text:
Having problems with your Casio Exilim EXZ75 Digital Camera ?
I drop my camara it landed in the lens is bend is there anything i can do to fix it?
Answers :
Not really in all honesty. When I have had compact cameras with lens faults they nearly always need to be stripped aprt and rebuilt before they will work and thats if nothing has broken. Sadly most of the time it's not cost effective for the repair.
\015\012You can either claim on insurance, find a company that will give a repair quote or just sell it on ebay Faulty, somebody might need the parts.
\015\012You can either claim on insurance, find a company that will give a repair quote or just sell it on ebay Faulty, somebody might need the parts.
Repair Help & Product Troubleshooting for Casio Exilim EXZ75 Digital Camera
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Suggested Questions/Answers :
I drop my camara it landed in the lens is bend is there anything i can do to fix it?
Not really in all honesty. When I have had compact cameras with lens faults they nearly always need to be stripped aprt and rebuilt before they will work and thats if nothing has broken. Sadly most of the time it's not cost effective for the repair. ... Casio Exilim EXZ75 Digital Camera
I dropped my kodak digital camara and when it fell it landed on the lens. Now the lens will not come out, is there anyway to fix the lens?
Hi, the lens may have been knocked crooked, unless you can straighten it you won't be able to get the lens to come out. \015\012Look at it closely to see if it looks uneven on its edge. The other possiblilty is that a circuit has been knocked l ... Kodak EasyShare V1003 Digital Camera
Have a kodak easyshare M853 digital camara lens error 10f,1,0,0 it will turn of and len will not go out if turn on to se favorit can viuw fotos on camara internal but it will go off and lens will not go out can it be fix and can I do it. I did not drop it. I was using it when lens error apear and it when off.
HelloThe problem is that the lens has become stuck in the barrel. There are some DIY solutions you could try, but the \015\012probability is t ... Kodak EasyShare M853 Digital Camera
Dropped my camera accidentally, and it landed on lens when it was extended. The outer lens appeared crooked and wouldn't move - straightened it but tt won't return to wide function, and now i am receiving a lens error, restart camera message - lens appears to be stuck - can it be fixed or do I need to buy a new one
HelloThe problem is that the lens has become stuck in the barrel. There are some DIY solutions you could try, but the \012probability is that you will have to get it fixed by a professional.Use\012\012\012\01 ... Canon PowerShot A560 Digital Camera
Camera has been dropped and landed on lens - lens now wobbly and auto focus not working all the time - due to lens wobble? easily fixable or does it need it be seen? Could be a lens fixing clip fallen off I suppose, but any advice welcome.
Definitely will need to go in for service, I used to fix Panasonic Digital camera's for 4 years. Unit will probably need a replacement lens unit. Not a cheap fix, but get an estimate, or use your household insurance. ... Digital Cameras
I didn't drop my camera or anything and when I went to take it out of the case one day and turned it on, the lens wouldn't come out & it says Lens Error. Is it completely broken or is there a way to fix it??
HelloThe problem is that the lens has become stuck in the barrel. There are some DIY solutions you could try, but the \012probability is that you will have to get it fixed ... Nikon Coolpix S4000 Digital Camera
Lens error! Our Nikon Coolpix S210 camera is making a terrible buzzing sound when turned on. It buzzes loudly for about 5 seconds, then the screen states, "lens error". It has not been dropped or anything. Can anyone give me any idea what I can do to fix this problem on my own?
Fixing a Lens Error on a Digital Camera\012\012This has to be THE most common failure mode for a digital camer ... Nikon Coolpix S210 Digital Camera
I have a Nikon D40X camera with two lenses - one is 18-55 and the other is 55-200. Unfortunately, when I was at a wedding rehearsal, my 55-200 lens dropped off the pew on to the ground. It was not on the camera at the time and it has not worked properly ever since. My camera works properly with the 18-55 lens. Is there anything that can be done to fix it? Essentially, the camera can still focus, in and out, but when I try and push the button down, to take a picture, it just continues to refocus
It is broken - either you wear the cost and replace it, or send it to a lens specialist and have it reset. Without seeing it, it is impossible to ascertain the condition. Most lens repairers will give you a quote for only a few dollars.\015\012 ... Nikon D40X Digital SLR Camera Digital Camera with 18-55mm Lens
Turn on take hold of the end of the lense and gently pull and twist, you may hear it click but dont force it, then turn on and off again this may solve your problem ... Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W80 Digital Camera
Stuck Lens I accidently dropped my camera and it landed on a soft carpet and the lens got stuck!. i sent it back to fuji film but they charged almost as much when i bought the camera. I would like to take it apart so i can fix it myself any suggestions?
I also dropped the cam on the lens! Locked up lens. I took the unit apart to discover an intense amount of micro-ciruits. Then I got a painful electric shock from the internal battery! Don't try it. I think I have ruined the camera further. ... Fuji FinePix A700 Digital Camera
My stylus 410 was dropped in the water and immediately opened now it won't do anything except flash red and green lights, the lens is stuck open...can it be fixed for a reasonable price ...this camera is about 5 years old.... it's been a great one
Let it dry all the way and charge the baterry ... Olympus Digital Cameras
I own an Olympus Evolt E-500. Unfortunately, it was dropped and landed on the corner of the case near the battery door. The camera turns on, lcd screen, flash, and shutter seem to work, BUT pictures are black. Difficult to view anything thru viewfinder. Camera store told me they didn't know what was wrong, but would cost me at least $270 to repair. 1) does anyone know what is wrong, 2) can I fix it myself?
I found this camera available for purchase as brand new for $450. Spending nearly $300 to repair an older version may no be a wise choice. You may find there is a market for the camera in its current non-working condition on eBay.With that ... Olympus EVOLT E-500 Digital Camera
Zoom Error While taking a picture of my daughter at Disneyland, I accidently dropped my camera, while in picture mode. It must have been about a 3 foot fall. It landed on the extended lense causing it to disalign itself. I attempted to push lens back into it's proper alignment. Now that I turn on the camera, I automatically get a "Zoom Error" fault in the LCD screen. Is it possible for me to fix it or what do you suggest? Thank you for your time and efforts..... Sincerely Alex Z.
Lens unit has to come out to see whether the problem can be sorted out without spares going in. But unfortunately you have to go from the back on this model which means disconnecting and removing all 3 pc boards and the LCD screen and then loosening ... Fuji FinePix S7000 Digital Camera
My SD850is was dropped,there is a slight split on the bottom (looks like 2 screws are missing). When you turn the camera on, it says "lens error - restart camera" and then shuts off. It does show the opening picture on the LCD but then turns dark and shuts off. I've had the camera for about 2 yrs. Anything I can fix or is it worth the price of repair which would cost approx. how much?
From searching the internet, it sounds like the lens needs to be replaced and the cost of the repair would be about as much as buying a new camera. thanks for responding. now i have to go thru "what to buy" again....... ... Canon Digital Cameras
Lens Error I made a mistake and droped my camara but it was working. Now all of a sudden my camara says there is a lens error, the screen changes multiple clors and then the camara shuts off. Today I tried to see if I can take pictures and it just kept beeping without any readings. It then cut off. I really like this camara my mother bought it for me and I would like to know how can I fix it. Is it possible to fix it on my own? Similar problem
Try the procedures in this tip. ... HP Photosmart M525 Digital Camera
I dropped my camera while it was on and the lens was extended. And I dropped it right on the lens. And now when I turn the camra off, the lens does not go back inside the camera. Everything else is fine, I can see the picture perfectly. It's just the lens that won't go back inside. How can I fix this myself without buying a new camera, or having to pay someone to fix it?
If the cams making grinding or crunching noise the lens housing gears are broke. repair usually not very economical. about 80% the cost of cam when you bought it. ... Casio Exilim EX-Z57 Digital Camera
I dropped my Kodak EasyShare C330 when the lens was out and now I'm getting the error messages 12 & 22. I tried pulling out the lens because it was stuck and it caused the lens to now move around in the socket. The front part of the lens is also a little bit detached. I was wondering if there was anyway to fix this problem without having to pay for a repair shop or Kodak to fix it?
HelloThe problem is that the lens has become stuck in the barrel. There are some DIY solutions you could try, but the \012probability is that you will have to get it fixed by a professional. ... Kodak EasyShare C330 Digital Camera
Lens error . dropped camara and lens opened and now, when i turn on the camara, lens is open and screen says lens error
does it not extend or retract properly? Try to unstick the lens by gently pushing it in or pulling it out a little bit. IF that fails, the gears are too misaligned to repair it without opening it. If you'r ... Casio Exilim EX-Z750 Digital Camera
Similar to another post, I dropped my Canon Rebel XS (strap caught a chair) and it landed on my tile floor. Everything seems to work fine except the auto focus. Because I thought it landed lens first I bought another 18-55mm lens. However when I put the new lens on the auto focus on does not work on this one either. Any ideas whats on what is going on?
The unit uses tiny electromagnets mounted on a circular free turning focus ring, and there could be some damage to that. Also, there are many tiny parts inside the lens assembly that could have been cracked or damaged from the fall.\015\012T ... Canon EOS Rebel XSi Digital Camera
Lens error I tried to turn off my camera, (Digital Ixus 60) and the lens froze halfway closed. When I tried to restart the camera, an error comes up on the screen, saying LENS ERROR, RESTART CAMERA. I had this problem before on this camera, but while it was still under warranty. I sent it to be fixed, but now it seems the problem isn't fixed. Is there anything I can do now?
The only thing is, is that it is past it's warranty. THE WARRANTY ONLY COVERS DEFECTS, AND FACTORY ERRORS. \015\012\015\012IF THE LENS DOESNT GO BACK IN, THEY CANT FORCE IT AND YOU PAY THE FULL COST OF THE ENTIRE LENS BEING REPLACED AND T ... Canon PowerShot SD630 Digital ELPH / IXUS 65 Digital Camera
My camera lens will not extend when the cover is pulled back. The battery is fully charged and but when I pull the lens cover back the lens should zoom out automatically but it does not. I can't afford to take it into the store to have them fix it so is there anything I can do to fix the problem at home? Thanks
HiYou are probably suffering from the most common fault with the MJU 300/400 range of cameras. If you can still see pictures from your memory card when you use the quick view button, then this is a good indication that the software of the came ... Olympus MJU 400 Digital Camera
Lens error I dropped my camera that I just recently recieved. When I try to turn it on it says "lens read error restart camera." I want it fixed! but I don't want to pay a lot of money to get it fixed. Any suggestions?
The same thing happened to me:When i tried to turn on my camera it sounded like the lens tried to open and come out but it then stopped as if stuck then the camera beeped a bunch of times and then gave me the black screen with that readin ... Canon PowerShot SD750 / IXUS 75 Digital Camera
Help Me! i just really need to know how to fix my camera lens. i dropped it and then tried to turn it back on and the lens didn't come out and it flashed "error 16" then shut off.How do i fix my camera without it costing?
Sorry...it needs service. ... Kodak EasyShare C763 Digital Camera
Dropped Camera. Basically, the thing stopped working. DMC-FZ1 It was dropped from a tripod it landed Lens DOWN. So it kind of smashed into it maybe? But nothing on the outside seems to be actually broken. The lens is crooked, but thats all that seems to be wrong. Yet it won't turn on at all. Maybe if someone could suggest something? Perhaps maybe something needs to be fidgeted around inside? Or is it a better idea if I pay a professional? But whatever the case. Anyone who has any suggestions it
The lens motor mechanism is very fragile and will stoppworkin even if you look at it too hard let alone drop it.The cost of repair will be high - best bet is to write it off[are you insured against acciden ... Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ1 Digital Camera
Lens error! dropped my camera only about a foot from the ground and now 'lens error' comes up every time i turn it on.. i've tryed a few things to fix but none of them work. it's only two weeks old. please help! its going to cost more to fix then it's worth!
You have more than likely damaged lens tube (housing) or jarred the zoom mechanism off of its track. Both conditions will normally shut the camera off to prevent further damage and, unfortunately, either will require professional repair. ... Nikon S520 Digital Camera


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A well established and highly successful sporting goods retailer in the Middle East is currently looking to hire a dynamic and skilled Product Web Editor to join their high performing team in Dubai.
This role involves writing strong product descriptions for a variety of product categories for a sports/lifestyle brand. Please apply only if you have proven experience at writing product descriptions for ecommerce websites, and can demonstrate your ability.
Your main responsibilities include:
- Writing relevant and creative web copy for our various brands (product copy, SEO copy, website content, marketing & promotional materials, and Other Writing As Assigned).
- Collaborating with other business teams when developing product copy.· Understanding a brands tone of voice and creating copy that fits it.
- Editing, proofreading and correcting your own work; helping to cross-check your team members work.
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- Bringing a positive attitude to the office.
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Looking to hire sharp, intuitive web copywriters with:
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- Web focused experience is a must for this role
Give your career in web development a boost with this excellent opportunity that also comes with a rewarding package. If you think that you are qualified for this position, please send us your CV.
We request that candidates send their CV as a Microsoft Word document where possible.
Quest Search and Selection is acting as an Employment Agency in relation to this vacancy.
Ref: Q96682 | Published: over 2 years ago
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There is no love lost between the Redskins and Seahawks, so it came as little surprise that emotions quickly boiled over during -- and after -- Sunday night's Wild Card matchup.
Ironically, in fact, the contest both began and ended in hostility.
The first play saw a scuffle between both squads, and the final whistle brought about actions by Trent Williams that will surely land him in some hot water.
Following the Seattle's 24-14 win, the Redskins offensive lineman confronted Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman and greeted him with a punch to the kisser.
Sherman, ever the sportsman, responded by waiving goodbye to Williams, a not-so-subtle reminder that his team was just eliminated from the postseason.
While Williams for sure will be hearing from the league office, it's fair to wonder if perhaps Sherman had this coming to him. He's one of the NFL's biggest trash talkers -- lest we forget? -- and spent a majority of the game jawing with Washington's players and coaches.
The shot to the face didn't seem to faze Sherman, however.
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Get the Clarets newsletter
17:44 20th March 2010
Wigan striker Hugo Rodallega struck the cruellest possible blow to the Clarets' survival hopes when his injury-time header consigned Burnley to another away defeat.
The Clarets still have just one point to show for their efforts on the road this season as their wait for an away win in the league stretched beyond 12 months.
But this was harsh in the extreme as Brian Laws' men were just a whisker away from recording a first clean sheet since October and keeping Wigan in their sights in the battle to avoid the drop.
The Clarets showed beyond doubt that they have not thrown in the towel in their bid to avoid an instant return to the Championship with a magnificent effort which should have yielded them at least a share of the spoils.
Both sides hit the woodwork with Martin Paterson going closest to winning it for a Burnley side that defended for their lives when required and took the fight to the home side at every opportunity.
But not for the first time the Clarets came out on the wrong side of the most slender of margins and they must now look for a morale-lifting derby win over Blackburn Rovers next Sunday to close the gap on the pack above them.
The Clarets started with another re-shuffled line-up as Clarke Carlisle and Dany Fox both missed out with injury to bring Michael Duff and Stephen Jordan back into the fold.
David Nugent is sent flying by Titus Bramble
And with top-scorer Steven Fletcher and play-maker Kevin McDonald fit again and back on duty, Burnley started in positive fashion.
Graham Alexander saw a shot blocked by Titus Bramble and Fletcher drilled an angled shot into the arms of Chris Kirkland in a frenetic opening.
And with just five minutes gone the Clarets almost got the priceless opening goal.
Bramble was again in the way to charge down a shot from Martin Paterson and when the ball dropped loose Wade Elliott looked a certain scorer until Gary Caldwell threw his body in the way to make a crucial interception.
The Clarets looked the far more composed side and Wigan were lucky to escape unpunished after a quarter of an hour as the over-worked Bramble scythed David Nugent as he ran in on goal but remarkably avoided censure.
Knowing the consequences of a defeat for them, Wigan looked jittery.
But they almost settled those nerves on 18 minutes when Caldwell hit the woodwork.
Kevin McDonald battles away in midfield
A needlessly conceded corner gave the younger brother of Burnley's skipper the heading chance which Elliott did well to deflect against the post from his position on sentry duty at the back stick.
With so much at stake, both teams then retreated into their shells for a spell as they were anxious not to make a mistake.
And while the Clarets played some nice stuff up the third final third they were unable to pick out the killer pass or work Kirkland in the Latics' goal.
Wigan fared no better, however, as Duff made a solid return to the centre of the defence as the home side were comfortably kept at arm's length up to the break.
The Clarets then started the second half as they had the first with McDonald and Fletcher opening up the Wigan defence on the break but again the clear-cut chance failed to materialise as Elliott could not pick out anyone with his cross and Paterson shot tamely at Kirkland.
At the other end the dangerous James McCarthy went down in the box but only under his own momentum and when the ball was suddenly transferred up the pitch Nugent was presented with a chance which he wasted with an early shot which went harmlessly wide.
With the temperature rising on and off the pitch, Kirkland then went down clutching his head as if he had been hit by something thrown from an almost sold-out away end.
Chris Kirkland was apparently hit by a coin
That was the end being attacked by the Clarets and Alexander almost gave the visiting fans something to shout about when he curled a shot just wide after a free-kick had been touched his way 20 yards out.
With the game becoming increasingly stretched and frantic Wigan then went close when Jason Scotland fired just wide and from another McCarthy corner Elliott had to again clear off the line from Rodallega's header.
But despite losing the services of Fletcher with a knock, Burnley came again and this time it was the width of the woodwork that denied them a goal.
Nugent and Paterson combined well and when Nugent chipped a pass into the box Paterson struck a superb angled volley which smacked the bar with 20 minutes to go.
Laws then sent on Chris Eagles in place of Paterson to try and force a winner but in fairness to Wigan they went after the three points themselves and Brian Jensen was forced to make two fine saves in the closing minutes, palming away a McCarthy volley and then tipping over a shot from Mohamed Diame at full stretch.
Martin Paterson works his way through the Wigan defence
The Clarets then had to survive a desperate goalmouth scramble before another break-away saw Robbie Blake slip in Nugent for a chance he just couldn't squeeze past Kirkland.
That looked as though that would be it, but three minutes into added time Rodallega broke Burnley hearts when he met a cross from substitute Victor Moses to plant a thumping header past Jensen.
The Columbian's goal means the Clarets have still never won at Wigan - with this their 13th and surely unluckiest attempt.
Wigan: Kirkland, Melchiot, Caldwell, Bramble, Figueroa, Thomas (Moses 74), McCarthy, Scharner (Scotland 34), Diame, Rodallega, Moreno. Subs: Amaya, Gohouri, Gomez, Sinclair.
Burnley: Jensen, Jordan, Duff, Cort, Mears, Alexander, Elliott, McDonald, Paterson (Eagles 82), Nugent, Fletcher (Blake 68). Subs: Eagles, Weaver, Bikey, Thompson, Cork, Edgar.
Referee: Mike Jones
Attendance: 18,498
Booked: McDonald 76, Duff 80, Mears 89
Hugo Rodallega heads home Wigan's winner


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pg 37 - A guilty consciousMature
Once Clary has left, there is a long moment of silence between everyone. I stare into the dancing flames of the fire, noticing how their light seems to taint everything in the room with an orange-yellow glow. A sensitive topic I've been avoiding all night is eating away at my mind and I can't resist bringing it up any longer.
"What happens if you help me and I turn out to be an Alterate...your enemy. What about my future in all this." I barely whisper, not tearing my gaze away from the fire.
Evie takes my tightly held together hands in hers, causing me to look up into her sincere eyes.
"Your actions today in helping my son escape his death affirmed the suspicions we had about your character. A person with the tendencies towards being an Alterate would not have naturally made the decision you did to help him. Your aura may be something of an anomaly to us, but I have a sixth sense about you, and I like what I see. I think you've been dealt a difficult hand to deal with, but you are taking it all in your stride and that in itself also says a lot about you."
I'm amazed at her. She would pour her heart and soul into guiding me in all this, even if there is the slight chance at the end of it all that I will take anything I've learnt and use it against her. I don't think I would ever be able to lift a finger against her, even if that time ever came, because of the kindness she exuded to me who was a stranger to her before today.
She pats the top of our clasped hands, then says to Aidan. "Show our new initiate to a guest room, the poor dears had a long day and I think she needs some sleep." She lets go of me, cupping my face in her hands. She kisses me on the forehead like she did her own daughter and tucks a loose strand of hair behind my ear.
I hug her tightly, murmuring "Thank you for everything" into her ear before standing up along with Aidan. I bow my head to James who acknowledges me in the same way before I join his son who is waiting for me just outside the lounge door.
I peer over my shoulder just before exiting, my hand resting on the door frame. I see James place his arms around Evie as she lays her head against his shoulder, a troubled expression evident on her face. I walk out, leaving them to the privacy they deserve after the revelation of my rude arrival today.


text:
Sermon Illustrations
Sermon Illustrations > Loss > The Cross
Source unknown
Source unknown
Elisabeth Elliot writes,
"To be a follower of the Crucified Christ means, sooner or later, a personal encounter with the cross. And the cross always entails loss. The great symbol of Christianity means sacrifice and no one who calls himself a Christian can evade this stark fact. It is not by any means an easy thing to recognize, within a given instance of personal loss, the opportunity it affords for participation in Christ's own loss."
- Elisabeth Elliot


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Product Description Many of our problems are caused by Congress not being able to pass legislation that is right for the total population but "WE THE PEOPLE" must let congress know we are here and raise a ruckus to that effect. Some of the problems are the education system, sex abuse, crime, the flawed political system, global warming, fuel dependence, and discrimination or reverse discrimination. "USA - Going To Hell in a Hand Basket" was written to make people aware of the problems or perceived problems we have in the United States and some possible ways to alleviate these problems and to get us back on track. You can contribute dialogue on any of these subjects by email to email@example.com. Any email received will be analyzed for correct and specific information and verified by other sources. One pet project is to get more freight moved by rail and to establish countrywide high-speed mag-lev trains for personnel transportation. Tom Algiere grew up in a small college town in the Midwest, entered the Navy after high school. His career consists of 22yrs of active duty in the nuclear submarine force. Tom received his MS and Ph.D. in education at the University of Missouri. He is a teacher and educator with extensive travel both through the military and later as a missionary. He also has an AS in Civil Technology and a BS in Business Administration. Besides two plus years as a foreign missionary, Tom does disaster relief through his local church.
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Via Science: Virus found in child mummy suggests recent rise of deadly smallpox. Excerpt and then a comment:
Ancient rashes that scar the faces of Egyptian mummies have long been cited as evidence that smallpox ravaged the region more than 3000 years ago. But now, a study of viral DNA extracted from a 17th century child mummy—the oldest known sample of any virus—suggests that the deadliest form of smallpox emerged in humans much more recently, just in time to hitchhike with New World explorers and decimate populations around the world.
If the team's analysis is right, it would "challenge many of the current beliefs about one of the most notorious pathogens in human history," says historian Kyle Harper of the University of Oklahoma in Norman, who was not involved with the work.
The team behind the new study recovered the smallpox virus by accident. Researchers in Lithuania and Finland hoping to gather DNA from a more obscure virus collected tissue from the mummified remains of a young child found within the mid-17th century crypt of the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit of Vilnius.
The child had no visible pox marks, but when the researchers sent the sample to the ancient DNA lab of Hendrik Poinar at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, his postdoc Ana Duggan got a big surprise. The sample was rich with variola, the virus that causes smallpox, the team reports today in Current Biology.
The large quantity of the virus allowed the researchers to construct a high-quality copy of its genome, the first from such an old virus. (The most ancient pathogens sequenced have been from bacterial DNA, including one that caused the plague 1600 years ago.)
The team was also surprised to find that the child mummy's ancient viral DNA shared many distinct features with modern strains of the variola virus, including several mutations, suggesting they were closely related. The researchers built a family tree of 49 modern strains and the child's ancient one, and traced the evolution of all of them back to a common ancestor that arose between 1530 and 1654 C.E.
This date is remarkably recent—only a hundred years or so before the time of the child mummy, and long after the dynasties of Egyptian pharaohs. It's also much later than other accounts of epidemics, such as pustulous rashes from fourth century China and the Antonine Plague in Rome in 165 C.E., which have been attributed to smallpox by historians. These people may have suffered from chickenpox or measles instead, says Poinar, or from a different type of less deadly pox, which has since gone extinct.
But where did this new, deadly strain of variola come from in the 16th and 17th centuries? One possibility is that it could have lurked in an animal host and jumped to humans. Alternately, a mutation may have arisen in variola in humans that made it more deadly. If it did come from animals, it could still persist there, with the potential of reinfecting humans again, Poinar says.
The question that springs to mind is what disease the Spanish were carrying when they invaded Mexico in 1520, ten years before the earliest emergence of smallpox. The Conquest was vastly aided by European diseases like measles, and smallpox is generally assumed to have been the chief killer.


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Job Description
Cognizant BPO Hiring for General Ledger
Minimum Qualification:
B.com/MBA Finance Only
Must be flexible with Night Shifts(Australian Shifts)
2-5 years of International BPO experience in F&A is mandatory
Working knowledge on GL reconciliations
Hands on experience in Ledger and Sub ledger activities
Good working knowledge on R2R
Must have worked for International clients
Walk-in Venue:
Cognizant Tech Solutions,
1st Floor, Multipurpose room,
Building No.12 A, Raheja Mindspace,
Date & Time:
19 Dec 2015
Kindly carry a copy of Resume, Passport Photograph & Original ID proof for security check.
Note: Candidates appeared for Interviews in Six months are not eligible to apply. Candidates will be Interviewed post initial HR screening.
Salary: Not Disclosed by Recruiter
Industry: BPO / Call Centre / ITES
Functional Area: ITES , BPO , KPO , LPO , Customer Service , Operations
Role Category:Back Office/Web/Transaction Processing
Role:Associate/Senior Associate -(NonTechnical)
gl General Accounting general ledger
Lease Accounting
property accounting
Fixed Assets Accounting
Accounts & Finance
Desired Candidate Profile
UG: B.Com – Commerce
PG:MBA/PGDM – Any Specialization
Doctorate:Any Doctorate – Any Specialization, Doctorate Not Required
Please refer to the Job description above
Company Profile:
Cognizant Technology Solutions India Ltd
Cognizant (NASDAQ: CTSH) is a leading provider of information technology, consulting, and business process outsourcing services, dedicated to helping the world's leading companies build stronger businesses. Headquartered in Teaneck, New Jersey (U.S.), Cognizant combines a passion for client satisfaction, technology innovation, deep industry and business process expertise, and a global, collaborative workforce that embodies the future of work. With over 50 delivery centers worldwide and approximately 149,000 employees as of September 30, 2012, Cognizant is a member of the NASDAQ-100, the S&P 500, the Forbes Global 2000, and the Fortune 500 and is ranked among the top-performing and fastest growing companies in the world.
Visit us online at www.cognizant.com for more information.
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reba99 Review
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text: I. New Civilizations in the Americas and Western Eurasia 1200 – 250 B.C.E. First Civilizations of the Americas A. The Mesoamerican Olmecs, 1200-400 B.C.E. 1. The Western Hemisphere was populated through a series of migrations from the Asian mainland. 2. Some scholars place this migration between 35,000 to 25,000 years ago. 3. Others speculate for an earlier date between 20,000 to 13,000 years ago. Bering Strait Satellite Image 3. Two of the hemisphere's most impressive cultural traditions developed in Mesoamerica and in the Andean region of South America. 4. Mesoamerica is a region of great geographic and climatic diversity. 5. The most influential early Mesoamerican civilization were the Olmecs. Mesoamerica 6. The cultural core of early Olmec civilization was located in San Lorenzo (1200 – 900 B.C.E.) 7. After the decline of San Lorenzo came La Venta (900 B.C.E.) 8. The staples of the Mesoamerican diet included corn, beans, and squash which was domesticated by 3500 B.C.E. 9. It is believed that Olmec political structure was the combination of religious and secular roles. 10. The Olmec were polytheistic and most of their deities had dual natures (male and female). 11. The best-known monuments of Olmec culture are colossal carved stone heads as large as 11 feet high and weighing many tons. (It is believed to be representations of various rulers.) Olmec Heads B. Early South American Civilization: Chavín, 900-250 B.C.E. 1. Geography played an essential role in the development of human society in the Andes. 2. The region's diverse environment includes a mountainous core, arid coastal plains, and a dense interior jungle. Chavín 3. The Chavín were the first major urban civilization in South America. 4. Its capital, Chavín de Huántar, was located appx. 10,300 feet in the eastern range of the Andes mountains. 5. Their cultural influence existed roughly about the same time as the Olmecs between 900 to 250 B.C.E. 6. Chavín's assertion as the center of religious and commercial life was largely dependent on earlier developments in agriculture and trade. 7. The abundance of fish and mollusks along the coast gave the society a ready food supply. 8. The introduction of maize from the north and the development of potatoes and quinoa allowed for the emergence of a merchant and artisan class. 9. Unlike other indigenous populations, the Andean societies had the benefit of the llama to move goods from one place to the other. 10. Llamas were the only domesticated beasts of burden in the Americas. Llama 11. It is believed that metallurgy was first developed in the Andean region. 12. Archaeologists have discovered three-dimensional gold and gold alloy ornaments. 13. There is also strong evidence that there was a clear class distinction between the rulers and the ruled. II. Celtic Europe A. The Spread of the Celts 1. It is important to understand that people have lived in Europe for at least 30,000 years. 2. However, because of the lack of writing little is known about these early Europeans. 3. The term Celtic is a linguistic designation referring to a branch of IndoEuropean family of languages. 4. The designation of this language implies that they are mainly a cultural group that began in Central Europe. 5. The early Celts lived in or near hillforts—lofty natural locations made by earthwork fortifications. Celtic Hill-Fort 6. Moving to the west, their cultural expansion included France, Britain, Ireland, and northern Spain. 7. By the 5th century B.C.E., they moved into northern Italy. 8. They made destructive raids into central Greece, and one group – the Galatians – settled in central Anatolia. Celtic Expansion 9. Greeks and Romans were struck by their physical appearance – burly in size, long red hair, shaggy mustaches, and loud, deep voices. 10. Mediterranean neighbors of the Celts characterized them as wildy fond of war, courageous, impulsive, overly-fond of boasting, yet quick-witted and eager to learn. 11. Our greatest source of knowledge about the Celts comes from Gaius Julius Caesar. 12. Their social structure was divided as follows: Warriors, priests/bards, and commoners. 13. Their priests were called Druids who also served as judges between feuding clans. 14. Religiously, the Celts were polytheistic with at least 400 gods and goddesses. III. The Assyrian Empire A. God and King 1. Western Asia experienced significant change with the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. 1st millennium B.C.E. 2. It is important to realize that even though the word empire can be applied loosely, the Assyrians are believed to have the 1st empire in recorded history. Neo-Assyrian Empire 3. The Assyrians started out just defending their realm but eventually they defeated all the great kingdoms of the day – Elam, Urartu, Babylon, and Egypt. 4. The Assyrian king was both literally and symbolically at the center of the Assyrian universe. 5. They believed that the gods chose the king to rule as their earthly representative and instrument. 6. The revered ancient city of Ashur was the place the king was anointed the new king by the high priest. 7. The duties of the king was enormous including receiving information from messengers, appointing officials, hearing complaints, receiving foreign envoys, and making military decisions. 8. One such duty that took a lot of time was managing the state religion. Assyrian High Priest and King B. Conquest and Control 1. An important factor to Assyrian domination was their superior military organization and technology. 2. Their army consisted of men from two groups: (1) men obligated to give military service due to land grants, and (2) peasants and slaves whose service was contributed by large landowners. 3. At its peak, they were able to mobilize a half-million troops. 4. Some of the technologies employed by the Assyrians included Iron weapons, effective use of cavalry, mobile towers to position archers, and rams to batter weak points. 5. The Assyrian also used mass deportation – the forcible uprooting of large numbers of people – as a means to accomplish a number of objectives. 6. The Assyrians controlled a large region, which composed of many different ethnic groups. This posed a problem for them. Israeli Mass-Deporation C. Assyrian Society and Culture 1. Assyrian society contained three basic classes: (1) Free, landowning citizens (2) farmers and artisans (3) slaves. 2. The Assyrian government normally did not distinguish between natives and an increasing numbers of subjects and deportees. 3. The vast majority of people in the Assyrian empire worked on the land. 4. They produced so much food that there was an increasing number of specialized jobs. 5. They used a basic medium of exchange, silver, which was weighed out for the purposes of transaction. IV. Israel A. Origins, Exodus, and Settlement 1. During the time period of which we speak, Israel would probably seem to be quite unimportant. 2. But they were destined to play an important role in world history. 3. The people that inhabited the land known as Israel have gone by many names: Canaan, Israel, Palestine, Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews. Ancient Israel 4. The history of ancient Israel comes from archaeological excavations, references from Egyptian and Assyrian documents, and the problematic collection of the Hebrew Bible. (called the Old Testament by Christians) 5. Historical Israel can be traced from about 2000 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E. 6. The Hebrew language is Semitic and closely related to Phoenician and Aramaic. More distantly related to Akkadian and Arabic. 7. The early male leaders of the Hebrew Bible include the figures of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (Israel). 8. Abraham was born in the southern Mesopotamia in the city of Ur and was disgusted by the idol worship practiced in his homeland. 9. According to Biblical accounts, he travels west through the desert until arriving in the "promised land" given to him as part of a covenant with the Israelite god, Yahweh. Promised Land B. Rise of Monarchy 1. Around 1200 B.C.E., troubles began to arise around the eastern Mediterranean. 2. Philistines, who are possible connected with the pre-Greek populations of the Aegean Sea, occupied the coastal plain of Israel. 2. Because of the constant war, a religious leader named Samuel recognized the need for a strong central authority. 3. Samuel anointed Saul as the first king of Israel in 1020 B.C.E. 4. Saul had mix success, and when he died in battle, he was succeeded by David. 5. David's most enduring legacy was to complete Israel's transition from tribal confederacy to unified monarchy. C. Fragmentation and Dispersal 1. After the death of David's son Solomon (920 B.C.E.), the monarchy divided into two kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah in the south. 2. This period saw the crystallization of Monotheism (the belief in one god). 3. Many Israelites were attracted to the ecstatic religion of the storm-god Baal and the fertility god Astarte, while Judah remained loyal the belief in the all-powerful god Yahweh. 4. The Neo-Assyrian empire destroyed Israel in 721 B.C.E. deporting many of its population east. 5. The Neo-Babylonian kingdom captured Jerusalem, the capital of Judah, in 527 B.C.E. destroying the first temple. 6. The deportation of both peoples from their homeland became the origin of the Jewish Diaspora – a Greek word meaning "dispersal" or "scattering". V. Phoenicia and the Mediterranean A. The Phoenician City-States 1. The ancient inhabitants of presentday Syria, Lebanon, and Israel are commonly designated Phoenicians. 2. They probably referred to themselves as "Can'ani" – Canaanites. Ancient Phoenicia 3. Due to a series of invasions by both Israelites and Philistines, the land of the Canaanites was no more than a narrow strip of land. 4. The Greek term Phoinikes may mean "red men" which either refers to their skin or the purple pigment they used to make expensive garments. 5. The most important city-states of Phoenicia was Aradus, Byblos, Berytus, Sidon, Sarepta, and Tyre. 6. The had the first alphabetical system of writing which was considerably more advanced than that of Cuneiform and hieroglyphics. 7. Byblos was the most important city-state during the 2nd Millennium B.C.E. because it was a major distribution center for cedar timber. (the Greek word biblion, meaning "book written on papyrus from Byblos," comes down as our word bible) B. Expansion into the Mediterranean 1. In the 9th century B.C.E., Tyre began to colonize west. 2. Phoenician merchants sailing the Aegean Sea are mentioned in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. 3. The Phoenician triangle composed of (1) North Africa (2) Spain, and (3) major Mediterranean islands. Phoenician Colonies 4. Eventually, the most important colony of the Phoenicians was Carthage. 5. It was established at a strategic location where the sea crossing from Europe to Africa was the narrowest. 6. With a population of roughly 400,000, Carthage was one of the largest cities in the world in the 1st millennium B.C.E. 7. The most important arm of Carthaginian power was the navy. 8. Foreign policy was intimately linked to its economic interests. 9. The Carthaginians were polytheistic – the chief deities including Baal and Tanit – and the elites sacrificed their own male children at times of crisis.


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The Inspector-General of Police, Mr. David Asante-Apeatu holds Executive MBA [EMBA] from Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, which he obtained in 2013. Other academic laurels he has garnered include:
Working Experience and Positions Held
Mr. David Asante-Apeatu has a vast working experience, ranging from duties in Ghana and those outside the shores of Ghana. From 2007 to 2010, the IGP was posted on secondment to Interpol Headquarters, Lyon-France as Director/Specialized Crime and Analysis.
On his return from France Mr. Asante-Apeatu was appointed the Director-General Research, Planning and ICT at the Police Headquarters, Accra. Other positions held by the IGP include:
Since 2015 to date, Mr. David Asante-Apeatu has been a Part-time Lecturer in [a.] General Forensic Sciences and [b] Firearms and Ballistic Science at the Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Bio-Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.
Courses and Seminars
The Inspector-General of Police has undertaken a number of courses to enrich his personality as a professional Police officer. A few of these are:
Mr. David Asante-Apeatu has also been honoured with:
Mr. Asante-Apeatu also belongs to a number of Professional Bodies, notable amongst them being.
Lingual Competencies
The new Police Chief, who can boast of a vast experience in policing has an added advantage of being a bilingual, as he can speak the following languages:
Mr. Asante-Apeatu's hobbies are Reading and Listening to Jazz music.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 15, 2005
|Filing date
|Aug 20, 2002
|Priority date
|Aug 20, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Craig Ernsberger, Steven N. Ginn
|Original Assignee
|Cts Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (13), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to transmission lines and networks, and more specifically to thick film type dissipating terminations that match the characteristic impedance of a transmission line.
2. Description of the Related Art
Transmission lines are used in a diverse array of electronic equipment to accommodate transmission of electrical or electronic signals. These signals may have a diverse set of characteristics, which might, for example, include direct or alternating currents, analog or digitally encoded content, and modulation of any of a diverse variety of types. Regardless of the characteristics of the signal, an ideal transmission line will conduct the signal from source to destination without altering or distorting the signal. Distance is inconsequential to this ideal transmission line, other than delays which might be characteristic of the transmission medium and the distance to be traversed.
At low frequencies and with direct current transmissions, many transmission lines perform as though they are nearly ideal, even over very great distances. Unfortunately, as the frequency of the signal increases, or as the frequency of component signals that act as a composite increases, the characteristics of most common transmission lines decay and signal transmission progressively worsens. This is particularly true when signals reach the radio frequency range or when transmission lines become longer. One common phenomenon associated with high frequency, long distance transmission lines is a loss of the signal's high frequency components and the introduction of extraneously induced interfering high frequency signals. Another common phenomenon is echo or line resonance, where a signal may be reflected from one end of the transmission line back to the other. This echo, in the case of analog voice signals, is commonly known as reverberation, which leads to the effect of one sounding like speech is emanating from within a barrel. The auditory reverberation within a barrel generates a sound similar to the sound after an electrical signal echoes within a transmission line. In the case of a digital pulse, the effect will lead to corrupted data, since additional pulses may be received that were not part of the original transmission, and reflected pulses may cancel subsequent pulses.
In a number of electrical and electronic fields, new circuitry is being developed that has ever increasing capability for higher frequencies. The benefits of these higher frequency components is realized in faster computer processing, in the case of data processing, or broader bandwidth transmissions which can carry more voice signals, more television and radio signals and other signals all over the same communications channel. However, as these communications channels utilize ever-increasing frequencies, the limitations of conventional transmission lines are accentuated. In the case of copper transmission lines, radiation from a signal conductor is dependent directly upon the transmission line length and relative proximity of adjacent signal conductors. So, for example, a long signal line adjacent to another long signal line causes trouble even at lower frequencies. The original telephone lines were twisted in a particular way to reduce signal coupling between separate telephone lines. This signal coupling was aptly referred to in the art by the phrase "cross-talk", since signals from one telephone conversation would cross the lines into a different telephone line, resulting in talking which crossed the wires improperly. Cross-talk, as aforementioned, is dependent in part upon the spacing between adjacent signal lines. One method of reducing cross-talk is to increase spacing between lines. Unfortunately, another objective in the field of electronics is reduction of the size of components and systems. Simply increasing the spacing often results in greater expense, and also slower overall systems operation speeds—defeating the benefits which were otherwise attained by operating at higher frequencies. Another disadvantage of increased spacing comes from signal radiation. When a copper transmission line is made longer, the conductor will radiate and receive more high frequency energy. So, it is desirable to keep transmission lines shorter, not longer as might otherwise be dictated by cross-talk factors.
To prevent echo within a transmission line, it is possible to terminate the line with a device which is referred to in the art as an energy dissipating termination. The termination must have an impedance which is designed to match the characteristic impedance of the transmission line as closely as possible over as many frequencies of interest as possible. Transmission lines generally have an impedance which is based upon the inductance of the conductor wire, capacitance with other signal lines and ground planes or grounding shields, and resistance intrinsic in the wire. With an appropriate transmission line, the sum of the individual impedance components is constant and described as the "characteristic impedance." To match the transmission line characteristic impedance over a wide frequency range, a termination must also address each of the individual impedance components. The effect of inductance is to increase impedance with increasing frequency, while capacitance decreases impedance with increasing frequency. Intrinsic resistance is independent of frequency.
In the particular field of data processing, transmission lines typically take the form of busses, which are large numbers of parallel transmission lines along which data may be transmitted. For example, an eight bit data bus will contain at least eight signal transmission lines that interconnect various components within the data processing unit. The data bus is actually a transmission line having to accommodate, with today's processor speeds, frequencies which are in the upper radio frequency band approaching microwave frequencies. These high frequency busses are, in particular, very susceptible to inappropriate termination and transmission line echo.
Terminations used for these more specific applications such as the data processor bus serve several purposes. A first purpose is to reduce echoes on the bus by resistively dissipating any signals transmitted along the bus. This first purpose is found in essentially all termination applications. A second purpose, more specific to data busses or other similar electronic circuitry, is to function as what is referred to in the art as a "pull-up" or "pull-down" resistor. The termination resistor will frequently be connected directly to either a positive power supply line or positive power supply plane, in which case the termination resistor is a "pull-up" resistor, or the resistor may be connected to either a negative or ground line or plane, in which case the resistor is referred to as a "pull-down" resistor. When no signal is present on the line, the voltage on the transmission line will be determined by the connection of the termination resistor to either a power supply line or a ground or common line. Circuit designers can then work from this predetermined bus voltage to design faster, more power-efficient components and circuits.
The prior art has attempted to address signal line termination in a number of ways which were suitable at lower operating speeds and frequencies, but which have not proven fully desirable as frequencies and components thereof increase. To address higher frequency signals, such as might be encountered in data processing computers, for example, smaller, more compact resistors are required. These resistors may be formed by one of several common processes. One such process is referred to as thin film, which might include vapor deposition techniques, sputtering, semiconductor wafer type processing, and other similar techniques. An example of a thin film component is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,216,404 to Nagai et al. These thin film production techniques require special vacuum chambers that make sequential, continuous production difficult and expensive.
Thick film components, herein considered to be components that are formed from a layer of Cermet or dielectric material deposited upon a non-conductive substrate, are most commonly formed from screen printing techniques. Other processes may be used to form thick film components such as lamination, or from subtractive processes including etching. For the purposes of this application, thick films are defined as films formed when specially formulated pastes or inks are applied and fired or sintered onto a substrate in a definite pattern and sequence to produce a set of individual components, such as resistors and capacitors, or a complete functional circuit. The substrates can be either pre-fired or can be in a green un-fired state. The pastes are usually applied using a screen printing method and may typically have a thickness of from 0.5 to 1 mil or more, and are well known in the industry. Cermet materials are materials comprising ceramic or glass in combination with metal compositions, where the first three letters: CER & MET make the word CERMET.
TCR stands for Temperature Coefficient of Resistance, which is a measure of the amount of change in resistance over some temperature range. Sheet resistivity for the purposes of this disclosure is measured in the units of ohms per square. This will be considered herein to be the resistance of a 1 mil thick film of equal length and width.
Low TCR thick film resistors may be readily manufactured that are both durable and have excellent TCR. These resistors may have sheet resistances that vary from fractions of an Ohm to millions of Ohms per square with a TCR less than �100 ppm/□C. The performance of these resistors is excellent, and they may be patterned and trimmed by laser ablation, mechanical methods or most simply by altering patterns in the screen to form very tight spirals. As a result of the many excellent characteristics of thick film materials, these materials are most desirably incorporated into transmission line terminations.
However, as frequencies increase, there is great demand to decrease the size of the components. For example, inductance increases with length. Therefore, to minimize inductance in the termination, signal lines should be kept as short as possible. Furthermore, shorter line lengths decrease the undesirable cross-talk described hereinabove. Stray capacitance should be minimized, since this stray capacitance is frequently variable with temperature due to temperature related variations in ordinary dielectrics.
In the prior art, transmission line terminations were initially constructed using large Cermet resistors which were formed by thick film techniques upon alumina (aluminum oxide) substrates. These components were then mounted into a circuit board in a Single-In-line Package (SIP) format. Several examples of these components may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,280,378 to Brady et al, U.S. Pat. No 3,346,774 to Brady, U.S. Pat. No 3,492,536 to Di Girolamo et al, each assigned to the present assignee, and also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,628 and 4,658,234 to Takayanagi, all which are incorporated herein by reference. Due to the SIP format, one termination conductor must extend up from the substrate to a resistor, but additionally a second termination must extend up from the substrate and fully pass around the full length of the resistor, finally extending over the top of the resistor and terminating thereto. As a result, the effective conductor lead length found in these SIP components must be greater than the actual resistor length, and in most cases several times the resistor length. As lead length increases, so does line inductance, which then increases impedance to the high frequency components. When the inductance is too great from lead length, the termination device will not match the transmission line, and echoes will be generated as aforementioned, thereby corrupting data transmission or diminishing analog signal quality.
A second type of cermet termination has been developed, commonly referred to in the art as a "chip" type component. A flat substrate has resistors and terminations patterned thereon, and, unlike the SIP configuration, the chip component is laid flat onto the substrate. One example of the chip type component is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,379,190, the contents of which are also incorporated herein by reference. Since the chip is flat on the substrate, the chip component itself has shorter lead lengths. However, there are several very pronounced disadvantages of these chip components. A first disadvantage is the amount of circuit board real-estate which is consumed by the component. One of the reasons for the SIP configuration was to use as little circuit board surface area as possible. Circuit board real-estate is precious for two reasons. First of all, when a component uses more of the surface, wires must travel further to get past the component. As aforementioned, this means that the transmission line lengths are greater and radiation and the potential for cross-talk are greater. In addition, the circuit board itself has a price per unit area, which must be added to the component cost in an amount equal to the amount of surface area taken by the component. Another serious drawback is that, while the chip component lead lengths are shorter, the actual line lengths may, in fact, be no shorter, depending upon where the lines are routed from the chip into the circuit board pattern. In other words, while the distance on the chip is shorter, the actual total line length may not be any shorter.
To retain the size advantages of the SIP components, Seffernick et al in U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,619, assigned to the present assignee and incorporated herein by reference, developed a DIP configuration of reduced size and spacing smaller than ordinarily obtainable with solder paste and thick film Cermet compositions. Nevertheless, there is a continuing demand for even smaller and higher frequency transmission line terminations.
One method of component attachment which has proven beneficial in higher frequencies is the Ball Grid Array (BGA) package. In this package, connection between a printed circuit board and the BGA component is achieved through the use of a number of solder balls. These balls are not limited to placement around the periphery of the device, as was the case in the chip resistors of the prior art, but instead the BGA has terminations distributed in the array across the entire package. As a result, the printed circuit board real-estate may be consumed by the connection (the BGA), making this type of connection comparable in real-estate economy to the earlier SIP designs. In addition, the circuitry may be connected directly through the component substrate to the BGA, meaning that lead lengths may be limited solely to the thickness of the component substrate. These resultant leads are generally much shorter even than the leads found on chip components. Examples of these BGA type terminations are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,332,341 to Minetti; U.S. Pat. No 4,945,399 to Brown et al; U.S. Pat. No 5,539,186 to Abrami et al; U.S. Pat. No 5,557,502 Banerjee et al; and U.S. Pat. No 5,661,450 to Davidson. Each of these patents illustrate various types of BGA components and packages, the contents and teachings which are incorporated herein by reference. While each of these patents illustrate various components, including termination resistor arrays and capacitors, none illustrate a high density thick film type termination network which has the benefits of resistors and capacitors integrated therein. Yet, such a device is needed in the art to provide the characteristics which are desired for many different types of transmission lines, including but not limited to the analog and digital lines described hereinabove.
It is a feature of the invention to provide a high density resistor capacitor network utilizing the benefits of buried capacitors with top mounted resistors and a solder bump or sphere connection.
It is a feature of the invention to provide a resistor capacitor network that minimizes connection inductance from the network to a circuit board by keeping connection wiring as short as possible.
It is a feature of the invention to provide an economical solution to transmission line termination at high frequencies.
It is a feature of the invention to provide a termination device that includes one more capacitors formed by electrodes that are separated by a dielectric material. The dielectric material surrounds the electrodes such that a top surface, a bottom surface and side surfaces are defined. The electrodes are oriented perpendicular to the top and bottom surfaces. Several resistors are located on the top surface. The resistors have a first end and a second end. Several first ball pads are located on the top surface and are connected to the first ends. Several second ball pads are located on the top surface and are connected to the electrodes. A first electrical connection connects the second end to the electrodes. Solder spheres are attached to the ball pads.
It is noted that the drawings are not to scale.
Like components have been numbered as similarly as possible between drawings to simplify reference purposes.
Referring to
The core 21 is formed by laminating multiple layers 22. Layers 22 are formed from a ceramic material in a green state and then fired in a oven. Barium Titanate is an example of one such ceramic material that can be used. A capacitor is formed when two electrodes are spaced by a dielectric material. As is known, the dielectric material may take any of a fairly wide variety of materials. However, in the thick film arena, titanates such as barium titanate are generally preferred due to their relatively high dielectric constants. Where lower value capacitors are deemed to be adequate for a particular application, other dielectrics such as oxides of silicon and aluminum may be adequate. The electrode plates are screen printed on each layer 22 from a metal paste. The metal paste can be palladium, gold, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum or other suitable metals. Details of the design and manufacture of such multi-layer capacitors are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,243,253 and 6,226,169. The contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
Terminals 50 extend from the first set of electrodes 30 to top surface 23. Terminal 54 extends from electrode 34 to top surface 23. Terminals 56 extend from the first set of electrodes 30 to bottom surface 24. Terminals 58 extend from the second set of electrodes 40 to the bottom surface 24.
Buss bar 60 is located on top surface 23 and is electrically connected across terminals 50. A pair of circuit lines 66 extend on top surface 23 from buss bar 60 toward sides 27 and 28.
Buss bar 62 is located on bottom surface 24 and is electrically connected across terminals 58. Buss bar 64 is located on bottom surface 24 and is electrically connected across terminals 56. The buss bars and circuit lines are formed from conventional thick film conductor materials that are screened on.
Ball pads 70 are located on top surface 23. Another linear ball pad 72 is located on top surface 23 above terminals 54. Ball pads 72 are connected to terminals 54. Resistors 80 are located on top surface 23. The resistors 80 are connected between ball pads 70 and circuit lines 66. Resistors 80 are formed from conventional thick film resistor materials such as Ruthenium Oxide in a paste form that is screened. Other suitable resistor materials may also be used. Resistors 80 can be laser trimmed after they are fired in order to improve the accuracy of their resistance value.
Conductive bumps, spheres or balls 85 are attached to ball pads 70 and 72. Conductive spheres 85 are preferably made from a high melting point solder having a composition of 10% tin and 90% lead. Conductive bumps 85 can also be a solder paste that is reflowed into a hump or bump shape. The composition of the conductive spheres 85 can range from 80 to 95 percent lead and 5 to 20 percent tin. The conductive spheres 85 are held to ball pads 70 and 72 by a low temperature reflowed solder paste 88. The reflowed solder paste has a composition between 30 to 40 percent lead and 60 to 70 percent tin with a preferred composition of 63% tin and 37% lead.
By using a preformed conductor such as the conductive spheres illustrated, it is possible to achieve consistent dimensional control over the components, where a reflowed extension could be more difficult to control during manufacture. So while preforms are preferred, other methods of forming electrical attachment points to the terminators and networks of the present invention are contemplated and included herein, to the extent such terminations are known or would be obvious to those skilled in the art.
These conductive balls serve to electrically connect the ball pads to a mother board or other printed circuit or carrier substrate. These solder balls may be manufactured to be quite small, substantially only limited by the smallest sizes that may be produced. These balls may, in fact, be measured in thousandths or hundredths of an inch in diameter. Since all of surface 23 is covered by the ball grid array, there is no wasted surface real-estate on the carrier circuit board, such as a mother board, to which this component is attached. In addition, the signals that the ball pads interact with must only pass along a short lead length reducing inductance and cross-talk noise.
An optional dielectric layer 90 is shown located between dielectric core 21 and buss bar 60, pads 70, 72, circuit lines 66 and resistors 80. Dielectric layer 90 is screened or laminated on top surface 23 and is fired in an oven. Dielectric layer 90 is a chemically different material from core 21 and improves the mechanical properties such as adhesion of buss bar 60, pads 70, 72, circuit lines 66 and resistors 80 that are placed on top of layer 90. Layer 90 has openings or apertures 92 and 94. Terminals 50 extend through aperture 94. Terminals 54 extend through apertures 92. A cover coat 98 can be deposited over the resistors 80, buss bar 60 and circuit lines 66 in order to protect the resistors and conductors from corrosion. The cover coat is removed in
Turning now to
Referring to
Multiple terminals 250 extend from each of the first electrodes 230 to top surface 23. Multiple terminals 254 extend from each of the second set of electrodes 240 to top surface 23. The center terminal 254 is wider than the other terminals. Several terminals 256 extend from the first set of electrodes 230 to bottom surface 24. Several terminals 258 extend from the second set of electrodes 240 to the bottom surface 24.
A buss bar 262 is located on bottom surface 24 and is electrically connected across terminals 258. Buss bar 264 is located on bottom surface 24 and is electrically connected across terminals 256. The buss bars are formed from conventional thick film conductor materials that are screened on.
A dielectric layer 90 is located on top surface 23. Dielectric layer 90 is screened or laminated on top surface 23 and is fired or cured in an oven. Dielectric layer 90 is a chemically different material from core 21 and improves the mechanical properties such as adhesion of subsequent features that are placed on top of layer 90. Layer 90 also isolates the resistors and ball attach circuitry from the underlying capacitor. Layer 90 has vias 292 and 294 that are filled with a conductive material. Terminals 250 and 254 are electrically connected to vias 292 and 294, respectively.
Ball pads 270, 272 and 273 are located on layer 90. Ball pads 273 are connected to terminals 250 through vias 292. Resistors 80 are located on layer 90. Conductors 274 are located on layer 90 between two of resistors 80. Conductors 274 electrically connect the ends of two resistors 80. Conductor 274 is also electrically connected to via 294. Resistors 80 are formed from conventional thick film resistor materials such as Ruthenium Oxide in a paste form that is screened. Other suitable resistor materials may also be used. Resistors 80 can be laser trimmed after they are fired in order to improve the accuracy of their resistance value.
Conductive bumps, spheres or balls 85 are attached to ball pads 270, 272 and 273. Conductive spheres 85 are preferably made from a high melting point solder having a composition of 10% tin and 90% lead. Conductive bumps 85 can also be a solder paste that is reflowed into a hump or bump shape. The composition of the conductive spheres 85 can range from 80 to 95 percent lead and 5 to 20 percent tin. The conductive spheres 85 are held to ball pads 270, 272 and 273 by a low temperature reflowed solder paste 88. The reflowed solder paste has a composition between 30 to 40 percent lead and 60 to 70 percent tin with a preferred composition of 63% tin and 37% lead.
By using a preformed conductor such as the conductive spheres illustrated, it is possible to achieve consistent dimensional control over the components, where a reflowed extension could be more difficult to control during manufacture. So while preforms are preferred, other methods of forming electrical attachment points to the terminators and networks of the present invention are contemplated and included herein, to the extent such terminations are known or would be obvious to those skilled in the art.
These conductive balls serve to electrically connect the ball pads to a mother board or other printed circuit or carrier substrate. These solder balls may be manufactured to be quite small, substantially only limited by the smallest sizes that may be produced. These balls may, in fact, be measured in thousandths or hundredths of an inch in diameter. Since the entire surface is covered by the ball grid array, there is no wasted surface real-estate on the carrier circuit board, such as a mother board, to which this component is attached. In addition, the signals that the ball pads interact with must only pass along a short lead length reducing inductance and cross-talk noise.
A cover coat 98 (
While the figures illustrate possible constructions of the invention, variations are certainly possible. One possible variation is to connect the capacitors and resistors into a different circuit configuration than was shown. Resistors could also be placed on bottom surface 24 and be connected to the capacitors. Furthermore, it will be apparent that many different numbers of resistors and capacitors may be combined in accord with the present teachings for any given application, and particular numbers of components may lend special significance to only one or a few of the preferred specific applications.
While the foregoing details what is felt to be the preferred embodiment of the invention, no material limitations to the scope of the claimed invention are intended. Further, features and design alternatives that would be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art upon a reading of the present disclosure are considered to be incorporated herein. The scope of the invention is set forth and particularly described in the claims hereinbelow.
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|Panasonic Corporation
|Capacitor device and wiring pattern
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|U.S. Classification
|361/763, 361/780, 333/185, 361/795, 361/782
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 20, 2002
Owner name: CTS CORPORATION, INDIANA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ERNSBERGER, CRAIG;GINN, STEVEN;REEL/FRAME:013218/0670
Effective date: 20020816
|Aug 15, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Oct 1, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 15, 2013
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 9, 2013
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20130215