text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Apr 3, 2012
|Filing date
|Sep 17, 2008
|Priority date
|Sep 17, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Satish Sundar, Swaminathan Balakrishnan, Ivan Melnyk
|Original Assignee
|Satish Sundar, Swaminathan Balakrishnan, Ivan Melnyk
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (13), Classifications (23), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of: U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/994,194, filed Sep. 17, 2007, entitled, "More Apparatuses for Low Cost Infusion Pumps, currently pending, by the same inventors, incorporated by reference, and, U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/003,384, filed Nov. 17, 2007 entitled "Cost-Effective, High Precision Infusion Pumps" currently pending, by the same inventors and incorporated by reference.
This invention presents apparatuses for infusion pumps, infusion pump controllers, and describes the methods for their control.
An infusion pump infuses fluids, medication or nutrients into the circulatory system of the patient being treated. Infusion pumps are used to administer fluids in ways that would be impractically expensive or unreliable if performed manually by nursing staff. Commercial infusion pumps can administer injections as small as tens of nanoliters in a single injection and typically can deliver less than 100 microliters per hour on a continuous basis. These delivery volumes levels are too small for a drip and the delivery rate and timing are not practical for manual injections. Infusion pumps can deliver injections on a scheduled time interval, for example every minute, and can deliver injections with repeated boluses requested by the patient, up to pre-selected maximum number per hour (e.g. in patient-controlled analgesia). Infusion pumps can also be programmed to deliver fluids whose volumes vary by the time of day.
Because they can also produce quite high pressures, infusion pumps can also inject controlled amounts of fluids subcutaneously (beneath the skin), or epidurally (just within the surface of the central nervous system—a very popular local spinal anesthesia for childbirth). Different types of infusion include—but are not limited to:
Although the use of infusion pumps for very small volumes of often very potent drugs has begun, the accuracy of infusion pumps is still an issue. A recent study of commercially available infusion pumps has found significant errors in delivery volumes. In some cases the amount delivered over a long periods, as is typically used in calibration, may be accurate to a few percentage. But the delivered volume over short time scales and delivery rates have been found to vary by as much as 50% from the target settings. Over-dosing or under-dosing can result in adverse short term responses to potent drugs and multiple requests for dosing. Significant variations in delivery volume with temperature have also been found. This has resulted in limiting the use of infusion pumps to therapies where the detrimental effects of overdosing and under-dosing are limited. Highly potent medications delivered in small volumes are not candidates for today's infusion pump technology.
The reasons for errors in delivery are several. Many infusion pumps use disposable syringes as the pumping chamber. These use single-use or disposable syringes and therefore, are ideal to avoid potential cross contamination of medication. However these type syringes vary and the force required to move the syringe piston, or plunger, a given distance to deliver a given volume may not be the same from one syringe to the next. This variation in force without a suitable feedback control system will result in errors in delivered volume. Additionally the delivery volume variations from current technology pumps have been found with changing temperatures. A main factor for this variation may also be changing viscosity of the medications with temperature. Delivery volumes are also affected by the back pressure or resistance to the injection. To take advantage of the infusion pumps' ability to deliver medications under pressure that enables subcutaneous injections and epidural injections requires careful control of the delivery volumes even with varying backpressure or resistance to injection offered in the biological environment. Other factors that are not yet understood may also be significant. There is a need for a system to ensure accurate and reproducible delivery volumes and delivery pressure (would this not be primarily delivery volumes—the pressure may vary depending on the actual parts so that delivery volumes are accurate; of course we could use force control as well to ensure accurate delivery pressures).
Additionally new mechanisms are being developed, or have been developed, to drive (administer) the injection (and/or infusion). Simplified mechanisms are being found that can deliver the dosages required using both gravity and spring driven pump mechanisms. These simple systems eliminate motor drives and the associated electronics and their high power consumption. These systems can offer new levels of reliability and compactness, with considerably reduced cost?. There is a need however for new control mechanisms.
Closed loop feedback control mechanism are known in robotics, mechanics and machine control. However these control methods are still missing from medical devices such as infusion pumps. Traditional servo motor drives include proportional integral and derivative position loop (PID) and proportional position loop integral and proportional velocity loop (PIV) feedback control schemes, as well as other non-linear control schemes. Hereinafter the aforementioned schemes will be referred to simply as "feedback control schemes" (does this sound ok—if not please feel free to use some other term). There is a need to develop such feedback control schemes for use with motor driven infusion pumps. Additionally the simple non-motor driven infusion mechanisms require control means that are equivalently effective. The known feedback control schemes, PID and PIV, do not necessarily apply directly to a non-motor driven pump system. New control schemes are required that delivery very small volumes accurately and reproducibly regardless of the method use to drive the pump. New schemes are required for a motor driven syringe, a spring driven syringe, a gravity feed, a spring bag, a peristaltic pump and others. The control schemes must be able to adapt to the unique sources of variation in the medical and biological application of infusion pumps. The control schemes must provide accurate delivery volumes over time with changing temperature, viscosity, back pressure and manufacturing variations in mechanism components.
The apparatuses proposed here can be used either directly, or with simple modifications, for all the different infusion methods used in the medical field. Note that the apparatuses presented here do not represent an exhaustive list, and are simply representative of the approach presented here. Apparatuses that can be derived by extension, by those skilled in the art, are therefore included in the intended scope of this application.
One embodiment of the invention includes a system architecture design for infusion pumps and several instantiations of that design are described. The system architecture enables closed-loop feedback control for a variety of infusion pump physical designs. The system architecture enables accurate and precise dosing over a range of dosage volumes and dosage rates. In one embodiment the architecture is used with low cost gravity fed infusion systems. In another embodiment the architecture is shown applied to a spring driven infusion system. In yet other embodiments the system architecture provides precise control for servo motor driven pumps. In one embodiment the pump is a syringe pump.
Other embodiments of the invention include integrated sensor mechanisms and controllers that can be easily attached to conventional intravenous infusion systems. An integrated drop counter and controller for a gravity fed intravenous system is provided. Another embodiment includes a controller and actuator that together provide a control mechanism that controls the flow by squeezing or releasing the exit tubing of the infusion mechanism. In one embodiment the controller receives a flow signal from a drop counter. In another embodiment the controller receives a flow signal from an encoder incorporated into or attached to a syringe plunger to detect and measure movement. In a preferred embodiment the control mechanism includes a solenoid actuated pincher. In another embodiment the tubing is squeezed by other mechanisms such as an offset cam mechanism.
In another embodiment a spring driven syringe includes feedback mechanisms for the volume and rate of dosage and further includes a controller that ensures precise and accurate rate of delivery through use of the feedback control schemes mentioned before. The syringe enables dosage where a higher backpressure might preclude use of a gravity fed system. In one embodiment the feedback system includes a magnetic sensor incorporated in the plunger of the syringe. In another embodiment the sensor is a magnetic plunger is coupled with an inductive coil to measure both the position and rate of movement of the plunger and therefore the delivery volume and rate. The measured volume and rate is used in a closed loop feedback system as per methods indicated previously. In another embodiment the inductive coil and magnetic plunger are also used to control the delivery rate by applying a current to the coaxial inductive coil. In another embodiment the inductive coil is incorporated in the barrel of the syringe. In another embodiment the inductive coil is mounted in an offset manner. In another embodiment the current used to drive the inductive coils is used as a measure of the pressure downstream of the pump. Other embodiments include capacitive, optical and other magnetic encoders to determine plunger position.
Other embodiments of the invention provide motor driven syringe pumps. In one embodiment linear motor driven pumps are provided. In another embodiment lead screw driven syringe pumps are provided. Combinations of position sensors for syringe plunger position, and optical, and other sensors, for flow, bubble and pressure are included into a closed loop control system for volume delivered and rate of delivery. In another embodiment the sensors further provide a fail safe system for malfunctions such as occlusions, leaks or disconnected tubing.
In another embodiment the drive mechanism is an external spring mechanism. A "off the shelf" syringe may be mounted into the mechanism to provide pump system. In another embodiment the external spring drive mechanism further includes sensors to detect and measure movement of the syringe plunger. In another embodiment the external spring drive mechanism further includes a controller and actuator to provide close loop feedback control of the flow from the syringe. In one embodiment the actuator is a solenoid driven mechanism that provides flow control by squeezing a flexible tubing attached to the exit needle of the syringe and thereby controllably restricting flow.
Control of the flow from an infusion system is a key feature of the invention. A system architecture embodiment provides an outline of a means for closed loop feedback control of infusion pump systems. The architecture is shown applicable to simple low cost gravity driven systems and to servo motor driven systems. Generally speaking the architecture is applicable to the precise control of all infusion pumps where flow is created using a biasing force (eg, motor, spring, gravity and the like) and where a means of feedback that is a measure of the actual flow rate is provided. Physical embodiments of several syringe systems are shown. The control architecture applies to all pump embodiments and is in fact scaleable to other medical devices as discussed below. The architecture is modular and scaleable. It consists of a real time controller that provides precise, accurate, closed loop control of the flow. The term "Biasing Mechanism" in the following discussions refers to all possible methods of fluid pumping actuation used to accomplish infusion, non-limiting examples include gravity, biasing spring, linear motor, ball screw, inductive coil, solenoid, and voice coil actuator. Similarly the term "Feedback" refers to all methods of obtaining feedback on the actual flow, non-limiting examples include optical encoder, magnetic encoder, capacitive encoder, inductive encoder, through beam sensor for counting drops, and pressure drop measurements that can be converted to flow. A real time controller closes the loop between actuation signal and feedback signal to obtain a precise and accurate flow. The system can also regulate an arbitrarily specified flow profile. Another embodiment of the real time controller includes input and output (IO), which can be both digital and analog in nature. This IO allows for addition of limits switches, safety switches, patient input, interface, both closed loop or open loop, with other medical devices in the hospitals and programming of infusion strategies based on the same, optimization of system performance. In one embodiment the control uses PID or PIV control of motor based biasing mechanisms to reach a target infusion based upon selected parameters and feedback from sensors of flow, pressure or other parameters. One embodiment includes closed loop control of fixed biasing mechanisms. Exemplary fixed biasing mechanisms include gravity and springs. Springs include a spring driven syringe plunger as well as springs used to compress supply bags thereby inducing pressure into the system that drives the fluid flow. Another embodiment uses elastomeric supply bags that squeeze the fluid out by means of the elasticity of the material that the bag is made of. In another embodiment rubber bands or collars, or bands and collars of other elastomeric material are used to provide the biasing mechanism. In another embodiment the biasing mechanism includes spring loaded rollers that squeeze the bag.
Another embodiment includes a communication interface between the real time controller and the external devices, which may be wired or wireless. Non-limiting examples of external devices include cell phones, PDAs, laptop computers, desktop computers, and teach pendants that are used to communicate with the controller to report infusion parameters and to set infusion parameters. These external devices can be used for programming of the pump, data logging of critical parameters, monitoring and providing external intervention in pump operation if needed. Note that the communication interface may either reside on the real time controller, or on a separate controller if so required. The communication interface can also be used to integrate the pumps to the hospital management systems, enterprise resource planning systems, customer relations management systems, etc. Note that the control architecture presented can be applied to any medical device as such. It also therefore represents a general controller for medical devices.
Another embodiment includes a sensor and controller for gravity feed intravenous systems. The sensor controller can be attached to conventional systems without modification. The sensor controller consists of a through beam emitter and receiver that is mounted relative to a reservoir and a means to compress the connecting tube as a means of regulating flow. In a preferred embodiment the means to compress the tube is a solenoid. In other embodiments nonlimiting examples of the means to compress the tube include a motor, pneumatic means, hydraulic means, and peristaltic means. The following discussion in this section will be restricted to a solenoid without loss of generality, with the understanding that the following discussion in this section also applies to the other means of actuation described. The solenoid and sensor are parts of a closed loop control system.
Several pumping embodiments are also provided. In a first embodiment a spring driven syringe uses a mechanism to pinch exit tubing from the syringe. The flange of the barrel of the syringe of the syringe is fit with a sensor means to determine the position of the syringe plunger. In one embodiment the sensor means includes magnets embedded in the plunger body and a reader attached to the barrel assembly of the syringe. The sensor means provides a measure of the position of the plunger relative to the barrel of the syringe and therefore the volume that has been delivered and the rate of delivery. This measure is used in a closed loop control system with the means to constrict the exit tube from the syringe to control flow. Because the biasing mechanism for the syringe is a spring the closed loop system accounts for changes in the spring force as the spring is relaxed as the plunger enters further into the barrel. The size of the spring is selected such that, at any position of the plunger, there is sufficient biasing force to provide the maximum flow rate that might be required of the system.
Another embodiment of a syringe pump includes a ferromagnetic piece attached to the plunger on a spring driven syringe pump. The ferromagnetic piece is enclosed within an inductive coil. The movement of the ferromagnet through the inductive coil provides a sensor means for the position and movement of the magnet and therefore delivery of the fluid as the attached plunger moves into the syringe barrel. The sensor is then coupled with a means to constrict the exit tube from the syringe and a controller to provide a closed-loop control system. Another embodiment incorporates the inductive coil into the barrel of the syringe thus providing a more compact system. In another embodiment a current is applied to the inductive coil to provide an additional controlling force on the syringe plunger for closed-loop control. Another embodiment connects the ferromagnet and an induction coil to the syringe plunger but located offset from the axes of the syringe plunger and syringe barrel.
In other embodiments the means of feedback and actuation include an actuation means to control the exit flow that includes, instead of a solenoid compressing a tube, flow regulation through a variable orifice, a flow valve, a needle valve, and the like. In other embodiments the biasing mechanism to provide the biasing pressure for pumping fluids includes other means, including but not limited to extension springs, electromagnetic means, magnetic means, pneumatic means, hydraulic means and elastomeric means.
In another embodiment sensing the plunger position and motion in a syringe is provided by capacitive means. The plunger is embedded with a good dielectric material, or may itself be made of a good dielectric material. A pair of parallel electrodes are positioned so that some section of the plunger containing the dielectric material is always between the parallel electrodes such that the electrodes are partially blocked by the aforementioned plunger section. As the plunger moves the amount of dielectric between the electrodes changes. The position and velocity of the plunger is measured by measuring the capacitance across the electrodes. In another embodiment the plunger position and motion is determined by optical means. Exemplary optical means include an encoder tape, consisting of gratings, mounted on the plunger and an optical read head may be mounted on the barrel flange, permitting real time measurement of position and velocity.
In other embodiments the syringe is driven by conventional servo motors and associated controls. The mechanisms may be rotary motors attached to ball screws or lead screws. In these cases rotary encoders may be attached to the motors for closed loop control of the motor motion. Motors may also be linear drive motors. Additionally sensors described in association with other embodiments may be incorporated. Such sensors include drop counters for volume measurement and linear position detectors for the location of the syringe plunger. The combination of sensors are incorporated into the feedback mechanism for accurate and precise volume delivery. The motors also provide additional feedback in the form of indirect pressure measurement. The current load required to drive the motor is an indicator of the back pressure for fluid delivery. The load measurement may be further included in closed loop control. In another embodiment the load on the drive motor is used as a fail-safe indicator of occlusions or leaks or broken tubing.
System Architecture
The controller 108 is a hardware element that provides drive signals to the biasing mechanism 110 in the case of motor driven syringe systems and control signals to actuation means 112 to control features such as hose pinching devices or other means to regulate flow. Biasing mechanism refers to all possible methods of fluid pumping actuation used to accomplish infusion, non-limiting examples include gravity, biasing spring, linear motor, ball screw, inductive coil, solenoid, and voice coil actuator. A feedback means 111 provides signals related to flow, pressure and other system controlled responses to the controller. Feedback refers to all methods of obtaining feedback on the actual flow, non-limiting examples include optical encoder, magnetic encoder, through beam sensor for counting drops and pressure transducers. In another embodiment feedback may also be an indirect measure of response such as the load required to drive a motor to attain a selected rate of movement of a syringe plunger. The rate of movement of the syringe plunger is provided by position sensors such as magnetic, optical, capacitive or other sensors linked to the syringe plunger. The motion controller includes further I/O interfaces 109 for use with external alarm systems or other external input such as patient monitoring equipment. This IO allows for addition of limits switches, safety switches, patient input, interface (either closed loop or open loop) with other medical devices in the hospitals and programming of infusion strategies based on the same, optimization of system performance.
In another embodiment the encoder feedback error is used as an inferred measure of the force required to infuse the liquid. The inferred force along with the flow are then used in a closed loop control system. The encoder feedback error is given by equation 1.
∈(x)=X−X 0 eq.(1)
where ∈ is the error in the encoder position, X is the actual encoder position and X0 is the target encoder position. The target values X0 are a function of time. The infusion program is a program to deliver a volume per unit time or a total volume infusion period of time. The infusion program may also include programmed variations in rate of infusion over the total time that the infusion is taking place. The position X and X0 are directly proportional to the volume remaining in the syringe and by difference the volume delivered. In a single parameter closed loop system X is periodically measured, the error ∈(x) is calculated and an actuator potential is adjusted to minimize the error. The error ∈(x) is also proportional to the resistance to infusion or the force required to infuse the fluid. In another embodiment the error ∈(x) is also programmed in the infusion program such that both the pressure and the volume delivered are controlled along a selected trajectory. In one embodiment the interface software programs the controller to use PID or PIV control of motor based biasing mechanisms to reach a target infusion based upon selected parameters and feedback from sensors of flow, pressure or other parameters. Another embodiment includes closed loop control of fixed biasing mechanisms. Exemplary fixed biasing mechanisms include gravity and springs. Springs include a spring driven syringe plunger as well as springs used to compress supply bags thereby inducing pressure into the system that drives the fluid flow.
Referring now to
In another embodiment the supply means 201 from which the fluid enters the sensor-controller is any of a spring loaded container, a container where fluid is pressurized, a pneumatically loaded container, a container where fluid is expelled through mechanisms such as a ball screw or a lead screw or rack and pinion or rollers, a container where fluid is expelled by magnetic means, electromagnetic means and the like. Fundamentally the container may expel fluid through a wide variety of means including any of those listed above.
In another embodiment, an additional sensor 306, which may be a single sensor or an array of multiple sensors are provided to measure the level of the fluid, and variations of the same, accumulated in the reservoir 302. This can provide additional accuracy and confirmation of flow measurement by measuring any accumulation in the reservoir. If for some reason some accumulation of flow occurs during input from this sensor can be used along with the frequency and size of drops to accurately compute the flow rate and use the same as part of the feedback control system.
Embodiments of the sensor-controller further comprise a solenoid 307 that may be actuated to squeeze or release the exit tubing 303 to control the flow. The sensors and actuators are controlled by integrated electronics 308.
Flow control is accomplished with use of closed loop control algorithms where the flow set point is calculated to be a drop rate, or frequency, using a nominal drop volume. Both drop counts and drop size are measured. The nominal drop volume is adjusted based upon measurements of actual drop volume and the flow rate is calculated and compared with the set point. The solenoid 307 compresses or releases the tube 303, depending on the frequency of pulses, to reach the desired flow rate.
In another embodiment the drop sensor-controller described is integrated with the motors used in pumps such as peristaltic pumps and others to provide an accurate closed loop peristaltic pump. Similarly the drop sensor can be integrated with other forms of infusion (such as diaphragm pumps, bellows, elastomeric bags, etc) to form accurate close loop infusion pumps.
In another embodiment the drop sensor alone, the through beam and optionally the accumulation sensor, is used as an aid for the regular bag intravenous infusion system. Instead of using a watch and counting drops while adjusting the normally used roller, the practitioner uses a display that is showing the frequency of drops and manually adjust roller position so that the drop frequency and therefore flow rate is adjusted to the target value.
In another embodiment the entry orifice 309 is a variable orifice. The purpose of this second variable orifice is to vary the size of the drops entering the reservoir. For highly accurate flow rates, it would be possible, using this approach, to minimize the volume of each drop so that the number of drops per unit of flow is maximized, resulting in higher resolution of the system, which in turn results in greater accuracy.
Another embodiment, shown in
In another embodiment, not shown, a single actuator to squeeze the tube downstream of the downstream T-junction 405, is used, instead of individual actuators for each of the tubes exiting the reservoirs. In this case the flows measured at each of the reservoir is summed up and used as the total flow and the actuator is used to squeeze the exit tube to control the total flow.
In another embodiment a single reservoir 302 of
Spring Biased Syringe Pump
Another embodiment is shown in
The pump operates as follows. The compression spring 504 is sized so that, with a fully open orifice corresponding to a fully open compressible tube bore 507, provides the maximum flow required by any application for which the pump may be used. The speed and position of the plunger 502, which are used to measure the rate of flow and the volume of fluid infused, is sensed by measuring the signal obtained at the read head 506 as the embedded magnets pass the read head. The aforementioned signal is the feedback signal (111) shown in the system diagram in
Spring Biased Syringe Pump and Ferromagnetic Sensors
Another embodiment, shown in
In another embodiment, in addition to acting as a position feedback the magnetic plunger 602 can also be used to add to, or reduce, the biasing spring pressure by applying a suitable amount of current (on top of that used to measure the inductance). This allows for further regulation/control of flow (in addition to that provided by the solenoid actuation). In another embodiment the magnetic plunger is also equipped with a permanent magnet 612.
In another embodiment, not shown, instead of mounting the inductive coil in a part on top of the syringe, the inductive coil is mounted directly on the syringe barrel, and the plunger of the syringe itself is a ferromagnetic piece.
In another embodiment shown in
In another embodiment, in addition to acting as a position feedback the magnetic plunger 808 can also be used to add to, or reduce, the biasing spring pressure by applying a suitable amount of current (on top of that used to measure the inductance). This allows for further regulation/control of flow (in addition to that provided by the solenoid actuation).
In another embodiment the magnetic plunger is also equipped with a permanent magnet.
In another embodiment the current required to drive the inductive coils can be used to monitor pressure changes in the tubing downstream of the pump.
The described system architecture is also used in providing closed loop feedback controls to motor driven syringes. Both rotary motor driven syringes with a lead screw assembly and linear motor driven syringes may be used. In one embodiment, shown in
In a preferred embodiment, the pitch of the ball screw is chosen to be typically in excess of 10 mm, so that the ball screw can be back driven. This arrangement results in the motor being more sensitive to changes in load at the output of the ball screw. This permits detection of pressure changes in the barrel of the syringe by noting the changes in the following error of the motor. The following error is determined by comparing the actual and commanded position of the motor. In another embodiment pitches less than 10 mm are used for the ball screw if the pressure requirements of the application mandate it.
Linear Motor Driven Syringe Pumps
In another embodiment a linear motor is used as the biasing mechanism.
In another embodiment the pressure in the barrel is characterized by monitoring the following error of the linear motor, the following error being the difference between the commanded and actual position of the linear motor.
In other embodiments the position of the encoder and read heads are varied. In one embodiment, not shown, the encoders is mounted directly on the plunger of the syringe, which is the moving part. In another embodiment the encoder is mounted directly on the plunger and the read head is mounted in a stationary position on the stator of the motor. In another embodiment the read head is mounted on the barrel of the syringe which is stationary
The linear motor variation is operated with a similar feedback control systems as already described. The difference is that the biasing mechanism in this case is a linear motor. The biasing mechanism may therefore be controlled. The control previously provided by the variable orifice, is replaced by a linear motor. Note however that the linear motor allows for the ability to drive the plunger in both directions, while the compression spring of course allows biasing force in only one direction.
In another embodiment, not shown, a voice coil actuator is used for the biasing mechanism instead of a linear motor. The moving part is a coil and the stationary part has magnets.
In other embodiments the magnets that are part of the stator and coils are integrated into the carriage.
Lead Screw Syringe Pump
Another embodiment is shown in
External Spring Driven Syringe Pump
In another embodiment the biasing mechanism is a spring incorporated into a mounting fixture such that standard off-the-shelf syringes may be used with a spring biasing mechanism. Referring to FIG. 12, a syringe 1201 is mounted in a fixture 1211 such that the barrel 1202 of the syringe is fixed relative to fixture. The plunger 1203 of the syringe is mounted to a bracket 1205 that is movable relative to the fixture and is driven by a spring 1207 biasing mechanism. A flexible tube 1204 is attached to the exit of the syringe and an actuator means 1206 is attached around the flexible tube such that the actuator, when activated, can controllably squeeze the flexible tube, thereby controlling the flow from the syringe. Also attached to the movable bracket 1205 is a position sensor means 1208 which can sense the position of the movable bracket and therefore the syringe plunger within the fixture by sensing the position sensor location relative to an encoding strip 1210. Non-limiting examples of such means position sensor and encoding strip include optical, magnetic, inductive, and capacitive devices. Closed loop control of flow from the syringe is obtained by sensing the position of the syringe plunger and minimizing the error between the measured position and a target position encoded in an infusion controller program. Flow is increased by opening the actuator 1206 and decreased by closing the actuator 1206 where closing means squeezing on the flexible tube 1204.
A system architecture for closed loop control of infusion devices is described. The architecture provides means to control the flow from an infusion device as well as in some embodiments the pressure of the delivery. A variety of infusion systems are described that use the closed loop control architecture. In some embodiments the closed loop control may be adapted to current commonly used infusion means such as a gravity feed intravenous system. Other embodiments describe infusion pump system that use biasing or drive mechanisms of springs, elastomers, rotary and linear motors. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations and modifications of the preferred embodiments can be configured without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described herein, within the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|Jan 15, 2015
Owner name: VTITAN CORPORATION PRIVATE LIMITED, INDIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SUNDAR, SATISH;BALAKRISHNAN, SWAMINATHAN;MELNYK, IVAN;SIGNING DATES FROM 20101120 TO 20130517;REEL/FRAME:034731/0912
|Nov 13, 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 24, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 24, 2016
|Surcharge for late payment


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With its "creative cluster" of design and internet companies, Shoreditch is famous for its factory lofts and cool club scene - whereas the corporate enclave on its doorstep quietly concerns itself with making money.
'There can be quite big price differences between Shoreditch addresses within a two-minute walk of each other'
But does the launch of a classy skyscraper with 257 apartments and an Armani-clad concierge, right on the boundary line of these two districts, symbolise a coming together?
Called Avant-garde, the new 25-storey tower sits between Brick Lane and the Broadgate office complex, a chalk-and cheese location likely to attract walk-to-work bankers and East End fashionistas alike.
Due for completion in 2013, the building will give a big style message, from its swanky hotel-style lobby to its residents-only roof terrace, tranquil courtyard gardens, exclusive lounge for private parties and glass-encased gym. Telford Homes, the developer, releases the first phase of apartments in mid-May, at sensible starting prices of £250,000, rising to £1.7 million for duplex penthouses. Call Hurford Salvi Carr on 020 7250 1012.
Close proximity to an affluent banking community has helped seed regeneration in Shoreditch and led to an influx of cash. It is a more polished place than it was a decade ago during the dotcom boom, when the first wave of creatives arrived.
"By any standards the area was tatty, with backstreet workshops and importers working from shipping containers. But it's scrubbing up well and is now a much better place to live," says Carl Schmid of estate agent Fyfe McDade.
New-found affluence
All the landmarks of affluence are appearing - boutiques, galleries and restaurants including Conran's Boundary, and Shoreditch House, an outpost of the trendy Soho members club, occupying the top floor of a former tea warehouse, with loft offices for advertising agencies and architects.
'I know we all talk about hot spots but this is really hot'
It is in travel Zone one and by central London standards Shoreditch is a relatively affordable location, with values averaging about £700 a square foot.
"There can be quite big price differences between addresses within a two-minute walk of each other," says local estate agent David Salvi. During the first wave of local regeneration in the mid Nineties, loft shells were often transformed by owners into quirky, individual spaces.
The heartland around Hoxton Square and the so-called Shoreditch Triangle now command the biggest prices. The best lofts with much-prized outside space cost from £800,000 and rise to about £2million. A new trendy pocket has emerged around once-edgy Redchurch Street, boosted by the recently extended East London line.
"I know we all talk about hot spots but this is really hot - it's a very energetic place where people want to live and work," says Salvi. "There's huge demand for retail space from fresh young brands who then expand into Covent Garden and Soho."
Box Park, at Bishopsgate Goods Yard, is described as the world's first "pop-up mall" - a line of 60 recycled shipping containers transformed into retail units, forming a new "independent" street market.
Eventually, the site will be redeveloped into 2,000 new homes, shops and offices but that is at least five years down the line. Like revitalised Spitalfields Market, with its swish corporate offices and retail parade, the site is likely to become a place where suit-wearing City workers co-exist with bohemian designers.
This is the "new Shoreditch" - prosperous, yet cool, creative and commercial. Londonewcastle, which builds flats in arty inner-city areas and promotes British design talent, has submitted a planning application for a "twisting tower" with 116 flats above street-level galleries, workshops and boutiques on a site between Redchurch Street and Bethnal Green Road.
Looming over Old Street roundabout, one of the main gateways into the City, a new development called Bezier has smartened up another scruffy patch. Named after the Frenchman who pioneered the use of "smooth curves" in engineering, it is a suitably rounded piece of architecture with two circular glazed towers providing 200 flats.
A protected terrace along Leonard Street is being converted into loft spaces. Prices from £350,000. Show apartments are open for viewing. Call 020 7490 1603.
Right next door is TechHubs, offering cheap-rent business premises for small internet start-ups. With capacity to accommodate 140 people, the aim is to boost the area's status as London's "Silicon Alley" enterprise zone.
Coming soon to this quarter is Central Square - a new scheme of 170 apartments priced from £395,000. The launch is in September 2011 - to register, visit centralsquarelondon.com.
Buyers are prepared to pay a premium - up to £1,000 a sq ft - for a stylish warehouse or factory conversion with secure parking and outside space, according to estate agent Carl Schmid, owner of a popular local watering hole called Common.
Charlotte Road, Tabernacle Street and Shepherdess Walk (which has The Factory and The Canal Building) are among the best addresses. A niche new development on Baldwin Street has flats priced from £325,000. Call Fyfe McDade on 020 7613 4044.
Shoreditch and beyond
From Shoreditch, the development ripple is spreading along Kingsland Road to Haggerston and Dalston, following the East London line extension route. At Kingsland Basin, a £65 million project is bringing 207 new homes, a health centre, café, shops and offices.
London & Quadrant housing association, the developer, is also restoring two listed stable buildings to be studios and workshops for small businesses. Eco-zones will be planted to attract birds and other wildlife. Visit lqgroup.org.uk, or call 0844 406 9997.
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Simone Chickenbone, Chicken Poop, 100% Pure Free Range Lip Junk, 0.15 oz (4.2 g)
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UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon arrived in the West Bank city of Ramallah Saturday to push for talks that would eventually lead to direct negotiations between Israel and Palestine.
Upon arrival, Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad took Ban on a tour of the concrete barrier Israel is building in the occupied territory to secure its settlements, Xinhua reported.
Ban said the Jewish settlements made the situation difficult and called on Israel to take more steps to ease the life of Palestinians, especially in the blockaded Gaza Strip.
Later, Ban will go to Israel to talk to President Shimon Peres and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, besides other senior Israeli officials to clarify the UN's stance on Middle East peace.
Ban will visit the Hamas-controlled Gaza Strip Sunday and also address a press conference.
The UN chief's second visit to the Palestinian territories comes a day after he joined a Middle East Quartet meeting which brought together US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton and Quartet representative Tony Blair to assess the stalled peace process between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).
At the meeting in Moscow, Ban urged Israel to freeze all settlement activities.
'The Quartet urges the government of Israel to freeze all settlement activity' in East Jerusalem and the West Bank, Ban said.
A statement by the Quartet gave Israel and the PNA 24 months to start negotiations that would enable the creation of a Palestinian state alongside Israel.
Last week, Israel approved the building of 1,600 new homes in East Jerusalem, which the Palestinians want as their future capital, hindering a fresh US proposal to revive the peace talks between the two sides.


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Outsiders Vol 4 24
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"Matter of Trust": The synopsis for this issue has not yet been written.
- Brion always had a big heart. A forgiving heart. A heart filled with emotion. I'm looking forward to eating it.
- -- Terra
Appearing in "Matter of Trust"
Featured Characters:
Supporting Characters:
Other Characters:
- Alfred Pennyworth (Behind the scenes)
Synopsis for "Matter of Trust"
- Synopsis not yet written.
- Black Lantern Terra appeared last in Blackest Night: Titans #3.
- No trivia.
See Also
- Write your own review of this comic!
- Discuss Outsiders Vol 4 24 on the forums
- Cover gallery for the Outsiders series
- Images from Outsiders Vol 4 24
Recommended Reading
Links and References
- Outsiders (comics) at Wikipedia.org
- Outsiders at Cosmic Teams
- Outsiders at DCU Guide
- Outsiders at the Outer Observatory
- Outsiders at TV Tropes
- Blackest Night at Wikipedia.org
- Blackest Night at DC Comics
- The Annotated Blackest Night
- Blackest Night at IGN Website
- Blackest Night at TV Tropes
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Fabiano caruana
Showing of 0 - 10 from 25 results
Fabiano caruana - Total results - 25
Dec 10, 2016
London Chess Classic: Viswanathan Anand makes solid draw against Fabiano Caruana in first roundViswanathan Anand played really well in the first round and made a draw with the black pieces against world number two Fabiano Caruana.
Sep 10, 2016
Chess Olympiad: India's Men and Women teams wilt under pressure to taste first defeatIt was a story of the top and bottom wilting under pressure, while the middle being broken under the strength of the opposition, as India crashed to it's first defeat in the seventh round of the Chess Olympiad at Baku
Mar 29, 2016
Candidates Chess: Viswanathan Anand draws with Anish Giri, loses the right to challenge Magnus Carlsen for first time since 2008For the first time in eight years Anand will not be fighting it out for the World Championship title. It is surely a huge heartbreak for the Indian chess fans.
Mar 26, 2016
Candidates Chess: It's the curse of the black again as Anand loses to a well-prepared NakamuraViswanathan Anand has very clearly come to the Candidates 2016 with this modern school of thought. He isn't just satisfied with a draw when he has the black pieces and has tried to play with great ambition. The result has been a clear disaster.
Mar 24, 2016
Candidates Chess: Vishy Anand stunned by Caruana, crucial next game against Karjakin todayIn the tenth round of the World Chess Candidates 2016, Vishy Anand was caught in a well-cooked opening variation by Fabiano Caruana and lost the game in just 33 moves.
Mar 22, 2016
Candidates Chess: Vishy Anand dazzles in flawless endgame, outwits Aronian to regain lead in MoscowIt was an extremely important victory for Anand as Aronian was one of the leaders going into the game and it places him on lead along with Sergey Karjakin on 5.5/9 points.
Mar 21, 2016
Candidates Chess: Vishy Anand's brilliant opening prep gives him easy draw against Veselin Topalov; keeps him in huntVishy Anand made an effortless draw against Veselin Topalov, with the black pieces in the eighth round of the World Chess Candidates 2016. With this draw Anand maintains his third position in the tournament with a score of 4.5/8, half a point behind the leaders Sergey Karjakin and Levon Aronian.
Mar 20, 2016
Candidates Chess: Vishy Anand spilts point with Anish Giri to stay in hunt; crucial 2nd half begins later todayIt was a job well done by Vishy Anand at the seventh round of the World Chess Candidates Championships 2016 as he drew Anish Giri, with the black pieces in 31 moves.
Mar 14, 2016
Candidates Chess: Anand settles for a draw despite having Caruana on mat; stays in joint leadAfter a hard-fought strategic battle lasting 40 moves, Viswanathan Anand split point against World No.3 Fabiano Caruana in the third round of the World Candidates Championship in Moscow on Sunday
Mar 13, 2016
Candidates Chess: Anand splits point with Aronian in a game of technical brilliance; stays in lead after Round 2Playing with black pieces, Viswanathan Anand showcased some excellent bit of opening preparation and drew his game against top Armenian grandmaster Levon Aronian in Round 2


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HELP!! Did anyone else run this event on Sunday 9 December? My name is still not appearing on the finishers list and I worked my butt off to get a qualifying time for Boston No one is responding to emails either - has anyone else had the same problem? Any helpful suggestions much appreciated! Thanks
Er, I did it, but can find myself on the results. Did you try using your race number? I don't think entering my name worked. From the rest of the organisation, I'm not surprised that you didn't get a reply as I don't think they are all that polished. I'd guess the number of organisers would be quite small. The volunteers at the aid stations were all great, though, and what a last 4-5km up from the Tagus to the stadium!
Thanks Ally, yep, searched both. Got a Portuguese colleague to phone someone as still no response to emails. Apparently one of the aerials had gone down and about 100 people are affected - great!! They are supposedly going through photos to determine finish times and then update the website but quite frustrated they still haven't acknowleged a single email. Re. the volunteers - I couldn't agree more, a guy in front of me missed every single bottle at one station and the last lady to offer him one actually ran about 100m after him to make sure he got a bottle!! Supporters were very kind as well, I enjoyed it for sure! (apart from dying over the last 5 miles......!!)
One of the aerials has gone down?? Do you know when the photos will be up and how to access them?
Not sure on photos but I now officially exist as a finisher! Shame the certificates only show elapsed time not chip time though - missed a PB by 6 seconds - much gnashing of teeth !!!! I guess they'll email us about photos at some point ?
Nope I chased a few times but got nowhere, shame


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I alight at the 'IN' gate at Koyembedu looking for souls with portly backpacks waiting to escape the urban madness and head into blissful wilderness. I spot this petite lady with a backpack half her size and shout out: Me: CTC? - Her: Yeah! / Me: Where's every one else? Its close to departure time! Her: No clue .. was looking for them! (We yak for the next 15 minutes on carbon credits and other arbit things not realizing the CTC van was waiting outside!)
I alight at the 'IN' gate at Koyembedu looking for souls with portly backpacks waiting to escape the urban madness and head into blissful wilderness. I spot this petite lady with a backpack half her size and shout out: Me: CTC? - Her: Yeah! / Me: Where's every one else? Its close to departure time! Her: No clue .. was looking for them! (We yak for the next 15 minutes on carbon credits and other arbit things not realizing the CTC van was waiting outside!)
Anyway, after the regulation headcounts, enthusiastic introductions and distribution of our dinner packs we start out on our way. It takes quite a long time to beat the Ambattur traffic and after a few snarls, we are finally on National Highway 205 en route to Talakona. The journey has begun. Our first pit stop was on the T.N – A.P border where we stopped for the toll tax. It was here that our CTC member Arul Kelvin spotted an Indian Krait. Alas, it was run overL. Irony that CTC had organized a Snake walks earlier that day. Arul dutifully shifted the snake to the edge of the highway. Good work mate. We continued with our drive. After Tirupati, the real fun starts! For those of us who know 'Sai' – he kept our group rolling in laughter and everybody indulged in wholesome leg pulling sessions! Every few kilometers were punctuated with calls to our guide asking 'Talakoa ekkada?' Given the fact that our destination was deep routed it was indeed an arduous task finding our reserve forest destination. But like everything else, CTC pulled it off and found its way to the base camp at Talakona at 2.00 A.M Saturday morning. After a tiring journey, our sprits were no way tired and we chatted till about 2.45 A.M deciding whose gonna sleep where before we finally retired for the day..err.. previous day.
The next morning, post Idly, Vada, Pongal and some tea, we started the trek.
A 1 k.m. pathway leads to the base from where you start the actual ascent. Once the ascent started, the entire group split into 3-4 groups and of course everybody fell silent, conserving energy to the stepped climb. The climb was an all in all a good one, except for may be a few paces, but still moderate by CTC standards. Mid why through our ascent, the sounds of water fall greet us and pepped up our sprits. A few moments later, we are greeted by a small stream that joins the bigger water fall down under. For many of us, we were tasting water from a running stream out in the open for the first time and everyone sweared that they had'nt tasted water better than this! It was yummy. After drinking to our tummies content and some photo ops we headed to the first water fall.
Heavens behold. 'Wow' is the word. Picture post card perfect may be an alternative word.
A pool of magnificent turquoise water with a beautiful water fall greeted us. Surrounding it from three sides were 100 M high rise and sharp edged cliffs. Of course, the next had to happen. All the 28 of us jumped into the pool and waded like a bunch of happy water buffaloes. Such bliss! The little dose of tiredness that any of our group members might have had vanished. The water was freaking cold and people seemed forget this in the wave of infectious solitude that the group experienced. Poor Arun had a cut from one of the sharp under water rocks dotting the entire pool. A good one hour plus later we managed to pull our selves out of the water and head higher up into the small hills. Post lunch, we walked close to 2 km up there to visit a colonial bunglow, but a passing forest official played spoilsport. Anyway, we began our journey downwards. It was a stepped descent and a bit steep at places. The water fall that greeted us now was the mother fall! Yeah! Again, we wasted no time in getting our skin under water. . Now folks, you have to take every word that I say now literally. The forceful water chunks hitting our backs from close to 100 feet felt like some one walloping you with blunt pieces of iron! We screamed our lungs out and held on to each other. We were drenched to the bone. And further more. It was exhilarating. It was a moment that bowled everyone over. The expression of child like enthusiasm and sheer gusto upon being in all watery wilderness had to be seen on the faces of our CTC members to be believed! Added to this were gusty winds that sprayed water all over you like no other. I am short of expressions at this moment. It was like facing a good thunderstorm in a radius of 20 feet! (Oh, there is where CTC'ian Shubha did a smart thing. She came under the water falls wearing a rain coat. Not that it made any difference, but beat that I say J )
We started our downward ascent now and headed back to our base camp to start our onward journey to Chennai. We caught dinner at Tirupati and after a few pit stops on NH 205 reached Chennai at around 2.00 A.M (I didn't notice a single remotely tired sole. The water sure is therapeutic and fools your muscle to believe that they did nothing all day)
Thanks organizers :) We were hit and drenched to the bone. And did we enjoy it!
This talakona trek was excellent for so many reasons.i will try to iterate a few things here for the entire group.first about the drive, it was an awesome drive both ways the roads had everything in them and that made it so exciting to drive n thanks to the bumps which made it hard for the ppl to sleep n they wer singing all the way(reddy garu talks a lot tat we all know but i can tell u he is a very good singer).the roads after tirupati were even more thrilling to drive and there were so many stars blinking in the sky in the dark nite welcoming us to talakona.thanks for the packed vasantha bhavan food (credit goes to archana for arranging it).The guest house was so good and comfortable n the suspending bridge there catched everyone eyes even at 2 a.m.
The next day ppl were so energetic to start the trek inspite of reduced sleep.the guest house ppl prepared an yummy breakfast and everybody was thumping to go.the trail was little steep n demanding initially n after seeing the first pool i would still say it was one among the prettiest waterfall that i have seen in my lifetime and add to tat it was a swimmers paradise.we enjoyed like anything there and i think all of us had the same feeling can we stay longer here n the same question have i seen a waterfall somewer close to the beauty of this. We continued to explore the hills and the nature gave us a surprise with a humongous waterfall n the water was pouring down with so much force most of the ppl were so red wen they came out.the talkona hills is a great treat for ppl who love waterfalls or who r interested in photography n ppl shouldn't have 2nd thoughts in going it's a must go place.
Finally i have to tell about the organizing part Priya did a wonderful job by selecting the place 2 b talakona n i know she took so much pains for the last whole week to get things in place and to her credit she also got a mr.perfect srinidhi to do the financial part n am so happy i was able to help her a little in making this trek a huge success.hope to meet you all again very soon.
Back from a 36 hour trip to Talakona waterfalls, 50 kms from Tirupati, near Kodur in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh. Nice place-An ideal weekend destination from Chennai (220 kms) and Bangalore (300 kms). Two beautiful waterfalls, never ending forest for trekking and exploration, a community operated guest house and friendly locals make this a good place to spend couple of days-either relax amidst the nature or do a bit of adventure exploring the Sheshachalapuram range of Venkateswara reserve forest. This outing was also through CTC again like few of my recent treks and there were 28 of us in total, packed in one Santro, one Qualis (rented) and a Mahindra tourister (rented)- N0, not on self drive, I swear :)
We could have left on Saturday morning, but the trip was planned specially for those who work on Saturday, hence we started by Saturday evening. Starting from Tidel park and picking up people en-route, we finally left Koyambedu by 6.30 PM as against the targeted 5.30 PM. (This time all participants were on time, only vehicles came in late) Though it is just 220 kms from Chennai, the roads were bad (There're more than one route to reach-I am not sure which one we took) and add to that we did a mistake of hiring a 16 seater Mahindra Tourister, which just couldn't go at a decent speed on highways and moved at snail's pace, slowing the group further. (DO NOT RENT this vehicle for outstation travel-it comes cheaper than Force Traveler and takes more people, but is only suited for city rides and not highways) This, coupled with factors like having to stop for fuel, permits, taxes, confusion over the route etc made us reach our destination at an unearthly 2.30 AM,(8 hours for 220 kms or 27.5 kmph), outsmarting all provisions one might have kept for possible delays. But then, the forest department officials and guest house staff were very friendly. Even at that odd time, one forest department jeep escorted us to the guest house and the staff there quickly made provisions for extra beds etc, so that we could go to sleep without much delay. We saw the Tamil version of Telugu popular movie- Bommarillu on the way. This guest house is operated by local people (under the banner of their community and with guidance from Forest department) and rates are pretty cheap. The Loghut (A one bedroom, elevated structure-ref pics) costs around Rs 400 per day and the Dormitory costs Rs 1000 per day (Can comfortably accommodate a group of 10-15 people with extra beds). There're only 2 LogHuts and 2 dorms available, so better plan in advance. (I saw one more forest guest house near the temple, but that was a normal building-nothing special in any way. Tirupati is the nearest town if you want more options). The guest house campus is very good- a water stream flows next to it-anytime one can go for a dip or a swim, they have a deer as a pet (named Raja), which is naturally reluctant to come close to strangers, but will come near and readily accept food if offered. There is a hanging bridge on which one can go for a walk anytime. Over crowded population of monkeys is something you need to watch out for. Protect your belongings from being snatched away by them. We didn't spot any sort of animals during the trek but there were several boards on the way with paintings of various animals and birds, with messages related to forest and wildlife conservation.
Breakfast was good and PuLiyogare was packed for lunch. They insisted that we buy water bottles from them, stating that "it was found recently that water on the hill is contaminated with some iron related substance". We didn't find merit in that statement and felt it is said purely to scare us and make us buy water from them. We anyway had good supply of drinking water with us. 9.30 or 10 AM in the morning was the time when we finally left the guest house for the trek. Trek was fairly easy, with well established trails. Since we as first times were not familiar with the terrain we commissioned 2 guides. At around 12 Noon we reached the first waterfalls (named Etikoppaka falls, the first image you see on top of this post), after a break at a small stream (which formed another waterfalls which we were going to see later in the day). The place is very scenic (see pic), but the lake is not that friendly for amateur swimmers-the water is either too shallow (near the shore) or suddenly too deep. But then it is good enough for a good refreshment.
After spending nearly 2 hours we started for a place 30 mins away where we would stop and have lunch. During this walk we spotted a camera man recording our walk. Our organizer enquired with a 'director like looking' person (Name-B.V.Ramana) on who are they and what they are doing. The conversation thus struck resulted eating up 30 minutes. We learnt that it was a local telugu devotional channel (Name: SV Bhakti Channel) owned by TTD (Tirupati Tirumala Devastanam) they were doing a documentary on Talakona and wanted to record few clippings of our organizer speaking about our experience in Talakona and all. It's not every day that you get a chance to see yourself in a TV (never mind that channel is hitherto unheard of). I simply stood in the frame upon request along with my bag as they wanted more crowd, but others had gone far ahead and were in no mood to walk back all the way. [Related: Watch me in an ETV Kannada program] The recording went on for couple of minute and was okayed in the first shot. The director didn't have an email address to offer-not sure how he operates without one.
When we finally finished shooting, subsequent conversation and declared pack-up, rest of the team had finished their lunch and was waiting. Next on the agenda was to visit some British Bungalow somewhere uphill, but I understand we had to stop and start return journey, as it was beyond 3.30PM and our objective was to return to base by 1730 hours. On the return journey a villager asked for some fever tablet, as someone is having high fever. Hema had some paracetamol and we gave him two tablets. He enquired us on the dosage and returned with a thankful eye. Just see how difficult life in these places can be. One may have to walk for miles before you could meet another human being-let alone basic facilities and luxuries. Hope his family member who was suffering from fever recovered fully.
We walked down the hill though using steps and soon landed at another water fall- named Gunjana Falls, which is 3 times bigger than the earlier one and most popular of all Talakona falls. This water fall forms out of the stream we'd crossed in the morning uphill, which abruptly gushes out of the rocky mountain to fall a lengthy, powerful eye catching fall. Walkway have been constructed in the middle of this falls- people can walk in and take shower under the falls, water flows further down the vertical rock into a small lake (not as good as the one we saw earlier). Talakona falls are fairly popular as tourist places. There is a motor able road to take people near the water fall area and well built walk ways till the falls. The other waterfall we went in the morning needed several kms of walking in the woods, hence was relatively undisturbed. Many trees had several pieces of cloths tied to them. Some religious belief or customary I assume.
We walked down the hill though using steps and soon landed at another water fall- named Gunjana Falls, which is 3 times bigger than the earlier one and most popular of all Talakona falls. This water fall forms out of the stream we'd crossed in the morning uphill, which abruptly gushes out of the rocky mountain to fall a lengthy, powerful eye catching fall. Walkway have been constructed in the middle of this falls- people can walk in and take shower under the falls, water flows further down the vertical rock into a small lake (not as good as the one we saw earlier). Talakona falls are fairly popular as tourist places. There is a motor able road to take people near the water fall area and well built walk ways till the falls. The other waterfall we went in the morning needed several kms of walking in the woods, hence was relatively undisturbed. Many trees had several pieces of cloths tied to them. Some religious belief or customary I assume.
Finally by 5.50-6 PM the first batch was back in the guest house. Few of those who reached early didn't have the room keys and had to wait for others to come. Few took their own time to get ready keeping everyone waiting till then, we took off by 7 PM. Return journey took equal amount of time , with a stop for dinner at Tirupati and we reached Chennai (Koyambedu) by about 2 AM. Per head expense was around Rs 810, which I feel is reasonable.Written by: Baidik, Satish, Shrinidhi
Organized by: Priya


text:
Snapdragon S4 Pro with Adreno 320 graphics is the first to top the new iPad's PowerVR GPU
135 Comments
2. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
not if TI dont handle their business lol
1. Non_Sequitur (Posts: 1111; Member since: 16 Mar 2012)
S4 Pro will kill EVERYTHING. Except OMAP 5, that should be good.
3. bobfreking55 (Posts: 866; Member since: 15 Jul 2011)
Exynos 5 too.
ARM15 and 1080p is da future!
4. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
yea.....the far away future lol
9. pokharkarsaga (Posts: 402; Member since: 23 Feb 2012)
Snapdragon Krait = ARM Cortex A15
S4 PRO APQ8064(Adreno 320) =Quad Core Exynos Cortex a15(Mali T604)
S4 PRO MSM8960T(Adreno 320) = Dual Core Exynos Cortex a15(Mali T604)
This benchmark should be compared.
Still Exynos is the winner in benchmarks.
Snapdragon Krait is the carbon copy of ARM Cortex A15.See this link below:-
10. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
yea but once again that chip might not be out til around the end of next year for all we know......Qualcomm is going to be the standard chip until then....S4 is doing too good right now
15. SuperAndroidEvo (Posts: 4888; Member since: 15 Apr 2011)
Yeah like I said Qualcomm is the most complete SoC out there. They are the only chip makers that have it all, POWER, PERFORMANCE, & USABILITY. Their chips can be used in any network in the world & they benchmark better than anything out there.
Qualcomm S4 Krait Pro is the BEST chip out there. ARM A15 dual-core is STILL missing in action & once that gets released Qualcomm will drop the S4 Krait Pro quad-core. Looks like Qualcomm is a head compared to Samsung, & Texas Instruments in their chip development.
55. dmckay12 (Posts: 243; Member since: 25 Feb 2012)
Your right. Sorry.
33. dmckay12 (Posts: 243; Member since: 25 Feb 2012)
Both of the Pros are quad core. The MSM chip is clocked higher than the APQ chip.
43. KParks23 (Posts: 675; Member since: 13 Oct 2010)
The msm pro is a duel core chip set and the apq is quad core bro
62. KParks23 (Posts: 675; Member since: 13 Oct 2010)
No need to apologize lol its cool
67. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
the Snapdragon IS NOT an A15...
i dont know who keeps telling you that, but you need to stop listening
Qualcomm calls it an "A15" equivilant.. which it most definitely is not. Its slightly better in chip design than an A9, but it is nothing close to an A15.
Notice how the S4 is well below the A9 exynos 4412 and just barely beats out the T3 in most tests?
An A15 would laugh at all 3 of those chips.
79. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
"A15 equivalent"
what does the word equivalent mean?
(rhetorical question)
83. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
it means its a MARKETING TERM. like "nearly new pre owned".
In real life, it means squat when it cant even keep up/ahead of the A9's
88. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
which A9's is it not keeping up ahead of?
90. cheetah2k (Posts: 1713; Member since: 16 Jan 2011)
WTF remixfa?? Are you smoking crack?
91. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
nope, just looking at benchmark after benchmark that proves my point.
92. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
explain to us which A9's its not keeping up ahead of...
94. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
exynos 4212/4412. It's barely ahead of the T3 in some tests and behind in others. All which are A9.
96. Hunt3rj2 (Posts: 396; Member since: 11 Nov 2011)
The current Krait v2 is a halfway between A9 and A15, like the Scorpion was a halfway between A8 and A9.
Krait v3 apparently makes the final jump to either equivalent A15 perf or just slightly faster.
97. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
krait v3. the pro? its the same chip with a new GPU. Thats the only difference. The Quad version is the pro with 2 extra cores. They are using the GPU to pick up the slack from the CPU. you might get a 20-30% real life performance boost from the extra 2 cores for floating point operations and such on the quad.
calling the chip itself "half way" is pretty generous since it cant even top A9s. At half way to A15 it should at least top A9's or ride with the exynos in its current form.
Also, the S3 was most definitely not half way either.
98. Hunt3rj2 (Posts: 396; Member since: 11 Nov 2011)
Nope, Krait v2 is the CPU in the Pro, which is exactly the same as the original MSM8960s. Krait v3 is still yet to come, and will bring IPC increase and higher clock speeds.
It's pretty accurate because I don't see dual core Cortex A9s slapping an MSM8960 around, when it takes quad core Cortex A9 SoCs to equal an MSM8960.
The Snapdragon S3 was half way, it was somewhere between a Cortex A8 and a dual core Cortex A9. Which puts it right about in the level of Tegra 2 or so.
99. XPERIA-KNIGHT (unregistered)
but the S4 dual is better than the Exynos dual and the S4 pro is better than the Exynos 4412 right?
105. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
yea, but here's the difference. True A15's slap quad A9's around. the E5 is going to run circles around the E4 quad. If the S4 cant even keep up with the E4, how can it be a "half way" between the E4 and E5.
Besides, it doesnt "take a quad".
The apple A5x chip is a rebranded E4 DUAL (exynos 4212) with powerVR GPU, and its been the current benchmark champ for all commercially released devices. The only challenger has been of course the E4 Quad in the SGS3. So the theory of "only because they are quad" is bunk.
110. Hunt3rj2 (Posts: 396; Member since: 11 Nov 2011)
The A5x isn't a rebranded Exynos 4:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
Intrinisity, the company that Apple acquired for SoC design, located in Austin, TX. Conveniently, Samsung's biggest semiconductor fab is also in the same place, and it is dedicated to Apple's SoCs. What a strange coincidence.
The Snapdragon S4 doesn't keep up with the Exynos 4 Quad because of GPU and higher internal bandwidth needed to feed 4 CPUs. A dual core Kraitv1 will get slapped around by any Cortex A15 SoC, any Krait v2 quad core SoC will be equal to Cortex A15 SoCs, any dual core Krait v3 SoC will equal any Cortex A15 SoC.
I know you hate Qualcomm, it's fine. Don't kid yourself though, they are far from ceding performance to their competitors. Exynos may be the fastest, but it doesn't matter when even the mighty Samsung must put away the Exynos and pony up for Qualcomm SoCs to be able to supply their biggest markets. You might not care about LTE, but I'm sure you'd care about DC-HSPA+, and both require a Qualcomm SoC to work. I can tell you right now that many people I talk to refuse to ever go back to 3G, so their only answer is Crapdragons. Even if it isn't, like in the iPhone 5, a Qualcomm modem will be in the heart of it.
Take your crusade somewhere else, Exynos is far from the god of the market.
111. Peecha (Posts: 1; Member since: 19 Aug 2012)
112. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
what a strange coincidence that the A5x also mirrors the Exynos CPU nearly bit by bit with a different GPU.
Yes, we all know about intrinsity. Samsung also got the original Hummingbird/exynos designs from them. Apple bought the company to get legal rights to the designs but they are still bound to samsung through contracts. The iterations from the original hummingbird/exynos have all been samsung upgrades to the design. That includes the A5/A5x.
Its an exynos with a different GPU (a better one).
Im not some crazed fanboy. I dont "hate" qualcomm. I call it like it is. Period. Dont throw in your emotions into my arguments.
When most people think of 3g they think of slowrizon and sprint's 3g which is..... very slow.
3G goes up to 12mb/s on GSM, unlike the 2mbs on CDMA.
I'm fine with 21mb/s HSPA+ and exynos. The rest of it is bragging rights. Your phone cant do anything wit the extra speed anyways. If you dont tether often, u have no real need for HSPA+42 or LTE other than to NOT be on VZW 3g. Hell, I'm still running my 3g 7.2mbs SGS1 and am fine with its regular speeds of 4-6mb/s in testing. Internet is fast, google music streams HD without a hitch, Netflix works perfect.. why do I need LTE again? However a real world bump in horsepower will give me more access to the newer games and features that this phone cant handle. The Adreno 225 is such a marginal upgrade to the PowerVR found in the SGS1 its not worth the money to upgrade. $600 for a 10-20% performance improvement in GPU (yes the cpu is obviously a bit faster, but i dont have cpu issues as it is).. no thanks.
But that's just me. Some people are convinced they need it. Its like saying you need a Shelby 500hp mustang to get to work every day when you never go over 65mph. It would be fun, but its not needed for 95% of people.
113. remixfa (Posts: 14597; Member since: 19 Dec 2008)
thats the S4 PRO, not the S4. know your chips.
116. Hunt3rj2 (Posts: 396; Member since: 11 Nov 2011)
By your line of thought, what a strange coincidence that the OMAP4 is just the Exynos 4210 with a slower GPU. I guess Samsung also designed the OMAP4. Two Cortex A9s at 1.2 GHz, definitely Exynos right there.
Apple is bound to Samsung for their semiconductor fabrication, not for design. Apple clearly does not want to have Samsung also controlling their designs when they are now huge competitors in the mobile space.
You're not a crazed fanboy, but you have a bias. It's not a bias where you explicitly reject everything Qualcomm, but you prioritize CPU/GPU performance above all else, and you put Samsung on a pedestal when really they're just a market juggernaut that got to their position through aggressive pricing and economies of scale.
It's fine if you're willing to stay with HSPA+, but I know that I'm not. HSPA+ is far too variable and latency is far too high. When it is completely possible that HSPA+ can only deliver 1 Mbps on the downstream and 150 ms latency, I know that I want LTE. Even 9 Mbps and 70 ms latency is a massive step forward, and makes it completely possible for me to do things like online gaming on the go.
The Adreno 225 is slightly faster than the SGS2's Mali 400, which still isn't fast enough for me. You may not care about increased performance, but I do. It's not about what is needed, because no one needs a smartphone. Just looking at the desktop space, no one needs more than a Pentium 4, but the market marches on. My needs changed. I went from an Athlon 64 to a Core i5 2500k, from 2 gigs of RAM to 8. Why did I go with such a jump? Because I started using web browsers much more intensively. My old computer cannot handle 200 tabs in a browser, this one can do it with ease. I would've never predicted my usage patterns becoming like this, but they did. That's why I never say never to more CPU, GPU, RAM, and DL/UL speed.
117. dmckay12 (Posts: 243; Member since: 25 Feb 2012)
When I was at school, I got 30 mb/s on Verizon LTE. It made posting to Facebook and looking up worksheet answers a lot quicker than Verzon's 3G. BTW Quadrant and Antutu scores show quad core scores higher than dual core scores, even if the dual core is more powerful.


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POLICE are searching for a car which crashed into two light poles, bringing them down, at Manningham early this morning.
The vehicle left the scene after the crash at the intersection of Ascot Ave and North East Rd about 1.40am this morning.
The driver of the car did no stop and continued travelling towards the city.
Police believe the vehicle would have sustained "significant front end damage" in the crash.
SA Power Networks and MFS crews attended the scene to repair the poles and clear debris.
Police will be canvassing the area to obtain any CCTV of the incident to try to identify the make and model of the vehicle.
Anyone with information about this incident is asked to contact Crime Stoppers on 1800 333 000 or online at https://sa.crimestoppers.com.au/.
Originally published as Car crashes into two light poles, flees


text:
Visit the 2017 SPPAC Portland Conference Homepage here
2016 Conference Information:
Society of Pediatric Psychology 2016 Annual Conference
State of the Art in Pediatric Psychology: Promoting Best Practices
Marriott Marquis
265 Peachtree Center Ave NE
Atlanta, Georgia
Sheraton Downtown
165 Courtland St NE, Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 659-6500
255 Courtland St NE, Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 659-2000
265 Peachtree St NE, Atlanta, GA 30303
(404) 577-1234
Welcome to SPPAC 2016
You are invited to attend the Society of Pediatric Psychology 2016 annual conference. Our invited speakers will represent the diversity of our members' interests, including interdisciplinary collaborations in clinical care and research, working with culturally diverse youth, and application of evidence-based interventions across a variety of settings. Join your colleagues and share your exciting research and clinical collaborations. Read the full welcome letter from our conference co-chairs here.
Conference Overview
This annual conference of the Society of Pediatric Psychology (SPP), Division 54 of the American Psychological Association, highlights top research and practice in the field of pediatric psychology. Heavy in continuing education and networking, this is the premier avenue for those who study and practice in the field.
If you have any questions about program content you may contact Anna Maria Patino-Fernandez, PhD, by email at firstname.lastname@example.com. If you have questions regarding registrations, please contact a registration specialist at 785-864-5823, toll-free at 877-404-5823 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Continuing Education
The Society of Pediatric Psychology (Division 54 of the American Psychological Association) is approved by the American Psychological Association to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. The Society of Pediatric Psychology maintains responsibility for this program and its contents.
The 2016 SPPAC offers 14 hours of introductory-to-intermediate-level CEs for psychologists. Workshops must be registered for separately and are not included in the conference registration. Additional CEs are available for those who attend preconference and/or lunch and learn workshops.


text:
Hand Protection
Definition - What does Hand Protection mean?
Hand protection is saving one's hands from any sort of injury at work. Hands are vital tools of human being and therefore most vulnerable to injuries as well. Very often, hands are exposed to hazardous conditions such as sharp edges, pinch points, rotary machinery, hot objects, electricity, splinters and chemicals etc. If hands are not protected and get injured, they will last for lifetime.
Safeopedia explains Hand Protection
Most common types of hand injuries include the following:
Traumatic injury occurs when hands and fingers get caught, pinched or crushed in chains, wheels, rollers, or gears of various machinery and get cuts to the skin, tendons, blood vessels and nerves, skin punctures, pricks, abrasion, irritation, bones fractures and sprains.
Contact or permeation injury occurs when our hands get contact with corrosive liquids, solvents, acids, detergents, flammable liquids and other substances and permeated through the skin. This can cause chemical burns or injure tissues, skin irritations, allergic dermatitis, major organ damage, carcinogenic effects etc.
Repetitive motion injury occurs when jobs require repeated, rapid hand movements for long period of time. Most of these injuries are musculoskeletal disorders.
Thermal injury occurs due to high temperatures of the equipment or fire while handling hot parts, thermoplastics molds, welding-cutting, foundry works, thermoforming, removing food from ovens etc. Thermal injury occurs in the form of burns, dermatitis, frostbite and blisters etc.
To protect our hands against these injuries we should do the following:
- Perform out risk assessment.
- Follow user manual and product labels.
- Use appropriate gloves (type, size and shape) and PPEs or barrier cream.
- Avoid using finger rings and ornaments such as bracelets or watches.
- Change grips, hand positions or motions. Give hands a rest.
- Use machine guards and safety devices etc at all the times.
- Lockout and switch off equipment and machines those are not in use.
- Wash hands when in contact with corrosive chemicals or as appropriate.
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First of all, we must congratulate Adam for his acoustic performance of "Whataya Want From Me" getting to #1 this week on the VH1 Top 20 Countdown. In my humble opinion, those acoustic songs are going to rip apart that countdown. Do you think they will all make their way on there?? Can you imagine the "Adam domination" if they were??
That being said, for those of you that missed it or for those that just want to watch it again here is the Nightline interview from last night:
VIDEO: Adam Lambert on "Nightline":


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Tis the night before flight, only 1 creature remain stirring, while the other is with wine and close to his sight blurring. Only 4 1/2 hours away... wait, this d@m- autocorrect on this new phone keeps leading thou words astray...anyway... the creature still packs to the husband's dismay. To be connived...or ...
... up so that was an interesting ride. Got to the bottom and there we hundreds of bikers and fisherman for the stream that we followed out of the park. So I headed north. Stopped for a burrito at a gas station and headed north, then cut over to Tennessee when I decided to just put in Laconia and head I that direction. About 5 I decided I had enough and looked for bed. Found it and just relaxed. It was a good ...
Almost time
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Eat, beach, sleep, repeat
... spot or in nearby bars and restaurants.
Seems that the thing to do is to hang out with the Elks and the Moose or look for shells.
The Elks and the Moose are local service organizations that seem to have events every day of the week. When not socializing there, a lot of people seem to be looking for shark teeth.
We don't really understand the appeal...and they have no real value...but it does give one something to ...