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I held tightly to Viveka's waist. Behind me, Dany had his hands on my waist and Daray was holding Dany's. Viveka was digging as fast as she could even though the earth trembled under her fingers. A hand broke through and I almost let her go in shock. She screamed in pain as the hand gripped her hair.
"Don't let me go!" she screamed when I went to find my sword.
"Daray!" I roared. "Do it!"
"I might hit Viveka!" he yelled.
"You're the best shot! Do it!"
"Viveka, don't move!"
"Did you hear him?" I panted.
"Yes," she whispered. "Tell him to hurry. This pain... it's too much."
"Now!" I shouted.
Viveka went still and Dany and I ducked our heads. The sword went whizzing through the air and he chopped the hand off. Unfortunately, a lot of Viveka's hair went with it. She didn't waste any time, though, and started digging again. The other hand popped up but Daray had seen that coming and snatched Dany's sword, tossing it so that it sliced the other hand before it could get to Viveka.
We were slowly sinking as she dug deeper and deeper into the earth. She screamed when a man's face stuck up out of the earth.
"No!" it shouted in a contorted voice. "They feed me! You will not live! Now my minions! Now!"
I felt a jerking behind me and Daray screamed. I looked up. We were surrounded by the mutants. Viveka reached back and punched the man's face. If the situation weren't so dire, I would have laughed.
"Let it go!" she screamed to the man.
"Let them go! You've done enough damage, damn it!"
She was grasping for a necklace around the man's neck but he kept biting at her hand, his hands both being gone.
"Use both hands, Viveka," I said. "I've got you. I won't let you go. You can trust me. I swear."
She hesitated but eventually gave in and used both hands. With one she reached to the left, the other snatched the necklace.
"No!" the corpse screamed.
"Pull me out!" she screeched desperately.
I tugged with the twins' help. She was panting and I looked at the orb. It was the size of my fist. She looked around desperately and saw my sword. She whimpered and I watched in horror as she put the orb on the ground and picked up the sword.
"Don't let go, Cian!" she cried. "If you let me go, they can take you!"
The man was fighting in his grave, trying desperately to scramble out without his hands.
Her hand was shaking as she held the orb in place.
"Don't close your eyes," I panted. "If you close your eyes, you'll surely miss."
"I can't watch it, Cian," she sobbed.
"Just do it, Viveka," I said. I kissed the back of her neck. "Please. Please, my minx."
She gripped the sword by the blade and screamed in pain as it cut her hand. She panted, waiting until the blood had gone down to the tip of the sword, then stabbed the orb. For a brief moment, the world froze. Then the orb shattered into a million pieces.
The man fell back into his grave. The mutants around us screamed in pain as they started melting back into humans. The four of us scrambled together, Viveka gripping her bleeding hand. She leaned into me, panting heavily. The humans all fell to the gorund.
Some were dressed in villager attire, others were dressed as soldiers.
"Daray, Dany," she said in a weak voice and they hurried over. "I need you to go to the kingdom as fast as you can. Tell Nelo and Darcey to send ten men to dig graves for these poor people."
"Are you going to be safe?" Dany asked nervously.
"Yes," she said. "We'll be fine. Go."
"Just do as she says," I said when they turned to me.
They ran off.
"How long do you think it'll take?" she whispered.
"Not long," I said. "They're fast. Tell me what happened."
"We have to go to the lake first," she panted.
I sighed but helped her up. I tore my other sleeve and tied it tightly on her hand.
"Can you walk?" I asked. She shook her head no so I picked her up. "Tell me where to go."
She leaned into me and did as I said. The village no longer looked like a maze. I could see the front gate but she told me to go to the back.
"Climb over the wall," she whispered. "But you won't like what you see."
"Okay," I said slowly.
As soon as I was over, I gasped. At first it looked serene. The grass was green, the lake was shining from the sun but then I saw the bodies. They were rising from the water and coming ashore.
"Take me over to them."
"No way," I said. "They-"
"Just do it, Cian," she snapped.
I groaned but walked down there. I set her down on the ground and she looked around at all the bodies. She was crying.
"I'm sorry for what he did to you," she said, facing the lake and the cemetery over the wall. "I'm really, really sorry. As soon as the men get here, we will bury you as you deserved to be. The necklace is gone and will be forever." She wiped her face. "I'm sorry it took me so long to get here." Then she turned to me. "Take me to the house with the drawing on the top deck."


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BRIEF-Colony Northstar says board authorized redemption of preferred stock
* Board authorized redemption 2.5 million outstanding shares of its 8.75% series a cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock
* FTSEurofirst 300 down 0.8 percent * Astra, Glaxo hit by Morgan Stanley downgrades * Zurich Insurance weakens; Q2 net profit drops * Analysts see period of consolidation on Euro STOXX 50 By Tricia Wright LONDON, Aug 15 European shares gave back some of their recent strong gains on Thursday as heavyweight drugmakers fell, while uncertainty over when the U.S. Federal Reserve will start cutting its stimulus hurt sentiment. Healthcare stocks AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline shed 2.9 percent and 1.7 percent respectively, among the biggest drags on the FTSEurofirst 300 in terms of points, with traders citing downgrades from Morgan Stanley. The FTSEurofirst 300 fell 0.8 percent to 1,230.19 by 1056 GMT, still within sight of its 2013 peak of 1,258.09. The euro zone's blue-chip Euro STOXX 50, which on Wednesday hit its highest level in two years at 2,855.89, dropped 0.5 percent to 2,837.08 points. Trading volumes were thin even by August standards, given the Assumption Day bank holiday in much of continental Europe, with France's CAC, Germany's DAX and Britain's FTSE 100 reaching just 20-30 percent of their 90-day daily averages. But volumes were robust at about 150 percent of the daily average in Zurich Insurance, which fell 3.7 percent following downbeat second-quarter results. The Swiss insurer said net profits fell by a bigger than expected 27 percent, weighed by flooding in Europe, tornadoes in the United States and meagre investment returns. It also sounded a note of caution about reaching its targets. According to Thomson Reuters StarMine, 86 percent of STOXX Europe 600 companies have announced second-quarter results so far, of which 56 percent have met or beaten forecasts. Also dampening the mood were concerns the U.S. Federal Reserve might, from next month, start cutting back its stimulus - one of the major drivers of this year's equity market rally. St. Louis Federal Reserve President James Bullard said late on Wednesday the Fed risked pushing inflation even lower if it tapered bond purchases too aggressively, leading some investors to speculate a move to trim stimulus could be made within weeks. Against this backdrop, the market will be paying close attention to U.S. data releases on Thursday, which include weekly jobless claims at 1230 GMT, as well as a speech by Bullard at 1215 GMT. "If we get good data... then it might boost thinking that tapering is coming in sooner rather than later," said Chris Beauchamp, equity analyst at IG Index, adding he remained sceptical about the market impact of a gradual scaleback. Technical analysts saw scope for consolidation on the Euro STOXX 50 which, despite Thursday's declines, is on course for its sixth consecutive weekly gain, having risen some 14 percent since its late June low. "Support at 2,775 may contain the fall... There is no sell signal yet, but with these thin summer volumes, we think it is wise to be quiet and wait for a better opportunity to buy," said Valerie Gastaldy, head of technical analysis firm Day By Day.
* Board authorized redemption 2.5 million outstanding shares of its 8.75% series a cumulative redeemable perpetual preferred stock
* shareholders approved dissolution and liquidation of fund at a special meeting of shareholders held on May 24, 2017 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
* Aerojet Rocketdyne selected as main propulsion provider for Boeing and DARPA experimental spaceplane

subset: commoncrawl


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Todd Lipcon (Commented) (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] [Commented] (MAPREDUCE-1639) Grouping using hashing instead of sorting
|Thu, 20 Oct 2011 00:34:12 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MAPREDUCE-1639?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=13131221#comment-13131221 ] Todd Lipcon commented on MAPREDUCE-1639: ---------------------------------------- Would be curious to see what the CPU impact of introducing a faster raw comparator would be. See HBASE-4012 for one optimization that would be easy to try out. > Grouping using hashing instead of sorting > ----------------------------------------- > > Key: MAPREDUCE-1639 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MAPREDUCE-1639 > Project: Hadoop Map/Reduce > Issue Type: New Feature > Reporter: Joydeep Sen Sarma > > most applications of map-reduce care about grouping and not sorting. Sorting is a (relatively expensive) way to achieve grouping. In order to achieve just grouping - one can: > - replace the sort on the Mappers with a HashTable - and maintain lists of key-values against each hash-bucket. > - key-value tuples inside each hash bucket are sorted - before spilling or sending to Reducer. Anytime this is done - Combiner can be invoked. > - HashTable is serialized by hash-bucketid. So merges (of either spills or Map Outputs) works similar to today (at least there's no change in overall compute complexity of merge) > Of course this hashtable has nothing to do with partitioning. it's just a replacement for map-side sort. > -- > this is (pretty much) straight from the MARS project paper: http://www.cse.ust.hk/catalac/papers/mars_pact08.pdf. They report a 45% speedup in inverted index calculation using hashing instead of sorting (reference implementation is NOT against Hadoop though). -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly, please contact your JIRA administrators: https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ContactAdministrators!default.jspa For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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All the Custody's activity can be defined apostolic and missionary. Although in the region where it operates often the direct announcement of the Gospel is not possible, the Custody never fails to offer its own spiritual good, that is, the teaching of St. Francis.
In any case, its presence in the Holy Land implies above all the pastoral care of the local churches. For a long time, the friars of the Custody were the only ones to look after the small groups of Christians in the Holy Land, creating parishes and organizational structures for these communities.
The parish activity was of particular importance to bring the faithful closer and "back" to Christianity in various historical periods. The Custody still offers numerous resources for the parishes and for the work and activities connected with them.
The various forms of pastoral activity by the Custody in the Holy Land include, for a great part, spiritual assistance (Masses, confessions, retreats, etc.) for the religious communities.
Feast of the Visitation BVM: 10.00 Solemn Mass (Custos)
Tabg ha: 17.00 Solemn Mass (Custos)
Pentecost. St. Saviour: 10.30 Solemn Mass (Custos) Cenacle: 16.00 II Vespers (Custos)
St. Anthony, Doctor. St. Saviour:10.30 Mass – 17.00 II Vespers


text:
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Our aim is to improve the health and wellbeing of women in the North Down area.›› more info
Mission Statement
Get Up,
Get Active,
Get Learning
Kilcooley Women's Centre Northern Ireland
Kilcooley Women's Centre offers a wide portfolio of activities, including training and education, employability skills, health and wellbeing programmes, peace and reconciliation activities, arts and social events and personal development programmes to build skills, confidence and self-esteem.
Kilcooley Women's Centre is supported by Department for Communities (DfC). DfC Kilcooley Vision and Action Plan is the area specific research and identification of need source document. It can be downloaded from the Ards North Down Borough Council Website or by clicking the following link:
A variety of courses are on offer such as GCSE English, GCSE Maths, Numeracy, Literacy, ECDL, ITQ, Basic IT and Word Processing skills. There is something for everyone regardless of your level. Why not have a look at our current timetable to see what is available and keep checking our events page to see what is planned in the near future. We invite women from across the Borough and further afield who wish to improve their education and well-being or simply would like to meet new friends or to get involved.
Kilcooley Women's Centre has an average of 250 women in educational classes weekly and over 150 have participated in our healthy living project. Each week 60 children benefit from our onsite childcare facility Jellie Tots.
KWC operates via a cocktail of funding packages. Running costs of the centre are supported through Department for Communities, NI through Ards North Down Borough Council
- 2/3/2017
KWC Assembly Election Survey 2017
- 9/1/2017
KWC Success with Community Halls DfC Fund
- 3/12/2016
Christmas Fun Day and Craft Fair
- 25/11/2016
Celebrate our 21st Birthday
Our Allotments
Kilcooley Allotments and Healthy Living Centre is a joint initiative of Kilcooley Community Forum...›› more info


text:
Chapter I ~BeginningsMature
Bolting upright in alarm from my sleep I frantically dart my eyes around the room, searching for the sound that awakened me.
"Oh...it was just my alarm...silly me..." Shaking my head in embarrassment I reach over towards my bedside table and hit the snooze on my IPod. "I really need to take a chill pill..."
You see, I'm not used to being able to sleep without the fear of a Hunter barging through my wall and screaming its' blood chilling battle cry. I would spend countless hours every night sitting straight and rigid on my cot, listening to every slightest sound. Yet now I live with my Watcher, she is rather old if I were to age her in human years, but in a Watchers' year she is actually only 27. Anyways, I reside with her in the cold forests of Alaska near some town that you couldn't find on a map, much less Google Maps if you were curious. I've spent this past recent year here and I STILL haven't grown accustomed to the safety of this place, maybe it's because my father would tell me stories of how nowhere was safe for someone like me...he would tell me those stories and then stories of my dearest mother...at least while he was still alive.
That's where the things that come barging through walls come in, their called Hunters. Scientifically engineered abominations that can't be seen by the human eye. No camera can see them, no human eye, nothing. Well, nothing besides Watchers and Myself. These Hunters look like huge walking tanks, but they move as quickly as a cute little squirrel, specifically designed to hunt, and destroy, people like me.
That is if you could even call me a person...
"Rebecca! Are you up yet?!" I blink in rapid succession at the sound of my Watchers averagely sweet voice yelling at me.
"Yes Dell!" Her real name is Dellomira, but I call her Dell for short.
"Well hurry up and get down here! Your gonna be late for school! Again!!" I can tell from the tone of her voice that she is rather annoyed about my constant being late for school every day.
"Alright Alright!... Gimme just a few minutes to get dressed up!" I sigh heavily and let me feet touch the wool floor.
"Well hurry the F up!" I shudder, frightened by the angry tone of my averagely calm protector. If anything was gonna be the death of me around here, it would be her screaming at me over my damned school work.
"I hate school…" I mumble to myself within my mind as I stand and stretch, allowing the kinks in my arms and shoulders to work themselves out. "Sometimes I think it's worse than Hunters trying to kill me…" Letting out a typical early morning yawn, I head over towards my wardrobe that I'm oh-so-lucky to have, and dress myself to greet my doom.


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He Said She Said: Songs for Your New Year's Eve Party
You know when you're at a bar or a party and everything seems über-subdued, then suddenly someone pops a dollar in the jukebox or a CD in the player and it's just the right song for the moment? And then everyone hops up and does this synchronized line -ance perfectly choreographed for the song just like some scene from a movie? Right. That's never happened to She Said either. But music can make or break a party, and if your New Year's Eve fête is boring - if the boys are lined up on one side of the room and the girls on the other - you've got problems. Below, ten of She Said's favorite songs for getting the party started. "1999," Prince
A little obvious, maybe, but it's also funny because it'sironic
, right? We mean, last decade when this song, at that time already 17 years old, finally reached maturity, everyone played it at their New Year's party. Now the song is 27 years old (and the Purple One is just past 50) but it still sounds as funky and fresh as it did two decades ago."Party Hard," Andrew W.K.
Right. You can't go wrong with the artist behind such classics as "Party Hard," "Party Party Party," "It's Time to Party," "Big Party," "The Party God," and "Party 'Til You Puke.""Judy Is a Punk," The Ramones
Actually, any song by the Ramones will do, this just happens to be their best one (prove us wrong). It's got everything you need - lyrics about girls, the perfect beat to pogo to, a singalong chorus, easy-to-remember words. The second verse is same as the first."Goody Two Shoes," Adam Ant
Holy shit, look at Adam Ant dance. This one goes out to all the New Year's Eve teetotalers. Also? All the dandies."Ca Plane Pour Moi," Plastic Bertrand
She Said isnot
having a New Wave-themed NYE party, she swears. It's just that music from the late '70s/early '80s is so easy to dance to. Never mind that Plastic Bertrand's French rendition of "Jet Boy Jet Girl" makes no sense at all. Tell us you can dance like this to Them Crooked Vultures.Next Page
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General Advertiser (Newspaper) - November 21, 1845, London, Middlesex N N O V E M B A SCHElVtE that was offer'd.to the SuBSORiBERs Br/J^ol, in Defence of his Majefty and his Government, which is now offered to the ?onlidOTation pf all SusscRifiEas in other Places, who are undstcrmin'd in what Manner to lay out their Subst r ipt ion-Mo n ky., EXPENCE of Ten Compan i es upon the_foUo'wi�g Footing for ONE YEAR, c^i Proposals /or Regulating them. s. Levy-Money for 780Mea, Non-Commif-1 7. fion Officers, and Cwitmels, at 4 /. /)^r > 3120 o Man � J Hats, Coats and Breeches, at 30.x./^r Man 1270 o Pay to Ten Captains, at IQ s.per Diem Ten Lieutenants, at 4/. 8279 3 4 907 8 d. 1\ X Prop. I. Arms and Accoutrements to be defir'd from the'Tower, ir. The OfRcers to be appointed by his Majefty. IIL Thefe Companies to be made additional to any of his Majefty's jRegiments, as he fhall think proper: As it is prefum'd this will rqpder them more efFed!ually of Service, by being incorporated into difciplin'd Corps. The Agent of each Regiment, they are added to,- to draw on the Treafurer of the Subfcribers for the refpedlive IV Companies every Month,' or two Months, by Mufters. Deal^ November 19. RRIVED the Earl of Sandwich Privateer from a Cruize ; and brought in a Dutch Dogger, bound from Calais to Bourdeaux, laden with Bottles. The Scipio Firefliip is failed for the River, Remain his Majefty's Ship Norwich, Admiral Vernon, with the reft of the Men of War,and Outward-bound. Wind W.S.W. blows hard. Corky Nov. 12. Arrived Yefterday the Fame of Lever-pool, Chatterwood^ for Gibraltar, and fail'd this Day, with the Experiment, of Briftol, for ditto. u The Bowe , Hanter, from London, is arrived at Dub-^lin. 0 The Effex Snow, Adams, from South Carolina, at Kin-^ fale. Q LONDON. hr The fallon.ving count of Affairs at Carlijle may be depended ^ trfioft, as itv had it from a Per/on ^who voas an Eye Wtt-neji of^hat is reiaud, and adive in the Garrifon, On Saturday Afternoon, about Three o'Clock a Body of ll^e Rebels appeared at Stanvvix Bank, within a Quarter of a Miif^of Carlifle; and, it being the Market Day there, they mixed with the Country People returning home, fo that it was not poflible for the Garrifon to fire upon them for fome 1 ime, without Rifque ofinjuring their Neighbours along'with their Enemies: But in lefs than half an Hour, the Country, people difperfed themfelves, and then the Garrifon of the Caftle fired a Ten Gun Battery upc n them, which, 'tis believed, killed feveral; upon which, and Night coming on, they retreated to a greater Dillance from the City, and the Garrifon ftood all the Night under Arms. At two in the Morning a thick Fog came on, which remained till Twelve that Day, when it cleared up for about an Hour, and then tlie Garrifon difcovered the Rebels approaching to attack the City in three feveral Parties, viz. one at Stanvvix Bank, commanded by the Duke of Perth, a fecond in Shading-gate Lane, commanded by the Marquis of Tullibardine, who alfo had the Arti.lery, and the thi.d in Blackwell Fields, where the Pretender commanded the Remainder of their Body, facing the Englifti Gate. Upon difcovering thefe three Parties approaching fo near to the City,vthe Garrifon fired upon them, \iz. the h'our gun Battery upon the Marquis ot Tullibardine, who was heard to fay, Gentlemen, tve han^e not Metal for them, ritreat ; which they immediately did, and dil'appeared. The Turret Guns and the Citadel Guns were fixed upon the Pretender's Divifion, wherethe white Flag was difplay'd, which was feen to fall; about the fame Time the Ten (jun Battery was fired upon the Duke of Perth's Divifion, who eUo retired. Then the Thick P'og ftruck in again, and all the Inhabitants of the City expedled nothing b'i:t that a general Affault would be made by the Rebels, againlt which the Walls were well I'ned with Men : and Sif John Feiinington, Dr. Waugh, Chancellor, Humphrey Seahoufe, Jofcph Daire Dalllon, of Acron bank, lifqrs; with feveral other Gentlemen of Note, ftood all Night under Arms, to encourage and affift them. The Militia was alfo drawn up in the Foot of Caftle-ftreet, to be ready in cafe of a forcible Attack, to relieve and reinforce the Men upon the Walls. On Monday Morning the Fog ftill continuing thick, the Garrifon could not jobferve the Situation of the Rebels, but heard their Pipers playing not far from the Englilh Gate. About Ten o'Clock a Man was let down from the City Walls, to reconnoitre the Enemy, and he found they were retiring towards Warwick Bridge. After-Noon other Spies were likewife detach'd to obferve their Amotions, and difcover'd a great Number remained about Warwick Bridge ; but the Pretender, with his Guard and Attendants, were advanced to Brampton, where they lodged themfelves that Night ; and on Tuefday they lay idle from all Aftion, except Feats of Rapine and Plunder ; for they fpent the Day in hunting and deftroying the Sheep of Lord Carlifle's Tenants, and bearing off the Country Peoples Geefe and other Poultry. They alfo feized upon all the Horfes they could lay Hands on, without any Queftions relating to f^alue or Property ; notwithftanding they declare the Defign of their Expedition is to redrefs Grievances and corre�51; Abufes. Tuelday Night the Rebels flept quietly with full Bellie^. On Wednefday Morning about Ten o'Ck)ck they difplay'd the White Flag at Warwick Bridge-end, to which they were about three Hours in repairing. About One t^'Clock the young Pretender, attended by Lord George Murray, the Duke of Perth, and feveral o-thers, befidcb thofc called his GuarJs, came to them ; upon which they formed themfelves, and began to march again towards Carlifle, in the following Order: Firft, two (named Hulfars) in High'and Dieiltt, and high rough red Caps, like Pioneers j next, about half a Dozen of the Chief Leaders, followed by a Kettle Drum ; then the Pretender's Son, at the Head of about 110 Horfe, called h-s Guards, two and two a Breaft ; after thefe a confufed Multitude of all forts of mean People, to the Number (as was fuppofed) of about 6000. In this Order they advanced to the Height of Warwick Moor ; where they halted about half an Hour, and took an attentive View of the City : From thence the Foot took the Lead, and fo march'd to Carlifle about Three in the Afternoon ; when they began a frefh AflTault, and the City renewed their Fire. On Thurfday the City was invefted by the whole Rebel Army ; the Leaders of which, ^ not only being deftitute of all honeft Shame for fo prepo-Iterous a Method of gaining an Afcendancy over a free and heretofore happy People, but alfo pofTeffed with the moft wicked and hellifh Spirit of Cruelty chat Rome ever infpired, they compelled the innocent People to bear Ladder.-, and other Engines for the Attack, to the very Walls, againft the Fire of the City Cannon; thereby forcing them into certain Danger of being deftroy'd by their Friends; which, if they refufcd, they were fure to meet inftant Death from the Hands of thefe barbarous Villains. At Ten o'Clock on Friday Morning the City furreoder'd to the Rebels, and is to pay 2000 1. Contribution. ' Nitfjcapie, No-v. 16. A Merchant of Edinburgh, now at Berwick, writes to his friends here, that 'tis expected both the Banks at Edmburgh will be opened upon General Handafyde's Arrival. O o A Farmer near Cariifle, having got a Billet to provide Quarters for a certain Number of the Rebels cn tlie'ir Route to that City, he kill'd two Sheep, and made fuch other Provifionas he thought might fatisf. thofe Sons of Rapine; but as foon as tiiey cn.er'd the Houfe, and f.w wliat he had donc> they immediately went out, and fiiot 15 more of his Sheep; and having bled them, they ripped them up, left their Guts in the Field, and carried the Carcafll's into the Farrrier's Houfe j where they quarter'd and drefs'd them after tKeir Highland lafli.'on, Extrad of a Letter from Berivick^ No^j. 13. ' Yefterday 1 faw an Exprefs that came in here from the ' Provoft of Perth, dated Nov. 8, advifing that 500 Re- * bels, of the Fraferf, Mackintofties andMacdonalds, had ' come to Perth, all arm'd with Guns, Piftols, &c. They * rob and plunder the Country in the Day-time, without * the leaft Spark of Humanity ; and all Night keep Guard * in the Houfes of the well-affeded, whom they ufe witti ' the utmoft Barbarity. Sir James Kinloch is made She- * riff and Foffe Comitalus of the Shire of AngU5, and ii ' preffing all the Men he can to take up Arms. Lewii ' Gordon, Brother to the Duke, is bringing up all the Brae ' of Mar Men he could get. There are levcral OlHcers ih * the Blair of Athol raifing Men, and have fent out Parties * to intercept any Deferters from their Army that is gone * into Eng and. Some of the Ships that arrived from * France with Military Stores and Ofiicers, fteer'd by the ' Coaft of Holland to the Naze of Nor�vay, and thence * to the North of Scotland. Yefterday wr.s brought in from Holy I/land^ three Gentlemen of the Name of Madauchlan, that were going in a Scotch Ship for London, and are committed to our Goal, on Sufpicion of being concerned with the Rebels. Randall, the Quarcer-maller taken lately by fome of our Volunteers, is gone to Scotland with General Handafydc. He has already made fome important Difcoverie?, and 'tis expefled he will make more. Edinburgh, Km, 13. Yefterday Donald Macdonald, of KinIoch-moyd.art, Efq; was carried Priibnerto the Cattle ) he was feized by the Country People at Leiniahagoe on his ^ Marcti to join the Highland-Army. Papers of Confe- O quence were found about him. Andlaft Night-Spalding, of Whitefield, Efq;wai ^ incarfcratcd likewife in the Caltle , He had a Commilfion --- A D V ERTISE M EN TS are taken in for this Paper, at Lloyd's Coff No Wooden Shoes. No A EE-House, in Lombard-Srrest, No Arbitrary Power. ;
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Wayne was a DLJ Wall Street investment banker and venture capitalist before forming Windfarms Ltd., the first utility scale wind energy developer. Windfarms, backed by Chevron, had 60 professionals and assembled over 2,000 MWs of projects. He then went on to build companies in international telecommunications, business software and Internet services.
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La Mirada Health & Wellness Lessons
Looking for private in-home or in-studio lessons? Our La Mirada teachers are ready to get you started. Find your teacher today!
How it Works
From finding the perfect teacher to managing payments, scheduling and tracking your progress, we take care of all the details, so you can focus on learning. Learn More
Search for a teacher
Compare hundreds of teachers based on the criteria that matter to you, including background checks, age and experience.
Schedule your lessons
When you've found the perfect match, schedule your lessons online using the teacher's real-time availability.
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Your teacher will welcome you with a personalized curriculum to meet your specific goals and you'll be able to manage your entire schedule through our free online account.
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No problem. Our online lesson platform connects you with any teacher, anywhere. All you need is a reliable Internet connection, a webcam and a microphone.
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Popular Health & Wellness Coaches near La Mirada
Check out some of our most popular teachers near La Mirada including Norwalk, Cerritos, La Habra, La Palma and Santa Fe Springs.
About Christine J.Close
View Full Profile
About Christine
Christine specializes in vocal production, has a three-octave range and is adept at various character voices, accents and musical styles. She has sung in several musicals, wedding and church bands, and has given several solo performances since her childhood.
Christine's personal developments are around creating new musicals, composition, songwriting and exploring fusion methods
Christine also plays piano, rhythm guitar and percussion, and has served as a director, soloist and accompanist for several churches and community efforts.
*** Lesson Details ***
Making music and singing should be fun, and everyone deserves to have a great experience with their instrument for the rest of their lives. I take pride in guiding my students in exploring their potential in a safe, creative and non-judgmental environment. My students will learn to develop courage and confidence, grow their ears and appreciation for music in all its forms, and expand their range, power and musical skills.
Your lessons will be tailored according to your goals, dreams and personal motivation. I will offer you resources and show you how to use research as way to become independent when preparing your lessons, auditions and performances. If you are an aspiring guitarist/songwriter, I will teach you the basics of playing the guitar and offer you fun techniques to build those callouses, play rhythmically with confidence and coordinate your playing with your singing.
Whether you are completely inexperienced, naturally gifted, shy, ambitious about a professional career or just looking for an outlet that feels good, I am here to help you. You will not only learn technical skills and many tricks for beating stage fright and crafting a performance, but you will also learn to share your unique personality on stage, and learn to perform with feeling, heart and honesty.
Everyone has something beautiful and wonderful to offer the world and I look forward to meeting you and discovering your special voice and sound!
*** Studio Equipment ***
My lessons are conducted in my home in an open living room area. I have a keyboard and a guitar. You must bring your own guitar (an acoustic or acoustic electric - sorry, I do not teach lessons with electric guitars) and, if you have "accompaniment" karaoke CDs (or mp3 on your phone or laptop) and/or sheet music that you have been working with, I encourage you to bring those.
*** Travel Equipment ***
Home lessons are negotiable and I would bring a guitar and/or a percussive instrument. Your home must have a room where lessons can be conducted free from distraction (incl. pets and siblings) and have enough space for exercises and instruments. It must also be in-view of the family and have an open. Group lessons are negotiable. :-)
*** Specialties ***
I specialize in singing, songwriting, voice, speech and acting. I also teach beginning lessons in guitar and piano. Other specializations: International Phonetic Alphabet, Accent Reduction, Musical Theatre, Classical Theatre (Shakespeare, Greeks), Movement Theatre (Mime, Period Movement, Stage Combat), Singing Styles (Jazz, Pop, Rock, Classical, Gospel, Musical Theatre, Sacred Chant).
· Singing · In home
· Guitar · In home
· Guitar · In home
Christine J.
Christine J.
About Rosita R.Close
About Rosita
I am proud to share my student's vast array of musical successes. From being cast on short anime films and musicals to being accepted in
I will make sure my students have fun and help them get in the right track to their musical goals.
Also, I constantly upload videos on Singing, The Spanish Language, and Japanese! So keep Checking in! It ranges on tips and answering the most common questions on those particular subjects!
*** Lesson Details ***
I do my absolute best to create a positive atmosphere for my students. Even when the students feel frustrated or stressed, it is important to inspire them and give them the fuel that they need. Though I am strict when it comes to homework and their about their studies. Every lesson at the beginning I will review what we learned previously and test them.
then begin with proper breathing technique exercises, the cornerstone of all vocals. We move on to vocal exercises to condition the voice. Then we work on the songs that you are eager to sing!
I will use a piano when doing vocal warm ups and conditioning exercises. Students that play other instruments and accompany themselves when performing (such as a guitar) are encouraged to bring that instrument to their lessons. My goal is for them to gain the knowledge that they need to help reach their artistic goals.
With all my lessons every student will be taught a basic run down of Music Theory. My students will always progress in what they do. They will have the discipline that they need and yet have fun and be filled with inspiration. Which is the most important thing, to be Inspired to do better.
*** Studio Equipment ***
iMac, condensing mic...performing mic, keyboard, mixer...living room of apartment.
*** Travel Equipment ***
I do have a portable keyboard. Though I do expect the student to have their own recording device and karaoke tracks. At Home I do have a studio, and if the students has an iPod or an Mp3 player I can attach it to a device where all of us can hear the tracks. I do have a recording studio as well.
*** Specialties ***
I specialize in Musical Theatre, and Pop rock genres. When I teach my students I always have them learn a song of another language whether it's Spanish or Japanese. It helps with diction when they learn a song outside the English Language. Also It helps them to learn another Language at the same time. Also I give them a little anatomy class when they are learning how to sing. I give them a model of the vocal Chords and different areas of the Larynx and which part works for the chest voice and the head voice.
· Japanese · Online
· Singing · Online
· ESL · Online
Rosita R.
Rosita R.
About Marcel M.Close
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About Marcel
I am looking forward to move on with you and / or your kids.
Have a great day,
Update 02/10/15: Takelessons is a great way to teach and a fantastic and easy way to learn for students. I currently have 3 students per week, with several hours. I really enjoy it, either online via Skype or Facetime or Live at the students place. Hit me up and let's move something together.
· Microsoft Word · In home
· Cooking · Online
· German · In home
Marcel M.
Marcel M.
About Alexandra W.Close
About Alexandra
· Method Acting · Online
· Makeup · Online
· Public Speaking · Online
Alexandra W.
Alexandra W.
About Danschnieder A.Close
About Danschnieder
· World History · In studio
· Flexibility Training · Online
· Chess · Online
Danschnieder A.
Danschnieder A.
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Whether you're just starting out or a seasoned pro, check out the Health & Wellness articles on our blog.
Flip Your World Upside Down: Benefits of Inversion Yoga
Curious about inversion yoga? Learn how to do some of the essential poses in this guest post by San Diego teacher Tiffany V... We are so used to viewing life from a right-side-up perspective, where we soak in the world around us by way of our sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, and mouth). We process everything upstairs, allowing it all to accumulate to form our point of view, which in turn fuels our decisions, reactions, and movements down to our toes. Rather than taking the ti … Read More
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Happy first day of spring! Now that the days are longer and the weather is warmer, it's the perfect time to start a new hobby. And don't worry -- there are tons of hobbies to choose from that don't require expensive equipment or pricey commitments. In fact, many of these cheap hobbies can actually save you money in the long-run. Check out our recommendations below, and see what sparks your interest! 1. Languages Did you know that learning a second language can increase your brain power, ex … Read More


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Bibliographic Details
Title: A Beggar in Jerusalem
Publisher: Random House, New York
Publication Date: 1970
Binding: Hardcover
Book Condition: Near Fine
Signed: Signed by Author(s)
Edition: First Edition, First Printing Stated.
Cloth-backed paper over boards. A special edition for presentation to friends of the author and publisher, signed by Wiesel. Spine tips a little rubbed and soiled, otherwise fine. Bookseller Inventory # D5001
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This bookseller accepts the following methods of payment:
AbeBooks Bookseller Since: July 15, 2002
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money orders, online payment through paypal. Full refund within 15 days
provided book is returned in same condition as sent.
Shipping costs are based on books weighing 2.2 LB, or 1 KG. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required.


text:
Deal With the Devil (cont.)Mature
The tale proved to be interesting, at times intriguing; both Matthew and I were quite enamored by the brush that painted the luxurious portrait of the devilish Mr. Fleuric, although Matthew was more suspicious of the character, while I retained a fancy for the unknown acquaintance.
At length, Jude concluded his story. More than an hour and a half had lapsed according to my wrist watch, but neither Matthew, nor I, would be content to depart until we discovered the entire reason behind the mentioning of Mr. Fleuric, and his indirect involvement of my pitiful, yet eventual, defeat.
"He was incredible; the whole get-up was lavishing. Anyway, after sharing a few drinks with the guy at his marvelous masquerade party, we were having a private conversation in a master chamber rivaling heaven itself - I mean, you would have to see it to believe it, John.
"Anyway, I admit I was more than tipsy at the time; the conversation had taken a strange turn because of my condition, and soon we were discussing the most prominent story in the news."
Matthew interjected with an inquiring tone, "Are you referring to the scandal involving-"
"The same one, Matthew. He was well informed; educated even, the subject was little more than a trifle to this man."
"And?" I admit that my patience had begun to exceed its limits, but the consumption of alcohol was to blame for the abruptness, as well as the fresh stings of financial loss.
"And," replied the charismatic fellow sitting opposite of me, counting every last dollar that was owed to him, using a tone that seemed to mimic my own, "he had posed an alternate ending to the scandal. Perhaps the guilty party wasn't as guilty after all, and a certain luck was on his side-"
"Wait, when were you having this conversation?"
"Haven't you been paying attention, John? Matthew, make sure he doesn't drive home tonight." My friend nodded in silent agreement. "Anyway, we were discussing the scandal three weeks ago."
"That means-"
"Yes! Somehow this Mr. Fleuric had guessed the outcome of the trial; predicted the damned thing even."
"That doesn't mean anything, Jude. He was either innocent, or guilty. The odds are at a draw." Matthew was quick to act upon his suspicions, and at first he appeared unimpressed.
"It's not that simple, Matthew. It's as if he knew exactly what was going to happen. Weeks after the party, the scandal concluded precisely as he claimed it would. Every detail; every account. This may not be convincing you, I can see it in your eyes, but John's attention is still focused on the ending, which I am getting to. Anyway, the two of us, that is Mr. Fleuric and I, rendezvoused for some sports betting. I was staying at Bay 101-"
"What were you doing in San Diego?"
"You mean San Jose, John. My God, how many drinks are in you? Matthew, make sure you drive this one home; I don't trust his senses."
Matthew silently nodded his head again, sipping on more bourbon, hiccupping as he did.
I was beyond certain that I was intoxicated in more than the usual fashion. Was my tolerance beginning to wane? Was the bourbon stronger tonight than all of the others before? The answers didn't matter. I was out of my senses, because my curiosity for Mr. Fleuric burned within me, using the alcohol as the fuel for the flames.


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PDQ founders going for WTF with new restaurant concept
(TBO.com) - The founders of the wildly popular "PDQ" chicken sandwich chain are starting a new line of restaurants with a name that might turn heads pretty darn quickly.
Officially, the new restaurant chain will be called "Wow! That's Fresh. Burgers, Salads and Pizza," though executives with the company give a wink and admit that many people will shorten all that to just the text message expletive "WTF."
Whatever people end up calling it, construction on the first location begins this week at 1426 W. Brandon Blvd., with a planned opening about 120 days later, and then other locations soon afterward.
"Maybe we'll have signs in front of the construction site that say things like 'What's The Fuss,'" said Nick Reader, who is starting the new restaurant group along with his PDQ co-founder, Bob Basham, who was also an original Outback Steakhouse founder. "We're trying to have a little fun with it."
Behind the scenes, the project is all business. For months, PDQ executives have been quietly testing new burgers, pizzas and salads at a location in the company's Tampa headquarters that doubles as an employee cafeteria and restaurant for nearby office dwellers.
Customers of WTF will notice a slew of similarities with the fast-growing PDQ chain. The overall concept is "fast-casual," meaning people will order up front at a cashier like a Panera Bread, then pick up their food and gather their own drinks — yet the food quality is aimed several pegs above "fast food." Compared to PDQ, there will be a bit more variety.
Photo Credit TBO.com
CLICK HERE to read the full story on TBO.com


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How to use KIK Messenger App for iPhone?
KiK is a messenger app. It was launched on 19th October, 2010. It is a free app for iOS, Android and Windows phones. Kik uses internet to exchange messages, videos, images and other contents. The most amazing feature which made this app popular is that it provides anonymity to users. The user only has to choose a name to create an account and no need for number. So without the username no one can find you. Not even those who have your number. A latest feature added to this app is that only people with age of 13 or above can create an account and use the app. But many face problem in downloading this app. So here is a step by step tutorial to download the app for iPhone users and how to login –
- Start with opening Apple App Store on your device.
- Then search for Kik app and select it when it appears.
- Now click on 'GET' icon and then just follow the prompts that appear. Now the basic downloading part is finished.
- It may ask for your Apple ID and password. Input in.
- Now open the app on your device.
- It will ask basic information for you to enter like your first and last name, email ID and your date of birth. You should be above 13 to use this app.
- You are done. Just remember your username & password and you can Kik login now to enjoy all their latest features.
Requirements for iPhone to install Kik
Before downloading you must see that your phone has following things –
- iOS 7.0 or above
- At least 60 MB of free space
- Internet access either by cell or wi – fi
How to create a new Kik account?
When you install Kik app for the first time, you need to create an account. When you click on the app it will show you screen with two options. One will be 'Register' and second will be 'Login'.
- First click on 'Register' option
- Then it will show you a form where you have to input your details. It will ask for your First Name, Last Name, Kik Username, Email address, Password and Birthday. It will also ask for your number but that is optional. It is on you whether you want to give it or not.
- The last thing to do would be to set a profile picture. Click on 'Set Profile' and choose whichever photo you like. After that click on 'Next' and your account has been created.
In case you already have an account then instead of 'Register' click on 'Login'.
There is a demerit of Kik. It lacks parental control so young children can misuse the app and get caught in trouble. Parents can simply deactivate the Kik ID to avoid such situations. If someone doesn't know about the deactivation procedure then he or she can learn how to deactivate Kik on the official site. Parents should make sure to check their phones regularly so that they can protect their kids. It is also necessary to check the Hidden Apps section in their smartphones.


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MMA Forum - UFC Forums - UFC Results - MMA Videos (http://www.mmaforum.com/forumindex.php)
- MMA Newbie Section (http://www.mmaforum.com/mma-newbie-section/)
- - A talented fighter? (http://www.mmaforum.com/mma-newbie-section/105772-talented-fighter.html)
A talented fighter?
Hi guys im new to both MMA and this forum. Nice to meet you :)
I was just wndering what does it mean by a "talent" of a fighter?
Does it simply mean the possession of natural athleticism/good reflexes?
Or the natural instinct of noticing the timing for executing various moves?
Or somthing else?
Sorry if my English's bad, cuz its not my mother tongue lol
When someone says "talented", they are normally implying that the person in question has a natural ability, whatever that area may be e.g. physical, emotional and/or psychological
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Product Summary
THE RUNAWAY SUNDAY TIMES NO.1 BESTSELLER AND THRILLER OF THE YEAR 'Really great suspense novel. Kept me up most of the night. The alcoholic narrator is dead perfect' STEPHEN KING Rachel catches the same commuter train every morning. She knows it will wait at the same signal each time, overlooking a row of back gardens. She's even started to feel like she knows the people who live in one of the houses. 'Jess and Jason', she calls them. Their life - as she sees it - is perfect. If only Rachel could be that happy. And then she sees something shocking. It's only a minute until the train moves on, but it's enough. Now everything's changed. Now Rachel has a chance to become a part of the lives she's only watched from afar. Now they'll see; she's much more than just the girl on the train.
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text:
What a little slut. I think looking at 'Liz'.
I feel Serena become uncomfortable, I glance my side and catch Lawson's eye. Scared? I ask.
I know, help me? I nod, and place my hand on his arm closing my eyes.
Get you filthy hands off him, he's mine! A voice says in my head. First I'm killing Serena, then you and then I'll take Lawson for myself. Liz's voice in my head makes me shoot up with rage.
"You little slag!" I whisper, everyone shoots around to stare at me.
"What did you just say?" Benjiman says, trying to look intimidating.
"I wasn't talking you," I'm not shaking with rage.
"Calm down, Light," Lawson whispers.
"No, I've had it with these arses." I look up and step towards Liz, "If you ever," My voice rings with hatred and coldness. "Threaten any of us again, then I swear, I can and I will kill you on the spot. Ok?"
"You wouldn't dare," she replys stepping forward, also shaking with rage. "I have friends that will do anything for me."
"Awww," I say, "Too scared to fight your own fights?"
"Not a chance, you ugly..."
"Aww, is that how you kill other vampires? By 'insulting' them? Let me tell you this you little cow, I don't give two flying monkey poops what you or any of your 'friends' think about me. In fact, you can insult me till the day I almost die, and guess what... You STILL wouldn't upset me.
But I swear, if you hurt my brother, or anyone else like the newborn just to get to him, then I will rip your head off with my bare hands. Not with little weapons like the one in your holster... Yes, I'm very observant."
After my speech I turn and walk to the newborn, If she ever threatens you, tell me.
"Thanks, sis." Lawson says.
"Wait, are you really siblings?" Liz asks, her voice two or three octowaves high.
"Yes, yes we are," Lawson says. "Light is my big sister, she is braver and stronger than you and Benjiman put together."
"Unfortunatly, she isn't hot as me though," Liz puts on a little mock 'Look at me, look at me,' voice, I gag.
"No, you're just not strong enough to see through her glamour... S***, I wasn't ment to say that was I, Light?"
"No, no you weren't."
"Wait a minute, did you just say, a glamour?" Tia asks, eyes wide.
"Thanks a lot, Law."


text:
TAFE Statement in Spray Tanning
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Hyderabad, Jan 20: Favouring merger of different communist parties in the country in the changed political scenario with BJP coming to power, the CPI on Tuesday, however, said it cannot put a timeline to it.
He was asked about the possibility of merger of different communist parties in the country. When pointed out that the CPI(M) doesn't appear to be too enthusiastic about the merger, he said, he talked about all communist parties.
"We are not expecting them to respond to this within 24 hours after we make a statement. I said it is not only CPI(M) but all the communist parties. People ask why do you have separate party when you are working together in carrying out struggles," he said.
Reddy said the CPI favoured a reunification of different communist parties in the country to carry out struggles on different issues, with the Left having an independent identity.
"Not only CPI and CPI(M). They are two major parties. Other communist parties which accept Marxism, Leninism, they need to reunite. If we want to go as an alternative, then we have to create confidence by fighting on issues. By fighting on issues of agriculture, industrial workers and the middle classes and others, we can emerge stronger," he said.
Reddy said his party has targeted to defeat the anti-people policies of the BJP in the coming two years.


text: Rapid Prototyping Using Field Programmable Devices Allen C.-H. Wu Department of Computer Science Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, ROC email: firstname.lastname@example.com 1 Outline Introduction to programmable logic devices and rapid prototyping. FPGA design technologies and applications. Logic emulation. Reconfigurable computing and systems. 2 Part I Introduction to Programmable Logic Devices and Rapid Prototyping 3 Programmable Logic Devices SPLDs (simple PLDs). CPLDs (complex PLDs). FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays). SPGAs (system-programmable gate arrays). 4 Programmable Interconnect Components FPID: I-Cube. - Dynamic switching. - Communication switches, network routes. - 32-320 programmable I/O ports. - Up to 150 MHz clock frequency. FPIC: Aptix. - 1024 programmable I/O ports. 5 SPLD Universal designs. Useable gates < 1,500 gates. Speed is the main advantage. 0.5um CMOS -> 3.5ns logic delays -> 200 MHz. Market is shrinking 5-7% per year. 6 CPLD Rising densities/performance and declining prices => become a good choice for many applications. 100K gates today, 250K gates by 1998. Low-density CPLD (32 macrocells/44 pins) -> 5ns logic delays, high-density CPLD (128 macrocells/100 pins) -> 7.5ns. 7 FPGA FPGA Antifuseprogrammed SRAMprogrammed Island Actel ACT1 & 2 Quicklogic's pASIC Crosspoint's CP20K Xilinx LCA AT&T Orca Altera Flex EPROMprogrammed Cellular Toshiba Plesser's ERA Atmel's CLi Altera's MAX AMD's Mach Xilinx's EPLD 8 Categories of FPGA's Block organized, SRAM based. Channel organized, antifuse based. SOP organized (each logic cell likes a PAL device), various programming techniques. 9 Block organized, SRAM based S S L S L S L S S S S L S L S S L L L S S S L S S 10 SRAM Programming Technology SRAM cell Pass transistor i1 SRAM cell "1" -> "on" "0" -> "off" i2 Mux "1" -> o = i1 "0" -> o = i2 o 11 SRAM Programming Technology Advantages: - Reprogrammability. - Quality -> parts are fully tested at the factory. - Standard process technology. Disadvantages: - Volatile -> FPGA must be reprogrammed each time when power is applied. - Need an external memory to store the program. - Large area (6 trs for 1 cell + 1 switch). 12 Cell Organized and Antifuse Based L S S 13 Antifuse Programming Technology Poly Dielectric Substrate Small antifuse area! Diffusion - Normally in high-Z state. - Can be fused to low impedance. - High-voltage melts dielectric causes link poly and diffusion. 14 EPROM/EEPROM Technology EPROM can be reprogrammed, no need for external storage. EPROM can not be re-programmed in circuit. EEPROM can be re-programmed in circuit. EEPROM consumes 2X more area as EPROM. 15 Erasable PLD (EPLD) SOP-based PAL Logic array In, Out, bidirection Registers I/Os Configured to D, T, JK, SR FFs. Programmable clock to each FF. 16 Programming the FPGA Configuration. Readback - design verification and debugging. Security - a security-bit to prevent readback. 17 Advantages and Disadvantages of FPGA Fast turnaround. Low NRE (non-recurring engineering) changes. Low risk. Effective design verification. low testing cost. Chip size & cost. Slow speed. 18 CPLD Vs. FPGA CPLD Interconnect style Architecture and timing Software compile times In-system performance Power consumption Applications addressed Continuous Predictable Short Fast High Combinational and registered logic FPGA Segmented Unpredictable Long Moderate Moderate Registered logic only Source: Altera 19 FPGA Selection Criteria Density. Speed. Price. Flexibility. 20 SPGA Allow multiple building blocks. Logic. Memory. Data path. 21 Applications Using SPGAs Intellectual property (IP). Communication & networking. Graphical processing. Embedded processing. 22 Designing with SPGAs A team-based approach. Understanding how to use SPGA system features will be the key to pulling the entire design into a single device. 23 CMOS PLD Market Share Other 31% 5% 5% 6% 24% Cpress 3% AT&T Actel Lattice AMD Altera 11% Xilinx 15% Source:dataquest 24 CMOS Logic Market 8% 14% Std logic 10% Programmable GA 30% 9% Std cell Custom Chipset 29% Source:dataquest 25 FPGAs Growth 2500 2000 1500 M USD 1000 500 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source: Integrated Circuit Engineering 26 CMOS Programmable-logic Market 5 4 3 B USD 2 1 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 Source:dataquest 27 Rapid Prototyping What? Why? How? 28 What is prototyping? Basic components: FPGAs and FPICs. Hardware : boards, boxes, and cabinets. Software: methodologies and CAD tools. 29 Product Development Cycle Market survey Customer acceptance Product development Production 30 Pressures on Today's Product Development Time-to-market! Design complexity! 31 Why Needs Prototyping? Design verification. Limited production. Concurrent engineering. 32 Design Verification Specification Functionality & requirements ? Final product Final functionality & performance 33 Design Process Specification System-level design RTL design Logic-level design Physical-level design Simulation Fast prototyping Formal verification Logic emulation Final chips 34 Verification Alternatives Modeling System Prepare accuracy integration time Speed Event Driven Simulation High No Short Slow Cycle-Based Simulation Med. No Short Med. Behavioral Simulation Low No Short Med. Hardware Accelerated Sim Varies No Med. Med. Fast Breadboarding Long Very Fast Med. Emulation or Prototyping Med. Yes Yes Med. Very Fast 35 A Minute in the Life of a 100K Gates Design 1 --------- Actual hardware at 50MHz 10 -------- Logic emulator or prototype at 5MHz 100------2K-------- HW accelerator at 250M evals/sec 1 Mon. 50K------- Cycle-based simulator at 1K insts/sec 3 Mon. 120K----- Compiled-code logic simulator at 125MIPs 1.5 Yr. 800K----- Event-driven logic simulator at 125 MIPs 36 Development with Prototyping SW Design Code HW Design Build CHIP Design Fab Integration Integration Debug Debug Debug 37 Development with Prototyping SW HW CHIP Design Design Design Integration Code System & SW Debug Build HW Integration & Debug Chip debug Final Integration Fab 38 How to Develop a Prototyping using FPDs Custom-designed prototyping board. Logic-emulation systems. Field-programmable printed-circuit-boards. 39 Part II FPGA Design Technologies and Applications 40 FPGAs What? - Programmable logic + programmable routing = FPGAs. Why? - Zero NREs, easy bug fixes, and short time-to-market. How? 41 Comparison of Different Design Technologies Design time Fabrication Chip area Design cost Unit cost Design cycle Custom Std Cells Gate Arrays Long Short Short Long Long Short Small Med. Large High Med. Low Low Low Med. Long Med. Short FPGAs Short None Very large Very low High Very short 42 Emerging FPGA-based Applications Low-volume production. Urgent time-to-market competition. Rapid prototyping. Logic emulation. Custom-computing hardware. Reconfigurable computing. 43 Design Considerations Target architecture. Fixed logic and routing resources. Fixed I/O pins. Slow signal delays. 44 An HDL-based Design Flow HDL design specification RTL synthesis Verification (Simulation) Logic synthesis Physical synthesis FPGAs 45 Design Specification HDLs - VHDL and Verilog. Why needs an HDL-based design methodology? Target Applications. Coding Styles. Design representation. Design entry. 46 Why Needs an HDL-based Design Methodology Then Design complexity Schematic capture Component mapping & may be some logic optimization Now HDL design specification Synthesis Place & route Place & route Layouts Layouts SW : assembly language => high-level language 47 Target Applications and Layout Architectures Datapath dominated designs : DSPs and processors. Control dominated designs: controllers and communication chips. Mixed type of designs. Bit-sliced stacks. Standard cells. Macro-cell-based. FPGAs. 48 HDL Coding Styles Vs. Design Quality Ideas? HDL spec1 HDL spec2 HDL spec3 Synthesis system Design1 Design2 Design3 49 Coding Styles and Design Representation Hierarchical style Structural style Random style FSMD module MUX2(o,i1,i2,sel); output[1:4] o; input[1:4] i1,i2; input sel; reg[1:4] o; always case(sel) 1'b0: o = i1; 1'b1: o = i2; endcase endmodule Behavioral level Logic level Gate level module MUX2(o,i1,i2,sel); output[1:4] o; input[1:4] i1,i2; input sel; assign o[1] = ((sel&i1[1])|(~sel&i2[1])); assign o[2] = ((sel&i1[2])|(~sel&i2[2])); assign o[3] = ((sel&i1[3])|(~sel&i2[3])); assign o[4] = ((sel&i1[4])|(~sel&i2[4])); endmodule 50 RTL Synthesis HDL compilation. Design representation. Component selection. Component generation. Resource sharing. 51 Logic Synthesis Logic minimization. Technology dependent/independent minimization. Technology mapping. 52 Physical Synthesis Placement. Routing. 53 Logic Synthesis Problems for FPGAs How to synthesize a logic network to realize a given function. How to realize a logic network using FPGAs. How to optimize a given network for area and timing. How to synthesize routable circuits. How to solve these problems efficiently. 54 Representation of Boolean Functions Truth tables. Factored forms: SOP and POS. BDD. Boolean networks. 55 Synthesis with Multiplexers Boolean equations HOW? d0 d1 d2 d3 y d4 d5 d6 d7 s1 s2 s3 56 Synthesis with Look-Up-Table (LUT) Boolean equations HOW? d0 d1 d2 d3 y LUT d4 d5 d6 d7 57 An Example XOR(a,b) = a'b + ab' 1 0 d0 d1 d2 MUX d3 a y b Decoder RAM 0 1 1 0 s0 s1 58 Multilevel Logic Minimization MIS and SIS by UC Berkeley. Optimization for timing, area, and power. Technology independent. 59 Technology Mapping for FPGAs Technology mapping is the process of binding technology dependent circuits to technology independent circuits. Technology mapping for FPGAs consists of two steps: (1) decomposition and (2) covering. Technology mapper optimizes the final circuit by selecting sub-networks which are covered by LUTs. 60 Technology Mapping for FPGAs LUTs have fixed number of inputs, k-input, which can implement logic functions up to k variables. Nodes and sub-networks with at most k inputs in a Boolean network are referred to feasible nodes and sub-networks else infeasible. Infeasible nodes need to be decomposed into a set of feasible nodes so that a circuit covering the network exists. 61 Technology Mapping for FPGAs An FPGA-based technology mapper performs three tasks: 1. Decomposition - It decomposes infeasible expressions into feasible ones. 2. Reduction - It groups small expressions into CLBs to promote sharing of resources. 3. Packing - It allocates CLBs to expressions that cannot be shared. 62 Technology Mapping for FPGAs The optimization goals for FPGA-based technology mapping include: 1. The number of CLBs, 2. The number of levels of CLB circuits, and 3. Routable designs. 63 Decomposition Decomposition consists of three steps: 1. Identify divisors which are common to many functions. 2. Introduce the divisor as a new node. 3. Re-express existing nodes using the new nodes. 64 An Example Given the expression f= ab'+ac'+ad'+a'b+bc'+bd'+a'c+b'c+cd'+b'd+c'd Suppose a factor found is p = a+b+c+d f can be re-expressed based on p: f = p(a'+b'+c'+d') 65 Decomposition Techniques Disjoint decomposition. Shannon cofactoring. Roth-Karp decomposition. Algebraic decomposition. AND-OR decomposition. 66 Disjoint Decomposition Disjoint decomposition can be found by searching through all possible partitions of inputs to the infeasible nodes, and using well known methods, such as residues, to determine if each partition leads to a disjoint decomposition. Disadvantage: the number of partitions grows exponentially with number of inputs to the infeasible nodes. 67 Shannon Cofactoring The residue of a function f(x1,x2,..,xn) with respect to a variable xj is the value of the function for a specific value of xj. It is denoted for xj=1 and by f(xj') for xj=0. Ex. The residues, wrt a, of f(a,b,c,d)=ab+bc+bd'+a'cd are f(a')=bc+bd'+cd and f(a)=b then f(a,b,c,d)=a'f(a')+af(a) 68 Roth-Karp Decomposition Try to decompose a function into the form: f(x,y) = g(z1(x), z2(x),..,zt(x), y) x: the bound set y: free set Based on the concept of compatible classes. The xl_k_decomp operation in SIS for decomposition of k-input LUTs. Computationally expensive. It is useful for small designs with high degree of symmetry. 69 Algebraic Decomposition Based on factored from representation and algebraic operations. Manipulating algebraic expressions as polynomials; I.e., xi and xi' are different variables. To reduce search, only common cube factors are kernels are used. Ex. x = ac+bc+bd+ce y = a+b+c and x = cy + bd 70 AND-OR Decomposition Ensure that any infeasible node is decomposed into a set of feasible nodes. Can be used to decompose large infeasible nodes into infeasible nodes that are small enough to make an exhaustive search for disjoint decomposition practice. Ex. F = ab+ac+bc can be decomposed into v=ab, w=ac, x=bc, y=v+w and z=y+x 71 Covering Graph-covering - for each node, find all the matches which cover that node. Then formulate as a covering problem. Tree-covering - an approximation to graph covering. Since average tree size is small, optimally of tree-covering can be obtained using a dynamic programming method. 72 Covering Techniques Decomposition-based covering using bin packing. Covering reconvergent paths. Replication of logic at fanout nodes. Covering using edge visibility. 73 Tree-based Technology Mapping Methods Chortle, Chortle-crf, and Chortle-d. Hydra. TM-based on edge visibility. mis-PGA. 74 Graph-Based Technology Mapping Methods DAG-Map. Flow-Map. Area/depth trade-off. 75 Layout-Driven FPGA Synthesis Mapping directed synthesis. Mapping with resynthesis. Combining technology mapping and placement. Routability-driven technology mapping. 76 Performance-Driven Methods mis-pga (xln_p) - mapping with synthesis. Logic synthesis during a timing driven placement. M.map - interwinded mapping and placement procedures by taking into account wiring delays. 77 Routability-Driven Methods Alternative wires - attempt to identify alternative wires and alternative functions for wires that cannot be routed due to the limited routing resources. Balanced routing resources and cell resources by trading off the routability with the compactness of a design. Try to deliver routable designs by controlling directly the pins-per-cell ratio of the design. 78 Sequential Synthesis for FPGAs Each CLB has two FFs. Not much work has done in this area. WHY? Two attempts were conducted by the UCB group: map combinational and sequential circuits simultaneously and separately. How the Xilinx's APR handles the sequential circuits? 79 Placement S S L S CLB netlist L S L S Assign logic to cells S S S L S L S S L L L S S S L S S 80 Routing S S L S L S L S S S S L S L S S L L L S S S L S S Realized interconnection by turning on switches of routing resources. 81 Placement & Routing Methods Placement - simulated annealing is the commonly used method. Routing - routability-driven and timingdriven. Time-consuming design tasks. Architectural dependent. 82 HDL-based Design Flow for Multi-FPGA Designs HDL description HDL synthesis Netlists Partitioning Partitioned netlists 83 Basic Partitioning Techniques The min-cut partitioning: . The Kernighan-Lin algorithm. . The Fiduccia and Mattheyses algorithm. . The Krishnamurthy algorithm. The ratio-cut algorithm. A variety of clustering algorithms. 84 Multi-FPGA Partitioning Constraints: 1. Fixed number of I/O pins. 2. Fixed number of CLBs. 3. Utilization. Objectives: 1. Cost minimization. 2. Delay minimization. 85 Circuit-Level Partitioning Methods Multiway partitioning methods based on the min-cut algorithm. Interconnect minimization by cell replication. Clustering-based partitioning methods cone. Combining top-down partitioning and bottom-up clustering methods. 86 Considerations for Multi-FPGA Partitioning Limited IO-pin and logic resources. Logic utilization is predominated by IO-pin limitation. How to alleviate the IO-limitation problem is the key to improve the logic utilization of FPGA chips. 87 Combining HDL Synthesis and Partitioning HDL description HDL synthesis Netlists Bridging HDL synthesis and partitioning? Partitioning Partitioned netlists 88 Design Considerations Datapath-dominated Control-dominated HDL Spec. Varying coding styles Application-Oriented Synthesis Module-based Fine-grained Bit-sliced Function-based 89 Coding Styles Top Top Mod1 Mod2 Mod1_1 Mod2_1 Mod1_2 Mod2_2 M11 Top M1 M1 M2 M12 M21 M22 Top M2 M11 M12 M21 M22 90 The FSMD Coding Style Top Top CU DP CU1 DP1 CU2 DP2 CU1 CU DP CU2 DP1 DP2 91 Integrated HDL-Synthesis and Partitioning Methodology HDL descriptions Module-based HDL synthesis Fine-grained HDL synthesis Bit-sliced-based HDL synthesis Circuit-level partitioning Covering-based partitioning Bit-sliced-based partitioning P&R FPGAs 92 Module-based HDL Synthesis Top M1 M2 Mn 93 Fine-Grained HDL Synthesis Top M1 M2 P1 F1 Mn Pm F2 Clusters 94 A Process Example Process{P1} input[0:3] i1,i2; input i3; output[0:3] o1; output o2; o1 = i1 + i2; o2 = i1[0] & i3; i2 i1 P1 o1 o2 i3 o1[0] o1[3] f1.0 f1.3 f2 4 4 + & o1 o2 4 95 Functional-based Clustering Design Design Module{M1} M1 Process{P1} Process{P2} P1 f1 M2 P2 f2 Module{M2} 96 Bit-Sliced-Based Synthesis [0] Mux[0:7] Mux[0:5] [5] [7] Mux Mux Adder[0:7] Adder 97 Functional Clustering DP Mux DP[0] [0] [7] Mux Adder Mux[0] DP Mux[0] [0] Adder[0] [5] Mux[7] [0] [7] DP[7] Adder[7] 98 Part III Logic Emulation 99 What is a Logic Emulation System A programmable hardware built with programmable logic and programmable interconnect devices. A software which automatically programs the hardware according to the circuit under design. Control HW/SW to support operation of the emulated design as a hardware component operating in real time. 100 Typical Logic Emulation Environment Compiler, runtime software Workstation Logic Emulator Logic Module Target System In-circuit Interface Probe Module Stimulus generator, logic analyzer 101 Why needs Logic Emulation Design verification issues. Real-time operation. System-level testing. Rapid prototyping. 102 Design Verification Issues Simulation-based verification methods have run out of stem when chip complexity grows. Emulation is a verification technology that grows along with design size. 103 Real-Time Operation Simulation requires test vector development which is costly and difficult. Verification depends on test vector correctness. Certain applications must be verified in real time - human perception: audio and video. Emulation connected to actual hardware can run: real diagnostic code, operating systems, and applications. 104 System-Level Testing Often the chip meets spec but fails in the system. System-level interactions between the chip and other components. Internal probing is impossible when the chip is fabbed and placed in a system, but it is possible using emulation. 105 Rapid Prototyping Once emulated design is debugged it is available for immediate use by software developers for software debugging. Emulated design is available for demo and experiments with architecture on real applications and data. 106 Programmable Hardware Logic element Logic element Programmable interconnect Memory element Interface VLSI core 107 Considerations The capacity of logic and interconnection depends on package constraints. This forces a hierarchical system. Chips => boards => boxes => system The interconnect structure must: 1. Provide successful connectivity, 2. Maximize FPGA utilization, and 3. Minimize delay and skew. Rent's rule applies to predict interconnect needs. 108 Multi-FPGA Systems Topologies: - Mesh - nearest neighboring. - Crossbar - full and partial. Interconnect scheme: - Circuit switched. - Time multiplexed. 109 Nearest Neighbor Interconnection FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA 110 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: - Uniform: all chips the same. - Easy to lay out on PCB. Disadvantages: - Routing is easily blocked. - Through pins limit logic utilization of FPGAs. - Long and unpredictable delays. - No natural hierarchical extension. 111 Nearest Neighbor Extensions FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA 112 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: - More choices for router by adding diagonal lines & skip lines. Disadvantages: - More complex PCB. - More complex routing software. 113 Partial Crossbar Interconnect Logic blocks ABCD ABCD ABCD ABCD Crossbars A pins B pins C pins D pins Second-level crossbars 114 Partial Crossbar Interconnect Partial crossbar consists of a set of small full crossbars, connected to logic blocks but not to each other. I/O pins of each FPGA are divided into subsets. Each subset is connected by a full crossbar circuit switch. Partial crossbar is a potentially blocking network. 115 Partial Crossbar Characteristics Partial crossbar's size is proportional to the number of FPGA pins. All interconnections go through one/three crossbar chips for a one-level/two-level partial crossbar interconnect - delays are uniform and bounded. 116 Mixed Full and Partial Crossbar External connections Global Global Partial FPIC FPIC crossbar Local FPIC FPGA FPGA Local FPIC FPGA FPGA Full Local FPIC crossbar FPGA FPGA 117 Circuit Switched Vs. Time Multiplexed Trade off operating speed and hardware cost. Time-multiplexing method: - can greatly expand available interconnect. - allows lower cost IC package and PCB. - makes partitioning easier. BUT - System power increases due to frequent signal switching (higher hardware cost). - Complex scheduling software. - Slow operating speed. 118 Virtual Wires Mux FPGA Physical wires FPGA Logical inputs FPGA Mux FPGA Logical outputs 119 Logic Emulation Systems System with mesh topology - Quickturn's RPM and Virtual Machine Works (IKOS). System with partial crossbar - Quickturn's Enterprise, Mars, and System Realizer. System with mixed full and partial crossbar - Aptix Prototyping System. System using time-multiplexed interconnect - Virtual Machine Works (IKOS) , CoBALT and Arkos (Quickturn). 120 Memory Solutions Goal: programmable memories with different width/depth/port combinations. FPGA-based memories: - inefficient of using logic resources. - timing correctness is difficult to be insured. - large or highly multi-ported memories must be partitioned across several FPGAs. SRAMs with dedicated or programmable controllers. 121 Logic Emulation Design Flow HDL synthesis Synthesis Pre-configuration preparation Partitioning System mapping P&R Full-chip configuration Design downloading Emulators In-circuit emulation 122 Logic Emulation Design Compiler Logic emulation design compiler is a large and complex EDA tool which includes: - Front-end design importer. - HDL-based synthesizer. - Clock and timing analyzer. - Partitioner. - System-level placer and router. - FPGA-based placer and router. 123 Objectives Fast compilation time. Fast emulation clock. Timing correctness. Easy ECO. Minimize circuit size. 124 Design Considerations HDL synthesis: - Trade-off run-time and quality. - CLB-based Vs. gate-based designs. Clock and timing analysis: - Timing correctness, hold-time violation free. - Clock skew minimization. Partitioning: - Run time. - Timing and area. 125 Design Considerations System placement and routing: - Timing. - Completeness of routing. FPGA-based placement and routing: - Fast run time. - Parallel compilation. 126 Hold-Time Violation Clock distribution problem (Skew)!!! Q D CK LUT CLB Q D CK Routing delay Hold-time violation occurs when Routing delay > LUT delay!!! 127 Timing Correctness Delay insertion Q D CK Delay element LUT CLB Q D CK Routing delay 128 Timing Correctness Use clock enables for gated clocks Q D CK Q LUT D CLB CE CK Clock path Primary clock Low-skew net 129 Methodology Pre-configuration preparation - prepare netlists and control files for configuration. Testbed preparation - prepare emulationbased operation environment. Full-chip configuration - download design to the emulator. In-circuit emulation - test the design. 130 Pre-Configuration Translate the leaf-cell libraries into emulation primitives. Translated libraries must be verified for functional equivalence to original. Modify and redesign some components to attain compatibility with emulation techniques, such as precharge logic circuits. Assemble all the gate-level netlists for the entire design. 131 Testbed Design and implement target ICE board combining the emulated design with real hardware. Slowdown testbed to emulation speed. Assemble the testbed and emulation equipment. 132 Full-Chip Configuration & InCircuit Emulation Full-chip configuration: - Prepare control files. - Partition the design to fit into the emulation system. - Download design into the system. - Verify that emulation model faithfully implements the design as specified by RTL. In-circuit emulation 133 Part IV Reconfigurable Computing and Systems 134 General-Purpose Computing Vs. Custom Computing General-purpose computing - applying applications on a general-purpose computer. Custom computing - applying applications on a custom-made application-specific hardware. Field-programmable devices make this into a reality. 135 Goals of Reconfigurable Computing Tailor the architecture to the application. Minimize or eliminate instruction interpretation. Exploit fine grained parallelism. Map software to hardware. 136 Applications Database search and analysis. Image processing and machine vision. Data compression. Signal processing. Neural networks. Biology computing. Medical computing. Many more. 137 Multi-Mode Systems ROM Application 1 Reconfigurable system Application 2 - Different configurations for read & write operations of a tape driver (Honeywell). - Different configurations for different printer controllers (Tektronix). 138 Run-Time Reconfiguration Image data Truck? Jeep? I/O ? Tank? - Break single computation into multiple pieces. - Page in components as needed (virtual hardware), ex., automatic target recognition. 139 Custom Computing Application-specific systems. Numerous applications for similar reconfigurable systems. Offers hardware performance, flexibility to handle numerous algorithms. Multi-FPGA systems can be viewed as hardware supercomputers. 140 Reconfigurable Ceprocessors Program 1 Processor Inst1 Coprocessor Program 2 Inst2 - Provide custom instructions on a per-application basis. 141 Types of Reprogrammable Systems Coprocessor CPU Attached processing unit Memory caches Standalone PU I/O interface 142 Types of Reprogrammable Systems Attached and standalone processing units are reprogrammable systems on computer add-on cards and separate reprogrammable cabinets. Considerations: large communication overhead may over-shadow the speed gain. Application-specific coprocessors can achieve significant improvement over a wide range of applications. 143 Types of Reprogrammable Systems Integrate the reprogrammable logic into the processor itself. - A reprogrammable functional unit can be configured on a per-algorithm basis. - Providing some special-purpose instructions tailored to the needs of a given application. 144 Architectures of Multi-FPGA Systems The most commonly used topologies: - Mesh: 1D (linear array), 2D, and 3D. - Crossbar: full, partial, mixed, and hierarchical. - Hybrid between mesh and crossbar. - Application-specific architecture. 145 Hybrid Topology Ext. Interface FPGA FPGA FPGA Ext. Interface FPGA FPGA RAM RAM 16 FPGAs RAM RAM Splash 2: augments a linear array of FPGAs with a crossbar switch. Goal: Supporting systolic circuits. 146 Hybrid Topology FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA Host interface RAM RAM RAM Anyboard: A linear array of FPGAs augmented by global buses. 147 Hybrid Topology RAM Host interface RAM 4 X 4 mesh of FPGAs RAM RAM DECPeRLe-1: a 4 X 4 mesh of FPGAs augmented with shred global buses. 148 Application-Specific Topology 4 1 5 2 3 1 FPGA FPGA 4 Memory FPGA FPGA 3 5 2 FPGA 4 FPGA 3 5 2 FPU FPGA FPGA The Marc-1: subsystem 1. 1 1 FPGA 149 Application-Specific Topology The Marc-1 Target to circuit simulation where Subsystem1 the program to be executed can be optimized on a Subsystem1 per-run basis for values constant within that run, but which may vary from dataset to dataset. 1 2 3 4 5 150 Application-Specific Topology RAM RAM RAM RAM FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA FPGA RAM RAM RAM RAM RAM The RM-nc system: neural network. 151 Architecture for Computer Prototyping VME bus FPGA Cache memory FPGA FPGA FPGA Register file FPGA FPGA ALU FPU FPGA The Mushroom processor prototyping system. 152 Expandable Topology Hierarchical crossbar topology: by adding extra level. - Quickturn systems. Expandable mesh topology: by connecting individual board to form a large mesh. - The Virtual Wires Emulation System (IKOS). 153 Topology for Adapting Other Components Many multi-FPGA systems include nonFPGA resources to provide more general purpose solutions. The MORRPH system - sockets next to FPGAs which allow to add arbitrary devices to the array. The G800 board - contains two FPGAs and four sockets. 154 Topology for Adapting Other Components The COBRA system - contains based modules (expanding to 2D mesh), RAM modules, I/O modules, and bus modules. The Springbok system - pre-made daughter board which is able to contain an arbitrary device (on the top) and an FPGA (on the bottom). Daughter boards is mounted on a baseplate. 155 Topology for Adapting Other Components The Quickturn systems - external component adapters. The Aptix FPCB - a reprogrammable PCB. 156 Design Methodology Applications Mapping Host computer Reprogrammable system 157 Typical Software Methodology Application spec. Analysis System-level synthesis Software spec. Code generation Object code Hardware spec. Hardware synthesis 158 Typical Software Methodology Hardware spec. Synthesis Partitioning & placement Pin assignment & routing FPGA P & R Bit-stream files 159 Considerations Architectural-specific design tasks. Design automation process. The mapping time dominates the setup time for operating the system. Run-time reconfigurability. 160 Design Specification and Languages Standard software programming languages, e.g., C, C++, FORTRAN, and assembly language, Vs. HDLs. Standard software programming languages a sequential execution model. HDLs - a parallel execution model. Who will use it and which one is more suitable for system description??? 161 Compilation Issues Translate code from software languages into hardware without losing the inherent concurrency of hardware. Compiler techniques for parallelizing code. Straight-line code, control flow, and loops. Transmogrifier C compiler. 162 System-level and High-level Synthesis System-level design evaluation and analysis. Design estimation. Hardware-software partitioning. Interface synthesis. RTL synthesis. Logic synthesis and technology mapping. 163 Partitioning and Placement Topology-aware partitioning methods. Partitioning onto a multi-FPGA system is equivalent to a placement problem. Logic utilization and timing. 164 Pin Assignment and Routing Pin-assignment - the process of determining which I/O pins to be used for each interFPGA signal. Pin-assignment for a pre-fabricated multiFPGA system is equivalent to the global routing problem. Pin-assignment will greatly affect the quality of FPGA's logic utilization and routability. 165 Run-Time Reconfigurability Virtual hardware <=> virtual memory. Hardware on demand. Unconfigured and reconfiguring methods. Software supporting time-varying mapping. Many open problems need to be solved in the forth coming years. 166 Applications: Splash 2 Stream oriented systolic and SIMD applications. Scalable linear array of 16 to 256 processing elements (1 XC4010 with 1/2 Mbyte). VHDL based. Sequence comparison - 2300M:0.75M cell updates/sec (Splash 2:Sparc 10). Edge detection - 10M:242K pixels/sec (Splash 2:Sparc 10). 167 Applications: PAM (DEC) Programmable Active Memory (PAM). C++ based and mesh arrays of XC3090 (DECPeRLe-1). Applications: - Multiple precision arithmetic. - RSA encryption. - Video compression (JPEG, MPEG, DCT). - High energy physics. - Telecommunications. 168