text:
Economic Impacts of Soybean Rust on the US Soybean Sector
The spread of Asian Soybean Rust (ASR) represents a real threat to the U.S. soybean sector. We assess the potential impacts of ASR on domestic soybean production and commodity markets as well as the competitive position of the US in the soybean export market. We develop a mathematical stochastic dynamic sector model with endogenous prices to assess the economic impacts of ASR on US agriculture. The model takes into account the disease spread during the cropping season, the inherent uncertainty regarding the risk of infection, and the dichotomous decisions that farmers make (no treatment, preventive treatment, and curative treatment) facing the risk of infection. Our results suggest substantial impacts from potential ASR spread on agricultural output, prices and exports. Our simulation results suggest that substantial losses to the US soybean producers may be avoided by establishing effective soybean rust controls. ASR control policies can be particularly efficient if applied in the gateway regions on the path of the ASR spread. On the other hand, our results indicate a possible gradual shift in soybean production from lower-latitude states toward higher-latitude states
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|Date of creation:
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: 555 East Wells Street, Suite 1100, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
Phone: (414) 918-3190
Fax: (414) 276-3349
Web page: http://www.aaea.org
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Johansson, Robert C. & Livingston, Michael J. & Westra, John V. & Guidry, Kurt M., 2006. "Simulating the U.S. Impacts of Alternative Asian Soybean Rust Treatment Regimes," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association, vol. 35(1), April.
- Johansson, Robert C. & Livingston, Michael J. & Westra, John & Guidry, Kurt, 2006. "Simulating the U.S. Impacts of Alternative Asian Soybean Rust Treatment Regimes," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 35(01), pages 116-127, April.
- Bekkerman, Anton & Goodwin, Barry K. & Piggott, Nicholas E., 2008. "Spatio-temporal Risk and Severity Analysis of Soybean Rust in the United States," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 33(3), December.
- Roberts, Michael J. & Schimmelpfennig, David E., 2006. "Public Information Creates Value," Amber Waves, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, April.
- Roberts, Michael J. & Schimmelpfennig, David E. & Ashley, Elizabeth & Livingston, Michael J. & Ash, Mark S. & Vasavada, Utpal, 2006. "The Value of Plant Disease Early-Warning Systems: A Case Study of USDA's Soybean Rust Coordinated Framework," Economic Research Report 7208, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
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text:
A simple fir garland and arrangements of fir sprigs and red berries adorn the fireplace in this Virginia country home.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pacific Wings
by: Sprakelsoft GmbH • 8.1K
All Android applications categories
All Android games categories
by: Sprakelsoft GmbH • 8.1K
Published: 2013-06-12, by Peter Warrior.
Bringing back the essence of old vertical shoot'em-ups as 1942, Pacific Wings allows us to pilot a plane over the Pacific in the midst of WW II, shooting down hundred of impossible enemy aircraft and breaking any law of Physics known so far as scroll rolls vertically and ammo lasts forever.
Controls are customizable but don't make the most of your device as all options are on-screen. Difficulty level is quite a bit unbalanced, and ranges from very hard to insanely impossible. Fortunately you get an extra life every 5,000 points, and have for sure you'll need them. Graphics are too simple, even for a homage to games from so many years ago. Likewise, animations are poor, so to speak, leaving this game a feeling of incompleteness. This doesn't mean it isn't fun, give it a go if you wish, but don't keep high expectations.
by Peter , Appszoom
Jun 12, 2013
from 8.112 reviews
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text:
Norway Farm Books or Bygdebøker
Norway Farm Books (often referred to as: Norwegian Farm Books)
Norwegians (outside of cities) lived in communities called "bygd" which really were small towns and villages. Norwegian Farm Books contain histories of these bygds, their families, and their communities. There is a surprising amount of information contained in them about families who lived in these communities, sometimes they list parishes that families have come from as well as where they move to. They have been transcribed from the original manuscripts and can be found in book form now...although they are not yet translated into English. There is an extraction program underway to extract the information from these farm books.
Throughout Scandinavia, including Norway, the "patronymic" naming system was used; meaning the last names would end in "sen" or "datter". Today most Norwegians use "family names" or set names. That would mean a patronymic name or a farm name being used as a surname. If a Norwegian surname does not end in "sen" it could be a farm name, and that could be a clue to help you locate their place of residence.
Finding the parish where the farm was located will tell you where the family records can be found.


text:
Walking through the street back home from school, i was thinking about why my dreams could of stopped all of a sudden...Well thats all i'd been thinking about really. I noticed rarley few children were on the streets after school like they normaly were, or walking back...'Probably at after school clubs' i said to myself, not worrying. Then out of the blues, these two men came rushing towards me, they wore thick black jackets, black trousers, and black boots, also a black gag that covered their faces and heads leaving eye room and nose room. They looked the typical film robbers, or kidnappers, cheesy and fake. One grabbed my right arm, pinching, the other grabbed my left arm, even harder. 'Hey, let go of me you freaks!!' I cried in the middle of the street, not many lookers, so just incase they dragged me around a alleyway corner, into the dark depths of the alleyway. I thought, this has to be me dreaming or, a joke. I looked around for sniggering watchers, or cameras filiming,non.
I yelled out, but they clamped duck tape around my mouth. Finaly one of them husked a few words 'Shut the hell up boy' The one that had deep brown eyes, said. 'Muuummmmaaaamh' I Mumbled through the painfully stuck tape. 'Oi, Bill, we shouldn't o' done 'dis, whats he done t' us?' The one with they bright light blue eyes, said. 'Nuthin' but i dunno, might have some, cash on him, heard he was wealthy' Replied the so called Bill. 'Ohhhh come on, of course im wealthy i have a a stash of 50 quid in my bag' I thought to myself. 'Hey you kid, got any money on ya?' Bill asked, rather rudley. Wait,let me think about this, if i said yes, they might leave me alone and i can run home and tell my mom and she can call the police or, they might let me go but tell me to meet them with more... If i say no, they might kill me....I nodded my head in answer, i pointed my head to my bag perched on the ground. 'Taar' Bill replied, reaching for my bag and riffling through it. He pulled out the wad of £50.


text:
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pamom4kids has been tickled 411 times.
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Filter Results:
Publication Year
Publication Type
Publication Venue
Data Set Used
Key Phrases
Learn More
- Ian Horrocks, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Frank van Harmelen
- J. Web Sem.
- 2003
The OWL Web Ontology Language is a new formal language for representing ontologies in the Semantic Web. OWL has features from several families of representation languages, including primarily Description Logics and frames. OWL also shares many characteristics with RDF, the W3C base of the Semantic Web. In this paper we discuss how the philosophy and… (More)
- Ian Horrocks, Oliver Kutz, Ulrike Sattler
- 2006
We describe an extension of the description logic underlying OWL-DL, SHOIN , with a number of expressive means that we believe will make it more useful in practise. Roughly speaking, we extend SHOIN with all expressive means that were suggested to us by ontol-ogy developers as useful additions to OWL-DL, and which, additionally , do not affect its… (More)
We show how to interoperate, semantically and inferentially, between the leading Semantic Web approaches to rules (RuleML Logic Programs) and ontologies (OWL/DAML+OIL Description Logic) via analyzing their expressive intersection. To do so, we define a new intermediate knowledge representation (KR) contained within this intersection: Description Logic… (More)
- Ian Horrocks, Ulrike Sattler, Stephan Tobies
- 1999
Description Logics (DLs) are a family of knowledge representation formalisms mainly characterised by constructors to build complex concepts and roles from atomic ones. Expressive role constructors are important in many applications, but can be computationally problemat-ical. We present an algorithm that decides satissability of the DL ALC extended with… (More)
- Dmitry Tsarkov, Ian Horrocks
- 2006
This is a system description of the Description Logic reasoner FaCT++. The reasoner implements a tableaux decision procedure for the well known SHOIQ description logic, with additional support for datatypes, including strings and integers. The system employs a wide range of performance enhancing optimisations, including both standard techniques (such as… (More)
- Bernardo Cuenca Grau, Ian Horrocks, Boris Motik, Bijan Parsia, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Ulrike Sattler
- J. Web Sem.
- 2008
Since achieving W3C recommendation status in 2004, the Web Ontology Language (OWL) has been successfully applied to many problems in computer science. Practical experience with OWL has been quite positive in general; however, it has also revealed room for improvement in several areas. We systematically analyze the identified shortcomings of OWL, such as… (More)
- Ian Horrocks, Ulrike Sattler, Stephan Tobies
- 2000
While there has been a great deal of work on the development of reasoning algorithms for expressive description logics, in most cases only Tbox reasoning is considered. In this paper we present an algorithm for combined Tbox and Abox reasoning in the SHIQ description logic. This algorithm is of particular interest as it can be used to decide the problem of… (More)
- Stefan Decker, Sergey Melnik, +5 authors Ian Horrocks
- IEEE Internet Computing
- 2000
semantic interoperability on the Web, but XML addresses only document structure. RDF better facilitates interoperation because it provides a data model that can be extended to address sophisticated ontology representation techniques. T he World Wide Web is possible because a set of widely established standards guarantees interoperability at various levels.… (More)
- Dieter Fensel, Frank van Harmelen, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider
- IEEE Intelligent Systems
- 2001
R esearchers in artificial intelligence first developed ontologies to facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse. Since the beginning of the 1990s, ontologies have become a popular research topic, and several AI research communities—including knowledge engineering, natural language processing, and knowledge representation— have investigated them. More recently,… (More)
- Richard Fikes, Patrick J. Hayes, Ian Horrocks
- J. Web Sem.
- 2004
This paper discusses the issues involved in designing a query language for the Semantic Web and presents the OWL Query Language (OWL-QL) as a candidate standard language and protocol for query-answering dialogues among Semantic Web computational agents using knowledge represented in the W3C's Ontology Web Language (OWL). OWL-QL is a formal language and… (More)


text:
Simple Web Indexing System For Humans (SWISH)
Definition - What does Simple Web Indexing System For Humans (SWISH) mean?
The Simple Web Indexing System for Humans (SWISH) is an open-source tool for indexing Web pages as well as other documents, including text, HTML and XML.
SWISH is used where there are large numbers of documents, including Web pages and other documents, that need to be indexed. The tool has ability to index emails, PDF, HTML, XML, Microsoft Word/Powerpoint/Excel, simple plain text and any other type of file that can be converted to XML or HTML text.
Techopedia explains Simple Web Indexing System For Humans (SWISH)
The Simple Web Indexing System for Humans - Enhanced (SWISH-e) is the descendant of SWISH. SWISH was developed by Kevin Hughes in 1994 and was eventually re-released under general public license as SWISH-E in 1996.
Features of SWISH include:
- It can be used with relational databases such as MySQL for fast full-text searching.
- It comes with a Web spider to index remote documents over HTTP
- It supports fuzzy searching, phrase searching and wild card searching
- It can return document summaries with each search
- It has the ability to limit the searches to a certain part of the document or specific HTML and XML elements
- It can make you aware of any structural errors in your XML and HTML documents
- The index file can be ported from one platform to another - it is platform independent.
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text:
|2,000 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|3 nights
Beautiful, 2000 square foot, lakefront home located at the three mile marker on the Big Niangua arm of the lake known for its smooth water, which is great for skiing or tubing. Fishing is good off the dock and in the many near-by coves. Yacht bumpers on side of dock to protect boat when tying up.
Perhaps you'd prefer just relaxing or sunbathing on one of the two decks. Picnic table next to lake & 2 tables on upper deck for eating/playing games. The dock contains a swim platform with ladder and jet ski lift. There is a 'martini' deck that extends over the water which is a great place to sunbathe. There are benches around the deck and a picnic table plus lawn chairs. Additional lawn chairs and tables with an umbrella are for your use on the deck that wraps aropund two sides of the house.
Large great room with dining area at one end and a fireplace at the other. Kitchen with lots of built-ins and appliances. All utensils, bedding and linens are furnished.
For the convenience of our other guests, we ask that there is NO SMOKING inside the house, and NO pets. Fireworks are NOT permitted as this is a wooded, residential area. My phone number is 785-528-1180.
Keywords: Beautiful Lakeside Home
My husband and I were looking ahead to retirement in 2004. He was retired and I was planning on it. He loved to golf, and there are lots of courses in the area. He could fish right off the dock.
Shirley Smulling purchased this house in 2004
Bud's sister owned the house next door and our close friends lived 2 doors away. We loved the outdoorsy, peaceful atmosphere. A lot of the yard is shady (I sunburn) but lots of sun, too. The deck on 2 sides of the house is great for eating outdoors.
There's a 'martini' deck that extends over the lake with a bench on 3 sides. Good for sun bathing or for a group of friends to sit. Also a picnic table down there, too. Next to the water on the other side of the yard is a 'porch' swing to sit and enjoy the lake breezes, Fantastic view of the lake from the 7 living room windows.
Our family enjoyed our stay at Whispering Oaks very much. The home is charming and spacious and cozy at the same time. We are a family of 6 and the rooms were perfect for all of the us. The home is well stocked and offered more than I expected. It really felt like we were visiting a friends or family members home. Super clean and well cared for, stress-free and comfortable.
I grew up on the lake and know it from end to end . Whether traveling by car or boat -- the home is centrally located and emphasizes the quiet, more useable part of the lake that to me, is much more representative of a true Lake of the Ozarks experience.
This was a last minute arrangement and the owner was very accomodating. She and the new guests were also very gracious and helpful, when I accidentally left some important items behind and had to come back for them!:)
This lake house is EXCEPTIONAL!!! The pictures do not do it justice. The home was very clean and well stocked. No worries if you forgot to pack something because it was there. We have good friends who stay at a pricier resort and when they saw the home, they were amazed at the space! We will definitely be back. Thank you for making our trip even better!
We have a small boat and have stayed at busier parts of the lake. This part of the lake was so much better for having a smaller boat. We loved having a house instead of a condo this year. We liked the privacy and liked having our own dock to hang out on and swim off of. The kitchen was well equipped. We ate out one meal a day but ate at the house for the other two. The kitchen had everything I needed to cook for a family of 5. We will definitely be staying here again!
Our family stayed here 7/14/16 thru 7/17/16. The home was very well stocked and very clean. The deck is shaded which worked well because it was very warm , and usually had a good breeze. Spent most of our time outdoors swimming or fishing. Very convenient to grocery shopping or Captain Ron's for dinner and drinks.
Our family loved the time we spent at the lake house. There was plenty of room for all of us. The mornings on the decks were awesome. The location was perfect, entertainment was right across the cove or just a short boat ride down the lake. When the weather did not cooperate we were still very comfortable in the house. Planning our next visit already. Thank you.
Our family thoroughly enjoyed our stay. The house was so clean. There was plenty of room for the six of us. The kitchen was fully equipped, and had a nice outdoor grill. The kids enjoyed fishing, swimming, and floating. The outdoor living was wonderful. We spent most of our time outdoors enjoying the 2decks and the swing. We plan on coming back next year. A wonderful time was had by all. Thank you.
Ha Ha Tonka State Park within 13 land miles. Can also be reached by boat. Bridal Cave is nearby. Grocery, restaurants, gas stations and convenience stores 3 to 5 minutes away. Hiking trails nearby and bird watching just outside your door.
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
3 night minimum stay
|Cleaning Fee
|$95 + Tax
|Refundable damage deposit
|Tax Rate
A cleaning fee of $95.


text:
DOVER — Local Strafford County Dept. of Corrections officer and nurses recently competed in the Run for your Lives 5k to benefit the Kennedy Kreiger Institute.
We wanted a way to give back to the community outside of the walls and also have a good time.
It took us 1.5 hours to complete the 5k with only 3 of us surviving.


text:
Need an hCG Test in Oakdale, CA? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable hCG Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
What is the hCG Test?
The hCG Test is a lab test that helps people in Oakdale, CA check their hCG levels. This hCG Test is typically far more accurate than a urine test.
How much does the hCG Test cost?
Our hCG Test price includes the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Oakdale, CA, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, CLICK HERE.
What does the hCG Test report look like?
For the hCG Test sample report, please CLICK HERE.
We are delighted to offer the hCG Test in Oakdale, CA.
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text:
Donatienne email@example.com
JLL is a financial and professional services firm specializing in commercial real estate services and investment management. We create value for companies and institutions that invest in and use real estate. With 52,700 employees across 200 corporate offices worldwide, we serve the local, regional and global real estate needs of corporates and investors in more than 75 countries.
We offer you the culture and work environment where you will have the opportunity to learn, grow and do your best work every day. Your ability to connect with others will be rewarded, your creativity will be valued and your professional contributions will be recognized.
Our Retail Agency team is looking for
a Junior Account Manager for its office in Antwerp
Source and develop new business opportunities in Antwerp and Flanders with focus on high streets and shopping centers
Target potential occupiers and organise active prospection campaigns
Actively manage a portfolio of retail units in Antwerp and Flanders
Marketing and leasing of (future) shopping centers
Manage major retailers active in Antwerp and Flanders
Prepare occupiers profiles, expansion and marketing strategies
Negotiate and prepare leases and sales with both international and national clients
Source deals to Capital Markets, provide input in Research and Marketing
Direct assistance and reporting to the Head of Retail Leasing department
High School/University degree
Experience in "business-to-business" and retail sector is an asset
Good knowledge of the commercial lease is a must
Fluent in Dutch, English and French
Good commercial, analytical and organisational skills
Being a good team player
Dynamic and motivated person with a special interest in the retail business
We offer :
An interesting position in an inspiring, dynamic, international organization of professionals
A permanent, full time contract
An interesting benefits package
Candidates are invited to mail their application and C.V. to firstname.lastname@example.com
Your application and CV can be in any language (English, French or Dutch)
A representative will be in contact with you shortly.
Need help? Connect with one of our experts. We look forward to helping you with your real estate needs.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is voluntary but will seriously multiply your chances of your profile being viewed by interested members. Write a little about yourself, your interests and atach your nicest photo of yourself.
Use our website's sophisticated search to pinpoint members who meet your requirements. Or just look through listings and pinpoint singles that you like.
Located someone who tickles your fancy? Send them a few words or just a wink and await their reply. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding the love of your life.
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text:
Lace Overlay
Lace overlay refers to when a piece of lace is laying over another fabrication. It normally is in contrasting colors for example, you can have an ivory colored lace over a rose colored fabric etc.
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text:
-Edgar Allan Poe
I'm an English major at the University of Louisville. I love reading and I have since I was a kid. Reading is part of what made me want to be a teacher because if it wasn't for some of my earliest ones I would have never realized how much I love reading. I love to write as well and I write short stories and poetry in my spare time. I am currently working on expanding my library of classic and modern works so if you're ever looking for me on one of the rare Saturdays I have off I'm usually in a book store looking around.
Learning for me is something that I need to have. I love to research new topics and if I find myself interested in a subject I immerse myself in finding out what its all about. There's often times where I'll read about something in a book or on the internet that I don't recognize and I'll end up with 50 different tabs open because while reading about the initial subject I'll see something else I don't know anything about and one thing leads to another. I have knowledge on subjects that I have no intention of ever using simply because they fascinated me.
I'm an avid video game player and collector. Nintendo is my main system and has been since I was a kid, but I also have an Xbox 360 and I'm planning on getting a PS4 in the near future. As far as games go The Legend of Zelda is probably my favorite series of all time. I have a pretty huge array of games in my collection spanning from the NES to the Wii U and everything in between along with a solid selection of Xbox titles.
Tattoos. I love them I think they are some of the purest forms of self-expression and they're beautiful because they have a special meaning to the who bears them. I only have one at the present time, but I have plans to get many more.
During what little downtime I have in my busy life, I usually balance between binge watching shows on Netflix, playing through whatever video game I'm currently hooked on, and going out with friends so I'm not a total shut-in recluse.
Otherwise I'm just working and enjoying my life one step at a time.
Working more than I should
Being kind of rad
Buying things I have absolutely no need for on ebay
Movies: I really like movies a lot haha. I like everything too from blockbuster hits to b-movies that look like they were filmed by an 8 year old in their garage.
Shows: I'm not huge on television, but I love cartoons. I grew up with cartoons and I love the stuff they're making now. Scooby Doo is my personal favorite it taught me logic and deductive reasoning along with the fact that most monsters are just creepy guys in costumes.
Music: I love music so much and I have a huge range I mean the only thing that I don't like is Country, nothing against it just not something I enjoy. My typical playlist consists of Arch Enemy, Killswitch Engage, Rise Against, Three Days Grace, Brand New, The Used, All That Remains, Senses Fail, Protest the Hero, Norma Jean, Coal Chamber, Beck, Daft Punk, The Human Abstract, Jimmy Eat World, My Chemical Romance, Immortal Technique, KiD CuDi, Mindless Self Indulgence, Korn, Kottonmouth Kings, Say Anything, Weezer, System of a Down, Funeral For A Friend, Disturbed, Lamb of God, Flyleaf, Sum 41, Yellowcard, Wolfmother, Thrice, Paramore, Job For A Cowboy, Eminem, Creature Feature, Broadway, Tobacco, Blackmoth Super Rainbow, Oceana, 30 Seconds to Mars, Saosin, All-American Rejects, Chiodos, The Killers, Rammstein, Blink 182, Less Than Jake.
Food is whatever to me I'll eat anything really haha.
Chocolate Milk
The pursuit of knowledge


text:
CyberKnife Center of Chicago treats many different types of cancer. Our doctors and staff make up one of the most experienced CyberKnife teams in the Chicago area and are committed to conducting research that will lead to a better understanding of stereotactic radiation treatment and its impact on patients' lives.
Key Advantages of Cancer Treatment at CyberKnife Center of Chicago
CyberKnife Advantage
Key Advantages of Cancer Treatment at Chicago CyberKnife®
CyberKnife® Advantage
"The staff was very professional and knowledgeable. They did a great job of explaining everything and I would absolutely recommend this team to anyone."
– CyberKnife Center of Chicago Patient


text:
Meaning of "lie through your teeth" in the English Dictionary
(Definition of "lie through your teeth" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
Blogs about "lie through your teeth"
Get a quick, free translation!
- lie in
- lie in sth
- lie in wait idiom
- lie low idiom
- lie through your teeth idiom
- lie up
- Liechtenstein
- Liechtensteiner
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 21, 2008
|Filing date
|Feb 13, 2004
|Priority date
|Feb 13, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Yin S. Tang
|Original Assignee
|Tang Yin S
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (52), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (1), Classifications (16), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present disclosure of invention relates generally to solid state amplification of optical signals in photonic structures such as in monolithically integrated structures.
The disclosure relates more specifically to the provision of rare-earth doped gain regions into photonic and/or electro-optical structures and to uses of the same.
The disclosures of the following U.S. patents are incorporated herein by reference:
Discrete optical fibers are typically used as the primary building blocks of modern optical networks. The fibers are often formed to have a cylindrical core section and one or more, cylindrical-shell shaped cladding sections around the core, all made of flexible materials. The core and claddings are provided with different refractive indices so as to encourage optical signals to propagate along the fibers, usually by total internal reflection.
In theory, optical signals should travel very long distances over fibers. However, real-world fibers exhibit loss and dispersion. As a result, optical signals traveling through real-world fibers lose optical signal strength and/or waveform integrity. The signals often need to be periodically amplified and the signal content (e.g., waveform) of such signals frequently needs to be re-shaped or regenerated; typically by using so-called O-E-O modules. Generally, an O-E-O module operates by first converting a weakened and/or distorted optical signal into electrical form, and then by reconditioning the transduced signal (O-E conversion) and then by regenerating the signal back into optical form by, for example, using an electrically-modulated laser (E-O conversion) to thereby produce the revitalized signal. Such an O-E-O process typically occurs every 50 kilometers or so along conventional fiber links.
In addition to O-E-O reprocessing, simple optical amplification (without conversion and waveform reconditioning) may also occur along conventional fiber links, typically at shorter interims of the transmission. One of the key components for providing such optical-only amplification is so-called Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA's). These are widely used in the fiber optical telecommunications industry including both for long haul and metro networks. As their name implies, EDFA's conventionally include a discrete optical fiber whose core is doped with erbium (Er). The Er doping causes the doped fiber section to operate as a gain medium. When such a gain medium is pumped with external pump energy, such as from a laser of appropriate wavelength, optical signals of appropriate wavelength in the fiber can be amplified.
Aside from EDFA's, so-called Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA's) are also commonly used in the industry, especially for metro networks where the fiber layout is usually not more than a couple of hundred miles. It is understood by those skilled in the art that quantum noise level of SOA-processed optical signals is very high compared to that generated by EDFA's. This fundamentally limits the applicable situations in which SOA's may be deployed.
In a conventional EDFA, energy is added to the incoming optical signal from an appropriately coupled pump laser. The pump laser is usually in the form of a solid state laser operating at a wavelength of around 980 nm. Recently, the industry has begun adopting a new kind of EDFA,—a so-called, Raman pumped EDFA which is also referred to as an Erbium doped Raman Amplifier or "EDRA". EDRA's tend to exhibit much better performance than standard EDFA's, and it is believed they could extend the optical-only transmission distance of information to hundreds of miles of fiber or more without need for signal regeneration. Unlike standard EDFA's, these Raman amplifiers (EDRA's) use a pump laser having a laser frequency which is about one optical phonon frequency higher than the signal frequency. In other words, for the standard C-band centered at about 1.5 μm wavelength that is used in long haul fiber optical networks, the required pumping laser is about 100 nm shorter in wavelength than the information carrying wavelength (or, ˜1.4 μm in this case). It is believed that phonon interaction and nonlinear media behavior produce the observed gain in signal strength.
Although the performance of the newer Raman amplifiers (EDRA's) is very good, the cost of a discrete EDRA amplifier module tends to be very high; much higher than the already costly, discrete EDFA modules. Additionally, both of conventional EDRA's and EDFA's suffer the drawbacks of having very large physical sizes and high power consumptions.
The gain media for both of conventional EDRA's and EDFA's is typically, a discrete optical fiber that is doped with erbium (Er)—when used for 1.5 μm C-band information transmitting applications. The pump source can be defined by multiple semiconductor lasers of differing wavelengths that are multiplexed together to cover the broad band range which may be required by the telecommunications network. Various modifications may be provided for obtaining flattened power output over the whole range of wavelengths in the used frequency band. These may include adjusting individual pump lasers at different wavelengths and/or deploying gain flattened wavelength filters (gain equalizers).
Recently, erbium-doped polymer materials (organic compounds) have been studied and optical amplifiers based on such erbium doped polymers have been proposed. The proposals include those that suggest the fabrication of planar waveguides where the planar waveguides are fabricated with the erbium doped polymers so as to provide devices that are small and cheap and easy to mass produce and can be monolithically integrated with other planar optical elements (e.g., planar waveguides) so as to perform different functions—the so-called photonic integrated chip. These proposals have drawbacks. Polymer based materials tend to be unstable and unreliable due to their organic material nature (e.g., they tend to have large and disorderly molecule chains with embedded holes that can trap gases and/or release or absorb gases from the environment, this making the polymer-based amplifiers very sensitive to environmental changes such as changes in temperature and/or humidity).
Because of these drawbacks, the industry still lacks a practical way for providing integrated optical signal amplification without incurring the high cost, large module size, and the high power consumption typically associated with discrete versions of EDRA's and EDFA's.
Structures and methods may be provided in accordance with the present disclosure of invention for improving over the above-summarized shortcomings of the art.
More specifically, in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a monolithically integrated device comprising: (a) a substrate; and (b) a substantially non-organic, Rare-Earth Doped Semiconductor layer (REDS layer) integrated with the substrate, where the REDS layer is patterned to define one or more optical amplifying structures each having: (b.1) at least a first I/O port for receiving or outputting a first optical signal, and (b.2) at least one pump energy receiving port for receiving pumping energy in the form of at least one of electrical pump energy and/or optical pump energy. In one particular set of embodiments, at least one of the optical amplifying structures is a Raman type amplifier where a corresponding pump energy receiving port (b.2a) is structured for receiving Raman type pumping energy having an effective frequency which is about one optical phonon frequency higher than a signal frequency of an optical signal supplied at a corresponding I/O port.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present disclosure the REDS layer (Rare-Earth Doped Semiconductor layer) is patterned to further define one or more optical processing elements such as plural waveguides (WG's—or more specifically, Arrayed WaveGuides (AWG's) which can respectively process different wavelengths, thus providing wavelength domain multiplexing and demultiplexing), gratings, phase shift modulators, and optically, electrically and/or mechanically (e.g., MEM's) controlled spatial multiplexers and/or demultiplexers. With the use of semiconductor-based gain media (e.g., monocrystalline silicon that is appropriately doped with one or more rare earth elements) instead of organic-based gain media it becomes possible to provide stable and reliable optical amplification integrally with further optical processing functions such as AWG's, etc. Thus, an integrated, solid-state, planar optical device with good reliability and stability may be provided that can be used with electrical pump energy and/or optical pump energy—where the latter can be a Raman pump or a non-Raman pump. If a Raman pump is used, the device may be structured to reshape (recondition) the optical information contained in the amplified beams, as generally would an O-E-O module that contains electrical amplification means, electrical signal reconditioning and optical signal regeneration means.
In accordance with further aspects of the present disclosure it will be seen that non-organic materials such as silicon and/or silicon oxide and/or other semiconductors and/or their compounds can be integrally formed as part of a monolithic or other integrated device so as to define an optical gain media that is erbium doped (Er-doped) for use, for example in the 1.5 μm transmission band; and/or that is doped with other rare earth elements such as Nd+ or Yb+ doped for respective use in the 1.34 μm or 1.3 μm bands. Preparation methods for forming the rare earth doped semiconductor regions may include surface plasma deposition of the rare earth elements, and/or inclusion of the rare earth elements in vapor deposition processes (e.g., CVD, ALD, etc.) and/or diffusion, and/or ion implantation of the rare earth elements into the material regions that are to function as optical gain regions. Additionally, concentrations of the incorporated rare earth elements (e.g., Er) in their host materials (e.g., Si or SiO2) may be enhanced by use of respectively more-soluble rare earth compounds (e.g., ErO) that can form solubility-enhancing complexes (e.g., Er—O—Si═Si═ . . . ) with their host materials. Additionally or alternatively, concentrations of the incorporated rare earth elements (e.g., Er) in their host materials (e.g., monocrystalline or polycrystalline Si or SiO2) may be enhanced by trapping them under or between amorphous layers (e.g., amorphous Si and/or amorphous silicon oxide or amorphous silicon nitride) so as to reduce out-diffusion, particularly as a result of rare earth dopant (e.g. Er) activation by rapid thermal annealing or the like.
In accordance with further aspects of the present disclosure it will be seen that the optical gain regions may be integrated within ridge waveguides, rib waveguides and/or the like and that the latter may define amplifying waveguides, amplifying arrayed waveguides (AWG's), amplifying optical switches and other optical or electro-optical components of suitable small sizes that may be used for photonic integration applications. It will be seen that various optical gain-media pumping methods may be employed including electrical current injection (for generating electrically excited luminescence or electroluminescence); use of 980 nm laser pump and/or use of Raman pumping. It will be seen that various pump energy injection configurations may be used including: non-parallel injection (this including having the pumping beam travel in any direction other than parallel to, and in exactly the same direction as that of the signal beam) and more specifically, having the pumping beam travel generally perpendicularly to the information-carrying, signal beam and repeatedly bouncing the pumping beam back and forth in non-parallel fashion within the gain media so as to increase the number of signal-amplifying interactions occurring between the triad of the pumping beam, the signal beam, and the available concentration of rare earth atoms. More specifically, metallic or other mirrors may be used to provide multiple internal reflection of the pump energy through the gain media to thereby increase pumping efficiency and reduce pump-to-signal interference and to thereby produce an easily-extractable output signal beam that has improved signal to noise ratio).
In accordance with further aspects of the present disclosure it will be seen that the integrally formed, optical-gain regions may be used to fabricate active rather than passive multiplexer/demultiplexer (MUX/DEMUX) components so that such normally-lossy components can become substantially lossless or even provide greater than-unity gain. Such improved MUX/DEMUX with gain components may be suitably used for creating Metro optical networks without the need for other types of larger and more expensive amplifiers (e.g., discrete EDFAs, SOAs, etc.). Devices formed in accordance with the disclosure can be used for single wavelength operations or multi-channel, wavelength-division operations, with or without integrated MUX/DEMUX functionalities.
It will be seen that the integrally formed, optical-gain regions may be used to monolithically form Erbium Doped Planar Amplifiers (EDPA's) or Erbium Doped Planar Raman Amplifier (EDPRA's) for use with on-the-fly optical signal regeneration (that is, without the need for O-E-O conversion), as well as for use in eliminating passive waveguide loss in integrated photonic components and modules. Devices built in accordance with the disclosure may be made compact in size, cheap to mass produce and with the reliability and consistency advantages associated with electronic integrated circuits made of similar semiconductor materials (e.g., Si that is doped only with electrical conductivity providing dopants, SiO2 and the like). It will be seen that devices built in accordance with the disclosure may be made suitable for on-chip integration of photonic, electronic, and/or electro-photonic functionalities so as to increase overall usefulness without substantial sacrifice of device performance.
A method in accordance with the present disclosure for mass producing integrated photonic and/or electro-photonic devices may include the steps of: (a) incorporating one or more rare earth elements with appropriate concentrations into silicon and/or silicon oxide and/or into other semiconductors and/or their dielectric compounds, where the incorporation may occur as the semiconductor and/or semiconductor compound regions are being grown or otherwise formed directly on a monolithically integrated device or as they are formed for subsequent bonding to the monolithically integrated device and where the incorporation correspondingly defines one or more optical gain media regions within the integrated device; (b) defining respective signal input ports in the integrated device for receiving input optical signals into corresponding ones of the one or more optical gain media regions; (c) defining respective pump energy receiving means in the integrated device for receiving pump energy into corresponding ones of the one or more optical gain media regions; and (d) defining respective signal output means in the integrated device for outputting optical signals from corresponding ones of the one or more optical gain media regions. The fabrication process may further include the formation of appropriate pump energy guiding means for guiding radiative pump energy and/or injected electrical current into the one or more optical gain media regions for promoting interaction between the pump energy, the input optical signal(s) and the incorporated, rare earth elements. The incorporation of the one or more rare earth elements may include the provision of one or more binding agents such as oxygen for enhancing binding between the rare earth elements (e.g., Er) and the host material (e.g., monocrystalline Si) and/or the provision of one or more trapping layers (e.g., amorphous Si and/or amorphous silicon oxide) so as to reduce out-diffusion of the incorporated rare earth element(s) and/or the provision of one or more rapid thermal treatment steps so as to activate the incorporated rare earth element(s) within their respective parts of the host material.
Other aspects of the disclosure will become apparent from the below detailed description.
The below detailed description section makes reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
More specifically, the illustrated device 100 is structured to have a monocrystalline silicon substrate 105 having a respective first refractive index, n0, and a respective first thickness, D05. A silicon dioxide layer 110 has been thermally grown or has been otherwise formed on the substrate 105 to provide a second layer of a respective second refractive index, n1, and a respective second thickness, D10. A polysilicon layer 120 (it could be or include amorphous material) has been provided on top of layer 110 by, for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or otherwise to thereby provide yet another region of a respective third refractive index, n2, and a respective third thickness, D20. Alternatively, layer 120 could have started as a monocrystalline and separately grown silicon layer that has been bonded onto the substrate (105) plus dielectric layer (110) through well known wafer bonding and layer separation techniques. Part of that original, third thickness, D20 of layer 120 may have disappeared due to planarization (e.g., CMP), etching or other fabrication processes. The various fabrication processes that had been used, left behind the illustrated, upwardly projecting ribs, 140 and 142.
In yet another embodiment, silicon layer 120 can be monocrystalline and the buried silicon oxide layer 110 may have been provided for example, by implantation of oxygen (SIMOX process). The point is that there are many possible ways to form silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures. Various electronic components such as field effect transistors and so forth may be fabricated in the regions schematically represented as 130 using the first and second semiconductor layers, 105, 120 and the intervening dielectric layer 110 as a basis for forming such electronically-functional components 130. Various proposals abound for how to operatively integrate the electronic functionalities of components 130 with optical functionalities provided by rib structures such as the integrated 140 and 142.
Rib portions 140 and 142 define respective parts of larger rib-type optical waveguides, where the optical waveguides may be used for confining and guiding the transmission of photonic signals through them. For the sake of convenience, the larger "waveguides" will be identified by the same reference numbers (140 and 142) that are used to identify their respective and upwardly-projecting rib portions (where the rib portions are the portions of layer 120 that project upwardly by respective heights, H1 and H2). Confinement of the transmitted photonic signals occurs because of the regions of different effective refractive indices surrounding the signals. More specifically, waveguide 140 is understood to include its respective and upwardly projecting rib 140, where rib 140 has a height dimension of H1 and an effective width dimension of W1. Waveguide 140 is understood to further include a below-rib depth dimension, D1, as shown. The different effective refractive indices of the materials within the regions of the ribbed waveguides (e.g., the n2 of silicon layer 120) and of those surrounding the ribbed waveguides (namely, the n1 of layer 110 and the n3 surrounding rib 140 from above—where the top surrounding material can be air, or a silicon oxide, or a silicon nitride) tend to cause an appropriately injected, optical signal to be confined within the area of the rib and just below it, as is loosely represented by the triple arrow-headed symbol at 145. The upper surrounding material, incidentally, shown around rib portion 140 may define part of an optional cladding layer 141.
Symbol 145 is intended as a crude introduction. Optical intensity distribution and confinement is more precisely shown in the adjoining rib waveguide 142. As seen, rib waveguide 142 has a respective height H2, width W2, depth D2, and a separation distance S12 spacing it away from the first rib portion 140 of the first waveguide (the one covered by cladding 141). Dashed iso-intensity lines are used to represent the different intensity regions of a confined optical signal 150 that may be confined by, and transmitted by the second waveguide 142. The most intense portion of the photonic signal 150 is typically found in a core region 151 near where the rib meets with the bulk of layer 120. Typically, most of the signal's strength and intensity is maintained within the physical boundaries of the optical-signal conducting media as is represented by intensity outline 153. In some cases, a small portion of the signal intensity may transcend (effervesce) across the material boundaries and enter into adjoining regions as is represented by peripheral intensity outline 155. Specific behaviors of specific, optical signals may depend on a wide variety of factors including, but not limited to, signal wavelength, signal intensity, signal mode, distributions of effective refractive index values in and around the signal-conducting materials, linearity of the signal-conducting materials, and so forth.
The dielectric layer 210 of structure 200 may be thermally grown silicon dioxide or it may be spun-on glass or another type of electrically insulating and/or optically useable material including, but not limited to, silicon dioxide, silicon nitrides and silicon oxinitrides. An amorphous surface region of an electrically insulating and/or optically useable material including, but not limited to, silicon dioxide, silicon nitrides and silicon oxinitrides may be deposited (via CVD or otherwise) at the top of layer 210 (not separately shown) to provide a rare earth trapping function as shall be further explained below. If photonic signal 250 is to be cleanly guided within a next-formed layer 220 (see
Unlike the conventional case of
Concentrations of the incorporated rare earth elements such as illustrated at 215, 225 (
By using an appropriate one or more binding agents for forming rare earth binding complexes (e.g., Er—O—Si) it is possible to increase the amount of Er dopant atoms that become fixedly embedded within the host material and that do not diffuse out during thermal activation or over time (over the long term—during the operative life of the device, which could be longer than 5-10 years), where this increase is seen in relative comparison to what effective rare earth concentration would result from simply mixing in just the elemental version of Er (or of one of the other rare earth elements) alone into a generally solid solubility limited host material (e.g., silicon). When the concentration of the fixedly incorporated, rare earth element(s) is increased by use of one or more, solubility-increasing techniques (e.g., by admixing bind/rare compounds such as Er2O3, ErN, and/or ErS as well as amorphous material trapping), the gain media has more rare earth atoms present for interacting with signal and with the pump radiation. The increased concentration of rare earth element(s) can provide for a more efficient optical amplification mechanism.
As already indicated above, an additional or alternative way of retaining more Er atoms in a host material such as silicon is to use an amorphous form of the host (such as amorphous silicon or amorphous silicon oxide or the like) as one or more intermediate trapping layers (thin) and/or as a capping layer (thicker) and/or as a foundation layer to thereby prevent the out-diffusion of the rare earth element (e.g., Er) from the hosting material. The optical transmitting quality of the amorphous material may not be as good as that of a monocrystalline form of the same host material, but a compromise can be made by interlacing relatively thin layers of the amorphous form with thicker layers of the non-amorphous form. Use of one or both of amorphous host material and/or binding complexes allows for higher concentrations of the rare earth atoms (e.g., erbium atoms) to be fixedly retained in the host material than would be allowed by the normal solid solubility limit of just a simple, non-amorphous form of the host material. Accordingly, by using rare earth/bind compounds (e.g., ErO, ErN, ErS) which better bind to the host material and/or by using amorphous trapping layers, it is possible to incorporate a higher, operative concentration of the rare earth atoms into the host material (e.g., silicon). After appropriate trapping and/or binding areas are formed in the host material complex, the attainment of yet higher concentrations of rare earth elements may be had by way additive, energetic ion implant of the one or more rare earth elements followed by rapid thermal annealing to encourage distributive diffusion and activation of the additional rare earth moieties, where the moieties can even enter from an adjoining upper or lower boundary.
With the above in mind and referring now to
In one set of embodiments, the refractive index (n′2) of layer 220 is greater than that (n′1) of layer 210 and greater than that (n′3) of air or an optional cladding layer (235 in
Referring next to
At this stage in the fabrication (
Referring next to
The resulting product 204 of
In the illustrative example of
Item 301 represents an input optical fiber which may be coupled to the monolithically or otherwise integrated device 300. Various fiber-to-chip coupling mechanisms may be used.
In one embodiment, electrical pump energy is supplied into the semiconductor material of Er-enriched sub-region 321 a by way of electrically conductive (e.g., metallic) electrodes 371 and 372 provided around this sub-region 321 a. The electrically conductive electrodes 371 and 372 may be provided oppositely on side walls of the waveguide rib (303) and/or they may be provided oppositely or otherwise along upper and lower boundaries of the waveguide 303 and/or its surrounding material. In the illustrated example, electrode 371 is grounded while electrode 372 is driven by a current source 375 coupled to a Vcc voltage source of the chip 300. Electrical current flow within Er-enriched sub-region 321 a can provide carrier injection and consequential amplification energy for amplifying the input information signal 311 that is traveling along the optically confining and guiding parts of the rare earth enriched, waveguide 303. The electrically conductive electrodes 371 and 372 may extend along the entire length waveguide 303 or repeated copies of charge pump 375 and the electrodes may be provided along the entire length waveguide 303. However, showing this everywhere would obscure the illustration of other aspects of device 300. Accordingly, the electrically pumped aspect is shown only in sub-region 321 a as an example of how electrically-driven amplification of a supplied input signal 311 may be carried out. Current source 375 may, of course, be electrically modulated if desired so as to encode an intensity modulated signal on the optical carrier of signal 311.
The electrically-amplified optical signal 341 may alternatively or additionally be boosted and/or reconditioned by photonic pump energy obtained from a supplied optical pump signal 315. In
It should be noted that the pump signal 315 is flowing in a direction opposite to the information carrying signals 311, 341 and 319. Accordingly, no special requirements are needed for filtering out the pump signal while extracting the information signal 319. In an alternate embodiment, the pump signal may flow in the same direction as the information carrying optical signal. In yet another embodiment, pump signals are supplied from both ends of waveguide 303 and flow both in the same direction as the information carrying signals and opposite to them. Waveguide 303 may be structured to carry optical information signals bidirectionally; both from left to right and from right to left. In any case, optical isolation of pump and signal beams may be used.
Aside from schematically showing AWG(s) 350, the bottom portion of
In one embodiment, the pumping energy can include oppositely and/or orthogonally directed radiant energy 345 or other, non-parallel traveling radiant energy (not shown), where the term, "non-parallel traveling" is to be understood herein to apply to any radiant energy, like 345, which travels within the rare-earth enriched media 320 (e.g., Er enriched) in a direction that is substantially different from the input-to-output flow direction of most information carrying optical signals in a corresponding component (e.g., AWG 350) provided within the device 300. More specifically, if a left-to-right flow is assumed (in the +X direction) for the information carrying optical signals (e.g., signal 311) of device 300, then the traveling direction in the rare earth enriched media should be, for at least a majority of the injected, radiant pumping energy 345, one that is substantially different than the left-to-right direction. For example, the pump energy traveling direction could be in the right-to-left direction and/or in the up/down direction (roughly the �Y direction) as is illustrated within the example of
The optical or electro-optical components of the integrated device 300 (it can be a monolithically integrated device) are not limited to waveguides (e.g., 303) and AWG's (e.g., 350). The rare earth empowered components of device 300 may further include: (a) other optical signal de-multiplexers of either spatial or wavelength domain, such as schematically shown at 360 (the inputs are shown as being inherently amplified), (b) optical signal multiplexers such as is schematically shown at 370 (the outputs are shown as being inherently amplified), (c) optical phase modulators (not explicitly shown), (d) optical signal cross-modulators (not explicitly shown), (e) gratings (not shown), (f) wavelength routers (which provide wavelength division signal steering), (g) star couplers, (h) matrix switches, and so forth.
If desired, fixed and/or movable and/or variable mirrors (e.g., MEM's mirrors) such as the example shown at 346 may be provided at the periphery of the monolithic device 300 and positioned adjacent to the enriched electro/optical conducting channel 320. Alternatively or additionally such mirrors be provided inside the boundaries of device 300, such as for example, in etched-out trenches which expose the enriched electro/optical conducting channel 320. These mirrors may be used to bounce the pump energy back and forth in the non-parallel traveling directions. More specifically, entrenched mirror 346 is shown to be reflecting pump energy 345 in the generally up and down direction (�Y) of
In the embodiment of
Provided on top of the first optical/electrical channel 420 there is a first mirror reflection (e.g. metal) layer 461 for providing optical reflecting functions and/or optional electrical interconnect functions. A second optional dielectric layer 462, which may be composed of silicon dioxide, silicon nitride and/or other appropriate materials is provide at least above the first reflecting metal layer 441 to protect the metal from chemical corrosion and/or unwanted electrical contacts. A second mirror reflection (e.g. metal) layer 441 for providing optical reflecting functions and/or electrical interconnect functions is provided below substrate 405. In the illustrated embodiment, this second reflecting mirror layer 441 is sandwiched between optional dielectric layers 440 and 442. One or more of dielectric and/or metal layers 440, 441, 442 may be monolithically integrated parts of device 400 or they may be bonded or otherwise provided adjacent to the bottom of device 400 as may be appropriate for respective applications. As in the case of the optional dielectric 462 for the first mirror layer 461, the optional dielectric layers 440, 442 for the second mirror layer 441 may be composed of appropriate materials and may provide hermetic sealing and/or electrical insulation functions as may be desire. In some embodiments, various ones of the dielectric layers 440, 442 and/or 461 may be dispensed with or additional ones may be provided (e.g., between 461 and the rare earth enriched layer 420).
Those skilled in the art may appreciate from
At the same time that pump signal 415 is traveling in a substantially non-parallel traveling direction (416) within rare earth enriched layer 420, an information containing optical input signal 411 is supplied parallel to the mirror structures at information signal input port 402. The amplified output signal 414 emerges from the opposite end of channel 420 through information signal output port 404. Because the information containing signal 411-414 and the pump signal 415 are traveling substantially non-parallel relative to one another, there is relatively little interference between the two and the output information signal 414 may be extracted alone. In the illustrated example, the injected pump signal 415 is directed to advance in a direction (−X) opposite to that (+X) of the input signal 411 so that the amplified output signal 414 may be easily extracted without having the pump signal intermingled nearby in the vicinity of the output port 404.
Aside from the bottom-side pump port 405, a top-side pump port 465 may be additionally provided as an opening in the top mirror structure 461-462. External pump signal 417 may be applied substantially orthogonally but at a slight tilt angle relative to mirror structure 440-442. Although not fully shown, it may be appreciated that the external pump signal 417 will zig-zag through the rare-earth enriched gain media 450 in a zig-zag manner similar to 416 but in the left-to-right advancement direction. Pump signal 417 may be oriented to also advance in the +Y direction so that pump signal 417 exits or terminates at a location spaced away from the information signal output port 404.
Photodiodes 431-433 may be arranged to provide different wavelengths of pump energy and/or combined energy intensity as may be appropriate for a specific application. Exit energy 418 may be cascaded into a further device like 400 if desired. Topside pump signal 417 may come from such a tandem other device. The pump energy entrance/exit ports 445/465 may be positioned so that multiple devices like 400 can be operatively stacked one on the other to share common pump energy. A variety of further enhancements may suggest themselves for
The present disclosure is to be taken as illustrative rather than as limiting the scope, nature, or spirit of the subject matter claimed below. Numerous modifications and variations will become apparent to those skilled in the art after studying the disclosure, including use of equivalent functional and/or structural substitutes for elements described herein, use of equivalent functional couplings for couplings described herein, and/or use of equivalent functional steps for steps described herein. Such insubstantial variations are to be considered within the scope of what is contemplated here. Moreover, if plural examples are given for specific means, or steps, and extrapolation between and/or beyond such given examples is obvious in view of the present disclosure, then the disclosure is to be deemed as effectively disclosing and thus covering at least such extrapolations.
2′. Cross Reference to Patents . . . Continued From Top
(B) U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,927, Wong et al, Sep. 23, 2003, {Short abstract: Design of fiber based Raman amplifier with tapered monitoring setup};
(C) U.S. Pat. No. 6,624,928, Masum-Thomas et al, Sep. 23, 2003, {Short abstract: Dual pumps at wavelengths below and above the fiber water peak through Raman scattering for amplification};
(D) U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,777, Meli et al, Dec. 2, 2003, {Short abstract: EDFA plus non-linear fiber for efficient Raman amplification—each wavelength or subband needs to be amplified and pumping can be done using semiconductor lasers};
(E) U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,778, Motoshima, Dec. 2, 2003, {Short abstract: Similar to U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,777, DEMUX plus individual channel amplification and MUX to form Raman amplification—each wavelength or channel needs to be amplified and pumped}:
(F) U.S. Pat. No. 6,631,028, Islam, Oct. 7, 2003, {Short abstract: Similar to U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,777 & 6,657,778};
(G) U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,192, Islam et al, Sep. 9, 2003, {Short abstract: Multiple Raman amplifiers in series for higher power output};
(H) U.S. Pat. No. 6,646,788, Islam et al, Nov. 11, 2003, {Short abstract: Multiple Raman amplifiers stacked together to have flat gain through different magnification of different amplifier};
(I) U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,606, Evans, Jul. 1, 2003, {Short abstract: Dispersion compensation regenerator using specialty fibers—both positive dispersion and negative dispersion to form soliton propagation so controlling the signal shape};
(J) U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,369, Matsushita et al, Aug. 26, 2003, {Short abstract: Gain media is specialty fiber which creates different speeds for light of different polarizations. Signal is amplified when running through such fibers with gain media};
(K) U.S. Pat. No. 6,556,339, Smith et al, Apr. 29, 2003, {Short abstract: Raman pumping perpendicular to the signal beam—solid state Raman gain media (laser) such as Barium Nitrate, Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate, Calcium Tungstate, Diamond, SiC and GaP—pump beam reflecting between prisms/mirrors multi-times for efficient Raman excitation};
(L) U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,597, Beeson, Jul. 29, 2003, {Short abstract: EDFA type amplifier using photonic crystal type (holo-capillary fiber) Raman gain media—pump beam and signal in opposite direction and gratings used for isolating pump and signal beams};
(M) U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,595, Welch, Aug. 5, 2003, {Short abstract: similar to U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,597};
(N) U.S. Pat. No. 6,178,036, Yao, Jan. 23, 2001, {Short abstract: Brillouin scattering based amplifier for sideband only amplification};
(O) U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,623, Kurnit, Jul. 19, 1983, {Short abstract: Raman gain media in a fiber capillary which is setup in a ring cavity};
(P) U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,906, Narayanan et al, Aug. 18, 1998, {Short abstract: A notch filter with input/output having single mode while middle part is multi-mode (can be two different sizes) which expands into higher order mode and creates extra-loss in related wavelengths—can be used for gain flattened EDFA};
(Q) U.S. Pat. No. 4,523,315, Stone, Jun. 11, 1985, {Short abstract: Raman gain media using gas (H2, O2, N2) phase diffusion into fiber};
(R) U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,785, Yoshida et al, Aug. 5, 2003, {Short abstract: Semiconductor MQW laser structure patent};
(S) U.S. Pat. No. 6,643,308, Tsukiji et al, Nov. 4, 2003, {Short abstract: Semiconductor pump laser design with diffraction gratings within the resonator to suppress injection current};
(T) U.S. Pat. No. 6,519,082, Ghera et al, Feb. 11, 2003, {Short abstract: XPU controlled feedback system for Raman amplifier};
(U) U.S. Pat. No. 4,575,645, Komine, Mar. 11, 1986, {Short abstract: Single cell used to generate Raman scattering and amplification by splitting a laser into coherent beams and running them in the same media in different directions}; and
(V) U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,507, Stamnitz et al, Apr. 3, 1990, (Short abstract: Tapered fiber as physical constriction to change light density for generating non-linear optical phenomenon.
2b. Cross Reference to Related Other Publications
The following non-patent publications are cited here for purposes of reference and their respective concepts are also incorporated:
(A) A. Polman et al., "Incorporation of high concentrations of erbium in crystal silicon", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 62 (5) pp. 507-509, Feb. 1, 1993;
(B) W. X. Ni et al., "Er/O and Er/F doping during molecular beam epitaxial growth of Si layers for efficient 1.54 um light emission", Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 70 (25) pp. 3383-3385, Jun. 23, 1997;
(C) Liu, X & Lee, B, "A fast and stable method for Raman amplifier propagation equitions" OPTICS EXPRESS Vol. 11, No. 18, pp. 2163-2176 (2003);
(D) Emori, Y & Namiki, S, "Demonstration of broadband Raman amplifiers: a promising application of high-power pumping unit" FURUKAWA REVIEW No. 19, pp. 59-62 (2000);
(E) L. H. Slooff et al, "Rare-earth doped polymers for planar optical amplifiers", Journal of Applied Physics Vol 91 (7) pp. 3955-3980. Apr. 1, 2002—{Note: this is a review article};
(F) A. Polman, "Erbium doped planar amplifiers", Proc. 10th European Conference on Integrated Optics (ECIO) Paderborn, Germany, April, 2001, p. 75 (2001); and
(G) M. Krishnaswamy et al, "Optical Properties of Polymer Waveguides Dispensed on an Erbium/Ytterbium Codoped Glass" IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 2, NO. 2, JUNE 1996 pp. 373-37.
2c. Reservation of Extra-Patent Rights, Resolution of Conflicts, and Interpretation of Terms
After this disclosure is lawfully published, the owner of the present patent application has no objection to the reproduction by others of textual and graphic materials contained herein provided such reproduction is for the limited purpose of understanding the present disclosure of invention and of thereby promoting the useful arts and sciences. The owner does not however disclaim any other rights that may be lawfully associated with the disclosed materials, including but not limited to, copyrights in any computer program listings or art works or other works provided herein, and to trademark or trade dress rights that may be associated with coined terms or art works provided herein and to other otherwise-protectable subject matter included herein or otherwise derivable herefrom.
If any disclosures are incorporated herein by reference and such incorporated disclosures conflict in part or whole with the present disclosure, then to the extent of conflict, and/or broader disclosure, and/or broader definition of terms, the present disclosure controls. If such incorporated disclosures conflict in part or whole with one another, then to the extent of conflict, the later-dated disclosure controls.
Unless expressly stated otherwise herein, ordinary terms have their corresponding ordinary meanings within the respective contexts of their presentations, and ordinary terms of art have their corresponding regular meanings within the relevant technical arts and within the respective contexts of their presentations herein.
Given the above disclosure of general concepts and specific embodiments, the scope of protection sought is to be defined by the claims appended hereto. The issued claims are not to be taken as limiting Applicant's right to claim disclosed, but not yet literally claimed subject matter by way of one or more further applications including those filed pursuant to 35 U.S.C. �120 and/or 35 U.S.C. �251.
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|Interleaved lumped raman amplifier structure based on highly nonlinear fibers for densely spaced WDM channels
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|Mitsubishi Denkikabushiki Kaisha
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|Optical amplifier, optical amplifier hybrid assembly and method of manufacture
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|Planar Lightwave circuit type optical amplifier
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|Title not available
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 25, 2006
|May 5, 2009
|California Institute Of Technology
|Hybrid silicon-on-insulator waveguide devices
|U.S. Classification
|359/344, 359/347
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 4, 2012
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 21, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 11, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20121021


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Camberwell and Peckham MP Ms Harman, Labour's leader until it replaces Gordon Brown next month, fears that lessons remain to be learned more than a year after the blaze at the council block in Camberwell.
Ms Harman said it was "essential not to appear to be downgrading' this important inquest". Her views were echoed by Frances Swaine, the solicitor representing families in 98 homes in an identical block only yards from the now-empty Lakanal House.
But a Met police spokesman said: "It is a very complex investigation and will take several months to complete."
The inquest is now expected to be conducted by Judge Frances Kirkham.Reuse content


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PIT LN, Mountain WI 54149 $14,700
Features of PIT LN Mountain WI 54149
- Lots for Sale
- Status: Active
- Mailing City: Mountain
- County: Oconto
- Lot Size: 150x200
- School Dist: Suring Sch Dist
- High School: Suring
- Property Taxes: $102
- Property Tax Year: 2015
- Listing Company: Coldwell Banker Bartels Real Estate, Inc
Property Description for PIT LN Mountain WI 54149
PIT LN Mountain WI 54149 - Beautiful wooded parcel for that great get away. Priced to sell don't let this get away. Located in Northern Oconto County. One of the areas most popular areas. In the heart of the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest with thousands of acres of land to hunt, fish, snowmobiling, ATV, UTV, hike, bike, swim, ski and more...
Land Features
- Waterfront/Access: N
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on May 19, 2014 @ 07:39 pm
Surrogate Motherhood: I am seriously thinking of becoming a surrogate mother. I have so many questions on how it works and what it is like. I am a 21 year old single mother. I don't smoke or drink and I don't have a criminal background. To me, the benefits of surrogacy in my situation would help me pay for college, maybe buy a decent car, and save the rest for me and my daughter. However, I don't know enough about surrogacy in order to make an educated decision for me and my daughter. I really would love to help a couple have a child and give then the same happiness my daughter have me. I did deliver my daughter by c-section, would that determine my eligibility or not? If ANYONE has been a surrogate or had a surrogate could you please tell me everything you know?
|Surrogate motherhood on May 23, 2014 @ 09:55 pm
I am so sorry to hear that! That's why I would like to help because I know it could really make a difference in someone's life and would be an amazing opportunity to be able to do that.


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Mathieu Flamini re-joined Arsenal yesterday on a three-year deal after he was released by Milan at the end of last season, but what will the midfielder offer the Gunners in his second spell at the Emirates?
Flamini angered Arsenal supporters when he refused to sign a new contract with the club as his current deal expired in 2008, having joined the north Londoners in 2004. Alongside Cesc Fabregas, who arrived at the club a year early, Arsene Wenger had appeared to have secured an exciting, young duo that would form the Gunners midfield for years to come.
But by this time, Flamini had already upset his former club Marseille, having agreed to sign a long-term senior contract, only to go against his word and sign a deal with the then-Premier League champions instead.
Marseille manager Jose Anigo felt betrayed by Flamini, and said at the time: "This is a beautiful treason. He used me."
Flamini struggled early on in his career, although both he and Fabregas started to feature in Arsenal's first-team more and more as their development continued. Having made 32 appearances in his debut season at Highbury, he went on to become a permanent figure in the Arsenal midfield the following season – although his lack of goals saw him drop back as the Gunners' defensive midfielder to allow Fabregas to develop his attacking threat we see today.
Having scored his first goal against Everton in the 7-0 victory in May 2005, Flamini became the final Arsenal player to score at Highbury in their traditional red and white home kit.
He showed his ability to cover at full-back following a series of injuries to Arsenal's defence, and he proved more than capable to cover the left-back role despite being right-footed.
The Italian came off the bench in the 76th minute in Arsenal's Champions League final against Barcelona as they looked to defend their 1-0 lead despite being down to 10-men, but late goals from Samuel Eto'o and Juliano Belletti put pay to the Gunners hopes of European glory.
Flamini started to become disillusioned with his role as a utility player, but the 2007-08 season saw a significant increase in his performances as both he and Fabregas became mainstays in the Arsenal first-team, taking over from Gilberto Silva and the injury-prone Abou Diaby.
However, his contract was now into its final year, and Gunners' fans warmed to him as he became somewhat of a favourite in the Arsenal midfield – perhaps after he showed he could finally reach his potential that Wenger had spoken of.
Despite Arsenal's attempts to commit Flamini to a new contract, he rejected their offers and left the club on a free transfer, eventually signing with Italian side AC Milan.
After his departure, he claimed to still be an Arsenal fan at heart and said: "Arsenal are in my heart and they will be in my heart for ever. I will always be an Arsenal fan and leaving was not easy."
His time with the Serie A giants was a disjointed one, struggling to appear in midfield in his first season as again he was used as a utility player, but he featured regularly as Milan regained the Serie A title. Having again regressed to a rotation role, he suffered a serious knee-injury that kept him out of the entire 2011-12 season.
The 29-year-old was released at the end of the season, but later agreed a one-year contract to remain with the club until his release earlier this season.
Having again departed on a free transfer – Flamini has never cost a penny when moving club throughout his career – he started training with Arsenal to maintain his fitness, and he appears to have impressed Wenger once again, as the Frenchman looks to strengthen his squad despite having yet to spend a penny in the transfer window.
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The negative trends in insider buying and selling continued this week as insiders sold a total of $896mm in stock and purchased just $6.3mm. Both were up from last week's readings of $824MM in selling and the annual low in buying of $2.1MM. The 4 week trailing average of purchases remains near its recent lows.
As we've previously mentioned, this is a vote of no confidence in the sustainability of the long-term recovery as insiders simply refuse to use their own dollars to buy into this rally.
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GO Markets - FX Market Commentary
Global markets continued a positive trajectory overnight as investors remained optimistic considering the recent events from Greece and some positive economic data keeping equity markets buoyant. This optimism translated to a risk fuelled flock to higher yielding assets with key commodities and higher yielding currency the primary beneficiaries.
To recap last week's events The European Union and the International Monetary Fund have agreed on a joint effort to provide assistance should Greece or any other European country should be at risk of default. Under the arrangement European nations would be required to kick in funds into a 'bail out' fund based on their GDP and population – The IMF are also required to contribute. We consider this joint effort more of a symbolic gesture with the very premise of a back-stop in the event of a potential default has brought some confidence back to global markets.
Economic data from Europe saw Germanys Consumer Price Index surpassed estimates recording 0.5 percent growth in March representing annual growth of 1.1 percent. Economists had forecast more moderate growth of 0.3 percent of 0.9 percent on year.
Across the Atlantic the US saw Personal Consumption rise in line with estimates recording growth of 0.3 percent in February, after recording previous growth of 0.5 percent. Personal income remained unchanged in February against a previous 0.1 percent rise in January.
Locally, a surge in risk appetite saw the Aussie dollar rise to highs of 91.8 US cents overnight and remains buoyant at current levels of 91.7 US cents. We expect investors will be focusing on key data such as Wednesday retail sales data which is expected to show moderate growth of 0.3 percent in Feb against a previous 1.2 percent. We can also expect the interest rate conjecture to reignite ahead of next Tuesday's interest rate decision.
The local unit will also be contingent on non-farm payrolls to be released in the States on Friday. The US economy is expected to show 190,000 new jobs created in March against the previous losses of 36,000 to keep the unemployment rate steady at 9.7 percent.


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Everything Ginette Laurin choreographs for O Vertigo, her dance company from Montreal, is worth a look, and her new work, ''Luna,'' which runs through Sunday at the Joyce Theater, is no exception.
There are many things, including both tedium and beauty, in the moonscape of Ms. Laurin's imagination. ''Luna'' is a cross between a fairy tale and a scientific treatise: women glide in huge hoop skirts, each carried by concealed partners so as to stand extra tall. At other times, large standing magnifying glasses distort the dancers' faces and body parts: a bicep bulges behind the glass, resembling a peapod.
Mostly, one sequence of swift dancing follows another, seemingly remote from hints of a larger theme that runs throughout the work. The world comes to a fiery end at the close. Behind a transparent scrim, the dancers rotate torches that turn into balls of fire.
What looks like an apocalyptic finale might also be the chaotic turbulence of creation. At one point, the sound score in ''Luna'' tells us that we are not in the most perfect of all worlds: we hear a cello, but not without static.Continue reading the main story
Nonetheless, ''Luna'' is less an allegory about the universe than a minute examination of matter, and matter in this case is dancing, examined by Ms. Laurin with the microscopic precision of a lab technician.
She has easily been one of Canada's most imaginative choreographers, and her use of high-flying movement has always gone beyond the physical thrills that defined most experimental dance in Montreal in the 1980's and 90's.
Despite a signature style, one Laurin piece is always different from another, and ''Luna'' goes even further in this direction. The old, daring acrobatic flourish has been replaced by an astounding concentration on small detail in gestures and isolated movements. There is admirable finesse to the dancers as they accumulate and accelerate sequences of knock-kneed pliés, taps to the chest, squats turned into handstands, mouths pulled into smiles and so on, along with more expansive yanks and lifts with partners. But this kind of open-ended display of agility can go only so far.
There is a sophisticated play with structure, especially with small groups of dancers who move in and out of unison, and despite the occasional surreal image, there is a variety of experiment. (In the beginning, a dancer directs others through the sounds of his breath.) Three women hurl themselves onto the upturned soles of men lying on the ground and seem caught in a frozen image of free fall. As dancers tilt away from each other, an acceleration affects the quality of their movement.
Yet for the most part, the choreography is not inventive enough to justify its length. It is not formal but clinical, lacking a deeper dimension.
Unsurprisingly, the piece picks up when Ms. Laurin introduces more pictorial images. The first episode, with the magnifying glasses, suggests that illusion is, in fact, illusory. We know why the dancers' faces appear so distorted behind each glass; we understand the mechanics. Later, films (gaseous whirls or a newsreel) are projected on the scrim or on the hoop skirt of Anne Barry. The same dancer stands onstage, her back to the audience, while a video camera shows her frontal image on the scrim.
Ms. Laurin has always excelled in expressing fantasy through the physicality of dance technique, but here she relies more on technology. As suggested by her sound collage (drawn from several composers and recited texts), it is difficult to talk about angels and neutrons at the same time.
Axel Morgenthaler did the sets and lighting. In addition to Ms. Barry, the quicksilver dancers include Mélanie Demers, Kenneth Gould, Patrick Lamothe, Chi Long, Anna Riede, Marie-Claude Rodrigue, David Rose and Donald Weikert.Continue reading the main story


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