text:
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the transition from primary to secondary stem development in
With its genome sequence and other experimental attributes,
Using a genomic microarray representing the majority of the transcriptome, we profiled gene expression in stem segments that spanned primary to secondary growth. We found 3,016 genes that were differentially expressed during stem development (Q-value ≤ 0.05; >2-fold expression variation), and 15% of these genes encode proteins with no significant identities to known genes. We identified all gene family members putatively involved in secondary growth for carbohydrate active enzymes, tubulins, actins, actin depolymerizing factors, fasciclin-like AGPs, and vascular development-associated transcription factors. Almost 70% of expressed transcription factors were upregulated during the transition to secondary growth. The primary shoot elongation region of the stem contained specific carbohydrate active enzyme and expansin family members that are likely to function in primary cell wall synthesis and modification. Genes involved in plant defense and protective functions were also dominant in the primary growth region.
Our results describe the global patterns of gene expression that occur during the transition from primary to secondary stem growth. We were able to identify three major patterns of gene expression and over-represented gene ontology categories during stem development. The new regulatory factors and cell wall biogenesis genes that we identified provide candidate genes for further functional characterization, as well as new tools for molecular breeding and biotechnology aimed at improvement of tree growth rate, crown form, and wood quality.
With the completion of its genome sequence
The perennial stem growth habit of most tree species is characterized by secondary growth that results in a cumulative increase in girth during each growth cycle. This is achieved by cell division activity of the vascular cambium, with subsequent differentiation of secondary xylem towards the inside of the cambium and secondary phloem towards the outside. This coordinated and environmentally responsive program of meristematic differentiation and tissue patterning involves multiple developmental processes with interacting regulatory mechanisms (reviewed in
With the increasing availability of genomic tools, many studies have been conducted to help understand these developmental processes in more depth. Wood development has been characterized by expression profiling in aspen
Results and discussion
Poplar stem development
To determine transcriptional changes that occur during primary and secondary growth phases of stem development, we analyzed stem segments from successive internodes below the apex (plastochron indices 2, 3, 4, and 5:
The shoot apical meristem of poplar is an indeterminate primary meristem that gives rise to ground tissue and procambium. The vascular tissue of primary growth, primary xylem and primary phloem, develops directly from procambium and is the dominant vasculature in IN2 and IN3 (Figure
Figure 1
Anatomy of stem internodes from developing
Anatomy of stem internodes from developing
Figure 2
Apical shoot internode growth of
Apical shoot internode growth of
Secondary Xylem Marker Genes are upregulated in IN9
We assessed our data for quantitative correspondence to published literature. Ko et al
Additional file 1
Core-xylem genes.
Click here for file
Figure 3
Comparision of
Comparision of
Global expression profile during stem development
Total RNA derived from the 5 stem internode development series described above was used for expression profiling with a Nimblegen microarray representing the whole annotated transcriptome at the time that the array was created. Within the 5 stem internode samples we could detect the expression of 43,283 genes out of the 65,915 represented on the array (9,995 unigenes derived from aspen EST sequences:
Additional file 2
Differentially expressed genes.
Click here for file
Additional file 3
qRT-PCR validation of microarray results. qRT-PCR expression comparison of 9 selected genes from the microarray data; (1) estExt_Genewise1_v1.C_1240151,(2) estExt_Genewise1_v1.C_1700234,(3) gw1.XVI.2910.1,(4) eugene3.00121203,(5) gw184.108.40.206,(6) gw1.IX.897.1,(7) fgenesh4_pg.C_LG_III000388,(8) fgenesh1_pg.C_scaffold_385000002 and (9) estExt_fgenesh4_pm.C_LG_III0736. Genes 1 to 3 are from the gene cluster with high IN9 expression (Figure
Click here for file
The clustering of all regulated genes (3016 genes) showed (Figure
Figure 4
Hierarchical clustering of all differentially expressed genes and transcription factor genes in stem internode tissue (IN2 - IN9)
Hierarchical clustering of all differentially expressed genes and transcription factor genes in stem internode tissue (IN2 - IN9). Mean centered expression levels are represented with green denoting down regulation, and red indicating upregulation. (A) All 3,016 differentially expressed genes in stem internode tissue (IN2 - IN9). The 3 major clusters of genes with similar expression patterns are marked with vertical lines and numbered 1 to 3. The expression values, gene models, and closest hit for each of these genes are listed in Additional file
Based on gene expression, the IN5 sample largely clustered with IN9 (Figure
The upper quarter of cluster 3 shows a sub-cluster of genes that are upregulated mainly in IN5. The latter group of genes could be associated predominantly with early stages of secondary growth activity of the cambium. As evident in IN5 stem cross section (Figure
miRNAs have recently been recognized as critical post-transcriptional regulators of plant development and stress response. Our array contains only 47 miRNA precursors based on knowledge at the time of its creation; however, 234 miRNAs are now reported for poplar (miRBase miRNA database 2008
Highly expressed genes within cluster number 2 include genes associated with primary cell wall synthesis, cell wall loosening/extension, and plant defense. Putative cell elongation-related genes within this group include expansins, extensins, a cell elongation protein similar to DWARF1, and an apyrase. DWARF1
Gene function during early xylem maturation
To help assess the biological function of the regulated genes we identified during the early stages of cambial zone differentiation into xylem, we compared our results to previous studies of gene expression in aspen
We compared the genes showing the highest expression ratio in xylem maturation zone cryosections
Additional file 4
Xylem maturation genes. IN5 and IN9 upregulated genes that overlap with initial xylem maturation zone (cryosections MX1:
Click here for file
Functional roles of differentially expressed genes during stem development
To get a broader perspective on the function of differentially expressed genes, we analyzed for over-representation of gene ontology (GO) categories in each of the three main gene expression pattern clusters identified in figure
Figure 5
Over-represented gene ontology categories during stem development
Over-represented gene ontology categories during stem development. Statistically over-represented GO categories based on each of the three main gene expression pattern clusters depicted in figure 4A. (A) Cluster 1 genes, (B) Cluster 2 genes, and (C) Cluster 3 genes. The circles are shaded based on significance level (yellow = FDR below 0.05), and the radius of each circle denotes the number of genes in each category.
Cluster 3 genes also showed upregulation in both IN5 and IN9, but as opposed to cluster 1 peak expression was mainly in IN5. This contrast was visible in gene enrichment categories with primary cell wall and early stage secondary cell wall development-related categories showing dominance. The carbohydrate metabolic process and catalytic activity groups include cellulose biosynthesis, hemicelluloses/xylan biosynthetic genes as well as glycosyl group transferase activity and ubiquitin ligase activity-associated genes.
Cluster 2 genes, mainly upregulated in primary growth dominant IN2 and IN3 showed enrichment for many categories of biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components. Dominant biological process functional categories include active cell growth, development/morphogenesis/differentiation, and metabolic process-associated genes that reflect activities related to primary growth. Enrichment of nucleotide metabolism and DNA replication related categories could also reflect the high cell division activity during the initiation of cambium in the IN3 region. The secondary metabolism-enriched group includes flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic genes.
Transcription factor and regulatory genes
There are 2,576 transcription factors and regulatory genes in two poplar databases (
Additional file 5
Differentially expressed
Click here for file
Transcription factors that are predominantly expressed during vascular development and secondary growth are of considerable interest due to the economic importance of wood and wood fibers. As regulators that help to control response networks, they may be important tools for modifying wood or fiber qualities. Schrader et al.
Additional file 6
Transcription regulators and vascular development. Literature on transcription factor and regulator classes implicated in vascular and xylem development.
Click here for file
Additional file 7
Expression pattern of transcription factor families. Cluster diagram of regulated transcription factor families implicated in vascular and xylem development.
Click here for file
Figure 6
Clustering of transcription factor classes implicated in secondary development (i.e., dominant expression in IN9 and IN5)
Clustering of transcription factor classes implicated in secondary development (i.e., dominant expression in IN9 and IN5). Cluster diagram of all expressed family members and gene identities are in additional file
With 297 identified members, MYB and MYB-like genes are the largest transcription factor family in poplar. Out of the 187 genes expressed in developing stems, more than 50% show secondary growth-associated expression patterns. MYBs are implicated as critical regulators of vascular differentiation and phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants, including the tree genera
Similar to MYBs, nearly 50% of expressed NACs, one of the largest plant-specific transcription factor families, were upregulated during secondary growth (Figure
The homeodomain-containing superfamily of transcription factors participate in a wide variety of plant developmental processes. The leucine zipper-associated HD-Zip, wushel-related WOX, knotted-related KNOX, and zinc finger-associated ZF-HD homeodomain containing transcription factors have been associated with processes related to meristem function, organ polarity, and vascular development in several species
bZIP transcription factors play critical roles in regulating plant defense responses and development
Although WRKY transcription factors are mainly implicated in regulating defense signaling
There were 11 LIM genes associated with secondary development (Figure
The few MADS box gene family members that were upregulated during secondary growth are illustrated in Figure
An ethylene response element binding factor-like gene that belongs to AP2/ERF domain transcription factor class is one of the most strongly regulated genes in secondary growth dominant cluster 1 (Figure
Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes)
Additional file 8
Expression pattern of carbohydrate catalyzing enzymes (CAZyme). Cluster diagrams of expressed CAZyme gene family members: Glycosyl transferases (GTs), glycosyl hydrolases (GHs), polysaccharide lyases (PLs), and carbohydrate esterases (CEs).
Click here for file
Table 1
Carbohydrate catalyzing enzymes (CAZymes) expressed during stem development.
Major CAZyme Families
Total gene models (represented on poplar array)
Number of expressed transcripts
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs)
606 (567)
Glycosyl transferases (GTs)
825 (696)
Polysaccharide lyases (PLs)
39 (39)
Carbohydrate esterases (CEs)
98 (93)
Pectins include chemically diverse polymers that are major components of cell walls. They are important for wall plasticity and cell adhesion, and are major constituent of primary walls of poplar
We have illustrated the expression pattern of all expressed cellulose synthase (CesA) and hemicellulose-related cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes in Figure
Additional file 9
Gene identities for Figures
Click here for file
Figure 7
Clustering and identities of CesA and Csl gene family based on gene expression
Clustering and identities of CesA and Csl gene family based on gene expression. Hierarchical clustering of expressed cellulose synthase (CesA) family and Ces like hemicelluloses-related genes (Csl) in stem internode tissue. Gene names/closest Arabidopsis hit information in Additional file
Expansins and extensins
Expansins are considered one of the primary regulators of plant cell expansion and loosening
Figure 8
Clustering and identities of expansin (A) and extensin (B) gene families based on gene expression
Clustering and identities of expansin (A) and extensin (B) gene families based on gene expression. Hierarchical clustering of expressed (A) expansin gene family (
Extensins are cell wall structural proteins that take part in plant pathogen response and plant cell wall assembly, acting as scaffolds
Cytoskeletal components
The cytoskeleton plays an essential role in guiding and trafficking cellulose synthase complexes during cellulose deposition in secondary cell walls
Figure 9
Clustering and identities of cytoskeleton-related gene families based on gene expression
Clustering and identities of cytoskeleton-related gene families based on gene expression. Hierarchical clustering of expressed (A) actin (B) tubulin (C) actin depolymerizing factor (ADFs) gene families. Gene names/closest Arabidopsis hit information in Additional file
Fasciclin like-AGP
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to the large family of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) and also include extensins (discussed earlier), proline/hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, and lectins
Figure 10
Expression of fasciclin-like AGP gene family
Expression of fasciclin-like AGP gene family. (A) Hierarchical clustering based on expression in stem internode tissue (B) Expression pattern in different
Phenylpropanoid and lignin-related genes
An expression cluster diagram of phenylpropanoid genes identified in the poplar genome
Figure 11
Clustering and identities of phenylpropanoid genes based on gene expression
Clustering and identities of phenylpropanoid genes based on gene expression. Gene names/closest Arabidopsis hit information in Additional file
We have documented the transcriptome changes that occur during the transition from primary to secondary growth using sequential stem developmental stages. More than 3,000 genes were identified as differentially expressed, which is likely to be a conservative estimate due to the use of two biological replicates. Our results provide an extensive catalog of regulatory factors and cell wall biogenesis genes involved in stem elongation and secondary growth phase of tree development, whose potential applications include candidate genes for study of natural polymorphisms, targets for reverse genetic studies of tree development, and tools for marker-aided breeding or genetic engineering of tree growth and wood quality. The transcriptome patterns provided will also aid in making functional interpretations for the vast number of genes that have poorly known biochemical and developmental functions.
Plant material
Two healthy, rapidly growing, three-year-old
RNA isolation
RNA was isolated using Qiagen RNeasy kit using the manufacturers protocols, incorporating the Qiagen "on column" DNAse I treatment to remove contaminating genomic DNA. The quality of total RNA was assessed by absorption at 260 nm/280 nm, gel electrophoresis, and via the Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, USA).
Microarray analysis
A poplar Nimblegen microarray
Microarray data were normalized across all the arrays used in the experiment using the Bioconductor - Robust Multiarray Averaging (RMA) protocol incorporated in the NimbleScan (Nimblegen Inc.) software. Duplicate readings were averaged following normalization. Background hybridization intensity for determining expressed genes was estimated using signal intensity of negative control probes on the array (
Array quality and data precision
The A260/A280 ratios of RNA samples used for hybridizations ranged from 1.7 to 2.0. The absence of contaminating genomic DNA and integrity of RNA samples were examined by Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. RNA Integrity Numbers (RIN) of samples used for hybridization ranged from 8.1 to 10.0. The correlation coefficients (r2) of pair wise comparisons of normalized intensity values between the biological replicates ranged from 0.90 to 0.97. Data precision was estimated by calculating the mean coefficient of variation for the two biological replicates for the first internode sample (IN2) for all expressed genes (36,284). The mean standard deviation was 0.71 (14.8%), and the mean standard error was 0.50 (10.5%). To evaluate the correspondence between the biological replicates, in additional file
Additional file 10
Microarray replicate correspondences. Scatter plots of intensity values for all differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05, 2-fold) between biological replicate sample 1 and replicate sample 2 at each internode.
Click here for file
Quantitative RT-PCR
Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was employed to validate a select set of differentially expressed genes observed in our microarray study. Internode plant material was collected as described earlier from three individual trees different from what had been used for the microarray study. The sampling date was two days following the microarray study sampling date. Nine genes at the FDR cutoff (.049-.05) with low expression and fold-changes, and falling into the three main expression patterns (Figure
Additional file 11
Primers used for qRT-PCR verification. The sequence, length, tm, GC%, and product sizes of primers used for qRT-PCR.
Click here for file
Authors' contributions
PD conducted the experiment, analyzed the data, made biological and literature interpretations of the results, and wrote the first draft. SHS conceived of, directed, and co-funded the project; helped to direct data analysis and interpretation; and edited the manuscript. AB wrote the grant that funded the array hybridizations, provided the tissue type dataset for analysis, and helped to edit the MS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank the Office of Science (BER), U.S. Department of Energy Grant No. DE-FG02-04ER63788 for major support, and the industrial members of the TBGRC Research Cooperative at Oregon State University for partial support. We thank the Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing at Oregon State University for providing access to computing software.
Poplar genome sequence: functional genomics in an ecologically dominant plant species
The genome of black cottonwood,
From primary to secondary growth: origin and development of the vascular system
Identification and characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in xylem secondary cell walls
Genomics of plant cell wall biogenesis
Developmental mechanisms regulating secondary growth in woody plants
Transcriptional regulation in wood formation
A high-resolution transcript profile across the wood-forming meristem of poplar identifies potential regulators of cambial stem cell identity
Changes in gene expression in the wood-forming tissue of transgenic hybrid aspen with increased secondary growth
Gene discovery in the wood-forming tissues of poplar: analysis of 5, 692 expressed sequence tags
Molecular and phenotypic profiling from the base to the crown in maritime pine wood-forming tissue
Carbohydrate-related genes and cell wall biosynthesis in vascular tissues of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)
Seasonal changes in gene expression at the sapwood-heartwood transition zone of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) revealed by cDNA microarray analysis
Transcript profiling of a xylem vs phloem cDNA subtractive library identifies new genes expressed during xylogenesis in Eucalyptus
Transcript profiling of Eucalyptus xylem genes during tension wood formation
Identification of conserved core xylem gene sets: conifer cDNA microarray development, transcript profiling and computational analyses
Important new players in secondary wall synthesis
Vascular development: the long and winding road
Molecular changes associated with the setting up of secondary growth in aspen
Transcriptome profiling of vertical stem segments provides insights into the genetic regulation of secondary growth in hybrid aspen trees
The plastochron index as applied to developmental studies of cottonwood
Developmental and seasonal expression of PtaHB1, a
Transcription factors in poplar growth and development
EDGE: extraction and analysis of differential gene expression
Detecting differential expression in microarray data: comparison of optimal procedures
The miRNA database
The developmental role of microRNA in plants
Stress-responsive microRNAs in
Novel and mechanical stress-responsive MicroRNAs in
Auxin and light control of adventitious rooting in Arabidopsis require ARGONAUTE1
The Arabidopsis DIMINUTO/DWARF1 gene encodes a protein involved in steroid synthesis
Ca2+/calmodulin is critical for brassinosteroid biosynthesis and plant growth
Apyrases (nucleoside triphosphate-diphosphohydrolases) play a key role in growth control in Arabidopsis
Some thaumatin-like proteins hydrolyse polymeric beta-1,3-glucans
Microarray gene expression profiling of developmental transitions in Sitka spruce (
The biochemistry and biology of extracellular plant lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs)
Lipid transfer proteins enhance cell wall extension in tobacco
Increased accumulation of cuticular wax and expression of lipid transfer protein in response to periodic drying events in leaves of tree tobacco
A unique program for cell death in xylem fibers of
Environmental and hormonal regulation of the activity-dormancy cycle in the cambial meristem involves stage-specific modulation of transcriptional and metabolic networks
Genome scale transcriptome analysis of shoot organogenesis in
Conifer R2R3-MYB transcription factors: sequence analyses and gene expression in wood-forming tissues of white spruce (
The MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SND1 and regulates secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis
MYB transcription factors are differentially expressed and regulated during secondary vascular tissue development in hybrid aspen
EgMYB2, a new transcriptional activator from Eucalyptus xylem, regulates secondary cell wall formation and lignin biosynthesis
Characterisation of a pine MYB that regulates lignification
Two NAC domain transcription factors, SND1 and NST1, function redundantly in regulation of secondary wall synthesis in fibers of Arabidopsis
NAC transcription factors, NST1 and NST3, are key regulators of the formation of secondary walls in woody tissues of Arabidopsis
Vascular-related NAC-DOMAIN7 is involved in the differentiation of all types of xylem vessels in Arabidopsis roots and shoots
SND1, a NAC domain transcription factor, is a key regulator of secondary wall synthesis in fibers of Arabidopsis
The true story of the HD-Zip family
bZIP transcription factors in Arabidopsis
Identification of genes preferentially expressed during wood formation in Eucalyptus
Global transcript profiling of primary stems from
Networks of WRKY transcription factors in defense signaling
Arabidopsis whole-transcriptome profiling defines the features of coordinated regulations that occur during secondary growth
The xylem and phloem transcriptomes from secondary tissues of the Arabidopsis root-hypocotyl
Biosynthesis of cellulose-enriched tension wood in
Tobacco WLIM1 is a novel F-actin binding protein involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling
A LIM-domain protein from sunflower is localized to the cytoplasm and/or nucleus in a wide variety of tissues and is associated with the phragmoplast in dividing cells
Functional analysis of tobacco LIM protein Ntlim1 involved in lignin biosynthesis
Heterologous overexpression of the birch FRUITFULL-like MADS-box gene BpMADS4 prevents normal senescence and winter dormancy in
Identification of PTM5 protein interaction partners, a MADS-box gene involved in aspen tree vegetative development
The AP2/ERF domain transcription factor ORA59 integrates jasmonic acid and ethylene signals in plant defense
BOLITA, an Arabidopsis AP2/ERF-like transcription factor that affects cell expansion and proliferation/differentiation pathways
BABY BOOM target genes provide diverse entry points into cell proliferation and cell growth pathways
Heterologous expression of the BABY BOOM AP2/ERF transcription factor enhances the regeneration capacity of tobacco (
Ectopic expression of BABY BOOM triggers a conversion from vegetative to embryonic growth
Carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in the secondary cell wall biogenesis in hybrid aspen
Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes. Gene identification and expression analyses
Arabidopsis fragile fiber8, which encodes a putative glucuronyltransferase, is essential for normal secondary wall synthesis
Arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis
Molecular characterization of PoGT8D and PoGT43B, two secondary wall-associated glycosyltransferases in poplar
Unravelling cell wall formation in the woody dicot stem
Pectin methylesterases: cell wall enzymes with important roles in plant physiology
Pectin methyl esterase inhibits intrusive and symplastic cell growth in developing wood cells of
The cellulose synthase gene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-specific cellulose synthase-like genes in
The genome sequence of black cottonwood (
Differential expression patterns of two cellulose synthase genes are associated with primary and secondary cell wall development in aspen trees
Growth of the plant cell wall
The expansin superfamily
Expansins abundant in secondary xylem belong to subgroup A of the alpha-expansin gene family
Ectopic expression of a wood-abundant expansin PttEXPA1 promotes cell expansion in primary and secondary tissues in aspen
Self-assembly of the plant cell wall requires an extensin scaffold
The roles of the cytoskeleton during cellulose deposition at the secondary cell wall
B-tubulin affects cellulose microfibril orientation in plant secondary fibre cell walls
Differential expansion and expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin gene families in
Xylem-specific and tension stress-responsive coexpression of KORRIGAN endoglucanase and three secondary wall-associated cellulose synthase genes in aspen trees
The complex structures of arabinogalactan-proteins and the journey towards understanding function
An arabinogalactan protein associated with secondary cell wall formation in differentiating xylem of loblolly pine
Purification and cloning of an arabinogalactan-protein from xylem of loblolly pine
Poplar genes encoding fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins are highly expressed in tension wood
Genome-wide analysis of the structural genes regulating defense phenylpropanoid metabolism in
Molecular analysis of herbivore-induced condensed tannin synthesis: cloning and expression of dihydroflavonol reductase from trembling aspen (
Differential expression of four Arabidopsis PAL genes; PAL1 and PAL2 have functional specialization in abiotic environmental-triggered flavonoid synthesis
Botanical Histochemistry: Principles and Practice
NMPP: a user-customized NimbleGen microarray data processing pipeline
Significance analysis of time course microarray experiments
Validating internal controls for quantitative plant gene expression studies
Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method


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Bug shield problem
Hello all. I have a Wade bug guard. I installed one previously and had it crack and fly off the truck on the highway. It was cracked right down the middle so I figured, just a rock hit it and split it so that's why it came off. Well, I have my second one on now and noticed while I had the hood up that 3 out of 4 of the tabs that hold the shield on are broken. It's hanging on by one screw! Has anyone else had this problem? Is there a solution? Does the weathertech shield attach differently? and does it come in clear?
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I am from Santa Fe, New Mexico. My 1st visit to Costa Rica and Nuevo Arenal was back in 1976... a long time ago. I've seen many changes since then and the Lake Arenal/Volcano Arenal region is now one of the most popular and visited areas in of all of Costa Rica . I built Villa Encantada in 1996 and have been renting it ever since, hosting many thousands of guests over the last 18 years. It's been an rewarding evolution and now my principal efforts go into making sure that our guests have the best vacation of their lives. I live here at Nuevo Arenal full time with my family, having built a 2nd home nearby as Villa Encantada is rented more often than not (Gracias a Dios!). By being here in the area full time, I am able to welcome guests to the villa and help them get the most out of their time at the villa and the area... and continue my "work in progress" of 16 yrs in making Villa Encantada a DESTINATION, rather than just a place to sleep. If you'll take a look at our personal webiste you'll find 11 Virtual Tours of the villa and 40 Acre Nature Preserve/ Botanical Garden Estate. On this Flipkey site you'll find more than 100+ photos and 100+.. 5 Star Guest Reviews both here and our other sites. In other words, you know what to expect when you spend time with us ~~ no unwelcome surprises. Our goal is to make your special vacation to Costa Rica and Villa Encantada memorable and hassle free.
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New Braunfels Herald Zeitung (Newspaper) - July 12, 1985, New Braunfels, Texas \ ry.v\> wv^ VV ^ X^Vv'W \v»' VV OFRYl CLARK HERALD 7EITUNG Workmen put on finishing touches to the classroom area first phase By WANDA LASATER Kaleidoscope editor Even as members of Oakwood Baptist Church step into their new sanctuary Sunday, plans are being formulated tor the next step of a master plan. Before the master plan goes further, members will take time to celebrate the work of the past three years with baptism and Lord's supper services Sunday. The first baptism in the building will be Sunday morning following the 9:30 a.m. Sunday school time. The Lord's supper will be at the 7 p.m. service. The Rev. Eucled Moore said that the congregation will host an open house and special services for the community in two or three weeks. After things are settled in the new church, Moore said the next project will be an amphitheater to be built within the next year or two, followed by two — possibly three — more buildings on the site on Loop 337. "You have to have vision," said the pastor. "Because if you don't, then by the time you need the space it's too late." The church acquired three and a half acres on Loop 337 and has the option for another three and a half acres in October "But that's already three acres short," said Moore. Oakwood Baptist started about three and a half years ami as a mission out of First Baptist Church. Members have used school buildings and homes for worship and Sunday school meetings. Attendance at Sunday worship Joe Perron patches the ceiling services is between 180 and 200 now , but Moore said he expects to begin double services by next summer. The new multi-use building with 15,000 square feet was designed with expansion in mind. Even the two-story open sanctuary will one day be converted to two floors of classrooms. Plans include an adjacent worship center as well as another building with all three connected by an atrium overlooking the amphitheater and valley. The amphitheater will be on a hillside behind the church building. It w ill be used during warm weather for "come-as-you-are services," said the pastor. "We have thousands of tourists who come here in summer and most of them, if they have to get dressed up. w on't go to church. "We want to impact this com mutiny And this (building! is a tool We don't bo. God in this building This is where we equip ourselves to minister to tile community." Briefly Founding minister to cite anniversary Dr. Carl N. Roth, one of die founding ministers of St. Andrew Lutheran Church near Startzville, is observing his 59th year of ordination this week. Dr. A.G. Wiederaenders, a retired Lutheran minister living in Seguin and co-founder of St. Andrew, will preach the sermon Sunday. His theme will be "The Present Tense in our Salvation" based on I John 3:1-2. Rev. Harold Wernecke, pastor of St. Andrew, will be the presiding minister. The worship service will begin at 10:15 a.m. A reception in Dr. Roth's honor at the church fellowship room will follow the worship service. Chaplain resigns from Church in Valley At the regular meeting July 9 of the board of trustees of Church in the Valley, trustees accepted the resignation of Chaplain James Gary Calmes. Calmes has served the church as pastor since December 1983 Church officials said that Calmes recurring attacks of "stress-induced depression" prompted the resignation. Calmes will be on extended sick leave at the church parsonage through July. "Gary has many friends iii the Canyon I^ake area who are deeply concerned because of his health problems and are continuing in prayer for his future and recovery," said Pearl Phelps. A pastoral relations commission has been asked to form a search program for a pastor for the church. Bulverde Methodist plans Bible school Bulverde United Methodist Church will have vacation Bible school during the week of July 22 through 26 for children ages 4 to IO. The theme will be "How the Bible helps us live in peace." Small groups will explore peacemaking through the use of learning centers Art, music, drama. Bible study, films arid adventure centers will be included Because of limited space, preregistration is required. The deadline for registration is July 15. For more information, call Dianna Row e in Bulverde at 438-3143. Healing service set at Tree of Life Evangelist Bob Palmer will conduct a miracle and healing service al Tree of Ijfe Fellowship Sunday through Wednesday. All interested persons are invited to attend the services at 7 p.m. each day. A nursery will be provided for children under the age of 4 years. The church is located at 125 Highway 81 West. St. John s Episcopal makes summer plans St. John s Episcopal Church, 312 S. Guenther, will not have a vestry meeting in July. The next meeting will be Aug. 13 at 7:30p.m. Vacation Bible school is planned at the church Aug. 5 through 9. St. John's is sponsoring a Mothers' Day Out program on Mondays arid Fridays from 9:140 a.m. to 2:30 pm Children accepted are 4 months to 2 years of age. For information or registration, call the church office Vacation church school set at First Methodist First United Methodist Church will have vacation church school Monday through Friday from 9 a.rn. to noon for children 4 years of age through fourth grade. For pre-registration, call 629-2808 or 625-4513. 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Setting the Motion- Plan
Explosion- the eight dimensions have collided on Earth. The Thespianos have come with a solution which the British and American Government have agreed on. Maria Cortez is currently working undercover in France to find out the views of the fellow Europeans. Alex meanwhile has been trying to adjust to a "normal life" with his dad without Maria as Maria has made Alex disconnected from her and the world of thespianos. Despite his various attempts of trying to make connections with her, Maria seems to close further doors. Confused over Maria's feelings over him and the wonder if their friendship is almost over; Alex decides to confront her head on and lies to his dad about a sudden school trip to France. In Alex's opinion, his dad overwhelmed with stresses over work and naive of the sudden collision, so reluctantly lets him go in the hope to patch up relationships with his son and an explanation of his recent strange emotional behaviour. Alex with the help of the Changs eventually finds Maria. Despite the initial frustration and anger given by Maria, she is relived and happy to see Alex went to see her as deep down she loves him. Because of this, she leads with Hank Metamorphis (much to Alex's disgust) so she is reassured that he is okay without having to be physically there with him. Hank explains to Alex that there is an undercover Thespiano spy and only to make Maria happy (as he also fancies her) allows Alex on the search. Hank's readings (which turn out to be faulty) lead to Japan where they meet up with a girl who they think is working undercover to the Thespianos. Hank uses his usual charm with her which in turn winds up Alex further. Alex threatens to leave Hank as he seems only want to have flirtatious intercourse with the girl and not to do what Maria had asked. Hank uses emotional blackmail which in turn leads to Alex shooting Hank with a spittle gun which contains alien gases which paralyses Hank in the arm. The girl who turns out to be a friend of Maria's lets her know subtly of the guys's misgivings. Maria, disappointed by the lack of teamwork made by the boys especially by Alex for she respects his maturity, follows the location by the waves given by her futuristic communication device but unwittingly her presence is discovered by French speaking thespianos. The Thespianos throughout the world find out her true identity and ask/bribe the US President and British Prime Minster. As neither is willing to reveal to the general public and panic them, they decide to make her a listed terrorist. Meanwhile Alex has been sent to the hospital by the girl now known as Fing, to find an angry and annoyed Hank. Fing reveals to them the state of play of Maria and reassured them that she is bright and whatever happens to her she will be able to see them again. Hank buys this and makes the injury sound more serious than it actually is so he can avoid helping Maria which in turn would him stop getting caught by the police and makes out to Alex that Maria would be fine and so Alex would no longer be wanted to help Hank in Japan and soon both could escape and take a early holiday. Alex on the other hand is not convinced by this and requests Fing to tell him where Maria is currently hiding. After much dispute, Fing does give the current location but warns Alex that she might not be there. Alex responds and says that he would risk anything to be with her which was contrast to Hank who is seen getting out of his bed and changing the channel with the remote on the cupboard opposite. Fing admires his courage and lets him go without Hank realising. After seeing that Alex has set off with a trusted mate of hers, Fing confronts Hank of his "serious" injury and tells him of Alex's absence. Hank has an angry rant and tells her that all three could have avoided the police if she had put Alex on a lead. She responds violently and tells him if he wishes to considered better by Maria that he better follow Alex. Reluctantly, he transports himself now remarkably better and finds Alex. Alex furious at his sudden arrival comes with him as Hank has been given a more up to date location of Maria and a amulet for Alex by Fing with the inscription "hope this comes in use". Currently in Peru, Alex and Hank trek up to Machu Picchu. Most of the trip in silence between them, until Hank asks why Maria does prefer him. Alex denies all knowledge and that she and him are only mates. Hank denies this as says that all that she speaks about is him and if he is going to mature that Alex has also to accept his feelings towards her. Alex agrees and both finally reach to a mutual understanding .This is short lived through once both have to settle for the night and when Alex wants Hank to collect firewood whilst he builds the shelter, Hank throws a sulk and lays on the ground sulking in his blanket like a baby. Alex, given up hope with Hank goes collects firewood. For a while, Hank continues to throw a strop until the night draws in and it gets cold and starts to rain. Hank decides to build the shelter and to Alex's surprise he makes a shelter which is better than could have expected. Hank ruins this moment by saying that he was going to do it but Alex stopped him. Alex ignores this comment and shows the meat he collected during his encounter with the forest. Both enjoy a meal together for the first time and the meal is full of wind- ups and stick. They go to bed both smiling and Hank says good night to Alex (again a first). But Alex can't sleep and worries frantically about Maria and his explanation he is going to have to give to his dad. Hours pass and suddenly a noise comes towards the shelter. Alex comes out of the shelter and sees a Thespiano at the meat. Alex runs in and tries to wake up Hank unsuccessful as he is fast asleep. The Thespiano spots Alex and Alex calls for and runs for Maria. Hank, now woken up goes out just about to have a go at Alex until he spots the Thespiano and starts chasing Alex crying like a baby. Both are seen by Maria and Fing who gets out an amulet and sucks the Thespiano's soul out. Maria, not best pleased by the feeble attempts made by the boys has a go at them. Fing explains to Maria that neither was aware of the amulet's power and so therefore both won't to blame. Maria says that both had common sense and they should have tried harder. Alex responds to Maria with that she should have used common sense when she did not speak to him. Maria, unaware that it mattered to him that much goes and tells him that he should remember that she loves him. Fing suggested subtly to Hank that both of them should leave. This message is not incepted by Hank so she pulls him screaming away. Alex and Maria embrace each other and Maria loses her composure for the first time and cries. Alex kisses her. Maria, shocked smiles back to him. Hank sees this and leaves thinking that all hope between him and her is thrashed and decides to give himself in to the British Government for helping a listed terrorist. Alex shouts back to him and thanks him but he has already left. Fing now revealed she is telepathic and a telekinetic, has read Hank's mind and tells them with the plee. Alex, now stronger with Maria by his side decides to take leadership and to save Hank. Maria and Fing agree. Fing tells them the amulets together will teleport by their strength of love. Both hold each other arms with Fing and transport to London. They end up in Downing Street only to be chased by policemen recognising Maria. Fing says that both Alex and Maria need to be together to stop the Thespianos and Fing battles them but isn't strong enough to combat them being thespianos and dies and her soul transforms into an eagle. Alex wishes to revenge her but Maria stops him. Both go into the Prime Minster office only to find a knocked out Prime Minster and the chief Thespiano is there with Hank, terrified. He discovers that his dad has been working for them as a spy for his eighteen years (hence why he let him go at the beginning at the book).Alex, furious and betrayed, wants to attack him but again is stopped by Maria. His dad is then knocked out and the chief thespiano starts to soul. Alex takes out his amulet but is taken as a joke by his chief thespiano. He continues suck his dad's soul with his dad calling him. Alex ignores him and spots Maria by the window. Whilst Alex has been occupying the Thespiano's attention, Maria has connected the amulet to the main computer in the office. Thespiano surprised by this gives stick to Maria. She flicks the switch and as a result 10 Downing Street collapses with the Thespiano and the Prime Minster (Alex, Maria and his dad escape with Hank fretting and blown away with it all but only just). The fellow thespianos retreat without their master. Maria tries to save his father but Alex is reluctant to save him. His dad comes back from the dead but Alex isn't happy.
A week later, Alex has moved out of his dad's house (dad not happy by this decision) to move with Hank because Maria has been promoted by the British Government. UK is panicked after the death of the Prime Minster and the revelations of the collision. Maria is now advisor to the acting Prime Minster and living in North East London. Alex and Hank are seen on a beach; Hank chatting up the local ladies and Alex makes Hank a body build out of sand. Hank is then met up with the local heartthrob who punches Hank into the sky. Alex laughs and reads the letter written by Maria who tells of the funeral of Fing from the news (obviously all three were banned from the funeral as all three had responsibility over her death) Maria tells that the last requests of Fing (as she expected she would die) were to firstly for Alex to look after Hank especially as he has been given money by her from the will hence the reason they were able to move so to avoid him wasting it and to tell Hank when he is mature enough that she fancied him. But the final request is Maria marrying Alex. She says now that is would be quite impossible but reassures Alex it would happen no matter what. Hank calls to Alex for having a swim to release his pan from the punch and prove he is the better swimmer. Alex smiles and both walk into the sunset.


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Santos liked his Cards up
Santos made his first start of the season Sunday. However, in five previous career games against the Cardinals, he registered a stellar 2.25 ERA, fanning eight in 16 innings. His overall major league ERA was 5.17, however.
More chances for the broom
The Redbirds achieved their first three-game sweep over Milwaukee since March 31 –April 3, 2003 in St. Louis. The last time the Cards swept the Brewers in three games at Milwaukee was back in September, 2002. The teams will meet 13 more times this season.
TLR milestone
Sunday's win was Tony La Russa's 800th as the Cardinals' manager. He currently ranks third in Cardinals' managerial wins all-time and is just 23 victories short of tying Whitey Herzog for the second-most wins as a Cardinals skipper.
Solid D
Early fears about a dropoff in defense have yet to come to pass. Coming into Sunday's game, Cardinals' fielders have committed just three errors this season, second in the majors behind Cincinnati.
Eck and Grudz on top
Hitting in the top two spots in the order, David Eckstein and Mark Grudzielanek reached base in five of ten plate appearances in Saturday's game. Eckstein came into Sunday's game with a .300 average, including hits in six of nine games and he has reached base in all but one game this season with a .462 on-base percentage.
King back
After missing several games to go to Arizona to attend to a personal matter, Ray King rejoined the Cardinals for Sunday's game.
The lineup
Eckstein, Walker, Pujols, Rolen, Edmonds, Grudzielanek, Mabry (left), Molina plus Marquis.
On to the game…
Brewers first – Clark clocks one
Leadoff hitter Brady Clark continues his hot hitting when he slammed a home run that bounced off the top of the left field wall. Mabry would have had a shot to catch it, if he had gotten back to the wall sooner. It was Marquis' first home run allowed this season after giving up 26 long balls in 32 starts last season. Lyle Overbay walked with one out, but was stranded. It is Milwaukee's first lead of the series. Brewers 1-0.
Brewers second - Miller at Miller
Damian Miller slapped a 3-0 fastball past Rolen for a lead off double. He moved to third on a ground out and scored as Albert made a two-base fielding error on an easy grounder by J.J. Hardy. In another first, it was Albert's initial error this season. Hardy took third on a grounder, but Marquis fanned Clark to minimize the damage. Brewers 2-0.
Brewers third – Edmonds saves a run and more
For the third inning in a row, the Brewers' leadoff man slammed an extra-base hit. Junior Spivey's double went over Mabry's head. Next, Edmonds made a defensive gem as he dove on the warning track to haul in Lyle Overbay's shot to deep center. Surprisingly, Spivey did not tag up and take third. It didn't matter as he was stranded, anyway. Edmonds' play was not only the play of the game, but also its turning point.
Cards fourth – Rolen RBI
Albert collected the Cards' initial hit, a ball through the hole, with one out and moved up on a wild pitch. He scored on Rolen's sharp single to left. Brewers 2-1.
Cards sixth – Shaky Brewer defense
With two out, Pujols hit a ball in the same place his single went two innings before. But, this time, Hardy got to the ball and made a nice throw from his knees. Pujols just made it ahead of the ball, but seemed to come down hard on his heel. Rolen hit a ball to short center, which Clark dropped. Oquendo sent Albert home, but then stopped him because Pujols was spending too much time watching the play instead of watching Oquendo. However, the throw into the infield got away from Overbay, allowing Albert to score anyway. Rolen took third during the miscues but was stranded. Tie 2-2.
Cardinals eighth – nothing doing
Not surprisingly for him, La Russa allowed Marquis to hit leading off the eighth. He has been pitching very well, but it signals a lack of confidence in the bullpen, implies Rick Horton. Defensive replacement Chris Magruder hauled in Walker's blast off the top of the right field wall to end the inning.
Milwaukee eighth – Marquis masterful
Marquis is rolling, having retired everyone in two full passes through the lineup - eighteen Brewers in a row. Many of them were weak groundouts.
Cardinals ninth – Rolen is the man
Closer Mike Adams served up a solo home run to Scott Rolen with one out in the ninth. Rolen's third hit of the day hooked just inside the left field foul pole. Cards 3-2.
Brewers ninth – Izzy time
After saves in each of the first two games of the series, Jason Isringhausen again collected the save, his fifth on the season. But, he made it interesting by walking the lead off man and one other with two out, too, before getting out of the mess.
Upcoming action (times CDT)
Monday at Pittsburgh: Mark Mulder vs. Dave Williams 7:05 pm FSN Midwest
Tuesday at Pittsburgh: Matt Morris vs. Josh Fogg 7:05 pm FSN Midwest
Wednesday vs. Cubs: Jeff Suppan vs. TBA 6:10pm FSN Midwest and ESPN
Thursday vs. Cubs: Chris Carpenter vs. TBA 12:10pm FSN Midwest and ESPN
Brian Walton can be reached via email at email@example.com.


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Catherine Feore returns with Picturenose's 900th post and her thoughts on Woody Allen's latest.
Sipping on a beer before the film, I overheard a wonderfully Allenesque conversation – words that he might have given to a character: 'J'ai jamais fait du sport, je suis plutot intello' (I've never been sporting, I'm more of an intellectual).
This was said without a trace of irony, I think I managed to stifle a giggle. The guy probably was an intellectual, but to utter this phrase in the Anglo-Saxon world would be an open invitation to savage derision (happily, it was uttered in Belgium). This raised a worrying question in my mind – there appear to be two camps when it comes to Woody Allen, those who are generally in the 'he is so over-rated' camp and those who are 'devotees'. Am I an intello, who doesn't like sport? All I can say is that to one of these questions, my answer is a resounding 'Yes'.
To those in the haters camp, I might be considered incapable of critical judgement when it comes to Allen's films. I would have to query this a little, but will confess that while I have found some of his films unsettling and some not quite as good as others, I have always found them interesting and I always get some sort of insight from them – I even liked Melinda and Melinda (2004).
Irrational Man is a reference to a book of the same name by William Barret on existentialism; the film also leans on Allen's fascination with the novels of Dostoyevsky, in this instance Crime and Punishment. When it comes to films that address existential questions, I would place Allen somewhere between Bergman and the director of The Fast and the Furious 3, let's say near the top. So, if this is your bag, you are in for a fun night at the cinema.
The eponymous irrational man is Abe, played by Joaquin Phoenix, a philosophy professor who is resigned to the pointlessness of existence; I say pointlessness, because he has already transcended meaninglessness and despair. Refreshingly, Allen has allowed Phoenix to play an angst-ridden man without forcing him to adopt Woody-like mannerisms – other actors have been less able to resist.
Abe's arrival on campus is widely anticipated – Rita (Parker Posey), a bored chemistry professor, who has been serially unfaithful to her often-absent husband, is particularly looking forward to meeting the new professor and potential conquest. The other main character, Jill (Emma Stone), is a student who sparks Abe's interest with an essay where she heavily critiques one of his books.
Jill comes to idolize Abe, and fails to see that 'he's a wreck and he smells'. Jill is not the most interesting character, especially compared to the sassy Rita. It would be difficult to see Jill's attraction to Abe, if it weren't for her insipid and clinging boyfriend. Abe's capitulation to Jill's advances is another aspect of his moral decline.
Abe and Jill overhear a discussion in a diner, where a women tells her friends about how a judge has given the custody of her child to her ex-husband who has shown little or no interest in his child to date – she has been impoverished by the legal process and sees no point in an appeal, especially since the judge seems unlikely to move and is an acquaintance of the errant father. Abe decides that he is going to intervene and murder the judge. Initially, he verifies that the judge is the despicable person he appears to be, then he starts to follow his movements and plan his crime. Abe is liberated by his action and feels no guilt afterwards, just a new found love for life. Predictably, things start to go very wrong; when Jill discovers what he's done, she urges Abe to turn himself in.
I can't say that I enjoyed this film as much as other Allen work; at times it felt like there had been a lot of cutting and pasting from earlier films. There were a couple of brilliant moments, for example when Abe demonstrates how Russian roulette works to a bunch of optimistic, preppy students, but on the whole, there weren't many laughs and this can definitely be classed as one of Allen's darker films, alongside Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989).
Feeling nostalgic for cheerier works, I turned to Hannah and her Sisters (1986), my preferred take on existence where – after dabbling with various religions – Mickey (Allen) finds meaning through the Marx Brothers film Duck Soup (1933), concluding: "What if the worst is true, what if there is no God and you only go round once, and that's it? Well don't you want to be part of the experience? It's not all a drag and I should stop ruining my life searching for answers I'm never going to get and just enjoy it while it lasts. And afterwards, who knows…"
Is this a great Woody Allen? No, it is not, but ultimately he is still the best at this kind of stuff – maybe too comfortable with it, as I sometimes felt in this film. To pull off a work that explicitly addresses existentialist ideas with any aplomb requires skill – I wouldn't place this movie (his 50th!) in the top ranking of his work to date; however, to my mind, 97 minutes in a cinema exploring existential ideas beats several evenings in reading Kierkegaard.
97 mins.


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QUETTA: The law enforcement agencies have continued search operation to trace and arrest the killers of journalist Rehmatullah Abid who was gunned down in Panjgur last night and so far, five suspected persons have been taken into custody.
Police sources told APP on Monday that on the directives of Chief Minister Balochistan Nawab Aslam Raisani,teams of law enforcement personnel were formed to trace and arrest the killers of the journalist.
Police raided a place in Rakhsaan Nala area in Panjgur and took five suspected persons into custody. Two of the suspects belonged to Kalat, another two to Panjgur and one to Karachi.
The police and Levies Force have been put on high alert and deputy commissioner and district police officer of the relevant district have been supervising the search operation.
However, the journalist community expressed its dissatisfaction over the role of the police as it reached four hours late at the site where Journalist Abid was gunned down.
In his statement, Saleem Shahid, the President Quetta Press Club has strongly flayed the unabated incidents of targeted killing of journalists in Balochistan. He said that journalists of Balochistan have been facing sense of insecurity as no single accused of murder of journalists could be apprehend so far.
Eisa Tareen, the President of Balochistan Union of Journalists said that due to targeted killings of journalists, Khuzdar Press Club was locked and the media persons were forced to flee to other parts of the province.
He added that so far, over two dozens journalists have been killed in targeted killing in Balochistan. The BUJ also announced to stage protest against killing of Abid.
Meanwhile, Chief Minister Balochistan Nawab Aslam Raisani has announced Rs 1 million compensation for the bereaved family of the journalist Abid. In his statement, he said that hidden hands were involved in attacking and killing journalists in order to create unrest in Balochistan. He said that some elements wanted to stop the journalists from working.
It is recalled here that unknown gunmen riding motorcycle attacked and shot dead Rehmatullah Abid, the local journalist when he was sitting at a hair-dresser shop in Washbood village in Panjgur district.
He received multiple bullet wounds and succumbed to his injuries. Abid had worked with official news agency of Associated Press of Pakistan as part time correspondent in Panjgur district and currently he was working as district reporter of a private news TV channel and a local daily Intikhab.


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text: CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DETAILS Name-Surname: Selim Duramaz Place and Date of Birth: Bursa, Turkey-1986 E-mail: [email protected] Foreign Language: English FINAL POSITION EMPLOYED Unit: Celal Bayar University, School of Applied Sciences Department: Banking and Finance EDUCATIONAL STATUS UNDERGRADUATE University: Celal Bayar University Academic Unit: School of Applied Sciences Program/Department: Banking and Finance Date of Graduation: 2009 POST-GRADUATE University: Celal Bayar University Institute: Institute of Social Sciences Field: Public Finance Date of Graduation: 2012 DOCTORATE University: Celal Bayar University Institute: Institute of Social Sciences Field: Economy Date of Graduation: 2013-… ACADEMIC TITLES Research Assistant Celal Bayar University 2012-… PUBLICATIONS BOOK Uysal D., Duramaz S, Bursalıoğlu S.A., Global Financial Crisis to Debt Crisis: Causes, Factors and Expectancies, "Effıcıency Analysıs of Turkısh Bankıng Sector After The 2008 Crıses: A Comparıson Between The Publıc And Foreıgn Capıtal Banks In 2009 and 2011", Editors: Erşan Sever, Murat Demir, Ekin Publisher, Bursa, 2014. ARTICLES Duramaz, S. ve Bal, V. (2012). Evaluation of Public Capital Banks Informatics-Motivation on Employees Relations: Manisa and İzmir Examples, Alatoo Academic Studies, 7(2), 82-93. Miynat, M. ve Duramaz, S. (2012). The Role of Fınancıal Instıtutıons in Strugglıng for Black Money Launderıng ın Turkey, Celal Bayar University Institute of Social Sciences Journal, 10(2), 98-115. Koctürk O.M., Tepeci M., Duramaz S. and Yatbaz A. (2013). The use of agricultural loan: an analysis of farmers' bank selection decisions in Manisa-Turkey, Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 11(3&4), 764-768. Miynat, M. ve Duramaz, S. (2013). New Financial Crime As A Black Money Laundering Tool: Cyber-Laundering, Management and Economy Journal, 20(1), 315-325. Koctürk, O.M., Duramaz, S. ve Eker M. (2013). Evaluation of International Capital Flows for Turkey and its impact on Agricultural Sector, Third Sector Social Economy Journal, 48(1), 1-20. Koçtürk O.M., Duramaz S., Eker M., (2013), Role of Banking and Agricultural Credit Applications on Rural Development: Manisa Example, Celal Bayar University Institute of Social Sciences Journal, 11(3), 372-394. Duramaz, S., Dündar, S. (2014), A Comparison of Electronic Payment Systems: The Case of Turkey and Italy, Uşak University Social Sciences Journal, 7(1), 24-37. PAPERS Koçtürk O.M., Duramaz S., Eker M., 2013, Role of Banking and Agricultural Credit Applications in Rural Development: Manisa Example, the Fifth National Congress of Local Economy, 9-11 May.


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text:
Memorial Day Weekend! It's the official gateway to summer. The temperature outside is on the rise, and we have the sizzle for you inside this weekend at the St. Cloud Public Library. Join us Saturday, May 28 beginning at 1 p.m. for our St. Cloud Film Club. This month's selection is Mad, Hot Ballroom. Caliente!
Didn't find what you need? Ask A Librarian Databases A-Z MNLink Suggest A Title Advanced Search
Library News
Posted May 26, 2016
Posted May 23, 2016
Becker Public Library will be offering new programs this summer. Family storytimes will be offered on one Saturday and one Thursday of each month this summer. The first Saturday Family Storytime will be June 11 at 10:30 a.m. The first Thursday Family Storytime will be June 23 at 6:30 p.m. Family Storytime includes books, songs, rhymes, movement and more. It helps reinforce love of learning in children. No registration is required. Check the online Events calendar or stop at the Becker library...
Posted May 20, 2016
Brush up on your engineering and problem-solving skills: Kids are challenged to power the Krazy Gears Merry-Go-Round by figuring out how to connect interlocking gears to the power source. Don't forget to show a library staffer when you successfully complete the challenge! The Get In Gear challenge will be available at the Paynesville Public Library during library open hours until the end of May. 320.243.7343 Library Open Hours: Mondays 2-8 p.m. Tuesdays 2-6 p....
Posted May 16, 2016
The Royalton Public Library was filled with creative and positive energy when master artist Willicey Tynes returned to lead an introduction to printmaking class. On this lovely May morning participants enjoyed learning about the history of printmaking and then designed their own Lino-cut used to make prints. The designs included dragonflies, flowers and religious symbols.
Posted May 12, 2016
Do you know that one in 26 St. Cloud residents will be a victim of a violent crime this year? One way to ensure you're doing everything you can to protect yourself is to come to the St. Cloud Public Library Tuesday, May 17 for Officer Justin's presentation on this topic. He'll offer an overview of crime in St. Cloud, and ways to protect yourself and loved ones. Don't miss this program. Tuesday, May 17 in Room 208 from 6:00 to 7:15 p.m. It is free and open to everyone who wants to live in a...
Posted May 11, 2016
Local artist Len Sharon presented a class on weaving decorative orbs to an enthusiastic group at the Royalton Public Library on Saturday, May 7. He makes the orbs from willow branches that he gathers from the countryside near his home in rural Randall. The classes that Sharon offers are some of the most popular events offered at the Royalton library. The participants enjoy his patience, humor and craftsmanship. This class included two sets of grandmothers and granddaughters which seemed fitting...
Posted May 10, 2016
Local Becker author Mary Jo Mosher will be at the Becker Public Library, Saturday, May 21 at 10:30 a.m. Mary Jo will be discussing her time in the Bighorn National Forest, Sheridan, Wyoming volunteering for the Forest Service, and her newest book, The Volunteers: Tales of Adventure and Mayhem in the Bighorn National Forest. Mary Jo is a retired journalist and author of "One Man Against the Mountain" and recently released "Penny's Tale." She also co-authored "Hiking Minnesota." All of Mary Jo...
Posted May 9, 2016
Join us Saturday, May 14 from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m. at the St. Cloud Public Library when Minnesota young adult author Carrie Mesrobian will speak to teens about writing and about her many novels. Carrie teaches writing to teenagers at The Loft Literacy Center in Minneapolis. Carrie's debut novel, "Sex And Violence," was a 2014 William C. Morris YA Debut Award Finalist, YALSA's 2014 Best Fiction for Young Adults nominee, Cybils Best Young Adult Fiction Finalist, and winner of the 2014 Minnesota Book...
Posted May 9, 2016
Do you know that seven percent of all U.S. citizens 16 years old and older experienced at least one identity theft incident in the past 12 months? The best way to protect yourself is to know the facts. On Tuesday, May 10 at 6:00 p.m., Officer Justin will be providing a free community safety seminar at the St. Cloud library's Bremer Room offering tips on how to protect yourself from fraud and identity theft.
Posted May 9, 2016
Join us at the St. Cloud Public Library on the second Monday of each month for a gaming extravaganza! Learn to play new card and board games, meet other gaming enthusiasts, and hone your gaming skills. Feel free to bring a new or unique game to share. Ages 13 and up. Adults welcome! Room 208.


text:
Risk to be getting a Vaginoplasty at 26 years old and never had kids? (Photo)
Doctor Answers 9
Risks of Vaginoplasty
Labiaplasty Prior to Childbearing
#Non-surgical treatments with #Thermiva radiofrequency can reduce the labia for some patients.Surgery is the most common treatment and this problem can usually be corrected in less than one hour with a local anaesthetic. Many women feel more comfortable and relaxed with a quick twilight or general anaesthetic. Each procedure is customized to the physical findings as well as the desired goals of the patient. Some procedures may include treatment of the clitoris or clitoral hood to further enhance this region.
There is no one right solution for all patients, but there is a solution for every woman. The outcome of a Labiaplasty is a more youthful appearance, ability to wear all types of clothing without discomfort and/or embarrassment, and a more confident sex life.
However, if one is planning on growing their family, it may be best to postpone any of the procedures until after. Certainly there isn't any harm in undergoing vaginal rejuvenation prior to childbirth. Nevertheless, the birthing process(es) may negate some of the results of the rejuvenation, unless a C-section is involved, of course. Therefore, postponing the procedure(s) until after bearing children may be a better decision for some women.
Web reference: http://www.pacificcenterplasticsurgery.com/body-procedures-newport-beach/vaginal-rejuvenation/
Vaginoplasty needed?
Robert D Moore, FACOG, FPMRS, FACS
Atlanta - Beverly Hills - Dubai
Web reference: http://miklosandmoore.com/cosmetic-vaginal-surgery/
You might also like...
Risk to be getting a Vaginoplasty at 26 years old and never had kids?
Kenneth Hughes, MD
Los Angeles, CA
Web reference: http://www.hughesplasticsurgery.com/labial-rejuvenation-photo-galleries.php
Labiaplasty or Vaginoplasty for Overgrown Labia Minora
Web reference: http://www.lvr-nj.com/
Vaginoplasty versus labiaplasty
Web reference: http://www.enhanceyourimage.com/procedures/female-genital-cosmetic-surgery.cfm
Risk of Labiaplasty
Web reference: http://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/Abstract/2008/12000/Aesthetic_Labia_Minora_and_Clitoral_Hood_Reduction.22.aspx
Vaginoplasty/Labiaplasty Risks
Vaginoplasty vs labiaplasty
Good question- there are two different procedures we perform- vaginoplasty that alters the size of your vagina, and labiaplasty that reshapes the labia minora. These procedures can be performed together or separately.
Vaginoplasty is most cases is reserved for women who have given birth vaginally and wish to have their canal made smaller again. You being young and not having has any children yet makes it unlikely that you will need a vaginoplasty.
Labiaplasty is an option in women of any age or birthing status when the labia are too big and desire reduction for either cosmesis or clothing choices reasons. With the surge in popularity of women wearing tight fitting pants such as yoga pants, these labia reducing procedures are becoming much more popular. it can be performed under either local anesthesia or with light sedation, and one generally returns to desk type work after a long weekend.
It is important to see a surgeon with experience in these procedures- although pretty straight forward, there are a few pitfalls to avoid that can lead to ptoentially long term issues with comfort while wearing tight clothing or during intercourse.
I hope this helps
Web reference: http://www.drsteely.com/
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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text: Facebook buys Instagram and now they start screwing off those policies too. In its first big policy shift since Facebook bought the photo-sharing site, Instagram claims the right to sell users' photos without payment or notification. Oh, and there's no way to opt out. Why in hell would anyone use any Facebook owned product / service? ==================================== Instagram says it now has the right to sell your photos Instagram said today that it has the perpetual right to sell users' photographs without payment or notification, a dramatic policy shift that quickly sparked a public outcry. The new intellectual property policy, which takes effect on January 16, comes three months after Facebook completed its acquisition of the popular photo-sharing site. Unless Instagram users delete their accounts before the January deadline, they cannot opt out. Under the new policy, Facebook claims the perpetual right to license all public Instagram photos to companies or any other organization, including for advertising purposes, which would effectively transform the Web site into the world's largest stock photo agency. One irked Twitter user quipped that "Instagram is now the new iStockPhoto, except they won't have to pay you anything to use your images." Complete Story


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© 2017 LICADD, Long Island Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. All Rights Reserved.LICADD is an affiliate of Family and Children's Association (FCA).
Long Island Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. SW CPE is recognized by the New York State Education Department's State Board for Social Work as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers #0086.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
My dad did not have a spouse to receive the items, my sister and I are the next of kin. He did not have an estate and there is no executor. Do I need to go through probate to change the title, or is there another way I should be going about transferring it? I keep hearing it is best to avoid probate in general so I'm not sure of the best way to go.
As described by you, there is no way to avoid probate. Probate avoidance must be done by a person before he/she dies.
The only possible way you can avoid probate for the vehicle is if Dad had a TOD on the Title to the vehicle. If not, and if the vehicle's current value is less no more than 5,000$ (but less than the amount paid for the funeral) then the person who is named on the "paid" funeral bill can file forms at Probate Court to obtain a court order directing transfer of the title to that person.
This process might not be available if the total gross value of all probate assets is in excess of the 5,000$ limit.Ask a similar question
Thanks so much Justin. The car is less than $5k (his only asset) and I did pay more for the funeral than the cost of the car. Do you know where I could find the appropriate forms? Or, if I physically go to the probate court and give them this information, along with a death certificate, should they be able to guide me through the process? Thank so much!
Go to Probate Court for the County where Dad was living. The filing fee will be between 60$-100$. Take cash since most Courts will not accept a personal check.
Thank you again! This has been incredibly helpful, I really appreciate the advice.
You will need to look at the certificate of title to see whether your father named you as a transfer on death beneficiary of the car. If not, the car will need to be probated, together with any other probate assets he owned at the time of his death. If the car is the only probate asset it is likely that you will be able to have the estate relieved from full administration, which will minimize the expense of probate.
This reply does not constitute an attorney-client relationship. Please do not include any confidential information in your communications. I encourage you to visit my website www.bhmklaw.com or call me at 513-579-1500 or 513-357-4328. Thank you for reaching out to me. SteveAsk a similar question
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Added on 16-May-2005
Rumours are abound that the band will be playing Madison Square Gardens in September.Queenzoner, cmsdrums reported the following in the Queenzone.com forums:"In the Summer 2005 edition of Korg magazine (for keyboard players) there is an interview with Spike Edney, recorded at Bray Studios at the pre-tour rehearsals, in which he says that they are playing at Madison Square Gardens in September."I guess we will have to wait and see if any of this pans out. Fingers crossed.The original notice board post can be found at: http://www.queenzone.com/queenzone/forumnew/forum_topic_view.aspx?Q=536424
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|Reviews for Simple Pleasures
| JamieDidn'tDieInCulloden chapter 1 . 4/9/2009
A great story. Very funny.
| Shi-Ahn Jinn chapter 1 . 4/4/2008
I love it when people write funny little snigletts about Qui-Gon, Obi-Wan and the others in the Star Wars Sagas. This one was perticularly funny as you described the sensations Obi-Wan was feeling as he was tasting a new food for the first time. I loved his reactions and Yoda's to seeing them. If I wasn't in the libary I would have burst out laughing when I found out it was an OREO COOKIE he was tasting! I LOVE IT! Thanks and keep up the good work. Love, Shi-Ahn Jinn
| Miluielwen chapter 1 . 5/7/2006
"See, even Jedi love OREOS!"
... hehe. Who doesn't? XD
| Dev Binks chapter 1 . 8/27/2003
LOL that's good you make it seem like something bad then you come and say it's oreos.
| April chapter 1 . 11/10/2002
| jane chapter 1 . 10/27/2002
Hehe! I loved that, especially the descriptions. I love Oreos too...mmmm...
p.s. Write me! Now!
| AnakinsOnlyAngel chapter 1 . 10/26/2002
LMAO! My pal gave me the link, and when i first started to read, I was like... OMG, and this is rated... G? LOLOLOL how funny!
| jedi monkey1 chapter 1 . 10/26/2002
Oreo's? What are they? *ponder*
Hilarious! Are you gaining entertainment out of trying to show us all what, um, lets say imaginative ;) minds we have?
| Anna Skywalker chapter 1 . 10/23/2002
ROFL! That was freaking hilarious! Who knew Obi-Wan loved oreos so much? _~
| Culf chapter 1 . 10/23/2002
Wow, cool. I now desire tasting what Obi Wan got, but sadly, I have not seen Oreo's on my planet. *mope* I'll do what ever I can to get a hold of these wonderful cookies. I feel addicted, and I have not even tasted them! lol.
May the Force be with you!
| Vandesdelca chapter 1 . 10/23/2002
Jedi love Oreos too? WOW! Now I'm gonna go find some Oreos.
| Lady Celebare chapter 1 . 10/23/2002
LOL! OREOS! That was sort of a non-lemon lemon. Weird. Seduced by the oreo. OBI-WAN! I'M AN OREO! COME TO MEEEEE!
Anyway, great fic! Funny as heck, the ending!
| Guest chapter 1 . 10/22/2002
omg that was great
| joe chapter 1 . 10/22/2002
it was funny!kind of,im not
TOO much of an oreo lover,but one thing they are good,and this short story was good!
| Lioma Darksong chapter 1 . 10/22/2002
mmmmm... oreos... *drools*