text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1995
|Filing date
|May 4, 1993
|Priority date
|May 8, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Charles F. M. Johann
|Original Assignee
|Alcatel N.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (33), Classifications (5), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a routing logic means and methodology incorporated in a packet switching node which forms part of a packet switching network comprising a plurality of other packet switching nodes interconnected by respective links.
Certain routing logic means are already known in the art, e.g. from the paper "An extended least-hop distributed routing algorithm," by Don J. Nelson et al., IEEE Transactions on communications, Vol. 38, No 4, April 1990, pp. 520-528. Therein the routing logic means execute a routing algorithm described in part III of the paper "Nelhnet Fundamentals." The routing logic means and routing algorithm proposed in this paper are concerned with adaptive and distributed routing in a connectionless environment. Adaptive routing means that the parameters in the routing strategy are changed as a function of the network status, i.e. the transmission delay and the network topology. Distributed routing means that the routing choice is essentially made in a decentralized way, i.e. every node includes a routing logic means which determines essentially independently the next node to which a packet has to be transmitted, in order to reach a destination node with least costs e.g. with least delay. Hence, in using distributed routing, an optimal path through the packet switching network is progressively built up for every packet to be switched by letting the routing logic means in every node decide on an optimal continuation of the part of the optimal path already determined.
In the aforementioned paper the choice made by the routing logic means is based on two characteristics of the packet switching network, i.e. the transmission delay and the network topology. An optimal next node is chosen by sequentially optimizing the above two characteristics. Firstly only those next nodes are considered for which the minimal number of nodes between the latter next nodes and the destination node are below or equal to a threshold value. In one embodiment of the routing logic means of the above paper this threshold value is the minimal number of nodes between a next node and the destination node taken over all possible next nodes. Secondly, out of the remaining set of next nodes, the next node is chosen for which an estimated transmission delay to the destination node is minimal. The latter estimated delay is in this system the sum of a nodal delay for transmission to a particular next node and a destination delay which is an estimate of the minimal transmission delay from a particular next node to the destination node taken over all possible paths interconnecting the latter two nodes.
The above algorithm uses an estimate of the total delay to the destination node. This leads to signalling and processing overhead in order to distribute this delay information over a possibly very large packet switching network. Moreover, due to the dynamic nature of this delay information, and the signalling delay incurred by it, this delay information can be very inaccurate when it is used in a particular node. It can be verified that reducing the signalling and processing overhead further reduces the accuracy of the delay information whereas increasing the accuracy of the delay information results vice versa in an increase of the above mentioned overhead. The problem of this type of routing logic means thus is providing accurate information while keeping the overhead to a minimum. In any case, by taking into account also topological information a packet can be prevented from being trapped in a loop. The way in which this is accomplished however leads to a complex routing logic means needing much signalling overhead and, moreover, leads to an inflexible routing algorithm, not able for instance to adapt the relative importance of the above two criteria because they are sequentially and hence independently optimized.
An object of the present invention is to provide a routing logic means eliminating part of the above mentioned signalling overhead and flexibly routing packets based on accurate delay information.
The above-stated object is achieved due to the fact that the routing logic means under the present invention is able to choose, for a packet to be transmitted over said network to a destination node, a partial path from a plurality of possible partial paths each originating in said node and comprising X of said other packet switching nodes and their respective interconnecting links, said choice being based on the result of the combination of at least a first cost value and a second cost value, said combination being made at least for each one of said plurality of possible partial paths, and that said first cost value is an estimated transmission delay over a first portion of a possible path, said possible path connecting said node with said destination node and including one of said possible partial paths, and that said second cost value is an estimated transfer cost, different from the transfer delay, over a second portion of said possible path.
In this way the above two characteristics no longer are optimized sequentially but are considered jointly via a third cost value which is a combination of the first and second cost value, after for instance first weighing their actual relative importance. Moreover by only considering the transmission delay estimated over a first portion of a possible path, the signalling overhead can be diminished and the reliability of the delay information is not affected by inaccurate delays as only delay information relating to relatively small first portions will be taken into account. The second cost value, e.g. relating to the topology of the network, must be of a less dynamic nature thereby taking into account the total possible path up to the destination node without taking into account unreliable delay information and without needing much signalling.
Note that the above mentioned routing logic means is applicable to connectionless switching networks as well as connection oriented switching networks e.g. during the path search phase.
Further flexibility is offered by the proposed routing logic means due to the fact that it can determine not only the optimal next node but also the optimal partial path including a plurality of nodes. In this way the processing overhead is diminished without departing from the distributed routing strategy. The latter fact can be for instance advantageous in bypassing congested areas and alleviating their operation by routing packets through them without having to make routing decisions in such a congested area. A further possible use of determining an optimal partial path comprising a plurality of nodes presents itself in switching networks wherein the different switching nodes do not all possess a same processing power, nodes with a smaller processing power being loaded less with routing decisions by intelligently determining the values of X on a network scale.
Further advantageous features of the present invention are that said combination is a weighed combination of a first and a second relative value deduced from said first and said second cost value respectively by dividing them by the mean value of said respective cost values taken over all of said considered possible paths, and that said choice is based at least on minimizing said third cost value and that said weighted combination reflects a relative importance of said respective cost values and that said relative importance is adapted according to relative fluctuations of said respective cost values over a time interval so as to give less weight to those cost values having large relative fluctuations.
In the above features, a specific way of flexible change of the routing strategy made possible with the present invention is described. The combined values realizing the third cost value are preferably relative values because the first and second cost values are expressed in different metrics. The weight used in the combination is adapted in such a way as to take into account to a lesser extent that cost value which has proven, at a specific time instant, to be rather unreliable as evidenced from rapid fluctuations thereof. In this way the mentioned choice is mainly based on the most reliable cost value.
An important aspect of the present invention is that said packet includes a credit counter with a value CC which is initialized upon entering said network and that said routing logic means only considers those partial paths as possible partial paths for which the minimum number of nodes N from the end node of said partial path to said destination node and the minimum number of nodes M from said node in which said choice is made to said destination node satisfy the expression:
A drawback of many distributed routing strategies is that looping may occur, i.e. a packet is sent through a same set of switching nodes for some time. This is mainly due to the fact that only local information is used for the routing choice in a particular node. A less dramatic effect of the aforementioned type of routing choice is that packets are sent to the wrong direction because no overall view of the switching network is used in such a routing choice.
According to the above mentioned aspect of the present invention such drawbacks can be simply avoided by not considering those partial paths which would lead the packet in such wrong directions. Indeed, the credit counter can be considered as a threshold value eliminating those partial paths which lead the packet to a node in which the minimum number of nodes to the destination node is increased with a value higher than this threshold value compared to the minimum number of nodes to the destination node in its starting position. This technique is comparable to the one used in the referenced article but is simpler to implement. Moreover, use of the credit counter leads to a more flexible routing method because the threshold can be determined separately for every packet to be transmitted. In this way the freedom to deviate from the shortest path can be determined with respect to characteristics such as destination node and type of connection, for each packet separately.
A further aspect of the present invention is that said routing logic means ensures that at the end node of said chosen partial path said credit counter value is increased with a value M-(N+X).
The above aspect further minimizes the chance of a packet being constantly routed in a wrong direction. In particular, looping can be completely avoided because the actual path taken through the switching network now deviates from the shortest path maximally with the value of the credit counter. Indeed, in deviating from the shortest path the freedom to further deviate therefrom by the packet is accordingly diminished by changing the credit counter value according to the above expression.
The above mentioned and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood by referring to the following description of an embodiment taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1a shows a packet switching network in the nodes of which a routing logic means according to the present invention is used;
FIG. 1b shows a packet to be routed by the switching node 3 of the network shown in FIG. 1a;
FIG. 2 shows a flow diagram of actions executed by a routing logic means according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram of block 27 which is a portion of the flow diagram of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 shows a last flow diagram of actions executed by the routing logic means in determining a weight j.
The ten node network shown in FIG. 1a will be used to describe the operation of a routing logic means according to the present invention. This network corresponds to the test network used in the paper "Extended least-hop distributed routing algorithm", by Don J. Nelson et al, IEEE transactions on communications, Vol. 38, No 4, April, 1990; pp. 520-528 and is presented therein in FIG. 1 and used to test the Nelhnet routing algorithm proposed therein. The switching nodes used in this test network may be of any type, many types of which are well known in the art; therefore the architecture of such switching nodes is neither described nor shown in further detail. To realize the routing logic means, either use can be made of existing processors and memories or supplemental hardware can be devised; in both cases it can be implemented by a skilled person from the further description of its operation. The specific hardware and eventual software needed for this implementation will thus not be described in detail.
It is to be noted that the advantages derived from the present invention will be not outspoken when using large, dynamic switching networks as the problem of providing accurate delay information whilst minimizing the processing and signalling overhead is then relatively more difficult to resolve. However, for simplicity's sake the routing logic means will here be described with reference to a rather small test network as shown in FIG. 1a.
The operation of the routing logic means will hereafter be described via an example of a packet, shown in FIG. 1b, to be transmitted over the network, shown in FIG. 1a, from node 3 to a destination node, namely, node 9. The routing logic means of every node in the switching network executes a same decision strategy. This strategy is visualized in a first flow chart, shown in FIG. 2, which incorporates a second flow chart shown in FIG. 3. The above mentioned example will be described with reference to these flow charts.
The packet to be routed by node 3 includes a self routing tag SRT which is 5 bits long, a credit counter CC of 2 bits and a payload part p. In the present example SRT consists of a leading zero and 4 further bits which are don't cares X. Note that the latter 4 bits of SRT may be used to specify a particular destination node as described in greater detail below. CC has a like named binary value of 01.
The routing logic means of node 3, in this example, determines an optimal partial path comprising X nodes where X equals one, i.e. it determines an optimal next node. With every packet received it executes a flow chart as represented in FIG. 2 wherefore it consults two tables. The first table corresponds to a first cost value, namely, the estimated transmission delay over a first portion of a possible path connecting node 3 with the destination node 9. This first portion comprises Y nodes, Y equalling 1 in this case so that each first portion corresponds exactly to one of the partial paths. The second table corresponds to a second cost value, namely, the number of nodes in a second portion of such a possible path. This number will be further called hop-distance.
It is to be noted that only one possible path is considered per partial path, namely, that possible path with minimal hop distance in the second portion taken over all possible second portions. The entry in Table 2 therefore is per possible destination node the minimal hop distance from the end point of a partial path, i.e. from the next node in the present example, to that destination node.
In the present example the next nodes are nodes 2 and 4 and in the rows of the tables the respective cost values are entered. In the second table the column has to be selected which corresponds to the actual destination node, namely, node 9.
The first and second tables are represented hereafter
TABLE 1______________________________________delay in nsec______________________________________ 2 50 4 30______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Hop distance1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10______________________________________2 1 0 1 2 2 3 4 4 3 24 1 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 3 2______________________________________
Turning now to the flow chart of FIG. 2, the routing logic means of node 3 will route the packet of FIG. 1b in the following manner.
First, in Box 21 of the flow chart, the routing logic means examines the leading bit of the self routing tag SRT. This bit indicates whether the packet is to be routed according to further information contained in the other bits of the self routing tag SRT or whether a routing choice is to be made by the routing logic means. In the instance of the packet depicted in FIG. 1b this bit is zero and, thus, the routing logic means has to make a routing choice wherefore it proceeds to Box 22 which path is indicated in FIG. 2 as SRT(1)=0. If on the contrary SRT(1)=1 the routing logic means would proceed to 210 to retrieve the identity of the next node specified in the self routing tag SRT as will be discussed in more detail further below.
In 22 the routing logic means makes an inventory of all partial paths originating in its node and comprising X=1 nodes. In the present case next nodes 2 and 4 form part of this total set. Hereafter, in 23, each of these next nodes is checked in order to determine whether they are to be further considered as possible next nodes. In the present embodiment this means that the validity of the expression
is checked. In the above expression M is the hop distance from the node to which the routing logic means belongs, i.e. node 3, to the destination node, i.e. node 9, wherefore in this case M equals 4.
N is dependent upon which next node is being considered. For the first next node of the total set of next nodes, i.e. for node 2, N is the hop distance from the end node of the partial path to the destination node, i.e. from node 2 to node 9. N thus equals 3 as indicated in column 9 of Table 2, the column number corresponding to the number of the destination node, and in the row belonging to the considered partial path, i.e. in this case the first row. It can then be verified that expression (1) is indeed valid for next node 2 so that the routing logic means further proceeds to 24. In 24 next node 2 is added to a search set which will later be used for making the actual routing choice.
Note that expression (1) basically checks whether in routing the packet over a particular partial path, the hop distance at the end point of this partial path decreases accordingly with X, X being the number of nodes in the partial path. In this way it can be ensured that the packet will take the shortest path, expressed in hop distances to the destination node. This restriction is alleviated and the freedom in routing choice is enlarged by taking into account the credit counter which allows the packet to deviate from the shortest path but ensures that this deviation stays below a threshold value which is just the value of the credit counter CC.
Hereafter the routing logic means of node 3 arrives in 25, in which it would have directly arrived from 23 when expression (1) was found to be false. In 25 an iteration counter is increased which was initialized at zero in 22. Further, in 26, the routing logic means checks if the iteration counter is smaller than the number of partial paths in the total set, which in the present case comprises nodes 2 and 4. In finding that the above holds true, the routing logic means jumps back to 23 wherein a further partial path, indicated by the iteration counter, is checked, i.e. node 4. For the latter node N again equals 3 as can be seen from the ninth column, second row of Table 2 so that node 4 is also added to the search set in 24. After a further increment of the iteration counter in 25, the routing logic means derives in 26 that its value is no longer smaller than the number of partial paths in the total set wherefore it jumps to 27 as indicated in FIG. 2.
In 27 the actual routing choice is made in accordance with the present invention between the possible partial paths comprised in the above determined search set. This will be discussed in detail later with reference to FIG. 3 in which 27 is further detailed.
After making this choice, in 28, the routing logic means possibly changes the self routing tag SRT according to the chosen partial path. The latter is necessary when a partial path comprising more than one node was to be chosen which will be described later. In node 3, as previously mentioned, only a next node was to be chosen 35 and, hence, this self routing tag SRT can remain unchanged. Further, also in 28, the credit counter value CC has to be increased with a value according to the following expression:
In order to completely avoid looping it has to be made certain that the effective path taken to the destination node deviates from the shortest path by at most the threshold value expressed as the credit counter CC. In making a particular routing choice deviating from the shortest path, the credit counter CC thus has to be decreased with the value of this deviation in hop distance. In the present example, regardless of which node out of the search set was actually chosen the value according to (2) is zero as both node 2 and node 4 yield an N equalling 3.
Hereafter, in 29, the routing logic means signals to the control processor of the switching node to which next node the packet is to be transmitted. Finally, in 211, the routing logic means releases the packet in order for it to be appropriately transmitted by node 3. It is to be noted that in case a next node was specified in the self routing tag SRT an alternative path, described in detail later, from 21 over 210 to 211 is to be taken.
With reference to the flow chart of FIG. 3 the actual routing choice corresponding to decision block 27 of FIG. 2 will now be described in detail for the above example.
Firstly, in 31 the mean delay MD and the mean hop distance MH to a particular destination node taken over all possible partial paths comprised in the search set are calculated. This yields in the present example a mean delay MD of 40 nanoseconds and a mean hop distance MH of 3 nodes. Hereafter, in 32, a second iteration counter value is initialized at zero and, in 33, a third cost value for a partial path corresponding to the latter value, i.e. the first partial path of the search set, is computed according to the following weighted combination:
th=j RD+(1-j)RH (3)
Wherein th is the third cost value, j is the weight which is initialized at 0.5 and whose further change is clarified with reference to FIG. 4, RD is a first relative value computed by dividing the relevant entry in Table 1 by the mean delay MD and similarly RH is a second relative value computed by dividing the relevant entry in Table 2 by the mean hop distance MH. For next node 2 in this way in 33 the following third cost value is calculated: ##EQU1## Note that it is supposed that j hasn't changed yet from its initial value.
After computing the above third cost value the routing logic means increments the second iteration counter. This is done in order to compute for each partial path in the search set a third cost value. Therefore, in 35, the routing logic means checks whether the latter counter value is smaller than the number of partial paths in the search set. As this is true the routing logic means loops back to 33 to compute another third cost value. Next node 4 corresponds to the iteration counter value and the following third cost value is computed: ##EQU2## Hereafter again the second counter is incremented in 34, but now the routing logic means finds that the latter value is no longer smaller than the aforementioned number so that it now jumps to 36.
The actual routing choice is now made and consists of searching over all partial paths in the search set which partial path has the smallest third cost value, i.e. routing is based on minimizing the third cost value. From the above it is clear that in the present example next node 4 is to be elected. Once this choice is made the routing logic means further proceeds to step 28 of the flow chart of FIG. 2.
As mentioned earlier the packet transmitted to node 4 is identical to the one received by node 3 and hence we can further describe the example with reference to the packet depicted in FIG. 1b. Note that the process of forwarding the packet from node 3 to node 4, as also the process of accepting and storing it in node 4, are not described in detail as many options to do so are well known to a person skilled in the art.
In node 4, assume that partial paths comprise X=2 nodes for a given reason, such as the instance where a majority of the neighboring nodes have signalled overload conditions. First portions of possible paths from node 4 to destination node 9 also comprise Y=2 nodes. Hereafter the strategy of the routing logic means will again, but now more briefly, be discussed in using the flow charts of FIGS. 2 and 3. The following parts of two tables i.e. Table 3 and Table 4 are used for the decisions of the routing logic means:
TABLE 3______________________________________delays in ns______________________________________ 5-6 35 5-1 30 1-10 55 1-2 35 3-2 80______________________________________
TABLE 4______________________________________hop distance______________________________________ 9 5-6 1 5-1 2 1-10 1 1-2 3 3-2 3______________________________________
In Table 3 the estimated delays over the first portion of a possible path are listed per partial path characterized via its sequence of nodes. In the present case this first portion equals such a partial path therefore Table 3 also lists the estimated delay incurred over such a partial path.
It is to be noted that if the first portion for instance only comprises 1 node the listed delays would be the estimated delays to the first node of the corresponding partial path. It can be verified that except for this change in Table 3 no other change is required and the following description could equally well be used to describe the case where Y=1.
Table 4 is a larger table only specifying the hop distance from the end node of the corresponding possible path to destination node 9.
Again SRT(1) is found to be zero wherefore the total set of 5 partial paths is to be checked according to expression (1) in order to derive a suitable search set of possible partial paths. This is done in the loop of the flow chart on FIG. 2 as already described. In this case X equals 2, M equals 3 and N is to be found for the partial path on the corresponding row of Table 4. It can then be easily verified that only the partial paths over nodes 5-6, 5-1 and 1-10 respectively are to be considered as possible partial paths and will therefore belong to the search set searched in 27 or accordingly in the flow chart of FIG. 3.
When either the partial path over nodes 1 and 2 or the one over nodes 3 and 2 are checked in step 23, the routing logic means would find that these paths do not validate expression (1). With N=3 for both partial paths, as can be verified in Table 3, expression (1) gives 3+1>=2+3 which is not met and thus the routing logic means jumps from 23 to box 25 without adding either of the above partial paths to the search set.
Turning to FIG. 3 first, in 31, the mean delay MD and the mean hop distance MH will be computed as 40.0 nsec and 1.33 respectively. Hereafter in the previously described loop between 33 and 35 the three third cost values are computed again supposing that the weight j has retained its initial value 0.5. It can again be easily verified that the partial path via node 5 to node 6 yields the smallest third cost value, in 36, wherefore it will be chosen as the optimal partial path.
As the partial path now comprises 2 nodes, the self routing tag SRT will have to be changed in 28. Indeed, when arriving in node 5 no routing decision has to be made by the routing logic means so alleviating the load on this node and speeding up the routing process. Therefore the packet arriving in this node should designate its next node via the self routing tag SRT. In order to achieve the above the routing logic means of node 4 sets the leading bit of SRT indicating that the packet itself designates its next node, and it further designates node 6 in the set by setting the remaining bits equal to the binary number 00110 which is just decimal 6.
Finally in 29 the next hop which is node 5 is specified whereafter node 4 transmits the changed packet to node 5.
In node 5 again the flow chart of FIG. 2 will be executed by the routing logic means according to the present invention. But now, in checking the leading bit of the arriving packet, it finds that SRT(1)=1 and hence jumps from 21 to 210. In 210 the remaining bits of SRT are interpreted as the number of the node to which this packet is to be forwarded, this number being 6. Because no further nodes are specified in the SRT, the routing logic means further also clears the leading bit of SRT, in 210, before releasing the thus changed packet for transmission to node 6 in 211.
It is to be noted that partial paths comprising more than 2 nodes will require a somewhat more complex handling of the SRT which can however be achieved by one of many methods of handing self routing tags designating more than 2 nodes. The latter methods are certainly within the skills of a person skilled in the art.
In node 6 again only a next node is determined according to the following tables:
TABLE 5______________________________________delays in nsec______________________________________ 7 15 9 20 5 25______________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________hop distance______________________________________ 9 7 2 7 2 9 0 5 2______________________________________
In checking the total set comprising next nodes 7, 9 and 5 against expression (1) only next node 9, which is also the destination node, forms part of the search set in 27. It will thus also be clear that the packet will be forwarded to the destination node 9.
It is to be noted that further refinements, such as bypassing the search algorithm of FIG. 3 when the search set contains only one possible partial path of the routing strategy, are obvious to realize wherefore they will not be further described. A more important aspect, but equally easy to implement, is that it must be avoided to have partial paths comprising more nodes than the hop distance to the destination node.
Finally it will be described with reference to FIG. 4 how the weight j is to be adapted in every node.
During a measurement interval the fluctuations in the estimated delays and hop distances will be measured and the value of the weight j adapted accordingly as explained hereafter. This measurement and adaptation is schematically shown in the flow chart of FIG. 4. Firstly, in 41, a time counter t is initialized at t0, and a hop distance fluctuation parameter HF and a delay fluctuation parameter DF are reset. The time counter beginning at t0 is used to determine the duration of the measurement interval which should preferably be orders of magnitude larger than the expected time between changes.
Then, in 42, the routing logic means checks whether a change in the hop distance table has occurred. If this is so the routing logic means proceeds to 43 and determines at what location a node or a link has failed or where a new node or link is activated, i.e. it determines the minimum hop distance HD to this node or link and increments HF with the inverse of HD. The latter is done because the importance of such a change in network topology is inversely proportional with its distance from the present node.
Note that for HD preferably the situation according to the new hop distance table is taken.
Hereafter, or directly after step 42 if no change occurred, the routing logic means proceeds to 44 wherein it is checked whether, since the previous check, a change occurred in the estimated delays. If so, the routing logic means proceeds to 45. In this step the percentage in change from an old estimate to a new estimate is calculated. In calling the new delay value ND, and the old delay value OD, we can express this percentage as: ##EQU3## The delay fluctuation DF is then determined by calculating the expected percentage over the measurement interval, taking into account every single delay update received in the present node. From 45 an actual value of DF has to be available to go to 46. When no such change in the delay estimates has occurred the routing logic means directly proceeds from 44 to 46.
In 46 the time counter is decremented and then it is checked if the measurement interval has already ended, i.e. if t0 equals zero. The latter is done in 47. If the time counter time, tt, is still larger than zero the routing logic means loops back to step 42 for eventual further changes; this of course continues until tt becomes zero whereafter the routing logic means jumps from 47 to 48.
In step 48, relative fluctuations are calculated from the above-discussed actual fluctuations. Indeed, relative fluctuations are preferably considered since the two cost values are expressed in unrelated metrics (i.e. unrelated units). To this end an expected delay fluctuation EDF and an expected hop distance fluctuation EHF are used. These can be best computed by running the routine depicted in FIG. 4 once, skipping the next step 49 (wherein the weight j determining the relative importance of the cost values in the third cost value is adapted) and allocating the then found HF and DF to EHF and EDF. The relative fluctuations are obtained in step 48 by dividing HF and DF by respectively EHF and EDF.
Finally a routine for adapting the weight j according to these relative fluctuations is to be executed in step 49 whereafter the routing logic means will loop back to step 41.
Note that the above described routine is to be executed in parallel with the routines depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3.
The routine executed in 49 might for instance look like the one described hereafter and is essentially aimed at giving more weight to the most reliable of the two cost values, i.e. to the cost value whose relative fluctuation is the smallest of the two.
The routine could for instance look like: is ##EQU4## then (relative delay fluctuation has decreased) if ##EQU5## then j:=j-k else (both relative fluctuations have decreased so : skip)
else (relative delay fluctuation has increased) if ##EQU6## then (both relative fluctuations have increased so : skip) else j:=j+K
The above routing can be refined in letting the value of the parameter K used therein be a function of the actual value of j and of the relative fluctuations DF/EDF and HF/EHF. Indeed, if the value of j is already larger than one half a less reliable delay estimate should force the value of j well down whereas the latter decrease in j should in a similar situation but with an actual value of j smaller than one half be much smaller. It should of course also be assured that the value of j stays comprised between 0 and 1.
Further refinements could make the parameter K dependent upon which relative fluctuation of the two has increased and also adapt j when both those values prove to be either more or less reliable. In the latter case the most reliable cost value is to be identified and given more weight. Such refinements are essentially an optimization process which can be carried out in full by a skilled person vis-a-vis the specific requirements in a specific application, wherefore they are not further described. While the principles of the invention have been described above in connection with specific apparatus, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation on the scope of the invention.
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|Method and apparatus for minimizing calculations required to construct multicast trees
|Jun 18, 1999
|Aug 14, 2001
|Digital Island, Inc.
|On-demand overlay routing for computer-based communication networks
|Oct 21, 1998
|Jun 18, 2002
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Method for determining label assignments for a router
|Jun 25, 2001
|Oct 29, 2002
|Digital Island, Inc.
|On-demand overlay routing for computer-based communication networks
|Aug 21, 1998
|Jan 21, 2003
|Nec Corporation
|Network management system with network designing function
|Nov 29, 2000
|Feb 17, 2004
|Lg Electronics, Inc.
|Priority auto-control method of signal routes in No. 7 signaling network
|Oct 21, 1998
|May 11, 2004
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Packet transport method device utilizing header removal fields
|Jul 27, 2001
|Aug 17, 2004
|Savvis, Inc.
|On-demand overlay routing for computer-based communication networks
|Oct 24, 2000
|Nov 7, 2006
|Intel Corporation
|System and method for providing detailed path information to clients
|Jul 5, 2001
|Mar 24, 2009
|British Telecommunications Plc
|Packet routing
|Apr 21, 2005
|Jun 9, 2009
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for constructing a forwarding information structure
|Jun 13, 2001
|Sep 1, 2009
|Fujitsu Limited
|Apparatus and method for generating a data distribution route
|May 27, 2005
|Apr 6, 2010
|Microsoft Corporation
|System and method for routing messages within a messaging system
|Jul 30, 2003
|May 31, 2011
|Level 3 Communications, Llc
|On-demand overlay routing for computer-based communication networks
|Feb 29, 2008
|Jul 3, 2012
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optimizing a physical data communications topology between a plurality of computing nodes
|May 30, 2011
|Dec 3, 2013
|Level 3 Communications, Llc
|Overlay network
|May 1, 2012
|Jan 14, 2014
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optimizing a physical data communications topology between a plurality of computing nodes
|Nov 29, 2000
|May 31, 2001
|Lg Electronics, Inc.
|Priority auto-control method of signal routes in No.7 signaling network
|Jun 13, 2001
|May 30, 2002
|Fujitsu Limited
|Apparatus and method for generating a data distribution route
|Jul 5, 2001
|Sep 18, 2003
|Tateson Jane E.
|Packet routing
|Jun 9, 2003
|Aug 26, 2004
|Poor Robert Dunbar
|Ad hoc wireless network using gradient routing
|Jul 29, 2003
|Nov 25, 2004
|Device and a method for determining routing paths in a communication network in the presence of selection attributes
|Apr 21, 2005
|Oct 26, 2006
|Previdi Stefano B
|Method and apparatus for constructing a forwarding information structure
|May 27, 2005
|Nov 30, 2006
|Microsoft Corporation
|System and method for routing messages within a messaging system
|Jun 30, 2005
|Jan 4, 2007
|Scott Evans
|Biasing of network node prioritization to improve per-hop behavior based on performance necessary for a packet to meet end-to-end QoS goals
|Mar 12, 2007
|Jun 12, 2008
|Microsoft Corporation
|Monitoring and controlling electronic message distribution
|Feb 29, 2008
|Sep 3, 2009
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Optimizing A Physical Data Communications Topology Between A Plurality Of Computing Nodes
|U.S. Classification
|370/238, 370/400
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 4, 1993
Owner name: ALCATEL N.V., NETHERLANDS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:JOHANN, CHARLES FERDINAND MARIA;REEL/FRAME:006555/0961
Effective date: 19930426
|May 7, 1996
|Certificate of correction
|Jun 22, 1999
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 28, 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Feb 8, 2000
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19991128


text:
Lucky Bunch, an international clan supported by Lucky Few and Lucky Dozen, is seeking active players.
Recruitment is always open even when we appear full as we're constantly trying to maintain an extremely active full clan.
Current Clan stats: http://wotlabs.net/eu/clan/L-BUN
What do we want from you?
- To speak and understand English
- Use TeamSpeak3
- Active participation in Clan Wars and Stronghold
- 2000wn8 overall
- 2400wn8 last 1000 battles
- WinRate: 55%
- Minimum average damage in tier 10 (heavy 2.2k, Med 2.4k, TD 2.7k)
- 1k+ assist and 1.5 spotting in t10
- Personal rating 8k+
- To have minimum 5 tanks tier 10
(small exceptions can be made)
What will you get?
- A successful clan wars clan with strong command.
- Strongholds and Clanwars everyday.
- GOLD! for playing/turning up for Clan wars and Strongholds.
- Special stronghold bonuses/missions regularly activated.
- Participating in campaigns and tournaments.
- Joining the very active Lucky community.
Contact one of our recruiters: XxTeaBagginsXx, ShadowOnNoobs, EdLink12 or SaMMy213
(in-game or by pm)
Join us on teamspeak: lucky-community.eu (no pass required)
Please do not apply if you meet none of the requirements.
[L-BUN] clan page: here
[L-FEW] clan page: here
[L-KRU] clan page: here
[L-FEW] recruitment: here
[L-KRU] recruitment: here
Edited by matarack, 13 March 2016 - 02:31 PM.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
What Community football coach
Where West London
I got into samba soccer about eight or nine years ago. It's a South American form of football, known over there as futsal or futebol de salao. You play it in your formative years, and it's designed so that you spend more time learning individual ball skills, as opposed to competitive games. They are learning the same drills that Pele and Maradona were taught when they were kids.
I used to play professionally, but never became a household name. A few years ago, I wasn't getting contracts any more. I used to go and kick a football around in the park. Then kids starting coming up and saying, "Can we play with you, mister?" More arrived and I started showing them ball skills. Eventually, I set up Samba Street Soccer.
That was in March 2005. I now have 100 kids, and we train five days a week. None of the kids are from what you might call regular households. I've got kids who have been banned from youth centres, ones with health issues, you name it.
We're doing something where they don't want to go out and smash a window, don't want to steal a bag or smoke drugs. None of my under-10s is excluded from school any more. I don't really know why it's happened like this. Maybe it's giving them confidence.
In a year a lot has changed. Joe Cole came to see us and said he was gob-smacked that these kids were doing the same tricks that Ronaldinho does. Two of my under-10s have been signed by Chelsea's youth development centre. One of my girls got a four-year scholarship to Mississippi State University.
We play on some concrete under the Westway motorway. Children shouldn't have to play on concrete, but there's nowhere else. It's going to be developed in September, then we don't know what we'll do. We're looking for pitches to hire, but they cost - £40 an hour for a community group is outrageous.
· For more details, call 020-7159 1010. Send your Good Lives nominations to email@example.com


text:
Story Mapping
Collaborative Management
Visual and Virtual Tasks Card Board
Your profile / Your projects
See how FeatureMap fulfills your business or personal needs.
Your profile is:
Some FeatureMap applications:
User Story Mapping
FeatureMap helps product owners to organize their product backlog by creating digital user story maps/ The agile team collaborates in real-time on this global & prioritized board to update their daily tasks.
Marketing Plan
FeatureMap helps marketing leaders to get a global view of their projects (marketing campaign launch, marketing strategy, event organization...).
Marketing team collaborates in real-time with project stakeholders on a simple and clear project board.
Project global To-Do list
FeatureMap helps project managers to get a clear and organized view of the tasks for the entire project team.
FeatureMap provides instant visibility on project status and deliverables.
With FeatureMap / JIRA real-time synchronization, turn your story maps into JIRA projects AND keep the story map and project execution in sync.
Import a JIRA Agile project in FeatureMap to have a visual backlog and status of your project. Recovering the big picture will help you keep control of the delivered value.
Give more dimensions to your TRELLO Board with FeatureMap / Trello integration. Organize and structure your tasks in FeatureMap and then, create the boards you want to manage your lists.
Having the big picture will help you make the right decisions and use Trello even more efficiently.
As soon as you sign up you'll benefit from a 2-weeks free trial to discover all of our Premium features.
Take this opportunity to try out the 2-way integration with Atlassian JIRA, export Microsoft Word documents
or integrate FeatureMap with thousands of other tools thanks to Zapier and our API.
After that period it will be up to you to activate a Premium subscription or keep using FeatureMap for free.
The free usage of FeatureMap gives you access to 2 maps and doesn't let you use the Premium features, but it has no time limit.
You've got questions? Our FAQ is here to help.
We also offer plans for large teams and organizations.
Would you like to install FeatureMap on your own infrastructure? We can arrange that.
About us
FeatureMap is a product built by Salience, a growing consulting and tech company located in France. Our vision is to help people build better products and run successful projects with great software.
We are passionate about how teams build new products. Having collected these stories, we set up FeatureMap to help great ideas become real products.
That's why we are dedicated to supporting you. We are continually developing FeatureMap to meet your needs in order to make your projects simpler, more collaborative and more visual.


text:
10 Fonts with Simplicity
We have compile a list of Free Downloadable various type Fonts for personal & commercial use for Web Designers and Logo Artists by which you can save your money as well as time and focus on making great implementation and applications of these typeface designs.
01. Intro Rust Font Download
Intro Rust is one of the biggest packages on the market, including 214 fonts.
The font family is a rough version of the famous Intro.
Intro Rust includes 4 sub-families – Intro Rust, Intro Script, Intro Head and Intro Goodies. It can be used to create almost all types of design projects like print materials and web design. Just use your imagination and your project will become more alive and vivid than ever with one of the Intro Rust fonts.
02. Infinity Free Font Download
Infinity free font was created from the simplicity of lines and curves with round corner and cap. The name comes from guides for creating, they are similar to number 8 and infinity symbol. For my personality, I really like the number 8 because it is my birth date. Because of my lineage, in China, The word for the number 8 (八 : bā) sounds similar to the word which means "prosper" or "wealth", the number 8 is viewed as such an auspicious number that even being assigned a number with several eights is considered very lucky. The font is applicable for any type of graphic design – print, web, motion graphics, etc
03. Vagtur Font Download
Headline-Font Vagtur, an old university project, brought back to life, with kind support by intern Sabrina Ekecik.
04. Grafter Font Download
GRAFTER is a custom font inspired by one of our favourite activities – gardening. We love how grafting opens up a world of possibilities. It's so magical to us – we hope to have captured some of its essence in our font. GRAFTER is free for all non-commerical uses.
05. Novito NOVA Font Download
This font was made for making people happy.
06. Runaway Font Download
Runaway is a handmade font that consist of lowercase letters and edited versions in the uppercase version, for your logos and designs.
07. Break Font Download
Break is modern font family contains five weights from Bold to ExtraLight, Uppercase, Lowercase, Numerics and symbols, could be use in variety of projects.
08. Construthinvism Font Download
I have draw a Free Font inspired in the Russian Constructivism, Cyrillic Characters and Alexander Rodchenko.
It´s Free. Enjoy it …
09. Lavanderia Regular Font Download
10. Arual Font Download
Please Note: All visual content above is copyright to its respectful owner. FontBlog does not claim credit nor responsibility for any images/videos featured on this site.


text:
The following five reasons for why what happened in Benghazi still matters are very clear!
From an article at Redstate, 'Five Reasons Benghazi Still Matters'...
1. Four Americans Died
On September 11, 2012 – the 11th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks – radical Islamic terrorists attacked our consulate in Benghazi, Libya. They mercilessly slaughtered four brave Americans.
First and foremost, these courageous American heroes deserve to be remembered:
The four Americans who died during that attack were: U.S. Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens; information management officer Sean Smith; and two security officers who were former Navy SEALs, Tyrone Woods and Glen Doherty.
Ambassador Stevens was the first Ambassador killed in the line of duty since 1979. Woods and Doherty fought valiantly in an attempt to save the Ambassador, running head-on into a death trap – because it was the right thing to do.
But why did these four Americans have to die? Why was Ambassador Stevens' security so woefully inadequate in a warzone? Why were there no reinforcements?
The families of the slain and the American people as a whole deserve answers to these questions. The memory of these four brave Americans – who gave the last full measure of valor for their nation – must not be forgotten.
Attempts by the Obama Administration and their allies in Congress belittle the threat, berate those who dared demand answers, and bury the truth dishonors the memory of these four murdered Americans.
2. America's Solemn Duty to Never Leave a Man Behind is Shaken
Not only did four Americans die, they were abandoned. For hours, wave after wave of terrorists attacked the U.S. consulate in Benghazi. Within minutes of the first jihadist gunshots being fired, the State Department and CIA were notified of the attack, yet no help came. Within hours, President Obama was meeting with the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, yet no help came. The hours went by, and still no help.
There are accusations that an order was given to "stand down," preventing a possible rescue attempt. But whatever the reason, whatever the order, no help came. There was certainly no order given to take whatever steps necessary to protect our diplomats.
It is the solemn promise that America has made to those who risk their lives for our country that we will never leave a man behind. This sacred duty was broken that day. Whether four lives could have been saved, whether even one could have been saved, and even whether more could have died in the attempt to save these four is unknown. But America always tries.
The stories of valor and bravery of American soldiers in every war America has ever fought have been passed down for generations. The very idea that these brave Americans were left behind in Benghazi to suffer and die at the hands of Islamic terrorists is repugnant to every American. They deserved better and the American people deserve answers. It must never happen again.
3. President Obama's Awful Foreign Policy has Consequence
I've written many times about the deadly consequences of the Obama Administration's failed foreign policy. While Russia and Syria are stealing headlines today, let us remember that the events that unfolded in Libya in 2012 precipitated by the Arab Spring, once heralded by the Obama Administration. It was in fact the Obama Administration that ended the Qaddafi regime, killing the Libyan dictator.
Yet in the wake of the deposed dictator in a war ravaged region, our diplomatic mission was compromised, lacking desperately needed security. Time and time again President Obama's unthinkable underestimation of radical Islamists (even calling ISIS a "jayvee team") has led to our woeful unpreparedness.
How could this Administration not think, with the Middle East in flames, that U.S. diplomatic personnel in a warzone – ON THE ANNIVERSARY OF 9/11 – could possibly be in harm's way? It's ludicrous, but it's exactly what happened.
The Obama Administration's willful blindness to the truth only exacerbates the situation. The failures compound. And those failures have consequences. Benghazi and the four brave lives lost there is just one more reminder.
The consequences of these failures will only continue unless we learn the truth and take corrective action for the future.
4. President Obama Still Refuses to Confront the Threat of Radical Islam
What turned the murder of four brave Americans from a tragedy to a travesty was the Obama Administration's dogged denial that the terrorist attack was carried out by radical Islamic terrorists.
The reality on the ground did not fit the Administration's narrative for how the Middle East was developing. The way to deflect attention from these obvious failures was to shift responsibility, blaming the Benghazi attack on a video.
Yet the Administration knew within three hours of the first shots being fired, who was responsible for the attack. At 12:07 a.m. on September 12, 2012, as the terrorist onslaught on the consulate continued, "The State Department sends an e-mail to the White House, the Pentagon and the FBI indicating the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia claimed credit for the attack."
President Obama's intractable refusal to name the enemy we face has been a recurring and deadly theme throughout his Presidency. We face radical Islamic terrorists bent on destroying America. It was a terrorist named Nidal Hasan who killed American servicemen at Fort Hood, Texas, not workplace violence. It was Islamic terrorists, not a video that murdered four Americans in Benghazi. It was radical Islamic terrorists who bombed the Boston Marathon, not "extremists."
This has not changed since 2012. And today, it matters even more. Unless we acknowledge as a nation the threat we face from radical Islam throughout the world (and in our own nation), we certainly can't defeat it and we won't be able to keep our American diplomats safe in the future.
5. We Still Have Ambassadors and Diplomatic Personnel in Dangerous Areas
The world – and the Middle East in particular – is no more safe today than it was in 2012. We still have diplomatic missions in dangerous places. Are our diplomats safe? Will we take the necessary security measures to protect them?
If Benghazi doesn't make a "difference, at this point," then our diplomats could expect the same fate as Ambassador Stevens. The fact is Ambassador Stevens was left behind long before the first shots were fired outside our consulate.


text:
Book by: Tobikeith
Status: Finished
Genre: Young Adult
Chapter2 (v.1)
Screaming was what i hear as woke up that morning. Father and Mother arguing about who knows what, again. I sighed as i sat up and instantly felt like laying back down and never getting up, but at last i must go to school so i can be a functioning individual in society.
Not that it really matter what a 14 year old girl has to say but society is bullshit, like a bunch of people wanting to be different but doing the exact same thing. Yeah, great.
Walking to the bathroom avoiding all contact with living things, i say living things because just across the hall from my door is the ashes of my late grandma, god bless her soul. As i shut the door and lock it i stripped and did a once over in the mirror, scars everywhere (symbols of when i cared), and i jumped under the jet of steaming water. It felt great just to stand there but i soon realized as my mother banged angrily at the door i had been standing there for 10 minutes.
I shut off the taps, dried off and quickly slipped on some clothes. As i emerged from the bathroom i saw my mother do a once over my exposed wrist, checking for any relapse. As i said before when i cared not anymore.
" Hurry up and get in the bloody car we need to go." my mother says as she struggles into her blazer of the real estate company she works for.
" On my way." I just need to grab my phone and earpieces.
As soon as i got in the car we were off, gunning down the street in a rusty minivan. Romantic. After 20 minutes of silence and me listening to pearl jam on repeat, we arrived at my school. As i got out my mum said a rushed good bye and was gone the next minute.
I looked around the front gate and soon found the exact person i was looking for, Dakota Dempise, my closest thing to a friend. A lot of people couldn't handle her because of her explosive personality but i found it had become my daily amusement. In fact as i walked towards her she was fighting with a senior because he touched her arm. Now when i saw Dakota is beautiful i mean it because well she is, but her personality ruined any chance with anyone.
I strode up around the group of people who had stopped to watch the confrontation and just watched. It didn't last long because after the guy had apologized multiple times she spotted me and came bounding and latched on.
i was about to tell her to get off me but she seemed to remember in the last instant that i didn't like physical and pulled back as fast as she had come.
" HEY!" she all but practically screamed right in my ear.
" Hi, thanks for the burst ear drum" i responded.
smiling sheepishly she mumbled a quick sorry and we were off walking into school because we had two minutes until the bell rang.
As we walked some guy, who had more muscle mass than anyone else i had seen, came barreling by knocking the books out of everyones arms including mine and then ran off at the speed of light. Good old public school i thought as i bent to get my books.
A hand that had snaked in out of no where already had most of the books and was grabbing the last one when i looked down. I looked up at the owner of the hand and it was a guy i had never laid eyes on before but that didn't matter because he was gorgeous.
" Ted Matthews." he stated in the best voice i had heard ever except for morgan freeman, have you heard his voice? Heaven but anyway.
" Huh?" i cleverly said, as i was trying to figure out exactly what he said.
" My name." He piped in as i was quickly trying to hid my evident embarrassment.
" You are?"
"Abbi, Abbi Smith."
© Copyright 2017 Tobikeith. All rights reserved.
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text:
— There was much criticism amongst WWE officials regarding the quality of the commentary by Michael Cole, Jerry Lawler and Matt Striker during last night's Royal Rumble broadcast. — WWE Superstars Superstars Darren Young, David...Read More →
World Wrestling Entertainment issued the following Friday: Austin more than a "Tough Enough" host NEW YORK CITY – USA Network and WWE announced that WWE Hall of Famer "Stone Cold" Steve Austin will host USA...Read More →
— Entertainment Weekly is reporting that "Stone Cold" Steve Austin has been tapped to host the revival of Tough Enough on the USA Network. The show premieres April 4, following Monday Night Raw. — The...Read More →
— R-Truth vs. Tyson Kidd is the lone match advertised for tonight's episode of WWE Superstars on WGN America. Other matches scheduled to take place include: * David Hart Smith and Yoshi Tatsu vs. Primo...Read More →
— Bret Hart revealed to Right After Wrestling that John Morrison once apologized to him backstage for handing out his sunglasses to children before his matches. "He came up to me, John Morrison did, and...Read More →
— Percy Watson beat William Regal in a dark match prior to tonight's Raw taping in Detroit, Michigan. The NXT season two contestant between Regal following the Showtime Splash. — Matches taped tonight in Detroit,...Read More →
WWE will tape the Raw portion of this week's WWE Superstars and tonight's Raw tonight from the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Raw will be headlined by WWE Champion The Miz vs. World Heavyweight...Read More →
— The Jan. 20 episode of WWE Superstars on WGN America scored a 0.49 cable rating, with 565,000 viewers. Last week's show drew a 0.58 cable rating, with 606,000 viewers. The midnight replay did a...Read More →
— Yoshi Tatsu vs. Tyson Kidd is the lone match advertised for tonight's episode of WWE Superstars on WGN America. Other bouts scheduled to take place include David Hart Smith and Darren Young vs. Primo...Read More →
— Six-time world champion Batista celebrates his 42nd birthday yesterday. — The following two matches were taped last night in Tulsa, Oklahoma for this week's episode of WWE Superstars on WGN America: Chavo Guerrero vs....Read More →
The following 21 WWE Superstars have been announced by WWE.com as competitors in the first-ever 40-Man Royal Rumble Match, which takes place Jan. 30 in Boston. * Alberto Del Rio * CM Punk * Cody...Read More →
— In regards to WWE reaching out to Al Snow, Hardcore Holly, or other former Tough Enough personnel to be part of the show's revival on the USA Network, one company insider said, "Not a...Read More →
– Horror film "Legion: The Last Exorcism" starring WWE Hall of Famer Roddy Piper was officially released on DVD today. – WGN America was picked up b a number of Time Warner Cable systems today...Read More →
WWE Superstars * Gail Kim beat Alicia Fox. There was not a dark match held prior to the taping. * David Hart Smith, Yoshi Tatsu, Primo, and Darren Young defeated Zack Ryder, William Regal, and...Read More →
— An 8-Man Tag Team Match was taped tonight in Nashville, Tennessee for this Thursday's episode of WWE Superstars pitting Yoshi Tatsu, David Hart Smith, Primo and Darren Young against Zack Ryder, William Regal and...Read More →
WWE will tape the Raw portion of this week's WWE Superstars and tonight's Raw tonight from the Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee. While WWE is teasing whether or not John Cena will be on the...Read More →
— Last night's episode of WWE Superstars on WGN America, which featured Daniel Bryan and Mark Henry vs. Ted DiBiase and Tyson Kidd in the main event, garnered a 0.58 cable rating with 588,000 viewers....Read More →
— WWE.com is advertising United States Champion Daniel Bryan and Mark Henry vs. Ted DiBiase and Tyson Kidd for tonight's episode of WWE Superstars on WGN America. Other matches scheduled to take place include JTG...Read More →
WWE will tape tonight's WWE NXT, the Smackdown portion of this week's WWE Superstars and this week's Smackdown tonight from the Tucson Convention Center in Tucson, Arizona. The first elimination from WWE NXT will take...Read More →
WWE taped the Raw portion of this week's WWE Superstars tonight from the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. Thanks to reader Clark Higgins for providing us with text-message updates. Below are full results: Dark...Read More →


text:
Budget Hotels in New Delhi
About New Delhi
If you can explore one place in India, let it be its capital, New Delhi. This modern city offers everything that a city traveller could possibly want – chaos, quiet, spirituality, history, culture and food. Delhi is said to be one of the oldest existing cities in the world. This ancient city never stops growing. The Mughal and British, the two main empires who invaded the city, have left a deep mark on its face and infrastructure. Their monuments and mausoleums lie scattered across the city, such as India Gate, Jama Masjid, Humayun's Tomb, Qutub Minar, Purana Qila and the Lodhi Gardens. The iconic Red Fort or Lal Qila, built of sandstone, has been standing tall since 1648 and was the brainchild of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. You can participate in the celebration of modern Indian art at Akshardham, a wondrous house of worship. The colossal, Lotus Temple is a centre of Baha'i faith and is a peaceful refuge from the breathlessness of the city. The city has a rich and colourful character, which is visible in its chaotic bazaars such as Janpath, Sarojini Nagar, Dilli Haat and Chandni Chowk – all heavens for shopaholics. You may splurge at the high-end restaurants and pubs all across Delhi, but do not miss out on the street food. Connaught Place, Chanakyapuri and the Parliament Street stretch, everything contributes to the grandeur New Delhi is. If you're touring Delhi, Paharganj is a good choice for inexpensive lodging with good connectivity.
Best Time To Visit
Best time to visit New Delhi is from October to March
New Delhi
How To Reach
Book a Package Tour
2014 Hotels found
Weekend Getaways from New DelhiPlaces to Visit in New DelhiPlaces to Stay in New DelhiThings to Do in New DelhiNew Delhi Travel GuideResorts in New DelhiHomestays in New DelhiHomestays in New Delhi Under 1000Budget Homestays in New DelhiGuesthouses near New Delhi AirportHomestays in New Delhi with 24 hour checkin checkoutBed and Breakfast in New DelhiHostels in New DelhiLodges in New DelhiApartments in New DelhiResidence in New DelhiVillas in New DelhiGuesthouses in New DelhiHomestays in New Delhi Under 2000Mid Range Homestays in New Delhi


text:
Lactation Specialist
The mission of LactationSpecialist.com is to provide free information and knowledge for success starting today about lactation - Returning to work after a having new baby can be difficult, especially for women who choose to breast-feed. A lactation specialist can provide the assistance you need for breast feeding your baby to be happy and healthy.
Benefits of Breast feeding your Baby
Human milk is superior for infant feeding and is designed to meet the unique needs of human infants. Breast fed infants enjoy additional general health, growth and developmental benefits. Breast-feeding provides infants with protection from certain infections of the respiratory tract, ear, brain and spinal cord, and gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Furthermore, breast feeding may help prevent sudden infant death syndrome, insulin-dependent diabetes, and diseases of the digestive system, colon, and lymphatic system. Surprisingly, breast feeding may also make a baby more intelligent!
For more breast pump and baby feeding information, please click-here to access Breast Pumps Organization where you may also buy quality breast-pumps (at discounted prices)for both the new mom and babies benefit.
As a mother, you benefit from breast-feeding your baby by experiencing less bleeding after delivery and a more rapid return of the uterus to its normal size. Breast feeding also helps speed your return to your pre-pregnancy weight, prevents calcium loss from your bones, and reduces your risk of developing ovarian and premenopausal breast cancers.
Breast milk is more economical than formula, and since breast fed infants tend to be healthier, you may lose less time from work to care for a sick baby. Click now for Infant Health.
Whether you are a new or expecting Mom, you're probably interested in giving your baby the best care you can. And one of the best things that only you can do is to breast feed for as long as possible. While breast feeding isn't the only option for feeding your baby, every mother has the potential to succeed and make it a wonderful experience.
Possibly you are the partner or family member of a breast feeding Mom and would like to learn more about breast-feeding and its great benefits. You've come to the right place! Here we provide practical, helpful breast feeding information. Dive into our resources to find out how breast feeding can be one of the most important things you do for both you and your baby!
Why Should You Breast feed Your Baby?
Best for Baby . . . A mother's milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water and protein that's needed for a baby's growth and development. Most babies find it easier to digest breast milk than they do formula. Breast milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses and to help them fight off infection and disease. Human milk straight from the breast is always sterile.
Best for Mom . . . Breast feeding saves times and money. You do not have to purchase, measure, and mix formula, and there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night. Breast feeding also helps a mother bond with her baby. Physical contact is important to newborns and can help them feel more secure, warm and comforted.
Nursing uses up extra calories, making it easier to lose the pounds gained from pregnancy. It also helps the uterus to get back to its original size more quickly and lessens any bleeding a woman may have after giving birth. Breast feeding also may lower the risk of breast and ovarian cancers. More detail on benefits for mom.
The U.S. Surgeon General recommends that babies be fed with breast milk only — no formula — for the first 6-months of life. It is better to breast feed for 6-months and best to breast-feed for 12-months, or for as long as you and your baby wish. Solid foods can be introduced when the baby is 6-months old, while you continue to breast feed.
Breast milk has agents (called antibodies) in it to help protect infants from bacteria and viruses. Recent studies show that babies who are not exclusively breast-fed for 6 months are more likely to develop a wide range of infectious diseases including ear infections, diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and have more hospitalizations. Also, infants who are not breast fed have a 21% higher postneonatal infant mortality rate in the U.S.
Some studies suggest that infants who are not breast-fed have higher rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the first year of life, and higher rates of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol and asthma. More research in these areas is needed (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005).
Babies who are not breast fed are sick more often and have more doctor's visits.
Also, when you breast feed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. Unlike human milk straight from women's breasts, infant formula has a chance of being contaminated. Click-here for Health Tip-of-the-Day.


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Home >> 5 Pcs 90mm Dia Colorful Car Body Detailing Waxing Polishing Sponge Pad w Handle
- It is used widely to polish glass, plastic, stainless steel, etc.
- Can make car surface become cleaner and brighter.
- Applications: Family private polishing, automobile polishing, automobile maintenance and cosmetology.
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If you nowadays visit a conference, you still might get into contact with sessions where people are talking about monitoring or at least some aspects of it and ALM (application lifecycle management) is a really important discipline a team or project should should take into account right from the beginning and no, this doesn't mean that you should trim or optimize prematurely, but to have an eye on it. Next to the developers and operators we can identify many more stakeholders who are interested in the data, but generally they prefer a different view on the data.
Juli 29, 2015 Michael Clausen | Posted in Developer Blog, synyx Blog | Tagged AOP, HK2, Java, JAXRS, Jersey, Metrics, REST


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Italian Salad 9 recipes
- Tomato Salad with Arugula and BaconEnjoy the fragrance of arugula and the saltiness of bacon in this tomato salad. Use fruity olive oil for a rich taste.Tomatoes (cut into wedges), Arugula, Bacon (thinly chopped), Extra virgin olive oil, Salt, Coarsely ground black pepper, Parmesan cheese
- Tomato and Avocado SaladThis is a quick, delicious salad that's vibrant red and green.Cherry tomatoes, Avocado, Lemon, Black pepper, Salt, Olive oil
- Deli-Style Lettuce and Tomato SaladIf you cut the tomato into neat dice and add it to the dressing, it turns into a deli-style salad.Tomatoes, Lettuce, Olive oil, Vinegar, Salt, Black pepper
- Orange and Sweet Onion SaladYou might be surprised by the ingredient pairings here, but you should definitely try it at least once!Oranges, Sweet onion, ♡ Olive oil, ♡ Salt, ♡ Black pepper
- Crouton and Veggie-filled SaladThe simple seasoning and the olive oil really bring out the sweetness and flavor of the vegetables. The crispy croutons add a nutty fragrance.Thickly sliced loaf bread or baguette, Broccoli, Bologna sausage (or wiener sausage), Garlic, Processed cheese, Cherry tomatoes, Extra virgin olive...
- Cabbage and Honey Mustard SaladA simple and quick salad that you can make with familiar ingredients.Cabbage, Wiener sausages, Olive oil, Vinegar, Honey, Grainy mustard, Salt and pepper
- Easy Persimmon and Mozzarella Cheese SaladOnce you eat this persimmon salad it will become a habit. It's a caprese type salad that goes well with everything. Perfect for fall parties!Persimmon (seedless type), Mozzarella cheese, Fresh basil, Olive oil, Salt, Coarsely ground black pepper
- Super Easy Arugula SaladAll you have to do is shred arugula into easy-to-eat pieces, dress, and plate. You get something like this when you order a green salad in Southern Italy, where salt, pepper and olive oil are on ta...Arugula, Parmesan cheese, Lemon, Extra virgin olive oil, Salt and pepper


text:
Johnny Lee: Microsoft Researcher
Download this episode
Johnny Lee works in Microsoft Research, with a specific penchant at creating interesting and useful devices. He has a session scheduled for MIX09 called "Interaction Techniques Using the Wii Remote" where he will show off some interesting uses he has found for using the Wii Remote as a PC input device, as well as several other devices he has put together to utilize in various computer input scenarios. I thought it would be fun to chat with him about his work creating some of these devices, and get some pointers on how others might benefit from this as well.
You can also find some videos of his experiments here:
- Head Tracking for Desktop VR Displays using the WiiRemote
- Low-Cost Multi-touch Whiteboard using the Wiimote
- Tracking fingers with the Wii Remote
And here is the description of the session he is doing at MIX09:
Interaction Techniques Using the Wii Remote (and Other HCI Projects)
by: Johnny Lee
The Wii remote is a sophisticated controller containing a variety of sensing capabilities. In this session, Johnny Lee covers several interaction techniques enabled by the Wii remote and explains how you can develop your own applications. Johnny also introduces a few of his other research projects in the broader domain of Human-Computer Interaction.
Available formats for this video:
Actual format may change based on video formats available and browser capability.
More episodes in this series
Joe Fletcher – Touch and Gesture Computing
Related episodes
Wii on PC
A peek inside Microsoft Research reveals Tom Cruise's technology today!
New Windows 10 Devices, Microsoft China event, and more
Panasonic Toughbook 33 – Find Out Just How Tough It Is
Innovative vascular biometric security from Fujitsu tablets
New Powerful Laptops Come to Market with Legion by Lenovo
The World's First Video Projection System Designed for Immersive PC Gaming From Razer
Impressive Battery Life, Super Thin and Light - The Toshiba Portégé® X20W Convertible…
The World's First Triple Display Laptop From Razer
Microsoft OneNote: Basics and beyond (productivity demo)
The Discussion
johnny is frickin awsome :O
microsoft had a great win when they hired him
Johnny Lee! Great to hear from you again - hope you can say more soon.
I made an IR pen and a low cost whiteboard and now I have started working with your sample to code experiement with multi-touch.
Johnny I have often sung your cinderella story how the single guy in his lab who gave away his ideas and code and had it come back to him as millions of youtube views, video responses, and invitation to TED.com, and the sweet job with the big boys. Very inspirational! I'm so happy for you.
So while your at it, I want to use Windows 7 in my living room with my hands to use mouse/hand gestures to browse the web, run my OS and interact with my media. I'll look for your "how-to" soon
He's kinda weird guy , but he knows what he is doing!
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text:
Networking in These Crazy Days: Stay Calm, Get Secure, and Get Involved. Joe St Sauver, Ph.D. (email@example.com) Merit Networking Summit Ann Arbor, MI December 12 th , 2013 http://pages.uoregon.edu/joe/merit-networking/. Thanks, Technical Level and a Disclaimer.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
Networking in These Crazy Days:Stay Calm, Get Secure, and Get Involved
Joe St Sauver, Ph.D. (email@example.com)
Merit Networking Summit
Ann Arbor, MI
December 12th, 2013
1. IPv4 Address Space Exhaustion
"Heavenly Father, bless us,And keep us all alive.There's ten of us to dinner,And not enough for five."Hodge's grace, Anonymous, 1850"
"Slaughtered to extinction: Passenger pigeons in Michigan,"http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120318/METRO/203180301
2. IPv6 (Non) Deployment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diffusion_of_ideas.svgSee also "Diffusion and Adoption of IPv6 in the United States,"http://www.cs.indiana.edu/pub/techreports/TR661.pdf
[See http://bgp.he.net/AS237#_prefixes6 ]
Other Autonomous Systems:
Source: http://www.google.com/ipv6/statistics.html
3. Domain Names
Sticks and stones will break my bones,but names will never hurt me.19th century English nursery rhyme
23 November 2013 みんな (xn--q9jyb4c) -- Japanese for "everyone" Charleston Road Registry, Inc.19 November 2013 .DIAMONDS John Edge, LLC
19 November 2013 .TIPSCorn Willow, LLC.
19 November 2013 .PHOTOGRAPHY Sugar Glen, LLC
19 November 2013 .DIRECTORY Extra Madison, LLC
19 November 2013 .ENTERPRISES Snow Oaks, LLC
19 November 2013 .KITCHEN Just Goodbye, LLC
19 November 2013 .TODAY Pearl Woods, LLC
14 November 2013 .PLUMBING Spring Tigers, LLC
14 November 2013 .GRAPHICS Over Madison, LLC
14 November 2013.CONTRACTORSMagic Woods, LLC
14 November 2013.GALLERYSugar House, LLC
14 November 2013.SEXYUniregistry, Corp.
14 November 2013.CONSTRUCTIONFox Dynamite, LLC
14 November 2013.TATTOOUniregistry, Corp.
14 November 2013.TECHNOLOGYAuburn Falls
14 November 2013.ESTATETrixy Park, LLC
14 November 2013.LANDPine Moon, LLC14 November 2013.BIKEGrand Hollow, LLC06 November 2013 .VENTURES Binky Lake, LLC
06 November 2013 .CAMERA Atomic Maple, LLC.
06 November 2013 .CLOTHING Steel Lake, LLC
06 November 2013 .LIGHTING John McCook, LLC
06 November 2013 .SINGLES Fern Madison, LLC
06 November 2013 .VOYAGE Ruby House, LLC
06 November 2013 .GURU Pioneer Cypress, LLC
06 November 2013 .HOLDINGS John Madison, LLC
06 November 2013 .EQUIPMENT Corn Station, LLC
23 October 2013 شبكة(xn--ngbc5azd) -- Arabic for "web/network" International Domain Registry Pty. Ltd.
23 October 2013 онлайн(xn--80asehdb) -- Cyrillic for "online" CORE Association
23 October 2013 сайт(xn--80aswg) -- Cyrillic for "site"
CORE Association
23 October 2013 游戏(xn--unup4y) -- Chinese for "game(s)"
Spring Fields, LLC
(BTW, that's just a sampling of the ccTLD "merit" domains...)
"Running a nameserver is not a trivial task.There are many things that can go wrong [...]"
David Barr, Penn State University, February 1996,
RFC1912, "Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors"
Unfortunately, not all "members of the class" get an equally clean report!
5. BGP Security
"Revealed: The Internet's Biggest Security Hole"http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/08/revealed-the-in/
"The New Threat: Targeted Internet Traffic Misdirection,"http://www.renesys.com/2013/11/mitm-internet-hijacking/
MoreTotal SpecificsPrefixesASnum AS Description53815494 AS4538 ERX-CERNET-BKB CN Education & Research Network43954535 AS7029 WINDSTREAM - Windstream Communications Inc36656082 AS3 MIT-GATEWAYS - Massachusetts Institute of Technology36014552 AS4 ISI-AS - University of Southern California34213428 AS28573 NET Serviços de Comunicação S.A.31923272 AS577 BACOM - Bell Canada30043041 AS6389 BELLSOUTH-NET-BLK - BellSouth.net Inc.28482930 AS4766 KIXS-AS-KR Korea Telecom27472962 AS4323 TWTC - tw telecom holdings, inc.26962709 AS17974 TELKOMNET-AS2-AP PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia26722673 AS10620 Telmex Colombia S.A.22012748 AS2 UDEL-DCN - University of Delaware21442212 AS22773 ASN-CXA-ALL-CCI-22773-RDC - Cox Communications20402113 AS7545TPG-INTERNET-AP TPG Telecom Limited20332052 AS18566 MEGAPATH5-US - MegaPathCorporation19922268 AS174 COGENT Cogent/PSI[etc]
[Hmm. AS2, AS3, AS4. Hmm. Do I detect a pattern?]
6. Malware
"This quarter McAfee Labs cataloged 18.5 million new malwaresamples, bringing the total McAfee "zoo" to more than 147 million unique pieces of malware."http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-quarterly-threat-q2-2013-summary.pdf
"Sophos' findings is that approximately 1 in 36 Mac systems (2.7 percent) were found to have true OS X-based malware on their systems. Of these systems, the majority were infected with the recent Flashback malware [...].http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13727_7-57420025-263/one-in-five-macs-infected-with-malware-is-inaccurate/
7. "Snowdonia"
"Nobody does the right thing."Marie Kreutz, The Bourne Identity, 2002
Obumbrata et velata, michi quoque niteris[In the dark and secretly, you work against me] "O Fortuna," Carmina Burana, 13th centurypoem
-- "Cisco has seen a huge drop-off in demand for its hardware in emerging markets, which the company blames on fears about the NSA using American hardware to spy on the rest of the world. Cisco chief executive John Chambers said on the company's earnings call that he believes other American technology companies will be similarly affected. Cisco saw orders in Brazil drop 25% and Russia drop 30%." [ http://qz.com/147313/ciscos-disastrous-quarter-shows-how-nsa-spying-could-freeze- us-companies-out-of-a-trillion-dollar-opportunity/ (emphasis added)]-- "Earlier this month The Information Technology & Innovation Foundation (ITIF) published a prediction that the U.S. cloud computing industry stands to lose up to $35 billion by 2016 thanks to the National Security Agency (NSA) PRISM project, leaked to the media in June. We think this estimate is too low and could be as high as $180 billion or a 25% hit to overall IT service provider revenues in that same timeframe."[ http://blogs.forrester.com/james_staten/13-08-14-the_cost_of_prism_will_be_larger_than_itif_projects (emphasis added)]
Sadly, not all Merit-related domains I checked did this well. Please check (and if necessary, fix) your site(s).
"Moving forward on improving HTTP's security"http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/ietf-http-wg/2013OctDec/0625.html
8. Internet Governance