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Training Plans & Workout Videos
Welcome to Part 3 of the Spectator's Guide to the 2008 BodySpace/Gaspari Transformation Contest! (If you missed the introduction, go catch up, then come back for the latest action!)
Last week, we learned about each contestant's personal goals for this contest. This week, review their training plans and watch them train. And, by all means, please feel free to critique their lifting form, offer suggestions for improvement, and cheer them on!
To Jump Straight To The Contest Blog, Click Here.
Contestants' Training Plans
Here's Maddi's training plan (originally detailed here) -
"Weight training will stay the same, 5 days per week. I will be lifting heavier, with more intensity, and attempting to cut sets from approx 23 per workout, down to approx 16. Cardio will remain 6 days per week. I will be upping for the first month from 30 minutes per day, to 1 hour per day. I plan on doing HIIT on the treadmill for one of my two daily cardios. Month two I will increase cardio again."
Here's Josh's training plan (originally detailed here) -
"[For] my workout plan for the 13 week duration, I will be following Scivation/s High Reps To Hugeness workout plan, which is a high-rep plan geared towards gaining and defining your physique even while dieting.
Some key high-lights of the program are explained below:
Cardio is performed each day following weight training. For at least the first 8 weeks of the contest I will be strictly following the prescribed cardio plan of lower intensity extended duration. I will be aiming for right at 130 beats per minute, using mainly incline treadmill or very light jogging to achieve this. I may add in extra frequency at any time, but not necessarily more intensity. I'm going to truly put the notion of Low Intensity Cardio for High Intensity Fat Loss to the test. If I reach any sticking points then, and only then, will you see the usage of High Intensity Interval Training.
Each workout uses 2 sets of 15 repetitions. If I cannot complete all 15 reps, I will use a rest-pause fashion and take 4-5 reps and grind out the rest. Once I can finish both sets using a weight, the weight will increase.
Both abs and calves are hit at each and every lifting session. Since the calves get 'work' everyday just by being mobile beings, I feel that they require extra stimulation to just really force growth and definition upon them. Up until now I've been doing 3 sets of 15. Get ready though, because for the 13 weeks of the contest I will be hitting calves 5x per week at 3 sets of 25. Referenced below in the 'workout listing' are some of the exercises I'll use to really bring my calves to a new level. In regards to abs, despite the fact that my abs are not visible I will not ignore them. I treat them as any other muscle group. However, since they are also used for everyday lift I will train them frequently to strength them. This is more for the purpose of increasing core strength and stability than 'getting rock hard abs', but more on the exercises which will be used for abs in the 'workout listing' below.
A few of the exercises listed in the link provided above tend to aggravate my old AC joint injury, so they will be substituted out, but rest assured that all of the big compound movements remain in place."
[Click here for Josh's detailed workout listing.]
Here's Jason's training plan (originally detailed here) -
"My workout plan will initially consist of a Middle Weight medium 10-12 rep routine, later rolling into a pyramid system to really push the bars. The last 4 weeks I will be adding an interesting mix to take it to the next level of fat loss. Each weight routine will be followed by at least 30 minutes of low intensity cardio, however this might change as time progresses depending on results."
- Bench Press - 15,12,8,8 (last two sets are forced reps)
- Incline DB Press - 12,8,8
- Pec Dec Fly - 12,12
- Bent Over Rows - 12,10,8,8
- Seated Cable Row - 8,8 (dropsets)
- Back Extensions - 20,20
- Pullups - 3 sets to failure (wont take much LOL)
- Hanging Leg Raises - 15,15
- Crunches - 20,20
- Decline Russian Twists - 15,15
Here's Stephanie's training plan (originally detailed here, here, and here) -
Chest, Back, Abs:
| What Is A Drop Set?
A drop set is a set where you do as many reps as you can with a certain weight, then immediately lower the weight and do more reps. There should be as little rest as possible between sets.
- Squats - 15,12,10,8
- Lunges - 12,10,10
- Leg Extensions - 15,12,10 (last two sets are drop sets)
- Deadlifts - 12,10,10
- Leg Curls - 12,10 (partial reps)
- Calf Raises - 15,15,15
- Weighted Decline Crunch - 10,10
- Straight Leg Crunch - 15,15
- Hanging Oblique Knee Raises - 12,12
- Cardio Hills On The Treadmill -or-
- Cardio Multi-Machines (45 minutes):
0-5 EFX level 2 RPE 3
5-15 EFX level 6 RPE 5
15-30 bike RPM 80 RPE 5
30-40 treadmill 3% incline RPE 5
40-45 treadmill flat RPE 3
Legs, Calves, Abs:
Jumbo Rider:
Here's Dave's training plan (originally detailed here) -
Click Here To Read Their On-Going Training Stories.
Critique Their Workouts
See something they're doing wrong (or right)? Let them know! Leave them some comments by clicking on them here:
|Workout Video #1: Maddi (Maddi).
|Workout Video #2: Maddi (Maddi).
|Workout Video #1: Stonecoldtruth (Josh).
|Workout Video #2: Stonecoldtruth (Josh).
|Workout Video #1: Fusioncom (Jason).
|Workout Video #2: Fusioncom (Jason).
|Workout Video #1: Daretosoar (Stephanie).
|Workout Video #2: Daretosoar (Stephanie).
Jumbo Rider:
|Workout Video #1: Jumbo Rider (Dave).
|Workout Video #2: Jumbo Rider (Dave).
Follow Along
As you may or may not know, blogs are set up in reverse chronological order by date, so reading blogs actually tends to go backward in time, which can be a fun experience or maddening (depending on your viewpoint!) Either way, it's fun to jump back in time a few weeks and see where the contestants were at. Here are a few more helpful links to the archives:
- January 2008 (Posts To Date)
- December 2007
- November 2007 (Pre-Contest Preliminaries)
This contest is already underway, but please stay tuned as the contestants' progress and drama continues to unfold. If you haven't already, subscribe to this contest's RSS feed for continual updates throughout the next 10 weeks!
If you have some fat to shed this year, please consider following along with the contestants in this year's BodySpace Transformation Contest - do what they do, and you'll see the results they do! It's not too late to start!
| Did you know?
We have an RSS feed available for this contest!
What's this?
More RSS feeds
Now that you've met the contestants, their goals, their quirks and trash-talking (LOL), tune into the group blog to follow along! See you there!


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Copyright © 2004-2017 Shutterfly, Inc | Tiny Prints | Terms of Use. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Ribbon is a new office, retail and entertainment complex set to transform Sydney's skyline and form an extraordinary new gateway to the western side of the city's Central Business DistrictThe Ribbon, Darling HarbourRead more
More than a redevelopment, our design for the former home of the Hastings Observer newspaper in Hastings, UK is a resurrection. The 1920s building will be brought back to life with a mix of stylish loft apartments, bustling restaurants and artists' studios and will will attract talent, ambition and investment to Hastings.Hastings Observer Loft DevelopmentRead more
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The Proof Flat signals a new approach to retailing. Infusing the highest standards of hospitality and place making to create a fictional world of privilege and luxury, it creates a highly personalised environment that is far removed from the usual retail experience.The Proof FlatRead more
For 40 years, Rundle Mall in Adelaide, South Australia, has been a place for people to shop, dine and gather with friends. The Adelaide City Council commissioned HASSELL and ARUP to revitalise this much-loved civic space, creating an exciting destination and prosperous city precinct.Rundle Mall RedevelopmentRead more
"HASSELL helped us create a highly contemporary space that features innovative furniture and multi-use design components to provide a blank canvas that can evolve and adapt according to the needs of an event..." Stuart McCullough, The Woolmark Company Managing DirectorThe Wool Resource CentreRead more
Attracting leading international luxury brands to the centre was crucial for the project's success and so the design needed to be of the highest international retail standards. The centre was fully occupied with more than 300 international luxury brands even before it had opened for trade.Sanya Haitang Bay International Shopping CentreRead more
The truck, which appeared to be a normal truck by day, adapted to each of its evening locations by revealing its true form – a series of boxes that spilled out from the truck and then pack away like a babushka doll insideChasing KitsuneRead more
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Peter Barnes "Is there a risk that the United States could lose its AAA credit rating? Yes or no?"
Geithner's response: "No risk of that."
"No risk?" Barnes asked.
"No risk," Geithner said.
Sorry Tim, Sorry USA, Sorry global economy, Sorry Mr. and Mrs. Joe Six-pack, the AAA is gone!
"We have lowered our long-term sovereign credit rating on the United States of America to 'AA+' from 'AAA' and affirmed the 'A-1+' short-term rating.
"We have also removed both the short- and long-term ratings from CreditWatch negative.
"The downgrade reflects our opinion that the fiscal consolidation plan that Congress and the administration recently agreed to falls short of what, in our view, would be necessary to stabilize the government's medium-term debt dynamics.
"More broadly, the downgrade reflects our view that the effectiveness, stability, and predictability of American policymaking and political institutions have weakened at a time of ongoing fiscal and economic challenges to a degree more than we envisioned when we assigned a negative outlook to the rating on April 18, 2011.
"Since then, we have changed our view of the difficulties in bridging the gulf between the political parties over fiscal policy, which makes us pessimistic about the capacity of Congress and the Administration to be able to leverage their agreement this week into a broader fiscal consolidation plan that stabilizes the government's debt dynamics any time soon.
"The outlook on the long-term rating is negative. We could lower the long-term rating to 'AA' within the next two years if we see that less reduction in spending than agreed to, higher interest rates, or new fiscal pressures during the period result in a higher general government debt trajectory than we currently assume in our base case."
"Compared with previous projections, our revised base case scenario now assumes that the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts, due to expire by the end of 2012, remain in place. We have changed our assumption on this because the majority of Republicans in Congress continue to resist any measure that would raise revenues, a position we believe Congress reinforced by passing the act. Key macroeconomic assumptions in the base case scenario include trend real GDP growth of 3 percent and consumer price inflation near 2 percent annually over the decade."
If you enjoy TPC please tweet and +1 below and don't forget to subscribe!
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Chicken Roles
Pig Roles
Burn Down Charts
Sprint Back Log
Product Back Log
Scrum is based on small teams. It enhances communication between team members. Nevertheless, there is a huge amount of software that is developed by solo programmers. A software system being built by a single programmer can still benefit from some of the Scrum principles such as: a product backlog, a sprint backlog, a sprint and a sprint retrospective. Solo Scrum is an adapted version of Scrum for use by solo programmers.
Each day during the sprint, a project status meeting is arranged. This is called a scrum. The scrum has specific guidelines: The meeting starts precisely on time with team-decided punishments for tardiness (e.g. money, push-ups, hanging a rubber chicken around your neck) All are welcome, but only "pigs" may speak The meeting is timeboxed at 15 minutes regardless of the team's size All attendees should stand The meeting should happen at the same location and same time every day During the meeting, each team member answers three questions[3]: What have you done since yesterday? What are you planning to do by tomorrow? Do you have any problems preventing you from accomplishing your goal? (It is the role of the ScrumMaster to remember these impediments.) After each sprint a brief sprint retrospective is held, at which all team members reflect about the past sprint. The purpose of the retrospective is to make continuous process improvement. This meeting is timeboxed at four hours. Scrum enables the creation of self-organizing teams by encouraging co-location of all team members, and verbal communication across all team members and disciplines that are involved in the project. A key principle of Scrum is its recognition that during a project the customers can change their minds about what they want and need (often called requirements churn), and that fundamentally empirical challenges cannot be addressed successfully in a traditional predictive or planned manner. As such, Scrum adopts an empirical approach – accepting that the problem cannot be fully understood or defined, focusing instead on maximizing the team's ability to deliver quickly and respond to emerging requirements.
Scrum is a process skeleton that includes a set of practices and predefined roles. The main roles in scrum are the ScrumMaster who maintains the processes and works similar to a project manager, the Product Owner who represents the stakeholders and the Team which includes the developers. During each sprint, a 15-30 day period (length decided by the team), the team creates an increment of shippable software. The set of features that go into each sprint come from the product backlog, which is a prioritized set of high level requirements of work to be done. What backlog items go into the sprint is determined during the sprint planning meeting. During this meeting the Product Owner informs the items in the product backlog that he wants completed. The team then determines how much of this they can commit to complete during the next sprint.[3] During the sprint, the team completes the fixed set of items called backlog items. During the sprint no one is able to change the backlog, which means that the requirements are frozen for sprint.
The following terminology is used in Scrum Burn Down Chart: Daily progress for a sprint over the sprint's length. Product Backlog: A prioritized list of high level requirements. Product Owner: The person responsible for maintaining the Product Backlog by representing the interests of the stakeholders. ScrumMaster: The person responsible for the Scrum process, making sure it is used correctly and maximizes it benefits. Sprint: A time period (usually 2 to 4 weeks) in which development occurs on a set of backlog items that the Team has committed to. Sprint Backlog: A list of tasks to be completed during the sprint. Team: A cross-functional group of people responsible for managing itself to develop the product.
Following are some general practices of Scrum: Customers become a part of the development team. (i.e. the customer must be genuinely interested in the output.) Like all other forms of agile software processes, Scrum has frequent intermediate deliveries with working functionality. This enables the customer to get working software earlier and enables the project to change its requirements according to changing needs. Frequent risk and mitigation plans developed by the development team itself. – Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management (risk analysis) at every stage and with genuinity. Transparency in planning and module development – Let everyone know who is accountable for what and by when. Frequent stakeholder meetings to monitor progress – Balanced (Delivery, Customer, Employee, Process) Dashboard updates – Stakeholders' update – You have to have Advance Warning Mechanism, i.e. visibility to potential slippage / deviation ahead of time. No problems are swept under the carpet. No one is penalized for recognizing or describing any unforeseen problem. Workplaces and working hours must be energized. – "Working more hours" does not necessarily mean "producing more output."


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Item description for POLYRHYTHMICITY: FOUNDATIONS OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY (paperback) by Kissi Dompere Kofi...The modern works on African philosophy have not been integrated and fully connected to Africa's antiquity in order to provide a foundational unity for further intellectual refinement. The philosophical dimensions of humanism, Nkrumah's concept of categorial conversion, African concepts of duality, polarity, unity, continual creation and democratic ideals must be shown their African-centered origins. In considering African philosophy, there arise conceptual and logical gaps that require the development of fundamental cognitive unity from the available data with judicious interpretation and restructuring in order to define the parameters of African philosophical unity that will allow these gaps to be closed for intellectual continuity. This monograph is devoted to the establishment of the foundations for the development of Africa's intellectual continuity and cognitive unity from antiquity to the present. Its main premise is that there is African philosophy with its own method of reasoning, analysis and synthesis. The monograph initiates self-contained philosophical foundations for African intellectual unity that is required to support African cultural unity, African personality, African essence and humanism needed for the creation of Greater Africa that is implied by African Union. These philosophical foundations, it is argued, formed the thinking system for Africa's social construct, law, economics, politics and governance of empires, kingdoms and social units that have come to pass. These philosophical foundations constitute the thinking system that must guide current and future Africa's socioeconomic dynamics. The monograph discusses also Africa's contributions to the global intellectual heritage by showing the relationships among foundations of African philosophical tradition and other philosophical systems that lead to rediviva Africana. It presents the principles of cognitive unity and continuity on the held position that without clearly developed Africa's philosophical foundations from its antiquity providing intellectual unity and cognitive continuity complete emancipation of Africa will be a mere mimicking of intellectual faults of other nations and philosophical systems. The research by African scholars and others on specific philosophical thoughts from different areas of Africa is useful materials that must be integrated into cognitive unity by accepting those that fit and rejecting those that do not fit by a defined logical process. Mindful of this, a case is thus made in this monograph for African cognitive unity and supporting reasoning methods. The system of ideas and perceptive interpretations of relevant data is, here, referred to as Africentricity, and its philosophical foundations that project thought as polyrhythmicity while the study of logic of reasoning about methodological and epistemic problems of polyrhythmicity and Africentricity is referred to as polyrhythmics. On practical level these philosophical foundations are shown to support the conceptual basis of Nguzo Saba (the Seven Principles of Kwanzaa). The monograph would be of interest to philosophers in general, professionals, researchers and students engaged in African philosophy, African studies, Black studies, socio-political philosophy and those interested in knowing the thinking system on the basis of which African essence arises and African social formations were constructed and governed from antiquity. _______________________ Kofi Kissi Dompere is a professor of economics at Howard University, USA. He has authored a number of scientific and scholarly works in economics, philosophy and decision theory.
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Snowboarding Forum - Snowboard Enthusiast Forums (http://www.snowboardingforum.com/forum.php)
- Bindings (http://www.snowboardingforum.com/bindings/)
- - binding screws (http://www.snowboardingforum.com/bindings/119881-binding-screws.html)
binding screws
My snowboard is old and the metal anchors for the screws don't line up with my new bindings, so i used 4 #10 wood screws on each binding, I then put jb weld inside the holes. I am just wondering if this is strong enough to not rip out when I snowboard. Thanks
O and its a k2 board and k2 bindings
Wait... you did what????? Did you JB weld the screw inside the inserts? I have to assume this is a troll post.
You've got to be kidding me, lol. I use JB weld for a lot of stuff, but that is just not going to work unless you like the idea of breaking your neck or something else.
You need to use rivets! Wood screws won't work!
K I drilled new holes for the screws because the old anchors don't line up. I drilled new holes for the binding disks and than jb welded the wood screws inside the new holes.
Here is a pic of the old bindings on the right new on the left and old anchors on the top between the new bindings and the old ones http://imgur.com/3elHDab
Screw heads don't look wide enough. I'd be concerned with them not holding up and failing on you.
good news is your board is old anyway so when they rip out halfway down your first run you can go buy a new one. hopefully you may be able to salvage your bolts but I wouldnt count on it if you screwed them on before the jb weld set.
97 Attachment(s)
Eh, the old voile splitboard pucks were screwed on and worked alright. IMO, until you take a really bad spill, they will work for what your doing.
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A Review of American History to Understand America's Current Cultural Status and The Implications for Evangelization (Part 1). Original Edition Prepared For: NAMB's 2006 Leadership Summit Current Revision Prepared For: SBC State Convention Directors of Mission
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
A Review of American History to Understand Americas Current Cultural Status and The Implications for Evangelization(Part 1)
Original Edition Prepared For:
NAMBs 2006 Leadership Summit
Current Revision Prepared For:
SBC State Convention Directors of Mission
& Missouri, Oklahoma & South Carolina Staff Meetings in 2007
Prepared by: Dr. James B. Slack, Missiologist of IMB, SBC
This PowerPoint presentation is supported by at least two other Word source documents. The major one of the two is Frontiers of Lostness in the US.
The Aim and Context of this Ethnic Immigration History Presentation
The aim of this presentation is to explore and present a history of immigration into the USA from 1775 to the present with a view to exposing major implications concerning church planting then and now.
Section 1: Biblical Backgroundfor Evangelizers
All that is presented in this biblical background section goes at least back to Abraham when God moved to make Abraham the father of ethnic peoples, ethnic evangelization and ethnic blessings that extended even to the families (phulagi in Greek).
Genesis 12:1 Now the Lord said to Abram, Go out from your country and from your family and from your father's house, into the land to which I will be your guide: 2 And I will make of you a great nation [ethnosan ethnic people group), blessing you and making your name great; and you will be a blessing. 3 I will bless those who bless you, And I will curse him who curses you; And in you all the families (tribes, clans, peoples) of the earth shall be blessed."
To bring Himself as Saviour into this world in an incarnate state, God chose Abraham as the basis for developing a distinct ethnic people groupIsrael (the people of God). Israel would be the channel through which the lineage and heritage of Jesus would flow and come into this world in the flesh.
God promised Abraham and us through Abraham that He would make of Abraham a great nation (ethnic people group) through whom (Israel-the people of God) He would engage and blessn not only every ethnic group but also every tribe (phulagitranslated as tribe and family that follows within the lineage of a clan, a tribe, an ethnic group).
Throughout Gods developing of His ethnic people group Israel, God continually pleaded that Israel put Him first, clean up their life--personal and national-- and ultimately take His hope of salvation to the panta ta ethne (each and every ethnic group). All of this history from Abraham in Genesis is summarized in Christs Great Commission (Matthew 28:19 & 20).
For Israel from its beginning in Abraham unto spiritual Israel now (each Christian and each Church), the panta ta ethne was and is the focus of making disciples. The panta ta ethne obligation can be seen in the Old Testament in the stranger in thy home, the stranger (ethnic) in thy midst.
On occasion in the O.T., as with Jonah, God called individual witnesses to take His message to other ethnic groups. In Jonahs eyes, Nineveh was a major enemy of Israel, deserving to be damned forever. In Gods eyes the people of Nineveh were a lost ethne to be evangelized. And, God worked to make him go.
The story of Jonah is one of a number of stories as to how God reminded Israel that their mission in life was to be the channel of the Messiah to lost ethnes. Israel was to be the messenger to the lost (enemy or not) concerning Gods promise of salvation.
In this case, with significant coaxing, Jonah came through, Nineveh was delivered, and Israel continued in its move toward its destiny. Even then, Jonahs ethnocentricity would not allow him to enjoy the conversion of an entire city. All Christians face this same issue of the ethnic people groups, friends or foes among us, who need to be evangelized.
However, in multiple other situations like the one Jonah faced, Israel did not respond to Gods coaxing to clean up their lives and be His messenger to the panta ta ethne. As a result, God punished Israel by allowing Israels enemies to occupy Israel, the Holy Land, allowed them to take His people into captivity. Only by means of a remnant that God saved and brought out of those in captivity did Israel survive. Throughout the Testament history it continued to be difficult for Israel to remember and respond to Gods mission to the panta ta ethne through themHis chosen people.
In the last two years, Acts 1:8 has been a major theme of the SBC and the focus of many SBC events. Southern Baptists could have no more biblical nor historically appropriate theme at this time in its history.
However, many fail to interpret Acts 1:8 in the context of the panta ta ethne in Matthew 28:19 & 20 which is telling the new Christian believers that they are to be conscious of, identify, engage and evangelize every ethnic group (panta ta ethne) in ones Jerusalem; every ethnic group in ones Judea; every ethnic group in ones Samaria; and every ethnic group in ones uttermost. This connection is much easier to grasp when one reads Matthew 28:19 & 20 followed immediately by Acts 1 and the illustration of the panta ta ethne in their Jerusalem in Acts 2.
My thanks goes out to my fellow presenters during this NAMB leaders summit for parts of their presentations that have laid the foundation for this topic. (Remember or notice that the first edition of this presentation was first developed and presented during a leadership summit of NAMB when multiple presenters preceded this presentation.)
I am grateful that Dr. Towns of Liberty University reviewed the foundation of ta ethne as Gods mandate from Christ and the Scripture for all believers of all times.
From the time of Gods call and promise to Abraham and beyond to Jesus giving His Great Commissions ta ethne focus, an ethnolinguistic people group focus has existed for all believers. Acts 1:8 and all of Acts 1 & 2 underlines the Great Commissions ethnic mandate.
I am grateful to Dr. Roy Fish for talking about historic awakening type growth in the 1950s and about the importance of Worldview awareness in ministering to any ethnic of any time.
I am also grateful to Dr. Lawless for talking about Exegeting the City and giving attention to the variety of ethnic, Great Commission, people groups during his Acts 1:8 presentations.
I am also committed to Dr. Fishs worldview emphasis because dealing with worldview is one of basic reasons for a biblical ta ethne focus and mandate.
Acts 1:8 has less to do with the actual or symbolic geographical implications related to Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria and the uttermost than to its link with the Great Commissions panta ta ethne focus. Thus, a panta ta ethne focus starts in Jerusalem and remains a priority in each of those geographic settings. Luke 24, Matthew 28 and Acts 2 present Jesus as placing the seeing and engaging of the panta ta ethne (ethnic engagement) in ones heart language foremost in the life of every believer.
At the same time, a people group focus does not rule out engaging society according to other groupings such as students, the classes, etc., as long as the primary commitment is that of engaging every ethnic group in ones midst.
Even though other groupings of people are allowed, if a panta ta ethne priority has not been given by Christs followers to the various ethnics in any given geographic settingones Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria or uttermostthen the Christians in those geographic settings should set about to aggressively identify the ethnics who live there. They should establish a priority evangelism focus among each ethnic group to be true to Christs Great Commission.
The issue of worldview rests upon the following:
Are we sleeping like Israel slept in times when God asked Israel to move beyond an almost single focus on their own kind of God-chosen people, in order to engage and evangelize the ta ethne among them? Or, are we taking note of every ethnic group who moves among us, and are we taking steps to evangelize them?
Israel in her life as a chosen people from the time of Israels entry into the Promised Land to the coming of Christ was often warned by prophets sent by God concerning their mission on earth as a people. Time and time again the prophets warned Israel that if she did not repent and come back from her backslidden life, then He would judge them by sending them into captivity. Most often they did not repent, and time and time again God sent them into physical and national captivity. He could do the same to people and nations today if they ignore the ta ethne.
A Historical Look at the Status, Engagement and Implications of Immigrants (the Ta Ethne) in the United States from 1775 to 2006
A Version Designed for the NAMB Leadership Summit and Significantly Updated for SBC State ConventionStaffs & for Directors of Mission & Others
The first of the three periods occurred between 1775 and 1924. We will extend the 1924 immigration date to the 1940s in order to present a combined secular and religious picture of that formative period.
The second period of change occurred between 1945 and 1965 which can be called the Golden Age of Christianity in the USA.
The third period of change occurred between 1965 and 2006 A.D. This section summarizes trends observed to give evidence of drastic changes and deviations from the past. Many Christians are unaware of the changes and the implications of all the changes since 1965.
Section 2: A Look At Immigration in the USA from 1775 to 1940s
Every concept and all the data included is well documented. Almost every entry is backed by more than one source. Will Herberg, a major historian of immigration prior to and during the 1950s & 1960s is a major source. Herberg worked through and cited over 339 major sources in his classic work. This author has followed up on every one of those sources.
Oscar Handlin was quoted often by Herberg. Handlin also was a major, Pulitzer Prize winning, researcher of immigration and the formation of the United States of America. Handlin cited hundreds of other social, religious and statistical researchers of his era. This author, like Handlin did with Herbergs writing, followed up on most of Handlins sources. Both authors works are seen as classics and are highly quoted and respected even today. Handlins Pulitzer Price was for his The Uprooted. Multiple other religious sources beyond these two authors were consulted in developing the religious comments and interpretations in this presentation.
The compiler of this document on immigration to the USA searched current sources for any who disputed Herbergs and Handlins findings. Herberg and Handlin published in the 1950s & 1960s.
That body of research when joined with research from the mid-1960s and after provides great clarity and vital understanding of our religious & social situation today.
Those responsible for engaging and evangelizing the lost in this generation should pay attention to the lessons from the past.
An old proverb says: those who do not consider and pay attention to history are doomed to repeat it.
Again, a look at Israel in the Old Testament era tells us that when Israel ignored God and Gods work in history, God instigated their downfall. (See Ezekiel 1-4)
Oscar Handlin said in the 1950s: Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the immigrants were American historyThe Uprooted, The Epic Story of the Great Migrations that Made the American People. (p. 3. Little Brown, 1957) (Handlins Pulitzer Prize work.)
This is the most significant and critical reality for America and American Christians to understand, then and now. We will explore the then first, followed by a look at the now in parts 2 and 3 of this document.
America is a nation of immigrants.
America was founded, grew and flourished in terms of immigrant ethnic peoples, immigrant religious adherents and the churches they planted in the emerging nation. We will explore those categories.
Herberg described America following 1607 saying: The colonists who came to these shores from the time of the founding of Jamestown in 1607 to the outbreak of the Revolution were mostly of English and Scottish stock, augmented by a considerable number of settlers of Dutch, Swedish, German, and Irish origin. Handlin and Herberg said often: Almost all came from Christian background roots.
In the early 1960s Herberg, Handlin and Hansen said separately in their publications: In three huge waves, stretching over something more than a hundred years, over 35,000,000 men and women left Europe to come to continental United States. This 35 million extended the 3 million base of 1775.
In 2003, a book about the new Americans said: At the time colonial America declared its independence from British rule in 1776:
Over the next 200 years, more than 70 million people from around the world would immigrate to the United States. (The Newest Americans, p. 8)
In this introduction, it should be clear that as American history passed, immigration continued to be the most defining trait of the United States.
That lured them to America and its vast Frontier that caused them to assimilate and meld to a degree.
From 1830 to 1930, Irish, Bohemians, Slovaks, Hungarians, and many other peoples followed each other in the service of the pick and shovel, each earlier group, displaced by newcomers, moving upward in the occupational and social scaleif successive waves of immigration served as the push in this pattern of occupational advancement, education and acculturation to American ways provided the immigrants with the opportunity of making the most of it, (Herberg)
It is very important to notice in this history that:
Thus, the Americanization process did produce in the somewhat melded population a fairly common English language among the ethnics.
In order to move up the ladder socially and economically, each wave of immigrant ethnics had to push their ethnic language into the home and family, while publically adopting English as the language of the workplace and society. Many ethnic languages did persist in the family for 100 years. Traces of them exist today. For instance, it was the late 1970s before Swedish Baptists in the US renamed themselves Baptist General Conference.
Americanization of the various European ethnics:
Most of the regional dialectical and worldview differences in the US can be traced to ethnic heritages that persisted. Consider the Cajuns in Louisiana. Also, consider the German dairy communities that existed throughout the nation. For other examples see the DVD package entitled The Appalachians(A PBS video), and the Gente de Razon, a San Antonio, Texas Catholic Missions video on the five missions. This second video was produced by the US Parks and Historical Society.
American frontier history shaped and melded only to a degree the European ta ethne peoples. Irish Catholics and other ethnic groups persist to this day. Enclaves of them exist in many urban settings.
American Indians, or more appropriately called Native Americans, who were the only Americans in the 1500s and 1600s, and who existed in many ethnic groupings, are said by various historians to have suffered the most between 1775 and 1924 as the European ethnics came and settled the American frontier from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Included in this would be the Spanish migrations into Latin America which migrated into the Southwest and Western parts of America.
1620-1700 = 20,500
1701-1760 = 188,600 (18,000 to French La.)
1761-1800 = 212,361 (None of these to La.)
1800-1870 = 175,290 (10,200 of these to La.)
(p. 20, Table 1 of A Nation of Peoples compiled from Philip D. Curtins The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, Madison Univ. 1969)
Just prior to the Civil War, out of the 8 million whites in the fifteen slave states, only 385,000 owned slaves. (p. 24, Ibid.)
During this period, a majority were evangelized.
The period from 1910 to 1920 is known as the Great Migration in African American history. The era marked the beginning of the black urban ghetto, but it was not until 1940 that more than 50 percent of blacks lived in places of more than 2,500 people. (p. 30, Ibid)
In 1910 there were 10 million blacks, with 90 percent living in the South and 80 percent living in rural areas. Between 1917 and 1920, an estimated 700,000 to 1 million blacks left the South, followed by another 800,000 to 1 million during the 1920s. In addition there was also the immigrations of blacks from the West Indiesmost of whom settled in New York or Florida. (p. 30, Ibid)
There were an estimated 25 million Afro-Americans in the U.S. in the mid-1970s, a figure making them not only the largest ethnic group in America, but second only to Afro-Brazilians in the Western Hemisphere. (p. 5 of Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, Stephen Thernstrom, Editor)
Voluntary migration has brought a good many others since the 1800s. (p. 5, Ibid)
Not since 1880 have Afro-Americans comprised more than 12 percent of the nation (Ibid)
The epic story of the great migrations that made the American people came to an end substantially with World War I and with the restrictive legislation of the 1920s.
(This was America. Much of Will Herbergs data came from Handlins study cited earlier. See Herberg, p. 8.)
Note: Roman Catholic numbers and percentages came in the later years.
Section 3: The Religious Situation In The USA from 1775 to 1950
This section looks at the status of Christianity in 1775 and the charted changes within the population in light of what happened within Christianity until 1950.
Congregational (745 churches)
Anglican/Episcopal (405 churches)
Presbyterian (490 churches)
Lutheran (235 churches)
Methodist (Less than 200 churches)
Baptist (About 200 churches)
Note: Catholics are not included in this comparison for they were a minority until the 1900s.
(See Neil Brauns Laity Mobilized Masters Thesis for more discussion of this dynamic within US history.)
Baptist was first
Congregational was last
(See Jim Slacks and Jim Maroneys IMB study and book of the principles and practices of church planting for documentation sources.)
In fact, the order of the six leading denominations in 1775 were exactly reversed by 1950.
By 1850 Methodists were the largest Protestant denomination in the USA and Baptists were second.
By 1950 Baptists were the largest of the original groups and Methodists were second. A count of Southern Baptists alone in 1950 would have shown them close to being largest Protestant denomination.
It is very informative from a historic evangelization and missiological perspective to follow and compare the growth dynamics among the 6 largest Protestant denominations in 1775 with the 6 largest Protestant denominations in 1950.
Baptists in 1775, who had not yet divided into two major Baptist groups (Northern and Southern), were the smallest of all seven Protestant denominations. Methodists were next to last.
What happened that caused this reversal?
Congregationalists whose congregational polity was thought to be best fitted for the frontier went though an Old Lights and New Lights theological controversy followed by a geographic comity agreement with Presbyterians concerning frontier locations. Most of the time of both was consumed by the controversy and neither of them recovered from those choices.
Yet, it had been the Congregationalists, named so in the USA, who brought the initial and major political and religious group to the New Land with a clearly stated religious manifesto. And, even as late as 1900, Congregationalists had 1,000 missionaries on foreign fields, only to see them dwindle during the 1900s to a very few.
Anglican churches were identified with the English colonizers and with the causes of the Revolution. Anglicans never overcame that war and colonial image. So, over time, their name changed to The Episcopal Church to attempt to shed that war image.
Also, few realize that many of the Puritans and those today known as Low Church Anglicans had gone with Wesley, forming the foundations of the Methodist church in both England and in the Colonies/USA. That departure actually took some of the most conservative and evangelistic Anglicans into Methodism in the USA. This hurt the Anglicans.
Presbyterians suffered from the comity agreement between themselves and the Congregationalists. Like the Episcopal churches, even after their name change, their Presbyterian institutional polity, their preference for land and building, and their requirements for a theologically trained, denominationally chosen and installed pastor, kept them behind the edges of the frontier.
The institutional and non-lay led denominations lagged an average of 200 miles behind the frontier where more settled communities were like they were used to existed. And, only communities some 200 miles behind the frontier were large enough in population and affluent enough to afford the more formal pastors and their churches. It took established towns to support those more formal and institutional denominations.
Lutherans seem to be the strange anomaly among the six denominations. Lutherans did make it to the frontier, even to the Mississippi river and they did grow. However, it was persecution and lack of a colony base in New England that pushed Lutherans to the Missouri territory and northward into Canada where they settled & grew some distance from persecution. They were the only formal and highly structured and institutional denomination found on the advanced edges of the frontier.
Roman Catholics attention to and attitude toward evangelization on the Western frontier can be seen in following ad in 1800s:
We offer you: No salary. No recompense, no holidays, no pensions. But: hard work and a poor dwelling, few consolations, many disappointments, frequent sickness, a violent, lonely death, an unknown grave. (Source: Exhibit at South Dakota Cultural Center, Pierre, SD provided by John Guillatt of South Dakota Baptist Convention.)
Methodists had a strategy, a carefully defined and carefully managed geographic circuit-rider plan that fitted them for the frontier. Their plan was the method found in the word Methodist. That plan, designed by Wesley for England, which was only partially accepted there, was a perfect fit for the US frontier, at least until about 1900.
A Quote: When the rigors of circuit riding in the early days, as the Church moved over the country, are brought before the mind and imagination, the question is frequently asked, How did they stand it? The answer is: They didnt. They died under it. No group of men ever lived up more fully to the truth, He that looseth his life shall find it. (pp. 42-43, Halford E. Luccock, Endless Line of Splendor. The Advance for Christ and His Church of The Methodist Church publisher, Chicago, Illinois, 1950)
A Quote: They died, most of them, before their careers were much more than begun. Of the 650 preachers who had joined the Methodist itinerancy by the opening of the 19th century, about 500 had to locate, a term that was used for those too worn-out to travel further. Many of the rest had to take periods for recuperation. Others located not because of health, but by reason of lack of support and the desire to marry and establish a home. (Luccock)
Of the first 737 circuit riders of the Conferences to diethat is, all who died up to 1847
Of 672 of those first preachers whose records fully exist,
A Quote: Many circuits were from 300 to 600 miles in lengthFor instance, in 1791, Freeborn Garrettson was assigned to a circuit which included almost half of what is now the state of New YorkIn 1814 James B. Finley, on the Cross Creek Circuit, Ohio, had a circuit covering more than two counties, and preached 32 times on every round. The salary schedule has an eloquence of its own. Cash was almost unknown. In 1821 Benjamin T. Crouch records receiving only $38 toward his years allowance. The same year Peter Cartwright received the highest salary in the Kentucky Conference--$238. But when he moved, with his wife and six children, to the Sangamon Circuit, Illinois, he received $40, all told, for the year. (pp. 44-45, Luccock)
Methodism grew fast until after 1850, but Baptist growth from 1800 to 1960 is unparalleled. From a little over 100,000 in 1800, Baptists were approaching 20 million by 1960.(Gaustad: 1962 as quoted by Neil Braun)
The basic reason is that Baptist theology and polity fitted them better for the frontier than any other denomination of churches.
Over time, for sure by the early 1900s, as new church starts and membership growth continued to occur, as religious status became the leading characteristic of an American, the Bible Belt had formed across the southern USA. The American culture was developing a stronger Christian ethic, with Christian values as its base. This base was in practice for some, and only in the awareness or conscience, ought-to stage for others. It is out of this base that the terms WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) and Judeo-Christian emerged in the mid-1900s. (Comments cited from Herberg, Handlin and others) Even then, the typical American by the 1900s favored and spoke of America as a moral Christian society.
Their big concern was the preservation of their way of life; above all, the transplanting of their churches. (pp. 10-11, Herberg.)
In his footnotes Herberg quotes Marcus L. Hansens research in The Problem of the Third Generation Immigrant (Augustana Historical Society, Rock Island, Ill., 1938, p. 15 who said: The church was the first, the most important, and the most significant institution that the immigrants established. Their churches went to the frontier with them. Those churches that fit the frontier and that were comfortable on the frontier won the frontier.
The singular most identifying characteristic among most ethnics who migrated to the USA from 1775 to 1924 was their religious status. As their language became mostly English and as they gave up some of their cultural identity, the sum of their status as Americans settled into one of three acceptable identifying religious markersProtestant, Catholic or Jew. (Herberg)
So, by the 1950s in the USA the identification of an American was according to one of these three categoriesProtestant, Catholic or Jew. To not be one of these three categories was not to be an American.
Section 4:A Look At Culture and Religion in the USA:1945 to 1960The Golden Age of Christianity in USA
Again, the three primary researchers and authors of this era concerning American immigration were Herberg, Handlin & Hansen.
Their works are seen as classic writings today.
They cited this period as the span of years when Christianity was at its highest peak from 1775 to 1950.
In review of what went before, the singular most identifying characteristic among most ethnics who migrated to the USA from 1775 to 1924 was their religious status. As their language became mostly English and as they gave up some of their cultural identity, the sum of their status as Americans settled into three acceptable identifying religious markersProtestant, Catholic or Jew.
So, by the 1950s in the USA the identification of an American was according to one of these three categoriesProtestant, Catholic or Jew.
Conversions from one community (denomination or category) to the other take place, but they seem to be very small and do not appreciably affect the over-all picture. (Herberg, p. 160) (Herberg quotes the Yearbook of American Churches, edition for 1960, pp. 261-262 for his data. In the research Herberg quotes 140,414 as the Catholics record of conversions to Catholicism from Protestantism. He used The 1959 National Catholic Almanac, p. 407 for this information. This data is for the year 1957. For a more in-depth study, see Thomas J.M. Burkes Did Four Million Catholics Become Protestants?, America, April 10, 1954.
Burkes article, a survey by the American Institute of Public Opinion (a Gallup poll) in 1955 indicated that of an adult population of 96,000,000, only about 4 per cent no longer belonged to the religious community of their birth; of these: 1,400,000 were Protestants who had originally been Catholics, and 1,400,000 were Catholics who had originally been Protestants, and about 1,000,000 had made changes of some other kind. See also John A. OBrien, You Too Can Win Souls (Macmillan, 1955). (Cited in Herbergs footnotes on pages 170-171.)
In the early 1940s, Ruby Jo Kennedy undertook an investigation of intermarriage trends in New Haven from 1870 to 1940. She published her findings in the American Journal of Sociology for January 1944 under the significant title, Single or Triple Melting Pot?The years 1870, 1900, 1930, and 1940 were isolated for detailed examinationThe large nationality groups in New Haven, Mrs. Kennedy found, represent a triple division on religious grounds: Jewish, Protestant (British-American, German, and Scandinavian), and Catholic (Irish, Italian, and Polish) In its early immigrant days, each of these ethnic groups tended to be endogamous; with the years, however, people began to marry outside the group. (Herbergs quote of Kennedy data on page 33)
Kennedy found: Irish in-marriage was 93.05 per cent in 1870; 74.75 per cent in 1900, 74.25 per cent in 1930, and 45.06 per cent in 1940; German in-marriage was 86.67 per cent in 1870, 55.26 per cent in 1900, 39.84 per cent in 1930, and 27.19 per cent in 1940; for the Italians and the Poles, the comparable figures were 97.71 per cent and 100 per cent respectively in 1900, 86.71 and 68.04 per cent in 1930, and 81.89 per cent and 52.78 per cent in 1940. But, while strict ethnic endogamy is loosening, religious endogamy is persisting (Herbergs quote of Kennedy data on page 33)
By the 1950s, religion not only divided into the three pools; but those in each religious category tended to marry only within their pool. Hollingshead found in a study that:
Members of Catholic stocks married Catholics in 95.35 per cent of the cases in 1870, 85.78 per cent in 1900, 82.05 per cent in 1930, and 83.71 in 1940; members of Protestant stocks married Protestants in 99.11 per cent of the cases in 1870, 90.66 per cent in 1900, 78.19 per cent in 1930, and 79.72 per cent in 1940; Jews married Jews in 100 per cent of the cases in 1870, 98.82 per cent in 1900, 97.01 per cent in 1930, and 94.32 per cent in 1940. Future cleavages, in Mrs. Kennedys opinion, will therefore be along religious lines rather than along nationality lines as in the past.Cultural [i.e. ethnic] lines may fade, but religious barriers are holding fast.When marriage crosses religious barriers, as it often does, religion still plays a prominent role, especially among Catholics, in that such marriages are often conditioned upon, and result in, one of the partners being brought into the religious community of the other. (pp. 32-33, Herberg)
The traditional single melting pot idea must now be abandoned, and a new conception, which we term the triple melting pot theory of American assimilation, will take its place, as the true expression of what is happening to the various nationality groups in the United States.The triple melting pot type of assimilation is occurring through intermarriage, with Catholicism, Protestantism, and Judaism serving as the three fundamental bulwarksThe different nationalities are merging, but within three religious compartments rather than indiscriminatelyA triple religious cleavage, rather than a multilinear nationality cleavage, therefore seems likely to characterize American society in the future. (pp. 32-33, Herberg)
By 1950, ones personal identity, political qualification, social status, marriage, and a few other functional American characteristics were primarily determined by their identify with one of the three religions that was most appropriate for ethnic background and geographic location in the USA.
(See Will Herbergs Protestant-Catholic-Jew.)
At the beginning of this era Franklin Roosevelt regularly and publically expressed his religious beliefs and prayers.
It was beginning to be true in the late 1930s, increased as being true in the 1940s, throughout the 1950s and into the early1960s that, to be elected to a significant state and national office in the USA, the candidate had to represent, or make the public think they represented, Judeo-Christian values or he or she would seldom ever be elected to a significant political office.
This was especially true in the Bible Belt of the USA. And, except in pervasively Catholic areas, it was difficult for a Roman Catholic to be elected to a national office.
Religious credentials were important for business leaders, salesmen and community leaders.
Pastors, Rabbis and Priests were at the top of the list of the most respected persons in American life.
Those Judeo-Christian values that can be seen in the background of the US Constitution, had emerged as the broad American ideal by the mid-1800s and were commonly taught and nourished in the US public schools from the 1800s to the early 1970s.
Prayers were said in the schools, prior to the beginning of any sports events, Ten Commandments posted in public places, and prayers to God for blessings habitually offered by politicians.
It was the 1960s before the USA elected a Catholic as president for fear that a Catholic president would allow the Pope in Rome to influence American political decisions in ways unfavorable to Protestants and Protestant values. Also, until Reagan, no divorcee had ever been elected as President of the USA.
Southern Baptists, by 1950, not only emerged as the largest and most influential Protestant denomination in the USA, they existed predominantly in the Bible Belt.
Methodists and Southern Baptists were the major denominations that produced the Bible Belt with Presbyterians following some distance behind them.
The people who produced the Methodist and Baptist denominations and the Bible Belt were migrant peoples, mostly from Europe, mostly northern Europe.
Most of these had fled Europe looking for religious freedom, while the others came to the colonies looking for decent work, land, a say in political matters, a vote and a better lifestyle which spelled freedom.
No one who attempts to see the contemporary religious situation in the United States in perspective can fail to be struck by the extraordinary pervasiveness of religious identification among present-day Americans. Almost everybody in the United States today (1953) locates himself in one or another of the three great religious communities. Asked to identify themselves in terms of religious preference, 95 per cent of the American people, according to a recent public opinion survey, declared themselves to be either Protestants, Catholics, or Jews (68 percent Protestants, 23 per cent Catholics, 4 per cent Jews); only 5 per cent admitted to no preference. (p. 46, Herberg. Herberg gained this data from the Catholic Digest, January 1953. The survey was conducted by Ben Gaffin and Associates. Only adults over 18 are considered.)
Much the same may be said about the high and growing repute of religion in the American public mind. Religion is given continued public and political approvalGodless is a powerful epithetAt least nominal public acceptance of religion tends to be a prerequisite to political success (Herberg quotes Williams American Society, pp. 326, 336.).It was not always so; there was a time when an atheist or agnostic like Robert C. Ingersoll, who went around the country defying God and making anti-religious speeches, could nevertheless occupy a respected and influential position in American politics. Today that would be quite inconceivable, a professed unbeliever would be anathema to either of the big parties and would have no chance whatever in political life. (p. 51, Herberg)
Congressional Religious Affiliations-1957
The contrast between the days of Ingersoll and our day, when every candidate for public office is virtually required to testify to his high esteem for religion, measures the position that religion as a value or institution, has acquired in the American public mind. Of the 528 members of the two houses of the 85th Congress, only 4 gave no religious affiliation; 416 registered as Protestants, 95 as Roman Catholics, 12 as Jews, and one as a Sikh. (p. 52, Herberg. Herberg quotes the Report of the Legislative Reference Service of the Library of Congress, released April 6, 1957.)
The figures for church membership tell the same story but in greater detail. Religious statistics in this country are notoriously inaccurate, but the trend is so well marked that it overrides all margins of error. In the quarter of a century between 1926 and 1950 the population of continental United States increased 28.6 per cent, membership of religious bodies increased 59.8 per cent; in other words, church membership grew more than twice as fast as population. Protestants increased 63.7 per cent, Catholics 53.9 per cent, Jews 22.5 per cent. Among Protestants, however, the increase varied considerably as between denominations; Baptist increase was well over 100 per cent, some holiness sects grew even more rapidly, while the figure for the Episcopal Church was only 36.7 per cent, for the Methodist Church 32.2 per cent, for the Northern Presbyterians 22.4 per cent, and for the Congregationalists 21.1 per cent. (p. 47, Herberg. Herberg found in Information Service, March 8, 1952 that The trend continues. In the thirty-two years between 1926 and 1957, the population of continental United States increased about 45 per cent while the membership of religious bodies increased nearly 92 per cent, more than twice as fast. (Yearbook of American Churches, edition for 1959, p. 294.)
In 1950 total church membership was reckoned at 85,319,000, or about 57 per cent of the total population. In 1958 it was 109,557,741, or about 63 per cent, marking an all-time high in the nations history. (p. 47, Herberg. Data taken from Yearbook of American Churches, edition for 1960, pp. 258, 279.)
Southern Baptist evangelism and church planting methods, or approaches, tended to develop in the midst of this highly religious identification and historical period. It was upon this base of Judeo-Christian values that the post-World War II years, especially the1950s, rested. Those Judeo-Christian values were assumed to exist by an overwhelming majority of the citizens in the USA.
These Judeo-Christian values permeated the justice and legal system of the USA and were assumed to be the best rules to live and do business by in the USA. (See Herbergs book Protestant, Catholic, and Jew for multiple quotes documenting this.)
Consequently, Southern Baptists, and other evangelical denominations, and Para-church agencies such as Post-WWII Navigators, Campus Crusades, Inter-Varsity, and others, understood and established themselves and their Christian groups upon these assumptions and aspirations of typical Americans in the USA during this era. This was the situation just prior to the next stage of immigration and history in the USA.
A study of Christian materials, and especially witnessing presentations, in the period between 1945 and 1965 reveals the assumption that an American had enough background knowledge and beliefs about God and Christianity such that those basics would not have to be covered during witnessing sessions. It was also assumed that an American accepted the Bible as authoritative and that it was to be respected.
We now look back on the period from 1945 to 1960 as the most formative and significant religious ingathering period in American history. This does not minimize the affects and the magnitude of the Great Awakenings in the 1700s, or the Great Prayer Revival in 1850. However, the growth of religious denominations, agencies and institutions within this period speaks for itself. Southern Baptists grew by 100% in this period. (Herberg)
Herbergs Quote: This is at least part of the picture presented by religion in contemporary America. Christians flocking to church, yet forgetting all about Christ when it comes to naming the most significant events in history; men and women valuing the Bible as revelation, purchasing and distributing it by the millions, yet apparently seldom reading it themselves. Every aspect of contemporary religious life reflects this paradoxpervasive secularism amid mounting religiosity, the strengthening of the religious structure in spite of increasing secularismAmerica seems to be at once the most religious and the most secular of nations can there be much doubt that, by and large, the religion which actually prevails among Americans today has lost much of its authentic Christian (or Jewish) content. (p. 2-3, Herberg)
Dr. Leonard Sanderson, Evangelism Secretary of the Louisiana Baptist Convention, a prolific writer and respected speaker within the SBC sounded the same note of concern as Herberg, Hamlin and others. He often said that, based upon lifestyles, he doubted that half of the members in Southern Baptist churches were really converted Christians. He spoke of finding a lot of cultural Christianity in SBC churches.
As the American population became year by year more homogeneously Anglo and as most of the American population had come to see itself as either Protestant, Catholic or Jew, a number of things occurred:
Section 5:A Look At Immigrants (ta ethne) in the USA from 1960-2006
A note concerning this section: An in-depth coverage of this section will not be included in this PowerPoint. A more detailed coverage of this period is in an available documentFrontiers of Lostness. Contact this author or the Church Planting Group of NAMB for a copy.
By this time in American history Immigrant Chainswere becoming a major trait of the ethnic status in the USA. Immigrant Chains form when members of one immigrant family settle in America, and then convince family members and friends to join them. The established immigrants help the new immigrants find homes and work in the same area. Immigrant chains have influenced settlement patterns all over the country, helping to create large communities of Cubans in Miami, Dominicans in New York, and Chinese in San Francisco, among others. (The Newest Americans, Edited. Greenwood Press; 2003. Page 9.)
The most homogeneous era and the most religious period in US history from 1945-1965 soon:
The most homogeneous era in US history and the most religious period in US history:
The most homogeneous era in US history and the most religious period in US history soon:
Although immigrants can live anywhere in the United States, nearly two-thirds of them settle in just six states. California, New York, Florida, Texas, New Jersey, and Illinois count more immigrants among their population than all other stated combined. California alone is the destination of one-fourth of the nations immigrants. (The Newest Americans, p. 17.)
Because finding work and living near others who share their experience is so important, nearly all new immigrants (93 percent) live in urban areas. The most popular U.S. destinations in 2000 were New York City, Los Angeles, Miami, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. (The Newest Americans, p. 17)
Source: The Newest Americans, p. 11 & Immigration and Naturalization Service
In addition to the nearly 1 million legal immigrants who arrive in the United States each year, hundreds of thousands of people enter the country without permissionThe Immigrant and Naturalization Service (INS) estimates the number at close to 300,000 a year. (The Newest Americans, p. 13.)
The setting in America today better fits the Great Commissions panta ta ethne mandate of Christ than any other era in American history. It seems that God has brought the uttermost to our individual Jerusalems.
Never in the history of America has ethnic, heart language, worldview sensitive been so appropriate and required than today.
Concluding Slide of A Look At The Historical Periods of Immigration into the USA from 1775-2006
Projections of Net Migration to the United States. (June 2006 Publication) A CBO Paper as one in a continuation of A Series on Immigration. The Congress of the United States: Congressional Budget Office. David A. Brauer was final compiler. Projections are computed according to low, medium & high assumptions. In such research, the Medium Assumption is the norm within the research.
Prepared by: Dr. James Slack
Ethnographer, Missiologist, Growth Analyst and Field Assessments Consultant of SBCs IMB
Global Research Department of OOO
January 16, 2006 Edition: Previous Edition
This Edition 22 October 2007
Section 6: Part TwoImplications for Engaging and Evangelizing the Lost and Ethnics in the USA in this Millennium
Section 6 Is an Extension of the Previous Part One Document
This section was prepared at the request of NAMBs Church Planting Division for presentation in 2007
Prepared by: Dr. James Slack
Ethnographer, Missiologist, Growth Analyst and Field Assessments Consultant of SBCs IMB
Global Research Department of OOO
November 30, 2006 Edition (11:30 A.M.)
Updated and Revised December 2007
Updated Edition for Kentucky DOM Session May 2008


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CENTURION, South Africa (AFP) – Hashim Amla and Rilee Rossouw both hit centuries for the second time in the series to set up a 131-run win for South Africa in the fifth and final ODI against the West Indies at SuperSport Park on Wednesday.
Amla made 133 and Rossouw powered his way to 132 in a South African total of 361 for five in an innings reduced to 42 overs because of rain.
West Indies were bowled out for 230 in reply with left-arm pace bowler Wayne Parnell taking four for 42.
The win completed a 4-1 series victory for South Africa in the last match both teams will play before travelling to Australia and New Zealand for the World Cup.
Amla and Rossouw punished a lacklustre West Indian bowling attack as they equalled their own South African record for any wicket by putting on 247 for the third wicket.


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Leading the way in memory care:
Cedar Community pioneered Alzheimer's disease and related dementia care when they opened the nation's first dedicated facility in 1976. Today, 38 years of experience and international research come together in the Cottages at Cedar Run, a new state-of-the-care assisted living nestled on 100 acres adjacent to Ridge Run Park in the Town of West Bend, Wis. It's not simply a building – the "Cedar Concept" is a way to preserve residents' feelings of ownership, autonomy and control. It's a way to engage them in an energetic, bright and welcoming atmosphere with nature as a reassuring backdrop. It's a space where trained staff understand and embrace the daily changes that this difficult diagnosis may bring.
Each Cottage residence is arranged within one of three 20-unit neighborhoods and features a cheerful window seat, closet storage, individual thermostat and a European-styled bathroom with shower for maximum privacy and protection. The Cottages offer two floorplans to choose from.Learn More
The Cottages offer unique and engaging programs for those facing memory loss, as well as vital staff training, thanks to the generosity of donors like Judy Steffes. A local journalist, bike enthusiast and family member, Judy has embarked on three epic bike rides, logging more than 3000 miles and raising over $60,000 for Alzheimer's music and recreational programs at Cedar Community.Learn More
A look inside
Inspired by a tradition of innovation and leadership, The Cottages reflect unique design features developed first and foremost to focus on resident-directed care with an emphasis on nurturing residents' dignity and personal choice.Learn More


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Wednesday, August 26, 2009
Coffee, Identity-theft, "Mexicans," Taster's Choice, and the Law: The Tale of the Ersatz Mexican
Thanks to semiotic genius, friend, and SoCal correspondent Michael Buchmiller for the tip! Hit the coffee-fetishizing dude in the picture to read the whole story.
From the textmex obsessed imagination of William A. Nericcio at 7:54 AM
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The Seven Spirits
Megan hopped out of Connor's car, wrapping her jacket tight around her. The wind tugged at them as they, and another date, jogged up to the door.
"I can't believe you," she said, moving up and down from the cold as he knocked. The other couple was really lovey-dovey, and it was getting uncomfortable fast. A plump old lady in layers and layers of shawls and dark sweaters with a very strong aroma of baby powder and lavender answered. Megan's eyes began to water as the woman guided them into the house.
The inside of it was almost like walking into an antique store. Half-rotten books sitting on moldy shelves, with candles strewn about.
"I am Madam Agatha," she said sweeping her arm and bowing, revealing four chairs, and a desk with a weegie board with a crystal ball resting to it's side. Connor gently took Megan's jacket and put it up on a designated hook. Madam Agatha began the usual explanation about the spiritual activity and how the spirits speak through her and may, if the spirits see fit, may possess one of them. The whole time, Megan was scoffing in her head, but not showing any disinterest for the sake of Agatha, who seemed to be whole heartedly a believer in this supernatural stuff.
Madam Agatha had them all take hands to begin the seance. Megan tentatively took Connor's hand, giving him a look of: You did this on purpose didn't you? Connor just smiled broadly and turned his attention back to the psychic.
Megan began to feel a sudden pressure on her mind, like someone was trying to get in. Soon, the pressure was all over her, but it wasn't a painful hold, it was more of a tight hug from a grandparent that hadn't seen you in a while. She tried her best to resist, but in the end Megan gave in.
Her vision went white. She felt completely disembodied. Megan knew she was holding hands with Connor and another woman, but she couldn't feel it.
Connor opened the shotgun side of his car for Megan, and helped her in.
"Did you feel any... uh weird sensations?" Megan asked after he had revved up the engine. He looked at her quizzically.
"No?" Megan blushed deeply.
"Well when we first started, it was like something wanted to possess me, or something. It was weird."
Connor shrugged and asked, "Where do you live again?"


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The information below has been collected by the Citylife team via intense research. Please keep in mind that we are not directly related to any legal or government departments and the information may be subject to change.
So, your papers have expired and are currently in the process of renewing. Maybe you've got some time off work, or the school semester is finished and you want to travel outside of Spain to explore the many beautiful countries of Europe. Maybe you want to leave Europe altogether for a few weeks. Whatever the case, you desire to travel while your papers are expired. Even if your papers are going through the renewal process travelling can be tricky – unless you have what is called an Autorización de Regreso.
What is it?
An Autorización de Regreso is a piece of paper that essentially allows you to travel and return to Spain while your papers are still renewing. The document is only valid for 1 return to Spain. So, if you plan to travel back and forth multiple times (outside of Spain) while you are waiting for your papers to renew, you will need to apply multiple times for the Autorización de Regreso. In addition, this document is only valid for a period of 90 days from the date in which it was issued. Meaning, if you still haven't received your new NIE/TIE within 3 months and you have plans to travel, you will need to re-apply for another Autorización de Regreso.
Do I need it when travelling within Europe?
This is where things get hazy. Most people will tell you no, that this document is only necessary if you plan on leaving the Shengen Zone. This is ill advice. Some more strict EU countries might want to check your passport and NIE and might not approve of you entering their countries on expired papers. This means that they might want to see additional proof that you are here legally and that you have permission to leave and travel outside of Spain in your current legal status – this is where the Regreso will help you. If you are leaving the EU you will absolutely need this document!
In most cases border controls and airport security between European nations won't ask you to present the Regreso, but please, don't take the risk! Take it from me – I was stopped 3 times while travelling through Austria, Hungary and Croatia this year and would not have been able to continue my vacation if it weren't for the Regreso!
How do I get it?
As I like to say, take a deep breath and find your inner patience! Follow the steps below and you should have your Regreso in no time!
1) Make an appointment at los Poblados, Madrid – The same locaton where you originally applied for your NIE.
- Select 'Madrid' & 'Autorizaciones de Regreso'
- Fill in all required information
- Click 'Solicitar Cita' to choose an appointment date
- if the only available dates for an appointment are AFTER your departure date, dont freak out! Make the appointment anyway and go to los Poblados 3 days prior to your flight with the appointment sheet and proof that your flight leaves before the date of your appointment. They will let you in!
- Print out the appointment sheet
2) Complete the EX-13 form
3) Pay the tax
- You will need to pay the 012 fee (model 790) in the amount of 10,30 Euros (May 2017). Open this document here, choose Madrid and fill out the form with your personal data. Click the section labelled "Autorización de Regreso", and leave blank IBAN data. A PDF will be generated in which you will need to print and pay in cash at the nearest bank.
- passport & copies of photo pages,
- original & copies of your NIE/TIE,
- Original and copy of your renewal receipt
- tax form,
- appointment sheet
- original and copies of the EX-13 form.
*If they dont stamp your Regreso upon your return to Spain then you can use it again as it technically has not been used!*
Your friendly neighbourhood travel guide,
– Leah
17 comments. Leave new
I have already obtained an ADR while my NIE is currently under renewal. I have travel to Norway in November. My itinerary is Madrid-Zurich-Norway-Zurich-Madrid. I will only stay in the Zurich airport for a few hours as it is just a stopover en route to Norway. My question is if I will be permitted to enter Norway since I know that the Authorizacion de Regreso is a paper permitting my return to Spain.
Hi Maria, to be on the safe side you should investigate this in detail. Take in any case all your papers with you (NIE, Passport, Regreso Paper). Also check that the paper is still valid till the time you travel back. Schengen countries should be ok with that. Enjoy your travel
I will go to Belgium in December, but my NIE is renewing,if I fly to Brussels directly, will I have problem?
You shouldn't have an issue. However, please keep in mind that these situations are often a very circumstantial! Brussels may take your not having a current "status" here seriously or they might not! If you have the time and want to be 100% secure during your travels just go and get the regeso.
Hello, I live in Madrid and have planned a wonderful trip (Copenhagen_Norway_Stockholm_Finnar_Madrid) at the end of this year, when my N.I.E card is under renewal. But I have heard from my friends and the Internet that the regreso cannot be used in other European countries even schgen countries. Someone als warned me tha the regreso is valid in the route like spain to one schengen countr back to spain, in which way I cannot finish my dreamable trip and have to go back at he very beginning though I have got one regreso. For example , I could not get the boarding pass when I want to check in if the regreso cannotcanno be used between Copenhagen and Bergen Ihave gotten totally confused. Looking forward for your reply. Thank you!
Hey Chuan!
The regreso simply tells authorities that your papers are expired, but in process of renewal and that you are legally allowed to return to Spain. Whether you are travelling within the Shengen, to the UK or across the world to North America you are travelling legally because your papers are in process and the regreso is proof of that. I is only meant for one trip and you can only return to Spain once, you can;t travel back and fourth. As long as your travelling within Europe just present your Passport, expired NIE and your regreso paper and no one should have problems with it at all! I travelled through Germany, Austria, Hungary and Croatia this summer with my regreso, but it was one continuous trip.
Remember, this is only information from my personal experience, for official information please contact the respective government offices!
I'm in Spain on a freelance work visa (Residencia Temporal y Trabajo Cuenta Propia Inicial – 1 Year).
Due to the nature of my visa, I was given 3 months from my arrival to "darme el alta" and then a further month from getting el alta to get my TIE "cita toma de huellas".
My problem is that, as part of this project I need to travel to London on Jan 10, for which I would need an autorización de regreso. The earliest appointment available when I went to book (on Nov 30) was Jan 13. I had heard from various people that you could go to the Policia Nacional 4-5 days prior to your trip (with all the accompanying documentation, including proof that you had booked an appoinment) and they could give it to you on the spot.
After lining up do to this yesterday (in Madrid) I was told to come back 2 work days (or less) prior to my travel date (effectively Thursday or Friday this week). The problem is that the appointment time I was given for my toma de huella is this Friday at 4pm (by which time it will be too late get the autorización de regreso).
I have the booking sheet/justificante for my TIE appointment but obviously not comprobante de toma de huellas.
Does anyone have any experience in getting an autorización de regreso during the inicial stages of a visa stay like this? (Pretty specific question but you never know!)
Hello! I'm hoping you can help me…
I understand that if the only available regreso appts are for after your departure date you can still go 3 days prior to leaving and they will help you. What if there is an appointment available 4 days before your departure date, so you can go to the appt but you won't be able to go back to pick it up because it usually takes 10 days to get? Will they expedite it if I show them my itinerary? Please and thank you!
If you bring your flight information and show them how soon you are leaving they will give you the regreso right away!
Hello, i am not EU member but i approved NIE. My visa will finish at 8.12.2016 and i want o travel until 8.12.2016. So can i enter spain at 8 of december or i need to regreso too?
Hello Selen!
I'm not sure if I understand. The visa in your passport will expire on the 8th of December, right? But you have your NIE card that approved this autumn? These are two different forms of ID – Student visas usually only last for 3 months, but once you get the NIE, it then extends your visa for the rest of your time of study/work. So, with a valid NIE you can travel. However, if you mean that your NIE expires on the 18th, and you want to travel, you will need a regreso – BUT you can only get a regreso if you have proof that your NIE is currently in the process of being renewed…
I hope this helped!
hey sorry for interrupting ,
i had different case which im married in barcelona and have the family book, ive already applied for nie and its in process and says ¨favorable¨and i still waiting , my problem is i wanna go back to my country and make sure no problem to go back and return to spain later or otherwise ,
help would be much apreciated !!
have good day !
Hey there!
If the status says Favorable then that means that your NIE has been processed and your application has been accepted! Here in Madrid we have to go and pick up our card from the office where we applied, but in Barcelona I am not sure the procedure. However, in the meantime you can apply for a document called the Autorazacion de Regreso – which allows you to travel outside of Spain (one time) while your papers are processing.
Unrelated question (kind of)
I have my NIE already and the expiration date is December 2017. Can I travel outside spain and EU and come back using my NIE+passport? Or should I get an authorization?
Hi Sarah!
If you have a valid passport and a valid NIE card you can travel outside the EU. However, If you only have the NIE number and are still waiting to pick up the actual card you will need a Regresso to return to Spain! This is because technically you are still in the "processing" stage and haven't been 100% confirmed. So the temporary paper they give you is not enough!
I'm living in Barcelona my NIE is in process but i need to go to paris i have an Autorization de regresso but some friends told me that it doesn't work for travelling between EU country. is it right ?
Hey Abbas!
The Regresso does work! It's not really a document for "travelling" around to different countries, its more about the entry into Spain at the end of your trip. Basically It allows for 1 re-entry into Spain while your papers are in process. In fact, because you are travelling within the EU they probably won't even ask for it – however I suggest you bring it, your temporary NIE paper and your passport just to be safe!!!
Happy travels 🙂


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And the Emmy Goes to… Mr. Warmth
Legendary insult comedian Don Rickles took home an Emmy tonight for "Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program" for the documentary "Mr. Warmth: The Don Rickles Project," which is, of course, about him.
"It's a mistake," Rickles said. "I've been in the business 55 years and the biggest award I got was an ashtray from the Friar's in New York."
Rickles has been on a roll lately. Last year, he came out with a book, titled "Rickles' Book," which was, of course, about him. (Notice a pattern here?) It did quite well.
"Five weeks on the New York Times best seller list was quite a treat for me," the octogenarian funnyman told the Atlantic City Weekly. "I call myself the Jewish Mark Twain. I never wrote anything in my life."
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