edition of a-squared is one of the best malware scanners, which you don't have to pay for.
The scanner can't find viruses though, but all the other artificial vermin, like Trojans or spyware. The gratis software a-squared sticks to the basics: Background scanning and automatic update function aren't included and you have to start the scanner manually.
You can use a-squared with Windows Vista, too. In June the new version 3.5 was released, but nearly every day there are additional updates - see the changelog for detailed information. You can download the tool at Emsisoft.
MSI Afterburner 4.3.0 Final: Geniales Tweak-Tool für Grafikkarten im Download


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A blundering South Wales police officer accidentally pepper sprayed a class full of four and five-year-old kids during a SHOW AND TELL day.
The children are pupils at Ysgol Gymraeg Gilfach Fargoed – a Welsh language primary school at Bargoed, near Caerphilly, South Wales.
The spray, usually used to incapacitate violent people, was discharged over the tots by the unnamed officer who believed it had been replaced with water.
Councillor for the school, Tudor Davies said: "I'm amazed. As far as I'm concerned, this needs to be investigated. You don't pepper spray children at the end of the day."
Yeah, I'd say that was a good point.


text: Back to: Weather November 29, 2013 05:50 AM Storm Center Update - Friday AM Temperatures are in the teens and twenties this morning with partly cloudy skies. Winds are a tad breezy in central South Dakota as we've had a couple of southerly gusts around thirty miles per hour. The south winds will continue through the day with speeds averaging ten to twenty miles per hour with the occasional higher gust. Temperatures will be warmer than what we had on Thanksgiving Day with highs in the middle thirties to near forty in eastern KELOLAND. Central and western South Dakota will be warmer with highs in the forties and low fifties. The "warm" air will last into the weekend, but we'll also watch for developing rain and snow in western and central South Dakota on Sunday. As a storm system moves into the central United States next week, it will spread the chances for rain and snow into eastern KELOLAND. With the system being several days out, I'm not ready to shout out any snow amounts, but if we do get a blanket of white high temps will only be in the single digits later in the week. Enjoy the rest of your Thanksgiving weekend! Weather Forecast {{Title}} Remove Change News General Courts Web Only Crime Outdoors Events Center Non-Homepage Boredom Busters Pipeline Positively KELOLAND Technology Hunger Affordable Care Act Shops Flooding Remembering 9/11 Drought JazzFest Spring Storm Honor Flight Spencer Anniversary Copper Lounge Collapse Hidden History DoApp Health News Business News Sports Agriculture Markets Livestock Crops Politics HealthBeat Cancer Children's Health Heart Health Wellness & Nutrition General Health Beat Women's Health RX Resources What's Going Around OTC Diabetes Recalls Dental Health Men's Health Politics South Dakota Legislature Budget Congress Taxes General Local Campaign President US Senate New Laws US House Iowa Ballot Issues Local Races Minnesota Gubernatorial Education Funding College Elementary High School Pre K School Supplies Middle School Sports Professional College High School Sports Zone Headlines Summit League Tournament Olympics Super Bowl Racing All Star Golf Business Industry Your Money Matters Development Gas & Energy Legislation Economy/Stocks Employment General Health Care Technology Education Funding Tourism Banking/Finance Housing Transportation Insurance Meetings & Events Retail & Restaurants All Industries On The Move Shops Agriculture Holiday Shopping Featured Stories Eye on KELOLAND Inside KELOLAND Weather Snow Forecast Records Rain Flooding Drought WX Corner General World News Investigates GEAR UP Sponsored Done {{Title}} [x] Add or, Select from existing Opening existing... Close existing Most popular communities Click to select: Show all350Communities Show only most popular Opening all... {{Title}} ({{ItemsCount}}) 1000 Views


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Flesh Gordon
Release Date: 19 November 2001 | Certificate: Suitable for 18 years and over
Featuring: Jason Williams, Joseph Hudgins and John Hoyt
£4.99 includes FREE UK Postage (other delivery options available)
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You Save: £15.00
Superhero Flesh Gordon, Dale Ardor and Professor Flexi Jerkoff travel to the Planet Porno to confront the evil Emperor Wang, who is causing havoc on Earth with a mysterious sex ray. Adult comedy.
Directors Commentary, Trailer
Release Date: 19 November 2001
Certificate: 18 - Suitable for 18 years and over. Not for sale to persons under age 18, by placing an order for this product you are declaring that you are 18 years or over.
Actors: Jason Williams, Joseph Hudgins, John Hoyt, Suzanne Fields and William Hunt
Directed by: Michael Benveniste and Howard Ziehm
Region 2
Running Time: 84 minutes
Production Year: 1972
Main Language: English
For more information and our Delivery Policy see here.
For more information and our Returns Policy see here.
Catalogue No: EDV9117


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Moi et toi
"I'm not so sure about this girl, she's 2 already. I thought you wanted a little puppy." Said dad "Have a look at those ones." He pointed to a litter of small bouncy puppies, spaniels I think. "But Pop, I want her and she wants me!" I said to dad. "Take her for free, she's worth nothing." Said the lady to me and pops. "I love you already." I whispered in her silky ear.
When we got to the car, my pop's face was burning red with anger. "WHAT IF SHE'S NOT A PEDIGREE!!" he screamed. "Pops, she was free and I love her." I said, calm and quiet. My favorite song came on the radio. Follow your dreams, it's not what it seems in the end oh oh ah ah. I sang along loudly with the window open. Now I would blush like mad if I had to do that but then I was young and happy and just loved singing. "SHUT UP!" pops shouted "YOU SOUND LIKE A CAT BEING STRANGLED!"
That was the end of my singing career.


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Isabella's Preserves
Not open to the public.
- Telephone 01356 648500
- Website www.isabellaspreserves.co.uk
A regular at festivals and markets, with a web-ordering service, Louise Myles is a serial award winner for jams, marmalades, chutneys and relishes.
Listed in the Angus Larder – order a print copy (free + p&p).
Although founder Isabella Massie isn't stirring the pot anymore, Louise Myles has cannily driven the business forward since taking over nearly a decade ago. With unique flavours such as carrot and lemon marmalade or the best-selling hot-banana chutney, the preserves are all homemade using Scottish produce, winning an array of gold star Great Taste Awards and accolades in the World Marmalade Championship and World Jampionship. There is mail order online or pick some up at the numerous festivals and markets attended.
- Open since: Louise Myles took over from founder Isabella Massie in 2005.
Reviews & features
Jam-making in north-east Scotland9 Jul 2012
From cottage industry to worldwide companies, jam is big business in the north-east
With so much soft fruit grown in Angus, it is perhaps ironic that the region, or more accurately Dundee, is synonymous with marmalade made from a citrus fruit that would never grow in chilly Scottish groves.


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Palisade fencing has a very simple structure, consisting of little more than a handful of posts, horizontal rails and numerous wooden or metal slats known as pales. Wooden palisade fencing resembles a traditional picket fence. Steel palisade fencing, often tipped with spiked elements, gives your home a Victorian look while providing additional security. Installing palisade fencing requires minimal tools and relatively simple tasks, though you must allow enough time for concrete to set between steps.
Things You'll Need
- Tape measure
- Installation manual
- Shovel or post-hole digger
- Concrete mix
- Wheelbarrow
- Bucket
- Gravel
- Posts
- Horizontal rails
- Palisade pales
- Drill
- Bolts
- Support foot
Setting Posts
Remove your fence posts from their packaging.
Use your tape measure to determine the exact locations of your posts, based on the length of horizontal rail you intend to place between them.
Lay each post down at the location where you intend to install it.
Use your shovel or post-hole digger to dig a hole for the fence post. Base the size and depth of the hole on the installation manual provided by the fencing manufacturer.
Mix your concrete in your wheel barrow. Follow the manufacturer's instructions on the ideal ratio of concrete mix to water.
Place a layer of gravel 2 to 4 inches thick at the bottom of each hole. Gravel helps the area around the concrete drain, and provides a base for it. Use your fence post or a 2-by-4 to pack the gravel into a dense, flat layer.
Place the fence posts in their holes. Use a bucket to transfer concrete mixture from the wheelbarrow to the post sites. Pour concrete into the holes around the posts until it reaches ground level.
Stake the posts with wooden stakes and wire or rope if necessary to prevent them from listing while the concrete dries. Allow the concrete to dry for at least a day before installing the rest of the fence.
Bring all of the fence materials and tools to the fence site. Remove all packaging from the materials.
Place two horizontal railings between each set of posts. Lay out the appropriate number of pales you need for each fence section, along with the rails, between posts. The installation manual should contain information on the correct number of pales.
Affix the horizontal rails to the fence posts using a drill and the recommended bolts. Follow manufacturer's instructions for exact placement. Use your tape measure to determine distances.
Determine the necessary distance between the fence posts and the first pale using your tape measure and the manufacturer's installation instructions. If the horizontal rails contain bolt holes, use these as your guide for lining up pales.
Place the first pale pale vertically against the two horizontal rails so that the bolt holes in the pale line up with the rails.
Use the drill to drive bolts through the pale into both the upper and lower horizontal rail.
Determine the distance between your first pale and the second pale using the tape measure and installation instructions. Install the second pale as you did the first, and repeat this process until you install all pales.
Place a support footer underneath the middle pale in each section of palisade fencing. Affix it to the lower horizontal rail or middle pale using the drill. A support footer is a piece of metal or other material that drives into the ground and attaches to the fence to help support its weight and buffer the fence's weak middle against impact.
Tips & Warnings
- Always read your installation manual carefully before attempting to install the fence. While all palisade fencing installations follow the same basic pattern, each manufacturer provides information unique to its product, such as the correct type of bolts to use and proper spacing for fence parts.
- Take care when handling pales, as they may contain spiked elements for security. Wear work gloves if you feel you need extra protection.
- Always check local building code laws to make sure you have all appropriate permits and permissions before installing the fence.
Related Searches
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images


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Need an LH Test in Waunakee, WI? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable LH Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
What is an LH Test?
The LH Test, also known as a Luteinizing Hormone test, is a lab test that measures the LH level in the body. The LH Test is used to help guide fertility decisions for people in Waunakee, WI.
How much does an LH Test cost?
Our LH Test price includes the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Waunakee, WI, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, CLICK HERE.
What does an LH Test report look like?
For an example of an LH Test sample report, please CLICK HERE.
We are delighted to offer the LH Test in Waunakee, WI.
LH Test in other cities near Waunakee, WI:Arlington | Cross Plains | Dane | De Forest | Lodi | Madison | Mc Farland | Merrimac | Middleton | Morrisonville | Oregon | Poynette | Sun Prairie | Verona | Windsor


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On May 10th, Australian Fighting Championship (AFC) will kick off its two tournaments at AFC 5 at the Melbourne Pavilion, Flemington to crown new middleweight and welterweight champions.
Both tournaments are stacked with exciting and talented fighters all vying for a shot at the championship. The four winners in each tournament will advance to the semi-finalis atAFC 6. The 2 winners of semis will fight at AFC 7 to crown the middleweight and welterweight champions of the AFC. The eventual winner will also receive worldwide recognition which will open the door to bigger opportunities.
The Middleweight tournament is full of great fighters all in with a chance to advance. Four-time Olympian Judoka Daniel Kelly brings plenty of experience and heart to the ring while his opponent Chris 'Bad Boy' Birch will to looking to strike his way to victory. Vik 'The Spartan' Grujic is a tough all round fighter who will be desperate to break his two fight losing streak. Steven 'The Steamroller' Kennedy is an experienced and dangerous striker to watch out for as well.
The internationals are also ones to watch out for. Bor 'Playbor' Bratovz from Slovenia is as tough as nails and always looks to finish; definitely one the fans will enjoy watching. New Zealander Cole David has an impressive five knockout wins to his name and will look to put Kennedy to sleep.
The Welterweight tournament is equally as packed with exciting fighters trying to prove their position in Australian MMA. Dean Purdon has won three battles by decision and will look to get his first finish against the debutant fighter Peter 'The Bulldog' Davenport. Zein Saliba is currently undefeated in four fights and will look to secure another submission victory. Alex 'The Hulk' Volkanovski versus Corey 'The Major' Nelson is set to be one of the most entertaining and brutal fights of the night. Expect blood and plenty of stand-up action.
Walber 'Tete' De Barros is a Brazilian with a black belt in BJJ which should makes his fight with Saliba a very interesting ground battle.
With two incredible tournaments commencing and thirteen awesome fights in total, AFC 5 is going to be the most exciting MMA event this year.


text: Mala Singh Centre for Higher Education Research and Information, The Open University, UK email@example.com Simple Story Line Contemporary higher education is enveloped in accountability-increased reporting to range of external stakeholders Evaluation is a policy instrument of accountability-demonstrating compliance Quality is a code for performance, responsiveness and success in competition MSingh NYU 07May2009 Feel-good or public good proposal? If accountability demands/evaluation is here to stay, should Social Justice be included in evaluation systems? USA and South Africa as examples of systems where this approach has been tried Extending the scope of evaluation to include SJ-opportunities, limits and dangers MSingh NYU 07May2009 Contested Issues:What is at stake? What is the measure of excellence in higher education Who is entitled to define it and judge its achievement-by what means Who is able to compel its demonstrability MSingh NYU 07May2009 Social Justice in HE Evaluation Including the historically excluded- disjunctures between legislation, policies, institutional cultures and practices Social justice-politics of Recognition? Distribution? Transformation? Premise-that higher education can contribute to addressing social injustice both directly and indirectly MSingh NYU 07May2009 Setting the Scene Far-reaching changes to higher education as learning, research and work setting Impressive massification -globally 51 m students in PSE in 1980 to 140 m in 2006 (Teichler) Continuing inequality and exclusion-globally 80% participation rates in HICs and 7% in LICs; nationally US 41% white, 32% black and 24% Hispanic(Altbach); SA 61 % white, 16 % black, black completion rates after 5 yrs 30 % with 56 % dropping out(Scott) MSingh NYU 07May2009 Three Takes on Evaluation Evaluation as central part of HE-key to 'guild authority', credentialling, reputational hierarchies, resource allocation and rewards (Henkel)-peer review Evaluation for social reform and monitoring social progress-US in 1960s Evaluation as a policy instrument of the 'evaluative state' to ensure social accountability and stakeholder responsiveness of HE MSingh NYU 07May2009 Evaluation and Social Reform Evaluation as a professional field in service of social reform in the Johnson era (USA 1960s) Great Society programmes aimed at racial injustice and poverty-evaluations of interventions in education(school curricula, health, welfare) Approaches in evaluation studies about social justice, participatory evaluations, potential for deliberative democracy-House, Howe, Patton. MSingh NYU 07May2009 The 'Evaluative State' Trends in UK/European HE in mid eighties-shift from state control to state steering State use of intermediary agencies to monitor performance and provide consumer information; self-regulation Increase in private and privatised provision Policy isomorphism in reform discourse 200 members of INQAAHE worldwide MSingh NYU 07May2009 Key Issues The rise of the 'evaluative state'- juridification and contractualism(Neave) Shifting power balances in the Clark triangle of state, market and academe Systems theory-from inputs and processes to outputs in judging HE Heightened accountability, increased power of evaluation, continuing inequalities, social justice underserved by states and markets. MSingh NYU 07May2009 USA and SA Evaluation Systems USA-institutional and subject accreditation – somewhat voluntary system owned by HEIs, used for improvement and to demonstrate quality levels to be eligible for federal funds. Inclusion of diversity considerations in some systems SA –institutional audit and programme accreditation-mandatory national system used for improvement and eligibility for programme funding. Inclusion of social justice/social transformation MSingh NYU 07May2009 Diversity in US Evaluation Most evaluation systems look at institutional mission but not in a directive way iro SJ WASC Statement on Diversity and Criteriaresponse to changing demography of the state and its reflection in HE(1980s) Demographic diversity-students, faculty, governing boards-from affirmative action to diversity Curriculum, pedagogy, campus culture and experience MSingh NYU 07May2009 Diversity in US Evaluation Diversity is a measure of quality education- cosmopolitanism, tolerance, engagement with other cultural perspectives, preparation for world of work and civic participation-tapping human potential of all citizens Accusations of punitiveness and social reengineering; diversity focus about neither education nor quality MSingh NYU 07May2009 Diversity in US Evaluation Proposition 209(1996)-no direct focus on race, ethnicity and gender in public HE Shift from access to retention and graduation rates MSingh NYU 07May2009 Social Justice in SA Evaluation Post 1994 reconstruction of SA society and HEsocial justice and transformation Reflected in evaluation system(2004) –criteria for institutional and programme evaluation Demographic representivity(race, class, gender, disability) as well as social transformationinstitutional culture, curriculum change, new pedagogies, new research themes and new community partnerships MSingh NYU 07May2009 USA and SA Evaluation Systems Different systems-different languages to designate a similar social concern about education, quality and inclusion Diversity/SJ focus in criteria, training of evaluators, in the panel engagement with staff and students, in self-review and agency report and recommendations MSingh NYU 07May2009 USA and SA Evaluation Systems Easier to look at input measures and measurable achievements How to measure SJ competencies-no standards and indicators set for them-may help to avoid SJ fundamentalism in evaluation SJ defined in relation to dominant contextual imperatives-no Platonic absolutes-part of democratic debate and engagement MSingh NYU 07May2009 In search of conclusions Opportunities-exploring the interface of excellence and inequality in HE Inserting dialogic engagement on social justice/transformation issues pertinent to context into evaluation Counterposing search for market competencies with broader social competencies and impact MSingh NYU 07May2009 In search of conclusions Limits-what educational outcomes can be measured in evaluation Easier iro numbers-demographic diversity in governance/ student body/faculty and administrators, curriculum change More difficult to measure iro value and worldview outcomes MSingh NYU 07May2009 In search of conclusions Dangers-bringing state/party political agendas back into academe with no guarantees as to how evaluation findings will be used Increasing onerousness of evaluation and burden of evidence on academics Using SJ to withhold accreditation MSingh NYU 07May2009 Unresolved Issues Is SJ a constitutive component of quality and excellence or only a framing condition? Who can best organise HE and make it work in the public interest-states, markets or academe? Evaluation as positivist science or hermeneutics? Will strong accountability demands be satisfied with interpretative rather than quantitative findings? MSingh NYU 07May2009 Unresolved Issues SJ in transnational contexts-whose SJ? Expecting too much of HE? Populist proposal-save the world outside of evaluation and HE(Fish)? Bringing together the three takes on evaluation-guild authority, social reform and excellence in the public interest MSingh NYU 07May2009


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Throwback Review: Fable AnniversaryPosted on March 1, 2016 | No CommentsFable Anniversary brings the classic Fable game and The Lost Chapters to modern systems, does it hold up?
LookBack Review: SkyrimPosted on November 4, 2015 | No CommentsSkyrim is the fifth installment of the Elder Scrolls series and as with any other Elder Scrolls game its starts out with you as a criminal. You enter the game […]
Abyss Odyssey ReviewPosted on August 10, 2015 | No CommentsEvery now and then there is a game that sounds great on paper. Borderlands for example, can be described as a "First person shooter Diablo", which sounds awesome and it […]
Last Word ReviewPosted on May 29, 2015 | No CommentsLast Word is a word duel role-playing hybrid of Clue, Rock Paper Scissors, Ace Attorney and Tug of war. That sounds insane, but is there genius within the insanity? Originally […]
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A TRUE American Hero
Meet Kyle Carpenter The epitome of what a Marine stands for. He threw himself on a grenade to save a friend. The Marine Corps Times is reporting that Kyle will receive the nation's highest military honor when he's given the Medal of Honor at the White House. Kyle will be the third Marine since 9/11 to receive the Medal of Honor.
To share your thoughts on Kyle's service , click here.
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Michael-J/231490143553556?ref=hl Read more: http://www.wpoc.com/onair/lance-houston-50982/report-kyle-carpenter-to-receive-medal-12174232#ixzz2wX49d13V


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
my car was damaged on the right rear door by a post that extended out from the paveway---it is not covered by my current insurance and I am on a fixed income. I would prefer ADR rather than any court time
If you were the driver I don't think the casino will pay and I don't think you are likely to win in small claims court. However, I believe small claims court is your only remedy. Sorry not to have a more optimistic view.Ask a similar question
If you get an estimate of repair and its under 7,500, I think small claims may be the best resolution. You first need to send a certified letter requesting payment (that is were the estimate comes into play) and then wait 10 days or so. If not response, then you can file small claims. There are waivers of filing fees for people who cannot afford to pay the fees. No attorney is needed. You do have to show that the Palazo had a duty to keep the area safe and they failed and thus you now have damages to your car. Good LUck.
The answer above is only based upon the limited information provided. The answer is limited and my review is likewise limited, and thus the response is not intended to be acted upon as legal advice. Although licensed in numerous states, I am currently only licensed to practice law in the state of Nevada. No attorney-client relationship is formed until you sign an attorney-client agreement with my office. Any information provided is for discussion purposes only and there is no attorney-client relationship formed. Only general legal information is provided. Each case is unique and accurate legal advise would require review of all details and documents for each specific case. It is possible that the comments here, while meant to be helpful, may in some cases not be complete or accurate.Ask a similar question
You would have the burden of proving the damage was caused by the valet, that they had a duty to use reasonable care, that the damage was the result of failure to use reasonable care, and what the damage cost you to have repaired.
They will defend by saying there is no proof the damage wasn't already there, no proof they cause the damage, no proof they had any obligation of care, and so forth. If you're lucky, they may attempt to assert an illegal and unenforceable "waiver" or release of liability, often printed in small font on the back of a claim check. In many states, this will allow you to collect for triple damage and lawyers' fees because it is an "unfair and deceptive business practice" to assert an unenforceable waiver.
The materials available at this web site are for informational purposes only and not for the purpose of providing legal advice. You should contact your attorney to obtain advice with respect to any particular issue or problem. Use of and access to this Web site or any of the e-mail links contained within the site do not create an attorney-client relationship between Howard Roitman, Esq. and the user or browser. The opinions expressed at or through this site are the opinions of the individual author and may not reflect the opinions of the firm or any individual attorney.Ask a similar question
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Contact Us
We landed in Amsterdam and immediately boarded our cruise ship. We were then free to explore the fine city of Amsterdam on our own before returning to the ship for an exclusive welcome cocktail followed by an elegant welcome dinner in the Panorama Restaurant. On the first day we enjoyed a tour of Amsterdam & Volendam along with a visit to Holland Waterland. We visited the dreamy fishing village of Volendam to explore and enjoy the history and beauty of the area. We boarded ship and headed south into Germany. Over the next 6 days and nights we made stops at Cologne, Cochem, Koblenz, Rudesheim, Mannheim and Speyer. We concluded with a stop in Strasburg in Alsace, France. On our final night we cruised to Basal where we were transported to the airport for our trip back to the U.S. Click here to visit our blog and to learn more about this trip.
"I have told several people already (about the trip). Would only travel with you as a tour. Very pleased about how you cared for each one of us." (Jean Brignone-Tuscany Trip)
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Watch The Trailer For The Glen Campbell Documentary
Glen Campbell... I'll Be Me is a documentary about the superstar's life, and his struggle with Alzheimer's disease.
Highlights of the film include rare vintage footage as well as newer performances. the film also features interviews with Bruce Springsteen, Bill Clinton, Paul McCartney, Jay Leno, Vince Gill, Jimmy Webb, Blake Shelton, Sheryl Crow, Keith Urban, Brad Paisley, Steve Martin and Taylor Swift.
The movie opens October 24th in New York City and will then be rolled out to 50 other cities.
Take a look at the trailer:


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life, hardship, price tag and society
Like father, like son. The beast living inside of me, so breathless. Causing my hands and legs to shake upon the presence of shamelessness that rules my life.
Oh, like father, like son. And I look at myself and see.... I see the way my life is turned upside down because of the chaos that was thrust upon us. Well, I guess that's life then.
Like father, like son. That's how i live my life then. Struggling, day to day, coping with the misery.... That is humiliation. Trying to piece together the remains of a job. Is that how it is? The irony.
Like father, like son. I go to the shop just to buy myself a chocolate bar, only to see that the anger and violence that is placed upon my head is more than I've seen so for. The irony.
The price tag on my head and the extermination of my kin has pushed me so far. So far that I don't know what to do anymore. Looool the irony.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is elective but will seriously increase your chances of getting interest from other over 50s members on the site. Tell people about yourself, your interests and attach any nice photographs of yourself.
Use our website's cutting-edge search to find over 50s members who fulfill your requirements. Or just flip through listings and find people that appear interesting.
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Paul Ainsley
3,034pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
Paul Ainsley (b. 11 April 1945, Boston, Massachusetts, USA - d. 19 January 2013, Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actor. He is otherwise known as Jim the Bartender in Three's Company.
Babylon 5 TV SeriesEdit
- Featuring, Acts of Sacrifice, (22 February 1995) - Centauri #1
External LinksEdit
- Paul Ainsley at the Internet Movie Database


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Download the TuneIn App –
Apple App Store | Google Play | Windows 10
You can also listen live to our show using: Winamp | ITunes | VLC Player. Click the icon above, save and click the file to play.
Welcome to the official site of the Primetime Power Show. The Primetime Power Show is a weekly radio show that is broadcast live right here on primetimepowershow.com every Sunday evening from 7:00 PM EST – 9:00 PM EST.
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The purpose of the Primetime Power Show is to help inform, motivate, teach, encourage and be witnesses for God to spread the good news so that others may be impacted by his power so that he can be primary in the lives of his people.
Uplift Today – Derrick May
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Special thanks to our sponsor MAYWORKS for their dedicated support to help make our programming possible. We would love your support also. Please consider advertising and be a part of the Primetime Power Show team.
Listen to our supporters. Advertise with the Primetime Power Show today. Read more…
Would you like to become a supporter? Advertise with the Primetime Power Show & on Primetime Power Radio today. Many options are available. Find Out More…


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Lovely Lie
I've fallen for you a million times
But you, you're as emotionless as a line
They said you've fallen in love with me too
And my heart jumped and screamed for you.
But I was deceived by a wildfire lie
A lie which made me swear and cry
A lie that broke my heart in two
And made me feel like some old dog poo.
I'm too gullible, that's what they say
Because I've never experienced love in ANY way
They say it's not entirely true
That you didn't feel the same way too
But I think something took your love away
And left the other half too stay.


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ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Request carpet cleaning1218A Hoffman Mill Rd. Fort collins, Colorado United States of America
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 03/05/2012 03:22 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/request-carpet-cleaning/fort-collins-colorado-/request-carpet-cleaning-out-dated-equipment-fort-collins-colorado-849074. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 REBUTTAL Owner of company
20 year old machines
SUBMITTED: Wednesday, March 12, 2014POSTED: Wednesday, March 12, 2014
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What... too soon?? :)
Let's play a game! Let's plan a beautiful Christmas/Winter Wedding!
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Bride in a red cape and MITTENS:
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The Women's Institute for Financial Education offers a bumper sticker on its Web site (www.wife.org) designed to encourage women to take control of their finances and their future. It reads: "A ma
Finance & Economy
BY Eilene Zimmerman
Real estate is one of the surest ways for individuals to change their financial destiny. For one thing, property usually appreciates in value. With real estate you can create cash flow through rent.
BY Tony Chapelle
Risk taking has taken a dive during the current economic recovery, particularly among job seekers, according to the outplacement firm Challenger, Gray & Christmas Inc.'s latest job-market index.
Asked to choose between having more time or more money, the percentage of Americans who choose more money, according to a survey by Roper ASW: 56. Percentage who would choose to have more time: 35. P
More than 3 million jobs have been lost in the last three years, which means that many families have been reduced from double-income to single-income households. Here are some strategies that financia
BY Pat Stein
Percentage of working adults who think that time away from work makes them better employees, according to a Wirthlin Worldwide survey: 94. Number of times African-Americans with advanced business deg
BY John McIntyre
Many refund delays, time-consuming correspondence and audits are triggered by taxpayer carelessness. Here are some reminders about items to check before you file your return, along with some steps to
BY Julian Block
Cost to a middle-income family to raise a child born in 1960 to age 18, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's "Expenditures on Children by Families Annual Report": $145,000. Cost to
Tick, tick, tick. There's no other time of year that the clock ticks so loudly as when it's racing toward April 15. The Internal Revenue Service offers the following advice for preparing and filin
BY Amanda Kennedy
When the Consumer Federation of America, BET.com and the Fannie Mae Foundation hosted a press conference in Washington, D.C., last November to discuss data culled from the Federal Reserve's recent �
BY Carmen Brown
Quick Poll
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