text: Choice and Form of Access Points Access Points: Two Aspects 1. Choice is decision about what access points are needed 2. Form is decision about the authorized form in which they will be made. Crucial aspect of authority control AACR2R, part 2: Rules for Choice and Form of Entry 21. Choice 22. Headings for persons 23. Geographic names 24. Corporate bodies 25. Uniform titles 26. References Choice of Access Points • Chapter 21 of AACR2 is concerned with how to choose the elements of a description that will be made searchable – AKA "Access Points" • General Rule – 21.1A -- Personal authorship -- enter works by one or more persons under the heading for personal author. – 21.1B2 -- Corporate Body -- may be chosen as the main entry for an item if it falls into one or more of 6 categories. Choice of Access Points • A large part of the bibliographic record is a description of the work. From titles to notes, the eight areas will be included (as applicable) in this description • No matter how well this description is done, however, it will not by itself enable the library patron to find the item in the catalog or on the shelf. • Access points (entries by which a patron can search the bibliographic record) must be used for that purpose • The phrases "choice of access points" or "choice of entry" refer to the task of selecting the headings under which the bibliographic description is to be entered in a catalog. The process involves selecting one main entry and additional added entries for each bibliographic record Main Entry/Added Entry • The main entry is the primary access point to the bibliographic record. Generally speaking, the choice of main entry reflects who or what has primary responsibility for the intellectual or artistic content of the work cataloged • All other name or title access points are referred to as added entries • The main entry may be a personal name, a corporate body, a conference name, or a title Current Main Entry Controversy • In an OPAC, there is only one "card," i.e., the record in the database, so in theory, we no longer need to distinguish main entry and added entries. • However, author main entry continues to be convivial with print bibliographies and with the need for sorting and displaying retrieved records in an online catalog. • RDA has reassessed Definitions • Personal author: Person chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work. A personal author is the person chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of the work. This includes writers of books, compilers of bibliographies, composers of music, etc. Artists and photographers are also considered to be the authors of the works they create. Persons responsible for compiling, collecting, editing or translating the work of others are not considered to be personal authors. Definitions • A corporate body is an organization or a group of people that is known by a particular name and that acts jointly. A corporate body can be responsible for the creation of the intellectual content of a work, and therefore can also be an author and chosen as the main entry for the work. Typical examples of corporate bodies are associations, institutions, business firms, nonprofit enterprises, governments, government agencies, projects, programs, religious bodies, local churches, and conferences. Definitions • Conference: A specific type of corporate body. Meetings of individuals or representatives of various bodies for the purpose of discussing and/or acting on topics of common interest. • Uniform title: Particular title by which a work is cataloged MARC Tags • Main Entry • Added Entry • • • • • • • • Personal Name 100 Corporate Name 110 Meeting Name 111 Uniform Title 130 Personal Name 700 Corporate Name 710 Meeting Name 711 Uniform Title 730 Choice of Main Entry – Author • Main entry for person or body responsible for the intellectual content • Catalogers use the author as main entry for works by a single author. • For works with unknown authorship: title main entry. • For works by multiple authors with synchronous (i.e., the same kind of) responsibility for work, then employ "rule of three:" – Three or few authors: First author is main entry – Four or more authors: Title is main entry Choice of Main Entry – Author (cont.) – For works by multiple authors with asynchronous (i.e., different kinds of) responsibility for work. Examples: • Later editions of work may have different authors • With certain types of information packages there may be obvious differences in author contributions – Main entry choices in asynchronous cases: • Use original author as main entry for new editions of works (except if new edition is changed significantly) • Use original author as main entry for translated works • Judgment call for artist/writer relationships: – Art book with captions – Artist's name is main entry – Art accompanies text – writer's name is main entry Types of Responsibilities • • • • • • • Author Editor Compiler Sponsor Translator Illustrator Other • Persons • Corporate Bodies • Shared responsibility • Mixed responsibility Main Entry for Corporate Bodies • Enter a work emanating from one or more corporate bodies under the heading for the appropriate corporate body (main entry) if it falls into one or more of the following categories. When in doubt do not make the corporate body a main entry. • A work emanates from a corporate body if it is issued by that body or has been caused to be issued by that body. It must also fall into one of six categories articulated in AAACR2 rule 21.1B2 21.1B2 Corporate Author Categories • a) The work deals with the body itself, such as a financial report or operations report, staff listing, or a catalog of the body's resources. • b) Certain legal, governmental, or religious types of works listed in the rule: – laws; decrees of the chief executive that have force of law; administrative regulations; constitutions; court rules; treaties, etc.; court decisions; legislative hearings; religious laws (e.g. canon law); liturgical works 21.1B2 Corporate Author Categories • c) Those that record the collective thought of the body – reports of commissions or committees, official position statements, etc. • d) Those that report the collective activity of a conference (e.g.: proceedings , collected papers), an expedition (e.g.: results of exploration, investigation), or of an event falling within the definition of a corporate body -- provided that the conference, etc. is prominently named in the item 21.1B2 Corporate Author Categories • e) Those that result from the collective activity of a performing group as a whole where the responsibility of the group goes beyond that of mere performance, execution, etc. – Includes sound recordings, films, videorecordings, and written records of performances. • f) Cartographic materials emanating from a corporate body other than a body that is merely responsible for their distribution and publication 21.1B3 • If a work falls outside the categories, treat it as if no corporate body was involved. • Added entries are made for prominently named corporate bodies. Conferences • If work contains proceedings or papers from a conference and the conference is named any where in the item, give conference name as main entry • Form of name for conference (24.7) 111 2 $a Conference on Library Surveys $n (1st : $d 1999 : $c New York, NY) Choice of Main Entry – Title • For truly anonymous works. • For works with more than three responsible authors with none having primary responsibility. • For works by multiple authors that are compiled by an editor. • For works by corporate authors. • For works accepted as sacred scripture by a religious body 21.26 Spirit Communications • Any guesses? Added Entries for Titles • Make added entry under title proper • Make added entries for – Other titles on the item – – – – • Cover title • Spine title • Running title • Parallel title Other edition titles Titles of parts of the items Series titles Uniform titles – MARC tags 246, 730 and 740 Added Entries for Titles • Abbreviations: make a title added entry when an abbreviation occurs as one of the first five words of the title. Use the corresponding spelled out form of the abbreviation in the added entry • Signs and symbols, including ampersand: If a sign or symbol occurs as one of the first five words of the title proper, make an additional title added entry substituting the written form of the sign or symbol. • Corrected titles [sic]: If the title proper has been corrected by [i.e. ...] or [sic], make an additional title added entry for the title in its corrected form. Also make an entry for the incorrect form without the [i.e. ...] or [sic]. Added Entries for Titles • Letters and initialisms (acronyms) : :If a series of letters occurs as one of the first five words in a title proper and there is spacing or separating punctuation, make an additional title added entry without the spacing or punctuation. • Numbers: When a number occurs as one of the first five words in a title proper, make an additional title added entry as follows: – Arabic numerals (excluding dates). Spell out the number in the language of the title proper, if it is thought that some users of the catalog might reasonably expect to search the catalog for the spelled out version. – Roman numerals (excluding dates). Make additional title added entries substituting arabic numerals for the roman numerals and for the spelled out form of the number in the language of the title proper. – Dates. Do not make additional title added entries in the spelled out form for dates representing a single year or span of years. EXCEPTION: If the dates are written in roman numerals, make a 246 substituting arabic numerals for the roman numerals. Added Entries for Titles • Items without a collective title when the titles are by one author. Provide additional title added entries when the title and statement of responsibility contains more than one title. Use 740 fields for the additional entries. • Items without a collective title when the titles are by more than one author. On rare occasions when this happens, the title added entries will be a combination of a 700 field for the individual authors with a |t for the individual titles, along with 740s. Choice of Added Entries -- 7XX Fields • Added entries provide access to the bibliographic description of a work supplementing the access provided by the main entry. Editors, collaborators, etc. which did not qualify as main entry, corporate sponsors and publishers are often given as added entries. Generally, an added entry is made for any person, corporate body, or title under which some users might logically think to look when trying to find the catalog record of a desired item. A list of guidelines is given below. Choice of Added Entries : Personal Co-authors and Other Collaborators • Make added entries for the following situations: – Second (and third) personal name(s) sharing authorship. – One, two or three editors or the first of four or more editors. – One, two or three other collaborators (excluding translators) or first of four or more performing the same function. – One, two or three editors or compilers of a collection, or for the first of four or more. – First of four or more personal authors. Choice of Added Entries : Corporate Bodies • Make corporate added entries for the following situations: – Second (and third) named corporate body(s) when three corporate bodies share authorship. – First of four or more corporate bodies sharing authorship. – Non-commercial publisher when it is the only possible added entry, or when it is clear that body is involved in more than publishing the item. Do not make added entries for distributors, manufacturers or commercial publishing houses. – Any corporate body appearing prominently on the item that is clearly involved in the intellectual content of the work. Sponsors and corporate names at head of title are likely added entries. New Edition of a Previously Published Work • Enter an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, etc., under the heading for the original edition if the person or body responsible for the original is named in a statement of responsibility or in the title. Make an added entry under the heading for the reviser, etc. In case of doubt, make the more prominent name the main entry. • 100 1#Kroeger, Alice Bertha. • 245 10Guide to the study and use of reference books /|cby Alice Bertha Kroeger. • 250 3rd ed. /|brevised throughout and much enlarged by Isadore Gilbert Mudge. • 700 1#Mudge, Isadore Gilbert. • 100 1#Evelyn, John. • 245 10John Evelyn's diary :|ba selection from the diary /|cedited by Philip Francis. • 700 1#Francis, Philip. New Edition of a Previously Published Work • When the original author is no longer considered responsible, enter the work under the name of the person primarily responsible. Make an added entry for the original author (and title if known). • 100 1#Mudge, Isadore Gilbert. • 245 10Guide to reference books /|cby Isadore Gilbert Mudge. • 250 4th ed. • 500 "Based on the Guide to the study and use of reference books, third edition, by Bertha Kroeger"--T.p. verso. • 700 1#Kroeger, Bertha.|tGuide to the study and use of reference books. Series Added Entries • Series "Untraced" – No series added entry – MARC tag 490 0 • Series "Traced the same" (OLD PRACTICE) – Series added entry in form in which the series have been transcribed in the series area – MARC tag 440 • Series "Traced differently" (OLD PRACTICE) – Series added entry is to be made, but not in form transcribed in the series area – MARC tag 490 1 and 8XX Series Added Entries: New Practice • All "traced" series now 490/8XX • In many cases a 490 and an 830 (series title added entry) will be identical, but they serve different functions: the 490 is a descriptive field--the series as it appears on the item--and the 830 is an added entry in authorized form. 490 Indicators • 0 Series not traced (no series added entry is desired for the series) • 1 Series traced in 8XX field (the appropriate 800-830 field is included in the record to provide the series added entry) Uniform Titles • Uniform title provides the means for bringing all catalog entries for a work when various manifestations (e.g.editions, translations) of it have appeared under various titles • Uniform titles are often used for: – Classic works, especially anonymous ones that appear in many editions and versions • Arabian nights • Beowulf – Musical works which may have generic titles such as "Symphony," or which may appear in different versions, some original and complete, others just arrangements or selections from the whole. – Religious works, such as the Bible, the Koran, or prayer books – Laws – Treaties – Works that have been translated into other languages Forms of Headings: Persons • Having decided on the choice of main/added entry, the cataloger must next settle on the accepted form of the heading under which the patron will search • One purpose of the catalog is to bring together woks by the same author under one uniform heading • But authors change their names, take on pseudonyms, and have different spellings of their names in various languages (the composer Tchaikovsky may have over 50 spellings for his name). • The cataloger may expect to find considerable variations in the forms in which an author's name is given in different works, but will need to select only one for the heading Form: Which Name? • Overriding principle is to use the form that is commonly known to the library's users • Name by which a person is commonly known – Guiding principle from Panizzi forward, viewed differently in each application. – From Cutter through ALA 1949 determined to be name as found in reference sources – In AACR2 determined to be name as found on chief sources • Thus: – Jimmy Carter not James Earl Carter – E. E. Cummings not Edward Estlin Cummings 22.1B • Determine the name by which a person is commonly known from the chief sources of information of works by that person, issued in his or her language. If the person works in a nonverbal context (e.g., a painter, a sculptor) or is not primarily known as an author, determine the name by which he or she is commonly known from reference sources issued in his or her language or country of residence or activity Forms of Headings: Persons • Samuel Clemens --- Mark Twain – Samuel Clemens wrote most of his work under the pseudonym Mark Twain (and a couple of works under Quintus Curtius Snodgrass) • Cassius Clay --- Muhammad Ali – Cassius Clay legally changed his name to Muhammad Ali • Cherilyn Sarkisian --- Cher – Cherilyn Sarkisian is commonly known to millions as Cher • Bob Dylan --- Blind Boy Grunt – Blind Boy Grunt was a pseudonym used by Bob Dylan in his early days Forms of Headings: Persons • AACR2, chapter 22 supplies the cataloger with rules for selecting the proper form of a personal or corporate name • In general, choose the name by which the author is commonly known – Jimmy Carter, not James Earl Carter • If a person has changed his or her name, in general choose the latest name – Muhammad Ali, not Cassius Clay • If all the works by a person appear under that person's pseudonym, choose the pseudonym – Woody Allen, not Allen Stewart Konigsberg Forms of Headings: Persons • If a contemporary author (all living authors and any author who has died since December 31, 1900) publishes under more than one name and one (or more) of the names is a pseudonym, a separate heading is established for each of the names. • If the works appear under more than one name, including at least one pseudonym, consider whether the different works show separate bibliographic identities for the author because the works can be divided into clearly differentiated types (e.g., one name for boys' sport stories and another name for works on nuclear physics). If a clear differentiation based on this criterion is possible, create a different heading for each name. In case of doubt, do not consider that there are such separate bibliographic identities for the author and instead create a single heading for him/her • Entry element: surname – Compound surnames – Surnames with separately written prefixes – Names without surnames Forms of Headings: Persons • Additions to names – Properly identify the person • Title of nobility (Duke, Baron) • Religious designation (Saint, Pope) • Title of royalty (Prince, King) – Distinguish one name from another in case of identical names • Birth and death dates • Fuller form of the name • Other distinguishing terms FORM: WHICH FORM OF NAME? • General rule: if a person's name consists of several parts, select as the entry element that part of the name under which the person would normally be listed in authoritative alphabetic lists in his or her language or country of residence Entry element: Surname • • • • • Compound surnames Hyphenated surnames Other compound surnames Nature uncertain Surnames with prefixes – Different rules for different languages/nationalities Entry Element: Surname • Structure of personal name heading is usually family name (surname) followed by forenames usually followed by DOB/DOD. • Heading should be structured as it would appear in the telephone directory of the person's home country: – In Brazil, the last name of a compound surname is used – In Argentina, the first name of a compound surname is used Forms of Headings: Persons • • • Single Surname – Enter a name that contains a single surname (last name) under that surname; that is, input the name by placing the surname first. – 100 1#Carter, Jimmy. – 700 1#Griffith, D. W. Compound Surnames – A personal name is called a "compound surname" when the last name consists of two or more proper names. If the two (or more) sections of the compound name are hyphenated, the hyphenated name should always be considered a compound surname regardless of the language. – 100 1#Day-Lewis, Cecil. – 700 1#Henry-Bordeaux, Paul. Specific Rules by Language – If the parts of the compound name are not hyphenated, the language of the name affects the way it is formulated, i.e., which part of the name is considered the surname. Forms of Headings: Persons • Initials, Letters – Enter a name consisting of initials or separate letters under those initials or letters in the order and the form in which they appear in the item. – 100 0#H. D. • Entry Under a Surname Only – If the name by which a person is known consists only of a surname, add the word or phrase that appears with the name in the item if available. – 100 1#Moses,|cGrandma. – 100 1#Read,|cMiss. – 700 1#Seuss,|cDr. Forms of Headings: Persons • Entry Under Forename Only – If the name by which a person is known consists only of a forename or a forename preceded by a term of address or title, enter under the forename. Treat other words as additions to the forenames (|c). – 100 0#Aristoteles. – 100 0#Plato. – source Chef Pierre – 700 0#Pierre,|cChef. – source Cousin Fannie – 100 0#Fannie,|cCousin. Forms of Headings: Persons • Entry Under a Phrase – Enter in direct order a name consisting of a phrase that does not contain a real name. • 100 0#Dr. X. • 100 0#Father Time. – Also enter in direct order a phrase that consists of a forename or forenames preceded by words other than a term of address. • 100 0#Poor Richard. • 700 0#Boy George. • 100 0#Calamity Jane. Additions to names • • • • • • Titles of nobility or Honor Saints Royalty Popes, Bishops, etc. Dates Distinguishing terms Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • Enter a corporate body directly under the name by which it is commonly identified, except when the rules that follow provide for entering it under the name of a higher or related body (see 24.13) or under the name of a government • If the name of a corporate body consists of or contains initials, omit or include full stops and other marks of punctuation according to the predominant usage of the body. • If the name of a corporate body has changed (including change from one language to another), establish a new heading under the new name for items appearing under that name. Refer from the old heading to the new and from the new heading to the old Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • Direct entry order – Most corporate body headings established in direct entry order (e.g. Time-Life Films) • Indirect entry order – Six types of non-government body names to be established in indirect order as a subheading of the name of the corporate body to which they are subordinate or related (24.13A) Subordinate and related bodies • Enter subordinate bodies directly under their own name unless its name is one of the following types – A name containing a term that by definition implies that the body is part of another – A name containing a word that normally implies administrative subordination, provided that the name of the higher body is required to identify it. – A name that is general in nature or that does no more than indicate a geographic, chronological or numbered or lettered subdivision of the parent body – A name that does not convey the idea of a corporate body – A name of a university faculty, school etc that simply indicates a field of study – A name that includes the entire name of higher body. Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • A subordinate body is a corporate body that is a part of a larger unit to which it holds an inferior hierarchical rank (e.g., the "Library" is a subordinate body of "Yale University"). The lower body is entered as a subordinate body (|b) under the name of the parent body. • When more than one hierarchical level is involved, the first element given in X10 fields is the main body with each administratively subordinate body ranked after it in successive |b subfields. Sometimes the corporate name is not given in hierarchical order on the source. When this is the case it is necessary to rearrange the hierarchy to put the highest body first and successively lower bodies after it. Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • Enter a subordinate body under the full corporate hierarchy as it appears on the piece. The first element should be the parent body, with each administratively subordinate body ranked under it. • 710 2 #International Council on Social Welfare.|bCanadian Committee. • 710 2#Syracuse University.|bCollege of Liberal Arts.|bGeography Dept. Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • A body should be entered as a subordinate body if any of the following conditions are met: – The hierarchy is printed on separate lines but is still in a "group" on the item and there is no additional information to indicate that the bodies are separate and distinct. • source: American Arbitration Association Labor Management Institute • 710 2#American Arbitration Association.|bLabor Management Institute. • The hierarchy is printed on one line with a comma or possessive. – source: Texas Tech University, Learning Center-or- Texas Tech University's Learning Center-or- The Learning Center of Texas Tech University – 710 2#Texas Tech University.|bLearning Center. Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • The subordinate body contains a word that implies administrative subordination. The following words are commonly found in the names of subordinate bodies: Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • • • • • • • • • • • • • Administration Administrative ... (e.g., administrative office) Advisory ... (e.g., advisory panel)... Agency Authority Board Branch Bureau College (of a university) Commission Committee Department Division • • • • • • • • • Group (e.g., working group) Office Panel School (of a college or university) Secretariat Section Service Task Force Working party • • • • NOT Council Program Project Forms of Names for Corporate Bodies (French) • • • • • • • • Administration Agence Bureau Cabinet Comite Commissariat Commission Delegation • • • • • • • Direction Groupe de … Inspection Mission Office Secreteriat Service Forms of Names for Corporate Bodies (Spanish) • • • • • • • • • • • • Administracion Agencia Asesoria Comisaria Comision Comite Coordinacion Delegacion Diputacion Direccion Directoria Fiscalia • • • • • • • • • • • Gabinete Gerencia Grupo de … Jefatura Junta Negociado Oficina Secretaria Secretariado Servicio Superintendencia Forms of Headings: Corporate Bodies • Enter a body created or controlled by a government under the name of the government. The conventional name of a government is the geographic name of the area (e.g., country, province, state, county, municipality) over which the government exercises jurisdiction. When a place name is used as the |a subfield, indicator one is set to 1. – 110 1#Vermont.|bDept. of Water Resources. – 110 1#United States.|bNational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Forms of Headings: Geographic Area Headings • Use the English form of the name of a place if there is one in general use. Determine this from gazetteers and other reference sources published in English-speaking countries. In case of doubt, use the vernacular form. • If the name of a place changes, use as many of the names as required. • Add to the name of a place (other than a country or a state, etc., listed in 23.4C1 or 23.4D1) the name of a larger place as instructed in 23.4C-23.4F. • Do not make any addition to the name of a state, province, territory, etc., of Australia, Canada, or the United States. Forms of Geographic Names • Qualify a geographic heading by placing the name of the appropriate jurisdiction within a single set of parentheses. Abbreviate the qualifier as instructed in the Subject Cataloging Manual. • Qualify subject headings representing geographic entities by the name of the country or countries in which they are located, except for the following: Country Level of Qualification Australia State Canada Province Great Britain Constituent country United States State Examples of Geographic names with qualifiers • • • • • • • 651; 651; 651; 651; 651; 651; 651; 0;a Madrid (Spain) 0;a Rome (Italy) 0;a Sydney (N.S.W.) 0;a Montreal (Quebec) 0;a London (England) 0;a Edinburgh (Scotland) 0;a Edwardsville (Ill.) Forms of Geographic Names • Use as a geographic qualifier, only the latest form of the name of the jurisdiction. – Authority records often give the history of the place name and tell which name to use. – 651 0 Berlin (Germany) – 651 0 St. Petersburg (Russia) • LCRI 23.2 states which reference sources should be used when establishing names not already in the authority file. – For names in the United States, base the heading on the form found in the Geographic Names Information System. http://geonames.usgs.gov/ Forms of Geographic Names • If an entity is in two jurisdictions, qualify by both jurisdictions. – Usually put the names of the two jurisdictions in alphabetical order. But, if the entity is located primarily in one of the two, put the name of that jurisdiction first. – 651 0 Hoover Dam (Ariz. And Nev.) – 651 0 Everest, Mount (China and Nepal) Forms of Headings: Uniform Titles • Uniform titles can be used for different purposes. They provide the means: – for bringing together all catalogue entries for a work when various manifestations (e.g., editions, translations) of it have appeared under various titles; – for identifying a work when the title by which it is known differs from the title proper of the item being catalogued; – for differentiating between two or more works published under identical titles proper; – for organizing the file. Forms of Headings: Uniform Titles • For works before 1501, the title found in reference sources: – Beowulf – Nibelungenlied – Homer. [Iliad] • For works after 1500, the title as now known in modern editions in the original language: – Shakespeare, William ... [Hamlet] (not The tragicall historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke) – Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich … Spiashchaia krasavitsa (not Sleeping beauty) Forms of Headings: Uniform Titles • • • • Collective titles 100 1 Maugham, W. Somerset 240 10 Works 245 10 Complete works Selections 100 1 Maugham, W. Somerset 240 10 Selections 245 10 Wit and wisdom of Somerset Maugham Works in a single form 100 1 Maugham, W. Somerset 240 10 Plays 245 10 Collected plays Translations 100 1 Maugham, W. Somerset 240 10 Works. $l Spanish 245 10 Obras completas Forms of Headings: Uniform Titles • Sacred works 130 00 Bible. ‡p O.T. ‡p Five Scrolls. ‡l Hebrew 130 00 Koran. ‡l English. ‡k Selections. • Laws and treaties 110 1 United States 240 10 Laws, etc. 245 10 United States code • Music – 100 1 Beethoven, Ludwig van, $d 1770-1827. – 240 10 Symphonies, $n no. 9, op. 125, $r D minor. – 245 10 Symphony no. 9 in D minor, op. 125. Symphony no. 1, in C, op. 21. More Uniform Title Examples • If a work is entered under title, the uniform title will be coded as a 130. – 130; 0 ;a Mother Goose – 245;12 ;a A book of nursery songs and rhymes / $c edited by Alice Marks. • A work by Dickens with the title The adventures of Oliver Twist: – 100; 1 ;a Dickens, Charles, $d 1812-1870. – 240; 1 ;a Oliver Twist – 245; 14;a The adventures of Oliver Twist / $c Charles Dickens. • A graphic novel based on Oliver Twist: – 100; 1 ;a Abernathy, John. – 245;14; a The adventures of Oliver Twist : $b based on the original work by Charles Dickens / $c by John Abernathy. – 700;1 ;a Dickens, Charles. $d 1812-1870. $t Oliver Twist. More Uniform Title Examples • An adaptation of Arabian nights. – 100; 1 ;a Hogan, Mary. – 245; 10;a Aladdin and his magic lamp / $c adapted by Mary Hogan. – 730; 0 ;a Arabian nights. • Laws – 110; 1 ;a United States. – 240;10;a Laws, etc. (U.S. code : 1982 ed.) – 245;10;a United States code : $b containing … – 110; 1 ;a United States. – 240;10;a Laws, etc. (U.S. code annotated) – 245;10;a United States code annotated. More Uniform Title Examples • Radio and television programs – Add the qualifier (Radio program) or (Television program) to the title of a radio or television program whenever the program is needed in a secondary entry and the title is the same as a Library of Congress subject heading or the title has been used as the title of another work. – Teletubbies (Television program) • Bible. [O.T. or N.T.] [individual book or group of books]. [language]. [version]. [year]. – 130; 0 ;a Bible. $p N.T. $p Luke. $l English. $f 1995. – 130; 0 ;a Bible. $p O.T. $p Song of Solomon. $l Spanish. $f 1998 And more .. • A work by Dickens with the title The adventures of Oliver Twist: – 100; 1 ;a Dickens, Charles, $d 1812-1870. – 240; 1 ;a Oliver Twist – 245; 14;a The adventures of Oliver Twist / $c Charles Dickens • Bible. [O.T. or N.T.] [individual book or group of books]. [language]. [version]. [year]. – 130; 0 ;a Bible. $p N.T. $p Luke. $l English. $f 1995. – 130; 0 ;a Bible. $p O.T. $p Song of Solomon. $l Spanish. $f 1998 Series • Definition from AACR2R: A group of separate items related to one another by the fact that each item bears in addition to its own title proper, a collective title applying to the group as a whole. The individual items may or may not be numbered. Definition from Wynar's introduction to cataloging and classification: A number of separate works, usually related in subject or form, that are issued successively. They are usually issued by the same publisher, distributor, etc. and in uniform style, with a collective title. Prescribed sources of information per AACR2R for series • Books: Series title page, monograph title page, cover, rest of publication Cartographic materials: Item itself and its container or case, etc., accompanying material Sound recordings: Item itself and label, accompanying textual material, container Motion pictures and videorecordings: Item itself and its container, accompanying material Graphic materials: Item itself and label, container, accompanying material Series • Per LCRI 1.6: If the series statement appears only in CIP in the item or in a bibliography, do not transcribe this information in the series area. Per LCRI 1.6A2: If the series statement appears on a label or is stamped on the item, transcribe the series statement without brackets. If the series statement appears on the jacket, transcribe the series statement within brackets. Record in a note the source of the series statement. 490;0;a [Color art series] 500; ;a Series statement on jacket Series • Form of the series statement 1. Transcribe exactly as to order, wording, and spelling, following the same rules that govern transcription of the title of the work (AACR2R 1.1B), except do not include initial articles. 2. Capitalize following the rules for capitalizing a main entry. 3. If differing forms of the series title appear, choose the title given in the first of the prescribed sources for the series area; that is, if a book, the series title page. MARC Coding for Series • All "traced" series now 490/8XX • In many cases a 490 and an 830 (series title added entry) will be identical, but they serve different functions: the 490 is a descriptive field--the series as it appears on the item--and the 830 is an added entry in authorized form. Series • Traced series that appears in the authorized form This is used when the series appears on the piece in the same form as in the authority record 490;1 ;a Rebels with a cause 830 o ;a Rebels with a cause • Traced series that does not appear in the authorized form This is used when the series on the piece is not in the same form as that in the authority record 490; 1 ;a Zebra books 830; 0;a Zebra book. 490; 1 ;a Redfeather book 830; 0 ;a Redfeather books Series • Personal name series This is used when every item in the series is written by the same person. 490; 1 ;a Double Diamond Dude Ranch ; $v #2 800; 1 ;a Ladd, Louis. $t Double Diamond Dude Ranch ; $v #2. 490; 1 ;a Baby-sitters Club ; $v #5 800; 1 ;a Martin, Ann M. $d Baby-sitters Club ; $v #5. Series not traced This is used when the Library of Congress has decided that a series should not be traced. 490; 0 ;a Blackwell's French texts Series • Series-like phrase This is used when the Library of Congress decides this phrase is not really a series statement, but should be noted in the bibliographic record. 500; ;a "A Yearling book"—Cover. 500; ;a "Apple paperback." Qualified series Other words are added to series to make them unique, or to separate out those done by a particular publisher. 130; 0;a Reading rainbow book – notated in record as 440 130; 0;a Reading rainbow book (Puffin books)- notated in record as 490/830 490;1 ;a Reading rainbow book 830; 0;a Reading rainbow book 490; 1 ;a Reading rainbow book 830; 0;a Reading rainbow book (Puffin books) References • How does the cataloger handle the situation in which an author has several names by which the patron might reasonably search? • Make a reference from a name that is different to the name used in the uniform heading for that person This is known as a see reference – Munro, Hector Hugh • See: Saki (he wrote under the pseudonym Saki) • A see also reference directs the patron to a related name or entry. This will be used when a person is listed under two or more different names – Carroll, Lewis • See also: Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge [name under which his books on mathematics were published] Steps in Descriptive Cataloging • Describe the item such that it can be recognized and distinguished from other similar items • Choose responsibility and title entries • Do authority work for those headings Access • Choice of Entry – What is the main entry for the item? – What are the added entries for the item? • Form of Entry – For each entry: • What is the form of name? • What cross references are needed? Bibliographic vs. Authority Record • Bibliographic record • Authority record • Contains the description of an item • Contains the entries in their official form • Records the official form used for an entry • Records alternative and unused forms (cross-references) • Records source of form decisions What are Authorities? • Authority Control governs usage of a controlled vocabulary. This is managed with • Authority Files, that consist of • Authority Records, each of which records a term and its variants as well as evidence. They are created using • Authority Work, bibliographic detective work usually. Authority Control • Choosing an "official form" or an entry • Making an "authority record" that records that form • Choosing cross-references to the chosen form • Adding those references to the "authority record" SYNDETIC STRUCTURE • Means "Connective" and is derived from classical Greek • Conceived by Charles Cutter who defined syndetic catalog as "that kind of dictionary catalog which binds its entries together by means of cross-references so as to form a whole." • Great cocktail party term Authority Control • In order for the online catalog to be used to retrieve all items by a given author or on a given subject, the access points must be normalized and standardized. Authority control is the process of determining: – The form of a name, title, or subject concept that will be used as a heading in a bibliographic record – The cross references needed for that form – The relationships between the heading and other authoritative headings. Authority Work • Authority work is documented in an authority record and stored in an authority file. An examples of an authority file is the Name Authority File in OCLC. • Authority files represent records of decisions make about the manner in which cataloging rules have been interpreted. Authority headings are defined by organizations that provide "officially" approved terms for headings that may be used in bibliographic records. • In the United States the Library of Congress serves as the organization that provides name and subject authorized headings. • Authority Records – An author's name, or a subject is "established" when used for the first time, and the decision is recorded in a record called the authority record. Authority records serve two purposes: • Reference source for an established heading • Provides guidance for the creation of a new heading Authority Records • Authority records are created for names, subjects, uniform titles and series. • Some authority records are created for unapproved or unestablished terms. These terms can not be used in bibliographic records but may display cross references or reference information. • Authority records not only give guidance on the form of the name or subject, they provide a way to put cross references in your catalog. • Each bibliographic record in the catalog represents one physical item. Each authority record refers to a person, corporate body, uniform title, series, or subject that may appear in many bibliographic records. • Authority records are always type "z" Name Authority Records • Contains form of name used in entries • Cross-references • Explanatory notes – for catalogers – for the public Constructing Authority Records • General rules • Use the form of the name under which the person or corporate body is most commonly known • Make the first element how you would look it up in a reference book • Make cross-references from "variant" forms Examples • What is the relationship between Stephen King and Richard Bachman? • They are the same person. • Who is Charles Lutwidge Dodgson? • He wrote Alice in Wonderland under the name Lewis Carrol. Authority Work Steps • Decide on the name to be used as a heading • Consult the appropriate rules in AACR2 and their LCRIs to understand exactly how the heading will be constructed • Search OCLC or RLIN to find examples of how the name appears when transcribed as statements of responsibility • Choose the appropriate form under the rules • Search the LC/NACO NAF on OCLC or RLIN to see whether there is an LC authority record; if there is, record the form used as the heading • Construct your heading • Construct any references (AACR2 chpt. 26) • Construct the authority record Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Variant forms: Search all possible forms of the heading, truncating online search keys when possible (for example, to incorporate first initials as well as spelled-out first names). Examine the piece quickly for variants if necessary. • If, at any point during your searching, you learn of another possible form of the heading, go back and repeat earlier searching steps, including a search in the LC/NACO file. For example, if you find a reference to an author's real name when you previously knew only the pseudonym, re-search the LC/NACO file for the real name. Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Search the LC/NACO authority file in OCLC. If you find: – Single authority record: • Heading that appears correct and is coded AACR2 or AACR2-compatible (Rules c or d): – Accept the heading. – Heading that appears problematic, including a non-AACR2 heading • E.g. Your piece: • Marco Aurelio Bosco Méndez [imaginary] • LC/NACO authority record, for author writing on same topics (based on 670): • 100 1 $a Bosco Méndez, Marco M. • Problem: middle initial conflict. • E.g. Your piece: – Issued at some time or another by the Duchy of Grand Fenwick, – Department of Hopeless Confusion – LC/NACO authority record: – 700 1 $a Grand Fenwick (Duchy). $b Dept. of Utter Confusion – Problem: Possible name change Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Multiple authority records: Continue searching – E.g. Sweetman, P. David (n 87904718) • 670: Archaeological inventory of County Monaghan [Ireland] • Sweetman, David (n 96068805) • 670: Irish castles and fortified houses ... (David Sweetman ... archaeologist) • No authority record: Continue searching Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Examine any bib records in OCLC. Use derived "4,3," author search – E.g. hark,mar, • unless it would result in an unmanageable number of headings. If you have a birth date available, you may limit the search chronologically by adding up to 20 years to the birth date. – E.g. Marvin Harkness was born in 1948 [imaginary] • OCLC search key: hark,mar,/1968- • If a derived search is still not manageable, use "fin au" keyword search, repeating "and au" before second and third elements of name. – E.g. fin au harkness and au marvin • Keyword searches can include date qualifiers, to narrow searches involving more common names. – E.g. Martin Harper was born in 1954. • OCLC search key: fin au martin and au harper and yr 1974- Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • • • • Note: Heading form(s): In all records. Note conflicting forms and the level of copy of records with each form, whether full-level DLC (not member-input LC) or OCLC-member records, in case LC or OCLC BFM for any conflicting forms needs to be reported – E.g. Christides, Vassilios DLC, OCLC • Chr¯estid¯es, Vasileios Ph. OCLC Usage(s): the appearance of the name or title in the 245 field or quoted note 500 field of each record. Make a quick tally to determine whether a particular usage is predominant. – E.g. Vassilios Christides |||| – V. Christides | – Vasileios Ph. Chr¯estid¯es | If you have retrieved more than 10 records, you may limit your examination of usage to a representative sample of these records provided that the usage information is consistent in the records checked. In the Vassilios Christides example above, you would need to continue checking even if more than 10 bib records were retrieved, because you found conflicting forms of usage. Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • • Authority records: If you previously found either: Problematic LC/NACO record – or • • • Multiple LC/NACO records Examine any information that you have found in the OCLC database. Acceptable heading: If you can confirm that the authority record heading is acceptable -- or, in the case of multiple authority records, you can confirm the correct heading: – Print out or otherwise note any useful information, particularly information that helps you to resolve the problem. – Accept the appropriate heading. Make sure that your bib record heading matches the authority record form (e.g., by copying and pasting). – Problematic heading(s): Print out or otherwise note any information found and continue searching • No authority record: Print out or otherwise note any information found and continue searching Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • • • Examine any bib records in OPAC Note: – Level of copy – Heading form(s) – Usage(s). Clearcut case: At this point, you will often be able to stop searching and select or accept a heading form. If you are confident, keeping AACR2/LCRI rules in mind, that you have found: – Sufficient information to establish the heading -- i.e., no research in offline or external Web resources is required by AACR2/LCRI rules – and – Consistent information apart from possible variations in degree of fullness -- i.e., no conflicting information regarding dates or other information affecting the heading form, such as language or nationality if relevant to establishing the heading Go on to establish an AACR2 heading Please note: The majority of headings that we establish fall into this fairly straightforward category. Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Not clearcut case: If you know that more checking is needed, or if you are not certain whether more checking is needed, continue. • If you have not yet found a clearly acceptable heading: – If you have reason to believe that an individual or corporate body may have written or issued a work, or that an anonymous work may have been written, prior to 1977: Go on to check the printed NUCs Do not routinely check the NUCs for all authors of unknown date. • E.g. Your piece (pub. about 1859): A. Ysabeau • OCLC (various pub. dates, most prior to 1977): Ysabeau, Alexandre, 1793-1873; Ysabeau, A. (Alexandre), 1793-1873; Ysabeau, Alexandre Victor Frédéric, 1793-1873; Ysabeau, Victor Frédéric Alexandre, 1793-1873; usage: A. Ysabeau, but usage rarely given • E.g. Your piece (pub. 1953): Fondation du Château de Rohoncz • OCLC (pub. 1937-1941): Stiftung Sammlung Schloss Rohoncz Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • If you do not expect that you would find anything in the NUCs, do not search in NUC – E.g. Edwina Muggletrump – Information in your piece: born in 1896; wrote only one work, a play that was considered so far ahead of its time that it was not published during her lifetime; after she died in obscurity in 1928 or 1929 (no one is sure of the exact date), the manuscript was temporarily lost; first published in 1998. • Check the printed National Union Catalogs (NUCs). – When searching the NUC sets that you consider appropriate: • Note both LC and non-LC headings that you find. • Note the usage(s), if present, found in the bib record titles or quoted notes. Make a quick tally to determine whether a particular usage is predominant. Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • • • • • Assess the information that you have gathered; consider whether further research will be necessary or helpful. Research required by rules Perform additional research for categories of headings for which AACR2/LCRI rules require research, including: A person functioning primarily as a non-author, a category including artists, musical performers, and people who are subjects of works being catalogued. (AACR2/LCRI 22.1B) – E.g. Roma Geber -- painter with exhibition in Argentina; your piece is exhibition catalogue. • No records are in OCLC for any works written by Geber. – E.g. Pope Nicholas III -- who died in 1280; previous name: Giovanni Gaetano Orsini An author writing prior to 1801. (LCRI 22.1B) – E.g. Horatius Obscurus Horribilis -- author of (virtually unreadable) poetry • found in recently discovered early mediaeval manuscript Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • A known member of the nobility, whether or not the chief source of information in your piece shows a title of nobility; you should not, however, spend time hunting for evidence of noble status. (AACR2/LCRI 22.6) – E.g. On t.p. of your piece: George Glorious • On p. 4 of cover: Sir George; baronet of Cricket St. Thomas • [please note: Sir George Glorious is imaginary; the village of Cricket St. Thomas is real] • An author known only by a phrase, when that phrase is not used by the author herself or himself. (LCRI 22.1B 3)) – E.g. Truth behind the Smoke and Mirrors -- an anonymous 19th-cent. pamphlet; • • in the introduction to the modern edition, the author is referred to as "the Truth Lady of Concord." [imaginary] A corporate body that did not issue the work being catalogued or other works for which records have been found. (AACR2/LCRI 24.2) – E.g. Intelligent Life inside Active Volcanoes Expedition -- work is about the Expedition • but is not issued by it (particularly since no members survived). Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Uniform titles (AACR2 25.3-25.4); in practice, do research for works that are: – Early (prior to 1801) • E.g. Enfances Vivien -- part of a cycle of mediaeval French epic poetry • E.g. Arbasto, the anatomie of fortune; by Robert Greene (1558?1592) – or – Issued in multiple editions by fairly well-known authors • E.g. Proust, Marcel, 1871-1922. Sur la lecture • Published in 1979 under title: Hautes et fines enclaves du passé Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Generally focus on reference sources issued in the person's language or country of nationality or residence -- except for early, pre-1500 authors, for whom English-language sources are preferred. If none are available, you may use other reference sources. (The LCRI do not provide for this extension, but in practice LC/NACO authority records frequently cite reference sources not in the person's language.) • Once you have performed additional research as required, go on to establish an AACR2 heading • Research not required by rules – For other categories of headings, use judgment and restraint. Keep in mind that your piece will often be the most thorough and authoritative source of information for your heading Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • • • Birth or death dates – E.g. Gumersindo Pacheco: Records in OCLC had headings [since cleaned up]: • Pacheco, Gumersindo, $d 1952• Pacheco Sosa, Sindo, $d 1956Conflicts and other problems If you have found conflicting information, you suspect an error, or you have other outstanding questions regarding: Possible non-unique heading: A person for whom you do not have enough information to establish a unique heading. (The NACO rules require you to check outside sources and provide either a 670 or 675 before adding a person to a non-unique heading.) – E.g. Aidan Clarke -- your author wrote in 1990 about 17th-century Irish constitutional history. • Your piece gives no clues as to middle initial or birthdate. • There is an OCLC record with the heading "Clarke, Aidan" and usage "Aidan Clarke" for an author who wrote poetry published in England in 1927. Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Language or nationality of person, when the language or nationality would have bearing on choice of name or entry element – E.g. Björn Magnusson [imaginary] -- You have found usages: • Björn Magnusson (book published in Stockholm, Sweden, in Swedish) • Björn Magnússon (book published in Reykjavík, Iceland, in Icelandic) • Bjorn Magnusson (book published in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in English). • Your piece gives no biographical information; one heading includes the birthdate 1937. • In addition to the question of diacritics, a Swedish name would be entered: • Magnusson, Björn • whereas an Icelandic name would be entered: • Björn Magnússon Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Uncertainty whether difference in corporate body names represents a variant form, a name change, or a different body: – E.g. On your piece: Fundación Centroamericana para el Desarrollo Humano • In LC/NACO file: Fundación Centroamericana para el Desarrollo Humano Sostenible • [These are actually 2 different, unrelated bodies, but only a Web site that was checked could confirm the distinction] • Language of corporate body; for example, a corporate body with a name in a language that is not likely to be its official language and is not an official language of the country in which it is located. (AACR2/LCRI 24.3A) – E.g. Piece, written in French: l'Université du Pays de Galles, Swansea • Since Swansea is in Wales, and the name translates in English as "University of Wales, Swansea," the correct heading is likely to be in English or Welsh (the official languages of Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • Other matters that would affect the form of heading, such as middle initials, spelling variations not covered by orthographic changes or romanization standards, etc. – E.g. I.P. Sheldon-Williams -- headings in OCLC: • Sheldon-Williams, I. P. (Inglis Patrick), 1908-1973, Sheldon-Williams, Inglis Patric, • Sheldon-Williams, I. P.; usage: I.P. Sheldon-Williams. • Without a usage spelling out the middle name, you cannot be sure whether its correct spelling should be "Patrick" or "Patric." Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • No conflict • If you have found no conflicting information regarding dates or other information affecting the heading form, such as language or nationality if relevant to establishing the heading: Go on to establish an AACR2 heading Authority Work Procedures: Verifying and Establishing Headings • • • Establish AACR2 heading. Note: If the established heading requires a geographic or corporate body qualifier, you will also need to perform authority work on that qualifier. For geographic headings, refer when necessary to AACR2 Chapter 23, LC's Subject Cataloging Manual, and our local documents Additional information collected – Apply AACR2/LCRI rules to your collected data to establish the heading. If you found problematic authority records, this establishment may involve either reconfirming or altering a previously established heading. – You may accept dates and fuller forms of names for $q subfields from headings in OCLC or OPAC records (unless you suspect that they are in error). – Go on to create or edit an authority record No additional information collected – Use the appropriate form on the piece for the heading, constructing the heading according to AACR2/LCRI rules. – Go on to create an authority record MARC Authority Records: Name Authorities • Personal names (x00) • Corporate names (x10) • Conference names (x11) • Controlled by cataloging rules – the fixed field will tell you which version • May be used as main or added entries or subjects as appropriate MARC Authority Records: Geographic Authorities • Subfield "a" formulated by cataloging rules: – AACR2 Chapter 23 for non-jurisdictional headings and their qualifiers – AACR2 Chapter 24 for jurisdictional headings and their qualifiers • Remaining subdivisions covered by LCSH when used as a geographic subject heading • Subject cataloging practice changed to conform with AACR2 in 1981 • LC no longer enters duplicate name and subject authority records for the same entity MARC Authority Records: Subject Authorities • Topical subject headings (x50) • Subject subdivisions (x80) • Controlled by the body creating the subject headings MARC Authority Records: Title Authorities • Series authorities – These are uniform titles relating to series – The tag in the authority record is always 130 – The tag in the bibliographic record depends on whether the series is present in the piece in the authorized form (440) or whether the series has to be transcribed from the piece (490) and traced differently (830) • Uniform titles – Tagged 130, used for anonymous classics and religious works • May also be used as subjects or added entries in bibliographic records (630 or 730) • Also controlled by cataloging rules MARC Authority Records: Name/Title Authorities • Authority file has the authorized name in the 1xx field and the title associated with it in a $t • Bibliographic record may use these in a 1xx/240 combination if the name is the main entry – OR • May be used in a 6xx, 7xx, or 8xx entry with $a and $t combination for a subject entry, added entry or name/series entry as appropriate MARC Authority Records: What's Important • MARC authority format designed to cover important information for all types of authorities • Certain fixed fields are important to read for all authorities • Other crucial fixed fields will vary depending on what type of authority you are looking at • Variable fields 1xx, 4xx, and 5xx are important to read for all authorities • Other variable fields will vary depending on type of authority record Important Fixed Fields (All records) • • • • • ARN: Auth/Ref: Auth status: Ref status: Rules: • UpdStatus: Authority Record Number Kind of record code Level of establishment Reference evaluation code Rules used to establish the heading Record update in process code Variable Field Pattern (All records) • 1xx Established heading or valid subdivision • 4xx See from reference • 5xx See also from reference • • • • • • • • • • • x00 x10 x11 x30 x50 x51 x55 x80 x81 x82 x85 Personal name Corporate name Conference name Uniform title Topical subject Geographic name Genre/Form term General subdivision Geographic subdivision Chronological subd. Form subdivision Specialized Fields • Name authority records: – Name Undifferentiated personal name code – Rules: Rules used to establish the heading • Subject authority records (or names to be used as subjects): – Geo subd: Direct/indirect geographic subdivision code – Subj: Subject heading system – Subj use: Heading use code – subject added entry Specialized Series Fields Fixed Fields • Rules: Rules used to establish the heading • Ser num: Numbered or unnumbered series • Series: Type of series code Variable Fields • 640 Series dates of publication and/or volume designation • 641 Series numbering peculiarities • 642 Series numbering example • 643 Series place and publisher/issuing body • 644 Series analysis practice • 645 Series tracing practice • 646 Series classification practice Subfield W • Special subfield after 4xx and 5xx to record relationships of the see from or see also from reference to the established heading in the 1xx • Detailed coding information in the handout Relationship to the Bibliographic Record • Authority records control the information in most of the access fields of the bibliographic record – – – – – 1xx 240 6xx 7xx 8xx Main entry field Uniform title (if 1xx present) Subject headings (except 690) Added entries (700-730) Series added entries (800-830)


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta
- First Online:
DOI: 10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9
- Cite this article as:
- Rook, D.L. & Hunter, J.P. J Mammal Evol (2014) 21: 75. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9
- Citations
- 526 Downloads
Placing early groups into the overall phylogeny of eutherian mammals can be challenging, particularly when the group does not have extant members. We investigated the relationships of the Taeniodonta, an extinct group from the Late Cretaceous through Paleogene of North America. This group has a few purported close relatives, including Cimolestes, Procerberus, and Alveugena, that may form a sequence of ancestors and descendants. The leading hypothesis is that Procerberus gave rise to taeniodonts through Alveugena. We test this hypothesis and analyze relations to known stem and crown Eutheria to determine the place of taeniodonts in eutherian phylogeny. Cladistic analyses were performed using previously published characters and datasets, namely a taeniodont/cimolestid specific dataset and a reanalysis of Wible and colleagues (2009), with added taxa for both. Our studies suggest that taeniodonts arose from Cimolestes through Alveugena, that Procerberus is more distantly related to taeniodonts, and that taeniodonts and their relatives are stem eutherians. We diagnose the Taeniodonta based on these analyses. Other Paleogene groups, especially those allied with Cimolestes such as tillodonts and pantolestans, merit further study. Our findings indicate that stem eutherians such as the Taeniodonta, in addition to crown eutherians, continued to diversify during the Paleogene.


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Rachel Felder
ISBN: 9780062397430 | Format: HardCover | Release Date: 01/09/2016
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A trend and shopping expert and fourth-generation New Yorker s chic, full-color guide to the best boutiques, shopping routes, restaurants, cafes, and bars in New York City s It borough, highlighting more than 200 favorite destinations and shops for both style-oriented travelers and New Yorkers alike.
The fourth most popular travel destination in the world, New York City draws millions of visitors annually, including more than fifty-four million people in 2014 alone. At the center of this white-hot destination is none other than the borough of Brooklyn the mecca of twenty-first century cool and style. Now, native New Yorker Rachel Felder, a widely published journalist specializing in fashion, beauty, travel, and trends, has created a portable, beautifully designed, personally curated anthology that brings this fashionable borough into focus as never before, featuring not-to-be-missed highlights and covering everything from food to furniture to fashion it has to offer.
Rachel takes you into some of the borough s most diverse and charming neighborhoods, including Brooklyn Heights, Park Slope, Williamsburg, Fort Greene, Boerum Hill, Carroll Gardens, Prospect Heights, and DUMBO. She begins with valuable travel advice, including a precisely selected list of hotels, cafes, bars, bakeries, festivals, salons, and markets. She provides a sample itinerary for trip planning, as well as a comprehensive list of Brooklyn s main attractions including its major landmarks, parks and gardens, museums and zoos, noteworthy restaurants, bars and breweries, and artisanal food shops. She then takes you into individual neighborhoods, exploring each thoroughly by shop type and goods, providing the complete address, phone number, and website for each.
Insider Brooklyn is filled with must-have advice on trendsetting furniture and decor; antiques and vintage; clothing for men, women, and children; jewelry, both affordable and high-end; beauty makeup, perfume, and salons; health and wellness, including juices, gear, and fitness specialists; children s goods; stylish kitchen essentials and decorating for the table; unique art and objects; rare oddities and curiosities; and favorite bookstores, specialty grocers, and niche shops. The stores have been chosen with an expert s eye, including new discoveries, popular mainstays, and neighborhood gems worth visiting.
Bursting with invaluable insights, helpful tips, and must-see destinations, Insider Brooklyn is an indispensable resource and a visual feast for tourists and business visitors headed to the city, locals both Brooklynites and other New Yorkers and armchair travelers who simply want to dream about and shop it from home."e;
Insider Brooklyn
HarperCollins Publishers
152.0 mm
Sub Title:
A Curated Guide to New York City's Most Stylish Borough
Travel /
Travel Guides
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203.0 mm
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Storrs Hall Hotel is a luxury 4 star hotel set in 17 acres of grounds on the shores of Lake Windermere with award winning restaurant. It offers 30 rooms and 3 meeting rooms.
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Hotel Villa Ariston is surrounded by a beautiful park is one of the most charming and outstanding hotels of the Opatija Riviera. A place, where the past times atmosphere perfectly mixes with the most modern comforts and a top level service, ideal for a unique and truly unforgettable vacation. The h...
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Hotel Villa Ariston provide perfect setting for high-level events to be conducted in a discreet yet inspiring environment. Merged in the romantic atmosphere of our park, overlooking the sea, we will serve you from the traditional wedding reception to the more relaxed cocktail party... to make this special day unforgettable. The maximum capacity for weddings is 85 people. Villa Ariston's restaurant manages to entertain and please in any occasion: banquets, business meetings, cocktail parties, family celebrations, weddings offering unforgettable moments.


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Do you take charge in a meeting or leave it to everyone else to do the talking? Or perhaps you wait your turn and find the meeting over before you were able to speak your mind. A new article in the Harvard Business Review offers up insight on how to be more effective in the boardroom.
Research for the article, titled "Women, Find Your Voice," comes from Kathryn Heath, Jill Flynn and Mary Davis Holt, partners at Charlotte, N.C.-based consulting firm Flynn Heath Holt Leadership and authors of "Break Your Own Rules: How to Change Patterns of Thinking That Block Women's Paths to Power." They surveyed more than 7,000 workers, including 1,100 female execs and 270 female managers at Fortune 500 companies about their issues with company meetings.
Men who took the survey complained that women in meetings didn't have enough volume in their voice and allowed others to interrupt. They also pointed out that women apologized too often and didn't provide fact-based evidence.
Women said they often felt outnumbered and had trouble timing their comments so that they would be heard. Women also reported having a hard time offering up dissenting views when they felt the group had already come to a consensus.
"Many women admitted that they do get rattled when they're challenged," the authors wrote. "In fact, they're uncomfortable with conflict in general. They find it unsettling when anyone receives a sharp public rebuke, and they often brood and second-guess themselves long after meetings are over."
More than half of the female Fortune 500 execs said that meetings were "a significant issue or a 'work in progress.'"


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HEARING ADVISORY: Chairman Camp Announces Hearing on President Obama's Trade Policy Agenda with U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk and Second Panel on the Future of U.S. Trade Negotiations
House Ways and Means Committee Chairman Dave Camp (R-MI) today announced that the Committee on Ways and Means will hold a hearing on President Barack Obama's trade policy agenda with U.S. Trade Representative Ron Kirk and with a second panel of witnesses on the future of U.S. trade negotiations. The hearing will take place on Wednesday, February 29, 2012, in 1100 Longworth House Office Building, beginning at 10:00 A.M.
In view of the limited time available to hear the witnesses, oral testimony at this hearing will be from invited witnesses only. However, any individual or organization not scheduled for an oral appearance may submit a written statement for consideration by the Committee and for inclusion in the printed record of the hearing. A list of invited witnesses will follow.
International trade is an engine for growth and job creation in the United States. While the United States is the largest economy and trading nation in the world, 95 percent of the world's consumers are abroad. The future success of American workers, businesses, and farmers is therefore integrally tied with continuing America's strong commitment to finding new markets and expanding existing ones for U.S. goods and services.
The bipartisan passage of the implementing bills for the Colombia, Panama, and South Korea free trade agreements in October 2011 marked an important step forward for U.S. trade policy. This hearing will provide an opportunity to explore with Ambassador Kirk how the President's trade agenda will sustain this momentum with respect to current trade issues, such as: progress in the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations; Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization; China's trade restrictive practices and non-tariff barriers that prevent U.S. companies from competing on a level playing field; the President's trade agency reorganization proposal and National Export Initiative (NEI); and various bilateral and multilateral trade disputes and concerns. In addition, Ambassador Kirk's testimony and the second panel of witnesses will provide an opportunity to focus on long-term thinking relating to future trade negotiations, including "post-Doha" WTO issues such as an international services agreement, Information Technology Agreement (ITA) expansion, and a trade facilitation agreement in the age of global supply chains; Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) with China and India and new BITs and investment opportunities; and the trade and investment relationship with the European Union, India, and Latin America.
In announcing this hearing, Chairman Camp said, "Opening new markets for U.S. businesses, workers, and farmers and strong enforcement of U.S. rights are essential to driving economic growth and job creation here in the United States. The three free trade agreements with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea that Congress passed last year in a bipartisan manner sent a strong message that the United States has returned to the trade negotiating table. We are now at an important juncture to move forward aggressively on the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and other initiatives to make sure that last year's momentum is not lost. It's also a critical time for us to look ahead for future trade and investment opportunities with important trading partners like the European Union, India, and Latin America to maximize American competitiveness and ensure that we do not fall behind."
The first panel of the hearing will provide an opportunity to explore with Ambassador Kirk current trade issues such as: (1) ensuring prompt implementation of the three free trade agreements with Colombia, Panama, and South Korea; (2) seeking to conclude a good Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement this year; (3) considering Russia's WTO accession; (4) improving our important trade relationship with China and addressing China's trade barriers; (5) addressing the Obama Administration's trade agency reorganization proposal and National Export Initiative (NEI); and (6) ensuring appropriate trade enforcement efforts. The first and second panels will also focus on areas of potential future trade negotiations such as: (1) advancing WTO negotiations, including "post-Doha" issues at the WTO such as an international services agreement, Information Technology Agreement (ITA) expansion and a trade facilitation agreement; (2) completing Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) with China and India and exploring new BITs and investment opportunities; (3) deepening and expanding the trade and investment relationship with the European Union; and (4) establishing long-term, closer ties with important trading partners such as Latin America and India.
Please Note: Any person(s) and/or organization(s) wishing to submit for the hearing record must follow the appropriate link on the hearing page of the Committee website and complete the informational forms. From the Committee homepage, https://waysandmeans.house.gov, select "Hearings." Select the hearing for which you would like to submit, and click on the link entitled, "Click here to provide a submission for the record." Once you have followed the online instructions, submit all requested information. ATTACH your submission as a Word document, in compliance with the formatting requirements listed below, by the close of business on Wednesday, March 15, 2012. Finally, please note that due to the change in House mail policy, the U.S. Capitol Police will refuse sealed-package deliveries to all House Office Buildings. For questions, or if you encounter technical problems, please call (202) 225-1721 or (202) 225-3625.
The Committee relies on electronic submissions for printing the official hearing record. As always, submissions will be included in the record according to the discretion of the Committee. The Committee will not alter the content of your submission, but we reserve the right to format it according to our guidelines. Any submission provided to the Committee by a witness, any supplementary materials submitted for the printed record, and any written comments in response to a request for written comments must conform to the guidelines listed below. Any submission or supplementary item not in compliance with these guidelines will not be printed, but will be maintained in the Committee files for review and use by the Committee.
1. All submissions and supplementary materials must be provided in Word format and MUST NOT exceed a total of 10 pages, including attachments. Witnesses and submitters are advised that the Committee relies on electronic submissions for printing the official hearing record.
2. Copies of whole documents submitted as exhibit material will not be accepted for printing. Instead, exhibit material should be referenced and quoted or paraphrased. All exhibit material not meeting these specifications will be maintained in the Committee files for review and use by the Committee.
3. All submissions must include a list of all clients, persons and/or organizations on whose behalf the witness appears. A supplemental sheet must accompany each submission listing the name, company, address, telephone, and fax numbers of each witness.
The Committee seeks to make its facilities accessible to persons with disabilities. If you are in need of special accommodations, please call 202-225-1721 or 202-226-3411 TTD/TTY in advance of the event (four business days notice is requested). Questions with regard to special accommodation needs in general (including availability of Committee materials in alternative formats) may be directed to the Committee as noted above.
Note: All Committee advisories and news releases are available on the World Wide Web at http://www.waysandmeans.house.gov/.


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Thea: See the StarsMature
An odd calm settled over the ship as it sailed through the stars. Although everyone was loud; it seemed to be a pre-requisite of the job, there was something so calm about the atmosphere. Thea felt a strange, and entirely wonderful calm settle over her. It was like coming home.
"Penna!" The captain called. Thea spun on the spot, staring at her captain. "The ship we've picked up has one passenger. I have made arrangements for her to assist Mr Livo in the kitchen for now; you will escort her down there and then report to the deck. We've got to get you up to speed on the other jobs you will be expected to perform."
"Yes Ma'am." Captain Vega frowned, and drew herself up even taller, if that were possible.
"Captain." She muttered.
"Yes, Captain." Thea hurried to say. "Where is the... erm... new recruit?"
"Down the steps, down the corridor, three doors on your right." She pointed. "Chop chop."
Thea scurried down the stairs and followed the Captain's instructions. A guard posted outside seemed to pause, unsure of whether or not to let her in, but she straightened her shoulders and tried to emulate the Captain's authority. It worked. She was let in to the room.
A young lady, petite and pretty, peered around the back of a chair.
"I've come to take you to your work assignment."
"Oh." She stood up. "Alright then."
Thea peered at the stranger, who looked nervous, and offered her a small smile.
"I'm Thea, by the way. Thea Penna."
"Lady Xura Maelin." The woman's eyes were less fearful now.
"Come on. You're working in the kitchens. Probably better for you; you look petrified and there isn't time for that on deck." Thea turned and led the way down to the kitchen, Xura following her all the way. "What're you doing here anyway?"
"I... erm..."
"You don't have to tell me. I guess you've already told the Captain, and that's good enough. She's the only one that really needs to know." The other woman stayed silent. "Well, here we are." Thea stopped outside the kitchen door. "Now I've only had the pleasure once so far, but he can be a little... bracing, when you first meet him. Heads up."
She opened the door and led the other woman inside.
"Mr. Livo!" The short blonde man hobbled out from behind the pot in the middle and glared at them.
"Brought your assistant for you. Captain said she'd cleared it."
"Ay, she did. Dinnae mean I likes it though."
Xura was peering out from behind Thea's shoulder, and Mr. Livo got a good look at her.
"Well at least she's nae a giant. Let me look at ye lass."
Xura straightened herself, and stepped out, drawing some confidence from who knows where. Thea was impressed.
"Hello Mr. Livo."
"Ever worked in a kitchen lass?"
"No, but I'm a quick learner..." She tailed off as Livo groaned.
"Well, orders is orders. I aint happy about it though." He turned back to the pot, hobbled around the side, and suddenly popped up on the other side. Thea thought he must have a step hidden back there. "Well, get a shift on lass!"
Thea threw Xura an encouraging smile, and left her to it. Back on deck, new duties, including learning how to tie knots, awaited her. Luckily, this was one of the many things her father had taught her, and she wasted no time in performing a couple. Other duties were not so easy; for all her climbing at home, it was different once you were in the rigging and the winds were rocking you. She managed tolerably, and decided she would focus on getting her sky legs in the ropes, as soon as possible.
When there was a lull in activity, and the ship was being pushed along by the winds without need for assistance, she used the time to stare in to space. Looking down at the vast expanse below her, knowing that should she fall out of the ships gravity field that she would truly fall, forever, she couldn't help but feel overwhelmed. It sank in that she was finally here, but her father wasn't beside her.
"Enjoying the sights?" Malik had appeared, his eyes analysing her as though he didn't entirely trust her. Or anyone for that matter.
"It's beautiful."
"It's empty."
"Or full. Depends on how you look at it, I suppose."
"I think the point is that it's empty. It's empty space." He frowned.
"It's full of possibilities." Thea shot back, not in the mood to be talked down to. She understood she was new, but that didn't mean her opinion was less valid. "But I guess a soldier wouldn't see that."


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While you were away: Predators offense shooting blanks
Welcome to the latest installment of While You Were Away. We'll be tracking stories you may have missed and players who are trending up or down. We'll fill you in on roster transactions, make a few predictions and generally keep you updated on all things NHL beyond your favorite team.
In their last three games, the Nashville Predators have seen their offense dry up. It's been bone dry, in fact. We're talking scorched Earth-type stuff here.
You get the point. The Predators have been held scoreless on their current road trip against the Blue Jackets, the Wild and the Rangers.
At the center of Nashville's slump is forward Filip Forsberg. The 21-year old had an impressive rookie campaign last season with 26 goals and 63 points through 82 games. He earned serious Calder Trophy consideration before cooling off down the stretch (no goals from Feb. 26 through March 21). Coming into this season, he was expected to shoulder more of the scoring load for the Predators under coach Peter Laviolette's offensive-minded approach.
But Forsberg has fallen victim to the dreaded sophomore slump: In 20 games he's netted only two goals and, more importantly, he hasn't found the back of the net since October 15. With just 11 points on the season and none in Nashville's last four games, one of the more potent rookie scorers of 2014-15 has struggled mightily to find his groove.
The Predators flew out of the gate with an 8-1-2 record through October, but in the wake of Forsberg's drought they've fallen to a Wild Card spot. Their goals per game average (2.55) has since become the worst in their division. I've said it before and it bears repeating: The Central is by far the toughest in the NHL right now, so Forsberg and the Preds must fix their scoring woes quickly if they want to stay in the thick of the playoff picture.
So what's behind Forsberg's goal-less drought? And how big an issue is this for the Predators moving forward?
Though only 21, Forsberg wasn't exactly screaming "regression" while entering his second full NHL season. His PDO at the end of last season in all situations was 100.9 (according to War-on-Ice.com) and it was believed that he could maintain his offensive production, if not increase it, with more ice time this season.
This season's slump is unlike anything he faced during the 2014-15 campaign. He's now failed to light the lamp in 16 games. The longest such slump he endured last season was 12, though he also twice went seven without a tally. Sure, scorers often go through slumps and rack up goals in bunches. During that 12-game stretch last season, though, Forsberg was still driving play and getting chances: His 5-on-5 Corsi For % was a very healthy 58.2% and when he was on the ice Nashville generated 31 scoring chances per 60 minutes.
During his current 16-game drought? The Preds have generated even more chances: 33 per 60 minutes.
The opportunities are clearly there, but if Forsberg is still not having any puck luck, then he probably needs to tweak his approach.
According to Sporting Charts, Forsberg is relying much less on wrist shots. Last season 64% of his even-strength shots were wristers, compared to 42% this season. He's utilizing a snap shot more often, which gives weight to the old saying that he's "holding the stick too tight."
But really, versatility in a sniper's arsenal is not a bad thing. It's an interesting stat to keep an eye on, but if he starts scoring again, his ratio of wrist shots to snap shots will likely even out.
There is, however, concern that Forsberg may have been rushed into a prime role with the Predators last season and that the team became too dependent on him too soon. Young players need to find consistency early in their careers as they learn the in's and out's of the league, especially those like Forsberg who are relied upon to produce offensively.
The Predators' leading scorer, James Neal, is still a legitimate threat, but he's hardly the type of player who can be a team's sole option up front. He just barely cracks the league's Top 50 players in even strength goals per 60 minutes, according to Hockey Analysis.
Neal does work very well with Forsberg, though. Forsberg has assisted on three of Neal's nine goals and, along with Mike Fisher, this trio has been Nashville's most used forward line. Last season, Forsberg and Neal played on the top line with Mike Ribeiro who assisted on 11 of Forsberg's 26 goals, more than any other teammate.
Three games without a goal is cause for any coach to shake up his lines a bit and it seems high time that Forsberg and Ribeiro are reunited. Could that get the 21-year old scoring again? After 16 games without a goal and with the competition in Nashville's division unlikely to ease up, it's well worth a try.


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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
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Power Trio by Samuel Sheats - 10.000" x 7.500"
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Power Trio acrylic print by Samuel Sheats. Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of an acrylic print. Your image gets printed directly onto the back of a 1/4" thick sheet of clear acrylic. The high gloss of the acrylic sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results. Two different mounting options are available, see below.
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So bold! The colors, composition and clarity. I love it! And welcome to Wine Growing Pouring and Enjoying!
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Thanks a bunch, Christine! -Sam
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Option #1 (Mounting Posts) - Attach your print to your wall with four aluminum mounting posts. The cylindrical cap of each mounting post can be removed, allowing you to thread a small screw along the center axis of the of post and into the wall. When you're finished, simply reattached each cap, and you're done. The mounting posts act as stand-offs and keep your print separated from the wall by 1". All of the required mounting hardware (i.e. posts, screws, and wall anchors) is included with your print. Click here for mounting details.
Option #2 (Hanging Wire) - With this option, your acrylic print is attached to a 1/4" thick black board which has a wooden frame and hanging wire attached to the back. There are no metal mounting posts at the corners. Simply put a nail in your wall, hang your print from the hanging wire, and you're done. Due to the thickness of the black board and mounting frame, your print is separated from the wall by 1.50" Click here for mounting details.
Three bottles of bubbly champagne. This would make a great greeting card for the holidays, celebrations, New Year's, job promotion, house warming, graduation, parents of a new baby, bon voyage, etc.
Welcome! As an artist I concentrate on Photography, T-shirt design and Music. My primary photographic focus is on automobiles that I apply filtering to get a certain look. A sidebar project is to photograph common oil stains on wet pavement, as they are most colorful immediately after a rain. Once their colors are enhanced there is a surprising beauty in this toxic waste. I refer to these in the singular as �Asphalt Nebula� because they have an uncanny resemblance to Hubble Space Telescope images. Come back here often for regular updates and please visit my �Asphalt Nebula� facebook page for photography and T-shirt designs. Thanks for dropping by. -Sam There are several ways to view my art or contact me: Personal Website Fine...
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