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Fundamentals of Bakery and Advanced Bakery are the 2 certificates that make up the Bakery Diploma. Each certificate has a workload of 120 hours. When enrolling for certificates rather than the Diploma, the student has the possibility of training continuously for 6 months or alternatively, may attend each of the 2 certificates at the enrolment date they choose.
For the Fundamentals of Bakery certificate each student is delivered 2 sets of uniform (trousers, jacket, apron, hat, neckerchief and cloth) and a full case of knives specific to bakery. In each certificate, all of the ingredients, utensils and machinery are included that are needed to complete each and every one of the techniques taught in class, always under the supervision of a teacher chef.
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My, what an amazing year this has been! As we spend time with family and friends over the next few days, I wanted to wish YOU a Happy and Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays!
Thank you for being a part of my virtual family! Without YOU I would not be here!
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When I got to work that night, everyone was already there and I took my usual seat next to Jeremy. The whole group was unusually quiet, which I took to be a bad sign. Cai was the only one to even acknowledge me when I came in, and even then it wasn't his usual over the top greeting. Instead he mumbled, "James said he had something to tell all of us. From experience, I can assure you that whatever he has to say isn't good. He said he'd tell us after he gets back from a meeting at the main warehouse." Great. More bad news.
It seemed to take forever for James to come back, and when he did, he went to his desk and shuffled papers around for a little bit. It was almost as if he was afraid to give us the news. When he finally came over to our table, he looked at the floor. James wasn't himself, his usual pride was gone. He cleared his throat and didn't look at any of us as he said, "They're giving us Zarry."
There were a few muffled gasps. I didn't react because I was too confused. I didn't even feel shocked until Cai stood up and yelled at James:
"What are you thinking? We can't have him here. We have...females! You need to go back, you need to tell them. How are you going to control him? He's a mon-"
"-I know what he is and what he does. If you think that I gave into this without a fight then you're wrong. Unfortunately, they have the same feelings about him as we do. They're tired of having to keep him on such a tight leash and so they're handing him off to us. When they originally hired him, they didn't expect him to be so much trouble, but they can't just fire him. There's the contract to consider, and no one is willing to do him in. No hitman has enough balls to take the job. If that hitman were to fail, Zarry would have his retributions and all Hell would break loose."
Spenser looked like he had a few things to say to that final comment, but had the sense to hold them in. Cai, on the other hand, was angry beyond measure. He had completely lost his self control and was not ashamed to speak his mind.
"It's not me or Spenser that I'm worried about; it's Arlais, Jeremy, and Amelia. Zarry will make life a living hell for them, and there are so few of us. Me, Spenser, or you can't be here all the time to make sure he doesn't hurt them. If there were more of us here, things might be different, but as it is, there aren't usually more than two of us here at a time. I just don't feel comfortable with leaving any of them with him."
Arlais broke her usual silence to throw in her view on things. "Despite popular belief, I can take care of myself," at this she threw a glance at Cai, "and anyone who can't shouldn't have gotten in the business. Whatever he does to me can't be worse than what I've already gotten."
"Despite your concerns, Cai, I feel there is little we can do to change things. Besides, Arlais has a point: Every one of you knew what you were getting into when you signed the contract. Personally, I'm not all that worried about Jeremy. Zarry wouldn't dare to lay a finger on my cousin, and if Amelia sticks by him, as it seems she does already, she should be fine as well. I don't want to hear any more about this, Andres' decision is final. I also don't want any hitmen suddenly deciding to try their luck against Zarry. None of you are allowed to lay a finger on him, even if he did something first. There will be no retribution. I'm saying this now, because I know how protective some of you can get. If I hear about anything, anything at all, you'll answer to me. He's coming tomorow night. Get used to it."
At the end of James' speech, Cai stood up and looked James in the eyes. An unspoken challenge went between them, and Cai said, "Fine. But I'm not having Amelia pushed into this with no idea as to what's going on. We'll be back later. Come on Em, we're taking a walk."
Cai had never been this forceful with me. He was usually gently reproving, but whoever James had been talking about must have really made him mad. When we left the warehouse, he walked quickly with his head down. He didn't say anything. We walked for about ten minutes. By this time, I was getting pissed off. Why didn't he say anything? I was done. I was tired of being pushed around and considered weak. I was tired of having to wait for someone else to pull their shit together just so I could get some answers. I jumped in front of Cai and made him stop walking. I grabbed the collar of his shirt and dragged him down to my level.
"You said you had something to say to me, well you'd better say it. I'm in no mood to be wandering about the city at night, with no good purpose, just so I can hear a bit of gossip. Right now, I have no idea what's going on. I will not sit in the dark and wait for someone to stick a knife in my ribs. Not this time."
The look in his eyes was well worth seeing. It wasn't fear, but it had a similar name: Respect. For the first time, I wasn't the baby. I was the dominant one. I was in control. Cai stuttered about his words, before managing to say, "You remember Flagg, right?"
"Remember his fingers, his eye, and all those scars?"
"They're kinda hard to forget."
"Zarry did that."
"That's great, but you didn't answer my question."
"I'm getting there. Can you let me go? This is hurting my back."
I released my hold on his collar and he continued:
"Zarry tortures people for information, he's very good at what he does. He has a special technique on women. I think you already got it, but in case you didn't, it's rape. Zarry was always trouble. If a woman wouldn't willingly go to bed with him, he'd have her anyway. People didn't used to fear him as much as they do now. They thought back then that they'd be protected by the unspoken law that you don't harm someone in your sector. Despite this, very few had the guts to stand up to him. Flagg was one of them that did. Needless to say, Zarry made sure that he wouldn't be able to cause him any trouble. Everyone thought that the administration would have someone kill Zarry for mutilating Flagg so bad. They didn't. They were too scared. Zarry is above the law and impossible to control. That's why they're giving him to us. They want to limit the damage he does. If you think that it'll be any different here, you're wrong. Even Spenser fears him, and James is just like the others. We don't stand a chance."
"Cai, I think I'm gonna be sick."
My breath came in short gasps as I leaned against the wall. I vomited and sank to the ground. My body kept heaving, even after there was nothing left in me to throw up. When I was sure I could be coherent again, I said to Cai, "How could one human being do that to another? I'm scared. I really am. You were right, I am weak."
"No you're not. I saw you a few minutes ago. You enjoy power, you just don't know how to use it. You could run that warehouse, and no one would question it if you showed all of them what you just showed me. You don't have to do that for now, but there's going to be a time when you have no choice."
Cai had said all that he wanted to say, and so he just turned back and headed for the warehouse.


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David G. Davtyan MDBariatric Surgery (Weight Loss)
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David G. Davtyan, MD, FACS, FICS
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What makes your specialties the right fields of medicine for you?
After fighting with obesity for many years and not finding any long-term weight loss results from diets, exercise and medications, I learned about this new weight loss procedure, the Lap-Band System. The Lap-Band System offered many advantages and benefits that other weight loss surgeries or treatments did not offer. The Lap-Band procedure improved my health and changed my life. After living with the Lap-Band, I developed a profound interest in this revolutionary procedure. I studied the procedure with Lap-Band pioneer, Guy-Bernard Cadiere in Brussels and became one of the first doctors to perform the Lap-Band in the states following FDA approval in 2001.
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The Lap-Band is my passion and my personal victory against obesity, therefore, my preferred method for significant and sustained weight loss. The Lap-Band has unmatched benefits compared to other treatments available for weight loss such as gastric bypass. The Lap-Band is a reliable, minimally invasive weight loss procedure thus; there is no cutting, stapling or re-routing. Also, with the Lap-Band there is no ?dumping syndrome?, malabsorption or vitamin deficiency. The procedure takes approximately 30-45 minutes and surgery can be performed safely in an outpatient facility. Lap-Band patients can go home the same day. The Lap-Band, which was approved by the FDA in 2001, does not require special diets or weight loss pills and patients can eat their favorite foods. One of the most attractive benefits is that it has a faster recovery time and it can be adjusted and reversed at any time. It also has fewer side effects and less risks of complications; thus, higher patient satisfaction.
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From a personal standpoint, the Lap-Band was the best decision I ever made to solve my weight problems and improve my quality of life. People, who suffer from obesity and its related co-morbidities such as sleep apnea, diabetes, hypertension, joint pain, asthma, and gastro- esophageal reflux disease (GERD), now have access to a safe, minimally invasive and long-term weight loss procedure. Laparoscopic gastric banding really changed my life and I know that it will change the life of many others who choose the Lap-Band System like I did.
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Dr. Davtyan is one of the most experienced LapBand Surgeons in the U.S.. He possesses a deep understanding of the gastric banding procedure because he is a LapBand patient himself. He is also offering the new Realize Band procedure at his practice.
- Medical School: UCLA School of Medicine – Los Angeles, California (graduated 1989)
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text: Early Tamil Epigraphy From the Earliest Times to the 6th Century AD By Iravatham Mahadevan --An Overview by S. Swaminathan Early Tamil Epigraphy From the Earliest Times to the 6th Century AD By Iravatham Mahadevan --Published by Cre-A, India & Harvard University, USA 2003 The book deals with development of two scripts of Tamil: Tamil-Brahmi and Early VaTTezhuttu covering a period from the 3rd century BC till the 6th century AD. First, let me provide some background information regarding the scripts discussed in the book in order to follow 'My Overview' We would come across with five scripts in the book: Brahmi, Tamil Brahmi, VaTTezhuttu, Tamil and Grantha Short description of these scripts follows. Brahmi Brahmi is an ancient script of India. The earliest writing in Brahmi is found in the edicts of Asoka dated to the 3rd century BC. Brahmi is a general term and there existed a number of regional variations, like Southern Brahmi, Sinhala-Brahmi etc. Brahmi Mother script of Indian Languages Brahmi is the script from which all other native Indian scripts, except the Harappan, are derived. Development of the letter N (ண) in all Indian languages starting from Brahmi, It may be noted how the characters change drastically over the centuries! Development of latter k (க) in Devanagari, Tamil and other south Indian Scripts BC-AD Development of vowels of Tamil from Early Tamil-Brahmi Development of consonants of Tamil from Early Tamil-Brahmi Brahmi Mother script of many Asian Languages Pallava Grantha, a derivative of Brahmi, a script developed to write Sanskrit in the Tamil country was the inspiration to most of the Asian scripts. This happened through the political and the cultural conquest by the Indian rulers starting from the Pallava-s Development of letter k (க) for the languages of Java, Sumatra Borneo, Thai, Laos, Khmer, Combodia, Vietnam, etc from the Grantha script Tamil-Brahmi Tamil-Brahmi is the name of the script in which the earliest inscriptions in Tamil are found. Let us see how Tamil-Brahmi looks like Tamil-Brahmi inscription Kudumiyanmalai, 3rd century AD நா ழ û ககா ü ற ó த ö ப [ளி] ö The hermitage (is the gift) of koRRantai of nAzhaL VaTTezhuttu VaTTezhuttu, a cursive style, was derived from Tamil-Brahmi, and was current all over the Tamil country from the 5th century AD. VaTTezhuttu Tamil script that came into use from the 7th century displaced VaTTezhuttu. With the ascendancy of the Chozhas, and the displacement was total by 13th century. However the script lingered on till the 19th century in Kerala for writing Malayalam. VaTTezhuttu The Pulankurichchi inscriptions (5th century) are the earliest. A number of hero-stones in the Dharmapuri district have been found inscribed in Early VaTTezhuttu. Let us see a specimen of VaTTEzhttu Vattezhuttu inscription Thirunatharkunru, 6th century AD ஐ ம் ப த் தத ழ ன ai m pa t tE zha na ச ன ந் தநா ற் ற ca na n nO R Ra ச ந் தி ர ந ந் தி ஆ ca na ti ra na n ti A சி ரி க ரு நி சீ தி கக ci ri ka ru ni cI ti kai ஐம்பத்ததழு நாட்கள் உண்ணா §¿¡ýÒ தநாற்ற சந்திரநந்தி ஆசிரிகரு தவம் கசய்த இடம் The seat of penance of chantiramanti Acirikaru, who observed the fast (unto death) for fifty-seven days Tamil Script The Pallava rulers created the Tamil script out of the Grantha script by the 7th century, adding necessary additional letters from VaTTezhuttu. This is the view of Mahadevan, and is not shared by some. Tamil Script There are (according to Mahadevan) no inscriptions in the Tamil script before Mahendra Pallavan I (7th century AD). Tamil Script There was a steep increase in inscriptions in Tamil from the 9th century onwards. The classical phase of Tamil script starts with the ascendancy of the Chozha-s from the middle of the 9th century. From the 11th century onwards this became the main script for Tamil throughout the Tamil country. Here is an example of Tamil script in the early stages Tamil inscription Parantaka Chozha, 10th century AD ŠவŠதி' ககோôபரககசரி ப÷ம svatiShrI kOpparakEsari parma ÷Ì யோñÎ 34 இவோñÎ கோன Rku yANdu 34 ivANDu kAna நோðÎ Óனியóதைì ÌளòÐ nATTu muniyantaik kuLattu ìÌ மóதிரி ஆîசý ã÷òதி அðÊ Kku manthiri Accan mUrti aTTi ன கோÍ 2 இரñÎ கோசோ ஒÕ கோசோø Na kAcu 2 iraNDu kAcA oru kAcAl Achchan mUrti, a minister, In the 34th year of Parantaka Chozha, has given 2 kasu-s for the renovation of the lake Grantha Script Grantha, was derived from the Southern Brahmi script of Prakrit characters by the Pallava-s (6th century AD) to write Sanskrit in the Tamil country. Let us see how Grantha script then looked like. Grantha inscription Mahendra Pallava, 7th century AD ²¾¾3É¢‰¼Áò3ÕÁÁ§Ä¡ EtadanishTamadrumamalO †Á…¤¾4õ Å¢º¢òú¢ò§¾¿ Hamasudham vicitracittEna ¿¢÷Á¡À¢¾óÕ§À½ô3˧Á nirmApitanRpRNabrahmE ‰ÅÃÅ¢‰ÏÄì"¢¾¡Â¾¿õ ShvaravishNulakshitAyatanam The (cave) temple dedicated to Brahma, Siva and Vishnu was excavated by Vichitrachitta (Mahendra Pallava) without using brick, timber, metal and mortar. Discovery of inscriptions in the Tamil country has been eventful Discovery Till the end of the 19th century only two scripts were known: VaTTezhuttu of the Pandiya-s belonging to 8th century and Tamil of the Pallava-s dated the 7th century It was wondered why there should be two scripts for one language. But their descent from Brahmi was inferred. Discovery The complete absence of written record of a great literary civilization of 2000 years vintage was a puzzle. Discovery This was solved when cave inscriptions, resembling closely the script of Asokan edicts, were found in Tamilnadu around the end of the 19th century. Discovery The earliest finding of cave inscription is of Mangulam by Robert Sewell in 1882. This is not only oldest finding, it is oldest lithic record in Tamilnadu and it is also of great historical significance. And a host of discoveries followed. Discovery Until middle of the last century cave inscriptions were the only source of early Tamil writing. Then it was presumed that Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions were caused to be inscribed by Jaina and Buddhist monks who were not conversant with Tamil, and that these inscriptions did not represent language of the day. Discovery With the finding of inscribed pottery in Arikkamedu during 1941-44 and later from many other sites the view has changed. Discovery The pottery inscriptions made it possible to date inscriptions more accurately. It looks that inscribing on pottery was given up after the 3rd century AD. Deciphering, the Tamil-Brahmi script Deciphering Difficulties Deciphering cave inscriptions posed a number of problems: Most of the inscriptions were in inaccessible locations Inscriptions were not bold and clear Language was mistaken for Prakrit Clues to a correct understanding of the script were not found. Deciphering Milestones 1906: Venkayya identified the script to be Brahmi. But he thought that the language was Pali. He read a line in Mettuppatti as anatai ariya, attempted to seek Vedic roots for the words. 1914: Krishna Sastri attempted to read the bold Sittannavasal inscription. Deciphering Milestones 1919: Krishna Sastri first noted purely southern charactaristics, like the occurrences of letter L [ள] which was identified earlier in Simhala-Brahmi. He also identified the presence of three unusual characters, later identified as zh [ழ], R [ற] and n [ன]. He was the first to feel that some of the consonants must be basic (க மö). Deciphering Milestones 1924: KV Subramania Iyer pointed out the powerful misguiding factor that what was written in Brahmi must be in Prakrit. Deciphering Milestones 1924: KV Subramania Iyer found: - Soft consonants (ग ज ड द ब) were absent - sa (ஸ, स ) was occasionally used; but Sh (º, श) and sh (ஷ, ष) were absent. - All vowels except ai , au, Ri (ऋ), Lr (ऌ), M (अं) and H (अः) were used - Conjunct consonants (Üðக டØòÐ) were absent completely Deciphering Milestones 1924: KV Subramania Iyer ruled out Indo-European language and proved it is Tamil. He demonstrated convincingly presence of Tamil grammatical elements like pAkan (À¡¸ý), vaNikan (Ž¢¸ý), etc Deciphering Milestones 1924: KV Subramania Iyer could not still read correctly because of his incorrect orthography (spelling), his overestimation of the Prakrit elements, etc Deciphering Milestones 1938-9: Narayana Rao tried to put the clock back. He felt that the language was Prakrit, and actually read the inscriptions fully! Deciphering Milestones 1961: KG Krishnan identified pulli (ÒûÇ ), a device introduced 'later' to mark the basic consonants (க மö ±ØòÐ) and the short e (±) and o (´) vowels. Later pulli was also identified in the 2nd century AD silver coin of Satakarni. Deciphering Milestones 1964: Kamil Zwelebil published the first formal study of cave inscriptions. 1967: TV Mahalingam published the first book-length study of cave inscriptions. Deciphering Mahadevan's attempts 1961: Mahadevan took up study of inscriptions 1962-66: First round of visits to the caves 1966: Corpus of 74 Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions and 2 Early VaTTezhuttu inscriptions from 21 sites published 1987: Mahadevan proposed a tentative model 1991-96: Second field expedition 2003: Publication of 'Early Tamil Epigraphy' Deciphering Mahadevan's attempts Mahadevan made field visits to the sites and prepared tracings direct from stones and made use of computer enhancement of photos. He made chronological classification. Let us have a look at some important inscriptions Mangulam inscription Mangulam inscription was discovered by Robert Sewell in 1882, and was rediscovered by KV Subramania Iyer in 1906 Mangulam inscription This Tamil-Brahmi inscription is important, because this is the earliest inscription to be found and in this inscription Nedunchezhiyan, a Sangam king, is mentioned. Mangulam inscription Mangulam inscription The inscription is in Tamil-Brahmi and is dated to the 2nd century BC Mangulam inscription A line from the inscription is given to compare the Tamil script 2000 years ago with the present day script. க ணி ka Ni ய் y ந na ந் n த ta அ a ஸி si ரி ri ய் y இ i It may be noted that a non-Tamil letter s (ஸ) is used Mangulam inscription The text of the inscription is given along with meaning in present day Tamil கணிய் நந்தஅஸிரிய்இ குவ்அன்தக த3ம்மம் இத்தாஅ கநடுஞ்சழியன் kaNiy nanta'asiriy'I kuv'ankE dammam ittA'a neTuncazhiyan பணஅன் கடல்அன் வழுத்திய் ககாட்டுபித்தஅ பளிஇய் paNa'an kaDal'an vazhuttiy koTuppitta'a paLiy குரு நந்தஸிரி குவனுக்கு தர்மம் இது; கநடுஞ்கசழியனின் பணியாள் கடலன் வழுதி கசய்தளிக்கப்பட்ட படுக்கக This is the charity to nanta-siri kuvan, the kaNi; the bed was caused to be carved by kaTalan vazhuti, the servant of neTunchezhian. Edakkal inscription Inscription in Edakkal, Kerala was discovered by Fawcett in 1894. He made careful drawing and took photos and submitted to Hultzsch. Hultzsch took estampages and published a brief note to Fawcett. Fawcett published a paper in 1901. Hultzsch made an attempt to decipher, but could not. For a century no further was action taken Edakkal inscription Mahadevan made two expeditions in 1995 and 1996. Unfortunately, these Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions have been obliterated due to graffiti by tourists Edakkal inscription During the 1996 expedition, Mahadevan found two other Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions dated to the 3rd century AD. In one of them there was a mention of kaTummiputa chEra, a ChEra king. This is also another important inscription for it belongs to the age of a Sangam king Pugalur inscription In Pugalur, near Karur, the ancient Chera capital a number of inscriptions were discovered. One of them is important for it is a record of a Chera king of the Irumporai line which ruled from Karur in the Sangam age. Pugalur inscription The text of the inscription Óதா அமñணý யாüê÷ கசíகாயபý உகறö mutA amaNNan yARRUr senkAyapan uRaiy தகா ஆதý கசøலிÕõகபாகற மகý kO Atan cellirumpoRai makan கபÕíகÎíதகாý மகý{இ}ளí perunkaTunkOn makan (i)Lan கÎíதகா{இ}ளíதகா ஆக அÚòத கø kaTunkO(i)LankO Aka aRutta kal Pugalur inscription The meaning of the inscription The abode of the senior Jaina monk, senkAyapan of yARRUr. The rock (shelter) was carved when (i)LankaTunkO, the son of perunkaTunkOn, the son of King Atan sel irumpoRai, became the heir apparent. Jamabai inscription Inscription in Jambai, in Villuppuram district, is one among the most outstanding discoveries. Dated to the 1st century AD the inscription records the grant of a cave shelter by atiyan neTumAn anchi, identified as the famous chieftain of Takatur (modern Dharmapuri), celebrated in Purananuru. Jamabai inscription The text of the inscription is given along with its meaning ஸதியÒததா அதியó கநÎமாó அïசி ஈòத பÇ satiyaputO atiyan neTumAn anci Itta paLi The hermitage was given by atiyamaAn neTumAn añchi, the satiyaputta Jamabai inscription Atiyan neTumAn anchi, has the title of satiyapitO; a title found in the Second Rock edict of Asoka along with Cheras, Chozhas and Pandyas, thus establishing conclusively Asoka's connection with the Tamil country. Jamabai inscription The identification of Satiyaputo with with Atiyaman was on the linguistic grounds by Sesha Iyer and improved upon by Burrow. Jamabai inscription According to Burrow the developments are: satiya [ஸதிய] to atiya [அதிய] (with the loss of the initial consonant), and putO [Òததா] meaning 'son' [makan, மகý] then makan [மகý] to mAn [மாý] like chEramAn [த ºÃÁ ாý] corresponding to kEraLaputO [த கÃÇÒத தா]. Now let us go through the contents of the book Mahadevan's Book Mahadevan's book deals with Early Tamil-Brahmi (2nd century BC to 1st century AD) Late Tamil Brahmi (2nd to 4th centuries AD) Early Vattezhuththu (5th & 6th centuries AD) and does not include Later Vattezhuththu and Tamil (both from 7th century AD) Mahadevan's Book Contents Part One: Early Tamil Inscriptions Part Two: Studies in Early Tamil Epigraphy Part Three: Corpus of Early Tamil Inscriptions Part One Early Tamil Inscriptions Chapter 1 Discovery Discovering cave inscriptions have been uneven and the book discusses important discoveries. The contemporary inscriptions on potteries, coins, seals and rings are included in the appendix to this chapter. Chapter 2 Decipherment The exciting story of deciphering is a very important chapter. The early attempts like the path-breaking paper by KV Subramania Iyer in 1924, and the discovery of pulli, and important researches from 1970, including Mahadevan's work, and finally, a chronology of Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions that includes pottery and other inscriptions. Chapter 3 Language This chapter discusses the unsolved problem of the language of the cave inscriptions: how much and what kind of Tamil, explains the Dravidian and Indo-Aryan elements Chapter 4 Polity The chapter shows how cave inscriptions portray life in early Tamil society: state and administration; religion, particularly Jainism; society – agriculture, trade, professions, social organisations, personal names, place names, flora & fauna and culture Chapter 5 Palaeography (Study of ancient writing) Review of earlier theories, listing evidences to support his theory of origin of Tamil-Brahmi from Brahmi supported by 8 palaeographic Charts Brief discussion on other Brahmi variants. Chapter 5 Palaeography (Study of ancient writing) Detailed discussion on palaeography of Tamil-Brahmi and early VaTTezhuttu: vowels, consonants, the pulli, numerals punctuation, symbols used in caves Short discussion on evolution of VaTTezhuttu Notes on emergence of Tamil script Chapter 6 Orthography (Study of spelling) The most important chapter. Different orthographic models studied, especially for denoting medial vowels, which among other things, provides insight into the relationship of Tamil-Brahmi and other Brahmi variants and their relative chronology Chapter 6 Orthography (Study of spelling) Orthographic peculiarities of inscriptions Evolution of alternate models: Tamil-Brahmi I, II and III Medial vowel notations in cave and pottery inscriptions Assimilation of loan-words Voicing of consonants Chapter 7 Grammar Phonology (study of sounds) with detailed inventory of vowels, consonants and consonant-vowels and sound variations, Morphophonemics, study of changes that occur, during Sandhi etc, Morphology (study of forms of changes of words) in early Tamil and Syntax (arrangement of words in a sentence) Part Two Corpus of Early Tamil Inscriptions Corpus of Early Tamil Inscriptions Contents Inscriptions Early and late Tamil-Brahmi Early vattazhuttu Tracings and estampages Commentary Corpus of Early Tamil Inscriptions Inscriptions 110 inscriptions from 52 sites arranged chronologically, with text containing Literal transcript as engraved on stone, Text organised into words, Translation into English, Essential data specific to individual inscriptions, Date, Publication and most importantly, Notes This is an authoritative Corpus for researchers. Part Three Corpus of Early Tamil Inscriptions Commentary on Inscriptions Commentary on Inscriptions A detailed word-by-word study of inscriptions, with a view to situate them in the main stream of Indian epigraphy: deals with Meaning, literal and interpretation Grammatical notes Citations from literary and inscriptional parallels Loan words Contents, relating to the development of Tamil language and society Let us follow some important discussions Different Requirements of Prakrit and Tamil Many Asokan edicts are in Prakrit and the script is Brahmi. This Brahmi script cannot be used directly for Tamil, because there are no symbols to represent basic consonants and short e and o Attempts to adapt Brahmi for Tamil At least three different methods Tamil-Brahmi I, II and III were tried for medial vowel notation, that is, to represent basic consonants like (ì), consonants with medial –a, like (¸) and –A, like (¸ ா). Pulli in Tamil-Brahmi Pulli came to be used in Tamil-Brahmi later as a negative vowel marker to provide what the parent Brahmi script lacked. to represent basic consonants (ì), and to represent short e (±) and o (´). Pulli in Tamil-Brahmi Pulli occurs only from the 2nd century AD onwards But it is seldom found in the pottery inscriptions. Even later, it was avoided in palm leaf writing A short summary of Mahadevan's findings Mahadevan's findings Stages of Development According to Mahadevan there were three stages of development of medial vowel notation Tamil-Brahmi I - 2nd century BC to 1st century BC Tamil-Brahmi II - 1st century BC to 5th century AD Tamil-Brahmi III - 2nd century AD to 6th century AD Mahadevan's findings Stages of Development The figure that follows attempts to show, through an example, the basic consonants and medial vowel notations as depicted in these stages. Possible ambiguity is indicated by pointing out alternate readings. Mahadevan's findings Stages of Development º ாதந cannot write சோைó சாதó சாதó Alternate readings சைó சோைó சைோó சோைோó Alternate readings சோòந சோòó சோைந சாதó No alternate reading Mahadevan's findings Stages of Development In the light of finding TB-II style of writing in the Arikamedu potteries dated to 2nd century BC, Mahadevan is expresses his inability to explain how 'two parallel, mutually exclusive, competing systems' appear at the same time, and within a small, homogenous linguistic community'. Mahadevan's findings Stages of Development Since most of the Early Brahmi inscriptions are found near Madurai, Tamil-Brahmi script must have been created in the Pandya kingdom around the end of 3rd century BC, and then spread to other parts of the Tamil country Mahadevan's findings Language The language is Old Tamil, not materially different from the language of later Tamil inscriptions or even literary texts, in its basic phonological, morphological and syntactical features. Mahadevan's findings Language All loan-words are nouns. Most of the loan-words are adapted to the Tamil phonetic pattern: gaNaka to kaNaka gOpa to kOpan rAjA to irAsar dAnam to tAnam adhiTThAna to atiTTAnam Mahadevan's findings Comparison with Situation in Upper South India The earliest Tamil inscriptions are from 3rd century BC, whereas of Kannada-Telugu appear 8 centuries later. Sangam literature is dated to the beginning of Christian era while literature of Kannada and Telugu appear a millennium later. Mahadevan's findings Comparison with Situation in Upper South India The earliest inscriptions in the Tamil country are almost exclusively in Tamil. In contrast, for the same period, inscriptions in stone, seals, pottery etc, in the Upper South India are exclusively in Prakrit. Mahadevan's findings Widespread literacy in Tamilnadu Literacy in the Tamil country when compared with the situation in contemporary Upper South India, commenced much earlier. Tamil, the local language, was used for all purposes from the beginning; democratic character in society existed. Mahadevan's findings Widespread literacy in Tamilnadu Literacy in the Tamil Country seems to have been widespread in all the regions in the Tamil country, both in urban and rural areas, in all strata of Tamil society. Primary evidence for this comes from inscribed pottery. Mahadevan's findings Widespread literacy in Tamilnadu A number of reasons are contributed to this: In Upper South India the spoken languages were Kannada and Telugu, but Prakrit was the language of the rulers. But the Tamil country was politically independent and the rulers were Tamils. Mahadevan's findings Widespread literacy in Tamilnadu It had the presence of a strong bardic tradition Priestly hierarchy that could have vested interest in maintaining oral tradition or discouraging writing after its advent was not present Mahadevan's findings Widespread literacy in Tamilnadu A strong tradition of local autonomy, through self-governing villages councils and merchant guilds. The spread of Jainism and Buddhism and extensive foreign trade. Mahadevan's findings Origin of Tamil-Brahmi Tamil-Brahmi was derived from Brahmi: All but 4 of the 26 letters in Tamil-Brahmi are identical or nearly so with the corresponding Brahmi letter and have the same phonetic value. Vowels Brahmi Tamil-Brahmi Consonants Brahmi Tamil-Brahmi Medial vowel signs Medial vowel signs are identical along with phonetic values. Brahmi Tamil-Brahmi Development of additional letters The additional letters, zh, ழ L, ள R ற and n ன were adapted from letters with the nearest phonetic value in Brahmi. Development of additional letters ड ழ ल ள ट ற न ன Mahadevan's findings Evolution and Chronology of South Indian Scripts 3rd century BC 2nd century BC 1st century BC 5th century AD 6th century AD 7th century AD 14th century AD Mahadevan's findings Origin of Tamil-Brahmi Tolkappiyam places the four letters zh [ழ], L [ள],R [ற] and n [ன] at the end of the series of stops, nasals and liquids. This arrangement deviates from the order based on articulatory phonetics. This small, but significant detail, indicates that the four special letters were originally regarded as additions to the alphabet taken from Brahmi. Possible issues for discussion in the future Issues Which came first – Brahmi or Tamil-Brahmi? Mu Va (1972) says that the Tamils used a script of their own, and Tamil-Brahmi has developed under the influence of VaTTezhuttu. TN Subramanian (1957), KG Krishnan (1981) and a few others argue that Brahmi was a Tamil creation, and came to be adapted all over India with regional modifications. Mahadevan says Tamil-Brahmi is a derivative of Brahmi. Issues Was there a script for Tamil before? Mayilai Seeni Venkatasamy (1981) says that there was one in which classical works were written and was supplanted by Tamil-Brahmi. Mahadevan says that Tamil was not written before. Issues What kind of Tamil? Mayilai Seeni Venkatasamy (1981) says the inscriptions are full of errors engraved by people with inadequate knowledge of Tamil. Mahadevan says it is Old Tamil, not very different from contemporary literary Tamil. Issues Dating Tolkappiyam Mahadevan says that Tolkappiyam must have been composed not earlier than 2nd century AD for it describes the use of puLLi to denote basic consonants, and to denote short vowels e and o Issues Voicing in Tamil Today we write murukan and read it as murugan k is called unvoiced and g as voiced. The present use follows Caldwell law of convertibility: It is K in the beginning (KaN) and when doubled (makkaL), and it is G when it occurs in the middle (murugan) or follows the nasal consonant (mangai) There has been controversy whether in the past also it was so in the past too. Issues Voicing in Tamil One view is: Voicing existed from the beginning from the pre-Tamil stage. It is present in all Dravidian languages. Hence must have existed in early Tamil also but not provided for in the spelling. Originators were aware of the principle of phoneme, and did not feel necessary to borrow voiced consonants from Brahmi. Issues Voicing in Tamil Mahadevan says There was no voicing in Tamil, in early Tamil. If voicing was present the adaptors of the script for Tamil from Brahmi would have borrowed the corresponding letter. Issues Voicing in Tamil Mahadevan continues: Even in the loanwords from Prakrit voicing has been systematically replaced by the corresponding unvoiced consonants like, kaNi (PKT: gani), utayana (PKT: udayana), nanta (PKT: nanda), kiTumpikan (PKT: kuTumbika) etc. Issues Voicing in Tamil Mahadevan continues: There is negative evidence in Tolkappiyam, which devotes a whole chapter to articulatory phonetics (±Øòதததிகாரõ - பிறôபியø) would have dealt with voicing if the feature was present in the language. Mahadevan does not discuss The origin of Brahmi. His research on the Indus script and the possibility of Brahmi originating from it. Effect of writing medium and tools on the development of scripts. Reason for the disappearance of VaTTezhuttu. Now the stage is set for a serious study of the development of Tamil scripts. Thank you S. Swaminathan


text: HONOLULU, Feb. 27, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Central Pacific Financial Corp. (NYSE: CPF) today announced it will present at the Sandler O'Neill West Coast Financial Services Conference at 1:30pm PST/ 4:30pm EST on Tuesday, March 6, 2012 at The Ritz-Carlton in San Francisco. John C. Dean, President and Chief Executive Officer, and Denis K. Isono, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, will present at the conference. A live webcast of the presentation will be available on the Internet in the Investor Relations section of the Company's website at www.centralpacificbank.com. In addition to the live webcast, a replay will be available on Central Pacific's website for 30 days. About Central Pacific Financial Corp. Central Pacific Financial Corp. is a Hawaii-based bank holding company with $4.1 billion in assets. Central Pacific Bank, its primary subsidiary, operates 34 branches and 120 ATMs in the state of Hawaii. For additional information, please visit the Company's website at http://www.centralpacificbank.com. SOURCE Central Pacific Financial Corp.


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Hotel Lindacher Hof Garni
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Doe...a deer...a female deer...
... out of him at one stage.... even though he reckoned he didn't know the lyrics :) It was a fun tour - Wends and Lisa - you would have loved it ! and I'm sure you would have done yourselves proud during the sing-a-long bits - we were thinking about you :) Hope some of you die hard Julie Andrews fans recognise a few of the locations in the photos.... enjoy.... I'm off to watch the film again to spot some of the shots :) ...
The hills are alive …. but I barely am
... it was Sunday I was even happier. It's the little things you know, a tea towel is little too. After being sized up for our bikes we set off with our tour guide Leo and a dozen Americans. We had a great time, we actually did stop along the way and sing songs (Joanne would be so pleased), our guide knew a heap about the movie and Salzburg itself and we met some really nice people. The weather had even turned around from this mornings rain so it was just a perfect ...
The Sound of Salzbug
... cost a lot of money to see it. We went hiking for a couple of hours, exploring the area around the castle. We found several little churches and monasteries, and we also checked out the most expensive hotel in Salzburg, which is a five star resort situated on the same mountain as the castle. It actually looks like a castle itself! On my next trip, I plan on booking a room there, most definitely!
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Accidental Renaissance Fair
... that's all I've ever been to), except for the food. The food, instead of the Turkey Legs, Corn on the Cob, and other traditional (US) food, was Sausages and other German food. What else? The other shops were pretty much exactly the same as back home, and there were a few rides for kids and archery exhibits.
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... and by the time we got into Rosenheim just before 10.30 there was weak sunshine. We took our time walking up to the Bahnhof through the town (our impressions on our last visit wwere not favourable!). Having looked at the maps we had seem that path in Germany tended not to follow the Inn but to use undulating country roads to cut across the river loops, some with steep to very steep gradient sections. The ...


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St Helens' New Zealand prop Jason Cayless is in line to make his comeback from injury in Saturday's engage Super League Grand Final after being named in coach Daniel Anderson's 19-man squad.
The 28-year-old former Sydney Roosters front-rower, who is one of nine overseas players to have completed the double of NRL and Super League Grand Final victories, has been out for a month with a knee injury.
If Cayless plays, it is likely Hull KR-bound prop Nick Fozzard will be the one to make way, just as he did for the recent Challenge Cup final when Maurie Fa'asavalu made his return from injury.
Anderson will not reveal his actual side until an hour before kick-off but has hinted that Cayless' lack of match-fitness will not count against him.
"He has done the full sessions so he is in contention for the game," said Anderson.
"I know what he can offer but I've seen what the other boys have offered in his absence. It's a difficult decision but it's not one that I'm uncomfortable with, I've done it before."
Utility back Kyle Eastmond is the other player likely to drop out of Anderson's initial squad.
Team (from): Wellens, Gardner, Gidley, Talau, Meli, Pryce, Long, Fozzard, Cunningham (capt), Cayless, Gilmour, Wilkin, Roby, Flannery, Graham, Hargreaves, Clough, Fa'asavalu, Eastmond.
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Euro Zone Money Supply remains tight
The euro area's money supply continues to be tight on the back of the ongoing glitches in the financial system following the worst credit crisis of the century. The three month average M3 Money Supply seasonally adjusted declined by 0.1% in March which is still better than the previous and expected 0.2% drop.
On the year, in seasonally adjusted terms, money supply also fell 0.1% inline with expectations, yet slowing the decline from the previous 0.3% drop revised from the originally reported 0.4%. Money supply growth remains subdued as the ECB continues to monitor monetary developments closely, as the aftermath of the credit crisis lingers just at a much lower negativity while as well helping keep inflation at par and inline with the ECB comfort zone.


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Read an Excerpt
'So, I'm to see the wee lass for myself at last, am I?' the Duke of Lauderdale asked his Duchess, supporting her as they took the first step down the grand staircase. Automatically, his Scottish parsimony showed as his heavy-lidded eyes caught the lavish gilding over the carved wooden panels. 'How much did you say this cost?'
'Gilding doesn't come cheap, my lord. Even as a girl, I longed for these shields and helmets and things to be painted. Plain wood can be so dull. As for Phoebe, you must not think I've been keeping her from meeting you, you know. No such thing. But if I told her you'd be here, she'd turn round and go straight back to Mortlake like a hare with a pack of hounds on its tail. Thing is, I think it's time something was done about it after three years.'
'About what? Leo? You matchmaking again, Duchess? If so, I think you might be wasting your time. They canna stand the sight of each other.'
'They're both still unmarried, John. That tells me something.'
They had reached an angle in the staircase just out of sight from above or below when John Maitland, Duke of Lauderdale, caught his wife round her stiffly boned waist, as she knew he would, and pulled her against him with all the vigour of a man thirty years younger. He was, in fact, fifty-nine years old. The Duchess was forty-nine, both of them more enamoured by their second spouses than ever they'd been by their first, despite the eleven pregnancies she'd endured as the wife of Sir Lionel Tollemache.
'Elizabeth,' he growled in the Scottish brogue that had steadfastly spurned the polish of the English court, 'gimme a kiss, woman, and stop yer scheming a while. Leo's never been short of women, you know that.'
'It's not your Leo I care about, my dear,' she tried to say before her reply was stopped by a smothering kiss that tasted of porridge, smoked bacon and everything break-fasty. She didn't mind the taste at all. In four years of marriage, it was John's enforced absences at court and in Scotland that she disliked most. As Secretary of State for Scotland, he was often obliged to be away for weeks, hence his need to make up for the time he'd lost out of her arms. Yes, she could tolerate his healthy appetites as well as he could tolerate hers, even her appetite for ostentation.
'Four years, and I'm still like a green lad with you, lass.'
Elizabeth smiled against his warm cheek. 'Oh, I wouldn't say that, my lord. There was nothing of the green lad about you last night, was there? Will you be around when Mistress Laker arrives?'
'Aye, if you wish it. Or shall we let Leo meet her alone?'
She held him away, carefully removing a pale red hair from his shoulder that obviously did not belong to his periwig. 'Don't be provoking, dreadful man. Of course we shall not. You and I will be there together, and Leo can appear later on. She knows he'll be here, if you are.'
Sir Leo Hawkynne, personal assistant and secretary to the Duke of Lauderdale, was as Scottish as his master although, being thirty years his junior, had become more flexible and receptive to all the courtesies that oiled diplomatic wheels and soothed sensitive egos. There had been times in the past, however, when his natural northern tendency for blunt speaking had earned him enemies, which concerned him more than the Duke's notorious tactlessness. One such occasion had been three years ago when a chance remark had tripped thoughtlessly off Leo's tongue in relation to Mistress Phoebe Laker which she, understandably, had taken exception to as soon as she'd heard it from green-eyed gossips. There had been little love lost between them even before this incident, and less so afterwards, but the repercussions had been tragic, to say the least, since when Phoebe had only visited Elizabeth at Ham House when she knew the Duke and his faithful secretary would not be in residence. To Phoebe's mind, Scotland was not too far away for them.
'As you wish. There's some paperwork for him to do in my library.' The Duke took her hand again, leading her down to the great hall where a large billiard table occupied the centre of the black-and-white marble floor. A fire burned in the iron fireplace on the largest wall, even though it was June, and on the mantelshelf stood two large plaster figures in Graeco-Roman helmets, their scanty drapes defying gravity. Mars and Minerva, Elizabeth had explained to her husband's initial and not altogether polite astonishment, based on her own mother and father, the first Earl and Countess of Dysart. As the eldest daughter, Elizabeth was now a Countess in her own right, since the Scottish title was allowed to pass into the female line, but the higher-ranking title of Duchess was the one by which she had been known these last four years.
'Good,' she said. 'Then keep him there till I give the word. Phoebe has not seen all the latest additions yet.'
'No more have I,' said the Duke. 'Whose idea was the billiard table?'
Elizabeth could see the expenses adding up inside his head, and was quick to forestall the inevitable questions. 'It was mine, John. It's for you. Oh, dear, you're not going to chide me for overspending, are you? It has to look right, dear, after all the rebuilding. It's no use hoping the royals will stay, is it, if we don't offer them the very best?'
'Och, lassie! I've never chided you on that, have I? The place badly needed more rooms and a wee lick o' paint, I know, and you had to replace the plate that was melted doon for the last King's war. Is that why you've invited your friends over, so they can take a peek at all your newest gee-gaws?'
Patting her bunched red-gold ringlets, Elizabeth frowned at a footman who appeared at the outer door. 'No, not entirely. I asked Phoebe again because her mama and I were good friends, and because I promised her I'd keep an eye on Phoebe if anything should happen. Well, it did, didn't it? So I've kept my promise. What is it, man?' she snapped at the hovering footman who had opened and closed the door several times while she was talking. 'You can see what? Oh, my lord!'
Through the wobbly green-glass squares of the hall windows, the dark shape of a coach and two horses had appeared as if from nowhere, though the drive leading from the road was clearly visible all the way down to the river. Guessing that his orders were about to change, the footman threw open the heavy doors just in time for her Grace's voluminous green-brocade skirts to squeeze through the gap and for her to sweep down the first shallow flight of steps before halting uncertainly.
Hesitation was not one of Elizabeth's besetting sins, yet the events she was sure she'd timed to perfection had not taken account of Mistress Laker's enthusiasm and now, instead of the two antogonists being kept apart until the precise moment their hostess decreed, they were there, facing each other like two cats in a stand-off, bristling with surprise.
Yet it was Elizabeth's appearance that redirected Mistress Laker's attention from the uncomfortable situation in which neither she nor Sir Leo had offered a single word of greeting. Having arrived on the scene too late to make himself useful, Sir Leo bowed as she emerged like a beautiful butterfly from the low-slung coach, the floating blue-and-silver tissue that trailed from one silk-clad shoulder adding to the illusion. Her neat ankles disappeared beneath the hem of the deep blue silk skirt, her feet encased in shoes of matching blue satin with silver buckles. Froths of white lace spilled out of her sleeves, and a sapphire winked from somewhere as it caught the sun. She was, he thought, even lovelier than he remembered her and probably even more prickly with three extra years of practice since they had last met. Fashions had evolved at the pace of King Charles II's mistresses, the latest one from France, and Mistress Phoebe Laker had kept up with them with very little effort. Her abundant black ringlets needed neither curl-papers nor extra hair to bulk them out, as others did. They bounced as she walked, framing the perfect oval of her face with coiled wisps like watch-springs, and the delicate arch of her eyebrows lifted a fraction as she ran towards her friend. There were twenty-six years between them, but they embraced like sisters.
'Dearest Phoebe. what a delight!'
'My dear lady, I know I'm early but I couldn't wait. I made Sam Coachman hurry the horses, poor things. Do forgive me.'
'Forgive you indeed! We're all on tenterhooks, my dear. Sir Leo could hardly wait for you to arrive.'
'Really? How sweet.' Phoebe laughed, glancing over one shoulder at the athletic figure sending the coachman and her lady's maid round to the side. 'But if I'd known he'd.'
'Yes, dear,' Elizabeth cut short the protest, 'but it's been four years since our wedding and you still have not met my Duke. See, here he is. Allow me to present you. My lord?' she said, beckoning to her husband who ambled down the steps. 'Mistress Phoebe Laker, my favourite neighbour.' The wedding had been a very private affair conducted only two months after the death of the first duchess. There had been talk, of course.
'Aboot time too, lass!' the Duke bellowed, bowing.
Phoebe's curtsy was appropriately low and graceful as she took stock of the great man who was a member of King Charles's inner circle of ministers, an active, scholarly and energetic man for all his size, typically hard-living, respected but not universally adored. His large loose features were crowded by a long mouse-brown periwig that flapped upon his shoulders as he came to stand erect. But there was nothing of the sloven about him: his Duchess had seen to that.
The hooded eyes took in everything about her at one glance, and Phoebe knew he would have been made aware of her antipathy towards his secretary for, as she came up from her curtsy, she saw that the two men's eyes had met over the top of her head. 'Your Grace,' she murmured, deciding against offering her cheek for him to kiss until she could be more sure of him.
The Duke was not one to mince his words. 'A fine bonny lass,' he said. 'I can see now why my Duchess has kept ye out of my sight for sae long. Welcome to Ham Hoose, Mistress Laker. Sir Leo, come ye here, man, and make your courtesies as if ye meant it.'
Smiling ruefully at the command, Sir Leo came forwards. 'Mistress Laker and I met some years ago, my lord. Your servant, ma'am.' Whether tinged with cynicism or not, none of them could tell, but his bow was lower than his master's and made with an extravagant sweep of his arm, with an ostrich-plumed hat to make it even more so. He rose only a second later than Phoebe from her shallow curtsy, his deep brown eyes holding hers, allowing them to reveal the clear memory of what had passed between them to cause her such appalling heartache. It had not been her doing but his, and clearly she had not forgiven him. Her cold eyes told him so, but she could not, as a guest, impose this upon her hosts.
Nevertheless, she could renew her own memory of his heart-stopping good looks in one dismissive glance. As usual, he scorned to wear a wig, his own dark glossy thatch being swept back from a high intelligent forehead in deep waves that overlapped the tops of his ears, gathered at the nape of his neck by a dark ribbon. Ribbon bunches fluttered from shoulders, neck and boots, red against the long charcoal-grey vest, coat and breeches with gold buttons by the yard on deep braided pockets, deep cuffs above the elbows, puffs of white linen shirt below, and a fall of fine lace over his knuckles, a leather sword-belt slung across his chest. Instead of plain hose and buckled shoes, he wore brown leather bucket-top boots with red heels, and Phoebe could just see the lace tops to his hose nestling inside them. His well-paid position permitted him to adopt the latest styles, but he was more than capable of setting his own for others to follow. The spurs on his boots suggested that he intended to ride.
'If you were about to ride out, Sir Leo, please don't let my arrival detain you,' Phoebe said, knowing that her tone was betraying her.
The Duke was soothing. 'Whisht, lass,' he said. 'Dinna send him off sae soon, not before he's'
'Yes, dear,' interrupted the Duchess, catching his drift, 'but first Mistress Laker will wish to take a little refreshment after her journey.' She took Phoebe by the hand. 'Come, my dear. Did you not bring Mrs Overshott with you this time? Or did she go round with your luggage?'
'No, my lady, a slight indisposition, that's all, so I told her I could manage well enough with you to chaperon me, this time. She sends her regards, and her apologies. She would like to have seen the newest alterations. You've had the gardens restyled too, have you not?' Her glance round from the top of the steps at the green lawns and flowerbeds happened to collide with Sir Leo's which, far from being subdued by her icy manner, was regarding her with a directness that made her blink and turn away in some confusion. You will not dismiss me as easily as that, it said. If you don't like my being here, you'll have to get used to it.
'Indeed I have,' said the Duchess, giving her skirts a shake. 'Even the Duke has not seen the latest changes. He and Sir Leo arrived only last night.'
'Oh, I see. Then ?'
Just behind her shoulder, Sir Leo gave a huff of laughter as he answered. 'No, mistress, we shall not be going anywhere. Not for a wee while. Did you hope we would?'
'Of course she didn't, Leo. Don't be so provoking. Now, which of you gallant gentlemen is going to open the door? What in heaven's name is the matter with the footmen today? Thank you.'
Sweeping through into the great hall, the sudden change of light sent a cold shiver down Phoebe's arms, and the event to which she had looked forward with such eagerness now took on all the aspects of a burden to which, yet again, she would have to bring all her reserves of light-hearted-ness in order to convince those around her that she was carefree.


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New Braunfels Herald Zeitung (Newspaper) - September 15, 1991, New Braunfels, Texas Page 14B_HeratdZeVfu/y, New Braunfels. Texas_Sunday. September 15, 1991625-9144 Classified Adve|isiij||npff Iv Mi 365 tar SVC 1 mere with rock 4br/ 23* ba, formals * den with PP fenced horses ok basale priced at $59 900' NR 2005 ERA 629 1192 $21,000 1967 18x80 3/2, alt electric, CH/A, ap pawnees ceiling tans sk I r t e d . porches 625-6051 after 6pm $237 PER MONTH 1992 Fleetwood 16x80 3 br/ 2 ba $21,995 Down payment $22OO 180 mos, $2% apr. Thomas Homes Of Texas 1-800 234 9115 $26 500 'LIMITED OF FER* 1991 Fleetwood 18x80 3br, 2ba, shingle fool, plywood floors, up grade insulation upgrade carpet, and much more Call Thomas Homes 1 800 234 9115 5 BD-3 BATH 1992 Palm Harbor plywood floors, fire place de livered, & AZC only ^$377 00 mo , 10% down !i2%> apr... 240 months Huge HURRY RED TAG TDAYS Call ' 1-800-880-2606 rn —~lr-...... Beautiful 2br/ 2ba CH/A, kitchen appliances 14'x fe8\ set up in park with utilities connected $11,000 625 9353 DOUBLE WIDE REPO 28x64 Fleetwood 3 bdrm/ 2 Iar new carpet' Hurry-Won't last tong' Thomas Homes of Texas 1-800 234 9115_ Easy Financing 1992 Pvfm Harbor, 3br; 2ba 16x80 on'y $262 per month 10% down, 12% ap r for 240 months Call 1 800 880 9002_ FREE ! 1992 Palm Harbor Dou-btowtoe 3/2 with fireplace Buy now 4 get tape & textured wails free as low as $332 OO month" Red Tag Days Hurry1 1-800-880-2248 toUGE REPO1 1990 Palm Harbor Beauti tut 28x80 4t>r ribs home Must sell for he bank HURRY* Wont last long Any serious offer coned ©rad Call 1-800-880-2606 PALM HARBOR DOUBLEWIDE 1992 3/2 with plywooc floors fireplace huge iv rig area vaulted ceilings glamor bah Only $251 OC per month 240 monht 12% apr RE DTAG DAYS CSM 1-800-880-2606 365 Mobile Home Sites for Rent 366 LegaiFubUc 430 Legal/Public —> notices 430 Lagal/Public Netfcea 430 LagaMHibHc 1982 14x70, 3/2 CH/A, mint condition new car pet, delivered 629 6397 PALM HARBOR BUYERS Beautiful 3 6 4 bedroom doublewides available with minimum down payment Call 1 SOO 880 2248 REDUCED $5000 Schutt 1586 sq It 3 br/ 2 ba tile roo! tape 4 textured oak cabinets and much more* One of a kind at this price Can Thomas Homes 1 800 234 9115 Spacious 1992 doublew ide 3br/ 2ba, over 1200 sp ft Limited time intro ductory offer, only $221/ mo for 240 at 12% Hurry 6 call 1 800 880 9002 1 level country acre, just outside N B city limits Water, sewer, garbage pd Cable, NB phone, NBISD, $ 125/mo, 629 4103 Mobile home lot tor rent Water furnished, nice Quiet area, in NBISD. $120/ month 629 5982 Lott 4 Acertge for Rent 374 FOR LEASE Approx 65 acres, Bracken area Hunting 4 grazing 629 6246 Personals 405 Personate 405 Anyone who saw lady fall in parking lot at Watmart on Aug 20 around 2:30 pm on Tuesday 629 1957 Mrs. Rainbow I Palm dr Card Reader A rf visor and Consultant Adivinadora y Consejera Why be confused, Worried or Discouraged, when you can be helped A everything made clear by consulting Mrs Rainbow God Helps those who help themselves You owe it to yourself to come see her Se Horen Umpiesos 4 IS22 Hwy. 46 620-5960 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a **********a a • weeeewwa* Iv Sue 365 Lost 4 Found 410 3/2 I aere fenced yard Lots of extras $20 000 cash, central heat and air caf 629 7961 STEAL 18" wide Palm Harbor w/ plywood floors fireplace huge Irving area vaulted oe th rigs delivered and A/C only $26 500 OO HURRY RED TAG DAYS1 Call 1-800-880-2606_ USED 4 REPO S CHEAP Pewter Repo s Old invert tory on Fleetwoods Palm Harbors Redmans Oafc creeks Make Ofter Call 1-80D-880-2246 WANTED! Will pay top dollar for good dear mobrie homes as trade ins Use your tradein tor the down payment on a new doubtewide or sin giewide Call Thomas 1-800 234 9115 Found larga female dog brown brindle color, in vac iruty of Elm Creek Rd 625 1303_ Los! 1 folding walker new left by McKenna Hospital Drive Call 629-2237 Lost my Betone hearing aid in a little Mack box rf found please call 625-4245_ Lost one talk) buck, and doe Lost in the vicinity of HWY 46 and 3006 Cal! 625-2495_ Lost Small Mack Chi huahua specially trained tor handicapped, 9 month. okI male Starkville area Reward offered 899 2131 Legal Public 430 Canyon Lake Vol Fire Dept will be accepting sealed bios until 700 PM, September 24, 1991, at Fire Station No 4, Skyline Dr, PO Box 1689, Ca nyon Lake, TX 78130 for a 1953 Reo, 6x6, with 1200 gal water tank, 2 booster reels, and a Hale fire pump Bids will be opened during the regular sche duled Board meeting at 7 30 on September 24. 1991. Truck can be seen at Fire Station No. 2 on Ob late Dr at 2673 Wilt be sold as is to the highest bidder EDWARDS UNDER GROUND WATER DIS TRICT INVITATION FOR BIDS FOR OFFICE SUP PLIES BID #022 91-AD/B The Edwards Under ground Water District in vites qualified firms to sub mit sealed bids for an an nual contract for the purchase of the District's offioe supplies Bids spec* ♦•cations are available at 1615 N St Marys, San Antonio, Texas 78215 The deadline for submit ting bids is 4-00 p rn Wednesday, September 25 1991 Contact Mrs Kathy Elguea, Administra tive Services Coordinator at (512) 222-2204 EDWARDS UNDER GROUND WATER DIS TRICT INVITATION FOR BIDS FOR AUDIO/ VIS UAL EQUIPMENT BID #024-91-AD/B The Ed wards Underground Water District invites qualified firms to submit sealed bids for the purchase of audio/ visual equipment Bid ape alations are available at 1615 N St Marys, San Antonio, Texas 78215 The deadline for submit ting bids is 4 OO p rn Thursday, September 26 1991 Contact Mrs Kathy Elguea Administrative Services Coordinator at (512) 222-2204_ INVITATION FOR BIDS Sealed proposals addressed to Paul Groh man, City Manager c/o City Secretary of the City of New Braunfels Texas will be received at the of hoe o! the City Secretary Municipal Building 424 South Casten Avenue for accomplishing won described in the Plans and Specifications for the ELECTRICAL IMPROVE MENTS, APRON IM PROVEMENTS AND BOUNDARY IMPROVE MENTS (AIP 3-48-0158-02) unto Sap tember 25, 1991, at 290 p rn At this time and place the proposals will be publ icly opened and read aloud Any bid received after closing time will be returned unopened A pre bid conference will be held at September 17, 1991 at the Municipal Center, 424 S Casten Ave , New Braunfels, Texas Contract Documents, meted log Plans and Specif lea tions, are on file and may be examined without charge at the New Braun leis City Engineers' Office and the offices of Freese and Nichols, Inc , Consult ing Engineers, 811 Lamar Street, Fort Worth, Texas 76102, Telephone (817) 336 7161 Confract docu ment, including plans and specifications may be pro cured from the offices of Freese and Nichols, (ad dress above), upon the non refundable deposit of Fifty Dollars ($50 OO) De posit checks are not transferable from one project to another A cashier's check, certified check or acceptable bidder's bond, payable to the City of New Braunfels in an amount not less than fjve(5<y0) percent of the bid submitted must accompany each bid as a guarantee that, if awarded the contract, the Bidder will within ten (10) days after receipt of Notice of Award, enter into a con tract and executr bonds on the forms provided in the Contract Documents Pol icy It is the policy of the Department of Transpor tation (DOT) that disad vantaqed business enter prises as defined in 49 CFR Part 23 shall have the maximum opportunity to participate in the performance of contracts It nanoed in whole or in part with Federal funds Atren (ion is called to the tact that not less than the prevailing wage rates as established by the City of New Braun ♦els and as hereinafter set forth in the Contract docu merits hereinbefore de scribed and which are made a part hereof must be paid on this protect The proposed confract is sub lect lo the Equal Opportun ity clause conte men rn the specifications which will be furnished lo prospec tive bidders Performance and Payment Bonds will be required In case of ambiguity or lack of clear ness in stating proposal prices the (Owner) re serves the right to adopt the most advantageous construction thereof, or to reject any or all bids, and waive formalities No bid may be withdrawn within sixty (60) days after date on Which bids are opened NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING An appeal has been made to the Zoning Board of Adjustment to grant a variance to allow construction of a single family residence to en croach approximately 3 5' into the required 25' front setback on Mi " nya rid to have a mini ti spac ing of 7' betwei the main house and garage when 10' is required at 991 Moi berry (Lots 15, 16, and 17, Block 16, Landa Park Estates) This request is in violation of Sections 6B2-2 and 17 7, respectively, Appendix A, New Braunfels Code of Ordinances This hearing will be held before the Zoning Board of Adjustment be ginning at 1 30 PM on Thursday, September 26, 1991 in the New Braunfels Municipal Building Confer ence Room, 424 S Casten, New Braunfels, Texas Anyone "for* or ■against' this proposal will have an opportunity to speak Additional informa bon is available in the office of the Planning Direc tor at the New Braunfels Municipal Building Done by order of the City of New Braunfels Comal County, Texas, on this 13th day ot September, 1991 Veronica Sarkozi, City Secret ary, City of New Biraunfete NOTICE TO BIDDERS CITY OF NEW BRAUN FELS, TEXAS Sealed proposals addressed to Paul Grohman, City Maria get of New Braunfels, Texas will be received at the office of the City Secretary until 2:00 PM Tuesday September 24, 1991 tor THE MODIFICA TON OF A SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN THE LANDA PARK GOLF COURSE, FOR THE CITY OF NEW BRAUNFELS, TEXAS Bid packets are on file and available to be picked up at no charge from the Engineering De pertinent at the Municipal Building 424 S Casted, New Braunfels, Texas The City of New Braunfels reserves the right to refed any and all bids or to accept that deemed mo6t advantageous Bidders 430 Services must submit in the pro vided Bid Packet Envelope NOTICE TO BIDDERS The Board of Trustees of Comal Independent School District, will receive bids until 200 pm, Oc to ber 1, 1991, at the Administration Bldg , 1421 Highway 81 East, New Braunfels, Texas, for: JA NITORIAL SUPPLIES Plans and/ or specif tea tions are available from: Carrie Henk, Comal lode pendent School District Warehouse, 1275 Hwy 81 East, New Braunfels, Texas 78130 Bids will be opened publicly at 200 p m., October 1, 1991, at Comal Administration Building, 1421 Hwy 81 East, New Braunfels, Texas 78130 The board of Trustees reserves the right to reject any or all bids, waive all formalities, and to accept the bid deemed most advanta geous Abel Campos, Business Manager NOTICE TO PROPOS-ERS Sealed proposals will be received in the Office of the City Secretary of the City of New Braunfels until 2 00 p m , Monday, October 21, 1991, for de velopment and lease of the food/ novelty cooees sion facilities in Landa Park and Prince Solms Park Request tor Prop osal Packets may be ob tained from the Office of the City Secretary at the New Braunfels Municipal Building, 424 S Casten Ave , New Braunfels, Texas A Proposer's Conference wilt bis held at the former Pat's- in the- Park concession facility located in Landa Park AH prospective proposers are expected to attend the conference as this is the sole opportunity for questions to be answered The City of New Braunfels reserves the right to reject any and aN proposals waive tor mal'ti ties and to choose the proposal that, in its estimation, is m the best interest of the City of New Braunfels. MARK AND ADDRESS ENVELOPE ■Proposal for the Develop ment and Lease of the Food/ Novelty Cooees sons in Landa Park and Prince Solms Park* TO City Secretary City of New Braunfels, P O Box 311747, 424 S Caste* Av enue, New Braunfels, TX 78131-1747. 440 Services 440 Acoustic ceilings, metal roof painting, wallpaper, painting, repairs. Quality Work 625 6828_ Additions, new const., re modeling, roofing, painting, concrete, siding, fencing, TMG Const., License & Bonded 625 9329 Auto & PPJ Headliners New factory foam back material $75 any car. Mo bile service. 620-6836 CHILDCARE Would like to provide child care in my home M F either full or part time Asking $4/ hr. Stacy at 625 8606 anytime Cleaning with T.L.C 3 housewives tor hire Com merical, residential, rent als, and we even do win dows, lawns etc Call 629-4649, 629 3917, 620-6462._ Cleaning team let us dean your house, apt or office at competitive rates Honest and dependable 629 7140_ Cleaning service for your home, apartment or office I go the extra mile in my work Satisfaction guaran teed at competitive rates Donna 620 4813 FOR TREE 8ERVICE- C a It Trey Martin Prunning Removals Stump Grinding Lot Clearing For free estimate caH 629 9950_ Furniture Upholstery and Repairs Quality Work-Reasonable Price Fabric Selection Available Residential or automotive Free estimates Call Dwight Kanz 629 4324 HANDYMAN REPAIR SERVICE Painting, tree trimming, carpentry, re roofing, house leveling, concrete work We refinish furni tore We buy estates Any size fob' 20 years exp, Glenn Hitzfetder Builder 625 1911, 629 3947 For a sparkling clean house at a reasonable rate- call Mellisa at 629 4619 or 620 5816 lf you are a working woman, let me dean your home for you. Reasonable rates 629-8025 KARATE For beginners, at my home off Freiheit Rd. Small group. 625-9232 Master Instructor, 24 yrs exp LET JACK DO ITI Pool service $ repair Win terize now Pool covers 4 chemicals Estimate no charge. 629*1410. I 800 299 4857_ Licensed home child care Meals and formula pre vided Daily planned actfv ities. 629 0163_ Licensed home child care. Meals and formula pre vided Daily planned activ ities 629 0163_ MAKING CASH LOANS! $100 $358 W/APRC Cal! John, Adrian, Patti, 629 6044 Security Finance, 142 N Casten Charlie Schubert Painting contractor and Pressure washing Commercial or residential. Call 1 899 2843 Canyon Lake SHERRY'S CLEANING SERVICE, since 1979 Homes, commerdal. rent als Thourough deaning at a reasonable price Free Estimates Bonded 625 1397 SON CONSTRUCTION Roofing, remodeling, re pairs, additions, painting, sheetrock 6 concrete work, patio covers, blown in insulation, house level ing, real estate inspections tot buyers Licensed 4 bond od Free estimates Chuck Sonlitner 625 9518 TENNIS Weekday private tennis in struction Fun and skill im provement 625 6411 We do it all-ranch fence, pipe fence, chain link, wood privacy, corrals, alectric fence, deer proof, wrought firon, electric gate openers and solar openers, brick columns, concrete work, brick & rock entry ways, cattle guards, poll barns, « patio covers & decks.22 20 years experience. For (tm estimates call: [RUSTOM FENCE -DAN MINICA 512-625-9340BUSINESS DIRECTORY SERVICES ERNIES MMrpemng She; \ i tm T For all your service needs, contact these experts today!! CLEANING SERVICES BAKING tibia •<m»rn "4 Fat nailing lento* Gummvruai routing cwari-up, Nwwvparagb 629-7928 Alo /ob iou mal r HAMMAN I ROOFING m Al' i ypu: j§ Quarry Won ■fmee ESTIMATES 629-4697 Cookie* Baked from our recipes Hiauu you' or oms tor Halawar Christina! and any oocasiot Let us deliver SB*' HME- LAWN SERVICES (Rtfh EXTRA CLEAN HOUSE CHAUNG SERVICE Let ut clear. & scrub tor you Witt pride hwMentii b Oommprcii 629-5016 SERVICES MUK UUIM CME Mowing & Edging Fret: Estimate; $20 tor city star lots Top MX A spreading 4 much more 620-6977 RENT A SPACE THIS SIZE FOR $39.56 PER MONTH HOUSE LEVELING III ls'\ WHI / 11■»11 » I .» \ i hit- A Remodeling We insult vinyl ridtfifc Licensed A Husufed 625-3934 PAVING I UPHOLSTERY I UPHOLSTERY ASPHALT PATCHING AND PAVING Driveways, Parking Lots, Concrete Work SCHUFF CONSTRUCTION 625-9182 Export Workmanship A HOME ECONOMY * OFFICE FURNITURE UPHOLSTERY TTM W. ten Alterne SmtmtVT_ Nm Srewrtete, Texas TSI M J OOUNM """"" 491 30% on ■■r I en you uptwfctvy Mi la comp (Five ta I mea a) rn aa* mu HOUSE LEVELING CLEANING SERVICES AU MEHU* GUTTERS *19 f PHM*! I ©Max *3 r Mumm *r> ftiiMiuiitftv *>• UMI ■r ae j (512)929-1594 LAWN KEEPERS LAWN SERVICE •Newng I Edging 4-ia; bk* $20 kx cay un tot <M*My MHW , un mm nj IjMfg Unyor Lea* Ready Maid Cleaning *vf if 7|v -1 TC*- * "Professional S&rvtcs* by Professional PeofMtf' Commorcial-Prlvate jnwii Gar agt Clean -Up 4 Ha J Obi Competitive Rate! 964 3190 Henk Paving Co. Paving Excavating 4 Hauling 625 0223 or 625 7174 Atter Houri BUILDING I RESEAL/DECKS Troy Boti Construction Framing, roofing, remodeling decks and additions Free Estimates Licensed and Bonded 629-9064 therrialy Renew Decks lo ongkurt beauty Seal Pebblestone to WI look! Decks Bull' Call Barry 1-512-622-3379 AMO Feel Bernice A Mamiofient* CARIBBEAN yr:, yr. yr.. , Chiurm* Free Swmtimi** (512)620-7IO* FENC Shady Acre: Lac lr Tree Senna Ut GuruIna Irwin eng Ta* Renew HaiAeig jm Mamwanu tm BmufltoM&L 63? Sa Arnut nu 33' PW Executive Lawn Caro WSH* Nu# UBC Hate WINDOWS CLEANED FREE !!!! ABlum waning ut ow summit e> I mum* yr*-a -«•*• % puy'a* ai. g»! VWNtiOWt CU AULL FHI I m<»tv norm* Ow* em tnt O' raujmmirtg mosieng tnfwMinit MOW* Smck»0«% one , c jncg empi rah. cot «mmk, gou* Bam cnang"* Foes ck loot O mot* umm*. ft* aa o a* tut a -A (ar ax# erne we der v* «> *h#j«k •A ilg Ummk *36/ CAU AM V' M KAN KLEEN CO. Us vt Met < mix ll (a*yvnl4*k* ' Va**Eterne** New Bramaitk rn HAU 17 »*»•* Kill I lints 62 < 2VVi RENT A SPACE THIS SIZE FOR $39.56 PER MONTH FENCING LAWN SERVICES PAINTING teW we pelf. SCHUH / cuNtrntuci'iUN 0 Cati day rn rugln 512-625-9 UU IMM - WI Mf Etm LsiuneUwt QwaiwttewC Wirt Cminuteud HwhuuhUBI Rapture 629-5767 1-900-435-3234 £99 3334 QUALITY pan co. lOommetaai - * iHeytentia anteal Ka lf roe f son tam " * 629-2436 ASPHALT PAVIK) HAULING UWN DHT I SAW) DRIVEWAY MATERIAL Blade leaflet I Backhoe Ratroad Ta Septic Tanks Cleated Neuse Paving & Hauling 625-9708 Nteghtoorhood HANDYMAN KMCf Exterior Interior Palming Rooting. SriMruoox Drywall DacKing, Yard Won 17 /mart BApBOBom DAVID EBNER 420-4731 A A J Fence 224-2847 Albert Montes 625-5754 <KMr» Was* tan Wert* tamales -WneupU I FfUF £ 1402 El Paao 4ntonjo ISIellW; LEVELING WAU. CHACIUNU7 DOOfte DflAOQtMQT FLOOM OUT OF LEVEL? FOUNDATION FAILURES CORRECTED VA FHA APPROVED •ENGINEER CERTIFIED METHODS •PIER 4 BEAM •CEDAR POSTS SOIL STABILIZATION •PRESSURE GROUTING •BELL BOTTOM PERS FMC warm* istmatis 629-7671 'WSH Al mm f i Urn Tie l*~r SECURITY FOUNDATION COMPANY JIM QUALLS HuiUf n'tm nit 4. it I tau itm>l paint Fli t' t sM/1tuli i arui tm null'll 629-1211 BUILDING RENT A SPACE THIS SIZE FOR $39.56 PER MONTH PLANTS PLANTS Schumacher's Hill Country Gardens Natives, Perennials, Antique Roses, Plant* for Xeriscaping 629-5473 HOUSE LEVELING CONCH! It SIAS REPAIR RAISED 4 NkikfrOHu60 BEI I Hi) HUM Pf RS MOU POMPlhKi Yc«i> !'IJK lienee Cf PAR P08T5 PlfcH A btAM E^WEEH CERTIFICATED Nuw fkdunftils EiOinaud 4 itoiiQuU 372 1129 RITE-WAY HOUSE LEVELING INC ;
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A. Yes, all the assignments are like mini projects. Assignments are key to understanding the course. That shows us how well you are doing the course.
Q. Who and When should I contact regarding resume making and mock interview sessions?
A. At the end of the course we will assist you with preparing a professional resume. We recommend students attend the mock interview sessions from the day you join the course. Once you ready with your resume we can review it in our mock interview sessions and make sure you are able to face an interview confidently. In the mock interview sessions you can share your knowledge with other students who have already completed the course and older students share their knowledge and experience with the newcomers in the mock interview.
Q. Can I get any references before I join the course?
A. Please check the student's testimony to see the student's comments. Also when you attend our demo class, we conduct mock interviews with existing student from whom you can get real references from our real students in our mock interview sessions. Still questions, email to firstname.lastname@example.com
Q. Do you provide placement assistance?
A. Our training is 100% job oriented training. We are constantly posting current job openings in our Google Groups where you can directly submit your Resumes to the Clients/ Vendors. Also our students are very well prepared and aggressive while facing an interview. This is because our Mock Interview sessions are very intense and motivating. Also motivated, sincere and aggressive individuals are welcome to be a part of the H2k Infosys team.
Take the advantages and features provided by H2K Infosys and get the job.
Q. Are the Faculties experienced?
A. All our faculties are very experienced. Please attend our demo classes to find out.
Q. Do you provide any Certification for the training?
A. Yes, We can provide course completion certificate if you need.
Q. Do you provide any discount if we take multiple courses on different technologies?
A. Yes. We do provide reasonable discounts if you enroll for multiple courses and refer your friends, relatives and family members.
Q. If we are unable to install the software on my system how do we practice?
A. Not to worry about that. We will provide you with remote access.
Q. What is your contact information?
A. You can email us at email@example.com
Phone: 770-777-1269 (US)
Live >> Green >> Everywhere


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By Juan A. Lozano, Associated Press Writer
HOUSTON Passengers and a pilot testified Wednesday they never saw or heard anything that indicated the wife of megachurch evangelist pastor Joel Osteen assaulted a flight attendant before the start of a 2005 flight.
Continental Airlines flight attendant Sharon Brown said in her lawsuit that Victoria Osteen yelled at her, threw her against a bathroom door and elbowed her while attempting to rush into the cockpit after a spill on the armrest of her first-class seat wasn't quickly cleaned up. Brown claims she suffered physical and psychological injuries.
However, three first-class passengers on the plane testified Wednesday that they never saw or heard anything to indicate that Victoria Osteen assaulted Brown before the start of the flight from Houston to Vail, Colo.
"There wasn't anything that occurred that she could be suing over," said Laura Knoppe, who was sitting in the first row of first-class seats, closest to where Brown said the attack took place.
Knoppe, who was called by Victoria Osteen's attorney, Rusty Hardin, said she never heard Osteen yelling or screaming.
Another passenger, Barbara Shedden, who had been called by Brown's attorney, described the interaction between Brown and Victoria Osteen as "just a power of the wills. It was very authoritative on both parts."
Shedden said Victoria Osteen was out of line by standing in the aisle while she waited for the spill to be cleaned up, but testified she doubted an attack took place.
A third passenger, James Steele, said he never heard any yelling or sounds of a physical altercation.
The pilot, William Burnett, testified he saw "nobody fighting the flight attendants."
But Brown's attorney, Reginald McKamie, told jurors that in an August 2007 deposition Burnett claimed he saw Brown and another flight attendant standing shoulder to shoulder outside the cockpit, which made the hairs on the back of his neck stand up.
"You had a duty as the captain of this plane to call the police and you didn't do it?" McKamie said in court.
"I didn't see a threat," Burnett said.
Osteen's attorney showed jurors a videotaped deposition of Claudia Hall, a former Continental Airlines flight attendant and gate agent who said she was falsely accused by Brown of hitting and pushing her into the bathroom wall of a plane.
Mike LeMaster and Thurman Nunez, both Continental employees, testified they each spoke with Brown and Osteen after the alleged attack.
They described Victoria Osteen as being calm while Brown was aggressive.
Nunez, who is a member of Lakewood Church, was working as a baggage handler for the flight at the time of the incident.
Both Victoria Osteen and Joel Osteen, who was on the same flight, testified last week that no attack took place.
Earlier Wednesday, Brown's attorney, Reginald McKamie, rested his case. After about a week of testimony, closing arguments in the civil trial were expected Thursday.
Brown is asking for an apology and 10 percent of Victoria Osteen's net worth. Osteen's lawyers would not discuss her finances, so it was unclear how much 10 percent would be.
The Osteens paid a $3,000 fine the Federal Aviation Administration levied against Victoria Osteen for interfering with a crew member but testified they did that to put the incident behind them.
They are co-pastors of Houston's Lakewood Church, which draws about 42,000 people each week. His weekly television address is broadcast internationally and his books are sold around the globe.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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An Evening Standard analysis of the top 50 figures in the capital confirms the Mayor in pole position following his role in bringing the 2012 Olympics to London, securing Crossrail, introducing the Oyster card and transforming the bus network.
But what it also reveals is the extent of the power his aides have grasped on his behalf - with people close to him accounting for half the remaining places. Twelve aides directly responsible to Mr Livingstone feature on our list - plus a further 12 over whom he has considerable influence.
The full list of the 1,000 most influential Londoners will be revealed on Tuesday in the Standard. But today we can reveal the 25 who dominate the London political scene.
The five most powerful Londoners as the Mayor, Met commissioner Sir Ian Blair, Transport for London commissioner Peter Hendy, Tube managing director Tim O'Toole and Olympic Delivery Authority chief executive David Higgins.
Mr Livingstone is also in the separate list categories of politics, environment and property. His Tory mayoral challenger Boris Johnson features as an up-and-coming influential, as does likely Liberal Democrat candidate Brian Paddick.
Within City Hall, the list includes the Mayor's ultra-loyal chief of staff Simon Fletcher, long-serving policy directors Neale Coleman (housing and Olympics), John Ross (economics) and Redmond O'Neill (transport) and rising stars such as his climate change guru Mark Watt.
Others who add intellectual vigour, authority and foresight to Brand Livingstone include Lord Rogers, who remains his unpaid architectural adviser, and Bridget Rosewell, consultant chief economist to the Greater London Authority.
Our list, compiled by 40 Evening Standard specialists and independent experts, names the people whose talents have made this the world's most influential city.
Even the Mayor of New York, Michael Bloomberg, admits his envy at London's position - with the billionaire media tycoon itching to return to his second home in Chelsea once his second term ends in 2009.
Speaking this week on a visit to the capital to see the C-charge in operation and the improvements to bus services, Bloomberg said he "had no scruples" about stealing London's ideas. He hopes to introduce "congestion pricing" to Manhattan.
Evening Standard editor Veronica Wadley said London's advances would not have been possible without the people "who not only make the right decisions but have the energy, creativity and power to see those decisions through. They have a profound effect on our lives."
Ken Livingstone: Mayor of London. Reborn as environmental champion with influence beyond legal powers.
Sir Ian Blair: Met police commissioner. Rarely out of headlines due to terror threat or ill-judged comments.
Peter Hendy: Transport commissioner and bendy bus champion.
Tim O'Toole: Tube managing director overseeing its modernisation.
David Higgins: Olympics boss battling rising costs against immovable deadline.
Lord Coe: National hero twice over who has to stage the best show on earth in 2012.
Simon Fletcher: Mayor's super-bright, ultra-loyal chief of staff.
John Ross: Ken's energetic, dishevelled economics boffin.
Redmond O'Neill: Wily mayoral propaganda chief and transport overseer.
Mark Watts: Mayoral climate change guru and rising star.
Neale Coleman: Earnest intellectual mayoral aide for housing and Olympics.
Merrick Cockell: Old-school Tory who leads London's 33 borough councils.
Sir Simon Milton: Westminster council leader.
Paul Deighton: London 2012 chief executive who made his fortune as an investment banker.
Michael Snyder: De facto leader of City of London Corporation and Crossrail advocate.
Bob Crow: RMT leader and most unpopular man in London during a Tube strike.
Baroness Valentine: Puller of strings making London better for business.
Lord Rogers: World-renowned visionary architect and mayoral aide.
David Campbell: The man who made the O2 an instant success.
Matthew Freud: PR guru.
George Iacobescu: Mr Canary Wharf.
Trevor Phillips: The UK's foremost equalities campaigner.
Bridget Rosewell: Greater London Authority chief economist
Boris Johnson: Charismatic, often shambolic Tory mayoral candidate and "militant cyclist".
Brian Paddick: Former Met commander and likely Lib-Dem mayoral candidate.
- More about:
- Bloomberg
- Brian Paddick
- Greater London Authority
- Ian Blair
- Liberal Democrat Party
- Michael Bloomberg
- Transport For London