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Here are key findings from the latest quarterly report, released in June.
Key Report Findings
- The average global cost of sending remittances fell to 7.68% as of June 2015, from 7.72% in the first quarter of the year.
- In three-quarters of all country corridors, it's possible to send money for the cost of 10% or less. At the end of 2009, only half of the corridors had the cost of 10% or less.
The Cost of Sending Money from and to G20 Countries
- The cost of sending money from G20 countries fell to 7.58%.
- At 16.79%, South Africa remains the most costly G20 country to send money from.
- Russia is the least expensive country, followed by Saudi Arabia at 4.06%.
- The cost to send money to G20 countries that are included in RPW as receiving markets, increased to 8.08%.
- It's most expensive to send money to China, 10.38%, and Brazil, 9.38%.
- Mexico and Indonesia are the cheapest receiving markets, at 5.30% and 6.69%, respectively.
The Cost of Sending Money to Different Regions
- Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most expensive region to send money to. However, the cost of sending money decreased to 9.74%.
- At 5.74%, South Asia is still the least costly region to send money to.
- East Asia & the Pacific and South Asia remained stable at 8.11%.
- Middle East & North Africa fell to 8.21%.
- The cost to send remittance to East Europe and Central Asia also fell. The cost fell to 6.02%, if Russia is included in the calculation. Without Russia, the cost is 7.18%.
- For Latin America & the Caribbean, however, the cost rose to 6.78%.
The Cost of Using Different Channels to Send Money
- Sending money through a post office remains the least expensive, while going through a commercial bank is still the most costly.
- Post offices' remittance charges fell to 5.14%.
- Using banks to send money remained most expensive at 10.96%; however, these charges have been falling and were recorded below 11% for the first time!
- Sending money through Money Transfer Operators rose to 6.59%, from 6.36%.
Types of Products
- Most migrants still remit cash, but various online alternatives to cash continue to gain ground.
- The average cost to send cash was 6.94%.
- Online products are the cheapest product type at 5.48%.
- Account-to-account services are the most expensive at 11.20%. However, the cost of transfer within the same bank or to a partner bank in the receiving country is significantly cheaper at 7.16%.


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'Border Security' Reality Show Cancelled After It Violated Deportee's Privacy
OTTAWA — Canada's border agency is pulling the plug on the controversial reality TV program "Border Security'' after the federal privacy commissioner found the agency violated the rights of a construction worker filmed during a raid in Vancouver.
Privacy commissioner Daniel Therrien recently informed the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, which spearheaded a complaint on behalf of Oscar Mata Duran, that the Canada Border Services Agency breached the Privacy Act by allowing production company Force Four to film the agency's examination of the migrant labourer.
"As a matter of principle, it is our view that federal government institutions cannot contract out of their obligations under the Act,'' says the commissioner's 26-page report of findings.
In light of the well-founded complaint, Therrien's office recommended the border agency end its participation in the television program, which the agency agreed to do.
Agency spokeswoman Esme Bailey confirmed that `"Border Security: Canada's Front Line'' would not return for a fourth season.
The commissioner also urged the agency to carry out a formal privacy impact assessment before embarking on any significant future initiative involving the use of personal information.
Canadian border guards are silhouetted as they replace each other at an inspection booth at the Douglas border crossing on the Canada-USA border in Surrey, B.C., on Aug. 20, 2009. (Photo: Darryl Dyck/CP)
"Border Security'' began airing on the National Geographic Channel in 2012, chronicling encounters between border officers and the public. The unscripted series was seen by millions of Canadians and has aired in dozens of other countries.
The border agency saw the show as a means of informing Canadians and international audiences about its activities.
Opponents who considered the program crass and exploitative had long pushed for its demise.
The show amounted to a "reckless public-relations stunt,'' said Laura Track, counsel for the civil liberties association.
Members of the Canadian Border Services Agency gather at the Canadian border crossing in Surrey, B.C., on Oct. 16, 2012. (Photo: Jonathan Hayward/CP)
The association hopes the privacy ruling sounds the death-knell for similar reality TV shows featuring law-enforcement agencies, she said in an interview. "Filming people in such vulnerable situations is dehumanizing, and showing it as for-profit entertainment is despicable. And what the privacy commissioner decided this week is that it's also illegal.''
The border agency told the commissioner the TV program was strictly based on voluntary participation, adding the show would not identify anyone who had not directly agreed to participate.
During the agency raid of March 13, 2013, Mata Duran hid inside a building on the construction site but he was found and questioned by an officer about his identity, immigration status and employment. The Mexican man was later brought to an immigration detention facility, where he says he was presented with a consent form that he did not read but signed out of confusion and fear.
"... reckless public-relations stunt."
Upon viewing the raw footage taken by the film crew, the privacy commissioner's office concluded the entire interaction between the border officer and Mata Duran was captured on video before he was advised of the purpose of the filming, let alone asked for his permission.
Ultimately, the commissioner was not satisfied that the border agency obtained Mata Duran's "valid consent'' for the filming.
In general, the office concluded that due to the "coercive nature'' of being detained by the border agency, those held "may not have a clear frame of mind to provide truly voluntary consent.''
Mata Duran's case raises the overarching question of whether "there is a public interest to be served by a government institution televising its operational activities,'' the commissioner's report adds.
After the raid, Mata Duran was deported to Mexico, where he remains.
Track lauded him as "a real hero'' for lodging the privacy complaint when there was no prospect of personal gain, other than an acknowledgment "that what happened to him was wrong.''
Also on HuffPost:
The biggest change to cross-border shopping is the increased allowances to duty-free purchases. Canadian travellers outside the country for more than 24 hours can now bring in up to $200 in goods. The previous limit was capped at $50. Photo courtesy of: Flickr/ blmurch
As of June 1, Canadians who find themselves outside of the border for 48 hours or longer will have their allowance double from $400 to $800. The limit for travellers outside of the country for more than seven days has also changed. Their limit has increased by $50 from $750 to $800.
For those looking to capitalize on the new duty-free rules, here's some advice: plan accordingly as the new rules are still time sensitive. For example, Canadians can't claim duty-free status on any goods if their trip less than 24 hours. Also, the date you left Canada doesn't count towards your trip length, but the day you return can.
The duty-free status still only applies if your purchases are for personal use. That means it can be for your house, a souvenir, or anything else for your own personal enjoyment. However, if it's anything for commercial use, expect to pay full duties. Also, while you can bring back gifts for other people under your duty-free allowance, that allowance can't be shared with other people.
The rules regarding alcohol purchases outside of Canada still hold true, despite the increased in allowance. For example, you can only claim duty-free status if your trip is 48 hours or longer in length. Also worth noting is that only one of the following items can count towards your allowance: 1.14 L (40 oz.) of liquor; OR 1.5 L of wine; OR 24 X 355 ml (12 oz.) containers of beer.
Shoppers can expect to rake in many goods across the border with Canada's new rules, but certain items are still off limits. For example, certain fruits, meats and vegetables are prohibited from entering Canada as are weapons such as guns, mace, and pepper spray -- something worth noting if you find yourself at the local gun show.
Much like alcohol, the rules to tobacco are still in effect. Canadians need to be outside of the country for at least 48 hours but can bring in any of the following as part of their duty-free purchase: 200 cigarettes; 50 cigars or cigarillos; 200 tobacco sticks; and 200 g (7 oz.) of manufactured tobacco.
Now that the purchases have been made, all that's left is to get them back into Canada and that's where receipts come into play. Canadian Border Services Agency workers may ask for proof of any purchase and having them on hand may be the difference maker between a five-minute process and a five-hour delay. Receipts can also help verify how long your trip was based on the date of your purchases.
Canadians can now make more purchases over the border but they still need to be sure that they can bring everything back. That's because the CBSA still limits the duty-free status to goods on your possession when returning. There is one exception to this rule though: travellers gone longer than seven days can have the duty-free status apply to their goods delivered to them via mail, courier, or by a delivery agency.

subset: commoncrawl


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x Click Here to start receiving job updates in your mail box! Follow us on Instagram @jobzillanigeria
5 Sep 2016
Job in a Mining Company for a Mining Manager
by Jobzilla Nigeria at 9/05/2016 09:45:00 pm Tags: Engineering Jobs , Experienced Job Positions , Managerial Jobs
Job Title: Mining Manager (Mining Engineer / Open Pit / Fixed Plant / Mobile Plant / Dewatering Pumps)
Location: West Africa
- Management of all mining activities from both an on-site and office base.
- Mentoring and training of subordinates.
- Mining Engineering Degree.
- 15 years' experience in open pit mining operations.
- Computer literate.
- Experience with Surpac or a similar program.
- Previous experience as an expatriate in Africa.
- Experience mentoring and training subordinates of diverse cultural backgrounds.
- Experience in both fixed and mobile plant.
- Experience with dewatering pumps used in high rainfall areas.
Contractual information
Residential position on single status only.
How to Apply
Interested and qualified candidates should:
Click here to apply
Follow @jobzillanigeria
You can also join our interactive and interesting JobZilla BBM Channel by clicking C00299C49.
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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is discretionary but will greatly boost your chances of getting interest from other Christian members on the site. Write about yourself, your hobbies and upload your nicest photo of yourself.
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Identified someone who appeals to you? Send them a few words or just a wink and find out if they're interested in you. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding the love of your life.
It only takes a few clicks


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Fulton Steamboat Inn
- Fulton Steamboat Inn
- 1 Hartman Bridge Road
- Strasburg, PA 17579
- Primary - (717) 299-9999
Sleep on a steamboat! Located at the intersection of Routes 30 and 896, across from 100 outlet stores, and minutes to all of Lancaster's best attractions. Our steamboat themed resort has Victorian and nautically themed rooms. Our many amenities include an indoor pool, Jacuzzi, Robert Fulton Room Restaurant, Chandler's Nook and The Emporium Gift Shoppes. Stroll our walking trail, feed our resident ducks, and watch your children enjoy our "Pirates Playground" or our two game rooms. Tour Lancaster's Amish country, feast on hearty Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine, take in a show at Sight & Sound, American Music Theatre, Rainbow Dinner Theatre, or just relax in our deluxe accommodations.
Handicap accessible.
Property Information
- General : On-site Bus Parking, Student Friendly, Gift Shop
- Lodging Amenities : On-site Restaurant, Hospitality Room, Baggage Handling, Elevator, Indoor Corridor, Refrigerators Available, Microwave Available, Fitness Center, Indoor Pool
- Total Guest Rooms : 97
Group Tour Information
- # Required for Group Discount : n/a
- Other Info : 1 comp per 18 paid rooms.
Explore Nearby
On the map below, you'll find information for this item, as well as a few of the lodging, dining, shopping and activities that are close by. To see more nearby listings, click the "View Full Map" link in the legend below.
- Things to Do
- Places to Eat
- Places to Stay
- Where to Shop
- View full map


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All reader reviews by Ceels
Just moved down to London and a friend recommended Sakura. I love Japanese food and have been to many japanese restuarants all over the world. The food was mediocre, the head waiter taking our order was rude - the more junior staff were much more courteous - we were sitting on a table in the middle of the flow of traffic... all in all I agree with most of the comments listed. I would not go back. With so many japanese restaurants in London, it won't be hard to find a restaurant that serves better food and has better service.
Saturday, April 29, 2006
Overall rating
Food 5 | Service 2 | Atmosphere 3 | Value for money 5


text:
I'll have fun watching myself call upon unprecedented irony to murder your happiness
There, staring at the sky, arms wrapped around beauty on evil's night, the dagger pushes further inside me
Any moment, I'll cease to be different
You'll be dead, with the power of my words pressed upon your fingers
I'll cut, cut your eyes,
Cut your death note into your eyes,
I'm overdue
Slaughter is overdue
Don't forget who I am
My past has nothing to do with this.
Blame me and I'll die
I am not just any other murderer
My slaughter turned my head
Lying at different angles
Her intentional strut broke me
Arms wrapped around my old escape
This plan is flawed
Your perception;
I've never hesitated to kill.
Am I the only one trapped in realisation?
This is clarity
Sadistic, horrific clarity.
This was never intentional.


text:
Oregon Scientific Alize Weather collection is a simple but Essential Modern design of suitable products for home use; office or dorm rooms. The built-in radio controlled clock automatically updates itself to give accurate local time readings without any extra effort on your part. At a glance these units support up to five Channels allowing temperature monitoring in up to five remote locations by using additional wireless Sensors. These are easy to read with large screens and number display to allow you to check the weather easily from across the room. Enjoy!
Product Features:


text:
GraphicRiver Travel CD & DVD Cover 9234543
Print Template \ CD & DVD Artwork
Template \ Photodune \ Artwork \ Design \ Travel \ Realistic \ Modern \ Roboto
Print Template - Travel CD & DVD Cover 9234543 by dotnpix @ GraphicRiver
Print Template \ CD & DVD Artwork
Items Worth Checking Out
Travel Agency Business CD And DVD Cover. It's a clean & simply looks design. It's a modern and latest business card template.
File Information.
- CD Size: 5"×5"
- DVD Size:10.0"x7.25"
- Resolution: 300DPI
- Color: CMYK
- bleed, Trim & Safe Zone lines included
- Ai CS6 & EPS CS.File Format
- CMYK – 100 % Vector in all layer (Re-sizable)
- 3 Color Variations
- Print Ready
- Includes Help Files
Fonts used: Roboto
Stock to Use.
N.B. # Photography is not included in the main download.
Enjoy, vote if you like it.
Additional keyword
booklet, cd case, cd cover, cd template, clean, compact disc, disc, dvd, music cover, paper, photo-realistic, plastic, presentation, print, tray, case, cd, corporate, cover, design, disk, label, layer, music, packaging, classic, classy, disc covers, dvd art, dvd artwork, dvd covers, dvd template, dvd video, dvds, video, video disc, white, artwork, elegant, modern, movie, neat, preview, professional, realistic, showcase, soundtrack, studio, album cover, alternative, cd cover art, cd design, disk template, grunge, event, insert
Layered: Yes; Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS, AI Illustrator; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Business CD And DVD Cover; Corporate Executive Twitter Covers; Viridx Business Stationery Print Pack; Corporate Executive Pack; Corporate Executive FB Timeline; Corporate Executive Billboard; E-Commerce Business Pack.
Keywords: artwork, beauty, blue-ray, blueray, cd, cover, disc, dotnpix, dvd, dvd case, dvd cover, dvd template, film, holiday, mock-ups, mockup, nature, present, presentation, summer, tourism, travel, travel agency, wedding cover.


text:
Zamberlan Baltoro RR Boot - Men's - $279.95
Zamberlan used old-world materials and construction to build the super-tough Baltoro RR Hiking Boot. That doesn't mean the Baltoro is old-fashioned. Its high-tech Vibram 3D sole is comprised of multiple layers, each designed to do its own specialized job. The result is a boot that provides maximum traction and reduces fatigue so you can crank out the miles like you never thought you could. - $279.95


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PRESS DIGEST-Canada-Sept 26
Sept 26 (Reuters) - The following are the top stories from selected Canadian newspapers. Reuters has not verified these stories and does not vouch for their accuracy.
* Google Inc is giving Kitchener-Waterloo a morale boost as the region's largest technology company, BlackBerry Ltd , struggles to survive. The search giant will invest an undisclosed amount of money in Communitech, a regional economic development initiative that works closely with 650 technology startups to help them build their ideas into viable companies by providing them with space, funding and support. ()
* Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper continues to engage the United Nations on his own terms, refusing to sign a landmark UN treaty regulating the arms trade while pushing his maternal health agenda. Canada is holding off signing the treaty, citing concern over how it affects firearm owners - even though the United States has now joined the global accord over the objections of that country's powerful gun lobby. ()
* The race to replace Adrian Dix as British Columbia's New Democratic Party leader is starting in Ottawa. Dix's impending departure has set off a leadership contest that four members of the federal NDP caucus are thinking about entering. Those considering bids are Peter Julian, Jinny Sims, Nathan Cullen and Fin Donnelly. ()


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this wiki
|This article is about a/an villain in Power Rangers Megaforce.
- "Maybe I will keep you around long enough to cry over your lost world, but make no mistake. This world will belong to the Insectoids!"
- ―Creepox talking to the Rangers before their final battle begins[src]
Creepox[1] is one of the seven chief enemies of the Power Rangers Megaforce and a main antagonist of Megaforce during its first arc. He is the mantis-like powerhouse of Warstar and stands out as Malkor's main elite among the Insectoids, ranking as their second-in-command. Among the Insectoids, he holds up his title as "The Mightiest of All Insectoids", although his superior, Malkor, surpasses him in power.
Creepox wants to destroy the Earth and squash humanity underfoot with brutal force. He is also obsessed with taking down the Red Ranger by himself, whom he comes to see as his main rival. He is primarily sent down to Earth to explore it unnoticed. One day he bumped into Troy, the Red Ranger, stating that the two will duel one day.
- "Forget Vrak's complicated schemes. This is the path to victory. Strike fast and strike hard!"
- ―Creepox speaking to Admiral Malkor after summoning Dragonflay[src]
Later, Creepox decided to deal with the Red Ranger personally while his monster Dragonflay deals with the other Rangers. Seeing that the Red Ranger is pretty good, he decided to return to the Warstar Spaceship, just to give the Red Ranger time to improve for another encounter. As a result, he left Dragonflay to his doom, making Creepox's attack a failure. Stranger Ranger
Later still, Creepox decided to take out all of the Rangers, while still maintaining a grudge against Troy. During this mission, he removed his silver armor and revealed he could attack by blasting powerful Meteor Shots. He proved strong enough to endure most of the Rangers attacks and weapons. He was eventually, and initially, destroyed by Troy. He was enlarged by Vrak, and the Zombats, where he once again wore his silver armor. While enlarged, Creepox could now blast electric attacks from his pincers, in addition to his signature Galaxy Meteor Shots. After being pummeled by Creepox, Gosei gave the Mega Rangers, care of Troy, the ability to form the Ultra Gosei Great Megazord, which destroyed Creepox with its Victory Charge Ultra Mega Strike Who's Crying Now?.
- "You may have won this battle, Rangers. But you won't win the war against the Insectoids!"
- ―Creepox's final words[src]
His death has serious implications to the Insectoids, with Vrak fully taking over the role as second-in-command of Warstar, and, as soon as the Toxic Mutants are found, Malkor wastes no time and sends Vrak to forge an alliance with them, intending to have Bigs and Bluefur as replacements to Creepox. Months after Creepox's demise, Vrak used Creepox as an example of someone who underestimates their opponents to Shadow Serpent, which also further notifies caution to Bigs and Bluefur, which then begin to think more before scheming. Creepox later appeared in the last of Glytcher's visions in Raising Spirits. In Rico the Robot, Creepox, along with Bigs and Bluefur, was mentioned by Admiral Malkor while he conversed with Vrak about the deaths of their fallen comrades.
Creepox is an innate warrior who holds a firm belief about ruling through strength. He is easily angered by even the most trivial matters and openly expresses his discontent to those around him, even towards Malkor and Vrak.
Although utterly loyal to his leader, he is annoyed at how Vrak is favored by Admiral Malkor and has very little patience when it comes to planning and scheming.
He also has a deep-seeded, personal rivalry with Troy. His over-inflated ego also bears a superiority complex towards humans, constantly bragging about the superiority of the Insectoids and belittling the Rangers.
These traits make him the polar opposite of his cohort, partner and rival, Vrak, who sees to things with intelligence and usually keeps his cool even under severe pressure.
Skills and Abilities
- Meteor Shot: Creepox launches a single meteor in the air and have it to hit his opponents directly in front of him. The orb is extremely hot and cannot be blocked by anything for long.
- Scattered Energy Bullets: Creepox launches a barrage of small, but fast-moving energy shots and has them swoop down his enemies, obliterating them and the immediate vicinity.
- Galaxy Meteor Shots: Creepox can muster a large galaxy-like purple orb and fire a massive barrage of energy projectiles to take down his enemies with the might of a raging galaxy.
- Final Burst: Creepox focuses all of his energy into a single flaming orb that rivals or exceeds any countering technique.
- Sickle Strike: Creepox emits a sharp, brown-hued blade at his foes and slices them apart on the spot or tosses them away, causing massive and eventually fatal damage.
- Super Speed: Creepox can move extremely fast for short periods of time, using such short bursts to rapidly trounce and catch an adversary by surprise during battle.
- Heightened Agility: Creepox is able to move to dodge any attacks while moving at high speeds, allowing him to avert damage through fast collisions.
- Extreme Resiliency: Creepox's shelled skin is a natural armor to most attacks and provides him ultimate durability, regardless of the circumstances.
- High Stamina: Creepox can continue to fight for long periods of time without tiring out, which enables him to outlast those against him if overpowering them is not an immediate option.
- Rage Overflow: Creepox can strengthen himself by angering himself, triggering a brief but astonishing rise in power and skill.
Creepox possesses an extremely tough armored skin that shields his body from most harm and that also provides enough endurance to be used in physical attacks. His main attack weapons are the sickles attached to his forearms. They are extremely sharp and can be kept or become even more sharpened by slicing against one another.
Despite their efficiency in close combat, the main utility of the blades is firing Creepox's signature moves, Meteor Shot and Galaxy Meteor Shot, which possesses immense destructive power and will violently burst as soon as they contact any solid matter. For defense, like Malkor, he sports a metallic armor, characteristic of an elite Insectoid, which enhances the natural endurance of his already tough hide.
Creepox is one of the seven main villains to battle the Mega Rangers and, as such, possesses extraordinary strength. He is among the strongest Insectoids, second only to Malkor. His might also fares fairly well when compared to Bigs and Bluefur.
- Power Rangers Megaforce
- Episode 1: Mega Mission
- Episode 2: He Blasted Me With Science
- Episode 3: Going Viral
- Episode 4: Stranger Ranger
- Episode 5: United We Stand
- Episode 6: Harmony and Dizchord
- Episode 7: Who's Crying Now?
- Halloween Special: Raising Spirits (archive footage only)
- Episode 16: Rico the Robot (mentioned only)
- Episode 19: The Messenger (archive footage only)
- Power Rangers Super Megaforce
- Episode 16: Vrak is Back Part 1 (mentioned only)
See Also
- Dereputa of the Meteor - Super Sentai counterpart in Goseiger. See comparison page.


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Supply Chain Specific? Understanding the Patchy Success of Ethical Sourcing Initiatives
- Cite this article as:
- Roberts, S. Journal of Business Ethics (2003) 44: 159. doi:10.1023/A:1023395631811
As a number of high profile companies have found to their cost, corporate reputations can be significantly affected by firms' management of sustainability issue, including those that are outside their direct control, such as the environmental and social impacts of their supply networks. This paper begins by examining the relationship between corporate social responsibility, reputation, and supply network conditions. It then looks at the effectiveness of one tool for managing supply network sustainability issues, ethical sourcing codes of conduct, by examining how the characteristics of three supply networks branded clothes, DIY wood products and branded confectionary affects the implementation ethical sourcing codes of conduct. It ends by setting out conclusions on why implementation of such codes has been so much more successful in some sectors than others and recommendations on effective approaches to managing sustainability issues in supply networks.


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One funny thing – after the penultimate round of voting I developed a little view of what might happen and went round saying, "It's Bercow. By 20 votes." There was no evidence to support this. Others were saying with equal assurance it was mathematically impossible for Bercow to win. Tory optimists were talking up the "momentum" George Young was developing. No one knew anything.
But passing Nick Robinson talking to Michael Gove I said it to them as well. "It's Bercow, by 20 votes."
An hour later, a gallery colleague came into the room and said confidentially: "It's Bercow by 20 votes.
Michael Gove says so." We don't laugh enough these days, but that helped the deficit.
The Tories were looking pretty sick thinking about the 20 votes they'd all come to believe in suddenly.
Hell, it was Bercow - but by 50! Fifty!
The applause from Labour was immediate, loud, celebratory, and not a little malevolent. Nearly all of Beckett's votes had gone to Bercow. The payroll vote had been deployed from one to the other – I dare say on Gordon's direct instructions.
Harriet beamed – a little vindictively I thought – in the direction of the Gallery. Mary Creagh became quite dewy. The Prime Minister smiled (and that's a sad event these days). Ed Balls nodded approvingly at another little dose of poison in the wells.
But for public consumption it was great gay abandon. They had done it!
He had done it! The Clean Break Candidate was in place. The Tories were trying to smile bravely – well, some were – and a small coterie of them were actually applauding. He is, after all, not entirely without friends in the party, but supporters are few and enemies are everywhere. That's what makes it so delicious for Labour.
When the Speaker-elect said, "My first thoughts were of my –"
"Your pay!" heckled a Tory woman MP.
Oh! Low blow! But it's true the pay and conditions do improve markedly for the Bercows. They'll be millionaires.
Well, good luck to them.
The more Labour applauded the more the Tories ground their teeth (they hate applause in the Commons).
The louder the applause – and the Lib Dems were doing it too – the stronger was the case for Bercow "representing the whole House".
Bercow's acceptance speech was (technical term) all right. It was the greatest moment in his professional career, he said. That would be true for anyone.
He stood there in the throne a little diminutively and savoured his triumph.
Truth to tell it is a triumph for him, the complete fruition of a long-term plan. Seven or eight years ago he first ventilated his ambition. And through two elections and many career mutations he has sure-footedly and deliberately gone step by step to his throne.
His behaviour seemed so egregiously false to some of us, but perfectly reasonable to others. But that's another important thing in politics – given time you can believe anything you set your mind to believe.
Having said that, what was Gordon thinking when he ribbed him saying, "you said you were now going to put aside all your political views. Some of us thought you'd done that a long time ago."
Bercow laughed. Labour laughed. I laughed. "Should he have said that?" I asked the Mirror. The Mirror laughed. Gordon, incidentally is looking worse.
Yesterday he was tripe-white, with sunken eyes and a thousand mile stare. His joke was funny because it was true. The man must be on the wrong edge of exhaustion. Cameron made a graceful, amusing speech. Etona floreat.
Bercow's campaign isn't yet over.
He has to demonstrate his "complete impartiality", if he is to avoid being ejected by the incoming Tories next year. There will also be the traditional tests to his authority in the House.
But very many Tories will like to remember the words of Bercow's old hero, Enoch, when he warned of "the Tiber foaming with much blood".
Equally though, Bercow will change, as people do when they achieve high office. And sometimes they change for the better (excuse the note of surprise in my voice).
That's something to look forward to.
- More about:
- Liberal Democrat Party
- Mathematics
- Michael Gove
- The Super-Rich


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Producer Profiles
FEDECARES - Federación de Caficultores de la Region Sur
FEDECARES serves as a focal point of the local coffee growing community, bringing together and educating members of small cooperatives from around the region. Today, it is comprised of 26 smaller groups, 184 base associations with 7,800 members within the whole Federation. All members are located in the southern regions of the Dominican Republic.
Before we discovered Fair Trade, I worked myself to exhaustion with no gain. Once the organization began to sell my coffee at the Fair Trade price my situation changed. Now my three sons are in high school, and I want to continue to sell my coffee at the Fair Trade price so I can provide them with a university education. "
Feliciano Lara Santana, FEDECARES Member
Microcredit program for members during harvest season
FEDECARES has a microcredit program that provides small loans to help farmers through difficult parts of the growing season and provides funds for commercialization of their coffee.
Scholarships for education and equipment
The premium assist in providing scholarships to members' children, assist in building new classrooms. Additionally provides local schools with sporting equipment, and runs an adult literacy program.
Construction of new health center
FEDECARES has built new health centers, provides necessary medicine for its members, and has programs to train its associates in first aid practices.
Renovation of infrastructure through more processing equipment
The association has purchased wet, dry, and ecologic processing equipment as part of an infrastructure renovation project that focuses on enhancing coffee quality. The association also provides management capacity building workshops and trainings on post-harvest processing techniques for members.


text:
help drawing a wiring diagram
2 Attachment(s)
I'm having my 22"X22" garage converted into a den, and to save money I would like to wire it myself. I have a book and some basic wiring experience (I can do damn near anything). I would like to get some input before I try this, because my wife and I run a 5 star - licensed child care program from our home and I don't want to get in trouble during the fire inspection after the full conversion of the garage. I guess the next thing is to list what I figure I'll be wiring. I have attached a draft of a wiring diagram that I will use when I get the permit. Please give me some insight. thanks in advance.
Well the file with the drawn diagram is to big to just insert so here is the written portion of my file, and the drawn diagram is an attached file. I've also attached a drawn diagram of the storage shed.
DR = Duplex Receptacle
2-DR = 2 Duplex Receptacles (1 low on the wall for dvd/surround sound/ect… & 1 high on the wall for wall mounted plasma tv)
W-P-R = Weatherproof Receptacle (outside receptacle)
W-P-LF = Weatherproof Light fixture (motion sensor outside light)
2 Ceiling fan/heaters/lights = 2 ceiling fans that supply heat and light
C-LF = Ceiling Light Fixture (will be motion sensor inside light for hall way that connects to the house)
S-1 = Single-pole switch (located inside at the entrance of the connecting hall way and operates the motion sensor light)
S-3 = Three-way switch (located at the front entrance and the other switch at the entrance to the hall way. Both switches operate the 2 ceiling fans / heaters.
S-P-S = Shed Power Source ( I have a 12x20 shed that is about 80 feet away from the back of this converted garage and It will have 2 duplex receptacles, 1 ceiling mounted interior light with a switch, 1 motion sensor light on the outside, and 1 weatherproof outlet on the outside.
AC-240-R = Air Conditioning Unit line (thinking of wall installed air unit)
Smoke detector = the smoke detector.
Subpanel = the sub panel (I'm going to have an electrician run the line from the main panel to the subpanel)
First thing, here are the hard wire items I will most likely have.
Can someone tell me about heat and air? I have found a fan that has heat. Is this Heat/fan/light any good? Can someone recommend another heat/air fix for this 22"X22" room that won't break my bank and won't be loud or just plain crap.
Heating ceiling fan at lowes (click on this link)
Heating ceiling fan manufac page (click on this link)
I think I will be getting a standard wall mounted AC unit. I have not picked one out yet. If you can suggest one from Lowes of Jacksonville,NC (click on link) or Home Depot of Jacksonville,NC (click on link) I would be thankful (the room is 22" X 22")
2 outside motion sensor lights. Thinking of Heath Zenith 500 Watt Journeyman Security Light (click on link)
1 ceiling mounted light for hall way (just a normal over head light)
I have a 12x20 shed that is about 80 feet away from the back of this converted garage and it will have 2 duplex receptacles, 1 ceiling mounted interior light with a switch, 1 motion sensor light on the outside, and 1 weatherproof outlet on the outside.
All the light switches will be standard
That's all the hard wire stuff for the room. Now here's the list of appliances I will be using in the room.
1 50inch Plasma tv, with surround sound system, digital cable box, and blu-ray player (used on the right wall with the 2-DR outlets in the diagram)
1 20inch LCD tv, with Nintendo Wii & PS2 (used on the bottom wall with the 2-DR outlets in the diagram)
1 Refrigerator (used on one of the outlets on the left side wall)
1 small chest freezer (used on the same outlet as the refrigerator)
1 Treadmill (used on the left side wall)
1 Microwave (used on one of the back wall outlets)
1 Computer / printer (used on one of the back wall outlets)
I don't know how to calculate what type of breaker I need to run all the different outlets and fixtures. Any input is welcome. Thanks in advance.
Put the Electronics (TV's, Computer, game system on a separate circuit), the Treadmill on one by itself possibly, due to load. Refrigerators on another, Microwave has to be on its own, lighting is the same, etc. The current NEC can be found at http://www.nfpa.org/freecodes/free_a....asp?id=7008SB
Also 2007 Fire Codes http://www.nfpa.org/freecodes/free_a...nt.asp?id=7207
kaosama, I don't know the code 100% and am not a professional, but for what its worth heres my 2 cents...
I would have the following circuits.
1 - 12AWG 20AMP or 14AWG 15 AMP den receptacles (to include hall light)
2 - 12AWG 20AMP exterior lighting and receptacles
3 - 12AWG 20AMP dedicated circuit for treadmill
4 - 12AWG 20AMP dedicated circuit for microwave
5 - 12AWG 20AMP dedicated circuit for fridge and freezer
6 - 12AWG 20AMP circuit for entertainment center
7 - 12AWG 20AMP circuit to shed
the rest, I am not 100% sure on, but you may need to have the 2 fan/heaters each on their own circuit because according to the specs they draw 12.5 amps - too much to put both on a 20AMP circuit.
Also, the AC unit will probably only need 12AWG wiring for it, but it would be smart to pick a unit BEFORE doing the wiring.
You need to check with ahj. In my area a homeowner can wire anything inside his house, but if you use it for business, then it must be done by an electrician.
You are correct, especially for a Daycare.
The fridges can be on 15 amp circuits, along with the Computer/Electronics. Exterior Lighting & Receptacles can also be on a 15 amp. For the Electronics, I would though place them on a Isolated Circuit, with a Surge protection system to help keep noise out of the Electrical lines.
1 Attachment(s)
Drew this very quickly but we can go over it in more detail and others can have input also....to fine tune things. 8 branch circuits
The Electronics should be able to get away with just one circuit, and no other outlets attached to that circuit. I take it that the Orange are Isolated Outlets.
I have to step out for awhile but the orange was just to show the tv locations. I'm not sure what a big plasma draws for current plus the supporting equipment. In order to get it right we will need some load spec's of the equipment. This is just an overlay to get things started.
Our's draws 387W. At the most, we have a Motorola DVR running, and the Plasma on a Surge Power strip (DVD, Stereo, and 5 disc CD changer are mostly off all the time, unless we watch DVD's). Because our's is a older home, the Living room, and Front entry/outside lighting are hooked to the same circuit. There is also 3 other convenience outlets.
We get away with a 20 amp circuit for the desktop, due to also have a Window unit that runs off of the same, but only in the summer months. You do notice some noise in the monitor though.
For future Ref Stubbie, in case you need something as a Rule of thumb, this can be a nice favorite http://www.plasmadisplaycoalition.org/results/power.php
Thanks I'll save that one. Be back on in an hour or so.
The treadmill is another question mark as excersise equipment if upper end product can easily need a individual branch where as those that are 15 amp cord and plug can go about anywhere. the smoke detector location is not going to work but left it there for informational purposes. It will have to go just inside the door where you enter the room.
Looks like Section 210.21(b)(1) & 210.23 covers it.
"One individual branch circuit for each treadmill per NEC articleother circuits.)"
210-21 (b) (1) and 210-23 (or other appropriate, country specific
electrical compliance guidelines). The hot, neutral and ground
wires must each be routed independently (not looped or tied to
Ok thats good. See we are getting there....:). What is your thought on leaving the 20 amp to the plasma. I considered a plasma load of 500 to 600 watts when I made the dedicated circuit. It's on the other side of the room from the breaker box. My intention was to provide more power than necessary for added growth and that circuit would be a convenient point to access for that purpose.
My lighting/Convience circuit is a 15 amp (cannot split off the lighting without pulling new wire) at this time. When I moved into my house, we had only 4 circuits, and at this time, I have all but one empty slot, due to splitting apart the circuits like they should for the upper part of the house. The basement still has 4 circuits, which originally there was just the Dryer & Washer Circuit down there.
I have a 20/20 panel for my house, so you can imagine what I have done to think through my mind how to balance circuits.
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How do I download the Mp3 file through my browser?
To download the MP3 through your browser you will need to navigate to the post of the episode you want to download. When you have done this you will see a link at the top of the post that will say "Download Now". Right click this link and select "Download Linked File" (if in Safari), "Save Link As" (if in Chrome & Firefox). Please note it may have a different option depending on what browser you are using.


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Trusting Your MotherMature
Can you trust your own mother? It's true that she gives you advice and all that, but is her advice always in your best interest?
NO. Fyi for all those people out there that said yes: your mother's opinions are kind of outdated! Opinions on clothes are sooooooo last decade's fashion. Opinions on guys are sooooooo from her childhood. Opinions on food are soooooooo from her already-developed taste-buds. If you are a child, you can't exactly relate to these opinions. And if you are ten years old or younger, you are probably wondering: Where in the universe did my mother get her fashion sense from?


text:
frame slider kit Suzuki GSR 750
- Description
SW-MoTech crash pad kit
Crash pads made from abrasion-resistant plastic to protect important components on the motorbike.
Thanks to their attractive design, the pads fit in well with the overall look
of the motorbike.
Simple to mount using the supplied assembly material.
* package contents:
o 2 crash pads
o centre punch for fairing
o assembly material
o assembly instructions
The slider pads are replaceable and can be ordered separately (60100810000).
- Shipping & delivery
We always give our best to handle your order as fast as possible. Orders which are placed before 2 pm on a work day are usually handed over to our logistics partner (DHL) on the same day if in stock.
Shipping cost
4.95 Euro within Germany, Poland
5.95 Euro in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands
9.95 Euro Spain, Finland, United Kingdom, Italy, Sweden
14.95 Euro Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal
19.95 Euro Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Slovenia, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria
All delivery costs are charged per order.
In our online shop, you can choose from various payment options. You can pay by invoice, direct debit, cash on delivery, credit card or finance.
- Reviews
Write Your Own Review
Hoffentlich benötigt Ihr sie nie. Wenn aber dann sollte man sie haben!!
Die Montage ist sehr einfach und an der Qualität ist nix auszusetzen.
Habe dieses schon selber mal testen dürfen.
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Here you can ask public questions which can be answered not only by us, but also by other customers. If you have a private question, please use our contact form.
Fragen zum Produkt


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text:
I heard the door slam, heard Griffin leave me alone with my father. I wished he would have stayed. Everything seemed so much easier when he was beside me.
The silence only thickened in Griffin's absence; I longed to reach out to my father, to communicate with him in any way at all, but instead I was frozen, silent. As always.
I realized, then, that my father was crying softly. The thought frightened me; I'd never seen him cry before. It made it hurt all the worse that he was crying over me.
"I'm so sorry, baby girl," he sobbed. "I should have been there for you. I should have done everything I could to be a better father."
Although he was voicing many of the opinions that I'd held inside for so many years, it filled me with a pain so deep to hear him saying them in such a manner- his voice thick with tears. I thought I felt a few droplets as they collided with the skin of my hand, warm against my icy flesh.
"And if you-" his words were cut off by yet another loud sob. "If something happens- or nothing happens- I could never live with myself for it."
My father squeezed my hand tighter, and returned to wordlessly crying over me. So many words formed in my mind, so many things that I wanted to tell him, but they remained no more than thoughts. It seemed as though they woud go unspoken forever. Joshua bent down to kiss me atop the head.
Just as he did so, the door swung open. "Joshua?" A clear soprano voice called out from the doorway. I recognized my mother instantly. "What are you doing here?"
My father let my hand go and stood up slowly. "Is everything alright?" His words came out weary, but still wary.
I wasn't positive, but I was sure my mother let out a deflated sigh.
"I'll let the doctor do all the explaining," she mumbled. "I don't know if I have it in me."
They were silent for a moment. I could feel the tension that ricocheted off the walls, pouring from the both of them. I could only imagine what was running through their minds. After all, they had barely exchanged three words since he had walked out. And now they had been rejoined in the arms of tragedy.
"I, uh, it was nice of you to come by," my mom said finally. Her voice was strained.
"Of course," he said. "She's my daughter. I want to be here for her."
"Funny, you never said that the first fifteen years," my mother sneered.
"Stephanie," now his voice was the edgy one. "I am not here to fight with you. We've both moved on, and for Arielle's sake, we need to let go of everything else."
She sighed. "You're right," she replied reluctantly. "It's time we put our differences aside and start to focus on Arielle. We've both spent her entire life ignoring her, pretending she wasn't there, and now we might lose her for real."
They both fell soundless again, leaving me to wonder what unspoken exchanges were occurring. Not to mention processing what they had just said. If I didn't know any better I'd have thought they had just made amends.
Who would have thought that one day we would all be reunited again, regardless of the circumstances of said reuniting? I never would have dreamed it possible. I was beginning to think that miracles really could occur.
Things had grown repetitive, and I had lost myself in that. I had fallen victim to the waves of time that carried me along.
A vacancy had taken up residence within me, replacing the sorrow and the agonizing pains that I had endured for weeks on end. Nowadays it was just me and myself trapped alone in my mind with no one for company but demons.
Months passed us. There was no progress. Or at least, not in Arielle. Joshua stayed in the city, and I watched as he and Stephanie made every effort to pick up fragile pieces of their shattered relationship. They did it for Arielle, I knew. They figured they owed her that much.
Spring was heavy in the air. New York City was, as ever, filled with life. Now I could watch from my window as Central Park's splendor returned. It was magical, but it made me sad too. It hardly seemed fair that the world should know such peace when I was left behind in shadows. When Arielle was walking on the edge of the abyss of death.
And then it came.
I had been waiting for the day, for certainly it was just around the corner. There would be no turning back. Fate had made up its mind.
Cordelia and Stephanie were completely immersed in their conversation, sitting directly beside me, and yet I didn't hear a word they were saying. My thoughts were, as always, on Arielle and Arielle only.
The sky outside was a miserable shade of gray, the thick clouds gathering overhead promising rain. It was a mirror image to everything I was feeling within. Miserable, cold, helpless, and utterly faithless.
"Mrs. Crayton?"
The voice intruded upon my thoughts, and my head shot up to see the familiar nurse standing before us, her over-friendly smile missing amiss from her plain face. That was warning number one. Already I was on edge.
"Um, Dr. Landry would like to speak with you," she said simply. She was trying to keep her tone light, but it was obviously forced by the fact that it was about three octaves higher than normal.
An expression of worry crossed Stephanie's face. For the first time I noticed Joshua, standing anxiously behind the nurse, wearing a similar expression. I frowned.
As Stephanie rose to her feet, I stood alongside her. "What's going on?" I demanded. Someone might as well as it. We were all thinking it.
The nurse looked to me with a look of sympathy so deep I was sure that it had burned a hole straight through me, to my innermost core. "I'm sorry, Mr. Barrett. Parents only."
I stared back at her in disbelief, my lips parting slightly.
"No," Stephanie said suddenly. "Griffin needs to be there, too. Arielle would want him there. I want him there for her."
For the briefest moment, the nurse looked as though she was about to deny Stephanie. But she had this glimmer in her eye, and as she sighed, I thought I saw a relief pass over her. I liked to believe she knew what she would be getting herself into. "I suppose Dr. Landry won't mind," she replied before turning and beginning to walk away.
Stephanie, Joshua and I all followed her closely, and as we made each turn that brought us closer to the doctor's office, my mind racked up dozens of possible things this could be about. When I found that most of them were ideas I preferred not to think about, I shut down my mind completely. Or tried, anyways.
The nurse took a final turn a came to a short stop in front of an oak door. She knocked lightly, and only a second later a deep male voice called us in.
The three of us shuffled into the spacious office, taking seats in the chairs that were placed before Dr. Landry's heavy-looking desk. The doctor spun his chair around to face us, folding his hands in front of him.
"Mrs. Crayton, Mr. Barrett, a pleasure to see you again. Mr. Kemp, a pleasure to meet you."
Joshua nodded curtly, reaching out to shake Dr. Landry's hand.
The doctor paused for a moment, taking a deep breath, before he spoke again.
"I know how hard this has been for you all," Dr. Landry said each word slowly, letting them sink in individually. "And believe me when I say that we all hoped the best for Arielle. But it's been almost six months, and she's made no progress. I told you right off the bat that the chances of her waking up were slim." Another pause. I used this moment to glance over at both of Arielle's parents, to try and read their thoughts through their expressions. But both of their faces had gone completely blank. Whatever they were thinking, they were keeping it to themselves.
Dr. Landry continued. "This is hard for you, I'm sure," he repeated. "She's not waking up."
All at once, my world came down around me. His words engulfed me, swallowed me up, became me. My throat constricted, and my heart began to pound ferociously against my ribs. I couldn't breathe. I was going to die right there. A sudden wave of heat rushed over me as my entire body began to tremble in terror.
"Mr. Kemp, Mrs. Crayton, I really, really don't want to have to tell you this. I wish it were different. But the hospital is limited on space," he told them suddenly excluding me from the conversation. It didn't matter. I didn't want to hear another word.
"The choice is, of course, completely yours. But the option is there," Dr. Landry concluded.
Joshua was the first to speak, almost in a defensive tone. "What option?" He knew, of course. We all knew. This was it. This was the end of the road.
The doctor swallowed hard. His words were mumbled. "Well, to pull the life support."
I jumped out of my chair immediately. "No," I said bluntly. "Absolutely not. She hasn't been holding on all this time to have her life taken from her in a matter of seconds."
I bolted from the office as fast as I could so that none of them would see the tears that were already overflowing my eyes.


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Eton Institute to Elucidate Ramadan with FREE Workshops, Cultural Evenings & Arabic Courses
In the giving spirit of Ramadan, Eton Institute is offering a host of festive rewards aimed and elucidating the mystery surrounding the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.
Ramadan, the month of piety, patience, humility, and charity, is a spiritual time where Muslims across the globe refrain from eating and drinking from dawn to dusk. Ramadan in the UAE is a deeply cultural experience and members of the country's large expatriate population often find themselves curious and fascinated by the religious observance, making the holy month the ideal time to learn the culture, traditions and the poetic Arabic language in order to better understand the profoundly traditional customs of the region.
Ramadan Etiquette & Cultural Awareness Workshop: This free workshop is brought to you by Eton Institute in partnership with Dubai Knowledge Village and Sheikh Mohammed Centre for Cultural Understanding (SMCCU). The 4 hour workshop will be facilitated by Mr. Nasif Kayed, General Manager of SMCCU, scheduled on 30th July, 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM at the Auditorium, Block 1, Dubai Knowledge Village.
Free Arabic courses: Every year for the last 5 years, Eton Institute has been offering a free course in Arabic language during the month of Ramadan and this year is no different. This Ramadan, the free Arabic course will be conducted three times a week on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, from 4:00 pm to 5:00 pm, throughout the holy month, starting on 1st August. It will cover an entire beginner's level in Arabic, with 15 minutes of each session being devoted to Ramadan etiquette and cultural awareness. Keeping in mind the high demand and limited places available, the Institute will be announcing the registration details only through their Facebook (www.facebook.com/
Arabic Cultural Evening: The most enriching way of learning a language is to immerse oneself in its culture and live the experience. The cultural evenings hosted at Eton Institute are a great opportunity to get acquainted with the language, culture, traditions and people with similar interest. The Arabic cultural evening will be held on Thursday, August 18th from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm at the language studio, a purpose built open resource centre to promote cultural diversity in the UAE, featuring a multimedia library and language learning material from all around the world.
With the 'Ramadan etiquette & cultural awareness workshop' a free Arabic course throughout the month of Ramadan and a cultural evening focusing on the Arabic language, culture, traditions and lifestyle, this Ramadan will be more rewarding than ever and to make it even sweeter, Eton Institute is offering an AED 200/- discount on all language courses conducted during the month of August.
For more information, join Eton Institute on its Facebook (www.facebook.com/
# # #
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U.S. SUPREME COURTNew Jersey Law Journal
Fox v. Vice
ATTORNEYS' FEES — Frivolous Claims
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Back up your policies with action. Simple communication and trust will not always be enough to handle every situation. "People for whatever reason just can't seem to help themselves," Kirsch says. Luckily, a warning is usually enough to put a rogue employee back on the straight and narrow. The timing and circumstances of that warning can be critical, however. Kirsch suggests using peer pressure. "When a rumor starts that somebody's [using technology inappropriately], you send out a reminder notice of policies or procedures to the whole company or department," he says. "That sends a strong signal."
Sometimes, the situation warrants more serious action. CIOs, in cooperation with a company's legal department and HR staff, should not hesitate to fire employees who consistently break rules and put the company at risk. But jumping the gun can also be dangerous. Employees will sometimes wrongfully accuse each other of misusing technology; a CIO should not recommend termination until he is sure that an employee has committed an offense.
"You have to be cautious to not just look at it in black and white," says Kirsch, whose company has fired employees who abused technology. Simply checking for a user's ID and password in usage logs is not enough to prove guilt, he says. IDs and passwords can leak to other employees. More substantial evidence, such as a confession or observation of abuse by an executive, is preferable when considering termination.
Hafets agrees that, from a legal perspective, companies must enforce policies consistently. Firing an employee might sometimes be necessary, and a CIO who has a hand in that kind of decision needs to make sure that he is willing to let go of anyone else who commits a similar offense. "If the employer has a policy and wants to get the message out to the workforce that it is serious about its policy, termination is a way to do that," he says. "Consistency is going to be important."
Play an active role in developing and enforcing policies. If misuse of technology is causing problems in an organization, the CIO must be on the front lines, monitoring usage and re-minding employees of policies. Act as a member of the executive board, not just as head of the IS department. Both Chavez and Nagarajan say the IS departments at their respective companies determine the policies that govern appropriate use of technology. Kirsch says he wrote his company's policies himself. Other departments come into play in extreme situations such as terminations, but the CIO has the first word on appropriate use of technology.
The issue of employees' personal use of company technology did not begin with the Internet, and it won't end with the influx of file-sharing applications. But actively participating in the evolution of personal-use policies will continue to be a must, since the next kids ready to stir up trouble on the corporate block are lurking around the corner. "You're going to [solve problems], and then you're going to have breathing room, and then you're going to do it again," Srivatsan says. "It's going to be a cyclical process."
This story, "How Personal Is the Personal Computer?" was originally published by CIO.


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"I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can and as wholly as I can, using for my defense the only arms I allow myself to use -- silence, exile, and cunning." -- James Joyce
That is actually a pretty hilarious caricature, Gene! My grandmother was Irish, and my (English) grandfather teased her about her Irish ethnicity for a long time. I suppose they could be seen as an example of not taking words too seriously.


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Somatic symptoms beyond those generally associated with a whiplash injury are increased in self-reported chronic whiplash. A population-based cross sectional study: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)
Personality disorders and disorders of adult behavior
Chronic whiplash leads to considerable patient suffering and substantial societal costs. There are two competing hypothesis on the etiology of chronic whiplash. The traditional organic hypothesis considers chronic whiplash and related symptoms a result of a specific injury. In opposition is the hypothesis that chronic whiplash is a functional somatic syndrome, and related symptoms a result of society-induced expectations and amplification of symptoms.
According to both hypotheses, patients reporting chronic whiplash are expected to have more neck pain, headache and symptoms of anxiety and depression than the general population. Increased prevalence of somatic symptoms beyond those directly related to a whiplash neck injury is less investigated.
The aim of this study was to test an implication derived from the functional hypothesis: Is the prevalence of somatic symptoms as seen in somatization disorder, beyond symptoms related to a whiplash neck injury, increased in individuals self-reporting chronic whiplash? We further aimed to explore recall bias by comparing the symptom profile displayed by individuals self-reporting chronic whiplash to that among those self-reporting a non-functional injury: fractures of the hand or wrist. We explored symptom load, etiologic origin could not be investigated in this study.
Data from the Norwegian population-based "Hordaland Health Study" (HUSK, 1997–99); N = 13,986 was employed. Chronic whiplash was self-reported by 403 individuals and fractures by 1,746. Somatization tendency was measured using a list of 17 somatic symptoms arising from different body parts and organ systems, derived from the research criteria for somatization disorder (ICD-10, F45).
Chronic whiplash was associated with an increased level of all 17 somatic symptoms investigated (p<0.05). The association was moderately strong (group difference of 0.60 standard deviation), only partly accounted for by confounding. For self-reported fractures symptoms were only slightly elevated. Recent whiplash was more commonly reported than whiplash-injury a long time ago, and the association of interest weakly increased with time since whiplash (r = 0.016, p = 0.032).
The increased prevalence of somatic symptoms beyond symptoms expected according to the organic injury model for chronic whiplash, challenges the standard injury model for whiplash, and is indicative evidence of chronic whiplash being a functional somatic syndrome.
The term "whiplash" was first introduced in 1928
In the acute phase after a whiplash injury, lasting up to four weeks, the most common symptoms are pain and stiffness of the neck and headache
Chronic whiplash represents a considerable burden to the society, both health care systems, insurance systems and compensation systems
Some consider chronic whiplash an organic disorder with chronic pain due to injuries in the neck
This has inspired the claim that chronic whiplash is better understood as one of many functional somatic syndromes
There are alternative models and explanations for increased symptoms beyond those expected according to the organic model for whiplash. One alternative explanation can be called the recall bias hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that the generally increased symptom load in self-reported whiplash is a memory, response style or attention bias seen in some individuals, producing positive responses to questions regarding both past injuries and recent symptoms. By way of anxiety, personality, the belief that one is sick, negative expectations about the future course of the disease and stressful events, diffuse symptoms present in the general population might by some individuals be perceived as more noxious and troublesome
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether self-reported whiplash injuries are associated with increased prevalence of a broad range of somatic symptoms not readily related to a neck injury. To explore if our finding is merely a result of recall bias, we also explored if the same somatic symptoms are equally increased in self-reported past fractures of hand or wrist. Finally, we aimed to examine if the proportion of the population self-reporting whiplash diminishes with time, and how the symptom burden changes with time since the whiplash injury.
Study population
Data from the "Hordaland Health Study" (HUSK) carried out in Hordaland County in Western Norway between 1997 and 1999 were used. This joint epidemiological research project was conducted in cooperation between the National Norwegian Health Screening Services, the University of Bergen and local health services. The base population included 29,400 individuals born between 1953 and 1957 and aged 40–46 years upon participation. Of these, 18,565 (8,585 men and 9,980 women) accepted the invitation, filled in the questionnaires and attended clinical examinations including measures of blood pressure, height, weight, waist- and hip circumference. This resulted in a general participation rate of 63% (57% for men and 70% for women). For the purpose of the present study, we were interested in individuals reporting whiplash or no whiplash, a fractured hand/wrist or no fractured hand/wrist, and their profile of somatic symptoms. Excluding everyone not answering the questions related to whiplash, a fractured hand/wrist, questions on somatic symptoms and questions on covariates potentially associated with both exposure and outcome, left us with a study population of 13,986 individuals (75% of the HUSK participants; 2,756 excluded due to missing data on outcome and exposure and 1,823 excluded due to missing data on covariates).
Exposure – whiplash
As in previous studies
Comparison exposure – fractured hand/wrist
In the same section and wording as for whiplash, participants were also asked whether they have ever fractured their hand or wrist. There was no missing for this item and N = 1,746 (12.5%) reported a past fracture of the hand or wrist.
Outcome - somatic symptoms
The frequencies of common somatic symptoms arising from different body parts and organ systems were investigated. For this, a list of 17 somatic symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, tongue plaque, regurgitation, frequent defecation, discomfort in genital region, skin discoloring, joint/muscle pain, dizziness, tiredness, paresthesia in extremities, burning eyes, headache, shortness of breath, chest pain and problems with urination) was used. The list contains 13 items from the ICD-10 research criteria for somatization disorder (F45)
The participants were asked to indicate the frequency of which they experience each symptom by ticking off "almost never", "rarely", "sometimes", "often" or "almost always". The two latter possibilities were truncated to one, yielding a symptom load ranging from 1–4. The mean frequency of complaints was calculated across symptoms for each individual. As in previous studies
Functional somatic syndromes, somatic symptoms and self-reported whiplash are related to a whole range of socio-demographic and health related factors
Gender was registered, as was marital status, grouped into "not married", "married", "separated", "divorced" or "widow/widower". Socioeconomic status was assessed trough questions on benefit receipt and education. Participants were asked if they, at the time of participation, received any social aid or pension (Table
As somatic diagnoses can affect the symptom profile, we are investigating the number of somatic illnesses each individual was suffering from at participation time, or had suffered from earlier. The number of diagnoses was recorded as participants ticked off the following: heart infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, asthma, diabetes or multiple sclerosis. The responses from 18 participants reporting 3 or more somatic diagnosis were truncated to 3.
Anxiety and depression were measured using the "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" (HADS)
Health-related behavior was evaluated in line with previous studies
After the first questionnaire and the clinical examination, a second questionnaire was distributed to a random subsample and completed by 8,896 individuals
Statistical procedure
To enable a comparison between the whiplash-group and the no whiplash-group in relation to somatic symptom profiles, the reported frequency of each symptom was standardized (z-scored) with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1
In order to adjust for covariates, a multiple linear regression model was employed. Each covariate was adjusted for separately, but all regressions included gender. A fully adjusted model was computed. Also a separate regression analysis was conducted, adjusting each symptom for all covariates. These analyses were then repeated for individual self-reporting a past fracture of the hand or wrist.
To investigate the unadjusted association between the standardized mean frequency of reported symptoms and time since whiplash-accident, a linear regression model was employed.
All the participants in this study gave their written consent upon inclusion. The HUSK study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics of Western Norway and the Norwegian Data Inspectorate.
In the analyzed sample (N = 13,986), N = 403 (2.9%) individuals reported chronic whiplash. The individuals in the whiplash group reported more symptoms of anxiety and depression and were more likely to be benefit recipients than those in the comparison group. They also reported a higher number of somatic diagnoses and worse sleep (Table
Compared to the group of individuals reporting no whiplash, the mean reported frequency of somatic symptoms in the whiplash group was 0.60 SD higher. When adjusting for potential covariates, the mean difference in symptom reporting was attenuated to 0.41 SD in the fully adjusted model (Table
All examined symptoms were elevated in individuals with chronic whiplash compared to those with no chronic whiplash (Figure
Figure 1
Mean difference in the association between those reporting chronic whiplash and somatic symptoms compared to those not reporting chronic whiplash.
Mean difference in the association between those reporting chronic whiplash and somatic symptoms compared to those not reporting chronic whiplash.
The mean time since whiplash injury was 10.8 years (range 1 to 45), and the proportion reporting chronic whiplash declined strongly with increasing time since the whiplash injury (Figure
Figure 2
Somatic symptoms, frequency of participants reporting whiplash and time since accident.
Somatic symptoms, frequency of participants reporting whiplash and time since accident.
A fracture of the hand or wrist was self-reported by n = 1,756 individuals (12.5%). The mean difference of symptom reporting between those reporting fracture and those reporting no fracture was 0.07 SD. Adjusting for possible confounders changed the mean difference to 0.08 SD. Only six of the somatic symptoms investigated (regurgitation, frequent defecation, joint/muscle pain, burning eyes, chest pain and shortness of breath) showed a significant difference between those reporting a fracture and those reporting no fracture.
Main findings
Self-report of chronic whiplash was associated with increased frequency of all somatic symptoms examined. Adjusting for potential confounding variables only partly accounted for this difference. A memory or response style bias only cannot explain all of the increased symptom reporting: self-reporting fractures of the wrist or hand was associated with only a few somatic symptoms and only weakly so.
Finally, a declining number of self-reported whiplash injuries were found with increasing time since the accident. Older whiplash injuries were associated with more somatic symptoms reported at participation in HUSK.
Strengths and limitations
The main strength of this study is the population-based design enabling a comparison between a group of chronic whiplash sufferers and a healthy population. Clinical data would not be appropriate for a study like this due to selection bias. Individuals with a heavy symptom load would to a greater extent seek medical help after a whiplash injury than others, resulting in an exaggerated symptom reporting in the chronic whiplash group. Using a population-based design, we were able to compare all individuals reporting a whiplash injury and neck pain, including individuals not in contact with health services.
The large number of participants and the relatively high participation rate should also be noted as advantages. Furthermore, the dataset contains information on many co-variables, making adjustments for multiple confounders possible. The richness of variables also enabled us to explore if the recall bias hypothesis by comparing our results to that of self-reported fractures.
Both participants in the health study and the staff collecting the data were blinded to the specific hypothesis of this study. Also, the study was conducted in no relation to any litigation, compensation or insurance process. This is important, as such processes have been found to lead to increased symptom reporting and delayed recovery
The study also has some notable limitations. Firstly, the study is cross-sectional, making it impossible to conclude on causal inference. For instance, somatic symptoms and symptoms of anxiety and depression might have been present before the accident. Increased pre-injury levels of symptoms of anxiety and depression have been found
All data used are self-reported with no objective confirmation. This applies both to self-report of whiplash and fracture of hand or wrist. We do not know if chronic whiplash developed after the whiplash accident: Some individuals in our chronic whiplash group might be recovered from the accident but reporting neck pain with an etiology different from whiplash.
Information based on self-report make the study design vulnerable to possible recall bias; hence increased tendency in some individuals for whatever reason to remember both past injuries and recent symptoms. We aimed to explore the relevance of this bias by repeating all analyses for fractures of the hand or wrist. As symptoms were only slightly increased in individuals self-reporting fractures, we conclude the recall bias problem might be relevant, but cannot entirely explain the increased symptom report in chronic whiplash.
Previous studies have used self-reported data and similar methods of classification when investigating chronic whiplash
Somatic symptoms are also self-reported. The questions related to somatic symptoms were not linked to whiplash in the questionnaire used in HUSK. This could reduce the risk of attribution and symptom accentuating in relation to data collection.
Participants report their symptoms unrelated to any medical condition. We do not know whether the particular participant has an organic explanation for the reported symptoms. Though a broad symptom profile can be difficult to explain within chronic whiplash
Also, other somatic diagnoses could lead to increased load of somatic symptoms. Participants were asked if they suffered from heart infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, asthma, diabetes or multiple sclerosis. The association between somatic symptoms and chronic whiplash was adjusted for these comorbid diagnoses. The mean difference in symptom reporting was changed by only 3.4% (from 0.58 to 0.56 SD) when adjusting for these comorbid diagnoses. Whether more of the association could have been explained by inclusion of somatic diagnoses beyond those available in this study remains an open question.
Another limitation is the narrow age span. The base-population for the Hordaland Health Study was 29,400 individuals living in Hordaland County, born between 1953 and 1957. Some researchers find age to hold no prognostic importance after a whiplash accident
Interpretation of findings
Our findings of increased reporting of diffuse symptoms from all body parts among chronic whiplash sufferers and the positive linear association between time since whiplash injury and frequency of somatic symptoms are hard to explain within the organic model. The findings are more compatible with, and indicative evidence of, a functional element within chronic whiplash. However, other explanations may also be relevant.
In line with previous studies
Different theories aim to explain increased symptom reporting in chronic whiplash: For instance, changes in zygapophysial joints seem to cause neck pain and headache in some individuals after whiplash injuries
Stress system responses including catecholaminergic systems, serotonin systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical systems also appear capable of producing hyperalgesia and allodynia
As in other chronic pain conditions, sensitization might be of importance
Headache, dizziness and neck pain/joint-muscle pain arise from the neck- and head-area and are therefore the symptoms most easily explained by a whiplash neck injury. As these symptoms are important among individuals suffering from chronic whiplash, we included them in our study. But as they in relation to chronic whiplash cannot be regarded as unexplained diffuse somatic symptoms, they are set aside from the other symptoms in tables/figures.
In our study we cannot explore the cause or origin of symptoms; we solely investigate the symptom load in chronic whiplash. Also, regardless of whether some symptoms are caused by physical injury, other processes might also be of great importance in the development and maintenance of chronic suffering after a whiplash accident.
For instance, theories on symptom amplification and re-attribution
After a whiplash accident, neck pain might also lead to fear of serious damage and chronicity. This again leads to amplification
Looking at this the other way around, individuals experiencing an increased load of somatic symptoms are more likely to spend time thinking about what causes their symptoms. These individuals are therefore more likely than others to remember and report all types of injuries and accidents, which for this purpose can be labeled the recall bias hypothesis. Exploring if somatic symptoms were equally increased in individuals self-reporting a past fracture of hand or wrist, we found at best limited support for this recall bias hypothesis. There was only a very modest increase in the overall somatic symptom score in individuals self-reporting fractures, and limited to only six symptoms.
A declining number of self-reported injuries was found with increasing time since accident. Alongside this, the association between a reported whiplash injury and somatic symptoms got slightly stronger. This finding is contrary to the organic model for chronic whiplash and coherent with several other explanations including the functional model, recall bias, and other explanations.
Anxiety, depression and benefit receipt were the covariates separately attenuating the association between chronic whiplash and somatic symptoms the most. The increased load of symptoms of anxiety and depression found among individuals reporting a whiplash injury, is in line with previous studies
The increased symptom reporting, the broad symptom profile and the importance of amplification and attribution, indicate that chronic whiplash cannot merely be considered an organic disorder caused by a neck injury. In previous studies, also other aspects by chronic whiplash have been explored, supporting this.
First, there is a drastically varying prevalence of chronic whiplash in different cultures with similar traffic pattern
Thoughts and emotions in relation to the accident are also of importance for prognosis
People experiencing whiplash accidents in relation to sports stand out from other whiplash victims with their absence of chronic symptoms and disability
The debate over whiplash being a functional or organic disorder is by far settled by this study. But the broad symptom profile found among sufferers of chronic whiplash strongly resembles the diffuse and non-specific profile presented by individuals suffering from functional somatic syndromes
One attempt to settle or calm the debate over whether chronic whiplash best is regarded an organic disorder or functional somatic syndrome is to introduce alternative perspectives and models. For example, chronic whiplash has been described with a biopsychosocial approach
Clinical implications
The debate between the organic and functional model for whiplash has strong clinical implications, but will obviously not be settled on the basis of this study alone. Standard treatment of acute whiplash has been providing the patient with information on injury mechanisms (according to the organic model), advice on suitable activities, recommendations to rest the neck the first weeks, instructions on postural correction, and information on comfort and prevention from excessive movement of the neck that soft collars can provide
Individuals reporting chronic whiplash also report increased levels of 17 symptoms – including somatic symptoms not readily related to a neck injury. Though an organic origin of these symptoms cannot be excluded in this study, we have difficulties explaining the findings according to the organic disorder model for chronic whiplash. In our opinion, our findings are more in line with the predictions according to the functional somatic model for chronic whiplash. Our findings are also coherent with other etiological models and explanations, including the biopsychosocial model.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
Authors SMM, JCS and AM designed the study, while HGW contributed further to the scope of the study. SMM conducted literature searches, and provided summaries of previous research. SMM conducted the statistical analysis under the supervision of JCS and AM. All of the authors contributed to the interpretation of the findings, and SMM wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to further refinement of the first draft and the revised manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The data collection was conducted as part of HUSK (the Hordaland Health Study '97–'99) in collaboration with the Norwegian National Health Screening Service. The first author received a summer research grant from Uni Rokkan Centre.
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


text:
*From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
Correspondence to: Mario Malerba, MD, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Brescia, 1° Divisione di Medicina, Spedali Civili, p.le Spedali Civili, 25100 Brescia, Italy; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Study objectives: During a bronchial provocation test (BPT), the performance of maximal inspiratory-expiratory maneuvers, causing abrupt and marked shifts in intrathoracic pressure, may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Moreover, the inhalation of methacholine (MCh), a cholinergic agonist agent, could favor the development of unwelcome cardiovascular events, namely, cardiac arrhythmias.
Subjects and methods: We studied the number and severity of cardiac arrhythmias by ECG-Holter monitoring before, during, and after BPTs with MCh challenge in a group of 46 consecutive nonselected subjects (28 men and 18 women) with clinical indications for BPT, without preexisting cardiovascular diseases, and not receiving arrhythmogenic drugs. The subjects performed a routine pulmonary function test (PFT), followed by BPT, during ECG-Holter monitoring. Determination of the serum potassium concentration, a baseline arterial blood gas analysis, and monitoring of oxyhemoglobin saturation also were performed.
Results: We found no significant increase in the number of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias during the performance of PFTs and of BPTs with MCh in the subjects, either with or without bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). However, during the performance of BPTs, we observed a significant reduction in mean heart rate.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that the performance of PFTs and BPTs with MCh does not increase the cardiac arrhythmogenic risk in subjects without cardiovascular diseases, as well as in those with BHR, suggesting that these tests are safe to perform in most subjects.
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