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Sonny Bill Williams begins 7s career with brilliant offload to beat South Africa in pool stages
SBW's offloads are great in 15-a-side where there are support players to help secure any loose balls. But there really is nowhere to hide for an offload gone wrong in Sevens. A 50/50 pass is seldom that - more like 70/30 for the defending team.
1 Year, 3 Months ago
Sonny Bill Williams begins 7s career with brilliant offload to beat South Africa in pool stages
This offload and try was great, but the officiating towards the end of this game not so much. Ditto for the closing minutes of the pool stage game between the same two teams - both of which games NZ won with a score well after the hooter. The effort to hand NZ possession and then keep it going until the score was not very well disguised by Paddy O'Brian's barely Australian son.
Call me a Saffa ref whinger of you like, but I'm not alone in calling this out. Terrible piece of home side refereeing.
1 Year, 3 Months ago
Drew Mitchell scores dramatic try at the death as Toulon snatch victory from Wasps
Yep, clear knock at exactly 1 minute. Still great try.
1 Year, 4 Months ago
Awesome compilation of some of the greatest skills ever seen in rugby
Leave out SBW and Quade and this video will be about 30 seconds long.
1 Year, 4 Months ago
Clermont flanker Viktor Kolelishvili shoves referee Wayne Barnes
At least he used his arms.
1 Year, 4 Months ago
Highlights and celebrations as All Blacks win successive Rugby World Cup titles
Well done, Kiwis. Not just good rugby players, but they also play the game in a very good spirit. It's hard to dislike any of the current crop of All Blacks even if they won''t stop bloody winning - and I guess that's part of what makes them special. A much deserved win, but next time the Boks will be kicking some Kiwi butt, if the Japanese don't beat us to it.
1 Year, 6 Months ago
Giant Mat Luamanu barrels through Fijian Seremaia Bai
Jeepers, at this rate rugby teams are going to have to start competing in weight divisions.
1 Year, 6 Months ago
All Blacks through to another World Cup Final after tense battle with the Springboks
Yep. Louw, Vermeulen and Burger are three line-out options that are almost never used.
1 Year, 7 Months ago
Most Memorable Tries of the 2015 Rugby World Cup
The Fourie du Preez try against Wales could be here too.
1 Year, 7 Months ago
All Blacks through to another World Cup Final after tense battle with the Springboks
There's a new generation of SA stars that have shone in the Currie Cup and will hopefully continue to shine in Super Rugby next year. And they will step into some of the Bok positions vacated by the old guard. Jaco Kriel in for Schalk Burger and Malcolm Marx in for Bismarck du Plessis are two that spring to mind. Other players who could be in contention over the next couple of years include loosehead prop Steven Kitshoff, blindside flank Sikhumbuzo Notshe, fullback Warrick Gelant, lock Franco Mostert and centres Howard Mnisi and Francois Venter. Despite not making the finals this year, I feel pretty upbeat about Springbok rugby.
1 Year, 7 Months ago


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The Dragon's Nine Sons (2008)
by Chris Roberson
No current Talk conversations about this book.
Imagine The Dirty Dozen set in a future where China's early experiments with rockets led to a space program and an empire that never lost power.
Now imagine this future China locked in a second World War with the other major superpower of the age: an Aztec Nation that has carried its bloody gods and rituals into the space age.
There's action aplenty, but (as in all Roberson books) the characters are the true standouts. For me, no one melds actual, nuts-and-bolts science quite as seamlessly into a thoroughly enjoyable story.
The Dragon's Nine Sons
Author: Chris Roberson
Publisher: Solaris - BL Publishing
Published In: Nottingham, UK
Date: 2008
Pgs: 429
A war of attrition rages around the planet named Fire Star, aka Mars. Mexica and Imperial China fight an ancient war for the future of Humankind. A suicide mission for a disgraced naval captain and a commando who knows too much goes awry when they discover that there are prisoners on the asteroid stronghold Xolotl, their target. Enough explosives to turn the asteroid into an expanding cloud of debris. A suicide mission becomes a rescue mission, but will their people allow them to return home, will they be able to escape with the prisoners. This could still be a suicide mission. But they will trade their lives dearly.
Alternate History
Science fiction
Space opera
Why this book:
Guns of Navarone. The Dirty Dozen. ...in Space. Alternate history. Alternate future.
Favorite Character:
Captain Zhuan Jie. He's very much the character who makes the hero's journey in this story.
The Feel:
It wanders occasionally.
Favorite Scene:
Captain Zhuan and Syxtun's final scene. Powerful. Poetic. Boom.
The flow is mostly great. It loses its way occasionally. During training for the mission after they are freed from prison, for example.
Plot Holes/Out of Character:
The bridge altar on the Mexic ship that requires blood to activate ship's systems makes my lips twitch in a Mona Lisa half grimace. Hemoglobin sensors. Blood sacrifice as a religious rite, okay. An Aztec-ish empire that has risen to the stars, okay. I'd even accept blood sacrifice as an attempt to influence good omens on the start of a voyage or something like that. Blood sacrifice required to operate bridge stations on a starship. :/ This feels like a hole in the worldbuilding designed to make the enemy seem more bloodthirsty than they would seem anyway marching prisoners to sacrificial altars in religious ceremonies.
Hmm Moments:
The worldbuilding here is awesome, but it does have its overboard exaggerations. See above and below.
I thought the altar was overblown, overwhelming, over the top...then I read about the cages and it brought the book crashing back to earth in horrifying detail. The cages at the back of the bridge of the Mexic ship and the thought of being trapped there, watching your fellows be drug out as blood sacrifices to satiate the ship's controls. Wow! Mixing blood sacrifice ritual with sci fi spaceship controls...just wow. Your enemies would all fight to the death and your crew would worry about what happens when those cages get empty on a long voyage. And the rust brown stains all over from when the controls are being satisfied in zero gravity...wow!
Last Page Sound:
That's alright.
Author Assessment:
I might look at something else by this author
Editorial Assessment:
Could have used a bit more editorial guidance to keep the plot from wandering and filling pages in a few spots, ie: the training sequence.
Knee Jerk Reaction:
it's alright
Disposition of Book:
Moore Memorial Public Library
Texas City, TX
Dewey Decimal or Other ID System:
Would recommend to:
friends, family, kids, colleagues, everyone, genre fans, no one
Chris Roberson's Celestial Empire stories are distinctive and compelling in a crowded marketplace. Set in a reality where China's 15th century treasure fleets weren't dismantled, but instead expanded Imperial Chinese power across the globe, the resulting stories have a decidedly solid foundation that come off as otherworldly rather than contrived. Roberson has exploited this milieu exceptionally well, setting his various short stories and novels in different eras to keep the narrative and cast of character fresh.
In The Dragon's Nine Sons, Roberson produces a full-blown science fictional adventure dependent on none of the traditional sleight-of-hand that sometimes mars lesser alternate history. And indeed, this isn't alternate history at all, but rather an alternate future set in a time equivalent to our year 2052. China has expanded to become a world-spanning super power, challenged only by the vicious Mexic Dominion, a powerful Central American nation descended from the Aztec Empire. Both powers have pushed their rivalry beyond the boundaries of Earth. China has made the colonization and terraforming of Mars--known as Fire Star--a priority, while the Mexic fight a bloody war of attrition with warships striking from a secret asteroid base with an orbit that closely tracks the planet's.
Enter the titular nine sons. In a classic Dirty Dozen setup, each former member of the Chinese military has been sentenced to death for some mortal infraction or other. Such sins will be forgiven and death sentences rescinded, however, if they accept a mission that is certain suicide--to fly a captured warship into the heavily-defended Mexic base and detonate a nuclear warhead at the heart of the asteroid.
Roberson's world building is excellent. His writing is tight and focused, the various characters' back stories deftly intertwined with that of each other and the larger plot in general. The biggest complaint is that Roberson repeatedly deflates the escalating tension of infiltration or combat by interrupting the narrative for extended flashbacks explaining how a particular character reached this particular point.
Breakin it down
story 3/10
characters 4/10
addictiveness 4/10
readability 7/10
Big total
4 outta 10
This was an interesting variation on the 'Dirty Dozen' theme, set in an alternate history universe. In this universe, the Chinese empire did not turn internal, which changed history quite a bit. Their only opposition is the descendants of the Aztec empire. This was fairly well done for a variation on a common theme, but not in same class as John Scalzi's recent novels, for example.
References to this work on external resources.
Wikipedia in English (1)
No descriptions found.
It is the age of the Celestial Empire, and the mighty civilizations of China and Mexica have taken their ancient war into space. As they fight a desperate war of attrition for control of the red planet, Fire Star, two disgraced soldiers are picked to lead a suicide mission to Xolotl, the asteroid stronghold of the enemy.… (more)
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Basically, you should only vote if you are Republican, white, and over the age of 65[1]. Be warned, Democrats - you may entice bears if you do it. Nobody wants bears, especially Baby Jesus. Got it?
- ↑ Fail to do so and extreme measures will have to be taken.


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STARmeterSEE RANK
Up 1,536 this week
Linden Travers (1913–2001)
Linden Travers was born on May 27, 1913 in Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, England as Florence Linden-Travers. She was an actress, known for The Lady Vanishes (1938), No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1948) and The Stars Look Down (1940). She was married to James Frederick Holman and Ewart Guy Leon. She died on October 23, 2001 in Cornwall, England. See full bio »
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text:
Pink Faith Shirt
Crafting Time:
- 1-2 Hours
Skill Level:
- Beginner
Project Courtesy of: Duncan
Additional Information
- Tulip items:
- Soft Fabric Paint: Matte Azalea, Matte Glacier White
- Fashion Art To Go Kit
- God is Love Express Yourself Iron-On Transfer
- Cordless Heat-Setting Tool
- Light pink T-shirt
- Small round paintbrush
- Plastic tablecloth
- Scratch paper
- Iron and ironing surface
- Paper towels and disposable foam plate
- For best results, please read all manufacturer's instructions before beginning project. Refer to photo for color and design placement.
- Prewash T-shirt to remove sizing. Do not use fabric softener.
- Position iron-on transfer on front of T-shirt and iron in place following package instructions.
- Cover work surface with plastic tablecloth; place T-shirt on center of covered work surface.
- Cut a piece of scratch paper slightly larger than image and cover design to protect from paint splatters.
- Squeeze small puddle of Azalea paint onto foam plate. Use a small brush to add a few drops of water to paint, mixing thoroughly until paint reaches a milky consistency.
- Load brush with paint and flick wrist over shirt creating a splattered effect. Load brush for each flick, changing angles for interest. Clean brush and repeat step using Glacier White paint. Carefully remove paper over image and let dry. Arrange a random pattern of Flocked iron-on transfers on shirt. Iron in place.
- Turn on cordless heat-setting tool. Arrange crystals as desired around design and gently touch tip of tool on top of each crystal for 5-6 seconds. Let crystals cool, then test with finger to ensure crystal is adhered.
- Wait 72 hours to wash. Machine wash warm on gentle cycle. Do not use harsh detergents or bleach. Remove promptly and line dry. To iron, turn garment inside out, being careful not to touch design with iron. Do not dry clean.


text:
H.R.5977 - TRUCC Act110th Congress (2007-2008)
|Rep. DeFazio, Peter A. [D-OR-4] (Introduced 05/06/2008)
|House - Transportation and Infrastructure
|Latest Action:
|05/06/2008 Referred to the Subcommittee on Highways and Transit. (All Actions)
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
Subject — Policy Area:
- Transportation and Public Works
- View subjects
Summary (1)
Text (1)
Actions (3)
Titles (3)
Amendments (0)
Cosponsors (16)
Committees (1)
Related Bills (3)
Summary: H.R.5977 — 110th Congress (2007-2008)All Bill Information (Except Text)
There is one summary for H.R.5977. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
Shown Here:
Introduced in House (05/06/2008)
Trust in Reliable Understanding of Consumer Costs Act, or the TRUCC Act - Amends federal transportation law to require certain fuel costs disclosures and fuel costs reimbursements by a motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder providing or arranging transportation or service using fuel for which it does not bear the cost.
Requires such a motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder to: (1) reimburse persons (truckers) that do bear fuel costs for any such costs they have paid; and (2) give such persons a written list that identifies any freight charge, brokerage fee or commission, fuel surcharge or adjustment, and any other charges.
Prohibits any person from causing a motor carrier, broker, or freight forwarder to present false or misleading information on a document or in an oral representation about the actual rate, charge, or allowance to any party to the transaction or transportation.


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John Kelly defends plan for Russia back channel as a 'good thing'- financialexpress.com
Air India Rs 70,000 crore scam case: CBI registers case against Civil Aviation Ministry official- financialexpress.com
From Patna to Chennai 6 more airports to do away with handbag tags from June 1- financialexpress.com
Muslims around the world observe Ramadan- business-standard
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Swachh Bharat Mission to go all out for Darwaza Band Amitabh Bachchan led Toilet Usage Campaign set for national launch- business-standard
Dr. Jitendra Singh chairs 66th Plenary of North Eastern Council NEC would strive to allocate more liberal grant of resources, says NEC Chairman- business-standard
Stakeholders review preparation for CWG and Asian Games 2018- business-standard
Martyrs Day observed at Air Force Station Sarsawa- business-standard
Unless citizens enjoy good health, their productive potential cannot be realized fully, says President- business-standard
India growth to slow down to 6.8% in 2016-17: World Bank- business-standard
Monsoon forecast buoys equity m FMCG stocks rise (Roundup)- business-standard
PIA IT system malfunction hits flights- business-standard
Tendulkar lone Indian in Younis best Test XI- business-standard
MP: Two nabbed with fake currency worth Rs. 1, 08,000- business-standard
Cattle ban a promotion of Centre s Hindutva ideology : CPI(M)- business-standard
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4 booked for conducting pre-natal sex determination tests at- business-standard
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Puravankara Q4 net profit jumps over 3-fold at Rs 62 cr- business-standard
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India Power commissions 36-mw solar plant in Uttarakhand- business-standard
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Wheels India Q4 profit up by 8.4% to Rs 18 cr- business-standard
Commexes developing tradable indices to be future ready- business-standard
China warns India over Dhola-Sadiya bridge in Arunachal- business-standard
Oil India Q4 net profit falls 96% to Rs 19 crore- business-standard
Barcelona to name former Athletic Bilbao manager Ernesto Valverde as Luis Enrique's replacement- indianexpress.com
Spain arrests 14 on suspicion of making, selling performance-enhancing drugs- http://in.reuters.com/
Hardliner Raisi claims voter fraud in Iranian presidential election- http://in.reuters.com/
Cyclone Mora too bring heavy rainfall in Bengal, Northeast- newsonair.nic.in
Waited for CBSE moderation policy before result: CISCE- news.statetimes.in
Vizhinjam contract: Oommen Chandy welcomes judicial investigation- kaumudiglobal.com
Rahul Gandhi: Which soap will clean BJP s mind set?- kaumudiglobal.com
Sebi to levy fee on P-Note issuance, bar speculative issuance- financialexpress.com
'Brazilian baby walks just moments after birth'- dailyexcelsior.com
One F1 comeback is enough for Jenson Button- indianexpress.com
SL floods: Indian Navy teams de death toll rises to 177- deccanherald.com
Ricahrd Levi under observation after nasty blow on the head- indianexpress.com
French Open 2017: Caroline Wozniacki pushed by 17-year-old wildcard Jaimee F no trouble for Milos Raonic- indianexpress.com
ICC Champions Trophy 2017: Injury concerns for England ahead of tournament opener- indianexpress.com
Best Actor award for the film You Were Never Really Here- heshillongtimes.com
BSE to levy fee for cancellation of Authorised Person registration- moneycontrol.com
IG International to invest USD 10 mn in cold storage expansion- moneycontrol.com
Removal of cell towers: SC stays Rajasthan govt order- zeenews.india.com
SC gives time till July 31 to Bihar liquor co to dispose stock- zeenews.india.com
Sensex flies to new rarefied zone, Nifty whizzes past 9,600- deccanherald
40% decline in US visas for Paki 28% increase for India- deccanherald
Yogi minister stirs controversy, inaugurates beer bar- deccanherald
No handbag tags at 6 more airports from June 1- deccanherald
ICJ will neither acquit nor release Jadhav: Pak lawyer- deccanherald
Government says 'No' to bilateral cricket with Pakistan- news.statetimes.in
Iraq presses Mosul assault, calls on civilians to flee- zeenews.india.com
CM chairs 2nd meeting of Tourism Advisory Board- dailyexcelsior.com
Iran-backed Iraqi force says takes IS villages on Syria border- http://in.reuters.com/
Trump says North Korea shows great disrespect to China with missile- http://in.reuters.com/
Macron s party seen on top in French parliament election - polls- http://in.reuters.com/
ICJ will neither acquit nor release Kulbhushan Jadhav: Pakistan lawyer- indianexpress.com
BSP supremo Mayawati slams Modi government over attacks by gau rakshaks- indianexpress.com
Favourable winds blowing? Producers of the renewable power beg to differ- moneycontrol.com
Sebi proposes to levy $1,000 fee on each P-Note issuance, bar speculative issuance- moneycontrol.com
Former Kerala CM Oommen Chandy says he takes full responsibility for Vizhinjam port deal- financialexpress.com
Opposition slams Army Chief s dirty war comment, government defends him- business-standard
AoL challenges NGT panel on Yamuna floodplains, questions capabilities- business-standard
EU needs simple capital rules for euro zone banking union - Villeroy- business-standard
ICJ will neither acquit nor release Jadhav: Pak lawyer- business-standard
SL floods: Indian Navy teams de death toll rises to 177- business-standard
No handbag tags at 6 more airports from June 1- business-standard
TeamLease to acquire 30 pc stake in Freshersworld.Com- business-standard
Ensure eviction of 990 Waqf properties in Delhi: HC- business-standard
Portuguese recognition for Indian musical travelogue- business-standard
Customs arrests wheelchair-bound senior citizen for gold smuggling- business-standard
Assam govt employees allowed to leave office earlier during- business-standard
NIA to take over case involving suspected ISIS operatives held- business-standard
Sun Pharma stock dives nearly 12%; mcap drops Rs 15,766 cr- business-standard
Sensex flies to new rarefied zone, Nifty whizzes past 9,600- business-standard
40% decline in US visas for Paki 28% increase for India- business-standard
Najma Heptulla appointed as new Jamia Millia Islamia chancellor- business-standard
N. Chandrababu Naidu re elected Telugu Desam Party president- newsonair.nic.in
Yoga day celebrations should not be confined to Dehradun: CM Trivendra Singh Rawat- indianexpress.com
Ex-CM Oomen Chandy says he takes full responsibility for Vizhinjam port- indianexpress.com
Microsoft Reveals Plans to Store Data in DNA- ndtv.com
Cattle trade ban to halt beef exports, lead to job losses- financialexpress.com
Real Madrid players hit the beach, party hard ahead of Champions League final, see inside pics- indianexpress
BJU challenges BJP president Amit Shah on his claim of higher payment than cost to farmers- punjabnewsexpress.com
China warns India over Dhola-Sadiya bridge in Arunachal- zeenews.india.com
Karni Sena calls Rajput bodies to join hands for quota demand- financialexpress.com
ITBP jawans beat Naxal scare, build bridge pending for 9 years in 30-days in Chhattisgarh- financialexpress.com
China says Philippines 600-kg drug seizure was largest in joint crackdown- http://in.reuters.com/
PSPCL transmission officials misutilised funds to the tune of Rs.100 crores- punjabnewsexpress.com
Kashmiri man looking to join Islamic State deported from Turkey- indianexpress
Chennai, 5 other airports to do away with handbag stamping- oneindia.com
UK trade union blames Indian IT companies for British Airways outage- moneycontrol.com
Sebi proposes to levy $1,000 regulatory fee on FPIs issuing P-Notes- business-standard.
Coal India Q4 net falls 38% to Rs 2,716 crore- business-standard.
Vodafone announces smartphone insurance of upto Rs 50,000 anti virus prot find out all about the Red Shield program- financialexpress.com
Revision of rates left to GST Council's discretion: CBEC chief Vanaja Sarna- financialexpress.com
Kenya unveils first new railway in a century- financialexpress.com
Gloom spr is China economy heading for a hard landing? Here's what earliest indicators show- financialexpress.com
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Centre assures strict action against ragging- sify.com/
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Himachal CM, wife get bail in disproportionate assets case- business-standard
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OPPLE introduces Gold Eagle Club exclusively for channel partners- business-standard
Coal India March-quarter profit falls 38 percent, misses estimates- business-standard
Why pugs, bulldogs have flat faces decoded- business-standard
Centre assures strict action against ragging- business-standard
Naidu breaks down after meeting e-rickshaw driver s kin, assures relief- business-standard
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10 waterways to be made operational next year: Gadkari- business-standard
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Vigorous campaign to be launched against child marriage,- business-standard
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Disproportionate assets case: Virbhadra Singh, his wife granted bail- business-standard
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Former Bengal cricketer and coach Tapan Banerjee passes away- cricketcountry.com
Expert panel trying to "mislead" NGT on Yamuna damage: Art of Living- indianexpress.com
Najma Heptulla appointed as new Jamia Chancellor- financialexpress.com
Cement demand growth to recover to 4-5 per cent in FY18: ICRA- financialexpress.com
India will grow at 7.2% in 2017-18, says World Bank- financialexpress.com
Iraqi forces launch offensive against IS, ask residents to flee west Mosul- newsonair.nic.in
Govt doesn t believe in revenge politics: Union Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad to Chidambaram- zeenews.india.com
Honda Exports Grow 59 Per Cent In April 2017- ndtv.com
Yogi Adityanath instructs UP secretariat to implement e-office system from October- zeenews.india.com
Centre can t decide what we eat, we won t abide by it: Mamata on govt s cattle directive- zeenews.india.com
Union Minister Venkaiah Naidu breaks down after meeting e-rickshaw driver s kin, assures relief- zeenews.india.com
Mary Kom all set to return to action after 1-year hiatus- news.statetimes.in
Arvind Kejriwal seeks quashing of summons in HC- financialexpress.com
China's tough cybersecurity law to come into force from June 1- financialexpress.com


text:
Bibliographic Details
Title: Ensayos sobre el Sentido de la Cultura ...
Publisher: Publicaciones de la Residencia de Estudiantes, Serie II, vol 18, Madrid
Publication Date: 1932
Binding: Softbound
284 pp. trade paperback. spine age darkened and worn, front cover separated about two inches at the bottom, and modest paper browned else a good to very good copy. Nicely inscribed by de Onís on the half title. Bookseller Inventory # 28646
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This bookseller accepts the following methods of payment:
AbeBooks Bookseller Since: September 19, 1996
Bookseller Rating:
Heritage Bookseller
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Store Description: Under new ownership in 2016. Riverrun specializes in rare and antiquarian books & literary manuscripts of all periods, with an emphasis on literary first editions, signed & inscribed books, science fiction, travel & exploration, and Americana. Our cataloged inventory exceeds 15,000 titles, all of which may be found online. The shop's revolving inventory of some 30,000 volumes means that there is always more to discover if you pay us a visit. We are open by appointment, so please call or e-mail ahead to confirm availability.


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This sugared-textured trend is going CRAZY right now! Do you own any of these types of polish? Typically, you don't use any base coat (and noooo top coat or it will ruin the effect), and you get a sugary, matte-texture finish with a ton of twinkle. For summer, Nicole by OPI is staggering their release of the new Gumdrops Collection to certain retailers over the next few months. So let's check 'em out!
Candy is Dandy, I Lilac Gumdrops, Blue-Berry Sweet on You
Cinna-Man of My Dreams, My Cherry Amour, A-Nise Treat
These shades are sure to satisfy any sweet tooth, explains Suzi Weiss-Fischmann, Nicole by OPI Co-Founder & Artistic Director. By combining groundbreaking texture technology with some of the hottest trends including matte and shimmer finishes, Nicole by OPI has created a new line of lacquers for cutting-edge manicures. Worn without top coat, Gumdrops lacquers dry to a textured matte finish to give nails a "sugar" coated appearance.


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Brown Mascara
Retail Price:
Our Price: $7.45 (Save 50%)
Why You'll Love It
About This Brand
Purified water, plant cellulose, vegetable wax, safflower oil, lecithin, coconut emulsifier, aloe vera extract, cucumber extract, green tea extract, euphrasia extract, vitamin E, keratin, bilberry, cranberry extract, bergamot oil, thyme oil, grapefruit seed oil, plantservative.
California residents: Learn more on Prop 65 warning. Disclaimer: Information, statements, and reviews regarding products have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. Results vary person to person, and there is no guarantee of specific results. Thrive Market assumes no liability for inaccuracies or misstatements about products.
Reviews For Brown Mascara
Based on 18 Reviews
Beautiful coverage & color
Love the color and coverage of this product! No smudges, nice brush, love it!
- Rachelle Timmer
Clumpy & Poor Application
The color of this mascara is a nice brown. However, this mascara is extremely clumpy and hard to apply. I tried warming it slightly to help it smoothe out, and it looked terrible- all clumped on the brush. I tried using it about 4 times before giving up. I'm not sure if I just got a bad batch of it, or if they are all like this but I will not be buying this again.
- Shaina
Keep Looking
This was a terrible product. After a few attempts , I ended up throwing it away. It is so clumpy as to be completely unusable, not coming close to the consistency you would need for mascara. Keep on looking.
I fully support Thrive in seeking natural cosmetics and providing us with good products in the field.
- Anonymous
After using it, my eyes and skin around the eyes turned red. I tried it several times and got the same result. I am not allergic to anything so I am not sure what was the issue. But this product did not work for me.
- Vesta
Great product!
I love the color. If you wear facial lotion or sunscreen it can smudge and leave rings around your eyes, but it wipes off very easily. It does not flake so it actually seems to last longer than other brands I've tried.
- Shannon
Good (but messy!) for sensitive eyes
I've tried several different kinds of natural mascara, and nothing has ever worked to keep my eyes from getting red and itchy. This works! Wear it every day all day long and no red, itchy eyes - a miracle! It's easy to remove with my regular facial cleanser, although it does take a bit more scrubbing than other mascaras. I don't find that it runs or flakes at all during the day, even after a long, hot run. The only negative is that it is a bit thicker than normal mascara, almost a clay type of consistency, so it doesn't go on easily. I find I have to really roll my lashes around the brush, which is kind of fat and not easy to use. I almost always end up with smears, especially under my lower lashes. I little water on a q-tip cleans it up, but it's annoying and time consuming. A smaller brush would probably fix the problem.
- melk
Smudges easily, reddish color
I bought because of the many great reviews, but was disappointed with this product. The brown color has a reddish hue and it smudges easily onto the surround eye lids. So eventually throughout the day I started to look a little zombie-like...something I try to avoid ;) I won't buy this again.
- Ava
Great product, with great values
Love this!! The color is beautiful and looks natural. It stays on all day but comes off easily at night. I would almost swear my eyelashes have benefited from getting a more natural product on them than some other brands. Highly recommend!
- Madeleine
brown mascara
It is very thick mascara and does not apply evenly.
- kay tracey
I am so happy to have found this mascara and that it's sold on Thrive! It checks all my boxes: lasts all day, perfect natural-looking color, great ingredients and no irritation.
- Emma
Love it!
Love this mascara. I am someone who has to worry about mascara running by the end of the day, there is nothing worse than those smudges. I was hesitant to try it because of this, but it proved to be fantastic. I do apply 3 coats to get nice coverage, but it has a nice soft color and isn't clumpy either.
- Jennifer
Great mascara!
Amazing Brodart for someone like me who doesn't have dark lashes naturally, wearing this gives me the look I want without looking like I've cakedone on a ton of product. It's smooth and thick, stays on all day without smudging or running. I will definitely be buying this again!
- Rachael
I tried the brown even though I usually use black. (The black was out of stock). I really like the brush and how it goes on thick. It doesn't run or flake. I just go over the brown with a touch a black and it's a great brown-black.
- Nancy
Great color!
This brown is true to brown and I love it. I use it every day and it never smears or runs. A great mascara!
- OlivaLuv29
Goes on Smooth
This mascara is fantastic. I love the wand that comes with it and that I don't have raccoon eyes at the end of the day!
- Branda Graham
Does not run/wear throughout the day, smooth application.
- Annika
Great All-Natural Mascara!
This is my first try of a natural mascara and I am very pleased! The brush is pretty standard and isn't the best at defining and clumps if you aren't very careful, but if you are careful it goes on well. I haven't had any problems with it smudging even after tears! It takes more work to remove than normal mascara (surprisingly). I love that it is a more subtle brown rather than black since I'm a blond. Overall, I feel that the pluses outweigh the negatives!
- Cassandra
Works well, but contains gluten?
I have light colored lashes, so I was glad to find a brown mascara made with natural ingredients. It applies well, though a little thick, and wears well throughout the day. My eyes were never irritated. On the other hand, I have celiac disease and, though the effect was mild at first, by the end of the week I wore this mascara, it was clear I was getting glutened somehow. I stopped using the mascara and my symptoms improved, so I wrote to the company asking if the cellulose or vitamin E was from wheat or contained gluten. They never wrote back, so I've had to stop wearing this, even though I liked it. If the company said it was gluten free, I would try again.
- Amy
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Essays from moms I miss Dr. Laura. I've moved to another state where Dr. Laura seems to be persona non grata on the local radio stations.
So I visited her Web site recently to find out what her fans are talking about. The big topic was SAHMs. That's stay-at-home moms, for you non-Dr.-Laura-Schlessinger fans.
Ah, yes. I remember her book on the subject, Parenthood by Proxy: Don't Have Them If You Won't Raise Them. In it, she calls motherhood a hands-on job. Putting kids in daycare while both parents work doesn't cut it, she says.
Critics say that it takes two incomes to survive these days. But, Dr. Laura retorts, she gets stacks of letters and e-mails from families who survive with mom at home. She praises the "clever" ways they accomplish this.
I know "clever." As long as potatoes have grown in the ground, moms have used "clever" to keep their families solvent. And while I believe that mothers should be on hand to dole out the Play-Doh, peanut butter and plain talk, what I have seen of "clever" tempts me to renounce those principles.
'No time' clever
One kind of clever is when moms and dads work separate shifts, covering for one another on the childcare front. Dr. Laura has done it. I have friends who do it.
Every morning when the mom pulls on her hose and heads for the freeway, the dad puts the kids on the school bus, then crawls into bed after a long night at the factory. It works out, in the Dr. Laura sense. Whenever the kids are home, there's a mom or a dad on hand.
But when does mom see dad? When do they lock eyes and clasp hands under the dinner table? Well, maybe not that, but even working couples, after an evening of packing T-ball helmets into the Bronco, tossing chicken nuggets into the microwave and lifting children into the tub, sometimes manage to fall back on the same sofa and doze beside each other.
But when their evening quiets down, the dad half of the clever couple will have to pack his lunch pail and look for his coat while mom sets her alarm for an early wake-up. It's like having a friend in Bangkok—when do you call somebody 82 time zones away?
I'd get tired of that kind of clever real fast. I'd put everybody on a daylight schedule, quit my job and promise myself we'd get by on thrift. Clipping coupons. Never buying what isn't on sale. Saving oatmeal canisters to make into Christmas gifts.
It's called tightwadding. It became chic not long ago, bringing Depression-era habits to a generation that thinks depression is treated by Prozac. One of its early purveyors was Amy Dacyczyn, a Maine woman raising six children in a roomy farmhouse she nabbed for a clever price. All solely on her husband's income.
Dacyczyn claimed, in her now-defunct newsletter, The Tightwad Gazette, that if she saw apple juice for $XX, she walked on by. Why pay $XX when she knew she could get it for $XO elsewhere?
Even I can track the ups and downs of the apple juice market. The trouble is that apple juice is only one of 58 items on a typical grocery list. A brain that knows all the prices in town will have no room to remember how to operate the phone or the right temperature for washing new T-shirts.
'Spare time' clever
Then there's the clever that involves making money in my spare time.
My mother tried it a dozen different ways. Once she sold lingerie. Another time it was wheat grinders.
Then there were the sugar eggs. Just before Easter, she dyed sugar pink, purple and green, packed it into half-shell molds and glued the pieces together with frosting. Through a porthole in the finished product, you could view a whimsical chick-and-bunny scene inside.
There were just a few problems. Colors faded. Sugar eggs, more fragile than the real thing, broke during transport. Was it worth it? Not by commonly accepted accounting rules.
Clever women go through a lot of these schemes, none of which lasts longer than a 30-pound weight loss. That's because they soon find the jobs are: A) work no one wants to do, B) done at times no one wants to work, or C) goods no one wants.
I can't help wondering if, long ago, after watching their mothers pant through the pains of cleverness, young girls saw real jobs as an escape. The world of manila folders and dry-clean-only clothes looked a lot calmer than the world of U-pick apples.
The trouble with real jobs is they demand a new kind of clever. You no longer have to scrape together the money to live. You just have to scrape together the time.
Anybody clipped coupons for that lately?
Kristen Carson, who recently moved from Crystal Lake, now lives in Pennsylvania with her husband and three of her four children.
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text:
Promoting the growth of clematis and other climbing plants, Vitax Clematis Fertiliser is a balanced Plant Feed with an organic base which promotes growth and flowering. High in potassium and rich in natural nutrients, this balanced feed encourages vigorous growth and abundant flowering. Great for delivering richer colour, longer lifespan, and overall vitality, Vitax's Clematis Fertiliser is suitable for both new and existing plants, preventing clematis wilt.
Important Features of Vitax's Clematis Fertiliser:
Quantity: 0.9kg
Suitability: Clematis, Honeysuckle, Passion Flower, Ivy and Other Climbing Plants
Enriched with Potassium and Natural Nutrients
Encourages Prolific Flowering and Growth
Directions for New and Established Plants Available Listed on Packaging
More Info
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Latest industry research report on: Global SCR Denitrification Catalyst Market 2016: Industry Research, Size, Share, Demand, Growth, Research, Segmentation, Parameters, Forecasts to 2021
SCR Denitrification Catalyst is selective catalyst in denitrification system, to catalytically reduce NOx (mainly NO and NO2) to N2 in presence of reduced agents, such as NH3. SCR is today the dominant technology for the control of NOx in power industry, steel industry, cement industry, glass industry, metallurgy industry, etc. In the report, cbm is equivalent tocubic meter.
Scope of the Report:
This report focuses on the SCR Denitrification Catalyst in Global market, especially in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle and Africa. This report categorizes the market based on manufacturers, regions, type and application.
Get Free Sample Report Of SCR Denitrification Catalyst Market @ http://www.marketresearchstore.com/report/global-scr-denitrification-catalyst-market-by-manufacturers-regions-82821#RequestSample
Market Segment by Manufacturers, this report covers
- Johnson Matthey
- Cormetech
- Hitachi Zosen
- Ceram-Ibiden
- Haldor Topsoe
- Seshin Electronics
- Tianhe (Baoding)
- Hailiang
- Datang Environmental
- Guodian Longyuan
- Jiangsu Wonder
- Tuna
- Dongfang KWH
- Chongqing Yuanda
- Gem Sky
- Beijing Denox
Market Segment by Regions, regional analysis covers
- North America (USA, Canada and Mexico)
- Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy)
- Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia)
- Latin America, Middle and Africa
Market Segment by Type, covers
- Honeycomb catalyst
- Plate catalyst
- Corrugated catalyst
Market Segment by Applications, can be divided into
- Power Plant
- Cement Plant
- Steel Plant
- Glass industry
- Chemical industry
- Transportation
- Others
Have Any Query? Ask Our Expert @http://www.marketresearchstore.com/report/global-scr-denitrification-catalyst-market-by-manufacturers-regions-82821#InquiryForBuying
There are 13 Chapters to deeply display the global SCR Denitrification Catalyst market.
- Chapter 1, to describe SCR Denitrification Catalyst Introduction, product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market risk, market driving force;
- Chapter 2, to analyze the top manufacturers of SCR Denitrification Catalyst, with sales, revenue, and price of SCR Denitrification Catalyst, in 2015 and 2016;
- Chapter 3, to display the competitive situation among the top manufacturers, with sales, revenue and market share in 2015 and 2016;
- Chapter 4, to show the global market by regions, with sales, revenue and market share of SCR Denitrification Catalyst, for each region, from 2011 to 2016;
- Chapter 5, 6, 7 and 8, to analyze the key regions, with sales, revenue and market share by key countries in these regions;
- Chapter 9 and 10, to show the market by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2011 to 2016;
- Chapter 11, SCR Denitrification Catalyst market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2016 to 2021;
- Chapter 12 and 13, to describe SCR Denitrification Catalyst sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, appendix and data source.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 16, 1990
|Filing date
|Dec 21, 1988
|Priority date
|Dec 21, 1988
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Raymond D. Bowden, III, Edward R. Salas, Marc E. Sanfacon, Jeffrey S. Somers
|Original Assignee
|Bull Hn Information Systems Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (54), Classifications (15), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The patent application of Raymond D. Bowden, III, Edward R. Salas, Marc E. Sanfacon and Jeffrey S. Somers entitled, "Memory Controller with Error Logging," Ser. No. 07/287,927, filed on Dec. 21, 1988, which is assigned to the same assignee as this patent application.
The present invention relates to a method and system for detecting errors in a memory subsystem and, more particularly, to a system for determining whether such detected errors are hard or soft errors.
In any digital system where data is stored, transmitted or received, one or more of the data bytes may be received and stored in error. In fact, a data value may even be corrupted spontaneously due to impingement of the memory device by alpha particles or due to other random, unpredictable events. This has been a problem from the time data processing systems were first invented.
As more sophisticated data processing operations are performed, involving more complex equipment, there is a greater need for systems to detect and correct stored errors. For example, operations such as merging files, sorting of data within files, numerical/statistical analyses, complex data handling procedures and word processing operations require increased reliability in data transfer and storage. If data errors occur and are undetected, valuable information and system operation itself may be affected. Thus, error detecting and correcting features are not only advantageous, they are required to improve system integrity.
In response to the problem of error generation, systems have been developed to detect such errors. One of the earliest methods for detecting errors was the parity check code. A binary code word has odd parity if an odd number of its digits are 1's. For example, the number 1011 has three 1 digits and therefore has odd parity. Similarly, the binary code word 1100 has an even number of 1 digits and therefore has even parity.
A single parity check code is characterized by an additional check bit added to each data word to generate either odd or even parity. An error in a single digit or bit in a data word would be discernible since the parity check bit associated with that data word would then be reversed from what is expected. Typically, a parity generator adds the parity check bit to each word before transmission. This technique is called padding the data word. At the data requesting device or receiver, the digits in the word are tested and if the parity is incorrect, one of the bits in the data word is considered to be in error. When an error is detected at a receiver, a request for a repeat transmission can be given to memory so that the error can be corrected. Only errors in an odd number of digits can be detected with a single parity check, since an even number of errors results in the parity expected for a correct transmission. Moreover, the specific bit in error cannot be identified by the parity check procedure as hereinabove described.
A more sophisticated error detection system was later devised. Data words of a fixed length of bits were grouped into blocks of a fixed number of data words each. Parity checks were then performed between different data words as well as for each individual data word. The block parity code detected many patterns of errors and could be used not only for error detection, but also for error correction when an isolated error occurred in a given row and column of the matrix. While these geometric codes were an improvement over parity check bits per se, they still could not be used to detect errors that were even in number and symmetrical in two dimensions.
After parity check codes and geometric codes were devised, a code was invented by R. W. Hamming, after whom it is named. The Hamming code is a system of multiple parity checks that encodes data words in a logical manner so that single errors can be not only detected but also identified for correction. A transmitted data word used in the Hamming code consists of the original data word and parity check digits appended thereto. Each of the required parity checks is performed upon specific bit positions of the transmitted word. The system enables the isolation of an erroneous digit, whether it is in one of the original data word bits or in one of the added parity check bits.
If all the parity check operations are performed successfully, the data word is assumed to be error free. If one or more of the check operations is unsuccessful, however, the single bit in error is uniquely determined by decoding so-called syndrome bits, which are derived from the parity check bits. It should be noted once again that only single bit errors are detected and corrected by use of the conventional Hamming code. Double bit errors, although detectable by the Hamming code, are not correctable.
The Hamming code is only one of a number of codes, generically called error correcting codes (ECC's). Codes are usually described in mathematics as closed sets of values that comprise all the allowed number sequences in the code. In data communications and processing, transmitted or transferred numbers are essentially random data patterns which are not related to any predetermined code set. The sequence of data, then, is forced into compliance with the code set by adding to it at the transmitter, as hereinabove mentioned. A scheme has heretofore been developed to determine what precise extra string to append to the original data stream to make the concatenation of transmitted data a valid code. There is a consistent way of extracting the original data from the code value at the receiver and to deliver the actual data to the location where it is ultimately used. For the code scheme to be effective, it must contain allowed values sufficiently different from one another so that expected errors do not alter an allowed value such that it becomes a different allowed value of the code.
A cyclic redundancy code (CRC) consists of string of binary data evenly divisible by a generator polynomial, which is a selected number that results in a code set of values different enough from one another to achieve a low probability of an undetected error. To determine what to append to the string of original data, the original string is divided as it is being transmitted. When the last data bit is passed, the remainder from the division is the required string that is added since the string including the remainder is evenly divisible by the generator polynomial. Because the generator polynomial is of a known length, the remainder added to the original string is also of fixed length.
At the receiver, the incoming string is divided by the generator polynomial. If the incoming string does not divide without remainder, an error is assumed to have occurred. If the incoming string is divided by the generator polynomial without remainder, the data delivered to the ultimate destination is the incoming data with the fixed length remainder field removed.
A so-called "soft" error (i.e., one that is correctable) could be the result of an alpha particle destroying the charge on a memory cell. This is known as a soft error because the data can be rewritten and the cell can perform properly again. A soft error is correctable via an Error Detection and Correction (EDAC) chip.
If the error is a result of a memory cell stuck at logic one or zero, the memory cell can no longer function properly and should be removed. This is known as a "hard" or uncorrectable error.
Both types of errors are symptomatic of potential memory cell degradation in DRAMs. Distinguishing between soft and hard errors is helpful in determining the effects of system operation.
The probability of at least one error occurring during a predetermined time interval increases in direct proportion to the number of such memory devices or size of overall memory. Thus, larger, more complex computer systems are especially susceptible to soft errors due to random anomalies and are therefore also susceptible to defectively stored data.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,371,930 and 4,375,664 both issued to Kim, teach the use of error detection, correction and selective logging apparatus for single bit memory errors. Only single bit errors which the system determines most likely to be solid (hardware-related) errors are logged. The solid error situation occurs when two single bit errors have consecutive memory addresses.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,523,313 and 4,527,251, both issued to Chester M. Nibby, Jr., et al, teach the use of partially good memory devices in a semiconductor memory system. The defective portions of memory devices in the aforementioned references, however, are hard, uncorrectable portions, while the good portions are consistently reliable and identified as such before they are incorporated into the computer system. Identifying errors that may be correctable (soft errors) is beyond the scope of these references.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,535,455 issued to Peterson teaches a system for correcting and logging transient errors that occurred in a block of memory locations in a memory device. A microprocessor under the control of a program accesses and reaccesses each memory location, rewrites each word of readout information, again reads each word, and finally logs only transient errors in an error rate table.
It would be advantageous to detect errors.
It would also be advantageous to log errors for future analysis.
It would also be advantageous to provide a method for determining whether a detected error is a hard or a soft error.
It would also be advantageous to provide an indicator for detected errors.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a system and method for detecting an error that occurred in a multi-chip memory storage device in a data processing system. The system detects an error and receives data and check bits associated therewith. A process that uses the principle of scrubbing and incorporates high speed error flags distinguishes between hard and soft errors.
A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when taken in conjunction with the detailed description thereof and in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the memory controller of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the error logging subsystem in greater detail;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the scrubbing mechanism in greater detail;
FIGS. 4a-4f and 4g-4h taken together represent a schematic diagram of error flag RAMs and associated circuitry for use in the error logging subsystem; and
FIG. 5a and b is a schematic diagram of the translator for use in the error logging subsystem.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown the memory controller of the present invention. A bank or matrix of DRAM chips 10 contains a plurality of 1 megabit memory storage chips. It should be understood that any number of DRAM chips of any suitable capacity and any suitable configuration can be used in this multi-chip memory subsection. In the preferred embodiment, 704 DRAM chips are divided into four memory pacs, each containing 176 chips. Connected to DRAM chips 10 is error detection and correction (EDAC) logic 12, such as is available on an IC chip from Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. as Model No. Am2960.
EDAC 12 is connected to DRAM chips 10 by means of a 16-bit parallel data bus 14. Also connecting EDAC 12 to DRAM chips 10 is a 6-bit parallel bus 16 for transferring check bits between EDAC 12 and DRAM chips 10. The check bits, not shown, are generated by EDAC 12 during write operations to DRAM chips 10. Check bits are read back and decoded during read operations from DRAM chips 10. EDAC 12 can generate a 2-bit error signal, when required, over a line 18 connected thereto and provided expressly for that purpose.
EDAC 12 also generates syndrome bits over a 6-bit parallel syndrome bit bus 20. Syndrome bits are generated in the course of error processing, as mentioned hereinabove.
Connected to syndrome bit bus 20 and to error line 18 is a DRAM error or failure log device 22. Failure log 22 includes a bank of error flag RAMs (EFRs), not shown in this FIGURE, but discussed in greater detail hereinbelow, and a microprocessor, not shown.
An address bus 34 is connected to DRAM chips 10 and to DRAM failure log 22. Also connected to address bus 34 by means of an extension bus 34a is an alpha particle scrub device 32, used to scrub (read data, correct if necessary, then write to) memory locations in DRAM chips 10. Alpha scrub device 32 initiates a scrub cycle over a line 35, which is connected between alpha scrub device 32 and EDAC 12. Alpha scrub device 32 generates an effective 26 bit address over address bus 34, which address is applied to failure log 22.
Referring now also to FIG. 2, there is shown a block diagram of the DRAM failure log device 22 (FIG. 1) in greater detail. A processor 26 is provided with a microprocessor 40, such as is available from Motorola as Model No. MC68000. Microprocessor 40 handles power up initialization and testing, diagnostic testing, and error logging. Connected to microprocessor 40 is a ROM 42 that contains instructions for microprocessor 40. Random access memory 44 is connected by means of a bidirectional line 46 to microprocessor 40.
A translator PROM 50, the function of which is described in greater detail below, is connected to processor 26 by means of a 6-bit parallel address bus 52. The output of translator PROM 50 is applied to error flag RAMs (EFRs) address multiplexers 54. The outputs of EFR multiplexers 54, in turn, are applied to EFRs 24. EFR data multiplexers 56 are connected to the data output ports 62 of processor 26 over line 58.
Data is read from EFRs 24 by means of data output ports 60 and applied to data ports 62 of processor 26 over line 59, provided for that function.
A flip-flop device 64 is connected to EFR address and EFR data multiplexers 54 and 56, respectively, for allowing one of the multiplexers (e.g., data 56) to receive data while the other (e.g., address 54) is being unloaded.
So called "glue logic" 66 is provided to reformat signals generated by flip-flop 64, EDAC 12 and microprocessor 40 into protocol suitable for address and data multiplexers 54 and 56 and EFR 24.
Referring now also to FIG. 3, there is shown a block diagram of alpha scrub device 32 (FIG. 1) in greater detail. A REFRESH signal is generated over REFRESH line 33 and applied to a scrub cycle initiator 36, which generates a SCRUB CYCLE instruction over line 35. The REFRESH signal is also applied to address counters 38, which generate signals that are transferred to address bus 34a.
In the technique known as alpha-scrubbing, every 0.96 msec one memory location in DRAM 10 (FIG. 1) is read by the alpha scrub circuitry. If an error is found, EDAC 12 corrects it and the corrected data is written back into memory 10. Therefore, every memory location on a controller with a capacity of 256 Megabytes is scrubbed every 17.9 hours. Furthermore, one memory row of DRAM chips 10 is scrubbed every 67.11 minutes. The monitoring function of the present invention can determine at the soonest possible moment when a given DRAM 10 has been scrubbed. For each error, 6 syndrome bits and 4 memory row selects are generated which identify to the DRAM or row of DRAMs where the error occurred. These bits are used to record each hard and soft error in EFR 24 (FIG. 2). Monitoring processor 26 periodically interrogates EFRs 24 and records the errors in failure log 22.
As mentioned previously, EDAC 12 generates syndrome bits 20 which are fed into failure log 22. These syndrome bits 20 are encoded by EDAC 12 such that the data bit 14 in error on a single bit error can be determined by processor 26 with the use of a lookup table stored in processor's ROM 42. Additionally, the four row selects contained in address bus 34 are used to complete the error isolation to one of 704 DRAM chips 10.
In the case of multiple bit errors, syndrome bits 20 cannot isolate which data bits 14 are in error. The only isolation that can be accomplished is the determination of the DRAM chip row in which the error occurred. This determination can be made from the four row selects contained in address bus 34.
Processor 26 transfers the contents of failure log 22 to the system bus, not shown, using a handshake scheme. The transferred failure log 22 can contain up to 704 single bit errors and up to 32 double bit errors. Each single bit error corresponds to a single DRAM chip 10 and each double bit error corresponds to 22 DRAM chips.
A scrub error occurs when:
(1) an error is detected in the given DRAM 10,
(2) the DRAM is subsequently scrubbed, and
(3) another error is subsequently detected in the given DRAM 10.
Scrub error detection is used to distinguish between a DRAM which experiences a one time error and a DRAM which experiences recurring soft errors or hard errors. In essence, this technique eliminates counting multiple detections of a soft error before the DRAM has been scrubbed.
Referring now also to FIGS. 4a-4f, there is shown a schematic diagram of error flag RAMs (EFRs) 24 (FIG. 2) and associated circuitry for rendering them operational.
FIGS. 4a-4c and 4d-4g are very similar. FIGS. 4a-4c show the connection of address multiplexers 54a and 54b and data multiplexer 56a (which includes certain address bits) to EFRs 24 for first EFR odd and even sections, 24a and 24b, respectively. Similarly, FIGS. 4d-4f show multiplexers 54c, 54d and 56b for second EFR odd and even sections 24c and 24d, respectively.
Address multiplexers 54a and 54b are connected to EFRs 24a and 24b as shown in the FIGURE. EFR data multiplexer 56a is connected to first portion error flag RAMs 24a and 24b.
Connected to the data outputs of EFRs 24a and 24b is a tri-state driver 66a. Also connected to driver 66a is the output of a NOR gate 68a.
The major distinction between the two sets of FIGS. 4a-4c and FIGS. 4d-4f, besides relating to the first EFRs section 24a, 24b and the second EFRs section 24c, 24d, is that NOR gate 68a is replaced in FIGS. 4d-4f by an OR gate 68b. Accordingly, for the sake of simplicity only the operation of FIGS. 4a-4c is discussed herein since the subsystem shown in FIGS. 4d-4f and the operation thereof is a mirror image of that shown in FIGS. 4a-4c.
Another distinction between operation of the subsystem shown in FIGS. 4a-4c and that shown in FIGS. 4d-4f is that the control signals applied to the Write Enable (WE) and Chip Select (CS) ports of EFRs 24a and 24b differ from those applied to ports of EFRs 24c and 24d and are distinguished by unique signal nomenclature. In FIGS. 4a-4c, signals input to WE and CS of EFR 24a are EFWE10-00 and EFCS10-00, respectively, as opposed to corresponding input signals for EFR 24c (FIGS. 4d-4f) which are, respectively, EFWE20-00 and EFCS20-00 (emphasis added). Similarly, signals input to EFR 24b (FIGS. 4a-4c) are EFWE1E-00 and EFCS1E-00, respectively, as opposed to corresponding signals input to EFR 24d (FIGS. 4d-4f), which are EFWE2E-00 and EFCS2E-00.
The Select inputs of multiplexers 54a, 54b, 56a and of multiplexers 54c, 54d, 56b are individually addressed by flip-flop 64 (FIG. 2).
Referring now also to FIG. 5, translator PROM 50 and associated circuitry are shown in greater detail. In particular, an EFR control programmable array logic chip 72 generates control input signals for EFRs 24 (FIG. 2). Translator PROM 50 translates addresses from microprocessor 40 to appropriate addresses for EFRs 24. Flip flops along with the AND gate select which EFR 24 is gathering data and which EFR is accessible by microprocessor 40.
Two categories of DRAM 10 failures must be isolated. The first and most obvious is the hard error. If a memory cell, not shown, is stuck in one state, it is inoperative and the DRAM containing the cell should be replaced. The second category of failures is a DRAM which experiences an abnormal sensitivity to soft errors. A DRAM which exhibits this condition is a system hazard for two reasons: first, two DRAMs failing in the same word read from memory results in an uncorrectable error and a DRAM having a high frequency of soft errors increases the chance of such occurrence; second, a DRAM exhibiting this condition is degenerating and is likely to begin exhibiting hard errors.
In DRAMs 10, normal soft errors are likely to occur 5 times per million operating hours. This category of failure is normal and is not considered a problem.
In operation, processor 26 reserves 16 bits of data for each DRAM 10 and for each row of DRAMs on the controller. The first time an error is found on a DRAM 10, it is recorded in EFRs 24 and transferred to a compiled error history in the processor's RAM 44 (FIG. 2). Until DRAM 10 has been completely scrubbed by alpha-scrubbing mechanism 32, no further soft errors are transferred to this error history. (Otherwise, if the failing DRAM were read 100 times before it could be scrubbed, 100 failures would be recorded when only one error occurred.) By waiting until after the error has been scrubbed, a soft error is logged only once.
After DRAM locations 10 have been scrubbed, DRAM logging is once again enabled. If another error occurs in the same DRAM location 10, an error count is incremented in the processor's RAM 44 (FIG. 2) and logging is again disabled until DRAM 10 has been scrubbed. By monitoring these counts a faulty DRAM can be discovered.
The system logs all errors in failure log 22 on any read access from memory 10, including any errors encountered during alpha scrubbing. This technique provides a way of checking the validity of memory 10 not being used. Errors even in seldom used memory locations 10 are logged when the alpha scrubbing mechanism 32 attempts to scrub them. When an error is encountered during alpha scrubbing, it is recorded in the usual manner. When errors are encountered during subsequent alpha scrubs for a DRAM 10, the error count in the processor's RAM 44 for that DRAM location 10 increments, indicating improper operation.
A typical controller consists of a memory controller mother board and from 1 to 4 attached memory pacs. Each memory pac can contain from 4 to 8 rows of DRAM chips, each row consisting of 22 DRAM chips. Thus a memory controller board can have up to 704 DRAM chips.
The present invention monitors EDAC 12. Any error detected by EDAC 12 causes an error log to be updated with the location of the DRAM responsible for the error.
Failure log 22 lists both hard and soft types of errors.
System software can use failure log 22 to bypass failed memory, as is well known in the art; and field service personnel can use failure log 22 to find and replace a failed memory pac quickly. A memory pac/board need not be replaced due to a soft error, since a memory location with a soft error may be reusable after scrubbing, thus avoiding cost to return it to the factory needlessly. Factory replacement time is reduced since the problem chips are preidentifiable, thus eliminating further testing to locate defective chips.
Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention.
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|Jun 25, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Method for scrubbing storage in a computer memory
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|Error monitoring of a memory device containing embedded error correction
|Jul 30, 1994
|Mar 8, 1995
|Alcatel SEL Aktiengesellschaft
|Method and device for error checking and error correction in memory building blocks
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|Alcatel N.V.
|Method and device for error checking and error correction in memory building blocks
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|STMicroelectronics, Inc.
|System and method for correcting soft errors in random access memory devices
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|STMicroelectronics, Inc.
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|Sextant Avionique
|Method and device for quantifying the impact of cosmic radiation on an electronic equipement with memory
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 30, 1989
Owner name: HONEYWELL BULL INC., A DE CORP., MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BOWDEN, RAYMOND D. III;SALAS, EDWARD R.;SANFACON, MARC E.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:005035/0418;SIGNING DATES FROM 19881221 TO 19890111
|Apr 20, 1994
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|Mar 24, 1998
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|Apr 15, 2002
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|Apr 30, 2002
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