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We've got tons of gear for a killer deal. You can shop our Wakeboards for sale, Water Skis for sale or check out the Blowout Barrel . We carry it all and with Free Shipping (on orders over $99) and No Sales Tax, it's a deal you can't pass up! Let us know if you have any questions (800) 832 7547
Ronix 2013 Bill Wakeboard 130
Regular Price: $429.99
Special Price: $259.99
The Bill has more top water momentum so you don't have to work as hard.
Blended Rocker - By blending the best of a 3-stage board together with the best of a continuously rockered board, Ronix has created a rocker line that's smooth and fast yet, still launches riders off of the wake. Learn More
2015 Slingshot Recoil Wakeboard
Regular Price: $369.00
Special Price: $269.95
Liquid Force 2013 B.O.B Wakeboard 133
Regular Price: $499.99
Special Price: $199.99
Thinner profile, wood core, lively flex pattern Learn More
Ronix Code 21 Modello Wakeboard 2015
Regular Price: $419.99
Special Price: $279.99
Radar Strada Slalom Waterski 2013 -66
Regular Price: $1,299.99
Special Price: $819.99
Liquid Force 2016 Classic Wakeboard
Regular Price: $299.99
Special Price: $224.99
Radar 2016 Katana
Regular Price: $329.99
Special Price: $269.99
If you loved the Theory you'll really dig on the Katana. With a similar surface area quotient, the turning characteristics have been improved with reductions in line tension and drag. The Katana is an aggressive free riders dream.
Bent Vee Tech
Many of you reading this brochure are thinking "but I don't turn buoys when I ski", and that's OK with us! In fact the vast majority of skiers in the world will never turn a buoy while dancing their water jig. The Bent Vee series of slalom skis was created to take you anywhere any time at any ability level. It's the easiest, smoothest ski we've created with the least amount of drag you could ever imagine. Now don't get us wrong. We take pride in the hi-performance level of every ski in our line, regardless of intended purpose! The fundamental aspects such as bevel and rocker line are that of a Vapor. So you ski assured, knowing you're riding a high performance rip stick.Sidecut
Surface area was added behind your feet for lift on deep-water starts and stability when riding straight ahead. The widest point in the tip is much further forward than a conventional slalom ski, giving the feeling of a longer wheelbase. Imagine a '73 convertible Fleetwood rolling down the highway. It doesn't get any more stable. When the ski is turned on edge, it creates an automatic turn based on the inside radius sidecut. The ski just pivots right through both on and off side turns without effort.Rocker(s)
Every ski design actually has 2 rocker lines. The first one is down the center of the concave, which, in Bent Vee, is identical to the Vapor. The second rocker line is on the bevels (the part that touches a table), and we've made it flat and stable for consistent water flow in any conditions. By altering the sidewall thickness we can create a second "bevel rocker" suitable for the intended purpose which levels the attitude of the ski in the water. In this case, we made a free skier's perfect rocker.Learn More
Slingshot 2016 Response Wakeboard
Regular Price: $399.00
Special Price: $279.30
When it finally comes time to hit the wake, the Response boosts big with a medium flex pattern that can be ridden both wake to wake and far into the flats.
New for all 2016 Slingshot wakeboards is a revamped version of our industry-first Fastrack mounting system. The G10 Fortified Fastrack is inlaid deeper into the board than our previous system and is locked in place by a thick layer of G10 – an insanely strong glass/epoxy composite. The result is a significantly stronger and more resilient Fastrack system built to withstand the ever-rising demands of the world's most progressive riders. Learn More
Liquid Force 2016 Harley Classic Wakeboard + Harley Boot
2016 HARLEY PRO is back, and (like Harley) it's better than ever. New upper materials provide a more secure fit for your lower foot and a new flexible backstay improves the overall wrapping of the top cuff. The fit is fine-tuned for mid to wide feet. Top to bottom updates make a great binding even better! Learn More
HO 2016 TX Waterski
Regular Price: $449.99
Special Price: $359.99
The ultimate in cross-over ski technology, skis designed to deliver maximum performance with unparalleled efficiency. The all-new 2016 Cross-Over Collection marries the high performance design of a Syndicate ski, with the ultra-efficient Clean Edge technology of a Freeride ski. The all new 2016 HO design team began with a record-breaking Syndicate ski design, increased the surface area of the ski by one ski size from the tip of the ski to the just behind the heel of the rear foot. Behind the rear foot the skis transition from traditional to futuristic, as the sidewalls rotate inward like a wakeboard edge and ski bevels disappear in the tail section of the ski. The combination of these two features allows the water to release cleanly off the bottom of the ski, as opposed to the traditional ski design in which water wraps around the bevel of the ski, up the sidewall and releases of the upper edge of the ski, thereby reducing the drag associated with this portion of the ski by 50%. Clean Edge technology is a step into the modern age of ski design and the lack of physical effort required to ride these skis will forever change a skier's perception of what is possible. Imagine riding a Syndicate ski designed to rip off 60 turns instead of 6 and you will begin to understand the powerful combination of performance and efficiency skiers are tapping into on HO Cross-Over Collection skis. Learn More


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Applied Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
€ 234,49
Lieferbar innerhalb von 2-3 Tagen
Juni 2004
BeschreibungThe huge expansion of the chemical and petroleum industries in the twentieth century has resulted in the production of a vast array of chem ical compounds and materials that have transformed our lives. The associated large-scale manufacturing, processing and handling activi ties have caused a serious deterioration in environmental quality and created threats to human health. These negative impacts have led to responses and regulations requiring remedial action in support of envi ronmental sustainability. of biotechnological methods through bioremediation, Application has gained prominence as an option for soil remediation methods. Bioremediation is a multidisciplinary approach where biologists, chem ists, soil scientists and engineers work as team to develop and imple ment remediation processes. Bioremediation has now been used successfully to remediate many petroleum-contaminated sites. However, there are as yet no commercial technologies commonly used to reme diate the most recalcitrant contaminants. Nevertheless, bioremediation is a rapidly advancing field and new bio-based remedial technologies are continuing to emerge.
Inhaltsverzeichnis1 Soil Bioremediation and Phytoremediation -- An Overview Owen Ward and Ajay Singh 2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Petroleum Pollutants in Soil Michael H. Huesmann 3 Bioremediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils Ramesh C. Kuhad, Atul K. Johri, Ajay Singh and Owen P. Ward 4 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Explosives Jian-Shen Zhao, Diane Fournier, Sonia Thiboutot, Guy Ampleman and Jalal Hawari 5 Biological Treatment of Metallic Pollutants Brendlyn D. Faison 6 Phytoremediation of Persistent Organic Contaminants in the Environment Saleema Saleh, Xiao-Dong Huang, Bruce M. Greenberg and Bernard R. Glick 7 Phytoremediation of Metals and Inorganic Pollutants Tomas Macek, Daniela Pavlikova and Martina Mackova 8 Remediation of Organic Pollutants Through Natural Attenuation Serge Delisle and Charles W. Greer 9 Evaluation of Current Soil Bioremediation Technologies Owen P. Ward and Ajay Singh 10 Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Polluted Soils in Extreme Temperature Environments Rosa Margesin 11 Innovative Methods for the Bioremediation of Air Contaminants Zarook Shareefdeen 12 Risk-Based Remediation of Contaminated Soil Tahir Husain
PressestimmenFrom the reviews:
"The broad subject dealt with in this volume, the first in the 'Soil biology' series ... prepared by 23 experts in various disciplines ... . contributions include illustrations, tables and schemes, while the text is concluded by a generous reference list to aid further study of the subject. This book should prove to be useful to under- and post-graduate students of biotechnology, microbiology, and soil and environmental science and engineering. Teachers, scientists and engineers ... will find the content, including practical aspects, helpful." (P.L. Pisani, Advances in Horticultural Science, Issue 3, 2005)
"This book ... presents a good review of the literature on bioremediation and phytoremediation. ... There are references to field experiments and projects, and each chapter has a good set of references to important literature. An especially useful book for those professionals working to address remediation needs at field sites. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All levels." (L.E. Erickson, CHOICE, Vol. 42 (5), January, 2005)
"In this book, volume 1 of the 'Soil Biology' series, experts from universities, government laboratories and industry from several countries have all contributed chapters on innovative methods in bioremediation and phytoremediation. The volume addresses a wide range of issues related to applied aspects of microbial and plant-based technologies ... . Aimed at undergraduate and postgraduate students of biotechnology, microbiology, and soil and environmental science and engineering, this volume should also prove useful to teachers, scientists and engineers in academia, industry or government." (LabPlus International, Vol. 18 (4), September, 2004)
"This book ... deals with the rapidly advancing field of soil remediation by means of micro-organisms and plants. ... Overall, the book is of high quality. ... the editors have done a good job for which they are to be applauded. I warmly recommend this compact and appealing book to scientists, practitioners and students ... . The many references to the literature given in most chapters add to its usefulness and value as a way of finding further information." (R. Schulin, European Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 57, 2006)
Untertitel: 'Soil Biology'. 2004. Auflage. Book. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: Springer
Erscheinungsdatum: Juni 2004
Seitenanzahl: 304 Seiten
Format: gebunden

subset: commoncrawl


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Interested in having your wedding at First Presbyterian Church? Please see our updated guidelines here.
Sunday Worship
Adult Sunday School 10:00-10:45 am
Youth Sunday School 10:00-10:45 am
Elementary Sunday School (please call church office ahead of the Sunday you will attend)
Church Nursery: 10:30 am-12:30 pm
Chancel Choir Rehearsal: 10:30 am
Morning Worship: 11:00 am
Youth Group 12-2 pm (alternates with Youth Sunday School, please call to check times)
Bible Study: 10:00 am
Chancel Choir Rehearsal: 7:30 pm
This week's Bulletin-> Click here
This month's Newsletter -> Click here
Visit the Shenandoah Presbytery Website -> http://shenpres.org/
Visit the Synod of the Mid-Atlantic Website - > http://www.synatlantic.org/
This month's birthdays - > Click here
What's up?
Bible Study Continues - Our Bible Study continues on Wednesdays at 10 am in the Library. Pastor Karen will discuss scripture and how we might apply it in our daily lives. Bring your Bibles! Coffee and pastries will be served.
Help Hurricane Victims in Haiti Now!
The HEF board met and has determined that the first priority in the aftermath of Hurricane Matthew is to secure funding for feeding HEF school communities. In cooperation with Trinity Hope Feeding, they are working with priests and principals to purchase and distribute food. The goal is to sustain these communities for the next 30 days until they are able to get their lives and crops back up and going.
We are asking that you help us in this endeavor. For less than $2.00 per day, you can feed a family of six people. We need to act swiftly! As always, 100% of all donations will be used as designated by the donor. HEF has people in place in Haiti to make this happen as soon as funds are received.
Checks can be mailed to:
Or you may give to the Disaster Fund online here.
More information on individual schools will be available on the HEF web site in coming days. We know that there will be damages to repair, etc., however, food takes priority at this point.
June 2017


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Desktop accounts software, ideal for established businesses with more functional / specific needs.


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With the 15-way Radeon/GeForce Source Engine comparison on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS that was done earlier in the week there were some Phoronix readers disappointed that there weren't any Radeon R9 290 "Hawaii" graphics card results. Well, those results are now available today with benchmarks from Counter-Strike: Source, Team Fortress 2, Portal, and Half-Life 2: Lost Coast, for those Steam on Linux gamers curious about its performance.
For ending out March here are benchmarks of 15 different AMD Radeon and NVIDIA GeForce graphics cards on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS when running several of Valve's Source Engine games: Half-Life 2: Lost Coast, Portal, Team-Fortress 2, and Counter-Strike: Source.
Complementing the SteamOS vs. Windows 8.1 performance benchmarks published earlier in the week, here are more NVIDIA OpenGL Linux benchmarks when comparing Valve's Debian-based SteamOS performance to Ubuntu 13.10.
For those NVIDIA gaming customers running Microsoft Windows 8.1 that have been thinking about giving Valve's SteamOS Linux-based gaming platform a try, here are some early benchmarks of the SteamOS 1.0 beta that compare the performance to Microsoft Windows 8.1 Pro x64 on multiple NVIDIA GeForce graphics cards.
When Valve announced the public release of the beta for SteamOS 1.0 "Alchemist" on Friday they listed NVIDIA graphics as a hardware requirement, but I showed that AMD Radeon graphics with Catalyst would work and it's possible to get Intel graphics working (or the open-source graphics drivers in general) through a minor change to the Linux-based SteamOS kernel parameters. After that I ran some benchmarks and here are a few performance results comparing SteamOS 1.0 Beta to Ubuntu 13.10 with Intel HD Graphics.
A comprehensive performance comparison is underway at Phoronix that pits SteamOS against other desktop Linux distributions, but for those anxious to see some performance numbers, here are benchmarks done so far this weekend from seven NVIDIA GeForce graphics cards on the public SteamOS 1.0 Beta operating system. In this article are early benchmarks from seven NVIDIA GeForce graphics cards running Valve's Debian Linux based SteamOS on an Intel Haswell system.
Earlier this week I delivered some 13-way AMD open-source Linux GPU benchmarks when tested against Valve's Source Engine powered Team Fortress 2 and Counter-Strike: Source games. Now up for testing from the Steam Linux client on Ubuntu is the Intel open-source Mesa graphics driver performance with Core i7 "Haswell" graphics.
For those curious how Valve's popular Team Fortress 2 game is performing atop the Source Engine with Ubuntu 13.10 and the latest NVIDIA Linux drivers, here's updated benchmarks as we compare nine graphics cards spanning several GeForce generations.
Continuing in the exclusive coverage of the yet-to-be-released Unigine Valley, here are some initial performance results for this visually-amazing multi-platform tech demo / benchmarks when using the OpenGL 3.2 Core renderer on Ubuntu Linux. A range of NVIDIA GeForce and AMD Radeon graphics cards were used for this initial testing of Unigine Valley. There's also benchmarks in this article of Unigine Heaven 4.0, which was just released yesterday.
Unigine Corp will be announcing next week the release of Unigine Valley 1.0 and the 4.0 update to their very popular cross-platform Unigine Heaven technology demo. Unigine Valley is an incredibly beautiful tech demo of the Unigine Engine coming to Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows operating systems. In this article is an exclusive preview of Unigine Valley as well as the significant Unigine Heaven 4.0 update.
Valve Software has found value in having open-source graphics drivers, continues to collaborate with Intel over Linux OpenGL support, and they now have Left 4 Dead 2 running on Mesa.
With Valve Software's ambitious plans for Linux, they have just picked up another Linux development all-star. Their latest hire has been working on Linux games for more than a decade, is a former Loki Software developer, and he's the creator of SDL.
Within the Phoronix Forums and elsewhere it has been brought up that using a low-latency kernel can improve the Linux gaming performance, but is this really the case? In this article are some simple benchmarks comparing the stock Ubuntu 12.04 LTS "generic" Linux kernel compared to Ubuntu's low-latency flavor of Linux.
Here's an interesting finding: at least when running under Wine, Half-Life 2 is faster on the open-source AMD Radeon Linux driver than when running on the proprietary Catalyst driver. There are also some other similar results where these Windows games have the advantage when running on the Gallium3D open-source driver.
After a week of interesting Valve Linux news on Phoronix, Friday afternoon there was a special Linux delivery at Valve's offices for their "Linux cabal" -- the team of Valve developers that are working to provide the Linux versions of the Steam client and various Source Engine-powered games natively on Linux.
For those that have doubted the exclusive Phoronix claims for quite a while now that the Steam client and Source Engine are in fact being ported to Linux, the doubts can be nearly laid to rest. Even I began to wonder how long it would take before the clients for their popular games would be publicly released under Linux. However, after confirming the information perhaps a bit too soon, their level of Linux interest is much more clear after spending a day at their offices. A meeting topped off the day with Gabe Newell regarding Linux where he sounded more like a Linux saint than an ex-Microsoft employee. Valve does have some great plans for Linux beyond just shipping the client versions of Steam and their popular games on the Source Engine.
Unigine Corp met their latest deadline and will officially be shipping the gold version of their Unigine OilRush real-time strategy game today for Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows gamers.
For anyone wondering whether the Mesa/Gallium3D drivers will work with the Humble Introversion Bundle titles (or are thinking about buying the collection at the last minute), here are the results from some quick tests using different hardware and drivers.
With the release of the Doom 3 source-code coming up soon (after John Carmack is done addressing a patent issue), it's time to begin dusting off your old id Software Doom 3 DVD/CDs and/or get ready to begin developing new content and games on the id Tech 4 engine. If you're wondering whether or not the open-source Mesa/Gallium3D Linux drivers in 2011 will now work with the id Tech 4 game from 2004, here are some tests of the very latest open-source Intel, ATI/AMD, and NVIDIA drivers under Ubuntu Linux.
It was a year and a half ago that Nexuiz was forked into Xonotic following some changes by core Nexuiz developers that effectively sold off the Nexuiz brand in order for an Xbox 360 re-make. In time for Christmas of 2010 they then did a v0.1 preview release of Xonotic and then came their first birthday without a new release. However, the Xonotic developers are now out with a major new release. Xonotic v0.5 is this new version and it boasts some radical changes as it becomes primed for a stable release.
While Unigine Corp has yet to provide any public beta of its forthcoming OilRush strategy game or to even begin the pre-order process for interested Windows and Linux gamers, following our exclusive preview of Unigine OilRush back in December using an early development build available to Unigine Corp partners, we now have an updated build. This new build, which still is only available to Unigine's partners and deemed confidential, now puts OilRush at version 0.54 while running atop the very latest Unigine Engine.
At the beginning of September there was the announcement from Unigine Corp that they were going to be releasing their first in-house game known as OilRush. The Unigine Engine has been in development for more than five years and has powered some very impressive technology demos / benchmarks, but has not really been utilized in many games yet. There's some games coming atop this engine (including those that won their game development competition), but OilRush is really the first game to set the stage for Unigine on PC, Linux, and PlayStation 3 platforms. OilRush is being released in March of 2011, but we have secured an internal development build of this strategy game to offer you the very first and exclusive preview with a number of screenshots.
While open-source game engines are beginning to progress in terms of features and graphics capabilities -- thanks in large part to id Software making open their older game engines -- as a whole the open-source game engines and other "indie" game engines are far behind their commercial counterparts. There is the Unreal Development Kit that is available for non-commercial use, but now Unigine Corp is getting behind a game development competition to spur Linux game development efforts.
Back in July we reported that Unigine Corp, the company behind the advanced Unigine gaming/3D engine, was working on its own strategy game. This game was supposed to be announced by the end of July, then in private we were told it got pushed back to the middle of August, but to start off September we finally have the announcement for this new game. Unigine OilRush is the game title and it will be available for Linux. Will this be the best Linux native game we see in 2010?
At the end of last month the VDrift project did their first snapshot release in more than a year for this open-source drift racing game that's supported on Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X operating systems. The VDrift 2010-06-30 snapshot incorporates a great deal of changes, among which are a rewritten physics engine and a new deferred rendering engine that brings a great deal of visual improvements to this free software game. In this article are some screenshots on this OpenGL racing game and more of the new work found within this release.
Born out of the demise of Loki Software in 2001 was Linux Game Publishing, but now a decade later the fate of LGP is not looking good for the company that has ported about two dozen game titles to Linux.
Valve Corporation has today rolled out their Steam Mac OS X client to the general public and confirmed something we have been reporting for two years: the Steam content delivery platform and Source Engine are coming to Linux. This news is coming days after we discovered proof in Steam's Mac OS X Client of Linux support and subsequently found more Linux references and even the unreleased Steam Linux client. The day has finally come and Linux gamers around the world have a reason to rejoice, as this is the biggest news for the Linux gaming community that sees very few tier-one titles.
We have our hands on the bash launcher used by Valve's Steam client for Mac OS X that was recently announced -- along with the Source Engine for OS X -- and is currently in closed beta. While such scripts are usually insignificant, there is something interesting within it and that is explicit support for Linux.
Yesterday the 2.0 release of the Unigine Heaven tech demo was released for Microsoft Windows users. This Windows release was greeted finally by the OpenGL Linux release of this impressive demo too. While we had published benchmarks and screenshots of the Unigine Heaven Linux release, this was based off of an internal build that we had received from Unigine Corp back in December -- long before the 2.0 release came about with its optimizations, updated engine, and new artwork. Due to this, we have now published a new set of Unigine Heaven performance numbers for Linux from a selection of ATI and NVIDIA graphics cards along with many new screenshots.
Our friends over at Unigine Corp love to push the bounds of graphics realism in their Unigine Engine, which continues to be one of the most advanced commercial game engines, and right now is certainly the most advanced game engine for Linux. While there are not many game studios actually shipping products based on Unigine's technology right now, Unigine Corp is known for producing a couple technology demos and working with us on the Phoronix Test Suite. Their Unigine Sanctuary benchmark was phenomenal, their Unigine Tropics benchmark was even better yet and set a new Linux OpenGL precedent, and now Unigine Heaven takes it unbelievably further. Today Unigine Corp is finally unveiling the Linux version of Unigine Heaven with its OpenGL 3.2 renderer. We have had our hands on a pre-release copy of Unigine Heaven and so now we are able to share our thoughts on this impressive benchmark / tech demo along with performance numbers for an assortment of ATI / NVIDIA graphics cards.
183 linux gaming articles published on Phoronix.


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Get your summer started right with four weeks of FUN, FITNESS and FINISH LINES. Sign up today ! open to girls and boys ages 5-18
Support Knoxville Youth Athletics Program TodayBy Making Your Donation
Hardin Valley Academy Track. Open to all registrants of the KYA Summer Track and Field Program. First of two meets that can be used to qualify for the KYA Summer Competitive Track and Field Team.
Get pumped and run the Tony Parrilla 800-thrilla. Grip it and rip it for two laps around Catholic High School Track while the tunes blast out over the PA. Weather its the last flame out of the season or a prep for the upcoming Music City Distance...


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Advanced Materials
Explore this journal >
Metal–Insulator–Metal Diodes: Role of the Insulator Layer on the Rectification Performance
A systematic study of the role of the insulator layer on rectification performance in metal–insulator–metal structures is reported. Four different MIM systems with Nb/Pt metal pairs and Nb2O5, TiO2, Al2O3, MgO as the insulator candidates are investigated based on an empirical hypothesis. As per the hypothesis and experimental verification, several prospective MIM systems such as Sm/ZrO2/Pt and Hf/TiO2/Pt are identified and a MIM materials-space is constructed.


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sliding upvc patio door replacement camden
sliding upvc patio door replacement in camden
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From Our Editors
The Willows 18th century Vintage Tearoom has a backdrop of the renowned Hambledon Hill. Options include Traditional tea, High tea and Cream Tea as well as a glass of sparkling. The Willows Vintage Tea Room offers lunches and Sunday lunches. They also cater for functions and private parties with B&B available.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is noncompulsory but will dramatically raise your chances of your profile getting noticed by other daters. Write a few sentences about yourself, your hobbies and upload your best photograph.
Utilise our website's state-of-the-art search to pinpoint members who meet your criteria. Or just flip through listings and pinpoint singles that you find interesting.
Identified someone who interests you? Send a letter to them or just a wink and see how you get along. With a little luck you'll be on your way to an amazing adventure.
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Ubisoft (meeting room)
Fittingly, we end on the number one foodstuff of gaming journalists. The alpha and omega of gaming events. The essential diet of industry mavens everywhere.
Meat on Stick.
Unless you've been to one of these shindigs, you can't comprehend it. It's simply not a party without Meat on Stick. Other publishers who didn't see fit to provide this simple treat? Learn from Ubisoft's example. No E3 lineup is complete without Meat on Stick.
Better than the games?
Meat on Stick is well beyond any simple comparisons.
July 13, 2007


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Peer substance use overestimation among French university students: a cross-sectional survey
Normative misperceptions have been widely documented for alcohol use among U.S. college students. There is less research on other substances or European cultural contexts. This study explores which factors are associated with alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use misperceptions among French college students, focusing on substance use.
12 classes of second-year college students (n = 731) in sociology, medicine, nursing or foreign language estimated the proportion of tobacco, cannabis, alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking among their peers and reported their own use.
Peer substance use overestimation frequency was 84% for tobacco, 55% for cannabis, 37% for alcohol and 56% for heavy episodic drinking. Cannabis users (p = 0.006), alcohol (p = 0.003) and heavy episodic drinkers (p = 0.002), are more likely to overestimate the prevalence of use of these consumptions. Tobacco users are less likely to overestimate peer prevalence of smoking (p = 0.044). Women are more likely to overestimate tobacco (p < 0.001) and heavy episodic drinking (p = 0.007) prevalence. Students having already completed another substance use questionnaire were more likely to overestimate alcohol use prevalence (p = 0.012). Students exposed to cannabis prevention campaigns were more likely to overestimate cannabis (p = 0.018) and tobacco use (p = 0.022) prevalence. Other identified factors are class-level use prevalences and academic discipline.
Local interventions that focus on creating realistic perceptions of substance use prevalence could be considered for cannabis and alcohol prevention in French campuses.
Social norms interventions have been proposed in order to reduce substance use in higher education. These interventions are based on the social norms theory, which claims that students overestimate the prevalence and acceptability of substance use in campus, and will align their behaviours with these beliefs
There are several ways to conduct a social norms prevention intervention. It can be tailored in the form of a social norms marketing campaign, in which accurate, health promoting norms are delivered community wide. These campaigns have been effective in reducing student drinking
Before engaging in a social norms prevention intervention, it is necessary to assess what misperceptions exist with respect to the behaviour to target and if these misperceptions are associated with the behaviour.
There is a growing volume of literature showing that, for the substances most used by higher education students (tobacco, alcohol and cannabis)
Most studies focusing on tobacco have been performed in young teenagers. Some studies indicate that perceived smoking prevalence is overestimated particularly by smokers
Less research exists on cannabis, but misperceptions of the norms and an association with individual use have also been reported among higher education students
Other factors can also influence misperceptions. Women have been shown to be more prone to misperceptions than men, at least for alcohol use
Various degrees of evidence in favour of the existence of substance use misperceptions among higher education students and of an association between these misperceptions and substance use are therefore available. Most published research, however, focuses on U.S. higher education students. The question of the generalisability of these results to other cultural settings remains. For instance, in France, alcohol consumption begins at a younger age (the legal drinking age is 16 years), cannabis use rates are among the highest in Europe while heavy episodic drinking is less frequent
The purpose of this analysis is to assess if misperceptions of tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use exist among French higher education students, and which factors influence these misperceptions. Should the U.S. literature findings be directly applicable to the French setting, we expect students engaging in substance use to be more prone to overestimation than non users, adjusting for other predictors. Moreover, to our knowledge, prevention campaigns based on the social norms theory have never been implemented in France. This fact allows for the exploration of the impact of prevention approaches based on other rationales on the perceptions of substance use.
The REACTIF study, conducted among higher education students from Île-de-France, included a self-reported questionnaire to measure alcohol, cannabis and tobacco consumption in addition to individual norms regarding their use. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the French institute of health. Second year undergraduate students were surveyed between October 2005 and February 2006. A researcher personally administered an anonymous paper and pencil questionnaire to students, enabling study objectives to be presented and assistance in completing the questionnaire to be provided. Questionnaires were administered during a regularly scheduled lecture. Data capture was automatic, using an optical mark recognition system.
To reduce variability between sampling units, we restricted ourselves to Paris and the neighbouring Île-de-France region and to 4 specific academic disciplines. Furthermore, we tried to select all classes from each academic discipline in the same geographical unit: (1) Paris or (2) its region.
12 classes selected at random were surveyed during a lecture. All students present were asked to participate. Nursing school classes (n = 4) were selected among Parisian nursing schools. Sociology (n = 3) and applied foreign language (n = 3) classes were selected in the Paris region. Finally, two medicine classes, one in Paris and one in the Paris region (due to the lack of medicine universities in the Parisian region, we could not ensure homogeneity of the geographical units for this discipline), were selected.
The choice of the disciplines was based on their specificities of substance use: nursing students have a high prevalence of smoking in France
Outcome measures
We have chosen a simple and widely used
We therefore use actual norms among second-year students as an estimator of actual norms among all students from the same academic setting (which also includes first and third-year students from the same field of studies). For overestimation to occur, a student must provide an estimate of peer substance use greater than the prevalence measured within his class. The latter is measured with a precision of 10% to match the social norms measure. For example, for a class prevalence of 28%, if a student estimates that three students among 10 use a substance, there is no overestimation. If he provides an estimate of four students among 10 (or more), he is considered to be an overestimating student for the corresponding substance.
Independent variables
In order to assess whether there was an association between substance use overestimation and the consumption levels, we defined three categories: "no use", "low use" (i.e. occasional) and "high use" (i.e. regular). We used past consumption instead of usual consumption to make results comparable with other studies
In addition to substance use, the following other covariates were tested as predictors of substance use overestimation: gender, age, discomfort with smoking in the university as a measure of tobacco use visibility in campus, attitude concerning smoke-free universities, number of tobacco, alcohol or cannabis prevention campaigns seen in the past month, previous experience with substance use questionnaires, prevalence of substance use within their class and academic discipline as measures of class culture.
Statistical analysis
Analyses were performed using the R Statistical programming language
In order to respond to the main objective of this study, to validate the hypothesis that substance users are more likely to overestimate peer substance use, four regression models (for tobacco, cannabis, alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking) were fitted. The dependent variables were the overestimation of each substance use by the students. In order to select which variables to include in the regression model, a bootstrap selection procedure was used
Students from the same class are clustered and this grouping could induce a correlation structure in the error terms of the regression models. We explored this possibility using a random-effect model and testing the significance of the random effects using bootstrap procedures
Demographics and substance use
731 students were retained for the analysis. Table
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the disciplines sampled
F. Lang.
Nursing School
Class level variables
Mean sample size (range)
29 (25 - 33)
68 (64 - 72)
62 (44 - 90)
87 (55 - 125)
61 (25 - 125)
% women (range)
82 (73 - 90)
78 (75 - 80)
87 (83 - 93)
70 (65 - 77)
79 (65 - 93)
Student level variables
Mean age (range)
20.4 (18 - 27)
19.9 (18 - 24)
24.6 (18 - 48)
20.9 (18 - 64)
21.9 (18 - 64)
Median age (interquartile interval)
20 (19 - 20)
19 (19 - 20)
22 (20 - 25)
20 (19 - 21)
20 (19 - 21)
The population was mostly comprised of sociology students (36%) and nursing students (34%). 79% of students were women (gender is missing for 5 students). Students who have not repeated a year enter the second year of university at age 19-20. In nursing schools, however, many tend to have a professional or educational background before beginning their studies, and students are therefore older. Table
Table 2
Prevalence of substance use, academic discipline and gender
Substance use (%)
Academic Discipline
F. Lang. (n = 87)
Medicine (n = 136)
Nursing School (n = 248)
Sociology (n = 260)
Men (n = 156)
Women (n = 570)
p < 0.001
p = 0.361
No use last month (64.9%)
Occasional use (19.6%)
Daily use last month (15.5%)
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
No use last year (70.7%)
≤ 1/week last year (22.0%)
> 1/week last year (7.3%)
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
No use last month (30.9%)
1-9 days last month (60.1%)
10+ days last month (9.0%)
Heavy episodic drinking
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
No use last month (71.5%)
1-3 times last month (21.7%)
4+ times last month (6.9%)
Note: p-values are for the Chi-square test of independence between substance use and academic discipline or gender
High prevalences of all four consumptions were observed among sociology students: 42% smoked tobacco, 73% drank alcohol, 32% report heavy episodic drinking episodes in the last month; 39% used cannabis in the last year. In contrast, applied foreign language students have the lowest consumption levels (respectively 22%, 50%, 10% and 16% for tobacco, alcohol, heavy episodic drinking and cannabis).
Nursing students along with sociology students have the highest prevalences of tobacco smoking (40%). As for medicine students, they have a low prevalence of tobacco use (22%), but have a prevalence of heavy episodic drinking (35%) similar to sociology students. There is, however, a difference: medicine students appear to have more occasional uses of cannabis and alcohol whereas sociology students are more frequently regular users of these substances. 13% of medicine students reporting having used cannabis in the last year used it more than once per week, as opposed to 37% of sociology students; the figures are of 19% (medicine) and 39% (sociology) for the proportion of heavy episodic drinkers reporting four or more episodes of heavy episodic drinking in the last month. Except for tobacco, men are more frequently substance users than women.
Perceived substance use
Figure 1
Prevalence of substance use overestimation by academic discipline and 95% confidence intervals
Prevalence of substance use overestimation by academic discipline and 95% confidence intervals. p ≤ 0.001 for the chi-squared test of independence between academic discipline and substance use overestimation for all four behaviours.
Predictors of substance use overestimation
Table 3
Statistical significance of the variables used in the models predicting substance use overestimation
p-value (Likelihood Ratio Test)
Tobacco use
Cannabis use
Alcohol use
Tobacco use prevalence in class
Cannabis use prevalence in class
Alcohol use prevalence in class
HED prevalence in class
Previous questionnaires
Cannabis prevention campaigns
A "-" sign indicates that the variable was not included in this model. Bold p-values indicate significance at the 5% level. HED: Heavy episodic drinking.
Tobacco use overestimation is associated with tobacco use, prevalence of smoking in class, gender and the number of cannabis campaigns seen in the last month.
Table 4
Adjusted ORs and Confidence intervals for substance use overestimation
Adjusted OR (95% confidence interval)
Tobacco use (reference: no use)
Low: < 1/day in the last month
0.68 (0.40 - 1.17)
0.64 (0.41 - 0.99)
High: ≥ 1/day in the last month
0.52 (0.30 - 0.89)
0.47 (0.28 - 0.77)
Cannabis use (reference: no use)
Low: ≤ 1/week in the last 12 months
1.66 (1.11 - 2.51)
High: > 1/week in the last 12 months
2.37 (1.23 - 4.73)
Alcohol use (reference: no use)
Low: < 10 days in the last month
1.95 (1.31 - 2.92)
High: ≥ 10 days in the last month
2.17 (1.10 - 4.23)
HED (reference: no use)
Low: < 4 times in the last month
1.85 (1.19 - 2.89)
High: ≥ 4 times in the last month
2.64 (1.35 - 5.29)
Discipline (reference: sociology)
Foreign language
0.78 (0.32 - 1.93)
0.44 (0.13 - 1.43)
0.75 (0.21 - 2.68)
0.34 (0.18 - 0.64)
3.72 (2.28 - 6.11)
3.46 (2.12 - 5.70)
Nursing studies
0.35 (0.18 - 0.70)
1.16 (0.72 - 1.85)
1.01 (0.66 - 1.54)
Tobacco use prevalence in class
0.92 (0.89 - 0.94)
Cannabis use prevalence in class
0.92 (0.88 - 0.96)
Alcohol use prevalence in class
0.96 (0.93 - 0.99)
1.04 (1.01 - 1.07)
HED prevalence in class
0.93 (0.87 - 0.99)
0.85 (0.79 - 0.91)
Gender (reference: male)
2.51 (1.56 - 4.02)
1.75 (1.17 - 2.64)
Previous questionnaires (reference: no)
1.56 (1.10 - 2.21)
Cannabis prevention campaigns
1.15 (1.02 - 1.34)
1.11 (1.02 - 1.22)
A "-" sign indicates that the variable was not included in this model. NS: the variable was included in the model but failed to reach significance at the 5% level. HED: Heavy episodic drinking.
Tobacco users are less likely to overestimate smoking prevalence, and women are more likely to overestimate it. The higher the prevalence of smoking in class, the less likely it is for a student to be an overestimator. The probability of overestimation increases with the number of cannabis prevention campaigns seen in the last month.
Cannabis use overestimation is associated with academic discipline, cannabis use, cannabis use prevalence in class, and the number of cannabis prevention campaigns seen in the last month. The probability of overestimation is increased for cannabis users and for sociology students. It also increases with the number of cannabis prevention campaigns seen in the last month. It decreases with the prevalence of cannabis use in class.
Alcohol use overestimation is associated with academic discipline, alcohol use, alcohol and heavy episodic drinking prevalence in class, and previous exposure to substance use questionnaires. The probability of alcohol use overestimation is increased for alcohol users, medicine students, and students having already completed substance use questionnaires in the past. It decreases with the prevalence of alcohol and heavy episodic drinking in class.
Heavy episodic drinking overestimation is associated with academic discipline, gender, heavy episodic drinking, tobacco smoking, alcohol and heavy episodic drinking prevalence in class. The probability of overestimation of heavy episodic drinking is increased for heavy episodic drinkers, women, medicine students and non smokers. It decreases with the prevalence of heavy episodic use in class, but increases with the prevalence of alcohol use.
Our study finds evidence for substance use misperceptions among French higher education students. Only 37% overestimate class alcohol use prevalence, since this prevalence is high (69% of the students), but 84%, 56% and 55% of the students respectively overestimate class tobacco smoking, heavy episodic drinking and cannabis use prevalence. We also find evidence of an association with substance use. Thus, social norms prevention campaigns should be appropriate in these contexts. We will now review the principal factors identified as associated with misperceptions in our study.
Substance use and overestimation of the norms
Cannabis users, alcohol and heavy episodic drinkers are more at risk of overestimating the respective peer substance use norms. However, these users are not more at risk of overestimating class prevalence of other substance use. These associations between substance use and the misperception of its use among class peers are in agreement with other studies focusing on alcohol
Tobacco use represents an exception. Tobacco users are
This analysis focused on perceived prevalence of substance use among peer students, as it is the easiest norm to target for prevention purposes. Other types of norms have also been measured in this study and assessed elsewhere
Gender and substance use misperceptions
Female students more frequently overestimate tobacco smoking and heavy episodic drinking prevalences. This pattern has been frequently noticed in social norms studies
Another explanation for the fact that women are more prone to overestimation may be due to the fact that students tend to consider a typical student as a male, and males are thought to be more frequent substance users than females
Class culture
Academic discipline is associated with overestimation of cannabis, alcohol and heavy episodic drinking norms. Furthermore, for all four norms studied, its prevalence of use at the class level was a significant predictor of overestimation. Class level factors are therefore likely to have an impact on both substance use and on the perception of its norms.
These results confirm the need for preliminary research before engaging in prevention interventions at the university level. They should help identify which substances are more problematic, and which norms are more misperceived.
For example, interventions targeting sociology students could focus on cannabis, as its use is both more prevalent and more misperceived among these students, while alcohol abuse prevention campaigns appear to be suitable for medicine students.
The tailoring of a social norms intervention on a particular group, however, should also take into account the issues of salience and relevance. The more a student identifies with his group of students, the more likely the correction of misperceptions among that group is to be effective
External influences
Students who report having seen many cannabis campaigns in the past month are more at risk of overestimating cannabis use (and also tobacco use) and students already exposed to substance use surveys are more at risk of overestimating alcohol use norms. These associations are adjusted for individual cannabis, tobacco or alcohol use. Our survey does not provide information about the type of cannabis campaigns seen or of substance use questionnaires previously completed. No national campaign based on social norms has been launched in France (the first cannabis-related national prevention campaign, launched in France at the period of the study, used "cannabis is a reality" as a catchphrase). It could be that media exposure on cannabis use could increase students' estimations of its prevalence, as exposure to alcohol-related questionnaires, without a feedback on the results, could lead to an increase on the perceived prevalence of alcohol use. The association between cannabis campaigns and tobacco use could be explained by the fact that cannabis use is known to be associated in France with tobacco use (as it is smoked in joints). The association between overestimation of the norms of use of the other substances and overestimation of the norms of use of a given substance was not tested in this analysis. The possible impact of prevention campaigns on perception of the norms of use has already been raised by Berkowitz, in a speculative fashion
In surveys carried out among French high school students, it has been noted that substance users are more likely to report that "something has been done in the high school to prevent students from" smoking, drinking alcohol or using cannabis
When interpreting the results of this study, some particularities of the design must be taken into account.
First, the associations reported in this study are based on a cross-sectional sample. Consequently, we don't know whether the independent variables occur before or after the dependent variables in the models (overestimation of substance use norms). Only an experimental study design to make inferences for causal effects.
Furthermore, the number of students enrolled in each class was not available. Although the participation rate of the students present during the administration of the questionnaire were very high, there is the possibility that a significant number of students were absent from class. When asked informally for this possibility, both students and teachers present during the administration declared that the number of students present was no different than usual. Medicine students in France have however higher absenteeism rates than other students. More frequently absent students might be more at risk of substance use, and therefore the prevalence of substance use among enrolled students might be underestimated when calculated on present students only. As social norms prevention interventions are necessarily based on present students, however, norms of use among usually present students might be of more utility than norms of use among both usually and rarely present students.
In order to judge the representativeness of the sample, we can compare the characteristics of the students participating in the study with overall statistics, in particular for gender. In France, as in most European countries, females are more represented than males in higher education
Finally, there is a possibility that part of the peer substance use overestimations measured in this study is due to methodological issues. Heavier consumers might have not been present when the study was administered. Students might have under-reported their own substance use, as this measure was based on self-reporting. While students were asked in the end of the questionnaire whether they felt they had always been honest when answering the questionnaire (three students giving a negative answer where excluded from analysis), measures of social desirability were not included in the questionnaire. Self-reported substance use questionnaires have, however, been shown to be reliable for the substances studied
More importantly, in order to estimate misperceptions of peer student substance use, we used one specific class (second-year students) to estimate actual norms among the overall field of studies. Students were asked to provide descriptive norms about students from the same educational setting (same university and same field of studies), while actual norms of use are based only on students from the same class.
If these two populations are not comparable, the estimation of misperceptions will be biased and the validity of the estimate can be questioned. Are second-year students from a specific field of studies in a given university representative of all students from this field of studies and this university? If not, is the bias induced big enough to invalidate the conclusions? Substance use prevalences can differ in different years of studies, but these differences are likely to be negligible when compared with those arising from heterogeneity across different academic disciplines. For example, using data from a previous survey carried out among students from the Parisian region (the unpublished "Facultés et Ecoles Sans Tabac en Ile-de-France" survey), considering nursing students (to maximise the prevalences), the largest differences in smoking prevalence where between second-year students (46% smoke tobacco) and third-year students (40% smoke tobacco). This difference, of 6 percentage points, is below the threshold (of 10 percentage points) used to define a student as an overestimator. While we lack data for all academic disciplines and all substance use behaviours studied, we can therefore reasonably believe that the differences between actual substance use norms according to the year of studies are likely to be small enough for our estimate of overestimations to remain valid. The validity of the conclusions, however, depend on the plausibility of this hypothesis and this issue can be seen as the more salient limitation of this work.
These results show that there are grounds for university level prevention campaigns based on local survey results. One first point is that substance use patterns and perceptions of the norms differ significantly across academic disciplines. A second point, according to our findings for cannabis, alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking, is that substance users are more likely to misjudge real peer use prevalence. Social norms of substance use are an important factor among students personal use. Overestimating these norms is associated with increased levels of use. In addition to other strategies, prevention programs should consider changing use perception when it is overestimated.
These results are original in that they do not focus on a single substance, but on the three main consumptions at the university level: tobacco, cannabis and alcohol, including heavy episodic drinking.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LRF, BD and MR designed the study and wrote the protocol. LRF and MR undertook the pilot study. LRF and BD participated in the collection of the data. BF validated the statistical analysis plan. LRF managed the literature searches and summaries of previous related work, undertook the statistical analysis, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.
The research was funded by a grant from ACTIF (
The authors thank Dr Lisa BLECHA who kindly checked the manuscript for its English.
Relations between normative beliefs and initiation intentions toward cigarette, alcohol and marijuana
The Social Norms Approach: Theory, Research, and Annotated Bibliography
A multisite randomized trial of social norms marketing campaigns to reduce college student drinking
A multisite randomized trial of social norms marketing campaigns to reduce college student drinking: a replication failure
Exposing Pluralistic Ignorance to Reduce Alcohol Use Among College Students
Correction of normative misperceptions: an alcohol abuse prevention program
Social norms campaigns: examining the relationship between changes in perceived norms and changes in drinking levels
Identification, prevention and treatment: a review of individual-focused strategies to reduce problematic alcohol consumption by college students
Relative efficacy of a brief motivational intervention for college student drinkers
Effects of normative feedback on consumption among heavy drinking college students
Alcohol and drug use in UK university students
Trends in marijuana and other illicit drug use among college students: results from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001
Alcohol use among college students: an international perspective
Epidemiology of alcohol and other drug use among American college students
Misperceptions of the norms for the frequency of alcohol and other drug use on college campuses
Peer influences on college drinking: a review of the research
Social norms and the prevention of alcohol misuse in collegiate contexts
Descriptive and injunctive norms in college drinking: a meta-analytic integration
Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature
Peer influence in adolescent cigarette smoking
The false consensus effect: predicting adolescents' tobacco use from normative expectations
Social context and adolescent health behavior: does school-level smoking prevalence affect students' subsequent smoking behavior?
The relationship of adolescent perceptions of peer norms and parent involvement to cigarette and alcohol use
Adolescent smoking behavior: measures of social norms
Misperceptions of college student marijuana use: implications for prevention
Risk for marijuana-related problems among college students: an application of zero-inflated negative binomial regression
Students' estimates of the prevalence of drug use: evidence for a false consensus effect
Gender-specific misperceptions of college student drinking norms
Escalation and initiation of younger adolescents' substance use: the impact of perceived peer use
Patterns of alcohol consumption, smoking and illicit drug use in British university students: interfaculty comparisons
Usages de cannabis chez des étudiants d'une université parisienne, France, 2003-2004 [Marijuana use among students in a Parisian university, France, 2003-2004]
Alcohol and Drug Use Among European 17--18 Year Old Students. Data from the ESPAD Project
Le tabagisme chez les élèves infirmières [Smoking among nursing students]
Potentially modifiable psychosocial factors associated with alcohol use during early adolescence
Understanding factors that influence smoking uptake
Patterns and importance of self-other differences in college drinking norms
Is alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use as well as polydrug use increasing in France?
Drogues à l'adolescence en 2005. Niveaux, contextes d'usage et évolutions à 17 ans en France - Résultats de la cinquième enquête nationale ESCAPAD [Drugs at adolescence in 2005. Levels, contexts of use and evolutions for seventeen year olds - Results from the national survey ESCAPAD 2005]
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Variable selection under multiple imputation using the bootstrap in a prognostic study
Generalized linear models with random intercepts
Are social norms associated with smoking in French university students? A survey report on smoking correlates
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Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993-2001
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Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2007: Volume II, College students and adults ages 19-45 (NIH Publication No. 08-6418B)
Who is the typical college student? Implications for personalized normative feedback interventions
Understanding the influence of perceived norms on behaviors
Drug education to school children: does it really work?
Les étudiants en soins infirmiers en 2004 [Nursing Students in 2004]
Assessment of factors affecting the validity of self-reported health-risk behavior among adolescents: evidence from the scientific literature
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Detailní popis Shires Nylon Grass Muzzle
An absolute must for horses and ponies that have ongoing laminitis problems. Designed to reduce your horse's grass intake without restricting them to bare paddocks and box rest. This grazing muzzle helps keep good doers from gorging themselves and gaining too much weight, whilst being secure and effective.
Nylon grass muzzle featuring a rubber base. Sides with nylon web bars. Headpiece and throat-lash to keep the muzzle in place. Fully adjustable muzzle with side clip. Strap over the head has velcro in case the muzzle gets caught.
Muzzle has a hole in the bottom to allow the horse to drink and eat a very restricted amount. Also handy as a biting inhibitor or for horses with weight problems.
* Vynikající strava restriktor
* Nylonový náhubek
* Gumy
* Sides with nylon web bars
* Headpiece and throat-lash
* Nastavitelný náhubek s boční úchytkou
* Velcro head strap
* Pohodlné
You can prevent laminitis by avoiding high risk situations. The following is a list of "causes" or circumstances which we know commonly precede the onset of laminitis.
* Obesity
* Overeating on foods rich in carbohydrate or rapidly fermentable fibre, i.e. cereals, coarse mixes, rapidly growing or fertilised grass.
* Any illness which involves a toxaemia. This may be a bacterial infection or following the ingestion of plant or chemical toxins.
* Cushing's Disease. This is a condition which follows an abnormality affecting the pituitary gland in the horse's head. It results in the horse failing to shed its winter coat. The coat becomes long and matted and eventually curly. The horse drinks and eats increased amounts of food while sweating excessively and losing weight. All Cushing's cases suffer laminitis.
* Weight-bearing laminitis. When the horse is severely lame on one leg and has to put all his weight on the contra-lateral limb they often suffer from founder in the weightbearing limb. This is particularly common in hind feet.
* Concussive laminitis (road founder). When horses are subjected to fast or prolonged work on hard surfaces they may develop laminitis as a result of trauma to the laminae, particularly if their horn quality is poor.
* Hormonal problems. Animals which are "good doers" may be hypothyroid or have an abnormal peripheral cortisol enzyme system. The latter condition, recently described has been called obesity related laminitis or peripheral Cushing's disease. Others develop laminitis when they are in season.
* Cold weather. A few horses show laminitis during cold weather, fitting warm leg wraps during cold snaps prevents the problem in most cases.
* Stress. Worming, vaccination, traveling or separation from a "friend" can trigger an attack of laminitis.
* Drug induced laminitis. Although some wormers can precipitate laminitis, the most common group of drugs which cause laminitis are the corticosteroids. Even injecting short acting corticosteroids into joints can cause severe laminitis.
* Overeating / Obesity are the most common high risk situations which lead to laminitis. The secret to avoiding laminitis in this situation is not to turn the horse out whilst he is fatter than condition score 3. This means he should not have a fat depot along his crest or at the tail head, around the sheath or udder or over the loins. You should be able to feel his ribs easily by running your hand along his side yet you should not be able to see his ribs.
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text:
Originally posted on Next Impulse Sports | Last updated 5/14/13
Oh boy. On Monday Night Alex Ovechkin and his Washington Capitals were eliminated from the NHL Playoffs by the New York Rangers. On Tuesday morning, Pat Leonard of The New York Daily News reported that Ovi suggested to a Russian reporter that the NHL wanted the Rangers to win game 6 and force a game 7. "Not saying there was a phone call, but they wanted Game 7," Ovechkin reportedly said in Russian, translated and tweeted by Slava Malamud, a senior writer for Russian sports daily Sports-Express. "For ratings. You know, lockout, escrow, league must make profit." The game in question did see the Rangers get awarded five power plays. The Capitals had none. Ovechkin is now heading to Europe to play for Russia in the World Championships. They take on the USA in the quarterfinals on Thursday night. Article found on: Next Impulse Sports
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text:
Farrell joined Saracens from rugby league side Wigan 18 months ago in a deal which was part-funded by the RFU, but the progress of the former Great Britain captain has been hampered by a succession of injuries.
The 31-year-old told BBC Radio Five Live: "In a month or so I'll form form an opinion of positions, I can't just say where I would like to play after 30 minutes of an A team game."
- More about:
- Rugby League
- Saracens (rugby)
- Wigan
- Wigan Warriors


text:
Guitarist Magazine - January 2012
Guitarist. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.77771102).
Item Number: HL.77771102
8.25x11.75 inches.
Cover feature story on how to earn serious money in a tribute band. Plus your guide to real-world tribute rigs: Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy Page, David Gilmour, Eddie Van Halen. Plus the usual roundup of lessons, gear reviews, interviews and more.


text:
The former Leeds player was sin-binned for the offence on winger Dave Halley during the Warriors' shock 12-6 home defeat by Wakefield on Sunday and subsequently cited by the Rugby Football League's match review panel.
on Tuesday night the Rugby Football League's disciplinary committee fined him £300 and suspended him for Wigan's next two matches, against Hull on Friday and Castleford a week later.
Mathers was the only player to be sent off twice last season.Reuse content


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The product of ITGA4 belongs to the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Additionally we are shipping Integrin alpha 4 Antibodies (252) and Integrin alpha 4 Proteins (2) and many more products for this protein.
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Administration of a novel recombinant antibody against alpha4beta7 gut (show GUSB ELISA Kits)-homing integrin during acute lentiviral infection prevents mobilization of cell lineages of the innate immune system and protects the gut (show GUSB ELISA Kits) tissues from acute lentiviral infection.
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ITGA4 expression enhances metastasis in MYCN (show MYCN ELISA Kits) low neuroblastoma (show ARHGEF16 ELISA Kits).
CD49d-high-expressing Th1 (show HAND1 ELISA Kits) memory phenotype CD4 (show CD4 ELISA Kits)+ T cells with enhanced B cell helper activity develop early in the peritoneal cavity.
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Consistent with a role of alpha4beta7 in the generation of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes, bone marrow cells from beta7(-/-) mice poorly reconstituted small intestine retinoic acid (RA)-producing CD11c (show ITGAX ELISA Kits)(hi) dendritic cells.
SP/drug efflux functionality of hematopoietic progenitors is controlled by mesenchymal niche through VLA-4/CD44 (show CD44 ELISA Kits) axis.
We conclude that integrin alpha4beta1 is necessary for CD4 (show CD4 ELISA Kits)(+) T cell-mediated protection against C. trachomatis infection in the genital mucosa.
Mobilization of bone marrow-derived cells by G-CSF (show CSF3 ELISA Kits) boosted migration along the VCAM-1 (show VCAM1 ELISA Kits)/VLA-4 axis and reduced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.
PI3-kinase gamma (show PIK3CG ELISA Kits) promotes Rap1a (show RAP1A ELISA Kits)-mediated activation of myeloid cell integrin alpha4beta1, leading to tumor inflammation and growth.
Data show tht Rho kinase (show ROCK1 ELISA Kits) (ROCK) activity was increased by inhibiting integrin alpha4 with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and hypoxia.
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Enhanced susceptibility of activated endocervical CD4 (show CD4 ELISA Kits)+ T cells to HIV may be related to increased CCR5 (show CCR5 ELISA Kits) expression by these cell subsets, but did not appear to be due to direct interaction of integrins a4b7 or a4b1 with HIV envelope.
knockdown of PTTG1 (show PTTG1 ELISA Kits) increased expression of integrin alpha 4 (ITGA4), ITGA5 (show ITGA5 ELISA Kits), and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1 (show ITGB1 ELISA Kits)); otherwise, RhoA (show RHOA ELISA Kits) expression was significantly decreased
Integrin alpha 2 (show ITGA2 ELISA Kits) and alpha 4 Yxxphi motifs interact with the endocytic clathrin adaptor, AP2 complex (show AP2B1 ELISA Kits).
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CD49d and CD26 (show DPP4 ELISA Kits) have independent prognostic value and we suggest its use as a part of routine panel for prognostic stratification of CLL.
Hypermethylation of ITGA4 promoter is increased in inflamed colon tissue.
The product of this gene belongs to the integrin alpha chain family of proteins. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This gene encodes an alpha 4 chain. Unlike other integrin alpha chains, alpha 4 neither contains an I-domain, nor undergoes disulfide-linked cleavage. Alpha 4 chain associates with either beta 1 chain or beta 7 chain.
integrin alpha 4
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, VLA-4 receptor, alpha 4 subunit
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, lymphocyte Peyer patch adhesion molecules subunit alpha
, 269C wild type
, antigen CD49D, alpha-4 subunit of VLA-4 receptor
, integrin alpha-4 subunit
, very late activation protein 4 receptor, alpha 4 subunit


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Ian Lynch <ianrly...@gmail.com>
|Re: [Proposal] Renaming of OpenOffice.org
|Tue, 18 Oct 2011 16:58:01 GMT
On 18 October 2011 17:38, Dennis E. Hamilton <firstname.lastname@example.com>wrote: > +1 to Kay's perspective > > -----Original Message----- > From: Kay Schenk [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] > < > http://firstname.lastname@example.com%3e > > > Sent: Tuesday, October 18, 2011 09:18 > To: firstname.lastname@example.com > Subject: Re: [Proposal] Renaming of OpenOffice.org > > [ ... ] > > Consider this-- > > We ahd agreed to keep the "user facing" web site for Apache OpenOffice.org > > as www.openoffice.org > > its current DNS name > > -- and, as Dennis pointed out, despite the common use of OpenOffice in > speech, openoffice.org is THE recognizable entity and reference in all > printed communication. In previous discussion, it's been repeatedly > pointed out, that in terms of what's already been developed for "the > brand" -- see the Marketing Project materials at > http://marketing.openoffice.org/ > > a change is HUGE headache. > On that we all agree, but putting it off isn't necessarily going to make it less of a headache! Couple that with recent information about the Apache podling -- > OpenOffice.org -- and I truly feel that a re-branding/trademarking *at > this stage of development* would not be good, and could potentially be > harmful in terms of identification. > Perhaps so but a strategy for rebranding that is clear and transparent to everyone is rather different from just saying let's not do anything until AOO is ready for release. Shane has suggested the PPMC should deal with this -- fine. And Rob has > suggested the new marketing head (team) should deal with it -- maybe > also fine. Maybe a nice compromise would let the "marketing area" > suggest something to the PPMC. > But apparently it is not normal to define "heads" in the Apache Way, so perhaps this thread is the marketing area suggesting something to the PPMC ;-) At least suggesting we need to talk it through and come up with a reasonable solution well in advance of being forced to do something in a hurry. -- Ian Ofqual Accredited IT Qualifications (The Schools ITQ) www.theINGOTs.org +44 (0)1827 305940 The Learning Machine Limited, Reg Office, 36 Ashby Road, Tamworth, Staffordshire, B79 8AQ. Reg No: 05560797, Registered in England and Wales.
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text:
Both players are gone. Neither is forgotten.
Former Lions receiver Roy Williams attended the team's annual Halloween party on Monday night, according to Tom Kowalski of Mlive.com.
And Williams came dressed as former Lions running back Tatum Bell.
Bell famously swiped (allegedly) the bags of newly-signed Lions running back Rudi Johnson in early September, after Bell was cut to make a space for Rudi.
Details of the costume (e.g., luggage, bellhop cap, Rudi's wallet) weren't mentioned.
UPDATE: Williams, per Kowalski, was wearing a bellhop uniform and boxers over his pants that said "Rudi" on the front and "Johnson 32" on the back.
Both players are gone. Neither is forgotten.
vegas42 says: Oct 27, 2008 10:15 PM
Vox, let me be the first to say it…I officially LOVE the Roy Williams signing, for that costume alone! I have a feeling Taco Bill is going to cook something up on this one….
2Mannings1Cup says: Oct 27, 2008 10:16 PM
Did Calvin Johnson go as Megatron or Usain Bolt? And more importantly who dressed up in the Joe Cullen (naked drive thru Wendy's incident) outfit?
teejones41 says: Oct 27, 2008 10:16 PM
Hahahahahaha, that's all that needs to be said.
The Nomad says: Oct 27, 2008 10:19 PM
That is damn funny!
Pea Tear Griffin says: Oct 27, 2008 10:20 PM
Vox Veritas says: Oct 27, 2008 10:35 PM
hilarious! Even better that he cleared it with Bell first.
BlueElvis says: Oct 27, 2008 10:45 PM
ch0wfaced91 says: Oct 27, 2008 10:54 PM
Lol best news bit of day, but who is going to be Najeh and go take a dump in some chics laundry?????
a Cheerleader says: Oct 27, 2008 11:05 PM
Neoplatonic hourglass.
strobman says: Oct 27, 2008 11:14 PM
HAHAHAHAHAHA, Friggin hilarious.
Florio, please be sure to post a picture or a link to one if you're able to find it.
LionsFan says: Oct 27, 2008 11:36 PM
Kitna actually went as Joe Cullen last year. Kitna's wife dressed up as Wendy.
Roy's a good guy. The Halloween party is something Mike Furrey throws for charity. Cool of him to fly all the back here for it. Kudos on the costume.
downsouth49er says: Oct 27, 2008 11:52 PM
i don't see anything funny about it, that was lame…roy is a little caught up on himself now that he's in dallas…he is overrated and only dumb jerry jones would give so much for such a little return…i bet he finishes the season with less than 6 in dallas
Vox Veritas says: Oct 28, 2008 12:15 AM
"i don't see anything funny about it, that was lame"
Yeah I wouldn't think that 490er fans are fiunding much that makes them smile these days.
"i bet he finishes the season with less than 6 in dallas "
Less than 6 what? Remember what I told you about "five wins", fanboi?
TransplantedFan says: Oct 28, 2008 12:27 AM
Thats fantastic. He cleared it with Bell? Gotta say, I'm impressed Bell would let that happen. Still, damned funny. I like players that have a sense of humor.
titans_fan says: Oct 28, 2008 12:58 AM
Great story but let's hear more about the Titans being 7-0…
alamedaman says: Oct 28, 2008 5:24 AM
i can haz pic?
Jim_R says: Oct 28, 2008 8:15 AM
"alamedaman says:
October 28th, 2008 at 5:24 am
i can haz pic?"
Yeah! This should be the PFT "Pic of the Day"
ROY11 says: Oct 28, 2008 8:25 AM
Roy: Hey I wanna dress as u for the Halloween party, as a bellhop in Rudy's boxers.
Tatum: I don't rather u not wear dat.
Roy: Cool!
zygi milf says: Oct 28, 2008 8:51 AM
alamedaman says:
October 28th, 2008 at 5:24 am
"i can haz pic?"
Nice to hear from a drunk Raiders fan early in the morning.
I Aint No Tatum Bell says: Oct 28, 2008 9:08 AM
Oh snap!
BlowedUP says: Oct 28, 2008 9:22 AM
Who wants to go as Fred Smoot?
sagnam says: Oct 28, 2008 12:02 PM
jared360 says: Oct 28, 2008 11:08 PM
Since Williams cant make any headlines or newstories for his performance, or lack thereof, I guess he needed to find a way to get into the news somehow….It would have been funnier if he dressed in his own uniform with fake cement blocks on his hands…now THAT would be funny.


text:
Nov 1, 2011
Multilateral - Best Bank – IFC
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text:
Acquiring the title of "National Treasure" can be a double edged sword. A bit like a Lifetime Achievement Award, it implies that the best is in the past. But when it is offered with the respect and affection of BBC veteran music presenter and Fresh On The Net's own Tom Robinson, it's an accolade any musician would be proud to accept. Enter Johnno Casson, aka…Read More
It is with great sadness that I write about the recent passing of Wim Oudijk, my thoughts at this very sad time are with his family, friends and of course Bert x. Wim passed away following a short illness on the International Day of Peace - 21st September. "A massive loss to the world of alternative music" – Tom Robinson Wim was a very special man and we…Read More
Our 200th Fresh Faves were picked by our readers over the weekend - and reviewed by Fresh On The Net's Johnno Casson (aka Snippet) this week. You can hear all these tracks in a single Soundcloud playlist here. Hi ya As someone who has been on the team since the very beginning of the Listening Post and the Fresh Faves it is a real honour…Read More
These Fresh Faves were picked by our readers over the weekend - and reviewed by Fresh On The Net's Johnno Casson this week. You can hear all these tracks in a single Soundcloud playlist here. ANDRE TAJCHMAN – Weird Kid This is a right soulful mess of goodness'n stuff, no mistake; electronic shenanigans with plenty of human vocal interplay. Andre Tajchman is based in London…Read More
Hello lovely people,how is summer treating you? This is the latest Prick and Ding interview in what has become a somewhat intermittent service lately — oh life, you time-sapper you — but it's no less flavoursome let me tell thee as the 2 and a half minute interview returns. Oh no sweet children, we still like to deliver blessed goodness to your eyeboxes and eardimples as often…Read More
Our final Fresh Faves of the summer were picked by our readers over the weekend. They're reviewed below by Fresh On The Net's Johnno Casson - known to the world of music as Snippet - and bosom companion to the shy and retiring Old Tramp... You can hear all these tracks in a single Soundcloud playlist here. ALORIC – Who? Here's how to test whether…Read More
Welcome to Fresh Faves Batch 157. Our moderators listened to all tracks submitted to our inbox last week, and Listening Post readers voted for their top five favourites over the weekend. The result is these Fresh Faves - reviewed this week by Fresh On The Net's Johnno Casson. - known to the world of music as Snippet - and an inseparable friend of the mysterious Old…Read More
Hello lovely people,how are your lives? I haven't posted a Prick and Ding interview for a fair while as I have been busy building Warm and Toasty Club futures but quality music told me it was time to get back in the saddle and interview some great emerging artists again so here goes.... THIS WEEKS-THE SON(S) The Son(s) are from Leith - the dark soul of…Read More
How much great new music can there be out there? We think there is absolutely loads, and hopefully our Listening Post and this Fresh Faves selection are proof of that. New music is the gift that keeps on giving, like a bruiser that doesn't know when it's beat — new music artists keep coming back and giving more, more, more. Here are the reviews by Johnno…Read More
Bill Greenhead is good people! Bill is an animator,illustrator and video maker based in Maidstone. He's talented,he's super creative and full of idea's,he's kind to children and small animals,he's funny,he's real good at drawing and animation and he totally gets the concept of a caring & sharing creative online community. I've been meaning to write about him for ages because I think he's ace and…Read More


text:
An instance of
NSGet gets the specified value or object from the specified scriptable object: for example, the words from a paragraph or the name of a document.
- Swift
- Objective-C
- macOS 10.0+
When an instance of
NSGet is executed, it evaluates the specified receivers, gathers the specified data, if any, and packages it in a return Apple event.
NSGet is part of Cocoa's built-in scripting support. It works automatically to support the
get command through key-value coding. Most applications don't need to subclass
NSGet or call its methods.
For information on working with
get commands, see Getting and Setting Properties and Elements in Cocoa Scripting Guide.


text: For me, this is the best home-made hummus in the Old City, and cheap too (count about 15 shekels for a plate of hummus with pitta bread and pickles). You can have it served with baked beans too, I can recommend you to stop there any time you feel a bit hungry. The only issue is that it is not... More


text:
Before Night Falls
|Reinaldo Arenas
|Reinaldo Arenas
A memoir that recounts the author's journey from a poverty-stricken childhood in rural Cuba to his death in New York four decades later. It tells of his odyssey from young rebel fighting for the Revolution, through his suppression as a writer, his disillusionment with Castro, his imprisonment and torture, to his eventual flight from Cuba.
Reinaldo Arenas was born in Holguin, Cuba, in 1943. His first novel, Singing from the Well, was awarded First Mention in Cuba's Cirilo Villaverde National Competition. It was to be his only book published in his native country. Both as a homosexual and a writer, he found himself persecuted by the Cuban government, and had to smuggle his work out of the country for publication in France. He left Cuba in 1980 and settled in New York, where he died of AIDS in 1990. He is the author of over 20 books, including novels, short stories and poems.


text:
Columbus Education Center
4475 Central Avenue
Columbus, IN 47203
| Education Center Director
Nick Hogan
| Regional Director of Admission
Leslie Martinez
| 812-350-6387
Contact me for:
- Academic Advising
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| 812.350.7974
Contact me for:
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Located in Ivy Tech's main building, you will have access to computer labs, lounge area and vending. The building is open until 10 pm most weeknights.
Trine uses Rave for university notifications. Types of notifications could include closings, watches/warnings and important date reminders. You can choose the specific education center you are attending so that the messages are customized for you. Signup online.
4475 Central Avenue
Columbus, IN 47203
The Columbus Education Center is located inside Ivy Tech's main building Poling Hall, room 204. The building is at the northernmost part of Central Avenue.
Additional Pictures:


text:
Ian has posted about a University in Brazil that has successfully deployed IPsec based network isolation to a thousand desktops in only two days! Ian links directly to a case study article that explains how they went about the task of segmenting their network.
IPsec is an oft misunderstood technology due to it's complexity – there's a great deal of guidance available on the subject as I've blogged about many times – type in "ipsec" in the search field to the left hand side of my blog to find out more – click here to see for yourself. Of course you can browse to the main IPsec area of the Microsoft website too.
As mentioned in earlier posts you can take advantage of Security Configuration Wizard's ability to implement IPsec based signing and encryption – there's blogcast showing you how to do so – click here to view it.


text:
These ducks just can't get in the water.
For the second straight year, a rubber duck race that was supposed to take place down the Fox River over the Barstow Street bridge was canceled.
"I'm very disappointed, but it was just too dangerous," said Jeff Homar, race organizer and local artist.
Homar said because of the significant rainfall Waukesha received on Friday, Aug. 1, the night before the race, the conditions on the river were "too risky."
"We were all ready to go on Friday, but the risk was too high," Homar said.
Homar said people initially didn't understand why the race had to be canceled since the weather on the day of the race was nice.
"But once they realized that people had to go into the water to set up, and that it takes three people to collect a thousand ducks, they understood," Homar said.
Last year, the race, called the Waukesha GuitarTown Rubber Duck race, was planned for a Saturday afternoon in October. But it was canceled after the state Department of Justice informed a small community in northeastern Wisconsin that rubber duck races are a form of illegal gambling. Given this news, Homar called off Waukesha's race.
"I wasn't going to violate the law," Homar said.
However, Rep. Andre Jacque, R-De Pere, introduced a law to legalize duck races, often used as fundraisers, last fall. After the bill was passed in the state Assembly, it was then approved in the Senate before getting signed by Gov. Scott Walker this spring. Organizations who have raffle licenses from the state would now be allowed to hold the races.
Given the green light, Homar scheduled this year's rubber duck race for Aug. 2, which coincided with one of the West End Artists' Art Crawls in downtown Waukesha.
Homar said interest was high — about $2,500 was generated from ticket sales and about $1,200 worth of prizes were donated. While the event was ultimately called off, proceeds are still going to benefit the Donna Lexa Community Arts Program and the West End Artists to help fund the Art Crawls.
A raffle drawing was also still held and 31 winners were selected. Winners received prizes and gift certificates for downtown businesses.
The 1,000 ducks Homar now has in his house are the property of the West End Artists and the Waukesha Downtown Business Association, which partnered with the West End Artists, since it was issued a Class A license (the state issues licenses for raffles that sell the tickets on days other than the day of the drawing).
So will Homar again try to bring out the rubber ducks in 2015?
"I'm not sure about next year," Homar said. "I was twice burned, so I think I learned my lesson."