text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 22, 2011
|Filing date
|Dec 25, 2007
|Priority date
|Dec 25, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Benjamin Sznajder, Dafna Sheinwald, Sivan Yogev
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (24), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (2), Classifications (4), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates generally to methods and systems for searching a corpus of documents, and specifically to efficient methods for evaluating complex queries over such a corpus.
The amount of data available for search continues to grow rapidly. At the same time, users have come to expect their search engines to provide rapid response and accurate results regardless of the complexity of the queries that they pose.
A variety of query processing strategies are known in the art. For large corpora of data, an object-oriented document-at-a-time (DAAT) approach is widely used. This sort of approach is described, for example, by Burrows in U.S. Pat. No. 5,809,502. The index (often referred to in the art as an "inverted index") to a collection of documents is organized as a plurality of index entries, wherein each index entry comprises a word and an ordered list of locations where the word occurs in the collection. The index entries are ordered first according to the documents in the collection, and second according to the locations of each associated word within the document.
A query is parsed into terms and operators. Each term is associated with a corresponding index entry, while the operators relate the terms. A basic stream reader object is generated for each term of the query. The basic stream reader object sequentially reads the locations of the corresponding index entry to determine a target location. A compound stream reader object is generated for each operator. The compound stream reader object references the basic stream reader objects associated with the terms related by the operator. The compound stream reader object returns locations of words within a single document according to the operator.
Sheinwald et al. describe a DAAT method for searching a corpus of documents in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0033165, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference. A query processor receives a complex query, which includes a plurality of words conjoined by operators including a root operator and at least one intermediate operator. Respective advancement potentials are assigned to the words in the complex query. The query processor applies a consultation method to the words and operators in the complex query in order to choose one of the words responsively to the advancement potentials. The query processor then advances through the index in order to find a document containing the chosen word, and evaluates the document to determine whether the document satisfies the complex query.
Methods are known in the art for automatically annotating and indexing documents. For example, Aswani et al. describe such a method in "Indexing and Querying Linguistic Metadata and Document Content," Proceedings of Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP-2005), 2005. This paper presents the ANNIC system, which can index documents not only by content, but also by their linguistic annotations and features. It is said to enable users to formulate queries mixing keywords and linguistic information. The result consists of the matching texts in the corpus, displayed within the context of linguistic annotations.
A variety of tools are available for automatic semantic and linguistic tagging of documents. For example, the Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) developed by IBM Corporation (Armonk, N.Y.) is an open platform for creating, integrating and deploying unstructured information management solutions from combinations of semantic analysis and search components. It allows easy authoring of annotators, such as the expression of the format of telephone numbers, or dates, or meeting rooms. Then, given a set of text documents, the UIMA tool applies the various annotators authored, thereby automatically annotating segments of text by different annotations as authored. IBM product platforms that expose the UIMA interfaces include the OmniFind Enterprise Edition and Analytics Edition. The former features UIMA for building full-text and semantic search indexes, and the latter deploys UIMA for information extraction and text analysis. Further information regarding UIMA is available on the IBM Research Web site (www.research.ibm.com/UIMA/).
An embodiment of the present invention provides a computer-implemented method for searching a corpus of documents. A query is defined as a twig, which includes a root annotation operator having an associated tag. The tag specifies a span and has an associated expression indicative of one or more terms whose occurrence within the span will satisfy the query. Objects, which may be a tag or an expression, are recursively selected and used in advancing through the corpus until a candidate document is found that contains the tag and satisfies the expression. The candidate document is then evaluated to determine whether the one or more terms indicated by the expression occur within the span in the candidate document so as to satisfy the annotation operator. The candidate document may be retrieved from the corpus upon determining that the annotation operator is satisfied.
The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings in which:
As noted earlier, search engines typically index text documents into an "inverted index," which includes a "postings list" for each term. One example of such a search engine is the Lucene open source text search library (Apache Software Foundation, www.apache.org). A "term" in this context may be a text word or a tag containing meta-information about a certain span of text, such as an Extensible Markup Language (XML) element or an annotation. The postings list for term t contains a postings element of the form <docID, position, payload> for each occurrence of t in the collection of indexed documents. This element specifies (1) the ordinal number of the document in the corpus; (2) the (starting) position of the term within that document; and (3) extra information, which specifies whether the term occurrence is part of a page title, appears in bold, etc., or, if the term is a tag, the end of the span defined by the tag. The postings elements are sorted in the index by docID, and within each document by (starting) position.
The index provides an "iterator" over the postings list, which exposes the methods doc( ), start( ), and end( ) of the current postings element that it visits, as well as the methods next( ), by which the iterator advances to the next posting in the list, and next(doc:pos), by which it advances to the first posting of location≧doc:pos.
In response to a query, the search engine grabs the postings lists of all the query terms and iterates over all the documents that satisfy the query (referred to as "hits"). The search engine also scores each hit by some formula that typically combines the specifics of the query term occurrences in each document with the weight of each such occurrence. (This scoring, however, is beyond the scope of the present invention.) For a simple query, like "IBM," the search engine grabs the postings list of the text term "IBM" and readily iterates, using its next method, over all the hits, i.e., the documents that contain an occurrence of the word "IBM."
For a phrase query, like "big blue," the search engine grabs the postings lists of term "big" and of term "blue," and it iterates on both, identifying documents that include the terms in two consecutive positions. This orchestration of both iterators (or more, depending on the length of the phrase) is typically implemented via an object that extends the basic iterator. Although this object does not have a postings list of its own, it still exposes doc( ), start( ), end( ), next( ) and next(doc:pos) for the occurrences of the phrase within the indexed documents. Further compound iterators for iterating over hits for composite queries can be built using similar techniques to combine sub-queries into a larger query: OR, AND, PHRASE. The above-mentioned U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0033165 describes a method in which each parent node in a query twig asks its children to explore the possibility of their occurrences and thus minimizes the number of basic next operations. This sort of method is referred to herein as "Investigate Possible Occurrence" (IPO).
In the embodiments of the present invention that are described hereinbelow, an annotation operator, referred to herein below as "ANNOTATES," is used in queries to operate on tags in a corpus of documents. These tags may include, for example, XML elements or semantic annotations, as well as other types of meta-information identifiers that are known in the art. Each tag defines a span, having a "start" and an "end," which specify the positions of the first and last text terms, respectively, of the text segment covered by a given occurrence of the tag. For each tag name in the collection, the index contains a postings list of entries consisting of the triple <docID, start, end>.
A query in the corpus may be defined as a twig comprising a root annotation operator, which has, associated as operands, a tag name and possibly an expression indicative of one or more terms whose occurrence within the span of an occurrence of the tag operand will satisfy the query. The expression typically comprises one or more intermediate operators that define relations between the terms, wherein the intermediate operators may themselves be annotation operators with their own operands. The query may be satisfied when the expression operand of the root occurs within the span of an occurrence of the tag operand of the root.
In embodiments of the present invention, however, span occurrences in the document, of any tags, may cross over one another, and are not limited to being disjoint or included (nested) within one another. (By contrast, in XML documents, for example, spans of tag occurrences (known in the XML literature as "elements") are strictly nested, and hence the spans of any two tag occurrences either include one another, or totally exclude one another.) Additionally or alternatively, multiple occurrences of an intermediate operator may be found, all occurring within the same span occurrence of the tag operand of the parent annotation operator.
In response to the query, a query processor searches the corpus by recursively selecting either the tag or the expression of the root annotation operator and any intermediate annotation operators. The processor advances through the corpus using the selected object until a candidate document is found that contains the tag and satisfies the expression in question. The processor then evaluates the candidate document to determine whether the terms indicated by the expression occur within the appropriate span in the candidate document so as to satisfy the root annotation operator. If so, the candidate document is marked as a "hit" and may typically be retrieved from the corpus. The query processor may mark all of the occurrences of the words and tags in the document that satisfy the query.
Thus, to summarize, the methods described herein are capable of dealing with non-nested annotations on documents, and can find an occurrence, or all the occurrences, of a twig query within a document in substantially any pattern of annotations. These methods operate, as described hereinbelow, in an object-oriented manner, in which the different nodes of the query twig "negotiate" with one another to identify the next basic iterator to advance on its postings list. Such methods speed up search performance by avoiding unnecessary moves over the postings lists, which often require time-consuming disk-access operations.
Prior to indexing, documents 30 may be annotated automatically with tags, such as tags identifying the beginning and end of particular semantic elements in the text.
In evaluating queries, processor 25 uses an inverted index 32, which is typically stored on disk 28. The index comprises a postings list for each term appearing in corpus 22. As explained above, each term may be a word, i.e., a certain string of characters (not necessarily a natural language word) or a tag (such as an XML element or semantic annotation). Each item in the postings list for a term t specifies a location of a single occurrence of t in the corpus. The location is typically specified in the form <docID, position, payload>, as explained above. The postings in index 32 are generally sorted in order of docID and in order of position among multiple occurrences of a term in one document. Index 32 supports a postings iterator, or cursor, providing a method next(1), which advances to the first element in the postings list for a selected term with location≧1.
Processor 25 evaluates the query against index 32 in order to find documents 30 containing all the terms of the query in the proper alignment. The method used by the processor for this purpose is described hereinbelow with reference to
Processor 25 may comprise a general-purpose computer, which is programmed in software to carry out the functions described in this patent application. This software may be downloaded to processor 25 in electronic form, over a network, for example, or it may alternatively be stored on tangible media, such as magnetic, optical, or non-volatile electronic memory media. Further alternatively, some of the functions of processor 25 may be performed by dedicated hardware circuits.
//book[contains(author/fname, "Donald") AND contains(title, "Art")]
(XPath [XML Path Language] is an expression language for addressing parts of an XML document, as specified in a W3C� Recommendation dated Jan. 23, 2007, available at www.w3.org/TR/xpath20.) To satisfy the above query, a qualifying document should contain an occurrence of the text word "Donald" as part of a text segment tagged by fName, and that text segment should be a part of a (possibly larger) text segment tagged by author, which in turn belongs to a larger tag named book, which also includes an occurrence of the tag title that includes an occurrence of the text word "Art". The same query may be expressed in the form of an XMLFragment as:
<book> <author> <fName> Donald </fName> </author> <title> Art </title> </book>
(XMLFragments are described by Mass et al. in "XML Fragments Extended with Database Operators," RIAO-2007 Large-Scale Semantic Access to Content (Text, Image, Video and Sound), Pittsburgh, Pa., May, 2007.)
Graph 40 comprises a root node 43, intermediate nodes 44, 48, and leaves 42, 46. The leaves include text word leaves 42 and tag name leaves 46. Each leaf (text word or tag name) in the query twig has a postings list. Tags, illustrated by half circles, have extended posting elements, which use the payload for specifying end. Root node 43 and each intermediate node 44, 48 is associated with an operator that connects the children of the node. In this example, node 48 is associated with the logical conjunction operator AND. The remaining nodes are associated with the annotation operator ANNOTATES.
Operator ANNOTATES has two children, the left being a tag (such as an annotation or an XML element), and the right being a text word or a subquery rooted by another operator. ANNOTATES represents the inclusion operator: its left child has to include its right child. Thus, in the example shown in
Processor 25 recursively determines whether a given document doc satisfies a twig query q: doc satisfies a leaf of q if doc includes an occurrence of the term associated with the leaf. doc satisfies a node of q if doc satisfies children of the node in accordance with the operator associated with the node. doc satisfies q if doc satisfies the root of q.
The query twigs described herein are assumed to be rooted by an ANNOTATES node. In searching these queries, processor 25 uses an iterator for an ANNOTATES node that exposes the appropriate next methods, as described hereinbelow. In cases in which either AND or OR roots the query twig, the processor can use the ANNOTATES iterator for any intermediate ANNOTATES nodes that are not descendants of other ANNOTATES nodes, as though these ANNOTATE nodes were themselves root nodes of their respective sub-queries. The processor uses the ANNOTATES iterator together with other iterators born from the query, as it does for any combination of operators in a boolean query.
Although documents 30 are not all hierarchically structured, since tag spans may overlap without being nested, the queries applied by processor 25 may still be hierarchical, as illustrated by graph 40. Furthermore, the ANNOTATES operator may be extended to support non-hierarchical structures as well, by allowing, for example, the expression of intersections of annotations.
After receiving an input twig query, processor 25 begins to iterate through index 32 until it finds a candidate document, at a candidate finding step 60. A document is considered a candidate if it contains all of the terms in the query, including both words and tags. At this stage, the processor uses the IPO method (Investigate Possible Occurrence) to locate the candidate documents.
Upon finding a candidate document, the processor then checks whether this document satisfies the positional constraints imposed by the annotation operators, at an alignment checking step 62. For this purpose, the processor compares the locations of the words in the query with the spans of the tags associated with the lower-level intermediate nodes that are supposed to contain these words, and then works upward recursively through the twig until it reaches the root node. The processor checks whether all of the constraints expressed by the twig query are satisfied by a given set of occurrences of the words in the query, at a satisfaction checking step 64. If so, the processor may retrieve the candidate document, at a document retrieval step 66. Alternatively or additionally, the processor may take other action, such as storing the query results.
In some cases, user 24 may ask not only to receive the documents that satisfy the query, but also to have processor 25 identify the occurrences of the particular term occurrences in each document that satisfy the query. In some cases, there may be multiple such occurrences in a single document. If the user wishes (by explicit choice or by default) to see all such occurrences, the processor may continue checking each candidate document even after finding the first occurrence of terms that satisfy the query, at an additional occurrence checking step 68. If the processor determines that there may still be further satisfying occurrences, it iterates back through step 62 until all of the occurrences have been found.
After completing the processing of a given document at step 64, 66 or 68, the processor ascertains whether there are further documents remaining to be checked in corpus 22, at a further document checking step 70. If so, the processor returns to step 60 and repeats the operations described above. Otherwise, the search terminates, and the processor notifies the user that the search has been completed.
Investigate Possible Occurrence (IPO)
Method IPO serves as the basis for processing twig queries rooted by ANNOTATES at steps 60 and 62. The twig nodes use it in order to decide, collectively and recursively over the query twig, which is the best postings list to advance on next. This method is based generally on the techniques described in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent Application Publication 2007/0033165 and may be extended with additional features described in this publication.
n.-IPO(docid) returns the status of the possibility for the subtwig rooted by node n to occur in document docid, along with a piece of information, info, relevant to that status. status can take one of three possible values: YES, POSSIBLY, or NO, which together with the associated info mean:
IPO enables a round of hierarchical negotiations, during which none of the leaf terms moves on its postings list, but rather all nodes together identify the best leaf to make the next move. The leaf thus identified then invokes its next(targetID:0), with targetID≧docid determined in conjunction with the leaf identification. The whole process then repeats for the new arrangement of current locations of the leaves.
The following are sample implementations of IPO for different types of nodes in the query twig. Since each leaf is associated with a basic iterator, it can identify the document containing the current term occurrence visited by the iterator, which we denote by this.doc( ). It can also identify the start of this current occurrence—this.start( ), and its end—this.end( ). We also assume that the document frequency, or its inverse, denoted idf, is available to the leaf from the index, and we denote it here by this.idf( ).
Method IPO for a leaf node is presented below:
1. (status, info) term::IPO(docID)
2. if this.doc( ) = docID return (YES, N/A)
3. if this.doc( ) > docID return (NO, this.doc( ))
4. /* this.doc( ) < docID */
5. return (POSSIBLY, this)
If occurrence of the relevant terms is still possible for an AND node, the processor selects the highest idf among those terms selected by the children as their best choices. If any child has already reached beyond docid, the furthest of these children sets the earliest document possible for an occurrence of this AND node. The implementation is shown below in Listing II, wherein ni denotes children of this AND node:
1. (status, info) AND::IPO(docID)
2. for ni child of this
3. (status_i, info_i) <- ni.IPO(docID)
4. if for all i, status_i=YES, return (YES, N/A)
5. if for any i, status_i=NO
6. return (NO, max_i:status_i=NO {info_i})
7. bestOperand <- arg max_i:status_i=POSSIBLY
{info_i.idf( )}
8. return (POSSIBLY, info_bestOperand)
By definition of OR, exclusion of a document by one child does not allow other children to skip over it as well. For coherence, an OR node, too, selects its highest idf leaf descendant first. The implementation is shown below:
1. (status, info) OR::IPO(docID)
2. for ni child of this
3. (status_i, info_i) <- ni.IPO(docID)
4. if for some i, status_i=YES, return (YES, N/A)
5. if for all i, status_i=NO
6. return (NO, min_i {info_i})
7. bestOperand <- arg max_i:status_i=Possibly
{info_i.idf( )}
8. return (POSSIBLY, info_bestOperand)
None of the IPO routines list above yields any advancement on any postings list. The highest idf is selected with the aim of minimizing evaluation cost, in terms of number of next steps applied to the basic postings lists. In other words, the processor will recognize that a give node is not satisfied by docid with as few next iterations as possible.
Finding Candidate Documents to Satisfy a Twig Query
This section describes a technique that may be used by processor 25 at step 60 to find the next candidate document that contains occurrences of tags and words from a given twig query, twig, that is rooted by ANNOTATES. The leaves of twig, as explained above, represent either words or tags (annotation names or XML elements names), and the intermediate nodes of twig represent either AND, OR, or ANNOTATES. The procedure NextCandidateDoc( ), presented in Listing IV below, finds the next document that includes sufficient leaves to make an occurrence of twig possible, without determining whether the tags cover the terms that they are supposed to cover.
As a preliminary step, each Annotates is temporarily replaced by an AND node, so that NextCandidateDoc( ) only needs to process AND and OR internal nodes. NextCandidateDoc employs root.IPO(d), and responsively invokes the method next(location) of one of the terms. This process continues recursively at step 60 until the next document is identified that includes sufficient leaves to make an occurrence of twig possible. The method assumes that docID takes the values 1, 2, . . . , index-size<∞, position takes the values 0, 1, . . . , max-doc-size<∞, and that if next(doc:0) of a term t cannot find a document in the index that includes t with docID≧doc, then the next invocation of doc( ) for t returns ∞.
LISTING IV - FINDING NEXT CANDIDATE DOCUMENT 1. NextCandidateDoc( ) 2. d <- 1 3. (status, info) <- root.IPO(d) 4. while (d <= index-size) 5. if status = YES 6. /* document d includes sufficient leaves to possibly satisfy the query */ 7. return document d 8. else if status = NO 9. /* d does not include sufficient leaves; earliest possible query occurrence is in document info */ 10. d <- info 11. else /* status = POSSIBLY */ 12. /* d is still a candidate, advance one leaf and then check again */ 13. info.next(d : 0) 14. (status, info) <- root.IPO(d) /* loop ends without finding a good document */ 15. return ∞
Checking Positional Constraints in a Candidate Document
a) XML Documents
Having found a document doc at step 60 that includes sufficient leaves (words and tags) to allow an occurrence of the twig query twig, processor 25 now returns the ANNOTATES nodes to their places in the twig (instead of the AND nodes that replaced them temporarily), and checks whether doc satisfies the positional constraints of the ANNOTATES nodes at step 62. For this purpose, the processor uses an extension of the method IPO, presented below in Listing V, that works within one document. Now IPO receives three parameters: doc, from and to, which specify a range of term positions within document doc, and returns, as before, a (status, info) pair.
1. (status, info) term::IPO(doc, from, to)
2. if this.doc( ) > doc return (NO, this.doc( ) :
this.start( ))
3. if this.doc( ) < doc return (POSSIBLY, this)
4. /* this.doc( ) = doc */
5. if this.start( ) > to return (NO, this.doc( ) :
this.start( ))
6. if this.start( ) < from return (POSSIBLY, this)
7. if this.start( ) >= from and this.end( ) ≦ to return
/* term starts within input range
but extends to beyond its end; can happen only
for tag term */
8. return (POSSIBLY, this)
The IPO methods for AND and OR that are given above in Listings II and III are modified in an analogous manner.
The method ANNOTATES::IPO(doc, from, to), as presented below in Listing VI, assumes that ANNOTATES has two children, as defined above: The left child is a leaf representing a tag, and the right child, if not null, is an intermediate node or a text term. A document doc is said to satisfy a subtwig rooted at ANNOTATES node n if doc includes an occurrence of the left child of n (which is a tag) in the range of which there is an occurrence of the sub-twig rooted at the right child of n. The method also assumes, for the present, that (1) it is necessary to determine only whether doc includes an occurrence of twig (rather than identifying all the occurrences of twig within doc), and (2) doc is a proper, well-nested, XML document. Under these conditions, the method presented in Listing VI generates the correct answer YES or NO as appropriate to indicate that a match has been or cannot be found in doc, or else returns POSSIBLY and suggests the correct leaf term to which the processor should advance in order to ensure that no match is missed.
1. (status, info) ANNOTATES::IPO(doc, from, to)
2. /* left and right are the children of this
ANNOTATES node */
3. (status_l, info_l) <- left.IPO(doc, from, to)
4. if status_l = NO return (NO, info_l)
5. if status_l = POSSIBLY return (POSSIBLY, left)
6. /* status_l = YES */
7. if right = null return (YES, N/A) /* ANNOTATES is
allowed to only have left child */
8. (status_r, info_r) <- right.IPO(doc, left.start( ),
left.end( ))
9. if status_r = YES return (YES, N/A)
10. if status_r = NO
11. if info_r > doc:to return (NO, info_r)
12. else return (POSSIBLY, left)
13. /* status_r = POSSIBLY */
14. return (POSSIBLY, info_r)
The method FirstTwigInDoc( ), presented below in Listing VII, recursively orchestrates the IPO(doc, from, to) methods of the different node types and the next(doc) methods of the leaves (in analogy with NextCandidateDoc( ) of Listing IV), in order to find a twig occurrence, if such exists, in a candidate document doc. The method returns TRUE if a twig occurrence is found, i.e., if the positional constraints are met:
1. Boolean FirstTwigInDoc( )
2. /* twig's root is an ANNOTATES node, whose children
are left and right */
3. /* because doc was found by NextCandidateDoc, it
certainly contains left */
4. while (left.start( ) < doc+1 : 0)
5. (status, info) <- right.IPO(doc, left.start( ),
left.end( ))
6. while (status = POSSIBLY)
7. info.next(doc : left.start( ))
8. (status, info) <- right.IPO(doc,
left.start( ), left.end( ))
9. if status = YES return TRUE
10. /* status = NO, try next occurrence of left in
doc */
/** twig does not occur in document doc */
12. return FALSE
b) Documents with Non-Nested Annotation Spans
The difficulties in using the methods listed above are illustrated by the example shown in
Now we assume that the annotations in the rest of the document occur as in
In the object-oriented framework described above, ANNOTATES::IPO (from, to) may be modified in the manner shown below in Listing VIII so that the ANNOTATES nodes efficiently maintain occurrences of annotation spans in a way that enables processor 25 to detect annotation occurrences that are overlapping but non-nested. Each ANNOTATES node n in the query twig maintains a list of occurrences of the left child of n (annotation a) that are useful and still relevant to satisfying the query. Each occurrence o=(start, end) of a, encountered when n.IPO(from, to) is invoked with from≦start<to<end, is added to the list of n. o ceases to be relevant and is dropped from the list when n.IPO(from, to) is invoked with from>start. In between, while the occurrence is on the list, it causes the method n.IPO(from, to) to return YES if the method is invoked with from≦start and end≦to.
All other routines, including FirstTwigInDoc( ), remain unchanged.
LISTING VIII - IPO FOR ANNOTATES IN DOCUMENTS WITH NON- NESTED ANNOTATION SPANS 1. (status, info) ANNOTATES::IPO(from, to) 2. /* left and right are the left and right children of this ANNOTATES node */ 3. remove from list all members (start, end) with start < from 4. if list includes a member (start, end) with from ≦ start and end ≦ to return (YES, N/A) 5. (status_l, info_l) <- left.IPO(from, to) 6. if status_l = NO return (NO, info_l) 7. /* left.start( ) ≦ to */ 8. if left.start( ) < from return (POSSIBLY, left) 9. /* left.start( ) ≧ from */ 10. /* either status_l = YES or status_l = POSSIBLY and left.end( ) > to */ 11. (status_r, info_r) <- right.IPO(left.start( ), left.end( )) 12. if status_r = YES 13. if status_l = YES return (YES, N/A) 14. /* encountered a useful crossing over occurrence */ 15. add (left.start( ), left.end( )) to list 16. return (POSSIBLY, left) 17. if status_r = NO return (POSSIBLY, left) 18. /* status_r = POSSIBLY */ 19. return (POSSIBLY, info_r)
Finding All Occurrences of a Twig in a Candidate Document
The techniques described above may be used to find all the occurrences of a twig pattern in an annotated document, even if not all of the annotation spans are nested.
In one such embodiment, processor 25 enumerates all occurrences of the root of the twig in the document that are part of a twig occurrence. If a single occurrence of the twig root yields more than one twig occurrence in the document (by different positioning of the other twig nodes), processor 25 still counts only a single occurrence of the twig. This embodiment is implemented by changing line 8 in FirstTwigInDoc( ) (Listing VII) so that instead of just returning TRUE, the processor also adds the current occurrence of left to the enumeration.
In another embodiment, processor 25 enumerates all the occurrences of any specified node n of the twig that are part of a twig occurrence. This node is referred to as the "target element." For this purpose, the methods described above are modified so that the ANNOTATES node specified as the target element and all the ANNOTATES nodes on the path from the target element to the root of the twig first identify all the occurrences of the sub-twig that they root in a range (from, to) that they receive. As a result, the target element will step through all of its own occurrences that are a part of a twig occurrence, but may also pick up spurious occurrences that are part of a sub-twig but not the whole twig. In order to filter out these spurious occurrences, the target element reports the occurrences up the twig, and the parent nodes then filter out the spurious occurrences that do not match their own spans. The twig root outputs only those occurrences of the target element that were approved by all the ANNOTATES nodes between the target element and the root.
In yet another embodiment, all twig occurrences can be derived by recursively computing Cartesian products between all occurrences of the sub-twig rooted by the right child of each ANNOTATES node and all the occurrences of the annotation represented by the left child that include that sub-twig.
Although the methods described above relate specifically to occurrences of words within specified spans in documents, these methods may be extended to relate to attributes of elements or annotations. For example, XPath permits attribute constraints to be specified, such as //title[@lang='eng'], which specifies that element "title" should be attributed with attribute name "lang" whose value is "eng". By the same token, the methods described above may be modified to treat attribute names and attribute values in analogy with annotations and text. Fields in the payload of index 32 may be used to associate the attributes with their annotations or XML elements.
As another option, the methods described above may be modified to handle "relational annotations," which combine a few elements or annotations into one super-annotation that is not associated with a contiguous segment of a document. In this case, segments of the document that appear between the combined annotations, but do not belong to any of them, are not said to be annotated by the super-annotation. To deal with situations of this sort in the framework described above, the super-annotation would specify its combined annotations by their ordinal numbers within the document, and the endpoints received by the IPO methods would be specified in the same manner.
It will thus be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 9, 1996
|Sep 15, 1998
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Object-oriented interface for an index
|Aug 9, 1996
|Jan 26, 1999
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Method for parsing, indexing and searching world-wide-web pages
|May 7, 1997
|Nov 2, 1999
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Efficient hypothetical query evaluation in a database system
|Aug 18, 1998
|May 23, 2000
|Digital Equipment Corporation
|Object-oriented interface for an index
|Aug 22, 1997
|Jun 27, 2000
|Novell, Inc.
|Natural language information retrieval system and method
|Sep 3, 1997
|Jul 25, 2000
|Philips Electronics North America Corporation
|User interface for document retrieval
|Dec 16, 1998
|Jun 25, 2002
|Microsoft Corporation
|Evaluating SQL subqueries
|Jan 16, 1997
|Aug 27, 2002
|Oracle Corporation
|Range-based query optimizer
|Jul 8, 1998
|May 4, 2004
|Ncr Corporation
|Method and apparatus that evaluate an expression based upon database results
|May 1, 2001
|Aug 17, 2004
|R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company
|Method and apparatus for delivering a web page to a client device based on printed publications and publisher controlled links
|Feb 6, 2001
|Dec 21, 2004
|Oracle International Corporation
|Method and system for representing and accessing object-oriented data in a relational database system
|Mar 3, 2000
|Jul 12, 2005
|Microsoft Corporation
|Query trees including or nodes for event filtering
|May 30, 2000
|Nov 8, 2005
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Document editing system and method of preparing a tag information management table
|Jun 18, 2003
|Jan 9, 2007
|Georg Gottlob
|Efficient processing of XPath queries
|Jan 20, 2006
|Sep 29, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Query evaluation using ancestor information
|Jun 24, 2002
|Dec 25, 2003
|Microsoft Corporation
|Word processor for freestyle editing of well-formed XML documents
|Aug 11, 2003
|Mar 11, 2004
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Document retrieval system and question answering system
|May 30, 2003
|Dec 2, 2004
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System, method and computer program product for performing unstructured information management and automatic text analysis, and providing multiple document views derived from different document tokenizations
|Jul 24, 2003
|Jan 27, 2005
|Bohannon Philip L.
|Method and apparatus for composing XSL transformations with XML publishing views
|Sep 9, 2004
|Mar 9, 2006
|Korn Philip R
|Method for matching XML twigs using index structures and relational query processors
|Aug 2, 2005
|Feb 8, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Efficient evaluation of complex search queries
|Nov 30, 2006
|May 17, 2007
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System, method and computer program product for performing unstructured information management and automatic text analysis, including a search operator functioning as a weighted and (WAND)
|Apr 10, 2007
|Nov 1, 2007
|Garrett Kaminaga
|Secure and granular index for information retrieval
|Jun 29, 2007
|Jan 1, 2009
|Gao Cong
|Methods and Apparatus for Evaluating XPath Filters on Fragmented and Distributed XML Documents
|Broder et al., Efficient Query Evaluation using a Two-Level Retrieval Process, 2003.
|Carmel et al., Searching XML Documents via XML Fragments, 2003.
|I.E. Iacob et al, "Processing XML Documents with Overlapping Hierarchies" (Source: http://www.iee-tcdl.org/Bulletin/v2n1/iacob/iacob.html).
|I.E. Iacob et al., "Towards a Query Language for Multihierarchical XML: Revisiting Xpath", 2005 (Source: http://webdb2005.uhasselt.be/papers/3-3.pdf).
|Mass et al., "XML Fragments Extended with Database Operators," RIAO-2007 Large-Scale Semantic Access to Content (Text, Image, Video and Sound), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 2007.).
|Niraj Aswani et al., "Indexing and Querying Linguistic Metadata and Document Content" (Source: http://gate.ac.uk/sale/ranlp05/ranlp05-annic.pdf).
|Patrick Durusau et al., "Tabling the Overlap Discussion" (Source: http://www.idealliance.org/papers/extreme/proceedings/html/2004/Durusau01/EML2004Durusau01.html).
|Wouter Alink et al., "Representing and Querying Multi-dimensional Markup for Question Answering" (Source: http://pathfinder-xquery.org/files/multi-dim-markup-nlpxml2006.pdf).
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 2012
|Aug 11, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Indexing and retrieval of structured documents
|Jul 12, 2013
|Dec 8, 2015
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Indexing and retrieval of structured documents
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 25, 2007
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION,NEW YO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SZNAJDER, BENJAMIN;SHEINWALD, DAFNA;YOGEV, SIVAN;SIGNINGDATES FROM 20071203 TO 20071204;REEL/FRAME:020286/0579
|Sep 26, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 26, 2014
|Surcharge for late payment


text:
It was only supposed to be a vacation romance. Passionate, exciting - and short-lived. But when Jewel Henley arrived for her first day of work at a new job, she realized her exotic lover was in fact Piers Anetakis, her boss. A boss who had a strict rule about not getting involved with his employees. And so, just like that, Jewel was fired. With no money and no job, Jewel doubted it could get any worse. Then she discovered she was pregnant and that she'd have to confront Piers. Piers stormed back into her life with the same passion and intensity that had swept her off her feet five months before. But as loving as he was with her, she knew he still didn't trust her. And until he did, all they had was an affair.
©2009 Maya Banks (P)2015 Recorded Books
There are no listener reviews for this title yet.
I'd hate to say "The Affair" was a waste of time but I couldn't identify with the characters. I really don't know why. It may have been the narration; the way it was presented or the content. I just couldn't relate.
"So so."
Dislike the narrator. Her male voice sounded like she had a sore throat. It distracted from the book. Was able to finish the book but left disappointed.
"Good listening "
I had previously read this book and I enjoyed the audiobook version very much. Recommend!
"Good story. Bad narrator."
Enjoyed the story but not the narrator. Did not enjoy the male voice, it sounded it had the flu or something.
"The Affair"
it was outstanding. You. couldn't put it down. A book that could be finished in a few hours/day.
"Didn't like the narration"
I didn't like the fact that one person narrated this whole story. A male should have done the male portion. She sounded like a heavy smoker when doing the male parts. I loved the story line though.
Poor reader. Ok story. Predictable.
Reader was painful and I am surprised I finished the book.
"It was ok"
Why the person reading this book sound like she smoke 2 packs a day when she do the male voice it was ok but to short
"Easy read"
Did not like the narrator. Was hard to enjoy the book because I did not like her voice.
"Easy and fast. Not your typical Maya Banks"
I usually love Maya Banks, but this was Ok. I don't think it was up to her usual standards.This is the story of two people who don't trust one another. The constant mistrust and misunderstanding is tiring in the story and feel repetitive. She is poor, he is rich.Typical fluffy fairy tale....
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
UofL/JCPS partnership on diversity training for teachers
School teachers who connect with their students can better engage them in learning. But when teachers and students come from different cultural and language backgrounds, it can make connecting more difficult. That's why the University of Louisville and Jefferson County Public Schools have developed a new partnership to better equip JCPS educators to teach in an increasingly diverse school district.
Starting this fall, seven teachers will enroll in the JCPS Teacher CARDS program at UofL. (CARDS stands for Competency, Awareness, and Responsiveness to Diverse Students.) The program provides the teachers with a tuition scholarship toward a graduate certificate in diversity literacy and master's degree in teacher leadership at UofL. A grant from the Gheens Foundation funds it.
Under the program, participants will complete a 33-hour master's degree in teacher leadership from the College of Education and Human Development that includes 18 hours in the College of Arts and Sciences for a graduate certificate in diversity literacy. The A&S coursework explores topics such as world religions, Latino and African-American culture, history, philosophy and social sciences.
"Given the changing kaleidoscopic world in which we live, whether the sector is private or public, diversity literacy matters more and more," said A&S Interim Dean John Ferré. "The Department of Philosophy is an ideal home for this certificate because the two anchoring courses deal not just with empiricism (the recognition of pluralism), but also with political philosophy (inclusion in the public sphere) and ethics (respect for difference)," said Ferré.
"The Certificate in Diversity Literacy grew out of Dean Hudson's belief that A&S has substantial curricular resources to offer for the training of culturally competent teachers," said Professor David Owen, Director of A&S Diversity Programs, who led the effort to create the certificate program.
"Diversity literacy is about learning how social and cultural differences impact people's lives every day, and many of the courses offered in A&S contribute to increasing diversity literacy of our students. The Certificate's home within the Philosophy Department highlights the interdisciplinary nature of diversity literacy and of social philosophy itself," Owen said.
More: Graduate Certificate in Diversity Literacy
A&S Diversity Programs
"When I first started teaching, I learned quickly that the very best teachers are those who connect with students," said Blake Haselton, CEHD interim dean, at the Aug. 9 announcement.
"That's why the JCPS Teacher CARDS program is so powerful. A teacher who graduates with both the master's degree in education and the diversity leadership certificate is going to be well prepared to connect with students from all backgrounds and cultures," he said.
The teachers in the first class were selected through a competitive application process. All of them teach in a low-performing school and have committed to teach at a similar JCPS school for three years after they complete the program.
The program is a perfect example of the "power of partnership" between the university, JCPS and a donor, said UofL President James Ramsey. "UofL is proud of our collaborations with JCPS and we're excited that we can help these great teachers learn even better ways to educate the next generation of Louisvillians, regardless of their cultural backgrounds."
Besides being coupled with the MEd in teacher leadership, the diversity literacy certificate also is a freestanding program through A&S and is appropriate for students from a variety of disciplines, as well as working professionals.


text:
You missed it This great deal for Lodge at Jackson Village is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
Related Deals That You May Like
VIP Central Park Tours
Central Park Pedicab Tour
NYC - Upper East Side$207$79
Nutrisystem Inc
4-Week Meal Plan with Delivery by Nutrisystem
NYC - Upper East Side$249$149.99
Afternoon Delight
6 Bottles of Moscato and 2 Govino® Glasses
NYC - Upper East Side$97$39.99
Printer Pix
Custom Dog Blankets
NYC - Upper East Side$59$4
Lodge at Jackson Village
A Two-Night Stay for Two, Weekdays ($214) or Weekends with Continental Breakfast ($252), Cookies, Sparkling Cider, Great Glen Trails Pass, and More
95% recommendedin LivingSocial customer ratings
Trust us: fall colors are much more brilliant in person than on your office calendar. This autumn, see for yourself when you dive into the leaves of New Hampshire.
Escape to the Lodge at Jackson Village, where you'll enjoy two nights in a queen room, Sundays through Thursdays ($214) or Fridays and Saturdays with Saturday- and Sunday-morning continental breakfast ($252). Visitors also receive homemade cookies each afternoon, a bottle of sparkling cider, and late 1 p.m. checkout.
Jackson Village—named one of the Top Ten Most Romantic Villages in America by Yankee Magazine—is nestled in the White Mountains amid blazing red and gold autumn foliage. Consider the lodge your refuge from the crisp fall breeze as you relax by the crackling fire and enjoy homemade cookies with that special someone.
Snow might not fall yet, but the leaves sure will, and there's no better to place to catch them than Great Glen Trails. Armed with an included guest pass and 50-percent discount on bike rentals, you can pedal along the shady trails admiring the pristine New England forest.
When you want to see the season's splendor from an even higher vantage point, Mt. Washington Auto Road lets you scale a mountain in your car. Your Drive Yourself pass includes access for one driver, a "This Car Climbed Mt. Washington" bumper sticker, and an audio tour CD. Finally, for a taste of October, use your included map for a self-guided tour of Jackson's Return of the Pumpkin People event. For the past 25 years, residents and businesses have created elaborate displays of pumpkin-headed people scattered throughout the town.
There's no glossy substitute for seeing the dazzling colors of autumn in person. Make the most of the year's brightest season with this Escape to the White Mountains.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON May 24, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON November 30, 2012


text:
Choosing Children's: Rachelle Fletschock
"My journey at Children's Hospital began soon after I entered high school. It was just two days after my freshman homecoming dance when I was diagnosed with a brain tumor. Wow, what a way to begin what I thought were supposed to be some of the greatest years of my life. I was admitted to the hospital that day, and so began some of the toughest experiences I've ever been through. I'm so thankful for the doctors and nurses at Children's for making my stays and visits as positive as they possibly could! A most memorable experience was when a volunteer brought a big white therapy dog to my room. I have 3 dogs at home, so seeing a furry friend was just what I needed. I am so grateful for the time and attention that the staff at Children's paid to me and everyone else who receives care there!
After 4 long years of high school, and many hours spent at the hospital for MRIs, chemotherapy and appointments, I'm so glad Children's staff was there to make our experiences the best they could be for me and my family. This health journey definitely played a big part in my choosing to study a medical career in college now. I had started out wanting to be a nurse, but am now going to school to become a radiology technician!
Facing such major health challenges is why I started volunteering at Children's. The least I could do is give back and help kids who are going through similar situations, after the love and support I received from Children's during my treatment. I know the volunteers can't do as much as the nurses and doctors, but if we can make kids smile and forget about what they are going through, then volunteering is completely worth it. I look forward to the kids I have yet to meet, and cannot wait to (hopefully) make an impact on them like the volunteers did for me years ago."


text:
It's show day at American Idol. USA TODAY had the rare opportunity last week to follow executive producer Ken Warwick and chart the day for Idol's singers and all involved in putting together the live performance show (Tuesday, Fox, 8 ET/PT).
10:55 a.m. (all times PT) The band is warming up on a stage lit in fluorescent Idol blue. After spending the previous day here fine-tuning their songs, the seven finalists are back to integrate their moves and music in front of the cameras. The 11 a.m. rehearsal start for the week's theme, songs from the movies, is a luxury. Show-day rehearsals have started as early as 8:30.
In just over six hours, this same stage will be the scene of a live show watched by more than 20 million people. Action, however, seems more routine than frenetic, perhaps the result of eight seasons of experience. Women sing first, as is usually the case, because of longer post-rehearsal hair and makeup prep.
11:10 a.m. One floor above is Idol's production office, where Warwick is having a problem with rollover minutes, and not the telephone kind. It's the huge, eight-minute runover from the previous week that cost viewers who record Idol the chance to see Adam Lambert's riveting closing performance. It also pushed the next show, Fringe, into the local news time slot, not a pleasing occurrence for Fox affiliates.
He knew by the third singer the previous week that the show was far behind schedule and asked the judges to condense their comments. How did that work? "They don't respond really to telling them to shut up," says Warwick, demonstrating that Idol has blunt-talking Englishmen behind the camera, too.
Even though Idol is down to seven, time will be an issue on this night also, because of a pre-taped package on mentor Quentin Tarantino and segments in which he advises the singers. As he leaves his office, an assistant hands him a cup. "This production runs on tea," Warwick says.
11:25 a.m. Lil Rounds is working out floor movements for her performance of The Rose. After the morning's run-through, there will be a dress rehearsal before the live show, both conducted before full studio audiences.
Lil starts from stage right, walking around the pianist and the Idol band, which has been moved down to the main stage for the evening's show. Adam, Matt Giraud and Kris Allen, all finalists, watch from audience seats that just a few hours later will be filled by screaming fans.
Stage manager Debbie Williams watches on a monitor to see how it will appear to viewers. Williams senses something is amiss: "If you're not comfortable, you tell me," she tells Lil after.
The singer is concerned that the twisting opening walk complicates the performance. Williams agrees. Idol music director and band leader Rickey Minor joins the conversation. Just like that, the walk is gone.
11:45 a.m. On the third floor of the huge soundstage building, which also houses ABC's Dancing With the Stars, is Idol's garment district, a room so crammed with clothing that racks spill into the hallway. Art Conn, a wardrobe staffer, is working at one of them, steam-ironing a white shirt that Matt will wear on the show.
Inside, Danny Gokey is trying on jeans that came in that morning. The manufacturer-donated pants look similar to a faded pair that would have eaten up the singer's $400 weekly clothing allowance. "One thing we get sent is a lot of denim," says men's stylist Miles Siggins, who works closely with designers. "I'm loath to spend money on it."
What is more intriguing is what Danny won't be wearing: his signature eyeglasses. "Tonight, I'm going to make a radical move. The contacts are going in. I'm going to let people look into my soul," he says, laughing.
Noon. Warwick has a solution to the runover problem: If the judges won't cut their time, he'll cut the judges. Only two will critique each singer. He'll tell them when they arrive later. "They should understand," he says.
The format evolves through the day, first as Simon Cowell and a rotation of other judges, then Kara DioGuardi/Paula Abdul and Randy Jackson/Simon, and finally Randy/Kara and Paula/Simon.
In the meantime, he has another problem. The Tarantino package contains footage that would amount to free advertising that could upset paying sponsors. He heads off to a meeting with network and studio executives. (Warwick gave USA TODAY extensive access, but kept a couple of meetings off-limits. He described them after the fact.)
12:30 p.m. In another office, Warwick assesses a bulletin board with color-coded paper rectangles that lay out the remaining six weeks of episodes. He's already plotting the finale.
A reporter takes a quick look at some of the items: "Girls and Burger King," "Boys and Fishing." "You'll never know what Girls and Burger King means," he says. "It's in code."
Warwick does reveal one tidbit about the finale. "We're talking about Sacha Baron Cohen doing something," although it's not confirmed, he says. "The trouble is he always goes a little bit off the rails, and we've got to be very careful. It's a family show."
12:45 p.m. Back at the stage, Danny practices Endless Love. Warwick and Matt talk in the audience section. Matt has decided to play piano on Have You Ever Loved a Woman? "I just want to not be boring," he says.
Danny has his own accompanist, a harpist. As he works through an emotional moment of song, there's a glitch; a snippet of Idol theme is played. He doesn't miss a beat, singing "Good God Almighty" as others laugh.
Crewmembers bring in 2-foot-tall dividers to cover up "all those legs and wires" that come with the band, along with smart-looking glass musical stands to replace "the ugliest stands I've ever seen," Warwick says. "Aesthetics are really important to me."
His phone rings. Still no decision on the disputed Tarantino package. "Make two versions," Warwick says.
1:02 p.m. Warwick, watching Danny's performance on a monitor, notices the camera stays in tight on the singer as the surrounding band begins playing. He walks outside the set and goes into the nearby control booth to talk to director Bruce Gowers. "Bruce, when the band comes in … ," he says, as the director gives a nod indicating he is addressing the problem.
1:47 p.m. After the run-through and lunch, the finalists get a few minutes of down time in a large third-floor room that serves as a haven from the Idol tempest. It's brightly colored and decorated with balloons, flowers, stacks of letters and even photo albums, all sent by fans. One photo album is dedicated to Anoop Desai's beloved University of North Carolina Tar Heels.
Anoop relaxes on a couch in one corner, doing a crossword puzzle. Allison Iraheta, Adam and Danny are in makeup chairs in the opposite corner. Stylists are doing Allison's hair, while a makeup artist gives touch-ups to Adam and Danny. "You want to start working on his eyes?" jokes Adam, no stranger to eyeliner.
Minor stops by to offer the singers some pre-show support. "It's so stressful. The last thing I remind them is to breathe. That's one thing they forget to do."
2:05 p.m. Warwick is in an editing room back in the production office watching the packages of Tarantino with each singer. There's still no final decision on the other Tarantino package that had caused a stir with Fox (a shorter version eventually runs). Now, there's another issue, but it's easily resolved: When Idol mentions Tarantino's upcoming war film, it won't specify the title: Inglourious Basterds. "Family show," Warwick says.
2:17 p.m. The finalists gather in the tiny greenroom behind the stage, their last stop before dress rehearsal in front of an audience of 600. A technician attaches Kris' microphone. It's a loose bunch, as Adam, Matt and Danny joke about a YouTube video of a reported leprechaun sighting in Alabama. "That video just makes me happy," Matt says.
It's a tight bunch, too. As they pose for a group photo, Anoop jokes, "Can I sit on Adam's lap?"
2:22 p.m. Twenty people crowd the small, dark control booth, with director Gowers and two others at the front, just a few feet from a wall of TV screens. Warwick sits in the back, a final check on the show. On stage, the singers are walking toward the camera, lit in silhouette as they work out the details of the next night's "cold open," the first scene before the Idol theme and credits.
After they get the walk down, each Idol is filmed in close-up, trying — mostly unsuccessfully — to keep a serious look. Allison giggles. Kris is next. "He'll start laughing," someone in the booth says. Kris does. "I told you."
Then Danny. "He's lost his glasses," Warwick notes.
Finally, Adam. The always-camera-ready showman has the look nailed. "He doesn't know how to pose, does he?" another control room voice says.
2:53 p.m. Williams is filling in for host Ryan Seacrest, who has just returned from France, as the dress rehearsal starts 20 minutes late. No panic, however.
"Ryan looks funny," jokes Mike Darnell, the Fox network executive with responsibility for Idol. Warwick taps on the control room desk as the theme begins.
As Allison performs, Gowers literally moves to the music, rolling back and forth in his chair, tapping his foot and waving his hand as he calls out camera shots.
Warwick can't hear her singing. "Guys, the band is completely overwhelming Allison."
After she finishes, today's experiment — the two-judge commentary — starts, although the real judges, who will appear later, are not doing it. It's the stand-ins, four extras who try to imitate the catchphrases and attitudes of Randy, Kara, Paula and Simon.
As the dress rehearsal proceeds through the performers, a man approaches Warwick, advising him about "a meltdown." Warwick leaves the room, excusing himself from the reporter.
3:25 p.m. Most of the Idols are gathered in a corner behind the stage. Adam, Allison and Anoop are watching Danny on a TV, while Lil and Matt are talking at a makeup table where Kris is getting some last-minute attention.
A crewmember then leads Kris to where he will be positioned before the next commercial break. "You're going to go to the spiral stairs to the second step. I'll show you."
3:35 p.m. It was substantially less than "a meltdown," says Warwick, back in the control booth. "All the judges weren't madly happy" and the real Paula was thinking that would be the judging format going forward.
"I went and explained it," Warwick says. "She's OK now."
3:43 p.m. Dress rehearsal ends. One audience is led out. Soon, another will be brought in.
3:50 p.m. "And the top seven finalists were interested in working with one of the top names in movies." It's Seacrest, in. That familiar voice is back, as he records voice-overs for the Tarantino package in the production office.
4:06 p.m. In a nearby room, Warwick watches the taped snippets of the singers that will run at the end of the show with the telephone numbers for voters to call. Due to time constraints, Idol records the dress rehearsal performances for that final segment.
4:25 p.m. Celebrities arrive. This evening's audience, which has mostly filed in, includes CBS News anchor Katie Couric, Samantha Who?'s Christina Applegate and actor/musician Steven Van Zandt.
4:45 p.m. Cory Almeida, the energetic warm-up guy, revs the crowd with clapping and Idol chants and invites audience members on stage to dance. He assesses fans' posters from the stage: "We Love Allison," "Adam's Awesome," "We Agree With Simon." "I'm going to ignore that sign," he says.
4:56 p.m. "Four minutes, we're live," Williams announces.
4:57 p.m. As the finalists arrive onstage, Cory introduces the judges. "Let's hear it for Randy Jackson!" They talk to people as they move through the crowd. Kara hugs Simon, then Paula.
4:59 p.m. "40 seconds …"
5 p.m. It's 8 p.m. on the East Coast. Showtime.
By Bill Keveney, USA TODAY


text:
Print | Edit this listing
Concord Mitsubishi Sales Reviews
- 2199 Meridian Park Blvd
- Concord, CA 94520 (map)
- Chat with Dealer
Optima Rules!Written by jamiecolonel on 01/04/12 07:27:53 AM PST Go back to Sales reviews
Recommend this dealer? Yes Purchased a vehicle from this dealer? Yes
We had a great experience at Kia of concord. We originally just intended to browse for cars and did not anticipate on making a purchase same day. We were greeted by Mohammad who was friendly, knowledgeable and never made us feel pressured. Initially we were considering financing a used car which Mohammad reviewed the inventory with us. We inquired about leasing a new car and ultimately we decided to go with a new Optima � which was far beyond expectation. Throughout the entire process Mohammad explained each step and made the process smooth. We love our brand new Optima and definitely recommend Mohammad and concord Mitsubishi Kia


text:
Tuesday, 21 April 2015
Little fix, 10x resistance
Amidst the moving chaos that has prevented me from doing much with my printer the last few months, I did get the time to pull out the old 10kOhm thermistor (thought I'd have to drill it out, but even JB Weld doesn't hold on
well) and add a 100kOhm instead. It should now be able to measure the interesting temperature range appropriately.
I also added some insulating cardboard under the hotbed, which may also help with the slight sagging I noticed earlier.
With this done, I can't think of anything in the way of actually printing. Except the lack of time...
No comments:
Email This
Share to Twitter
Share to Facebook
Share to Pinterest
Newer Posts
Older Posts
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Spare parts
After +nop head 's reply to my previous post, I decided to go ahead and print the new extruder holder, after tightening down the hoten...
Tales of a Pi Installation
With the new mount in, I needed to upload new firmware - even though slic3r can take a Z offset, it seems the heating position doesn't t...
New and exciting problems! Well... not so exciting it turned out in the end.
Printing journal (I hope) Printing glass marker. Temp 22C, 999hPa, 48%, Z offset 0.5. Whether due to me interfering with the early stage...


text:
|Home > Music Genre > Dramatic Music > Contemplative Music > Track Summary >
Track Summary
Music Track Title: Heroin Swamped Melodica Theme
Catalog ID: 519060 ISRC: US5UL1206726
Description: This slow and mellow track consists of a melodica theme on top of a double bass. Its the perfect underscore for scenes where you watch people doing their daily routines or sit and stare out the window. Really slow and comtemplative music. Nice for breaker between scenes as well.
Social Media Link: https://www.audiosparx.com/sa/archive/Dramatic/Contemplative-Music/Heroin-Swamped-Melodica-Theme/519060
Artist or Group: Christian Ronn
Keywords: documentary corporate slowness looking out the window bored slow steady getting ready to go for a little walk old people stoned people watching animals in zoo.
Music Genre > Sub-genre
Dramatic Music
Contemplative, considering, evaluating music
Extended Properties
Duration: 0:44 Tempo: Slow BPM: 60
Arrangement: Band / Ensemble
Instruments: Contra-bass, Melodica, Bass Drum
Vocal Mix: Instrumental
Moods: Calm, Caring, Comforting, Friendly, Funny, Heartwarming, Honest, Hopeful, Light, Lonely, Meaningful, Moody, Pulsating, Quiet, Relaxing, Sentimental, Slow, Soft, Thinking, Thoughtful
Styles: Cooking Show, Documentary, Drama / 30-Something, Family / After School, Film Instrumental, Infomercial, Medical Drama, Radio Production, School / Education, TV Instrumental
Extended Keywords: film scoring composer TV newscast instrumental Film instrumental documentary TV commercials MTV film trailer sequence movie credits films indie intro outro corporate branding Commercial advertisement information, abc nbc cbs cnn c-span Esp Fox bbc world news, reel news-reel catchy discovery, national geographic brand branding corporate Network Channel News Adventure Adventurous Elated Elation Change Determination Determined Confidence Confident Outside the Box Individual Individuality Steady Simple good Olympic passionate Powerpoint presentation Flash animation journalism movie motion picture scene sequence bumper stinger television slideshow media cue talent show fond of, be in love with, care for, cherish, choose, delight in, esteem, exalt, fall for, fancy, glorify, have affection for, have it bad, hold dear, hold high, idolize, long for, lose one's heart to, put on pedestal, think the world of, thrive with, treasure, wild for, worship


text:
IKEA built a replica of a Syrian refugee home inside a store
Shoppers walked right into a war zone.
Shoppers walked right into a war zone.
From Damascus to Detroit, a young Syrian refugee shares her story.
The airstrikes hit during the busiest time of the day at the main market in Douma, a suburb of Damascus.
DAMASCUS, Syria -- It had been a rocky journey. With the flow of refugees pouring out of Syria, crossing the Lebanese border was difficult, even though the president's staff were waiting for us on the other side to take us to meet Bashar al-Assad. On...


text:
Quick Details
- Type: Chestnut
- Cultivation Type: Common
- Processing Type: Raw
- Style: Frozen
- Packaging: Bulk
- Certification: HACCP BRC ISO HALAL
- Grade: Grade A
- Use: Food
- Place of Origin: Liaoning, China (Mainland)
- Brand Name: Zhiyuan
- Model Number: Grade
- Products Name: Hot Sale Bulk Frozen Peeled Chestnut
- Features: Protein
- Taste: Delicious
- Origin: Dandong Liaoning China
- Color: Yellow
- Deliver time: Within 15 days after receive prepayment
- Storage: Minus 18 Degrees
- Processing: Quick Freezing
- Shelf Life: 24 Months
- Material: 100% Organic Chestnuts
Packaging & Delivery
|Packaging Details:
|Hot Sale Bulk Frozen Peeled Chestnut
10kg/carton in bulk ,18Tons/20FCL , Or as your wish
|Delivery Detail:
|Shipped in 15 days after payment
Product Highlights
100% pure natural
Rich in complex nutrients
Hot Sale Bulk Frozen Peeled Chestnut
Q: What is your payment term?
For first cooperation, it's better to do TT, after we trust more each other, it's also possible to do DP, LC, it is no problem.
Q: How can I get the samples?
Sample is free after offer confirmed, but the flight cost should be negotiated, since frozen foods need to be delivery with dry ice, the cost is expensive, and the freight cost can be return if order made.
Q: How can I do if I receive the bad quality goods?
PLS get me back about the quality after your test, if it's our responsbility, we'll take it for sure.my company culture is Quality +Credit +Price + Service, it's always our honour to keep the good credit.
1. Reply within 24 hours.
2. Quality guarantee.
3. Use cheap and fast shipping to your doors.
4. OEM service--manufacture under your own brand and package.
5. Complete export management.
6. Supply marketing strategy accord to your market.
7. Barrier-free communication in English.
8. One stop purchase agent.


text:
jenna marbles
3 jenna marbles Articles
Jenna Marbles Shaves Her Eyebrows: Find Out Why She Did It — Watch7 months ago 0
Has Jenna lost her marbles? The YouTube star completely shaves her eyebrows off in her latest video, and it's downright shocking. So why did she do… Read Article ▶
Courtesy of Youtube
Jenna Marbles Attempts To Apply 100 Layers Of Makeup & Spray Tan — Watch Crazy Video10 months ago 0
In a parody video of the '100 layer' trend on YouTube, vlogger and comedian Jenna Marbles posted a hysterical video wearing 100 layers of foundation… Read Article ▶
Courtesy of Youtube
Jenna Marbles' YHA Outfit: SHOP The Maxi Skirt Trend3 years ago 1
Jenna looked fabulous as she rocked a crop top and a matching maxi skirt -- what better way for this YHA winner to stand out? Love her look? SHOP if… Read Article ▶
Frederick M. Brown/Entertainment/Getty Images


text:
Conair Satin Touch Flat Iron
Create a pin straight look of sophistication with this satin touch flat iron from Conair! The plates 1" design allow you to closely start at the root of your hair while their satin touch construction refrains from pulling or damaging your hair, making this the perfect tool for your everyday style. The iron quickly heats up and features a high heat setting for all hair types, allowing you to spend your time in radiant beauty and not getting ready in the bathroom!
- Satin plates do not pull or damage hair
- 1" plate design for precise styling
- Quick heat up time with high heat settings for all types of hair
- Simple On/Off switch
- Model number: CS97BC
Shipping & Returns
If you have the option to "Add to Cart", this item is available for shipping. If not, enter your zip code to find a store near you.
Questions? Visit our Shipping FAQS for more info about shipping. For questions about returns see our Returns Policy.


text:
It hardly seems possible the last time I blogged was nearly a year ago and the last time I was active on the site was around that same time. A lot has changed! I see I've collected a new bundle of followers in my absence and I don't even know if people I used to talk to on here are still here anymore! There are a few I still keep in contact with on Facebook but other than that, this seems brand new all over again!
If you know me at all, you know I went through a lot the last year and a half or so. The good news is things are better than ever! I quit my old job (which I hated), started dating my best friend of 4+ years, got engaged, moved, got a brand new job I actually enjoy AND I am getting married in less than 3 months! My life has taken a drastic turn for the better but it wasn't luck, it was just hard work, correcting problems in my life and finally dating someone who is a wonderful human being!
Lately, I haven't had as much time for gaming as I used to, I don't have internet right now, it's easier to just scoot over to the nearest coffee shop and borrow theirs for free. I hope to be back on more frequently but I said that the last time I blogged and that didn't work out so well. I wish myIGN had a mobile app that would make this easier.
I've been playing Animal Crossing (again) and a handful of other games, I haven't picked up anything new in a while. My passion for gaming is still as strong as ever but lately it hasn't been a priority. We are looking to buy a house in the next year, move out of the apartment and finally have space of our own again.
I hope all is well! What have you guys been playing? What is new in your life? HOW ABOUT E3??!
Til next time, cupcakes! <3


text:
White Sierra Crystal Cove Skimmer Capri Pants - Women's - Special Buy - $21.73
The versatile White Sierra Crystal Cove Skimmer capri pants can handle any warm-weather outing. Moisture-wicking nylon fabric dries quickly. Fabric provides UPF 30 protection from harmful solar rays. Zippered fly with button closure for easy on; elastic sides for comfort. Side cargo pockets and hand pockets round out features. Special buy. - $21.73


text:
Reviewed By Norman H (Livermore, CA) Reviewed for a 2008 Infiniti M35 —6/25/2009 11:25 AM
I received my cover a week ago but have not used it yet. I'm still airing it out because the smell is overwhelmingly strong. Didn't want it to ruin my new car smell. Not too happy about being able to use it out of the box. Cover looks and feels great should work once it air's out.


text:
Adderbury Running Club
organisers of the Three Spires Challenge
(mainly off-road and as close as we can get to a Half Marathon, 10k and 5k)
Adderbury Half & other runs
Entry Form & info
Sponsors for this year
Volunteers & Marshals
Comments & reports on previous runs
ARC Membership & info
Runs & Walk results
Previous years' Runs & Walk results
Quick Info
Adderbury Half* & other runs will take place on Sunday 9th July 2017.
*A significant part of our runs are off-road by choice. So that means the distances for the Half (Run and Walk), the Ten Run, and 5k runs are unmeasured and our best estimate. We try to make the Half as close to the Half Marathon distance as we are able to. Simarly, the Ten is as close to 10 kilometres as we can get it.
Entries now open for the 2017 ARC Three Spires Challenge.
Enter the 10 k run
Enter the Half Marathon run
Enter the Half Marathon walk
Enter the 5k run
Enter the Junior runs
Enter the Junior Half Marathon Challenge
Important - Please Note. Technical T-Shirts are available to all who enter the 10k run, Half Marathon run and Half Marathon walk provided you have entered by the 18th June 2017
In the meantime enter other challenges:
If you are looking to run a spring marathon, look no further than the
Edinburgh Marathon
on 28th May 2017. Expect to see great views of the city, including the Edinburgh Castle, before heading out along the beautiful East Lothian coastline. If you are after a PB this is the marathon to consider.
If you are looking to run an automn marathon, look no further than the
Bournemouth Marathon Festival
on 7th/8th October 2017. Expect to see great views of the beautiful coastal views, a chance to run the Boscombe and Bournemouth Piers with a spectacular finish.
The routes for The Adderbury Three Spires Challenge are:
The Half
The Ten
You can also get more info on
Thank you for your visit. And for other runs click on the logo below:


text:
Graduate Scholarship for Upland Agriculture and Food Security
Tokyo NODAI-SEARCA Scholarship
The SFRT provides grants of up to US$15,000 to selected research and training project proposals. Such seeding is expected to enhance the chances of promising projects to secure bigger support from donor agencies.
Dioscoro L. Umali Achievement Award in Agricultural Development intends to honor exemplary Southeast Asians whose work has provided exceptionally significant positive impact on the development of agriculture and the improvement of the quality of life in rural communities in the region.
Latest publications:
Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture
College, Los Baños, Laguna 4031 Philippines


text:
Financing Options
With Mattress Firm, you can find Snuggle Home mattresses that are designed and crafted to deliver fresh, cozy comfort night after night. And while they're fabulous on the outside, on the inside are some of the most advanced comfort materials that help assure long lasting value and great sleep.
0% APR for 5 Years | Limited Time | Call Now 877-384-2903


text:
lanparte V mount shoulder pad VMS-01 will be release in Aug of 2012, We will attend Beijing BIRTV exhibition in Aug 22th-25th.Booth No. is 2B178. Also will attend IBC exhibition in Netherlands in Sept 7th-11th.Booth No. is 11A85. if you have interesting in VMS-01 please don't hesitate to contact us.
V mount under the bottome of VMS-01
Fit for the most popular broadcasting plate made by sony, the VCT-14
Height adjustment function help you adjuste the space between lens and matte box.
The quick release system is fantastic! It helps cameraman remove the camera away from the VMS-01 easily. Of course the cameraman also can mount the camera onto the VMS-01 in less than 1 second.
The cameraman also can be moved forward or backward easily.
The hollowed out design saves a lot of weight, it makes shooting easier.
Built in screws holders & spirit level.
We also sell below part separately. if you have one more,you can switch your camera between rig, jib,steadicam and other devices quickly.
More info please click the picture.
Review for the products: http://www.dpvisualmedia.com/home/lanparte-shoulder-pad-review-217


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is optional but will greatly raise your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Type a little about yourself, your pasttimes and upload your best photo.
Utilise our website's sophisticated search to spot over 40s members who match your criteria. Or just flip through listings and spot singles that appear interesting.
Discovered someone who looks like a good match? Send them a few words or just a wink and see what comes of it. With a little luck you'll be on your way to an amazing adventure.
It's quick and easy


text:
Ah, prenups! I love how the very idea divides a population, in a neat foreshadowing of their ultimate function. "What?" cry the romantics. "Modern life isn't soulless, pessimistic and materialistic enough for you? The blazing, glorious, life-changing fires of love not sufficiently quantifiable?" "No," shout back people like me, and get on with drawing up our contracts.
The Law Commission last week announced its belief that prenuptial agreements should be binding, once children's needs and each partner's basic rights and requirements have been met. At the moment, they sort of are and sort of aren't, depending on how rich you are, which judge you get and whether it was the nice nurse who gave him his bed bath that morning or the one who just gives him a once-over with a wet wipe and leaves him to try to administer justice with an itchy scrotum. England needs either better elderly care or a written constitution. Discuss, animatedly, but maybe another time.
Prenups are mostly intended to protect the assets of the very wealthy but, with a slight tweak in emphasis, there is no reason they should not become as useful to normal folk, if not more so. For example, if I – six years married, 10 years be-partnered – could go back in time, I wouldn't bother protecting the £3.60 I had in the bank at the time, or my non-priceless collection of Accessorise jewellery. I'd protect the seven precious Penguin mugs he's smashed in our time together and the portion of income I've spent on dry-cleaning tweed jackets in the absence of any inclination on the part of their owner to do so; and on joint membership of the National Trust, tickets to Brutalist architectural exhibitions, French baroque concerts and other events attendant on marrying someone outside my sociocultural milieu. He should probably also pay a portion of the fines I mentally impose upon myself for using words such as "milieu".
Of course, you go into marriage with a spirit of optimism. I still think it was valid to admit Toryboy into one of the crevices of my calcified heart on the grounds that we both like the television on at the lowest possible volume and think that anyone who shelves books according to colour should be killed. Such fundamental bonds should be enough to see us almost happily through.
But how much easier life would be if I had also thought to draw up a contract not only containing detailed blueprints demonstrating how the dishwasher shall be stacked, but also stipulating the degree of stoicism required in the face of minor illness, the number of sacred conversational cows that may be slaughtered per dinner party, or the number of years that must pass before jokes about childbirth can be cracked. Not forgetting the final clause stating that, unless he is willing to have himself waxed down to naked mole rat proportions daily, he dry himself outside not inside the shower.
Practicality beats romanticism any day. And if I had assets, I would relax a lot more in a relationship knowing that if it all went wrong (who are we kidding? It can and it will), I could take my stuff with me when I left. Or, if I've done and deeded things right, keep it while I stayed. When that freedom is guaranteed, you're that much more willing to stay trapped. I mean, married. What could be more romantic than that?


text:
3rd generation G26 is a darn fine little weapon.
I used to own one, and still regret letting it go.
This is a discussion on My new CCW weapon, Glock content within the Defensive Carry Guns forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; I've been carrying the Ruger LCP and it's a good pistol but it left me wanting a bit more. I went to my local gunshop ...
I've been carrying the Ruger LCP and it's a good pistol but it left me wanting a bit more. I went to my local gunshop and bought my new Gen3 G26. I haven't had a chance to shoot it yet as I JUST got home. Love the way it fills my hand, wife has small hands and prefers her S&W M&P9c. I am in love so far.
Last edited by Chapstick; February 23rd, 2012 at 12:43 AM.
New Wisconsin CCW Permit holder.
3rd generation G26 is a darn fine little weapon.
I used to own one, and still regret letting it go.
Yeah, great little pistol. I have the 27, like it a lot for concealed carry.
Very nice. Get a couple Glock 17 mags and youll have maximum firepower at the house.
Glock 22, 27 Gen 4
Ruger SP101 .357mag
S&W 637 Airweight
Ruger Single Six
Ruger Blackhawk Bisley 45 Colt
Mossberg 835 Grand Slam
Congrats on the new gun.
Freedom doesn't come free. It is bought and paid for by the lives and blood of our men and women in uniform.
USAF Retired
NRA Life Member
Very nice. Eyeballing a new G23 myself.
And you know I could have me a million more friends, and all I'd have to lose is my point of view. -- John Prine (A Good Time)
Very nice. Congrats! I'm in the market for a 26 myself.
I too have/had an lcp and after an ND into a handle of a tool the damage was minimal. I lost faith in it as a defense weapon and threw it in the gun safe.
I have a G23 I carry all the time but sometimes it's just a little big for some occasions so I went to the gun store and traded up to a G26, no more 380's for self defense'
I have not shot my yet either but first impressions are it's a stout little package. It feels solid in your hand and has a good balance to it. I waiting to see what differences there are between the G26 and the G23; and will it change my EDC gun?
G26 is one of my "always" pistols. Factory 12+1 mags with finger extension are really nice and I've come to prefer them for carry in my subcompact Glocks.
Give to them according to their deeds and according to the wickedness of their endeavors; give to them according to the work of their hands; render to them their deserts. Psalm 28:4
Nice, I am very happy with my Gen 3 collection. I started with the 19 and got the 26 for carry. I can use the 19 mags in the 26 at the range.


text:
New Project Will Bring Lake Tahoe to the Big Screen
A new project is hoping to bring Lake Tahoe to the movie screen.
"We have a couple research divers that are gathering some underwater scenes using some 3-D cameras and getting us some views that I'm interested to see and I'm sure other would enjoy those views, as well," Heather Segale said.
Segale is the Education and Outreach Director at the Tahoe Environmental Research Center.
She says the filming took place over the course of a year and documented all sorts of changes in the lake.
She says the movie, "Let's Go Jump in the Lake," should be done later this summer and can be seen at the Tahoe Science Center in Incline Village.


text:
STEVE INSKEEP, Host:
Now let's learn more about the American officer in charge of the Libyan military operation - at least for now. He is General Carter Ham. And he heads the U.S. military's Africa Command - a job he started just 10 days before attacks against Libya began.
NPR's Tom Bowman reports on a general who is accustomed to tough assignments.
TOM BOWMAN: They say everything comes in threes. Well, here's General Ham's trifecta: A couple years ago the Pentagon turned to him to investigate the shootings at Fort Hood, Texas. Ham's finding: Army officers failed in their oversight of the alleged gunman, Major Nidal Hasan.
When that investigation was over, General Ham took on challenge number two: Assess the impact of gays and lesbians serving openly in the military. Ham's conclusion: It'll work.
Now he's got Libya.
JOHN SATTLER: I don't think trouble follows him. I think he follows trouble.
BOWMAN: That's retired Lieutenant General John Sattler. He served with General Ham in Iraq and later at the Pentagon. He's not surprised officials hand him these assignments.
SATTLER: I think when tough things come up, the folks who know him put him in there to go ahead and bring him to, you know, to some positive conclusion.
BOWMAN: Ham is a rarity among four-star officers because he started out as a private. He was a paratrooper with the 82nd Airborne Division in the early 1970s before going to college and then becoming a second lieutenant. Ask people about him and you get the standard answers - regular Joe, the kind of guy you can have a beer with.
Retired Army Major General Bob Scales says, well, it's true.
BOB SCALES: He's highly respected by soldiers simply because of his personality. He's probably one of the most un- general-like generals that we have at the four-star level in the Army today.
BOWMAN: Ham got his first combat command in 2004. He spent a year in Northern Iraq. During that tour, just before Christmas, a suicide bomber detonated an explosive inside a mess tent, killing 22, including 18 Americans. Ham arrived on the scene minutes after the blast. A couple of days later, he described what happened.
CARTER HAM: What we think is likely, but certainly not certain, is that an individual in an Iraqi military uniform, possibly with a vest-worn explosive device, was inside the facility and detonated the facility, causing this tragedy.
BOWMAN: Ham called it the worst day of his life. A few months later he returned home from Iraq. But he couldn't forget that day. He couldn't sleep. Loud noises startled him. He had mood swings. He talked about his experience on CNN a few years later.
HAM: I was withdrawn. I wanted to still be there. I felt like - that what I was doing was not important because - because I had soldiers who were killed. It's not a matter of letting go. I don't want to let go.
BOWMAN: This was unusual. Soldiers didn't admit to problems. Ham was among just a few senior officers who sought help for post-traumatic stress disorder. By going public, he showed the way for countless soldiers.
Again, his friend General Sattler.
SATTLER: They now have the courage to follow his example because he took the time to lay that example out there.
BOWMAN: These days, General Ham oversees the Libyan campaign from his headquarters in Stuttgart, Germany. He has to translate political goals into practical military action. It's complicated. He says U.S. and coalition pilots have to protect civilians, but not become the Air Force for Libyan rebels.
HAM: These are situations that brief much better at a headquarters than they do in a cockpit of an aircraft.
BOWMAN: The United States hopes to hand off responsibility for the Libyan campaign soon. That doesn't mean Ham's tough jobs will end. He'll keep running Africa Command, which means everything from pirates to humanitarian missions, and eventually the aftereffects of the war in Libya.
Tom Bowman, NPR News, Washington.
Copyright © 2011 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


text:
Forced diuresis
Forced diuresis (increased urine formation by diuretics and fluid) may enhance the excretion of certain drugs in urine and is used to treat drug overdose or poisoning of these drugs and hemorrhagic cystitis.[1]
Forced diuresis is used to encourage renal excretion of drugs or toxins. Most of the diuretic drugs are either weak acids or weak bases. When urine is made alkaline, elimination of acidic drugs in the urine is increased. Conversely, acidic urine promotes the elimination of drugs that are alkaline.
This method is only of therapeutic significance where the drug is excreted in active form in urine and where the pH of urine can be adjusted to levels above or below the pK value of the active form of drug. For acidic drugs, urine pH should be above the pK value of that drug, and converse for the basic drugs. It is because the ionization of acidic drug is increased in alkaline urine and ionized drugs cannot easily cross plasma membrane so cannot re-enter blood from kidney tubules. This method is ineffective for drugs which are strongly protein bound (e.g. tricyclic antidepressants) or which have a large apparent volume of distribution (e.g. paracetamol, tricyclic antidepressants).[2]
Forced alkaline diuresis has been used to increase the excretion of acidic drugs like salicylates[3] and phenobarbitone, while forced acid diuresis has been used to enhance the elimination of cocaine, amphetamine, quinine, quinidine, and strychnine when poisoning by these drugs has occurred.
Forced alkaline diuresis is also recommended for rhabdomyolysis.[4]
For forced alkaline diuresis, a diuretic like furosemide is given intravenously and sodium bicarbonate is added to the infusion fluid to make blood and, in turn, urine alkaline. Potassium replacement becomes of utmost importance in this setting because potassium is usually lost in urine. If blood levels of potassium are depleted below normal levels, then hypokalemia occurs, which promotes bicarbonate ion retention and prevents bicarbonate excretion, thus interfering with alkalinization of the urine.[5]
For forced acid diuresis, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is used. Ammonium chloride has also been used for forced acid diuresis but it is a toxic compound. Usually however, this technique only produces a slight increase in the renal clearance of the drug. Forced acid diuresis is rarely done in practice.[6]
- Immersion diuresis is a type of diuresis caused by immersion of the body in water (or equivalent liquid). It is mainly caused by lower temperature and by pressure.
See also
- ^ Chemotherapy and biotherapy guidelines and recommendations for practice. Oncology Nursing Society - Professional Association. 2001 (revised 2005 May; republished 2005 Dec). NGC:004665
- ^ Overdose
- ^ . doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5635.35.
- ^ NGC - NGC Summary
- ^ eMedicine - Toxicity, Barbiturate : Article by Rania Habal, MD
- ^ http://jack119.org/myxoops/jackdownloads/toxbook_singapore.pdf


text:
Men like Greg Dyke use the England football team to justify cultural vandalism. They take its name in vain, distort the dream it represents and reduce its mystique to an anodyne marketing concept. Then they wonder why it has never been more peripheral or divisive.
It would be a gross over-simplification to insist no-one cares, but the nation will hardly stop in its tracks tomorrow when Roy Hodgson announces his extended World Cup squad in the Micawberish traditions of his trade. England doesn't expect.
There will be a flurry of debate shaped by tribal loyalties, but something special has been lost, probably forever. The days when the national team was a symbol of unity, and players characterised their communities, have gone. The World Cup encourages nostalgia, and this summer's finals in Brazil will doubtlessly be a compelling diversion, but international football no longer engages emotionally in the way club football seizes the consciousness.
Dyke's FA Commission was assembled on the pretext that a successful England team is essential for the wider health of the game. It is not; it is merely an agreeable by-product of a far-sighted strategy that places greater importance on adequate facilities and a holistic coaching process.
Football has a broader social significance than a collection of multi-millionaires excelling in a bloated quadrennial tournament which funds self-serving quasi-statesmen like Sepp Blatter. Utilised correctly, and given appropriate government support at grassroots level, the game has untapped potential.
People have seen through the pretence which underpinned Dyke's report. Empire building and revenue maximisation, undertaken in the name of progress, has spread sedition. The FA chairman appears to have underestimated the impact of his Marie Antoinette moment, when he implied that lesser clubs were, by their nature, easily bought off.
There is a delicious irony in the fact the domination of the Premier League will ultimately kill the FA's cash cow, the England team. In the short term, the anger generated by Dyke's condescension is being channelled into a protest movement which advocates the boycott of the so-called farewell friendly against Peru at Wembley on May 30.
The FA lack natural allies. Dyke's attempt to appease the bigger clubs by espousing the B-team principle has merely allowed Premier League Chief Executive Richard Scudamore, a far more adept politician, to position himself as an unlikely champion of the oppressed.
Supporters of elite clubs are snug and smug in their Gazprom-sponsored comfort blanket. The Champions League anthem, a riff on Handel's Zadok the Priest, is on a constant tape loop, and they don't have to worry about the poor. They view Hodgson and his committee-room cohorts as superannuated squatters, who march into their penthouse apartment, break their best china and leave without compensation. They would much prefer their players to rest and avoid injury than represent their country.
The Premier League militates against a successful England team because it is built upon the financial imperative of survival. That leads clubs to stockpile young players like Imelda Marcos hoarded unworn shoes, and to dispense with managers with greater alacrity than Katie Price discards husbands.
The show goes on, to the moronic rhythms of that wretched England band. Sponsors are about to waste millions activating marketing strategies which fail lamentably to sustain the fantasy that football remains the people's game. There is nothing more transparent, or less convincing, than a football-themed advertisement. The subliminal message of a gormless fan eating a snack bar, while instructing Steven Gerrard on the art of the perfect free-kick – "you matter kid" – is patently absurd.
Gerrard is no less worthy an England captain than Bobby Moore. He does not deserve the mockery to which he has been subjected, following his fateful slip in Liverpool's pivotal defeat by Chelsea. Yet his personal qualities are being lost because, collectively, England players are associated with arrogance, greed and opportunism.
Sorry, Roy, but we are not All In It Together.
Be careful, Freddie
He has crashed a rally car, fought against a journeyman boxer and cycled across the Amazon basin. He even has his own clothing brand for those with a fuller figure and a fading fashion sense. Yet Freddie Flintoff will forever be defined by cricket.
It is a game of statistics which cannot capture the personality of a player who loved a pie, a pint and a pedalo. He was not merely an all-rounder; he was a life force. His successors in the England team have been browbeaten into becoming corporate clones.
Now, at 36, he is considering a comeback for Lancashire in domestic Twenty20 competition. That's where darkness descends and the jokes wear thin. Flintoff is in dangerous territory. The physical limitations – a gammy ankle and a bionic knee – are relatively simple to overcome. He will need only to bowl four overs. He will be detailed to hit sixes rather than sprint between the wickets.
It is the mental examination which carries a greater risk. Flintoff, by his own admission, fought depression. He may find vindication in release from the vacuum of celebrity, but he may also fail to live up to his own expectations. Stay safe out there, Fred.
Coventry's award is crass
The Football League is run by men as crass and incompetent as those further up the food chain who would deny them their birthright. How else are we expected to interpret their extraordinary decision to give Coventry City a "family excellence" award?
They have already failed in their duty of care to supporters by allowing the club's owners, a Mayfair-based hedge fund, to relocate the club to Northampton. Rewarding those behind the move insults a generation of parents and children who will lose the habit of watching their team.
Sorry is the easiest word
Malky Mackay frees himself to look for work following an abject apology to Cardiff City owner Vincent Tan. Thankfully Tim Sherwood, mesmerisingly off-message before his inevitable sacking by Tottenham, is made of sterner stuff.Reuse content