text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 18, 2005
|Filing date
|Jun 9, 2004
|Priority date
|Jun 9, 2004
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Huy K. Tran, Daniel J. Rasky, Christine E. Szalai, Joseph A. Carroll, Ming-Ta S. Hsu
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (15), Classifications (37), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention disclosed herein was made in the performance of work under a NASA Contract and is subject to Public Law 96–517 (35 U.S.C. �200 et seq.). The contractor has not elected to retain title in this invention.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to low density polymeric resin impregnated ceramic articles comprising a plurality of layers of polymer impregnated ceramic fibers e.g. tile wherein the back layer of fibers of the multilayered article is impregnated with a low temperature pyrolyzing organic polymer and to the method for making the ceramic articles. The resin or polymer impregnated ceramic articles are particularly useful as structural ceramic ablators in thermal protection systems (TPS) such as an ablative heat shield for high speed atmospheric entry vehicles. The ceramic articles of this invention are structurally stable, and can be easily manufactured to accommodate specific end-use requirements. Other uses for the polymeric resin impregnated ceramic articles of this invention include various fire retardant structures, reusable thermal protection systems (TPS) for the next generation Space Shuttle and light weight structural components for the automotive and space industries.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, the art discloses both ablative and reusable TPS. One mechanism of rejecting heat at the front surface by a TPS material is by ablation. The ablation process absorbs a significant amount of convective heating by gas pyrolysis, decomposition and sublimation of materials at the front surface of the TPS. The remainder of the heat is conducted through the materials. For reusable TPS materials, the convective heating is rejected mostly due to re-radiation and conduction through the materials. In both cases, additional material thickness is required to keep the space vehicle structure below the critical design limit. It is the additional thickness of the material that imposes a large weight penalty for a spacecraft flying a long heat pulse trajectory, e.g., very high heat load. For these types of missions, the prior art reusable and ablative TPS use thick and consequently heavy refractory-fiber "tile" insulation to limit heat conduction to the structure. Both the ablative and reusable TPS are thick and therefore the heat shield weight occupies a large fraction of the total vehicle weight. This increased weight limits the weight of scientific payload. When using tile TPS, the thickness makes the tile less flexible and increases material cost. This requires either a more rigid structure, if the tile is direct-bonded, or a strain isolating pad.
More specifically, ablative polymers and polymeric composites comprising ceramic fibers serve an important function in aerospace technology. The composites protect aerodynamic surfaces, propulsion structures, and ground equipment from the degradative effects of very high temperatures. This protection is accomplished by a self regulating heat and mass transfer process known as ablation. High density ablators having a density of about 1.1–1.9 g/cc (68.6–118 lbm/ft3) have been developed with various polymers such as the epoxy, phenolic, and silicone reinforced with fibers such as asbestos fibers, graphite cloth, silica cloth, etc. by known processes. Low density ablators, for example, comprise polymers, silica or phenolic microballons filled with chopped ceramic fibers and/or a honeycomb structure for reinforcement. The principal heat protection of these ablators is provided by the polymer and high level of carbon char formed as a residue during the ablation process. The heat dissipation is due to heat absorption from depolymerization and gas pyrolysis, re-radiation from the char layer, and convective heat blockage from pyrolysis gas blowing in the boundary layer.
During the early years of Space Shuttle heat shield development, passive transpiration systems were proposed. The system included a low density, high temperature ceramic matrix, such as silica, carbon, potassium titanate, or graphite, impregnated with coolants such as polyethylene, or an epoxy, acrylic, or phenolic. The passive transpiration systems increases the heat rate capability of the ceramic substrate by addition of an organic coolant which functions as a transpirant. The disadvantage is that the high density of the final product increases the overall thermal conductivity of the system. In addition, because the organic coolant fills the void volume of the ceramic fiber matrix, the organic coolant acts as an effective conduction path. Conventional ablators are generally manufactured in a process wherein the polymers and other components, such as the microballons and the reinforced fibers, are uniformly mixed and cured. These products have a uniform density, however, which is a disadvantage in economizing the vehicle's weight. One of the primary purposes of this invention is to decrease the overall TPS weight by having a density gradient along the heat shield thickness, e.g., high density at the outer surface where needed and very low density near the vehicle structure. Another purpose of this invention is to provide ablating performance on the outer surface and a transpirative coolant on the inner surface.
Specific details regarding ceramic heat shields and ablative structures are disclosed, for example, in various U.S. patents. U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,275 relates to a ceramic tile for use in a thermal protection system, employing a ceramic cloth having additional ceramic material deposited therein. U.S. Pat. No. 4,804,571 relates to a thermal protection system for reentry vehicles or high speed aircraft including multiple refractory tiles of varying thickness defined by thermal requirements at the point of installation. U.S. Pat. No. 4,031,059 relates to low-density ablators comprising a siloxane resin and a low-density filler including ground cork, silica or glass microspheres and hollow phenolic resin microballons. The ablator may further contain carbon and/or silica fibers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,322 relates to a high thermal capacity fiber-resin-carbon composite ablator having a polymer resin filler. The composite is prepared by impregnating a woven fabric of carbon or graphite yarn with a resin, curing the resin, pyrolyzing the impregnated fabric and re-impregnating the resulting fiber-porous carbon char composite with resin. U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,594 relates to a ceramic article including a woven ceramic cloth having a non-porous core and a porous periphery prepared by treating with an acid. The porous periphery can be infiltrated with materials such as a metal, a metal oxide, a catalyst and an elastomer. The articles can be used as fiber optic elements, catalyst supports and heat resistant tiles for aerospace purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,787 describes a method of manufacturing prepreg mats. A prepreg strand formed of inorganic fibers impregnated with a thermoplastic binder or a ceramic matrix powder is heated, cooled and compacted to fuse into a uniform, dense prepreg mat. U.S. Pat. No. 3,533,813 relates to a low density, nonstructural ceramic employing a porous ceramic support in combination with organic fillers. The process includes burning off the organics to form pores within the ceramic. This process reduces the mass of the composite, thereby reducing its density while maintaining inherent strength. U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,562 describes low density resin impregnated ceramic articles and a method for making the same.
This invention relates to a low density organic polymer impregnated ceramic article comprising a plurality of distinct layers of ceramic fibers wherein the outer or front layer of the article comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of ceramic fibers, carbon fibers and various combinations of ceramic and carbon fibers in various ratios. The front layer of fibers e.g. in the form of tile is impregnated with effective amounts of at least one organic polymer e.g. from 35 to 70% by wt. The middle layer comprises polymer impregnated ceramic fibers or tile. The back layer of fibers, adjacent to the structure of the vehicle, comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of ceramic fibers, carbon fibers, and combinations of ceramic and carbon fibers in any ratio. The back layer of the article comprising ceramic fibers impregnated with effective amounts e.g. up to about 40% by weight of at least one low temperature, pyrolyzing organic polymer which is capable of decomposing without depositing any residues.
As an alternative, the low density organic polymer impregnated ceramic article may comprise only two layers of ceramic fibers wherein the front layer of the article contains fibers selected from the group consisting of ceramic fibers, carbon fibers, and a combination of ceramic and carbon fibers in any ratio. The front layer of fibers is impregnated with effective amounts e.g. up to about 70% by weight of at least one organic polymer. The fibers of the back layer are also selected from the group consisting of ceramic fibers, carbon fibers, and combinations of ceramic and carbon fibers in any ratio. The back layer of the article, however, comprises ceramic fibers impregnated with effective amounts e.g. up to about 40% by weight of at least one organic polymer capable of decomposing without depositing residues and is characterized as a low temperature pyrolyzing polymer.
Accordingly, a primary object of this invention is to provide a low-density polymer impregnated ceramic article comprising a plurality of layers of polymer impregnated ceramic fibers, and to a method for making the article which has increased mechanical strength and enhanced thermal performance.
It is another object of this invention to provide a low-density, impregnated ceramic article comprising two layers of ceramic fiber which can survive severe heating environments wherein the back layer of ceramic fibers is impregnated with a low temperature pyrolyzing polymer that decomposes without depositing any residue.
It is another object of this invention to provide a low-density polymer impregnated ceramic article comprising a plurality of distinct layers of polymer impregnated ceramic fibers or tile having a large void volume to allow for enhanced gas percolation, prevent internal material cracking due to pyrolysis gas build-up, and maintain low thermal conductivity.
It is another object of this invention is to provide a low-density polymeric resin impregnated multilayered ceramic article as a component of a heat shield capable of forming a char layer at its surface, with enhanced surface toughness and a water-proof surface, wherein the ceramic portion remains structurally stable to provide support for the entire heat shield.
A further object of this invention is to provide a low-density polymer impregnated multilayered ceramic article wherein the polymeric resin is uniformly distributed throughout the front layer of the ceramic article.
A further object of this invention is to provide a low-density polymeric resin impregnated multilayered ceramic article, wherein the back layer of the ceramic article is impregnated with a low temperature pyrolyzing polymer that decomposes without depositing residue.
These and other objects of this invention will become apparent from a further and more detailed description of the invention.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, including its objects and attending benefits, reference should be made to the Detailed Description of the Invention, which is set forth below. This Detailed Description should be read together with the accompanying Drawings, wherein:
The matrix of ceramic fibers e.g. tile used in preparing the ceramic article of this invention includes well developed, flight certified reusable surface insulations (RSI). These materials include silica and oxide developed for the Space Shuttle, with densities (prior to infiltrating with an organic resin) of 0.10–0.35 g/cc (6–22 lbm/ft3), and carbon fiber materials with densities of 0.15–0.20 g/cc (9–12 lbm/ft3). The term "matrix" of ceramic fibers (including carbon fibers) means a mechanically sound framework that is filled with air molecules and rigidized by ceramic and/or carbon fibers. The term "structural" ceramic ablator means a low density ablative material that has significant mechanical strength and does not require any additional material or mechanical means to support a heat shield.
The polymer or resin impregnated ceramic fibers i.e. ceramic substrate of this invention may be in the form of a tile, fabric, felt, tow, woven yarn or interlock fabric. The fibrous ceramic substrate generally has a thickness of from 1 to 200 cm, a length of from 1 to 200 cm and a width of from 1 to 200 cm. However, the dimensions are not particularly limited and may be tailored to specific end use. The ceramic fibers i.e. fibrous ceramic substrate of this invention include, for example, silicon carbide fibers, aluminum oxide fibers, aluminoborosilicate (ABS) fibers, silicon dioxide fibers, carbon fibers, zirconia fibers, zirconium dioxide fibers, silicon nitride fibers, silicon carbide fibers, aluminum oxide fibers, zirconium albuminate fibers, silicon carbide fibers and silicon carbide and nitride whiskers and the like. The preferred ceramic fibers include silicon dioxide (silica), zirconia, boria, hafnia, silicon carbide, carbon and aluminum oxide fibers. Different kinds of fibers may be used in combination to prepare the ceramic fiber substrate. A preferred combination comprises silica and carbon fibers. The ceramic fiber substrate may be prepared, from the above described fibers, in accordance with the technique described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,962 to Leiser et al and U.S. Pat. No. 3,952,083 to Fletcher et al the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The fibrous ceramic substrate (prior to impregnating with an organic polymeric resin) for use in this invention has a void volume fraction of from 70 to 96%, and preferably from 90 to 96%. The term "void volume fraction" means the ration of the volume of air space between fibers within the substrate to the total volume of the substrate.
The fibrous ceramic substrate (prior to infiltrating with a polymeric organic resin) has a density of from about 0.10 to about 0.40 g/cc, and preferably of from 0.13 g/cc to 0.23 g/cc. Specific examples of fibrous ceramic substrates include LI-900 made by Lockheed, having a density of 0.12–0.15 g/cc, and containing only SiO2 fibers. There are 93–95% voids in this substrate. AETB-20 (Alumina Enhanced Thermal Barrier) developed by NASA Ames Research Center, and containing 12–15 wt % Nextel� fibers, 20 wt % alumina fibers and 62–65 wt % silica fibers. There are 94–95% voids in this substrate. AETB-50 (Alumina Enhanced Thermal Barrier) developed by NASA Ames Research Center, having a density of 0.13–0.15 g/cc and containing 15 wt % Nextel� fibers, 50 wt % alumina fibers and 35 wt % silica fibers. There are 95–96% voids in this substrate. AIM-10 (AMES Insulation Material) developed by NASA Ames Research Center, having density of 0.15–0.17 g/cc and containing 98.5% ultra microquartz fibers and 1.5% silicon carbide. There are 92–94% voids in this substrate. Light weight rigid carbon tile, commercially available as Fiberform�, has a density of 0.15–0.22 g/cc and contains only carbon fibers. There are 88–93% voids in this substrate. AIM-8 (AMES Insulation Material) developed by NASA AMES Research Center, has a density of 0.12–0.14 g/cc and contains 98.5% microquartz fibers and 1.5% silicon carbide. There are 93–95% voids in this substrate. This substrate was developed using a processing technique similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,952,083.
The organic polymeric resins used to impregnate the ceramic fibers of this invention includes thermoplastic polymeric resins and thermosetting polymeric resins. The term "thermoplastic resin" means a high molecular weight linear polymer, and the term "thermosetting resin" means a polymeric resin crosslinked by a curing agent and/or heat. Specific examples include PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) thermoplastic resin having 0% char yield at above 550� C. in an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen environment), commercially available as plexiglass. PBI (polybenzimidazole) resin, a thermoplastic polymer with 70% char yield in an inert atmosphere at a high temperature (>600� C.). Novolak epoxy thermosetting resin having 20–30% char yield at high temperature above 600� C. in an inert atmosphere. Phenolic thermosetting resin with 55–60% char yield at high temperature above 650� C. in an inert atmosphere. Polyarylacetylene thermosetting resin with 70–80% char yield at high temperature above 700� C. in an inert atmosphere. Silicone thermosetting resin with 60% char yield at high temperature above 600� C. in an inert atmosphere.
The low-density polymeric resin impregnated ceramic article of the invention are prepared with a solution containing the organic polymer. The fibrous ceramic substrate is immersed into the solution. The excess solution is removed after infiltration. With a thermoplastic polymer, the solvent is removed from the infiltrated ceramic substrate thereby leaving the desired amount of polymer. For a thermosetting polymer, the infiltrated ceramic substrate or fibers are partially cured to form a gel, in one embodiment of this invention, to provide a uniform distribution of the polymer within the fibrous matrix of the ceramic fibers. Alternatively, the solvent in the infiltrated ceramic substrate is rapidly removed (without first forming a gel) for a thermosetting polymer in another embodiment of this invention, to provide a density gradient of the polymer along at least one direction (e.g., the thickness direction between an outer surface and a center portion) of the ceramic substrate (non-uniform impregnation). For a thermoplastic polymer, a low molecular weight polymer is used as an infiltrate, and the solvent is rapidly removed to migrate the polymer from the center to the surface of the ceramic substrate (non-uniform). Thus, the surface of the substrate has a higher density than the center of the substrate. Thus the fibers in the ceramic matrix are, in effect, coated or impregnated with a thin film of the polymeric resin. The final product has a very low density with retention of a large void volume fraction (i.e., the ceramic substrate is only partially impregnated with an organic resin), good mechanical strength and good insulation properties.
In general the low-density resin impregnated ceramic articles of this invention comprise a matrix of ceramic fibers impregnated or coated with an organic polymeric resin and has an average density of from 0.15 g/cc to 0.4 g/cc and preferably from 0.17 g/cc to 0.3 g/cc, and an average void volume fraction of from 70% to 94%, preferably from 85% to 93%, and more preferably from 88% to 92%. The resin impregnated ceramic article contains ceramic fibers in an average amount of from 20 to 80 wt % and preferably from 40 to 70 wt % and an organic resin in an average amount of from 20 to 80 wt % and preferably from 30 to 60 wt %. For a uniform, low-density resin impregnated ceramic article, the difference in resin content between the center and outside portions thereof is within �10 wt %, preferably within �5 wt % and more preferably within �3 wt % of the average resin content.
The non-uniform, low-density, multiple-layer polymeric resins impregnated ceramic articles of this invention have a density gradient along at least one direction thereof. The non-uniform impregnated ceramic articles have a high density at the outer surface and a low density near the vehicle structure (an opposing surface). In this embodiment, the resin impregnated ceramic article is cut in half to provide a high density surface and an opposing low density surface taken from a center portion of the ceramic article. Generally, the density at the outer surface is from 0.27 to 0.82 g/cc and preferably from 0.30 to 0.48 g/cc, and the density at the vehicle main structure (i.e., the opposing surface taken from a center portion of the resin impregnated ceramic article) is generally from 0.14 to 0.25 g/cc and preferably from 0.14 to 0.18 g/cc. To make a product containing a uniformly distributed thermoplastic resin within a low-density fibrous ceramic substrate, a viscous solution containing a high molecular weight resin (calculated concentration for the desired density) having a molecular weight of from 105 to 107 and preferably from 106 to 107 is employed as an infiltrant. In this regard, the volume and density of the ceramic substrate is calculated from a weight, length and diameter measurements. These measurements are used to determine the amount of resin and solvent needed for infiltration. The solvent should have a low boiling point, and the resin must be completely dissolved in the solvent. The viscosity of the prepared solution is preferably in the range of from 20,000–100,000 cps, more preferably from 30,000–70,000 cps by using a mixture of different molecular weight thermoplastics. If the viscosity of the solution is too high, the resin solution is not easily infiltrated into the center of the sample. If the viscosity of the solution is too low, the resin is carried out with the solvent upon evaporation, causing the product to be non-uniform.
The low-density fibrous ceramic substrate is evacuated generally at a vacuum of ≦1 Torr and infiltrated with the resin solution for about 0.5 to 24 hrs. The type of vacuum pump used to evacuate the ceramic substrate (which ceramic substrate is typically placed within a vacuum container) is not particularly limited. The solvent is removed from the infiltrated ceramic substrate, e.g., by evaporation at room temperature (e.g., about 25� C.) and atmospheric pressure (about one atmosphere) or at a higher temperature of up to about 200� C. generally for about 24 to 36 hrs. depending on the type of solvent employed until a stable weight is achieved. The uniformity of the product is determined by measuring the resin content of the center and an outside portion of the product.
An alternate method for making a uniform thermoplastic product comprises infiltrating an evacuated low-density fibrous ceramic substrate with resin solution, and then dipping the product into a larger quantity of a non-solvent for the thermoplastic resin generally for about 2 to 24 hours to precipitate thermoplastic resin in place throughout the product. This process is especially useful for resins having a molecular weight of form 104 to 105, especially if the resin has low solubility at room temperature but has high solubility at higher temperature (e.g., PBI). The term "non-solvent" as employed herein means that the thermoplastic resin is soluble therein in an amount not exceeding 0.5 g/l at a temperature of 20�–30� C. Useful non-solvents for precipitating thermoplastic resin in place throughout the ceramic substrate can be, for example, water, and the lower alcohols e.g. methanol, ethanol and isopropanol.
To make a non-uniform product where a thermoplastic resin is distributed to provide a density gradient along the thickness of the ceramic substrate, a lower molecular weight resin having a molecular weight of from 103 to less than 105 and preferably from 104 to less than 105 is dissolved in a low boiling point solvent to obtain the desired solution concentration. The viscosity of the prepared solution is preferably in the range of from 1 to 1000 cps, more preferably from 10 to 103 cps. After infiltration, the solvent is removed at a faster rate (than the case for a uniform sample) either by vacuum suction 0.1 to 10 Torr and/or at a higher temperature of from 30� to 200� C., preferably 30� to 150� C., to migrate the resin from the center to the surface of the product.
The low boiling solvent for use in preparing a solution of the thermoplastic resin infiltrant has a boiling point of from 50� to 150� C. Useful low boiling solvents include alcohol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene, xylene and mixtures thereof. The concentration of thermoplastic resin in the infiltrating solution is generally from 7 wt % to 12 wt %. The preferred thermoplastic resins include PMMA, PBI, and polystyrene. Uncured thermosetting resin dissolved in a solvent has a very low viscosity. In accordance with the method of this invention, the fibrous ceramic substrate is infiltrated with resin solution. In order to make a uniform product, the infiltrated materials are partially cured (as submerged in the resin solution) to form a gel. This is followed by solvent removal and curing the resin to complete cross-linking of the thermosetting resin. The thermosetting resin is completely dissolved in a high boiling solvent with the desired concentration and used as the impregnant to infiltrate the ceramic substrate. After the substrate is infiltrated with the solution for about 0.5 to 24 hrs. under a vacuum of about ≦10 Torr, the impregnated product is heated at a suitable temperature or microwaved to a temperature (at one atmosphere or higher pressure) below the boiling point of the solvent in a closed container (or in an autoclave near the boiling temperature of the solvent) until the thermosetting resin gels. The excess resin is removed and the solvent is removed by heating under vacuum. The sample is then further cured or post-cured according to the normal curing schedule of the resin.
The high boiling solvents have a boiling point of from 100� to 250� C. Useful high boiling solvents include methylisobutylketone (MIBK), ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl acetate (DMAC), xylene and toluene. The solvent selected depends on solubility and the gel temperature of the resin. The concentration of thermosetting resin in the solution is generally from 7 wt % to 12 wt %. The gelling temperature and time varies depending on the nature of the thermosetting resin, but generally is from 80� C. to 200� C. for a duration of from 1 to 24 hrs. After the product is gelled, the solvent is removed under vacuum (≦100 Torr) at 100� C.–200� C. depending on the solvent employed. Generally, several heating cycles are needed to complete the curing process depending on the resin employed. To make a non-uniform product where a thermosetting resin is distributed so as to provide a density gradient along the thickness of the ceramic substrate, the solvent is removed at 20� C.–200� C. with or without vacuum depending on the solvent employed without first forming an intermediate gel state. After removing the solvent from the impregnated substrate, the product is then cured according to the normal curing schedule of the resin.
One of the primary purposes of the invention is to allow the use of a much thinner and thus minimized Thermal Protection System (TPS) on reentry vehicles by limiting the maximum back face temperature adjacent the structure behind the TPS by a heat quenching concept. For purposes of this invention, the Secondary Polymer Layered Impregnated Tile (SPLIT) is a multilayer e.g. polymer impregnation into the ceramic fiber e.g. tile: The front layer of the article is impregnated with known polymers such as a silicone which is similar to the silicone impregnated reusable ceramic ablators (SIRCA), or a phenolic resin that is similar to the phenolic impregnated carbon ablators (PICA) which are members of the light weight ceramic ablators (LCA). The middle layer of fibers in this multi-layered article is "plain vanilla" tile which is a good insulation with minimum weight and provides a percolation path for secondary polymer to the surface. The middle layer of ceramic fibers can be eliminated in the 2-layer tile article. The back layer of fibers in the ceramic article are impregnated with at least one low temperature pyrolyzing organic polymer which is capable of completely decomposing at the backface temperatures without depositing any residue.
When heat conducting and diffusing through the tiles of the multilayered article reaches the back layer and when the back face temperature of the tile reaches the decomposition temperature of the low temperature pyrolyzing secondary polymer, the secondary polymer will pyrolyze and decompose endothermically. The endothermic reaction of the secondary polymer will absorb most of the heat waves that reaches the back surface and thereby keeps the back face temperature at the structure below about 125� C. This backface temperature is an acceptable temperature for either aluminum or composite structures. The pyrolysis gas products in effect cools the vehicle structure through transpiration cooling mechanism. At the same time, since most LCA materials are very porous, this allows the gas pyrolysis to percolate toward the surface giving additional heat rejection through transpiration cooling and boundary layer blockage.
More specifically, to prepare the low density polymer impregnated articles of this invention the ceramic and/or carbon fibers are formed into the desired finished or near-finished shape. The front layer of fibers of the preformed tile are impregnated with the primary polymers by the methods disclosed herein and more specifically by the methods taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,562 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The thickness or amount of infiltration is determined by the required aeroconvective heating environment. It is important, however, that the backside or back layer of fibers of the preformed tile are impregnated with the secondary polymers that are linearly chained polymers that have low pyrolyzing temperatures and very low to zero residue yield. Examples of these polymers are pmma (polymethylmethacrylate), and the lower olefins such as polyethylene, polystyrene, wax, etc. The low temperature pryolyzing polymers such as pmma and polystyrene decompose at 350–450� C.; polyisoprene, polybutadiene decompose at 280–350� C.; High molecular weight hydrocarbons (molecular weight range 300–800) such as tetracosane and low molecular weight polyethylene with melting point at 50–150� C. and decomposition temperature at 200–300� C. can be used also to impregnate the back layer of fibers of the ceramic article. All of the low temperature pyrolyzing polymers, and other suitable polymers, can be used as secondary polymers including the low temperature pyrolyzing materials such as water-gel etc. The preferred polymers for impregnation of the front layer of fibers of the article include the phenolic resins, epoxy, PBI (polybenzimidazole), silicones such as GE RTV 655, 615, Dow Silgard 184, 182 etc. Subsequently, the low density polymer impregnated ceramic articles (SPLIT) are bonded to the structure using low or room temperature cured adhesive that do not exceed the softening temperature of the secondary polymers used to impregnate the back layer of the multilayered ceramic article. The primary polymers used to impregnate the front layer of the article serves the same function as it does for the LCA as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,562. It increases the thermal performance of the tile material without a coating, increases the strength capability, and the strain to failure. In accordance with this invention, aeroconvective heating is being rejected by gas pyrolysis and chemical converation at the surface to form a high emittance layer that is nearly non-catalytic. The SPLIT method of this invention relies on the concept that the impregnation of the front layer of fibers with the primary polymer is limited to the front portion of the heat shield, where ruggedness and high emittance are most useful.
The following examples illustrate the preparation of the low density polymeric resin impregnated articles of this invention.
A ceramic article was prepared from a split SIRCA (silicone impregnated reusable ceramic ablator)-PMMA with the PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) on the bottom of RTV silicone resins using a one-step process. In the one-step process a PMMA solution in ketone (MEK or acetone) or toluene was mixed with RTV 655 (silicone resin) solution in the same solvent. The two polymer solutions will not completely mix to form a homogeneous solution. Instead, a two-layer solution is formed with PMMA on the bottom layer. The location of this boundary line separating the two solutes depends on the amount of the polymers. It is desirable to impregnate more concentrated PMMA near the bottom surface of the SIRCA sample. When a 40% PMMA solution in MEK and a 10% RTV 655 solution in MEK (solvent can also be toluene) are mixed with a volume ratio of 1:9, the boundary line is about � volume from the bottom. A light-weight tile impregnated by the solution containing one part of 40% PMMA and nine parts of 10% RTV 655 by volume, after impregnation, let the sample stand up in the solution for about 2 hours until the boundary layer line appears. The sample was then placed in a high temperature nylon bag and heated at 100� C. for 2–20 hours to cure the RTV. After the RTV is gelled, the sample is placed in a vacuum oven to remove the solvent. A thermogravimetric (TGA) curve shows that the bottom � of the sample contains primarily PMMA and the top �contains primarily RTV 655. The problem with the one-step process is that the process cannot infiltrate more PMMA on the surface of the product and it is hard to control the boundary line of the two solutions. The boundary line depends on the concentration and the amount of the two resin solutions. To solve this problem, a two-step process was developed.
The data in
In the two-step process, a solution of 30–40% PMMA in MEK (or in toluene) was prepared by dissolving 30–40 g of PMMA (mol. Weight=75000) in 70–60 g of solvent. A calculated amount (depending on the area and the desired depth of the PMMA penetration) of PMMA solution was impregnated on the front surface of the tile. After the solvent evaporated, the rest of the tile (the other side) was impregnated with an RTV 655 solution, then cured and dried. A TGA analyses of the dried sample showed that the bottom surface (0.1″) of the tile was primarily impregnated with PMMA and the rest of the tile was impregnated with RTV 655. An alternative two-step process was to brush the desired amount of PMMA solution on top of SIRCA tiles by brushing the same amount of solvent first. Toluene and alcohol solvents are preferred. If solvent evaporated before the desired amount of PMMA solution is brushed on, more solvent must be applied. Several cornicle cone shaped SIRCAs and split PMMA-SIRCAs were prepared.
Another advantage of using the SPLIT method is to enhance the thermal and ablation performance of the SIRCA material. During entry to the Martian atmosphere, the aeroshell of the mars microprobe experiences a peak heating rate of 200 m/cm2. At this heating rate, SIRCA and other conventional ablative materials (SIA-561V, arcoat) experience a very high remission. The microprobe's mission objective is to penetrate the Martian soil to perform soil analysis. In order to minimize the error during the penetration, the TPS of the aeroshell should have a minimum shape change. The application of SPLIT on the front surface of SIRCA will afford a reduced surface recession of SIRCA and reduced back force temperature.
When a PMMA solution as used to impregnate the PICA (phenolic impregnated carbon ablators) tile, the solvent (MEK or acetone) evaporated very fact. A PMMA film immediately forms on the surface which prevents further PMMA solution from penetrating into the PICA tile. It evaporates moderately when toluene is used as a solvent. A 30% PMMA (molecular weight of 75000) in toluene is coated on the surface of a PICA tile in about 0.1″ depth, and then dried at room temperature. Several PICA and split PMMA-PICA products were made and subjected to the arc-jet tests.
Two sets of models (one for baseline PICA material and one for PICA/SPLIT material) were prepared with the same diameter and thickness and instrumentation (i.e. thermocouple location within the model). The heating condition chosen for this test series represents the typical earth re-entry condition of comet sample return mission such as the Stardust mission. As shown in
Several mushroom carbon fiber tiles were impregnated with a phenolic resin to form PICA in the mushroom head and the stems were impregnated with PMMA toluene solution. After cured and dried some tip (�″) of the mushroom heads were also densified with a 32% phenolic resin solution to 30–35 lb/ft3 and some tip of the mushrooms were densified with a neat phenolic resin to about 50 lb/ft3. The split PMMA-PICA products were prepared and subjected to the arc-jet test. This impregnation technique allows the surface to have a high density, enabling the material to withstand a higher stagnation pressure during entry. This is important for sample return missions, and will open up the flight envelope, which is highly desired by mission designers.
It was discovered that the secondary polymer layer impregnation becomes more effective at a higher heating condition and with a fibrous carbon matrix. This is due to the internal heat conduction occurring much faster, and therefore the heat wave moves through material at the earlier stage of the entry heating profile. As the heat wave moves through the material, it is absorbed by the secondary polymer, which produces gas pyrolysis percolating to the surface, providing an extra heat reduction mechanism to the surface through transpiration cooling and boundary layer blockage. In the described test series, PICA/SPLIT consistently showed lower in-depth and back surface temperature than that of the mono-polymer baseline PICA material.
For purposes of this invention, it is preferred that the secondary polymers in the back layer of fibers be impregnated near the back surface of the tile rather than throughout the thickness thereof, because in most cases the heat conducted to the back surface is comparatively small due to the low thermal conductivity of the LCA material. Minimizing the amount of secondary polymer infiltrant is a two fold benefit. First, any additional loading of polymer in the back layer will increase both density and thermal conductivity and thus increase the overall vehicle weight. On the other hand, the polymer impregnation must be kept porous enough at the very back to allow the tile/structure bond layer to form a mechanical interlock into the tile that will remain when the secondary polymer decomposes and leaves the tile. The total TPS weight should be at a minimum when nearly half the total mass is secondary polymer, but where minimum thickness is also a goal, then even higher secondary polymer mass fractions may be justified.
As an alternative embodiments, the back surface of the ceramic article can be exposed to intense heat e.g. a torch to remove the secondary polymer from the thin back layer of fiber, so a good tile/structure bond is possible even with a dense secondary polymer layer. Formation of shallow passages in the TPS or mating structure allows resupply of the secondary polymer and evacuation of solvent after each mission, makes the SPLIT reusable. The silicone impregnation depth is regulated, in the front layer, and then the immiscibility of impregnants can be used to regulate secondary polymer impregnation depth in the back layer. This "two-layer" embodiment could be particularly useful where convenient and uniform reimpregnation is desired between flights. Impregnate the back of the permeable insulation, inorganic or organic, flexible or rigid. Impregnate the secondary polymer into a "strain isolation pad" or other separate porous layer behind the main insulation. (This requires a permeable bond between the two layers). Use other ablantants for higher or lower decomposition temperatures of other properties.
The secondary polymer layered impregnation tile (SPLIT) concept of this invention improves on non-ablating and ablating TPS by allowing use of a much thinner heat shield material in three major ways. SPLIT enables entry condition with high heat load such as aerobraking with minimum thickness. At high heating condition, the gas pyrolysis percolating through the porous ablative material experiences "molecular cracking" and thus strengthens the charred surface. The SPLIT ablatant limits the peak backface temperature during and after reentry to ˜125 C. Compared to the prior art, the SPLIT concept of this invention reduces the thickness and weight by more than a factor of two, while simultaneously reducing peak backface temperatures. The lower peak structure temperature allows use of lower-cost and easier-to-use composite matrix materials and may also relax some constraints on vehicle design and operations.
The novel process of this invention is to impregnate a low-temperature pyrolyzing secondary polymer into the back layer of a porous preformed rigid and flexible TPS to quench the heat soak. This method allows self-regulating transpiration that limits backface temperatures at the structure to a design limit temperature of the structure without massive addition to the TPS thickness. This invention recognizes that the impregnation of polymers into the ceramic fibers should be limited to the front and back surface regions; thereby minimizing the weight of the ceramic article. By using a silicone impregnation, for example, one can control the depth of subsequent secondary polymers with low pyrolyzing temperature to quench the heat wave coming from the front face and thereby keep the back face temperature low.
While this invention has been described by a number of specific examples, it is obvious that there are other modifications that can be made without departing from the sprit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 1973
|Apr 20, 1976
|Silica reusable surface insulation
|Sep 8, 1978
|Apr 10, 1979
|Fibrous refractory composite insulation
|Mar 14, 1994
|Jul 16, 1996
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Low-density resin impregnated ceramic article having an average density of 0.15 to 0.40 g/cc
|Apr 9, 1996
|Nov 3, 1998
|E. Khashoggi Industries, Llc
|Articles of manufacture and methods for manufacturing laminate structures including inorganically filled sheets
|Mar 25, 1999
|May 28, 2002
|Vesuvius Crucible Company
|Thermal shock-resistant ceramic article
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 12, 2005
|May 19, 2009
|Salmon Technologies, Llc
|Tiled construction of layered materials
|Jan 14, 2004
|Aug 3, 2010
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (Nasa)
|High efficiency tantalum-based ceramic composite structures
|Jul 2, 2008
|Aug 7, 2012
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Combination structural support and thermal protection system
|Feb 12, 2010
|Feb 5, 2013
|Lockheed Martin Corporation
|Carbon phenolic ablative gap filler
|Sep 28, 2012
|Apr 14, 2015
|The Boeing Company
|Re-usable high-temperature resistant softgoods for aerospace applications
|Dec 13, 2012
|May 3, 2016
|Empire Technology Development Llc
|Lightweight structural materials
|Aug 4, 2014
|Sep 6, 2016
|Aspen Aerogels, Inc.
|Benzimidazole based aerogel materials
|Oct 23, 2012
|Mar 14, 2017
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Flexible ablators
|Oct 12, 2005
|May 18, 2006
|Salmon Peter C
|Tiled construction of layered materials
|Apr 24, 2006
|Oct 25, 2007
|Wegzyn Stephen J
|Deco tile
|Jun 10, 2008
|Mar 19, 2009
|Macmillan Shaun T
|Low heat rejection high efficiency internal combustion engine
|Jul 2, 2008
|Jan 7, 2010
|U.S.A. As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration
|Combination Structural Support And Thermal Protection System
|Sep 28, 2012
|Sep 4, 2014
|The Boeing Company
|Re-usable high-temperature resistant softgoods for aerospace applications
|Aug 4, 2014
|Jun 22, 2016
|Benzimidazole based aerogel materials
|Aug 4, 2014
|May 7, 2015
|Aspen Aerogels, Inc.
|Benzimidazole based aerogel materials
|U.S. Classification
|428/325, 428/36.4, 428/315.5, 428/220, 428/408, 428/312.4, 428/339, 428/317.9
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 2, 2005
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text:
by Brett Larner
The 53rd Sapporo International Half Marathon takes place this Sunday, July 4. Defending champions Gideon Ngatuny (Kenya/Team Nissin Shokuhin) and Yurika Nakamura (Team Tenmaya) return to take on 2008 winners Mekubo Mogusu (Kenya/Team Aidem) and Yuri Kano (Second Wind AC), and foreign competition including 2009 World Championships marathon gold medalist Abel Kirui (Kenya), 2:05 marathoner Vincent Kipruto (Kenya), #1-ranked British woman Mara Yamauchi, and young American Antonio Vega. For domestic runners a spot on the national team for this year's World Half Marathon Championships is on the line, meaning many of the current top Japanese runners including Yu Mitsuya (Team Toyota Kyushu), Yukiko Akaba (Team Hokuren) and Ryoko Kizaki (Team Daihatsu) will be in the field.
The Sapporo International Half Marathon will be broadcast live nationwide on Nihon TV at 1:30 p.m. on July 4. Overseas viewers should be able to watch live online for free through Keyhole TV, available here. JRN will be doing live English commentary through our Twitter feed JRNLive.
(c) 2010 Brett Larner
all rights reserved
Friday, July 2, 2010
Watch the Sapporo International Half Marathon Live Online With English Commentary
Posted by Brett Larner at 8:55 AM
Labels: Abel Kirui, Mara Yamauchi, Mekubo Mogusu, Ngatuny Gideon, Sapporo Half Marathon, Vincent Kipruto, Yu Mitsuya, Yuri Kano, Yurika Nakamura
5 comments:
It's going to be a tight race. Can Akaba break Fukushi's record? Why won't Fukushi run the half marathon anymore? She runs fast over 10000 meters. She still could run 1:08:00
- July 2, 2010 at 3:06 PM
Nakamura looks really upset about losing in track. She won't let akaba take her title.
- July 2, 2010 at 3:07 PM
- Simon said...
No Arata Fujiwara?
- July 2, 2010 at 5:56 PM
disappoing results. No one can touch Kayoko record.
- July 4, 2010 at 2:55 PM
- Brett Larner said...
Fukushi had the luxury of setting the record in mild February weather. It was 29 degrees, humid and windy in Sapporo.
- July 5, 2010 at 1:42 PM
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
NEWS5 leads multi-sector election coverage
RESORTS WORLD MANILA, Pasay City, 13 February 2013 — TV5 takes the lead in one of the most comprehensive coverage of the coming elections with the participation of highly respected private and civil society organizations in the Philippines to help provide the quickest polling and result updates come May 13. Dubbed Pagbabago 2013, the alliance of media-civil society and private groups was launched today with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the participating institutions led by NEWS5.
TV5 chairman Manny V. Pangilinan, keynoted the event which gathered some of the biggest names in media, business and politics. Seasoned journalists and industry leaders came in full force to confirm their commitment towards the conduct of free and honest elections. Present during the launch were: the Commission on Elections (COMELEC, led by chairman SixtoBrillantes), the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL, represented by national chairperson Corazon de la Paz – Bernardo), Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE, represented by acting executive director and acting national co-convenor Atty. Luie Tito Guia), the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV, led by chairperson Ambassador Henrietta De Villa).
Also in attendance were the University of the Philippines – National College of Public Administration and Governance (led by Dean Professor Prospero De Vera), the Student Council Alliance of the Philippines (SCAP, represented by UP student council president Heart Diño), BusinessWorld (represented by executive editor Vergel Santos), i-Academy (represented by COO Vanessa Tanco-Cualoping), RMN (represented by President, Chairman and CEO Eric Canoy) and Chikka.
"NEWS5 has brought together a formidable coalition of independent organizations to help ensure that this year's elections are peaceful, honest and fair," said Mr. Pangilinan. "More than providing voters with information, Pagbabago 2013 urges all Filipino voters to actively participate in the electoral process and to remain vigilant in safeguarding their votes. At the end of the day, what we hope to attain is a conscientious electorate that are able to put their candidates into account for their promises of good governance even long after Election Day," he added.
NEWS5 strongly advocates voter education and empowerment via truthful and complete information. As such, Filipino voters can count on TV5's Pagbabago 2013 as they protect and exercise their right to vote.
Pagbabago 2013 demonstrates NEWS5's nation-wide reach in reporting the events surrounding the 2013 mid-term elections at the national, provincial, city and municipal levels. The Kapatid Network also assures the public that it will bring all election-related news and personalities to every Filipino voter living here and abroad across all available media platforms (print, television, radio, Internet and mobile). Through the technology prowess of telecommunication giants PLDT, SMART Communications, Sun Cellular and ePLDT, Filipinos around the world will be able to access Pagbabago 2013's real-time reports.
During the event, NEWS5 also announced the start of "AnongAksyon Mo?," an advocacy campaign that allows Filipino voters to hold their local officials accountable even after the Elections are over. News magazine program Reaksyon will also help viewers know more about the personalities seeking seats in the Philippine Senate. Reaksyon presents Aplikante is a special series that features senatoriables being interviewed by a panel of veteran journalists led by NEWS5 chief Luchi Cruz-Valdes. Balwarte will also continue to document political families across the country, as it airs at these times: Aksyon TV International – KSA 11:30pm, UK 9:30pm, Guam 6:30am, NA PST 10:00am, NA EST 1:00pm; Kapatid TV5 – KSA 10:45pm, UK 8:45pm, Guam 5:45am, NA PST 10:30pm, NA EST 1:30am.
In the lead up to Election Day, viewers will also get news via Pagbabago updates as they are broadcast on Kapatid TV5 and Aksyon TV International. Pinoys on-the-go can also get news via InterAksyon.com on their computers and mobile devices.
Pilipinas Global Network Limited (PGNL) is a joint venture between Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), the largest and leading telecommunications company in the Philippines, and ABC Development Corporation ("ABC5″), the operator of TV5, the fastest growing terrestrial channel in the Philippines. It acts as the sole and exclusive distributor and licensee of the programs, shows, films and channels of TV5. It distributes these media content via syndication and via its international linear channels, namely: Kapatid TV5 and Aksyon TV International.


text:
It's Grilling Month at The Kitchn, and today we're tackling grilled cheese sandwiches - on the grill. We found two new favorites; one with creamy, pungent Taleggio and the other with Dutch Gouda. What's your favorite kind of grilled cheese?
• Click here for full post: Grill Tonight: Fancy Grilled Cheese Sandwiches


text:
Well, just like clockwork, new Hardball talking nutcase Russ "tiny" Tice is out again and is heading to Congress:
"Russ Tice, an NSA intelligence analyst fired last January in the wake of revelations about the agency's warrantless eavesdropping program, is finally getting his chance to tell what he says are even more explosive secrets to Congress.
Rice said that the Senate Armed Services Committee has invited him to testify sometime next week about "very sensitive programs and operations at NSA and DoD (Department of Defense) that likely have violated the law and the constitution."
The ultra-secret NSA operations are called special access programs, or SAPs.
"The exact day next week has not been set," Tice said. "Looks like it may be Tuesday or Friday in the Hart Senate Office Building's Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) secure conference room."
An Armed Services Committee staffer could not be reached for comment at deadline.
Tice, an intelligence analyst at NSA and, before that, the Defense Intelligence Agency, said he "conducted technical intelligence missions in these SAPs."
Tice said what he intends to tell the committee "will include the involvement of Gen. Michael Hayden, who was the director of NSA at the time."
Hayden is facing hearings on his nomination to be director of the CIA amid a new rash of disclosures about the NSA's warrantless electronic surveillance programs.
Tice previously said he had met with staffers from the House and Senate Intelligence committees, but had feared disclosing details of still-secret NSA SAPs that he opposes because the staffers did not have high enough security clearances to hear them."
Tisk,.....digruntled no?
"In a letter last January an NSA official assured Tice, a self-described whistle-blower, that "you unequivocally have every right to petition Congress for a redress of grievances. This right is guaranteed to you by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution."
But Tice, branded "paranoid" by agency doctors before he was stripped of his security clearance five months ago, making him unemployable by any intelligence agency, was warned by NSA that that he had to first provide the agency and its parent, the Department of Defense, with the information he intended to disclose and the names of people he wanted to talk to."
You'll remember that this story told us that leaky DOJ lawyers were denied clearances thus killing the probe into the NSA by Rep. Maurice Hinchey, D-N.Y?
Interestingly enough just WHO do you think has been feeding info to people like, oh, Leslie Cauley?
Like since the beginning? Who is Mr. Tipster?
Three guesses - first two don't count.
iraq Politics News bush war on terror spying patriot act nsa CIA mary O. mcCarthy porter goss kappes negroponte hayden
NSA - Cometh the leaker - and he's ......Nuts! - IIPosted by Jack Moss
Well, just like clockwork, new Hardball talking nutcase Russ "tiny" Tice is out again and is heading to Congress:


text:
Posted on April 4, 2016 by: acid stag
The Flash's Wally West, aka Keiynan Lonsdale, is also pretty damn good at making music
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text:
No. 10 Gonzaga 83, BYU 63
Associated Press | Last updated January 25, 2013
Kelly Olynyk scored 26 points and Elias Harris added 25 as No. 10 Gonzaga beat BYU 83-63 on Thursday, in a showdown for first place in the West Coast Conference. Olynyk shot 9 for 9 from the field and 8 for 8 on free throws to go along with nine rebounds, and Harris had 10 boards for Gonzaga (18-2, 5-0), which was coming off a last-second loss at No. 9 Butler last weekend. Josh Sharp and Brandon Davies led BYU (15-6, 5-2) with 14 points each. Tyler Haws, the WCC scoring leader at 21 points per game coming in, was held to just one point for the Cougars. Haws had 42 points against Virginia Tech, the most by a Division I player this season. His previous low this season was nine points against Iowa State, and he had scored at least 20 in seven consecutive games coming in. BYU made only three of its first 16 shots to fall behind 15-8 midway through the first half. Three baskets and a free throw by Harris pushed Gonzaga's lead to 24-12. The BYU drought continued, and Gonzaga scored 12 straight points for a 36-14 lead. The Zags led 40-21 at halftime, after shooting 51 percent. Harris and Olynyk had 14 points each in the half. The 21 points were BYU's lowest in the first half this season. Haws did not score in the first half, missing all six of his shots. The Cougars were shooting just 25 percent (8 for 31) at the break, including just 1 for 10 on 3-pointers. The Zags dominated inside, outscoring BYU 24-8 in the paint in the first half and grabbing eight more rebounds. The Cougars came out sharper in the second half and their shooting improved, but they couldn't make up much ground. Brandon Davies scored 10 points as BYU cut Gonzaga's lead to 59-46 with 9 minutes left. But every time the Cougars scored, it seemed that Olynyk or Harris would reply for the Zags. Gonzaga, which has won three straight against BYU, improved to 114-8 in the McCarthey Athletic Center since it opened in 2004. Thursday also marked the 125th anniversary of the founding of Gonzaga, and there was a video celebration at halftime that featured basketball alums Ronny Turiaf and Courtney Vandersloot, among others.
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text:
It was 6:45pm and the replacement bus service from twickenham to kingston still hadn't arrived. I looked upwards to face the sunset and tutted quietly to show my annoyance, although admittedly I'd barely noticed the time before that moment. Since getting off the train at Twickenham I'd had my head buried deeply into the first few chapters of Thomson's The Insult, a book which had me so entranced I actually had to remind myself to check the time; remind myself that this journey's destination was home, not chapter 5.
It also dawned on me whilst reading the book how the pace of time and one's sense of surroundings seem to evaporate when concentrating on something. With the train rocking peacefully from side, the sun setting and my eyes glazed with the distant effort to keep reading, I forgot on several occasions where I was, and just how close I was to Twickenham. Occassionaly I'd look up, scan the people around me: an American looking guy resting his head on a giant rucksack, and a drunk English yob with an empty bottle of WKD slowly inching out of his back pocket as he fell into a deeper and deeper sleep. "This train is for..London Waterloo..The next station is..Winnersh", came the announcement. Winnersh? I thought. Really, Winnersh? Is that even a place? As the train pulled in at Winnersh I could see nothing but a car park and forest, and felt a sudden rush of gratitude in light of the fact that I didn't live there. It struck me as the kind of romantic place you'd like to travel through on a train, but not the sort of place that actually inhabits people, that actually exists.
The replacement bus service finally arrived and I was pleased to see that it was a coach. Well, I'd expect as much after spending £16 on a ticket to get home. Nothing but luxury for me on this journey, thank you very much. I'd even snuck into the first class cabin on the train, thinking I deserved an extra few inches of seat space for my ass, that I needed one of those fold out tables for the drink I couldn't afford.
I boarded the coach with just two other people who had clearly just met; one was the American guy I'd spotted earlier and the other a shy looking woman in her early thirties. She was very slim, mousey even, with sunken cheeks and a skirt that came down half way between her knees and her ankles, a length she probably thought was risqué. Her hair was fluffy and flyaway in a way that suggested she'd had it that way since being a little girl, and as the American approached her to ask her for the time, she looked exited, shocked even, that someone would take the time.
Jut before the bus departed he tentatively sat next to her and began to describe his weekend at Reading Festival. 'Do you know about Reading, or V Festival?' he asked. I stopped reading to listen to the conversation and already knew the answer before she gave it. A quiet but pleading 'no' stole away from her lips. He continued to impress her with music and festival jargon as we drove smoothly through Twickenham and Teddington, her sweet voice occasionally chiming in to agree with comments about the weather or the commerciality of music in the modern day. I felt as if they were future lovers, both eager but just a tad too awkward to ask each other out for dinner. They would inevitably soon have to part ways, the journey from Twickenham to Kingston is only a short one after all, and it would be a moment to make or break them.
As the American was talking, the shy woman looked nervously out of the window. She seemed embarrassed, devastated even, to have to cut him off. 'This is my stop..' she said. It was as if she knew she was going to ruin their departure all along. 'Ok' he said quite cheerfully, 'nice to talk to you'. 'Lovely..' She trailed off weakly and hurriedly gathered her things and scampered off the bus, the way that a beetle does when it's toppled over and is trying to roll back onto its belly. As we drove past her she had her back to the bus, and I could tell she was posing, walking in a certain way that showed what little curves she could had; an endearing yet pathetic attempt to show him what he's missing. I cursed in my seat. Still, I thought, she'll feel happy. She'll feel like someone wanted her. He'll forget by morning, but she'll wake up, look in the mirror and sexily push that flyaway hair off her face and smile.
I reopened The Insult for the final part of the coach journey and stared whimsically at the words, hardly letting the next few paragraphs register in my mind. They had missed their opportunity, but I wasn't going to miss mine


text:
- More
1931 $20 MS64 PCGS. CAC....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
1931 Twenty Dollar, MS64
1931 $20 MS64 PCGS. CAC. The 1931 Saint-Gaudens double eagle
is a formidable rarity in the series, prized by numismatists for
the beauty of its design and its mysterious, elusive nature. David
Akers considers it the sixth rarest date of the 53-coin series, and
the second most elusive of the famous "late date" Saints; second
only to the famous 1930-S.
Exceptionally Attractive Example of This Rarity
Among 20th century U.S. gold coins, no group is more celebrated than the later collectible dates in the Saint-Gaudens double eagle series, from 1929-1932. These coins have mystified collectors since the late 1930s, when they were first seriously collected. Mint records indicate these issues were produced in ample numbers, but the supply in numismatic hands has always been minuscule. Of course, the explanation of this paradox is: The great majority of these coins were never released from storage in Treasury vaults and Federal Reserve Banks. They were produced and held as backing for currency at a time when the United States was still on the gold standard. When Franklin Roosevelt took the country off the gold standard, and called in domestic holdings of gold via executive order in 1933, almost the entire production of these dates was quickly removed from the storage facilities. The coins were later melted into gold ingots and stored in the Fort Knox Bullion Repository.
In the case of the 1931 double eagle, a reported mintage of 2.9 million pieces was achieved at the Philadelphia Mint, but very few examples were released before the Gold Recall took effect. Mint records studied by Dr. Charles W. Green in the 1940s reveal only 45 coins were actually released through official channels. However, many more pieces were saved from melting by Treasury officials and mint personnel who exchanged older, more common double eagles for the rare 1931 coins, and sold them at a profit to Philadelphia and New York area coin dealers.
David Akers estimates the surviving population of Mint State 1931s at 65-85 pieces, almost all of which are in mint condition. The 1931 has always been treated as a featured attraction in its infrequent auction appearances, and record prices often attend these offerings. When a magnificent Superb Gem specimen was offered as lot 6710 of the Phillip H. Morse Collection (Heritage, 11/2005), it realized $254,500, a record price at the time. The same coin was recently offered as lot 3650 of the ANA Signature Auction (Heritage, 8/2010), where it realized a new record of $322,000.
This example has smooth, frosted surfaces with rich reddish patina, and there are no obvious abrasions on either side. The strike is strong overall with only localized weakness noted on the eagle's breast feathers and Liberty's nose. There are no alloy spots as seen on many 1931 twenties. Exceptionally appealing and strongly suggestive of an even higher grade. Population: 27 in 64, 35 finer (6/12).
From The Harvey Collection.(Registry values: N7079) (NGC ID# 332W, PCGS# 9192)
View all of [The Harvey Collection ]
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17.5% of the successful bid (minimum $14) per lot.
Revised Edition by James L. Halperin, Mark R. Borckardt, Mark Van Winkle, Jon Amato, and Gregory J. Rohan, with special contributor David W. Akers
The Coinage of Augustus Saint-Gaudens is an issue-by-issue examination of these two artistically inspired series of gold coins.
Each date and mintmark is reviewed with up-to-date information, much of which has never been previously published. The book is based on
two extraordinary collections: The Phillip H. Morse collection and the Dr. and Mrs. Steven L. Duckor collection.
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MC Lars
This Gigantic Robot Kills
US: 24 Feb 2009
UK: 26 Apr 2009
Andrew Nielsen's (aka Lars Horris, aka MC Lars) sophomore LPThis Gigantic Robot Kills is a strange and peculiar melding of old school hip hop, ska, techno and all sub genres of punk rock. The southern-California native and Stanford alum deems his comedic sonic concoction "post-punk laptop rap," which is somewhat close to how it sounds and feel as Horris's lyrics induces myriad chuckles over the course of 14 tracks. Inspired by the unlikely combination of emcee KRS-One and the master of parody, Weird Al Yankovich, Horris's sharp-witted songwriting takes you into the realm of sardonic silliness as he lampoons what he hates to love and loves to hate about the left, right, and all wings in between of pop politics.
Continuing his string of releases over the last ten years, the 26-year-old's production and sonic landscape is a melting pot mirroring the shuffled contents of iPods and the 21st century musical taste. His approach to melding ska, pop, punk, hip hop and techno—all from his laptop—keeps you guessing and giggling as he sings triumphant over-the-top choruses and rhymes verses and finishes punch lines with tongue firmly in his cheek.
He borrows Fugazi basslines on "No Logo" to mock the viral politics of anarchists who denounce brand logos. Then he fires funny verses at trendy elitist females on the pop-rock lampoon "Hipster Girl" while teaming up with Weird Al (an obvious influence he honestly admits) on "True Player For Real". And it goes on from there. From bandmate messy bedrooms ("35 Laurel Drive") and video gamer anthems ("O.G. Original Gamer") and rebellious reflections on going green ("It's Not Easy (Being Green)"), one by one, Horris clears the clip and fires off his post-modern comedic commentary at pop culture's myriad addictions and faux fixations.
Glancing at the song titles, I assumed that some kind of humorfest was in-store. During the first listen, I wasn't sure if I wanted to dismiss it or take it as the tongue-in-cheek satire that it is and accept the fact that it might grow on me if I gave it a chance. For an artist who's played in punk rock bands and grew up feasting on a cornucopia of old school hip hop and rock in Southern California, Horris's love for the slick lyric and snappy storytelling is front and center and fully entertaining in all its irreverent glory.
His only misstep, at times, is letting the parody overshadow moments of non-silly genuine emotion. Midway, amidst the stream of laughs and sarcasm, hides the serious, grievous, and lonely candor of "Twenty-Three". It's a heartfelt and soulful electro lament during which MC Lars mourns the loss of his friend who committed suicide. That fact that the track seems out of place on the album makes it sink even deeper into your heart.
In the end, even though I fought it most of the way, This Gigantic Robot Kills grew on me. The laughs outweigh the few dismissible and cringing moments, and at the very least, MC Lars entertains and succeeds at pulling off the celebratory parody just like his heroes. And, like Weird Al or any pop culture parodying pro, if you over think what MC Lars is doing you're really missing the point.
Vince Staples "Big Fish" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
*repeat repeat "Plugged In" (video) (premiere) // Music
Slowdive Sell Out Brooklyn and Release Bonus Song "30th June"
// Notes from the Road
"Although sound issues delayed their set on the second night, Slowdive put on an unforgettable show in Brooklyn, or rather two shows.READ the article


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C O N T E N T S:KEY TOPICSWindows 10's Insiders program has let regular folks like you and I run beta copies of Windows and send bugs and feedback directly to the team like never before.(More...) Tech experts received Microsoft's Windows 10 build 15019 with critics, due to the many bugs present in the OS update.(More...)POSSIBLY USEFULFinally after 4 betas Apple … [Read more...]
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Disneyland turns 59 today, so what better time to look at some of the lesser-known history of what is arguably the world's most beloved theme park?
Since opening in 1955, Disneyland has never stopped evolving, dynamically adjusting and reshaping based on taste, popular culture and the desire to create things that the world has never seen.
Disneyland, circa 1950s
Photo courtesy of OC Archives
But as it has changed over the years, there are still telltale traces left behind of what used to be. Some of the remnants of relics are deliberately placed, while others just seem to have survived based on luck.
No matter where you walk in the park, you are almost always passing by some interesting part of the past.
You just have to know where to look.
For instance, in Adventureland, at the entrance to the Indiana Jones ride, there is a jeep located right out front. That vehicle actually starred in the movie that inspired the attraction. And then, once you enter the structure and are waiting in the area where a black-and-white film describes the history of the ride, turn around and look at the back ceiling. You will see a picture of Eeyore from the Winnie the Pooh series. That's because you are standing exactly where the old Eeyore parking structure used to be and some sentimental folks at the park decided to pay tribute to the old structure.
And then there is Tarzan's Treehouse. Back in the 1960s, this was originally designed as the Swiss Family Robinson Treehouse. That's why, if you look carefully inside the treehouse, you will still see a copy of that famous book, The Swiss Family Robinson, resting on a table. And that's also why the gramophone record player still plays the old Swiss Polka. They are simply honoring the past.
Moving over to Critter Country, pay close attention next time you ride The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. See, that structure used to be the Country Bear Jamboree. In honor of that, the stuffed, mounted heads of three animals that were once part of the Jamboree can now be seen about halfway through Winnie the Pooh. You'll have to crane your neck and look backwards, but there you will see them ' high up on the wall.
Inside Tomorrowland's Little Green Army Men Shop, pay close attention to the front counter. It is made up of old People Mover cars, the transport attraction that opened at Disneyland in the late 1960s. You may also notice that the shelves are made of old Rocket Jet vehicles from yet another long gone Disney attraction.
Inside the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction, there is a long-held rumor that the human skull on the headboard of a bed that you pass is actually authentic (a gift supposedly given to Walt Disney). But nobody really knows for sure.
If you choose to experience the Autopia attraction, keep your eyes peeled for two vintage cars that are on display alongside the track. One of them is an original Mr. Toad's Wild Ride car and the other is an original Autopia car.
Finally, throughout Fantasyland you can see some of the actual old booths where Disneyland would sell ride tickets back when you had to purchase tickets individually. Today, the strangely shaped houses and other structures are used to sell food and souvenirs.
There are many other hidden history treasures throughout Disneyland. One day soon, we'll be sharing even more of them but in honor of the park's 59th anniversary, we hope you enjoyed these peeks into the past.
Stay tuned for an update later today on Disneyland's 60th celebration announcement.
Updated 3 p.m. July 17."
As part of today's festivities, Disney announced the start of a new photo contest, leading up to the 60th Diamond Celebration in spring 2015. Here's an excerpt from the video below, but watch the entire video for complete details:
'We invite you to send us your fondest memories in the form of photos you've taken here at the 'Happiest Place on Earth,' during the past six decades. Fans will vote for the best memory from each decade, and the top vote-getter will emerge as our Grand Prize Winner!'
Related Blog Posts:
- Step Out in Style During Dapper Day at Disneyland"
- Inspired by Nature: Tarzan's Treehouse at Disneyland
- Top 10 Best Foods in Disneyland Park
- Top 10 Best Foods in Disney California Adventure Park
- Top 5 Ways to Keep Cool at Disneyland Park
- OC on the Cheap: Disneyland on a Dime
- Cars Land at Disney California Adventure Drives in Super-Charged Fun, Disney-Style
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Jan. 29: Asian session
Asian markets rallied on Wednesday after Turkey raised the benchmark interest rate from 7.75% to 12%, stirring hopes the drastic action would short-circuit a vicious cycle of selling in emerging markets and revive risk appetite generally. MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan rose by 1.2% after three sessions of falls.
Nikkei rose by 2.2%. USD/JPY recovered to 103.44. Commodity currencies strengthened on the Turkish rate hike. AUD/USD extends the recovery for a third day in a row. Aussie rose to $0.8830 before retracing in the late Asia. NZD/USD also remains supported, but was unable to overcome the $.8300 handle for now. Investors wait for the RBNZ meeting at 20:00 GMT (an hour after the FOMC announcement). There is a market expectation for a rate hike or at least for a rate hike promise by the RBNZ Governor Wheeler.
EUR/USD is testing $1.3650 to the downside. GBP/USD is little changed in the $1.6575 area.


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|Jahns, Lisa
|Whigham Grendell, Leah
|Hoverson, Bonita
|Scheett, Angela
|Johnson, Luann
|Payne, Collin
|Kranz, Sibylle
Submitted to: Annual Scientific Meeting NAASO, The Obesity Society
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 5/15/2010
Publication Date: 10/10/2010
Citation: Jahns, L.A., Whigham Grendell, L.D., Hoverson, B., Scheett, A., Johnson, L.K., Payne, C.R., Kranz, S. 2010. It's the season! Seasonal changes of MyPyramid food groups in weekly Sunday grocery store sale advertisements [abstract]. Obesity. 18(Suppl 2):S179-180. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Background: Faced with tens of thousands of food choices, consumers frequently turn to promotional advertising, such as Sunday sales circulars, to make purchasing decisions. To date, little research has examined the content of sales circulars over multiple seasons. Methods: Food items from 12 months of Sunday sales circulars from a Midwestern grocery store chain were coded based on the four seasons and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans—as implemented by MyPyramid foodgroups; changes in relative proportions of foodgroups advertised were compared across seasons and interactions with season examined using proc GENMOD in SAS v. 9.2. Results: Consistent differences in the relative proportions of foodgroups and subgroups were found. Meat and beans comprised the single largest group (25% of total items) compared to milk (10%), and vegetables (8%). Fewer dark-green and orange vegetables (vs. all other vegetables) were advertised (P < 0.001), with a significant interaction between seasons (P = 0.045). Fruits comprised 7% of foods, with twice as much whole fruit offered (67%) vs. fruit juice (33%; P < 0.001). There was a significant interaction by season, with the highest proportion of whole fruit offered in summer (83%), compared to fall (58%; P = 0.003). Added sugar fluctuated strongly by month and peaked in October and December. Conclusions: This study reveals variations in promotional advertising by season for some but not all foodgroups. Foods were not advertised in the proportions recommended by MyPyramid. As advertising influences many consumer choices, grocery store ads are a potential target for obesity prevention.


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News By Tag
Industry News
News By Location
Industry News
Per Cazo Cellars to Pour at Orange County Wine Extraordinaire!
The Orange County Wine Society is holding the 2010 Wine Extraordinaire this Sunday February 28th at the Anaheim Hilton from 2-5 PM. Per Cazo Cellars will be one of 65 wineries pouring at this event.
Enjoy wines from Per Cazo Cellars and other wineries producing under 25,000 cases, food selections from local restaurants, exciting raffle and silent auction prizes, and a souvenir Riedel wine glass for tasting. All these items are included for the amazing price of $50 with a tax deductible portion of $35. Designated drivers are also welcome to attend for only $25. Tickets to the Extraordinaire will make great gifts for your wine-loving family and friends. Tickets are available at the door or www.ocws.org.
# # #
Per Cazo Cellars is a Paso Robles, California family owned winery specializing in Rhone-style varietals, www.percazocellars.com.
Dave & Lynne Teckman started Per Cazo Cellars in 2008 and moved to Paso Robles in 2009. In addition to the winery, the Teckman's run Creekside Bed & Breakfast. Creeekside B&B is a charming two room bed and breakfast located in a converted barn on the Per Cazo property on the west side of Paso Robles.
www.thecreeksidebb.com Call 805-227-6585 for reservations.
Per Cazo Cellars, winery by chance, fine wines by choice!
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What is the origin of the word golf?
1,074,202questions onAdd New Page
It means, "Gentleman Only Ladies Forbidden".
According to the Wiktionary entry on golf, this is not the correct etymology (source or history of the word). The article states that, " the most likely origin is thought to be from the Middle Dutch colf, meaning 'club'".


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JOYO JF-14 American Sound Guitar Amp Emulator Pedal
Be The First To Review This Product!
Help other SWAMP Industries users shop smarter by writing reviews for products you have purchased.
JOYO American Sound - Amp Emulator Pedal
The American Sound guitar pedal is designed primarily to be used in place of an amplifier when you are recording direct into your computer, or plugging straight into the mixing desk in a PA system. Replicating the American Fender 57 Deluxe amp sound, this pedal is a great time and space saver when you need to capture that true American Fender flavour in your recordings, but don't have the facilities or budget to spend on mic'ing up the real thing at the high volume to produce the same tones.
3 Band EQ with Level, Drive and Voice controls
By using a combination of EQ and tonal adjustments, the JF-14 pedal enables you move from the classic Deluxe 57 through to sounds replicating standard Fender Twin's and Fender Tweed amplifiers. Whether beginning with the cleaner tone with the Drive down or with an overdriven tone for solo's (Drive up), you can adjust the Voice control to find the most suitable setting for you. No matter what Fender style you are after, or what your musical taste, you will find American Sound amp emulator pedal to be a highly impressive unit.
- Gold with Black Knobs
- Silver True Bypass and Octave Up switch
- 3 Band EQ with Low, Mid and High knobs
- Level, Voice and Drive controls
- 1/4 " jack input and outputs
- LED active light
- Input Impedance: 1M Ohms
- Output Impedance: 1k Ohms
- Current Draw: 3mA
- Power: 9V DC adapter or 9V Battery
- Weight: 390g
- Dimensions: 120 (L) x 90 (W) x 37 (H), 60 (H incl knobs) mm
Custom Label: JY-JF-14
Shipping Weight: 0.5000


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Featuring insights from Wells Fargo Investment Institute as noted
Wells Fargo Private Bank provides products and services through Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., and its various affiliates and subsidiaries. Brokerage products and services are offered through Wells Fargo Advisors, a trade name used by Wells Fargo Clearing Services, LLC, Member SIPC, a registered broker dealer and separate non-bank affiliate of Wells Fargo & Company.
Wells Fargo & Company and its affiliates do not provide legal advice. Please consult your legal advisors to determine how this information may apply to your own situation. Whether any planned tax result is realized by you depends on the specific facts of your situation at the time your taxes are prepared.


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Man cuts off penis and dances in the street in Brazil
Description:Evidently he caught his wife in bed with his son,well that'll teach them!
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Love Didn't Die
It wasn't true, he told himself. She wasn't dead...why? Because love didn't die.
It wasn't true, he told himself. She wasn't dead...why? Because love didn't die.
But surely enough, he found himself at her funeral, sobbing over her lifeless corpse. Deep down, he couldn't quite understand why he was crying. After all, she wasn't dead...so why were ll of these people reciting lines from her favourite poems, sharing their memories of her...of how she "was." He couldn't quite figure out the use of the past tense, either. After all, she still "is" in his mind. She is still alive.
The day after the funeral was odd, although surely he didn't notice any of it. He called her cell phone several times, hoping she wasn't giving him the silent treatment after their tiny spat that had occurred a few weeks past, when ring after ring would end in the giddy voice message. Her voice message.
"Hey Cara...it's Steve...listen, uh...I hope you're not still mad at me...uh, I got us tickets to this thing...so...call me back, okay?"
With a deep sigh, he hit END and then dialled one last time, only to find that her inbox had been filled.
"Oops," he chuckled. "Guess she'll just have to listen to them to get her space back!" And she would. Why?
Because Cara Jones isn't dead.


text: I love Ye Olde. Best pizza shop in town, in my opinion. The Owner is great and I always enjoy chatting with him. The pizza crust is perfect and my order is usually glorious. If it isn't spot on, its because he didn't make it. Wish everyone who worked there was as friendly.


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Brocket Hall
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Continental Breakfast
- Room service
- Restaurant
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Return to the UK
... br> At the ferry port, unusually, in our experience, they actually check the van for "stowaways". This involves a Security man searching the van, quite what he thinks of a British Pensioner who takes her wine to bed with her, he does not say.
Back in the UK, the M25 is actually moving, even the Dartford ...
Flight to Nairobi
... this issue seems to come up. Mr. Armstrong studied it in the 1940's and in the 1950's wrote an article on it then. Sadly the issue has divided many churches over the last century and probably before that.
We know that the Jewish Scholar Hillel codified the rules well after Christ's birth, and the postponements rules themselves can be sorted out, but no one can actually prove when all the postponements were made, whether before or after Jesus' ...
Win Tickets for Frozen Sing Along with Kensington
... Kensington mums will sing along to Disney's animated smash hit musical, Frozen.
Frozen is an animated 3D musical fantasy. It's a comedy drama film that was released in the
year 2013 and it was produced at Walt Disney Animation Studios. Walt Disney has a range of animated classics series and Frozen is the 53rd feature of Walt Disney.
All good things must come to an end
... It was a fascinating few hours well spent and the building itself is intriguing with its coloured brickwork and statues.
We farewelled Chris and Yana in South Kensington as we caught a bus back to Earls Court and they caught a different one back to Putney. We posted a few more things home, collected our bags and then caught the tube to ...
... It is like being on the monopoly board today! Stopped at the British Museum for the quick look around the highlights. You could spend weeks in there! I particularly liked the Oxus Treasure from Iran (fabulous metalwork) and the Portland vase and cameos from Roman times. The vase was the inspiration for Wedgewood pottery. Managed to get the day's activities done with clear skies, but I can hear thunder and see dark clouds and rain now. Off to Dublin ...


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By: Paolo M. Bustamante
How can we preserve our built heritage? Well, there are a lot of ways such as adaptive reuse. But what is adaptive reuse? Adaptive reuse re-purposes old buildings for new uses. In Manila there are a few buildings that utilize this system such as the Luneta Hotel in TM Kalaw St., The Department of Tourism Building in AGRIFINA Circle and the Juan Luna Building in Binondo. But there is one building that really caught my attention and that is the Elpo Building in Divisoria.
Last Sunday, I had a chance to visit one of the busiest places in Manila, and that is Divisoria. The whole stretch of CM Recto Avenue (formerly Calle Azcarraga) is dotted with gorgeous heritage buildings but sadly only a few people, such as myself, can see the potential of what this avenue can offer.
Graciously standing at CM Recto Avenue, the Elpo Building is a good example of adaptive reuse. It was once a department store for shoes known as the El Povenier (also known as ELPO). Back in the 1950's and 1960's, the ELPO used to be the premier brand of rubber shoes in the Philippines.
The PHILTRUST Bank now occupies this building. Kudos to the Philippine Trust Company for not demolishing this work of art. I am not sure about the choice of color for this building tho. I wish the owners kept the original color scheme of the building which was light purple and green, but I am very happy that this building was spared from being demolished.
There are a lot of beautiful historical buildings in Manila waiting to be discovered. I hope that I can cover them before they face the wrecking ball. In recent news, Manila City Mayor Joseph Estrada plans to rehabilitate the whole strech of C.M. Recto Avenue. Go Mayor Erap! Bring back the glory of Manila.


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Good video...Good post...Totally agree...
This is a discussion on Working the Trigger...One Man's Take within the Defensive Carry & Tactical Training forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; My take on efficiently working the trigger. Let me know what you think....
My take on efficiently working the trigger. Let me know what you think.
Good video...Good post...Totally agree...
Sometimes in life you have to stand your ground. It's a hard lesson to learn and even most adults don't get it, but in the end only I can be responsible for my life. If faced with any type of adversity, only I can overcome it. Waiting for someone else to take responsibility is a long fruitless wait.
I also agree. I believe that some instructors teach a far too mechanical, "point for point" type of defensive shooting. I teach what I believe is a more fluid type of approach, which I think Mr. Gomez would agree with. For example. I had a student who had attended one of the larger schools that teaches a "seven point" draw sequence. Conceptually that's fine, except when I had the student on the range, he was literally counting off each step in trying to engage his weapon. At this point even a very slow BG would have won that engagement.
Best way to win a gun fight? "That's easy, don't show up." --Wyatt Earp
--If youre carrying a gun for self-defense, dont practice like a marksman. Practice like a gunfighter.
--Always be nice until it's time to not be nice.
Thanks for the video.
"... advice is a dangerous gift, even from the wise to the wise, and all courses may run ill." -J.R.R. Tolkien
Good video Paul. I like the part about freeing up your mind. It would seem to make the OODA loop a little less cluttered....
Don"t let stupid be your skill set....
And Shepards we shall be, for Thee, my Lord, for Thee,
Power hath descended forth from Thy hand, So that our feet may swiftly carry out thy command,
And we shall flow a river forth to Thee, And teeming with souls shall it ever be,
Good Post, Paul.............IMO trigger control is the foundation of the accurately placed shot....and what your demonstrating is imperative in learning to control the re-set before the press......nice.


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Dancing live Show, Live band, cocktail, dinner and the joy of helping. Get your ticket by Happy Faces' staff or contact us for more information.
On November of 2012 we held our First Annual Gala Dinner, which was a tremendous success!
On July 20, 2012 Happy Faces was publicly announced to the community and awareness of our mission was made during the Colombian Festival that was held in East Boston. This event opened the doors and gave us the opportunity to collect toys and donations and most important spread the word by mouth to the Latin […]
On this edition of "Centro", WBZ's Yadires Nova-Salcedo talks to Happy Faces President, Esteban Peña.CONTINUE READING →
EL PAISA RESTAURANTE PAULA OSORIO (ADORNOS/DECORACION CENTROS DE MESA) DJ FLAKO (WILDER BETANCUR) Y DJ ALEJANDRO MAGNO (ILUMINACION Y SONIDO) iSCOOL MUSIC (LIVE BANDS) MYINSTRUCTORTV (LIVE DANCE) MAURICIO CATAÑO (SAXOFONISTA) HERNAN AMAYA Y KEVIN BRADBURY (FOTOGRAFOS) LILLIAN BRACAMONTES PETRA SLIM FASHION SALON NOAH PANGEA TRADE INTERNATIONAL (JUAN DAVID ALVAREZ) OMAR Y OSCAR GOYA (JEAN VELASQUEZ) LA […]CONTINUE READING →
The 2013 Gala Dinner is coming soon. Buy Tickets Online Here.CONTINUE READING →
Happy Faces estuvo en Sufflok Downs celebrando la independencia de Colombia, compartiendo y ayudando.CONTINUE READING →