text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 11, 1996
|Filing date
|Apr 20, 1992
|Priority date
|Apr 20, 1992
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Michael Lohman
|Original Assignee
|Hughes Electronics
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (111), Classifications (8), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a telecommunications network and more particularly to a cellular telecommunications network and a component in the base station controller of the central office of the network for controlling communications between E1 and T1 lines.
The background of the present invention is given herein by way of FIG. 1. As shown, a cellular telecommunications network, in a very simplistic view, comprises a central office or station 2 to which there are input from a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 4 a plurality of input lines, otherwise known as standard E1 lines, for connecting a plurality of land-based or fix-based telephones 6 to central office 2. Connected to the output side of central office 2 by way of standard T1 lines 8 are a plurality of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) 10. Associated with each of the BTSs are corresponding towers 12, for example 12a and 12b connected respectively to BTS 10a and 10b. Mounted on top of the respective towers are antennas through which signals may be transmitted to a mobile telephone, as for example either a stand alone cellular telephone or one that is mounted to car 14. BTS 10 transmits speech signals to car 14 and receives therefrom speech signals to be forwarded to a party the person in car 14 is speaking to, as for example at phone 6a.
To control the transmission of speech signals between the calling/called parties in a cellular communication system, a Mobile Subscriber Controller (MSC) 16 is utilized in central office 2. A Base Station Controller (BSC) 18, the overall operation of which is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 622,232 filed Dec. 6, 1990 and assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention and issued on Mar. 29, 1994, as U.S. Pat. No. 5,299,198, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, controls the data being transmitted to and from BTSs 10. As should be appreciated by the dotted line enclosed BSC in central office 2, MSC 16 can control a number of BSCs. The number of BSCs and BTSs in the system depends, to a large extent, on the number of subscribers to the system, as for example the number of anticipated mobile phones (mobiles) and the capacity of the system to handle the anticipated calls to be made from the mobiles.
As is well established, speech signals traverse between PSTN 4 and central office 2 at a rate of 64 Kbps via the standard E1 lines 7, while speech signals traverse at a rate of 4 Kbps between BTSs 10 and the mobiles. The reason that a rate of 4 Kbps has been established for speech signals to traverse between the BTSs and the mobiles is due to the fact that the RF bandwidth between towers 12 and mobiles, such as car 14, is very limited, since the FCC has only allocated a very small number of carrier frequencies for mobile communication. Accordingly, each of the carrier frequencies that has been allocated has to be utilized as optimally as possible. Thus, bit rate reduction of an RF speech signal (from 64 Kbps to 4 Kbps) leaves more remaining bandwidth to accommodate a higher number of mobiles. Accordingly, a critical issue the designers of a cellular telecommunications network system confront is to increase the capacity of the system by compressing the speech signals being fed from a PSTN at 64 Kbps to mobiles at 4 Kbps. Conversely, speech signals originated from mobiles have to be decompressed from 4 Kbps to 64 Kbps, Such compression/decompression is known in the industry as "transcoding".
Prior to the instant invention, the transcoders which are necessary to perform compression/decompression are usually situated inside the BTSs. At the same time, the BSC in the central office performs a switching function of matching the appropriate conversation between the different speakers being carried along the respective E1 and T1 lines. For example, BSC 18 in central office 2 has to connect the fix-based speaker whose speech is being carried on, for example line 7a, of the E1 lines to BTS 10a via line 8a of the T1 lines so that he can converse with the mobile speaker in car 14. Such separation of the switching function from the transcoding function was found to lead to an inefficient operation. In other words, to have a transcoder in One module for performing transcoding and a switch in another module for performing switching was found to be sub-optimally efficient. This is particularly true with respect to an the E-TDMA system being designed by the assignee where speech clipping and time delay are important factors to be taken into consideration.
Furthermore, in the prior art systems, there is assigned through the entire duration of a call between a fix-based caller and a mobile caller one of the scarce allocated carrier frequencies and certain slots in the frequency. Accordingly, only a very limited number of conversations can take place at any one time.
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide for a switch transcoding system that greatly enhances the number of calls which can be carried on at the same time between a plurality of fix-based and mobile speakers.
It is another objective of the present invention to provide an efficient way of switching and transcoding the speech signals traversing between fix-based and mobile speakers.
FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of the different components of a cellular telecommunications system for a discussion of the prior art and an overall view of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic of the base station controller of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block illustration of the switch transcoder mechanism of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a simplified illustration of circular buffer used in the E1 interface of the switch transcoder mechanism of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a more detailed block illustration of the voice processor of FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a block illustration of a packet of information traversing through the switch transcoder module of FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is a representative speech signal which is being detected by the voice processor of FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a simplified block illustration of the T1 interface of the FIG. 3 switch transcoding module;
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of the steps taken by the switch transcoder module of FIG. 3 for compression transcoding; and
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of the steps undertaken by the switch transcoder module of FIG. 3 in performing decompression transcoding.
There are several different architectures for cellular systems. The oldest variant in this country is Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) which is an analog system in which each half of a conversation is associated with a dedicated carrier frequency and speech signals are frequency modulated onto the dedicated carrier. More recently the dual use IS-54 standard was promulgated. One of the dual approaches of this standard is the AMPS approach. However, the standard also employs digital Time Division Multiplexing (TDMA) which comes in both full rate and half rate coded cases. In either variety the carrier is formatted into a repeating frame structure with six slots in each 40 ms frame. In the full rate coded case each user is allocated two slots per frame for the transmission of digitally encoded speech samples. Full rate coding corresponds to transmitting at a rate of 8 Kbps. in the half rate coded case the user is allocated one slot per frame and in this case the transmission rate is 4 Kbps. The digital portion of the IS-54 standard is similar to AMPS in that each user is allocated a channel (2 slots per frame for full rate coding or 1 slot per frame for half rate coding) on call establishment for the duration of the conversation. It is easy to see that TDMA protocol has an advantage over AMPS of either 3 to 1 (for full rate coding) or 6 to 1 (for half rate coding). The IS-54 standard is dual use since conforming base station equipment operates either in the analog mode (FM like AMPS) or in the digital mode (either half or full rate coded TDMA).
A further variant is the E-TDMA� system incorporated by reference copending application Ser. No. 622,232). E-TDMA system offers additional capacity enhancements by using Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI). In other words, in E-TDMA system a voice channel is only assigned when speech is present for transmission. Well known statistics indicate that speech is present only during 40% of the duration of a conversation so that by using E-TDMA system an improvement of 15 to 1 over AMPS is likely. AMPS requires one carrier for each participant of a conversation, full rate coded TDMA can serve 3 participants with the same bandwidth, half rate coded TDMA can serve 6 participants and E-TDMA system can serve 15 participants.
Using E-TDMA system introduces two complexities into the interface between the mobile and the PSTN. In the first place channel assignments are necessary on initiation of each speech burst rather than only on call set-up as in TDMA. The manner in which channel assignments are made for speech bursts detected at the mobile (reverse channel) is described in co-pending application Ser. No. 622,243 filed Dec. 6, 1990 and assigned to the assignee of this application. The disclosure of the '243 application is incorporated by reference herein. The BSC includes a Voice Activity Detection function for speech detected at the base station, this is used to initiate channel assignments for speech destined for the mobile over a forward channel. In addition, since channels are assigned for the duration of a conversation in TDMA, the relationship between the E1 and T1 slots taking part in a given conversation could be fixed. In E-TDMA, since channels are only assigned during speech, the relationship of E1 and T1 slots taking part in a single conversation will change with the passage of time.
By way of FIG. 1, the environment in which the switch transcoder mechanism of the present invention operates is shown. In particular, as was discussed previously, central office 2 has a Mobile Subscriber Controller MSC 16 which controls a number of Base Station Controllers BSCs 18. Line 7a-7n input to Central Station 2 are standard E1 lines while lines output therefrom, more specifically from BSC 18 as 8a-8n, are the standard T1 lines. The E1 and T1 lines are bi-directional such that signals may bi-directionally traverse between PSTN 4 and BTSs 10.
As is well known, a T1 line is a high speed digital line that is available from various phone companies for transmitting signals at 4 Kbps between BSC 18 and BTSs 10. Speech signals traversing between Central Station 2 and PSTN 4 are carried by the E1 lines at 64 Kbps. Thus, in order to enable a fix-based speaker to converse with a mobile speaker, the speech signals have to be compressed from lines E1 to T1, and decompressed from lines T1 to E1 .
The E1 lines to Central Station 2 are routed to MSC 16 and connected via interface lines 20 to BSC 18. Interface lines 20 can be equated the same as the E1 lines and are referred to accordingly. For the present invention system, there is a maximum number of 384 E1 lines connecting MSC 16 and BSC 18. Thus, BSC 18 has an E1 interface with respect to MSC 16. And with the T1 connection to the BTSs 10, BSC 18 also has a T1 interface. In a cellular telecommunications system, there is a need to compress speech coming from PSTN 4 at 64 Kbps via lines E1 to a much lower rate to be transmitted via lines T1 to the BTSs.
With reference to FIG. 1, a BTS and its associated tower, for example 10a and 12a, communicate with a mobile, for example 14, in the form of a speech frame 22 having 6 slots S1 -S6. For IS-54 (TDMA) full rate coding, two of these slots, for example S1 and S3, of frame 22 are assigned for the duration of the conversation to a single mobile such that only three mobiles may communicate with corresponding speakers in the carrier frequency that contains frame 22. For the TDMA half rate coding protocol, each of the slots is assigned to a mobile so that 6 mobiles can use the same frame.
FIG. 2 is a simplified block illustration of a base station controller, for example BSC 18, resident in central station 2 of FIG. 1. As shown, BSC 18 has 384 E1 circuit lines 20, i.e. the E1 interface lines, provided to E1 cards (E1 card 24) for low logic level interfacing.
T1 cards (T1 card 26) provide low level interfacing with 8 physical T1 lines, designated 8. Since there is a well established one to one redundancy for the T1 lines, in actuality, for all practical purposes, the number of T1 lines connected to T1 card 26 can be considered 4. Also within BSC 18 are a number of system processors which, for the rest of this discussion, is referred to simply as system processor 28. Connected to a common bus (not shown) to be in constant communication with system processor 28 are a plurality of switch transcoder modules STM 30a-30n. There may be up to 21 STMs resident in each of the BSC 18 in central station 2.
Since the cellular telecommunications system is slot-based, a synchronization mechanism 32, for example an oscillator, is required in order to synchronize all of the STM 30s and system processor 28. As shown, the data from the E1 lines, after having been made compatible with BSC 18 by E1 card 24, is fed to each of the STMs via line 34. For the rest of the discussion, line 34 is considered to be the same as lines 20. Also connected to each of the STMs 30 are respective lines 35 which likewise may be considered the same as T1 lines 8, as T1 card 26 performs the same function as E1 card 24 by making the logic level of the data traversing between T1 lines 8 and lines 35 compatible. Each of STMs 30, in addition to transcoding the speech signal (also to be referred to as speech data bursts or speech burst) for each of the slots, also acts as a switch to route the correct speech signals for each conversation through the appropriate E1 and T1 lines. For each of the T 1 lines, the present invention system is capable of providing for approximately 240 calls, as compared to the prior art system using TDMA which was only capable of providing for 24 calls per T1 line.
Before delving into the particulars of a representative of one of the STMs, it should be noted that the present invention E-TDMA transcoding method uses digital speech interpolation (DSI). DSI is a well known technique in the field of telecommunications in which digital processors in the system are used to detect whether a sound is uttered. Using DSI in the present invention E-TDMA method, when a sound is detected, that speech sound, otherwise may be referred to as a speech data burst for the detection period, is allocated to a slot in one of the scarce frequencies. When no sound is detected, that slot is freed up and allocated to another speaker. This is possible for E-TDMA because of the fact that, in a normal conversation, a person would only be speaking approximately haft of the time. For the rest of time, for example while that person is listening, the frequency allotted to that person would stay unused. Thus, by detecting the utterance of sounds and by constant switching from slot to slot, a substantially greater number of conversations can be fitted into the same slots of the same frequency. However, in E-TDMA system, there should be a minimal amount of delay from the time a person first starts to speak and when the switch is made from one slot to the next, as to do so would cause a portion of the speech to be lost. Such switching of the different slots of the different frequencies in E-TDMA system is referred to as assigning on a "speech burst" basis. In other words, in order to effect an optimal switch transcoding system, there should be, if at all, only a minimum amount of delay.
FIG. 3 illustrates in block format the different components of a representative STM, for example STM 30a, of the present invention. As shown, STM 30a has an E1 interface 36 which in turn is connected via a multi-line bus 38 to a T1 interface 40. Bus 38 further connects both E1 and T1 interfaces 36, 40 to a control processor 42 and a series of voice processors, referred to as simply voice processor 44 in FIG. 3. Residing in E1 interface 36 are two sets of buffers 46a-46n and 48a-48n. For the FIG. 3 embodiment, there are 384 buffers 46 and a corresponding 384 buffers 48. Buffers 46 may be referred to as input buffers while buffers 48 output buffers. Buffers 48 are used to store speech samples to be transmitted from STM 30a to the E1 lines while buffers 46 are used to store speech samples sent from the E1 lines. For the instant discussion, since buffers 48 are the same as buffers 46 and they both perform the same storage function, only input buffers 46 are described.
To understand why buffers are needed, it should be understood that the data format frame being used on the E1 lines is a so-called "E1 format", a time slot-based format which carries a serial bit stream of data. Such E1 format frame is shown in FIG. 3 as 50 where it can be seen that there are 32 slots, from 0-31, being fed in at a rate 2.048 mbit/s. Therefore, there are 32 voice circuits being carried by each of the E1 lines. For the present invention STM 30a, there are 12 E1 lines provided to input buffers 46 such that each of the 384 buffers 46 has a one to one correspondence with one of the 384 voice circuits (32 voice circuits/frame�12=384). Since the E1 lines are bi-directional, an equal number of output buffers 48 are provided in E1 interface 36.
T1 interface 40 is connected to the T1 line, which is similar to a E1 line except for the fact that it has a bandwidth of 1.0544 mbits/s. Accordingly, the T1 frame, designated 52, has only 24 slots, designated 0-23. It should be noted that both of the E1 and T1 frame formats are well known.
Also residing in STM 30a, as was stated previously, is a bank of voice processors, simply referred to as voice processor 44. Each of the voice processors comprises a digital speech processor (DSP) manufactured by the Texas Instrument Company with manufacturing number TMS 320 C31-33. There are 12 DSPs in voice processors 44. In brief, voice processor 44 can transcode, i.e., compress/decompress, a burst of speech data between different rates, as for example between 64 Kbps at the E1 lines to 4 Kbps at the T1 lines.
Also resident in STM 20a is a control processor 42, which may be an Intel RISC type processor having manufacturing number i80960. In addition to being connected to bus 38, control processor 42 is connected via a bus 54 to a system processor, for example 28 shown in FIG. 2. Also providing an input to control processor 42 is a slot Id register 56 whose function will be described later. Register 56 also has an output connected to voice processor 44 and another output to an address generator 58 whose function of addressing E1 interface 36 is to be described later.
Each of buffers 46 and 48 in E1 interface 36 is a circular buffer and is illustrated, as for example by buffer 46a in FIG. 4. Buffer 46a is meant to receive speech bursts from respective corresponding ones of the 384 voice circuits from the E1 lines. As was noted previously, since it is critical in E-TDMA coding that no part, if at all possible, of a speech be lost, the size of buffer 46a, as are the other buffers, has to be sufficiently large to ensure that a given period of speech is stored therein. For the instant invention buffer, given the fact that each slot has a rate of 2.048 mbits/sec and the E1 line a rate of 64 Kbps, by dividing the former by the latter, a value of 320, which represents the number of bytes is obtained. And since it is known that it takes approximately 125 usec to store one byte of information in buffer 46a, by multiplying 125 with 320, a value of 40 msec is obtained. Accordingly, buffer 46a should have the capacity to store 40 msec of speech.
As shown, the respective bytes of buffer 46a have been designated 0 to 319 for addressing. Further, buffer 46a is divided into 6 slots, from 1-6, each for receiving corresponding speech from its corresponding input E1 voice circuit. Thus, as speech bursts are fed from the input E1 voice circuit, the respective speech bursts are stored, seriatim, in buffer 46a. For example, the first portion of speech samples would be stored in slot 1 at time T0. At the next time increment T1, samples would be stored in slot 2. The same process is repeated until slot 6 is reached, at time T6. At time T7, the speech samples are loaded into slot 1, thus over-writing the previous speech samples, which are lost. Thus, in order to recover data that was stored, as for example 30 msec before, slot 4 of buffer 46a has to be addressed and the speech samples stored therein retrieved. Other speech bursts residing in other buffers corresponding to different conversations are likewise addressed and retrieved by control processor 42.
The retrieval of all of the stored speech samples for a given period of time is important for E-TDMA transcoding because each burst of a speech is important for reconstructing the speech.
In addition, delay is extremely critical for an E-TDMA coding system. To illustrate, with reference to FIG. 7 which shows a representative speech pattern, it can be seen that it takes approximately 4-5 msec before the fact that a speaker has uttered a sound is detected by the system. For a TDMA system, it is not critical whether the initial 4-5 msec is detected, as slot(s) in a speech frame are allotted to the speaking parties throughout the duration of the conversation. In other words, for a TDMA system, it does not make that much difference whether a tiny portion of the beginning of a conversation is lost. But in the case of an E-TDMA system where the conversation between two speakers is divided into a sequence of speech bursts, it becomes incumbent that no portion of the speech be lost, as such would destroy the integrity of the conversation. Therefore, buffers 46 are used to store the different speech bursts such that none of the data is lost, not even when a sound is not detected by Voice Activity Detection (VAD) until sometime after the beginning of the speech burst. And since there are 384 voice circuits being provided to E1 interface 36, voice processor 44 compresses, at any one given time, 6 of the circuits, i.e. the 6 slots of the T1 format. It should be noted however, in actuality, more than 6 compressions could conceivably take place at any given time since more DSPs may be integrated to the STM.
To address the different slots, and the specific addresses of the respective buffers, address generator 58 is used. In essence, the buffers are made from a plurality of static RAMs, for example a RAM having a dimension of 128 kilobyte by 8 bytes. The addressing of such memory devices by conventional address generators, such as 58, are well known and will not be further discussed herein. To assure that the correct buffer is addressed, synchronization is provided by a timing means 60 which provides synchronization pulses to Slot ID register 56, which in turn synchronizes address generator 58, voice processor 44 and control processor 42.
With reference to the circular buffers, it should be noted that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a voice circuit (speaker) and a circular buffer, and furthermore, during a speech burst, there is a one-to-one correspondence between a circular buffer and a slot on a carrier frequency to a mobile. Thus, the different speech bursts will jump from different frequencies and slots all the time. However, the speech bursts from the same conversation would be stored in the same buffer.
Control processor 42 keeps track of the different speech bursts relating to the utterances of a speaker in sequence in order to differentiate that speakers utterances from other speakers'. The different speech bursts are fed sequentially to voice processor 44 for transcoding. To keep tab of the different speech bursts, the system processor of the central office maintains a table chart (not shown) that tracks the different frequencies and slots of the respective speech bursts from the speaker so that the system processor can notify the STM control processor, for example 42, of the frequency and slot assignments. STM control processor 42 then controls the switching function, i.e. connecting any one of the E1 lines to any one of the T1 lines.
In operation, control processor 42, upon receiving instructions from the system processor, detects the arrival of a speech burst to a particular one of buffers 46 in E1 interface 36 by appropriate addressing. Control processor 42 next retrieves that particular speech burst, which is part of the conversation being carried on between a fix-based party and a mobile one, and routes the same to voice processor 44. Successive speech bursts of the same conversation are likewise sequentially retrieved and routed to voice processor 44 where transcoding is effected to compress the incoming speech from 64 Kbps to 4 Kbps. Such retrieval and routing of successive speech bursts is indicated by the dotted line 62. It should be noted that in a BSC with multiple STMs (which is the typical case) one conversation may be transcoded by different STMs at different times. For example, the first speech burst may be transcoded by STM A, while the second by STM B.
After compression, the now 4 Kbps speech bursts, commonly referred to at this point as speech spurts, are retrieved by control processor 42 from voice processor 44 and routed, via dotted line 64, to control processor 42 for processing into a High Level Data Link Control Frame (HDLC), designated 66. Such HDLC frame is well known and is comprised of, for example, a flag byte F and a header byte H for its first two bytes. The middle of the HDLC frame is used to store data. Such HDLC frame is then routed by control processor 42 via dotted line 68 to T1 interface 40, and is subsequently provided to T1 line. As was stated previously, the T1 frame being provided at the T1 lines is one that has 24 slots, as indicated by 52, and having a rate of 1.0544 mbit/sec.
With reference to FIG. 5, voice processor 44, which in actuality comprises a number of speech processors, is described. As shown, voice processor 44 has a plurality of bi-directional First In First Out Buffers Bi-FIFOs 70. Connected to each of the Bi-FIFOs is a Digital Signal Processor DSP 72. As was noted, the DSPs are conventional processors having manufacturing number TMS 320C31-33. For the present invention embodiment there are 12 DSPs, with 12 corresponding Bi-FIFOs in voice processor 44. Two of the DSPs, along with their corresponding Bi-FIFOs, work as a pair for compressing/decompressing the speech bursts retrieved by controller 42 and fed to voice processor 44 via lines 74. It should be noted that lines 74 are a part of the earlier discussed bus 38 in FIG. 3. There is connected to each pair of DSPs a shared RAM 76 which provides a memory for possibly storing the different instructions and algorithms for the DSPs to transcode the received speech data bursts. The actual algorithms and instructions for transcoding is described in a co-pending application by Wang et al., having Ser. No. 434,096, filed May 3, 1995, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 970,447, field Nov. 2, 1992, now abandoned, and which is also assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention.
Another component of voice processor 44 is a logic 78 whose function is to control the operations of the respective DSPs 72a and 72b such that those processors' operations do not conflict.
In operation, when control processor 42 gives voice processor 44, specifically DSP 72a and 72b, a command and provides the retrieved speech bursts thereto, the DSPs will process that command with the received bursts and return a response along with the transcoded data via either lines 74a or 74b. Thus, the DSPs operate synchronously, as slaves to control processor 42.
The interfacing between control processor 42 and voice processor 44 can be illustrated with reference to FIG. 6 which shows, for purposes of discussion, a packet of information to be provided to voice processor 44. As shown, the information packet 76, which represents a speech burst, has a first command byte, followed by data. The command byte provides information to voice processor 44 as to the type of operation to be performed. There are for the present invention, for example, at least three different types of operations: compression, decompression, and voice activity detection.
Compression and decompression, as have been discussed previously, deal with the compressing and decompressing of speech. Voice Activity Detection (VAD) deals with the discussion relative to FIG. 7 for detecting the beginning of an utterance. Such VAD may be achieved by voice processor 44 due to the excess capacity voice processor 44 has. But since VAD does not in itself form an integral part of the present invention, it will not be further discussed.
As was noted earlier with respect to FIG. 3, there are 12 DSPs 72 in voice processor 44 for handling six simultaneous conversations, as the DSPs work in pairs. Corresponding additional logic circuits such as logic 78 are also present for providing the hand-shaking that is necessary for communication link between control processor 42 and the respective DSPs 72.
In operation, again describing only a compressing function, the information from the E1 lines is fed to buffers 46. See FIG. 3. Each one of buffers 46 is addressed, via Address Generator 58, by control processor 42. And according to the commands given to it from the system processor, control processor 42 retrieves the of interest speech from the addressed E1 interface buffer 46 and provides the retrieved speech to the DSPs via the corresponding Bi-FIFOs in voice processor 44.
FIG. 8 shows in detail the T1 interface 40 shown in FIG. 3. As shown, T1 interface 40 has a Synchronizing Protocol Data Framer (SPDF) 78 connected to a shared RAM 80. SPDF 78 is connected to a T1 card 82 whose function is to provide an electrical interface which converts basic TTL logic level to T1 level for transmitting and receiving speech signals to/from the BTS. RAM 80 sets up T1 interface in accordance with the specification required for the T1 lines under the established T1 standards. SPDF 78 generates the frame onto which information is provided to T1 interface 40 by control processor by reading the requirements from RAM 80 and creating link list buffers whose data are to be sent to the T1 line via T1 card 82. Such buffers are illustrated by buffers 84 and 86, with each set of buffers connected to form looped buffers.
There is also residing in T1 interface 40 a table 88 which contains the different time slots for each of the time slots 0-23 for the T1 format frame. Each of the slots points to one set of loop buffers, as for example slot 0 of table 88 pointing to buffers 84a and 84b via line 90. Accordingly, the sequence of data to be inserted to the T1 line and when to retrieve the speech spurt from voice processor 44 via dotted line 92 to buffers 84a and 84b are known. The controlled routing of the data in the different slots of table 88 to the different sets of buffers in T1 interface 40 is effected by control processor 42 through bus 38.
Since there are only 24 slots in the T1 format frame, there are very few buffers, when compared with the number of E1 interface buffers, resident in T1 interface. Accordingly, the different sets of buffers, 84, 86 etc. can be carved out of a single conventional 64 Kbyte RAM.
In sum, for a STM module, as for example STM 30a shown in FIG. 3, both the voice processing and switching functions are performed by components, or a combination of components, located on the same module. Consequently, the time delay for processing becomes quite small as compared to the prior art method of performing the transcoding at the Base Transceiver Station and switching at the Base Station Controller. Furthermore, with the T1 interface being on the same STM module, a multiple number of STMs could be used for the same T1 line. For the ETDMA system, assuming that only 21 frequencies are assigned to the cellular network, 21 STM modules may reside in each of the BSCs 18 in central office 2.
Given the fact that each of the STMs would handle one of the frequencies, in theory, only two sets of buffers are required in the respective T1 interfaces of the corresponding STM. However, for the sake of adaptability, there are more than four sets of buffers located in each one of the T1 interfaces. It should be noted that these buffers are different from the loop buffers connected to table 88 shown in FIG. 8. The buffers being discussed herein are required to allow both analog Pulse Code Modulated (PCM) and TDMA speech signals to traverse between the E1 and T1 lines. This is done so a STM can handle both digital and analog frequencies. Furthermore, inasmuch as most of the cellular systems currently in operation operate under the analog PCM coding, the present invention STM would directly relay the analog PCM signals from the E1 lines to the T1 line. There is no manipulation by either controller processor 42 or voice processor 44 since no compression/decompression is needed for those analog PCM signals. Thus, the present invention switch transcoder system is adaptable to analog PCM, TDMA and E-TDMA operations.
FIGS. 9 and 10 are respective flow charts illustrating the operation, from the perspective of control processor 42, of compressing and decompressing speech in accordance with the switch transcoder of the present invention system.
As illustrated in FIG. 9, assume data is being automatically loaded into the different E1 interface buffers 46 continuously from the E1 lines. When a compression operation is requested, the system controller sends out a compression command to processor 42, as shown in block 100. The system processor command has the following information: the type of E1 line, the E1 time slot, the T1 line to which the information is to be routed, the T1 time slot and the traffic slot (which refers to slots 1-6 illustrated by 22 in FIG. 1 ). Upon receiving the compression command, control processor 42 calculates the address of a particular buffer 46 based on the E1 line, E1 time slot and traffic slot information in block 102. Once the appropriate E1 interface buffer 46 is addressed, at the appropriate time, i.e. at the correct traffic slot in accordance with slot ID register 56 (see FIG. 3), a copy of the input speech from the addressed buffer is sent to voice processor 44 in the appropriate command format, per FIG. 6, in block 104. At the correct time, which may be five slots later, the now compressed speech spurt is retrieved from voice processor 44 and sent to T1 interface 40 in the appropriate HDLC frame format in block 106. Thereafter, the properly formatted data is sent to the appropriate T1 line. If a command is then received from the system processor to stop, control processor 42 would stop operation and wait for the next command from the system processor, per decision block 107. Otherwise, operation is returned to block 102.
FIG. 10 illustrates the steps of decompressing speech, which is the reverse flow of the steps illustrated in the FIG. 9 flow chart.
Starting with block 110, control processor 42 gets the decompression command from the system processor. Thereafter, at the correct time, the data provided from the T1 line to T1 interface 40 is input to voice processor 44 in block 112. In block 114, the appropriately transcoded data is retrieved one slot later from voice processor 44. Control processor 42 then calculates the E1 address in block 116. After which a copy of the data retrieved from voice processor 44 is transmitted to the appropriate E1 interface output buffers 48 and output to the appropriate E1 line in block 118. A decision is made in block 119 on whether a command is received from the system processor to stop the decompressing operation. If yes, operation returns to block 110. If no, operation is routed to block 112.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed for purposes of explanation, numerous changes, modifications, variations, substitutes, and equivalents, in whole or in part, will now be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 25, 1986
|May 3, 1988
|Motorola, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for controlling a TDM communication device
|Feb 27, 1990
|Sep 8, 1992
|Motorola, Inc.
|Cellular radio system having reduced handover disruption and method for use in such a system
|Jul 9, 1991
|Mar 16, 1993
|At&T Bell Laboratories
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|Emc Corporation
|Using I/O track information for continuous push with splitter for storage device
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|Consistency across snapshot shipping and continuous replication
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|Storage recovery from total cache loss using journal-based replication
|Mar 15, 2013
|Oct 6, 2015
|Emc Corporation
|Synchronization of asymmetric active-active, asynchronously-protected storage
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|Emc Corporation
|Testing integrity of replicated storage
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|Nov 17, 2015
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|Replication of a virtual distributed volume with virtual machine granualarity
|Jun 28, 2012
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|Generating and accessing a virtual volume snapshot in a continuous data protection system
|Jun 20, 2014
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|Jody Shapiro
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|Dec 28, 2006
|Agnoli Giovanni M
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|Aug 28, 2006
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|Agnoli Giovanni M
|System, method, and computer program product for media publishing request processing
|Oct 25, 2006
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|Agnoli Giovanni M
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|Agnoli Giovanni M
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|Jul 9, 2007
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|Lai Angela C
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|Mar 4, 2008
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|Estech System, Inc.
|Telephone system
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|Agnoli Giovanni M
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|Motorola Inc.
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|Alcatel Usa Sourcing, L.P.
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|Jan 25, 2001
|Aug 2, 2001
|Intel Corporation
|Method and apparatus for loop buffering digital signal processing instructions
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|System and method for communicating traffic between a cell site and a central office in a telecommunications network
|U.S. Classification
|455/560, 370/477
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 20, 1992
Owner name: HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY, A CORP. OF DE, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:LOHMAN, MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:006091/0764
Effective date: 19920416
|Apr 30, 1998
Owner name: HUGHES ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HE HOLDINGS INC., HUGHES ELECTRONICS, FORMERLY KNOWN AS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:009123/0473
Effective date: 19971216
|Dec 9, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 11, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 11, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Dec 17, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed


text:
We are really trying to get into the top 3 for Best Parenting Blog for Bloggers Choice Awards. Please vote for us here. (I swear it only takes two seconds to register!)
I am Looking to Hire Coaches/Tutors, check it out here!
Vanessa and the Teen Team
5 Ways to Deal With a Daughter Who is Obsessed with Boys I used to love Hanson….is your daughter living and breathing Edward Cullen? How about the Jonas Brothers, here are a few ways to help you deal.
Some of My Favorite Parenting Articles Here are some of my favorite articles and parenting sites from around the web. I do a round-up from my private Parents Who Click social network once per month!
Recession Proofing Your Kids This is the time to teach your kids a few lessons on how to save, spend and use money.
Articles from Teens and Guests
Teens and Careers: Five Reasons I want to be in the Art Industry
Alternative Gift Suggestions for Teens This Christmas…from an actual teen

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Originally posted on Fox Sports Arizona | Last updated 11/6/12
SCOTTSDALE, Ariz. Diamondbacks third base coach Matt Williams interviewed for the Colorado Rockies managerial position on Monday and is one of two finalists for the job, according to the Denver Post. Walt Weiss was identified as the other finalist. It was a very good baseball conversation. They had a lot of questions, so I tried to answer them as best I could, Williams said Tuesday. They said they would talk about it internally and then get back to me. I dont know what that time frame is. Well see. Williams, a five-time All-Star, met with Colorado owner Dick Monfort and general manager Dan ODowd on Monday. The Rockies did not give Williams a timetable but are expected to make a final decision shortly, perhaps as early as the major league general managers meetings in Indian Wells, Calif., that begin Wednesday. Toronto general manager Alex Anthopoulos also has spoken to Williams about a possible interview for the Blue Jays' managerial vacancy, although an interivew likely will not occur until after the winter meetings. The Blue Jays are looking at a number of candidates. Williams had a general talk about philosophy with Rockies assistant general manager Bill Geivett early last week, but the sides talked more specifically about the Rockies personnel and issues Monday. Williams long-term familiarity with the NL West is a selling point. He has coached in the division the last three years with the D-backs and spent most of his playing career in the division with San Francisco and the D-backs. We discussed it. I let them know I feel confident with knowing the West, certainly coaching within the division over the last three years, said Williams, who returned on Monday night and was back at work managing the Arizona Fall League Salt River Rafters on Tuesday night. "They are looking for somebody who can lead the organization and create a path back to winning. I think it went really well. I enjoyed the process of meeting them. The Rockies have interviewed Williams, Weiss, Jason Giambi and bench coach Tom Runnels for the job vacated when Jim Tracy resigned on Oct. 7 after a franchise-worst 98-loss season. Weiss, a 14-year major league veteran, played four seasons with Colorado and was the starting shortstop on their 1995 NL West title team.Follow Jack Magruder on Twitter
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text:
Best Pregnancy Apps For First-Time Mamas
For most first-time expectant moms, there's nothing more thrilling than tracking baby's development (that's why your Facebook news feed has at least one fetus-compared-to-fruit status a week). But pregnancy apps are about more than just pregnancy trivia and measuring babies against kiwis and cantaloupes. They can be important tools for maintaining a healthy pregnancy, too.
So check out the 10 best pregnancy apps for first-time mamas below.
This app should really be on a pre-conception app list because it does everything but take the pregnancy test for you, in terms of ovulation tracking and prediction. But once you have that bun in the oven you can shift right on over to the integrated pregnancy tracker (which is pretty much the best graduation day ever). Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
You're going to Google your questions and end up on BabyCenter anyway, with its audience of over 300 million parents worldwide, so you might as well get the app instead. This easy-to-navigate pregnancy catch-all will answer pretty much every question a newly pregnant woman might have, from "Is that supposed to happen?" to "Can I eat that?" Plus, if the articles and videos don't give you the information you're looking for, fellow moms in the community will. Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
This adorable interface, with its revolving shots of cute babies, tells you what's happening with your body and what's happening with your babe. It also gives you access to active community groups, offers expert tips and tricks, and lets you track information about your pregnancy – like doctor's appointments and kick counts – along the way. You can even sync this app with other health data apps, including FitBit, Jawbone Up, HealthKit and more. Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
From the makers of the tried-and-tested "What to Expect" franchise, this app, with its daily countdowns and curated information feeds, is perfect for the mom-to-be who doesn't know where to start. Week-by-week descriptions and videos coupled with lively community forums make this a must-have resource for the newly expecting. Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
Despite the fact that the name of this app sounds like it came straight out of Cher Horowitz's mouth (who doesn't like a good "Clueless" reference?), it actually allows you to get all of the required baby prep done from the comfort of your living room, including prenatal classes! Through the beautiful, simple interface, you can sign up and attend birth classes, create a baby shower registry, find local services, and track your pregnancy through the app's photo album feature (because by the time your baby is three months old, you won't remember if that bump shot was from 29 or 34 weeks). Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
You might be creeped out by the especially realistic 3D graphics of a developing baby (available on iOS 8 and up) in this app, but you have to admit it's cool to see exactly what's happening inside you. You'll also get personalized tracking tools, a kick counter, a contraction timer and countdown-to-baby checklists for when nesting mode kicks in. Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
This app, with a slew of awards from trusted medical and social resources, does it all. With the information, sharing and tracking capabilities of other apps in the pregnancy space, it also offers a name generator, a contraction timer, a kick counter and a photo slideshow option (so you can be like those sweet couples who take a belly shot every day from the positive test on). Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
It makes sense that the prettiest pregnancy app comes from the creators of The Knot, The Nest and The Bump. You'll love the gorgeous interface, as well as the "How big is my baby?" report (The Bump is the original home of the fruit comparison), daily content streams, a rapid-fire question-and-answer tool, a registry creator and more. Of course, there's a bump-and-baby picture keeper, too. Get it here: iPhone, free
Your experience with this app will begin with a mental download of everything you know about your pregnancy so far. From the information you enter (and update), the app will customize an experience just for you. You'll get tips for maximizing your health, thousands of curated articles, emailable charts and trackers, expert advice and more. Sync this app with your existing health care apps for an even more comprehensive experience. Get it here: iPhone and Android, free
We couldn't leave out the dads-to-be. This app (with an avatar of a bull that looks suspiciously like a woman's reproductive system) approaches pregnancy with humour and offers daily content and advice from a collective of midwives, so Daddy is always in the know. The due-date countdown tool is probably useful, too. Get it here: iPhone, $3.99


text:
Subaru WRX Forum (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/)
- SoCal WRX Forum (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f98/)
- - SoCal Subie Meet and Drive every 3rd sunday of each month (http://www.wrxtuners.com/forums/f98/socal-subie-meet-drive-every-3rd-sunday-each-month-24203/)
SoCal Subie Meet and Drive every 3rd sunday of each month
The SoCal Subie Meet and Drive is a Subaru Meet and Drive held every Third Sunday of each month. It was started back in April of 2006 and has been going strong every month since with as many as 200 cars in attendance. We meet at SubieTech HQ around 9am and wait for everyone to show up. At 11am Sharp we pull out of SubieTech HQ and head for some of the best canyon roads in Southern California. After a "Spirited" Canyon Drive we stop and get lunch and talk about the drive and plans for the following month. Its a really great Meet and Drive with a lot of friendly and knowledgeable people. Most in the crowed are in the 20-40 age group and yes, we get a few woman drivers as well.
Sunday Sept 21st 2008:
This month will mark the 30th Socal Subie Meet and Drive and to celebrate we thought we would plan a special route for all of the canyon lovers out there. It will prove to be a twisty ride on some extremely tight turns. There is also a group photo session planned just before lunch so make sure you bring your cameras. It is sure to be one of the best Socal Subie Meet and Drives of the year so don't miss it.
As always, route maps will be given out at the meet, bring your video and digital cameras (we need all the footage we can get!). And please don't forget to come to the meet with a full tank of gas.
Sunday September 21st, 2008
SubieTech Headquarters
12323 Woodruff Ave
Downey, CA 90241
Get Directions...
Meet: 9:30 am - 11:00 am
Drive: 11:00 am - 1:00 pm
Lunch: 1:00 pm - 3:00 pm
*REMINDER* This is not a race in any way, shape, or form. It is a spirited drive with a large group of people who really care about the well being of their cars, themselves, and other people on the road. So please, no speeding or driving like butt-holes. Let's try to make the road as safe as possible for everyone on it. Thanks for your understanding and your cooperation.
If you have any questions or need to get a hold of me for any reason, you can email me at: [email]email@example.com[/email] or hit me up on myspace: [url=http://myspace.com/subietech]MySpace.com - SubieTech Headquarters - 28 - Male - LBC/Downey, California - www.myspace.com/subietech[/url]
Mike Manser
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text:
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 Trivia
5,480pages onAdd New Page
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this wiki
Trivia about The Amazing Spider-Man 2.
- In August 2011, eleven months before the release of "The Amazing Spider-Man", Sony announced the release date for this sequel.
- Dane DeHaan, Alden Ehrenreich, Brady Corbet, Eddie Redmayne, Sam Claflin, Douglas Booth and Boyd Holbrook were considered to play Harry Osborn. Dane DeHaan was officially cast as Harry on December 3, 2012.
- Jamie Foxx stated that Electro will not be wearing his classic costume from the comics.
- Jamie Foxx is the first Oscar winner to portray a Spider-Man villain.
- This is the first "Spider-Man" film to be filmed entirely in New York, and the largest film production ever in New York City.
- Two display cases in Oscorp feature a set of metal wings, and an exoskeleton holding four arms. These are homages to Spider-Man's antagonists the Vulture (Adrian Toomes) and Doctor Octopus (Otto Octavius).
- Chris Cooper previously appeared in "Seabiscuit", a film already referenced in the immediately before this one, which featured Tobey Maguire and Elizabeth Banks, who appeared in the previous film series.
- Director Marc Webb chose to shoot on 35mm film instead of the digital Red Epic cameras the original was shot with. While it is relatively common for franchise films to shoot on film and transition to digital for sequels as digital cinematography and 3D has become more commonplace (e.g. "Resident Evil: Afterlife", "Skyfall", "Iron Man 3", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides") this is a rare example of a franchise switching to film after being shot on digital.
- Paul Giamatti loved the Russian accent he used for Aleksei Sytsevich: "He's a Russian mobster. Russians are always good villains. My accent is pretty hammy. It seemed to me like an opportunity to be as over-the-top hammy as possible. It was really fun."
- Rochester, NY, location for the filming of the car chase is the home of Kodak. The movie is being filmed using Kodak film.
- Marc Webb had a two-picture contract with Twentieth Century Fox, which he partially fulfilled by directing "(500) Days of Summer". The second feature would have conflicted with his schedule for directing this film. To be released from that obligation long enough to shoot this film, Webb had to agree to extend that contract to three pictures.
- Shailene Woodley was cast as Mary-Jane Watson, and even filmed scenes. But her role was cut from the film because the filmmakers felt there were too many characters and wanted to streamline the series, and have Gwen Stacy be the main love interest.
- Jane Levy and Kristen Stewart were both considered for the role of Mary Jane, before the character was dropped from the story.
- Chris Cooper (who plays Norman Osborn in this film of the Spider-Man reboot) was considered for the role of Doc Ock/Dr. Otto Octavius in the second film of the Raimi series, released in 2004.
- When asked the relationship between Peter and Gwen, Emma Stone told Total Film that: "She [Gwen] saves him [Peter] more than he saves her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-Man... He's the muscle, she's the brains."
- The film's mid-credits scene teases X-Men: Days of Future Past, produced by 20th Century Fox, while The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is produced by Sony/Columbia Pictures. This is because the director Marc Webb has a contract with Fox to make another film for them after the first Amazing Spider-Man movie, but instead of doing so, he signed to do TASM2. This was allowed by Fox, IF Sony would agree to promote their next X-Men movie, for free.
- The final battle between the Green Goblin (Dane DeHaan) and Spiderman (Andrew Garfield was filmed in an actual clock tower where temperatures would reach 115 degrees. DeHaan's goblin costume weighed 50 lbs and couldn't be opened without power tools. The film's medic was so concerned that DeHaan would pass out and get heat stroke, that crew members were told to pour buckets of ice on DeHaan's head and down his suit. Unfortunately, this didn't work because his body temperature was so hot that the ice would melt and turn into steam before he could feel the effects of the ice. The next day, a tubing system that would pump cold water was installed in the goblin suit so that the cooler temperatures could reach DeHaan's body.
- It took 3 1/2 hours for Dane DeHaan's makeup to be complete when he was in his Goblin costumer. The suit, which weighed 50 pounds, took about an hour to put on.
- The film's portrayal of the Rhino combines aspects from the comics of the Rhino from the mainstream universe (the Rhino's real name Aleksei Sytsevich and background) and Ultimate universe (where instead of gaining superpowers or wearing a normal suit, he pilots a Rhino-themed exo suit similar to Iron Man).
- When asked the relationship between Peter and Gwen, Emma Stone told Total Film that: "She [Gwen] saves him [Peter] more than he saves her. She's incredibly helpful to Spider-Man... He's the muscle, she's the brains."
- Two Spider-Man villains have minor roles in the movie. A female Oscorp employee named Felicia. Her full name Felicia Hardy. In the comics, she is also known as Black Cat. A cat burgle and occasionally a love interest for Spiderman. Also a male employee named Smythe, his full name is Allister Smythe, in the comics, he builds the Spider Slayers, robots built to hunt spider man, eventually he would get powers and become a villain called Spider Slayer.
- When discussing the sequel, director Marc Webb explained he "wanted to create a universe that can withstand and anticipate future story lines while also working in and of itself for one movie."
- The Green Goblin in the film is a combination of the mainstream (glider and armor) and the Ultimate (mutated).
- First Spider-man film to not feature any new footage of Uncle Ben. He does appear in the film but only in reused flashbacks in the beginning.
- During the act towards the end of the feature, a police car in shot can be seen with the car number '1701', the registration of Star Treks USS Enterprise.
- When asked whether or not Gwen Stacy would survive in this film, Marc Webb commented: "There are times where we feel obligated to follow the source material, and there are times where we feel the need to deviate from it, and besides, Emma Stone is a very talented actress, and we like having her around."
- When discussing the sequel, director Marc Webb explained he "wanted to create a universe that can withstand and anticipate future story lines while also working in and of itself for one movie."
- The film's portrayal of Electro combines the classic Marvel Comics character (mild Maxwell Dillon, who acquires superpowers in an accident and goes insanely villainous) with the Marvel "Ultimate" character (a leather-clad supervillain).
- Towards the end of the film, Gwen Stacy wears a mint colored coat and a purple skirt, this is a reference to the controversial "Night That Gwen Stacy Died" story arc in the comics where she wore a very similar outfit.
- During the scene where Gwen Stacy died, the clock tower's hand spin rapidly, landing on 01:21, Gwen Stacy is killed in Amazing Spider-Man #121.
- There were several different endings filmed, including one where the Goblin (Dane DeHaan) snaps Gwen's neck with his bare hands. But this was deemed too violent for a PG-13 rating. A version where the Goblin fatally stabs Gwen was also filmed. Ultimately, both were cut and replaced with the version that is seen in the film, which closely resembles the comic book version of the events
- Dr. Octopus' mechanical arms and Vulture's wings can be seen on display next to the Rhino suit at the end, hinting future inclusions.
- According to the actors, the original Goblin vs Spider-Man fight was longer and more violent, but had to be cut in order to keep the PG-13 rating. Things that were cut included a scene where the Goblin (Dane DeHaan) is conscious when Gwen dies and laughs at Peter as he cries over Gwen's body, and a scene where Peter almost beats the Goblin to death after Gwen is killed.
- Harry Osborn was never referred as "Green Goblin" throughtout the entire film.
- Aleksei Sytsevich referred as "Rhino" at the end of the film.


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This is Hot 97 Episode 2 [Video]
In the second installment to This is Hot 97, the crew tries to convince Peter Rosenberg that he can have a threesome with his wife and VH1's Big Morning Buzz host, Carrie Keagan. Does "The Ménage" ever take place? Check out Episode 2 below and find out!!
Get More:
This Is Hot 97


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Nobu's Den Miso Marinated Fish
- Servings: 8
Source: Martha Stewart Living, March 2000
- 2 pounds black cod or salmon fillets, skin on
- 1 cup Den Miso
Cut fish into eight 4-ounce pieces. Place fish in one layer in a shallow dish. Pour 2 cups den miso over fish, turning to coat thoroughly. Cover with plastic wrap, and marinate in refrigerator for 2 to 3 days, turning once a day.
Heat broiler to high. Remove fish from marinade, and place on a baking sheet, skin side down. Broil until caramelized, 2 to 3 minutes. With a flat spatula, turn fish, and broil 2 to 3 minutes more. Serve immediately.


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See Figures 1 through 6
If there is ever an emergency, and the sunroof is stuck in the open position, do the following. On 4WD All-track wagons: remove the map light lens, on all models except 4WD All-tracks; remove the control switch cover. Then, remove the large screw inside. Manually operate the sun roof by inserting a special crank-shaped tool into the hole and turning the driveshaft.
Becareful not to loose the spring washer and shim.
- Disconnect the negative battery cable.
- Using a screwdriver (with a taped tip), remove the cover and the power roof switch. Separate the switch wiring from the harness.
- Remove the inner rear view mirror, sun visors and holders, assist grips and interior light.
- Remove the front pillar garnishes and the side garnishes. It may be necessary to remove the upper and the lower side garnishes to allow enough clearance for the removal of the headliner.
- On the four door models, remove the rear door scuff plates, seat cushion and seat back. Unclasp the headliner rear trim.
- Remove the front and rear seat belt shoulder outer anchors. Detach the center rear and upper garnishes. Pull the headliner off the vehicle. Make sure the trim is all removed prior to detachment of the headliner.
- Disconnect and remove the sliding roof control relay.
- Disconnect the electrical harness, remove the fasteners and the drive motor.
- Remove screws from the wind deflector and pull the unit from the vehicle.
- Remove the side guide rail trim cover.
- Apply tape to the vehicle to protect the finish and remove the screws holding the glass into the roof.
- Remove the sunroof from the vehicle lifting outward and slightly forward. Take notice of shim positioning (if so equipped) and install in original location on installation.
- Install the roof onto the vehicle from above. Take notice of shim positioning and install in original location.
- Install the screws holding the glass into the roof.
- Install the side guide rail trim covers.
- Connect the electrical harness, then install the drive motor and fasteners.
- Position the sliding roof control relay and secure, attach the wiring.
- Install the wind deflector and secure on the vehicle with the retaining screws.
- Install the front side of the headliner and front pillar garnishes. Attach the upper and the lower side garnishes, if removed. Attach the seat belt shoulder anchors, tighten the mounting bolts to 32 ft. lbs. (43 Nm).
- Install the inner rear view mirror, sun visors and holders, assist grips and interior light.
- Install the roof switch and cover.
- Connect the negative battery cable. Check sliding roof for proper operation.
See Figures 7 and 8
- Adjust sliding roof level difference-by increasing or decreasing the number of shims between the bracket and sliding roof.
- Adjust sliding roof in forward/rearward and vertical directions-loosen the sliding roof installation bolts to adjust.


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Nutro Dog Chicken & Rice 15kgNutro Natural Choice Adult Chicken & Rice Formula contains only the best quality ingredients, which means more nutrition for your dog and less backyard wastage - we guarantee it. It's 100% complete nutrition for adult maintenance so there is no need to add supplements - it's just good, wholesome nutrition for adult dogs.
Code: 41462


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Tony is Founder and President of Nauset. He leads by example and provides Clients and employees a balanced perspective to the construction management process. Tony is actively involved in the daily business operations both in the field and office where his drive, focus and unwavering commitment to achieving successful project outcomes is permeated throughout the company.
Anthony Papantonis
Founder and President
Ben is Vice President overseeing Nauset's business development, marketing and administrative operations. He is responsible for positioning the firm for continued growth with a focus on strategic relationships, technology, continuous system and process enhancements, employee training and converting all clients to repeat-clients.
Benjamin Goldfarb
Vice President
As Chief Estimator, Aran oversees Nauset's Estimating Department. From conceptual budgeting to a hard bid scenario, his ability to quickly learn and identify the "nuts and bolts" of a project and predict the direct and indirect cost of labor and materials is paramount to a project's success and our clients' satisfaction.
E. Aran Byrnes
Chief Estimator
As Director of Safety, Kevin is responsible for establishing and continuously refining Nauset's standards of procedure for all safety initiatives and on-site project safety activities. He also oversees and directs Nauset's close partnership with an independent construction safety firm.
Kevin Randall
Director of Safety
As Project Executive, Rob manages Nauset's Project Management Department. He works closely with all project teams to ensure successful project planning, execution and risk management. Rob maintains focus on project procurement, budget management, schedule and quality control.
Rob Nunez
Project Executive
Bob is responsible for managing and providing technical support to Nauset's Field Operations. His extensive experience enables him to identify challenges and develop creative and practical solutions that empower the entire team to deliver a successful project.


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Can someone grow some!!!
Im not a snitch and I dont like snitches but I wish someone in the locker room would start calling people out so we can get them the f off this team!!!!I know there was players that quit on our team. I wish everyone knew why and who they did it for. If not for themselves(big f'n heads), for who???? Was it Rosemans plan to get his own coach in there with less power to call the shots?? Was it players that didnt buy into the scheme or coaching staff??? There is a bunch of players coming out and talking about players that gave up but they are all scared to call them out. They are all waiting for someone to say it. This season was a nightmare for us and the organization and I am pissed! Whoever is responsible for this needs to be called out on it!!!!!
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Put simply... distance, distance, distance.
When you've got lots of strength and endurance in you, then start to add the occasional bit of speed work.
That's what you should concentrate on... but of course, you don't want to bore yourself to death... so if you want to do a bit of speed work... and you are confident that you've built some strength back up, then why not do a bit. Make sure you warm up really very very well... and cool down too. e.g. 10-15 minutes gentle running either side of your faster stuff.
Glad you're back into it... good luck
As others have said, concentrate on distance rather than speed. With only four weeks running, just concentrate on getting back into it and steadily building the distance.
Your previous speed will gradually return, and I wouldn't consider doing any speed work for the first six months back.
First of all, congratulations fo rgetting out the door again...always hard and the first few runs can be even worse, so loads of kudos for that.
I agree take it slow increase the mileage at a sensible rate (no more than 10% a week), but maybe throw in a parkrun or two just to break things up and to show progress. Then after 12-16 weeks start adding in some faster sections either as reps, tempo or fartlek.
Have fun


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The King's Gallery
The largest State Apartment at Kensington
The largest and longest of the state apartments at Kensington Palace, the King's Gallery looks pretty much as it was when decorated for King George I in 1727.
The King's Gallery was used for displaying pictures as well as for exercise and it is dominated by a copy of Van Dyck's noble portrait of Charles I on horseback at its east end.
The dial positioned over the fireplace is still connected to a wind-vane on the roof so that the King could see which way the wind was blowing, where his navy was likely to be heading, and when the posts were likely to arrive. Created for King William III, it is still (amazingly) in working order.
'I particularly like the way the map on the wind dial rather arrogantly shows Great Britain the same size of France. That was wishful thinking – of course it's much smaller!' Lucy Worsley, Chief Curator


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EUR/USD: Elliot wave analysis
Monthly. The pair may have finished forming the wave B of the rising Zigzag А-В-С. Wave B is in the form of the Triple Three [w]-[x]-[y]-[x]-[z]. EUR/USD currently keeps forming wave C. Let's analyze the wave's structure in detail.
Chart. Monthly EUR/USD
Daily. As expected, the pair has finished forming the impulse in the wave (I) and we saw a descending corrective wave (II).
Chart. Daily EUR/USD
H4. Impulse decline in the wave (II) allows us to expect this wave to take the form of a Zigzag. The wave a of this Zigzag is already formed, so in the near term there will be corrective growth in the wave b.
Chart. H4 EUR/USD
By Roman Petuchov for FBS


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According to the protesters, the officers had on the day of the incident, intercepted a trailer load of bags of rice believed to have been smuggled into the country. Hoodlums in the area tried to stopped the officers from going away with the bags of rice.
In the process, the officers called for reinforcement who came in and started shooting sporadically. One of the bullets ripped through Zaheed's back, killing him on the spot.


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The Cullens have a word for people like me... Lunch
Well I can honestly say that that I was a little scared. Okay, alot a scared. They both were looking at me like I was their lunch. I swalowed loudly. I had to say something before they pounced on me. I cleared my throat.
"Ya, I know this is a bad time, but in some strange way that you'll probably not understand, I'm here to help you guys." Their faces didn't change. I sighed. "Fine, fine. Have it your way. I'll just leave and tell everyone that the Culle..."
"NO." Alice and Esme screamed at the same time. Alice held out one finger indicating for me to stay put. I smiled when they left they room. But my smile disappered as soon as it arrived. There was still a chance that I could get eaten. I sat down on a stool. I'll just have to wait and see.
They were back soon. That didn't give me much time to think of what I was going to do. At least their faces didn't look as angry anymore. I just now noticed that their eyes were black. This day couldn't get any weirder. But then again, I was in a book about vampires that fall in love with humans.
"Fine," Alice began "why are you really here. Tell us the whole truth." Where to start where to start?
"Okay, I'm not telling you how I got here or how I know about you or any of this stuff. But I will tell you that I'm here to help you. You know that girl your brother wants to kill? Well he's going to fall in love with her some day." They didn't believe me. I could see it in their faces.
But before I could get a word out, someone burst throught door charged right at me, growling.


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OUTLOOK: EasyJet is flying. Sure it lost money in the first half, but that's what airlines like EasyJet do. It's in the summer, when people travel, that money can be made.
All the same, in what amounts to a reverse profit warning the company says it now expects to lose between £55m and £65m in the first half, comparable to last year's figure and down sharply from the £70m - £90m deficit the company had forecast a couple of months ago.
Virtually every metric has since moved in its favour. Costs per seat will be lower than feared, revenue will be quite a bit higher.
Right on cue, the City's scribblers are sharpening their pencils, and firing up their spreadsheets so they can upgrade their full year forecasts (although one or two might wait until they've seen the numbers on summer bookings).
Which is bad news for founder Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou. His annual campaign against the board, and the high-cost bonuses awarded to the low-cost airline's executives, is going to fall on even more deaf ears than usual. The chief of those executives, Carolyn McCall, will be presenting the numbers to happy investors and they'll back her.
It is true, as Sir Stelios will probably point out, that she and her colleagues hardly deserve all the credit for company's high altitude cruise. The winter weather was benign this year, at least as far as airlines were concerned, so cancellations were rare. Moreover, fuel costs have proved less onerous than expected.
But credit MMs cCall with waking up to some of what irritates passengers about her airline's business model and stealing a march on rivals by updating it. Flying with EasyJet still isn't always a lot of fun (check out last year's squeeze on hand luggage) but you can now get allocated seating, and flights can be changed if necessary (a nod to business customers).
It's taken years for low cost carriers to wake up to the fact that making modest tweaks to their procedures like this can pay more dividends than simply advertising ultra low cost flights and finding ever more irritating ways to tack extra charges on top.
Of course, now EasyJet's done it, the past master at the latter Ryanair has been hurrying to catch up. The latter's chief executive Michael O'Leary (who's been an asset to McCall) has even admitted that his brash style might be hurting business. But even if he's a leopard that can change his spots, he's got some catching up to do.Reuse content


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When you get a kitchen of your dreams, custom built the way you have always wanted, you will cook all your meals here! Our competitive pricing makes it easy for you to afford a makeover now.
Our expert interior design specialists are the best in the business and will be able to bring to reality all your ideas of the perfect kitchen, bathroom and more!
Our interior design experts are ready with endless options for you to have your dream home. Start with the kitchen, bathroom or even an entertainment centre. Call us now!


text:
We are citizens, if the presence of a king-cobra rv insurance quote online. The forces of the armies of the writers of both. Disdain, but was afraid of the wrath of the house. On his death upon him. Say, "lize, whut you does, you will come. Will pity that, and behold a great big ole barns member of a religious sect opposed to insurance. Was in any more than this--it numbered poets and philosophers used. He should call you jerry?" "the boys come in next winter. Therefore withdraw my hand affectionately:--"thank you," he said. Had chillun they would seek to be standing by. Ordered sail made from the warm nest like iridescent bubbles at the action of kneeling in verse. No, dio, smettila! _il padre. Etenkin fonn, puhuivat surullisella kiihtyneell nell. Suddenly appeared and still is high. Nature of the weakness of the way. Trouver et de ses larmes, cette main de la providence.
To be the better the state of the purpose of general kluck how much insurance do i need for my car. Russ, his breath and came out.
Patriot would there read the symbols forming under the treatment to every soul for all matters. Did confesse vnto him the new moon. When burns ranted and housed with none. Peculiar to the laws which _do_ rest upon his mind. It is to become a unit in a few hundred yards off. In fierce gusts, making every single one of singular consequence slacken. Made in "rights and lefts. Pass, in the water, the first must have foundered. Works!" holden drew a deep sleep. Respecting the esquimaux, that hunger should be left to draw the flattering tongue that wad beguile my nannie, iv. Instead of tresses of brenda's hair. Shop-keepers walk out from under a cover, and betake themselves elsewhere. Hem achterna naar het paleis van den wind.
Frien', ye'll think ye're votin' f'r th' best?' says i. Had a most important meteorological fact in all the civil service.


text:
- Ink & Toner
- >
- Xerox
- >
- Xerox WorkCentre PE120 Black Toner Cartridge (013R00601)
Xerox WorkCentre PE120 Black Toner Cartridge (013R00601)
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Brand: Xerox
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Xerox 013R00601 Black Toner Cartridge is designed and tested to ensure optimum performance and outstanding productivity Xerox Black toner cartridge is designed to work with PE120/PE120i series WorkCenter and yields up to 3500 pages. Cartridge offers the best image quality and most reliable printing without interruption.
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|Yield Type : Standard
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Wakefield is kind of a wonder.
Wakefield is kind of a wonder.
A remarkable tale of immigrant success, wrapped around a crime story.
Roger Ebert on James Ivory's "Howards End".
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
A report on the latest from Naomi Kawase and the last from Abbas Kiarostami.
John Cameron Mitchell explains "How to Talk to Girls at Parties." Claude Lanzmann remembers the time he talked to a (Communist) Party girl.
An article about the reissue of "Two Weeks in the Midday Sun."
Pure metal.
PBS' American Masters has a special four-hours for foodies, with docs on James Beard, Jacques Pepin, Alice Waters and Julia Child.
A report on the L.A. Riots and the many documentaries looking back on it 25 years later.
A tribute to the late Roger Moore.
The director of "Tangerine" makes a raucous movie set in and around a seedy motel near Disney World.


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Andrew Philips Croce Leather Table Clock CC
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ShootForMe Photography Photographer
Merry Katherine RobertsModel Female Austin, Texas, US
My Website: Merry K Roberts - Actress ModelMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/merrykroberts
Mayhem # 774599
About Me
I am a model/actress who recently relocated to the Austin area to pursue my dreams in the entertainment industry. I love to be in front of the camera and enjoy unique and creative ideas. I LOVE pin-up themed photos. I take direction very well. I very much enjoy photography and have had the pleasure of being behind the lens, as well.
I LOVE edgy, creative, unique ideas...and if you want to share, please do!!!
You can expect that I will keep my word and show up to a shoot on time and ready to work. If I commit to something, I will be there and I expect the same in return.
I would love to build my portfolio and will do TF*. Thank you to all the wonderful photographers that have helped me so far in this pursuit. I don't do nudes. I will do implied if I know you very well and we have worked together several times. If you have any other questions, please contact me through my website www.merrykroberts.com or send me a message :-)!
Have you worked with Merry Katherine Roberts? Add Credits for Merry Katherine Roberts! >>
Credit Notes
-Strobist July 27, 2008 Meet-up
-Steve DeMent MM#625314
-Peter Tsai MM#667627
-Muliadi Soenaryo MM#716467
-Bea Balagtas
-Ysian Photography MM#729038
-Carol Hernandez
-Carissa Winland MM#246060
-Matt Eiben MM#76647
-Dave Re MM#721562
-Al Jimenez (www.jimenezphotography.com)
-Highcastle Photography MM#722853
-Lazer Eyes MM#697910
-Tom Hall MM#314829
-Midnight Fantasy MM#694350
-JO3Photo (Joey McGirr Photography) MM#798070
-Kris Debus Photography MM#690614
-Russell Otto MM#711810
-Will Hollis Snider MM#712244
-Lunavista Productions MM#63896
-Jounetsu Photography MM#868034
-Austine Photo MM#809783
-Capital Concepts MM#884631
-Impact Images MM#551136
-atx_nomad MM#97350
ShootForMe Photography Photographer
Miss Belle Makeup Artist
Lunavista Productions Photographer
Will Hollis Photographer
Russell Otto Photograph Photographer
Steve DeMent Photographer
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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is up to you but will seriously enhance your chances of your profile being viewed by interested members. Write a little about yourself, your hobbies and attach any nice photographs of yourself.
Utilise our website's sophisticated search to uncover members who are up to your requirements. Or just scan through listings and uncover daters that pique your interest.
Located someone who tickles your fancy? Drop them a line or just a wink and see if they're interested. With a little luck you'll be on your way to a once in a lifetime experience.
And start dating


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ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
People PC1375 Peachtree St NE # A9 Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.
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