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Last-Minute Flights: How to Find the Cheapest and Best Fares Available
When it comes to finding last-minute flights, what you should know is outweighed by what you shouldn't know: where you're going and when you're getting there. If you can be flexible on where you travel and what time you fly, the better your chances of getting a good deal.
Still, timing is everything. Most major carriers have last-minute offers during the week (Monday through Wednesday, depending on the airline) for cheap travel over the weekend. A number of apps and services can also help you snag bargain-basement deals.
In this article:
When to book
Tips for snagging cheap flights
Watch out for fees!
The arsenal: Tools to help you beat high prices
Students, military and seniors: Find extra discounts
When to book
Whenever you travel, booking too far ahead of time or too close to departure is likely to cost more, FareCompare says. It suggests booking between 30 days and three months out for domestic travel, and 1.5 to 5.5 months out for international travel. But if you're traveling during a peak season, consider booking about two months out.
However, you can get some bargains by waiting till the last minute. Most airlines try to offload undersold flights for the next weekend early in the week. Though many release their deals on Monday, the best time to book cheap is on Tuesday at 3 p.m. Eastern, when they try to match the prices of the other airlines.
Another way to find cheap fares is to follow the airlines' Twitter accounts for posts on last-minute deals. Here's a chart of major domestic airlines' deal pages and Twitter or Snapchat handles:
|Airline website
|Twitter or Snapchat handle
|Alaska Airlines
|@JetBlueCheeps – check for last minute deals every Tuesday
And of course, check the websites that specialize in last-minute and low-cost travel: Cheapoair.com or Hotwire.com, for instance.
Tips for snagging cheap flights
Fly on off-peak days: The cheapest days to fly are often Saturday, Tuesday and Wednesday. Many of the airlines' last-minute deals necessitate that you fly out on certain days. For example, most of Delta's grabs require that you fly out that coming Saturday and return the next Monday or Tuesday.
The early bird gets the worm: Flights that are either the first or last one out tend to be the cheapest and tend to have unfilled seats. Look for flights at ungodly hours of the morning and night for your best deal. Red-eyes have the advantage of being a time-saving and money-saving means of getting to your destination.
Bundle up: Many online travel agencies and brick-and-mortar agencies will offer last-minute packages that bundle air and hotel stays at prices thousands below their normal going rate. Ever wonder why so many retired folk frequent the cruise circuit? Cruise packages are similar to vacation packages in that they start out high and drastically drop up till to the moment before departure. Keep an eye out for travel packages and cruise deals on Last Minute Travel.
Use your miles: If you are looking at a hefty price tag for your flight, it may be a good time to consider trading in your miles to subsidize your fare. But as we'll describe later, beware of late award reservation fees: Some airlines charge extra for travel booked less than three weeks out.
Watch out for last-minute-travel scams: Watch out for travel agents or websites that might try to con you out of your ticket. While you're generally pretty safe if you go direct, be wary of third parties that ask you to conduct your business over the phone, pay in advance without a written contract, or refuse to use the postal service.
Make it a weeklong stay: If your original plan was to do a quick weekend jaunt down to Texas, consider spending the week to properly explore the Southwest. Fares are often cheaper on weekdays so staying a few days longer can get you a cheaper flight on your return home.
Bid on it: When airlines have flights with unsold seats they will let bid sites like Priceline or Hotwire sell off remaining seats at low prices.
Watch out for fees!
Always keep in mind the additional fees that airlines increasingly charge. Wi-Fi, checked bags, you name it — if you need anything more than the bare minimum, include the airline's fees in your cost assessment.
And while redeeming award miles might save you big on last-minute travel, be wary of late booking surcharges. Some airlines charge up to $75 if you book within 21 days of your travel date, and some have extra fees if you travel on a partner airline.
The arsenal: Tools to help you beat high prices
Everyone's heard of Kayak and Expedia, but here are some lesser-known but incredibly helpful flight comparison tools and apps:
- Airfarewatchdog lets you set up alerts to find out about deals to certain destinations.
- RouteHappy takes into account a "happiness score," including roominess, internet access and high customer ratings. If you have minimum standards for comfort, its filtering mechanism lets you find the cheapest flights with, say, extra legroom.
- SkyScanner lets you input a departure airport and find the cheapest destination, and vice versa. For example, if you enter SFO for departure and United States for destination, you'll see the cheapest domestic flights coming out of San Francisco. You can also specify "everywhere" to see worldwide destinations.
- Yapta has a price comparison service that lets you know if your fare has dropped. It takes into account rebooking fees and will alert you only if your savings outweigh the fees.
Students, military and seniors: Check for affiliation discounts
Military: Many airlines offer discounts for active military and veterans. In addition, you may get a break on advanced purchase requirements and change fees, priority boarding or discounted fares for dependents. Check the individual airline's rules; some require you to book through an agent while others require online booking, for instance. And always compare the fare against deals open to anyone; military discounts are off regular airfares and may still be higher than online deals.
Students: Some airlines offer special deals for students. There are also travel agencies catering to students that offer special last-minute deals:
Seniors: Call up your local airline to find out if it has senior discounts; many aren't offered online. Organizations like the AARP also offer deals on flights.
The article was updated Aug. 26, 2016.
A previous version of this article included an incorrect link for Last Minute Travel. This article has been corrected.


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Florida's IT Office Vanishes Lawmakers fail to fund IT agency, eliminating 26 positions, including that of the CIO.
Hearings Spotlight Asia's Push To Adopt IPv6 In congressional hearings on the Internet upgrade to IPv6, much attention was focused Thursday on the presumed lead over the United States by Asian countries, which are boldly moving to the new Web technology.
Self-Service Kiosks Help Hospital Reduce Patient Wait Times, Paperwork, And Anxiety The system, which supports multiple languages, has cut check-in time by 25% for first-time patients and 75% for return visits.
Metro Ethernet Market Set To Skyrocket Survey says metro Ethernet equipment sales reached $1.7 billion last year, and will continue to rise at a 26% compound annual growth rate through 2009.
Microsoft Eyes Buying Controversial Adware Maker For $500 Million: Report The New York Times reports that Microsoft has been in negotiations to buy Claria for half a billion dollars.
Is THIS The New iPod Phone? The Apple sites are notorious for rampant rumors, speculation and -- famously -- "leaked" mockups actually created by Apple fans with Photoshop. Sometimes, however, even the most unlikely rumors -- such as, for example, that Apple would use Intel chips -- turn out to be true. This image, posted on the Apple Insider site, may or may not be from Motorola a
New Council Formed To Promote Adoption Of Smart Cards By Health-Care Sector Consumers could use technology to verify insurance coverage and benefit eligibility.
Congress To Study Slow Pace Of Migration To IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6, an Internet upgrade, promises a virtually limitless number of Web addresses and tighter security. Congress aims to find out why the United States hasn't yet embraced it.
Telecoms Target The Hispanic Market Providers see gold in the 43 million members of the Hispanic population.
Professor Sees iPod As A Potential Tool For Cybercrime Miniature digital players can swiftly and effortlessly download immense amounts of information.
Level 3 Expands Emergency 911 For VoIP Services Responding to the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) recently-announced E-911 requirements, Level 3 will extend emergency number coverage to more than 70% of the United States this year and will add emergency calling features to its VoIP Local Inbound service.
Living The Future Through the miracles of modern technology I am posting this using a Wi-Fi connection on a bus rolling down the Massachusetts Turnpike, headed for New York and the C3 Expo. (It's the mobile connectivity that's the future. Going to a tradeshow seems seriously retro.) 8:24 a.m., Leaving Boston I'm in seat 9B on the LimoLiner's 8 a.m. run from Boston's Back Bay Hilton to the New York Hilton on 6th Avenue. It's a bus fitted out like an airline shuttle -- leather seats, a restroom and gal
Opinion: Supremes' Rulings Leave Geeks Singing The Blues A pair of Supreme Court rulings this week -- one condemning file-sharing technology, the other killing cable Internet competition -- deliver a vicious one-two punch to innovation and intelectual freedom.
Google And Yahoo Don't Block Porn, Government Report Says Filtering technology used by Microsoft's MSN search engine more effectively blocks porn than Google and Yahoo, according to the Government Accountability Office.
RSS Feeds Beef Up Longhorn It's a great idea. RSS processing may actually be something that belongs in the operating system. (As opposed to Web browsers and media players, which I'm still mad at Microsoft about.) If you use an RSS reader to you know how handy it can be to effortlessly collect information from blogs and Web sites. Microsoft says it's going to build an RSS reader into Longhorn, and add a special database and API
Can Cisco Systems Sell A Smarter Network? Company needs to convince customers of application-oriented networking's value
Can Cisco Sell Its Smarter-Network Vision? Some Cisco customers are unclear about application-oriented networking and what it means to them.
Orders For Big-Ticket Computer Wares Slip The value of new orders for durable computers and related products in May fell a seasonally adjusted 7% but remains 21.5% higher than a year earlier.
Coalition Urges Feds To Allow Municipal Broadband Networks High technology companies, local governments, and consumer organizations urge Congress to pass legislation that will ensure that local governments are allowed to provide broadband network access to their residents and businesses.
Peer-To-Peer File Sharing Comes With Risks, Says FTC Benefits include speed and bandwidth conservation, but FTC doesn't make it clear whether they outweigh risks such as data security, spyware, and viruses.
EMC And Sun Reveal Interoperability Partnership The agreement with EMC will allow Solaris 10 customers the choice of using data-management and storage technologies from either company.
AT&T Unveils Plans To Expand Global Business Network Although it's still in the process of being acquired by SBC Communications, AT&T announced Thursday that it is making a sweeping expansion of its global networks, including IP VPN-based services that are aimed at business customers.
Traxi Unveils Software To Integrate VoIP, Enterprise Apps Traxi has unveiled a new member of its Volcrum product family designed to integrate VoIP with enterprise applications.
SmartAdvice: Smart Backup Storage Tips Electronic vaulting promises an end to shipping backup tapes, The Advisory Council says. Also, vendor software generally improves over time, but homegrown software needs to beware those "one-at-a-time" changes.
Broadband Growth Boosts Dwindling Telecom Revenue Revenues from traditional telephone services are negatively affecting telecom providers but will be partially offset by the growth of broadband, according to an In-Stat report released Wednesday.
Coming Soon: Free Long-Distance Cell-Phone Calls Via Skype A Norwegian company has developed technology that links cell phones with Skype Technologies' VoIP service in a configuration that enables users to make worldwide calls at local rates.
IT Workforce Becoming More Male The percentage of women in the IT labor force fell last year to 32.4% from a high of 41% in 1996, according to new ITAA research.
MCI Releases VPN For DSL Access To Networks MCI has revealed two additions to its Secure Interworking Gateway Services suite designed to help companies secure access to their networks.
Chambers Sketches A Grander Role For The Network Cisco's application-oriented networking product line will add intelligence to the network, giving it a greater integration and security role.
Bush Taps Agriculture CIO To Fill Same Post At Homeland Security Scott Charbo replaces Homeland Security's first CIO, Steve Cooper, who left in April to become the American Red Cross' top business technologist.
Another Use For Wi-Fi: Finding Stolen Laptops Skyhook Wireless has developed technology that uses Wi-Fi to find stolen mobile devices--a positive step in the war against identity thieves and other cybercriminals.
Business Technology: Asinine Florida Law Undermines Efforts Perhaps it's time for us to initiate some public advocacy concerning outdated and asinine laws that run counter to our own anti-cybercrime efforts, Bob Evans says.
Longhorn vs. OS X? The results of the Longhorn poll don't give me the feeling that a lot of you are eagerly awaiting the release of Microsoft's next version of Windows. In fact, it sounds like at least some of you are looking for -- or have already found -- alternatives. Staying with existing Windows versions was mentioned, along with Linux, and Apple's OS X:
SmartAdvice: Match Project Tools With Business Objectives And Company Culture Project-management tools can offer real help for delivering projects on spec, on time, and on budget, The Advisory Council says. Also, RFID can help your bottom line if you use feedback promptly.
New Software Language Helps Computers Better Understand Nuanced Commands The process specification language should make computers much more useful in manufacturing, federal researchers say.
Report: Citizens Yawn At Feds' E-Gov Initiatives Agency heads, CIOs, and program mangers face increased obstacles to widespread acceptance of the Web for government initiatives, a Forrester study says.
In-Flight Broadband Flies Globally, But Stalls In U.S. Boeing expects to start selling cellular phone services to airline passengers next year, but many U.S. airlines and passengers oppose the use of cell phones on commercial flights.
Ericsson Targets Mobile 'Triple Play' Services Ericsson has announced that it will expand its Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) portfolio into additional frequency bands in preparation for the expected consumer demand for mobile triple play services.
Langa Letter: How To Build Better Passwords Stronger passwords don't have to be hard to create or use, Fred Langa says. Here are tools and tips that can help.
Skype Users Connect Via Santa Cruz Networks' API Users of Skype Technologies VoIP service are being offered a free video, voice, and data-sharing service developed by Santa Cruz Networks.
Developers Form Group To Improve Software Quality With software bugs costing American businesses $60 billion, the Software Economics Council aims to develop best practices for industry.
How Clever Is Too Clever? You begin to get a feeling for how complex Longhorn is going to be when it takes one Microsoft engineer to explain what another Microsoft engineer really meant when he tried to explain a new feature. The feature wasn't even in Longhorn, but in the future version 7 of Internet Explorer. Gordon Mangione, corporate vice president of Microsoft's security group, at the MS Tech Ed conference last week in Orlando, revealed some details of a "low
Phishing, Pharming, And Spyware Targeting Federal Agencies A report from the Government Accountability Office says federal agencies should do more to limit potential damage from these cyberthreats.
Pennsylvania Creating Deputy CIO Posts Deputies will serve "communities of practice," which promote cross-agency cooperation in planning and implementing common IT goals.
Live HDTV Broadcast Over DSL In First-Ever Demo Broadcam's IPTV set top box was used in the world's first demonstration of delivering a live HDTV broadcast over a DSL network.
SmartAdvice: Standardize Backup-And-Restore Storage Deploy backup tasks to underused resources for best efficiency in an enterprise backup system, The Advisory Council says. Also, there's a high threshold for moving PowerBuilder developers to Java.
WiMax Moves Closer To Reality Major telecom carriers are taking small but important steps toward making large-scale, high-speed wireless networks broadly available to businesses and residents in select metropolitan areas.
Lots Of Buzz Around Consumer-Oriented Triple-Play Networks Triple-play services will primarily be aimed at consumers looking to do cool new things with video on their mobile devices.
Pennsylvania CIO Becomes A Top Aide To Governor As deputy chief of staff, Art Stephens will continue to have general oversight responsibility for IT.
Networking This Week: VoIP, Triple Play Take Center Stage At Supercomm Should Supercomm be renamed VoIPFest? VoIP and triple-play services are where all the action is, and that's where the news was at the show.


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Every bag is shipped in a shiny pink envelope every month.
How the contents came inside the bag.
The theme of October's bag is "The Art of Beauty".
They always include a postcard showing the brands featured in that month's bag as well as the discount you can get shopping for those brands during that particular month.
Every month has a different makeup bag. This particular bag Ipsy's Facebook page asked for everyone to decorate the backside of the bag and post it on their wall. I never took the time to do mine. :p
Now what you have been waiting for.. The Goodies!! Every bag includes most usually 5-6 products a month. They are usually deluxe samples but they also include from time to time Full Size products.
Up first a yummy smelling hand lotion that is found at kohls.
Product Name: be Delectable Hand Cream in Strawberries and Cream
Description: Indulge your hands with a well-deserved treat. This ultra nourishing hand cream is enriched with shea butter, coconut oil, and aloe vera to smooth, nourish and rejuvenate hands and cuticles. Rich, and never greasy, this beautiful blend is kissed with a delectable scent. Available in four delectable scents, coconut & cream, strawberry & cream, vanilla & cream and lemon & cream.
Size: 2 oz/60 mL
Where to Buy: Kohl's
Value: $5.00 (Full Size: 4 oz/118 ml $10.00)
Product Name: Sexy Hair Blow Dry Gel
Description: The Sexy Hair Blow Gel is an alcohol-free gel that thickens hair while adding volume. It also helps retain moisture so your hair never feels dry. Delivers a light to medium hold.
Size: 1.7 oz/50 mL
Where to Buy: Ulta
Value: $5.00 (Full Size: 8.5 oz $16.95)
Product Name: H20 Face Oasis Hydrating Treatment
Description: The H2O Plus Face Oasis Hydrating Treatment is a clinically proven oil-free moisture gel that delivers deep hydration. Marine botanicals rapidly replenish depleted skin and fills surface lines with a surge of moisture. Vitamins A and E helps fight against environmental damage and phospholipid microspheres deliver time-released hydration to keep skin looking revitalized all day.
Size: 0.34 oz/10mL
Where to Buy: H20
Value: $7.20 (Full Size 1.7 oz/50mL $36.00)
Product Name: Buxom Full On Lip Polish in Dolly
Description: Tingle, plump & shine your pout to super-sexy proportions with sheer, shimmering Full-On™ Lip Polish in Dolly. This bestselling dusty mauve gloss creates the look of fuller, more voluptuous lips while Vitamins A & E help keep them soft, smooth and protected.
Size: 0.07oz/2mL
Where to Buy: Sephora
Value: $8.87 (Full Size: 0.15 oz $19.00)
Product Name: Zoya Nail Polish in Mason
Description: Part of the Fall 2013 CASHMERES & SATINS Collection, these shades are created to work together with this season's most stylish runway designs and luxurious fabric blends. These ultra long-wearing, glossy nail lacquers by Zoya are BIG5FREE - free of toluene, camphor, formaldehyde, formaldehyde resin and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). </p>
ipsy subscribers will receive Neve, Giovanna, or Mason
Size: Full Size
Where to Buy: Zoya
Value: $9.00
A Blurry picture so you could see the sparkles in it. I had a hard time capturing them.
Price of Bag: $10.00
Value of Bag: $35.07
Where to Subscribe: Ipsy
Thoughts on Bag: I loved everything but the blow dry gel. The lotion smells so yummy that you want to eat your hand. Makes me think of strawberries and cream oatmeal. I also love the zoya color I got even though i was hoping for the emerald shade Giovanna. I've been using the h20 and my face seems more moisturized then it had been. I just damped my face first with some water and the dot it on my face. A little goes along way. The lip gloss tingles and has a butterscotch flavor. The blow dry gel just made my hair oily and tangled more then anything. I have fine hair, so i can't recommend it for this hairtype.
These are the other items that were featured in this months bag:
*Bella Terra Mineral Cosmetics Mineral Shimmers (2g) $11.99 (Full Size 2.5g $14.99)
*Ole Henrien Truth Serum Collagen Booster (0.25 oz/7 mL) $10.00 (Full Size: 1 oz/30 mL $40.00)
*Coastal Scents Medium Shadow Brush $2.49
*La Fresh Eco-Beauty Oil-Free Cleanser Wipes (15 ct) $5.00 (Full Size: $9.99 30 ct)
*Nourish Organic Deeply Nourishing Coconut & Argan Body Lotion (1 oz) $1.49 (Full Size: 8 oz$9.99
*Ofra Sultry Lipgloss and Plumper (Full Size) $12.95
*Ole Henriksen Truth Creme Advanced Hydration (0.25 oz) $6.62 (Full Size: 1.7 oz $45.00)
*Sexy Hair Spray Clay Texturizing Spray Clay (Travel Size 1.4 oz) $8.00 (Full Size: 4.4 oz $18.95)
*Starlooks Lip Pencil (Full Size 2.4g) $12.00
*Wet n Wild Fergie Photo Op Eyeshadow $4.99
Past Months Bags:
*September 2013 *August 2013 *July 2013 *June 2013 *May 2013
*April 2013 *March 2013 *February 2013 *January 2013 *December 2012
*November 2012 *October 2012 *September 2012 *August 2012 *July 2012
*June 2012 *May 2012 *April 2012


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Scholarly as well as ideological debate has long centered around the most elementary questions concerning poverty. What is poverty? How can it be measured? What causes it? Is it a natural phenomenon or a symptom of a poorly ordered society? Though answers to all these questions abound, there is no definitive answer to any one of them, nor can there ever be, for the questions are not purely demographic, but moral, ethical, and political as well. Poverty is a concept, not a fact, and must be understood as such. Even though no definitive answers are possible, this does not mean that all answers are thereby equal; many are based on ignorant assumptions and ill-formed judgments. Sociologists involved in poverty research seek to make sure that all understand the meaning and consequences of various points of view, and that both theoretical and policy research is based soundly upon clear definitions and reliable data.
Even the definition of ''poverty'' is problematic. The word is derived from the French pauvre, meaning ''poor.'' Poverty is simply the state of lacking material possessions, of having little or no means to support oneself. All would agree that anyone lacking the means necessary to remain alive is in poverty, but beyond that there is little agreement. Some scholars and policy makers would draw the poverty line at the bare subsistence level, like Rowntree's ''the minimum necessaries for the maintenance of merely physical efficiency'' (1901, p. viii). Others argue for poverty definitions that include persons whose level of living is above subsistence but who have inadequate means; among those holding to the latter, further arguments concern the definition of adequacy. Social science cannot resolve the most basic arguments. For example, the level of living implied by the poverty threshold in the United States would be seen as desirable and unattainable in many other countries, yet few would suggest that poverty in the United States be defined by such outside standards. Sociologists can evaluate the demographic and economic assumptions underlying standards of poverty, but not the standards themselves.
Conceptions of Poverty
Poverty can be defined in absolute or relative terms. The subsistence line is a good example of an absolute definition (i.e., below this line one does not have sufficient resources to survive). A criterion based on some arbitrary formula, such that poverty equals some fraction of the median income or below, is a good example of a relative definition (e.g., ''All persons earning less than 25 percent of the median income are poor''). In all industrial societies an absolute definition will have far fewer persons officially in poverty than will a relative definition, creating natural political pressure for absolute definitions. For example, a study in 1976 revealed that if poverty was defined as having 50 percent of the median income, data on income distributions would show that an unchanging 19 percent of the population had been poor for almost the past two decades (U.S. DHEW 1976). Absolute definitions show declines in poverty over time in industrial nations. There are valid arguments for both types of definitions. Some argue that relative definitions of poverty render the term meaningless in affluent societies, and make cross-national comparisons difficult—for example, in an advanced industrial society, 50 percent of national median income could leave one adequately provided for, while the same percentage in many less industrialized societies would not provide basic necessities to sustain life. On the other hand, within societies there is evidence that most people see poverty in relative terms rather than as an absolute standard (Rainwater 1974; Kilpatrick 1973). That is, popular conceptions of what level of living constitutes poverty have been found to change as general affluence goes up and down. Advocates of relative measures point out that any absolute measure is arbitrary and thus meaningless. A reasonable definition of the poor, they argue, should be one that demarcates the lower tail of the income distribution as the poor, whatever the absolute metric represented by that tail, for those persons will be poor by the standards of that time and place. As the average level of income rises and falls, they argue, what is seen as poverty will, and should, change. Advocates of absolute measures of poverty do not deny that perception of poverty is intimately tied to distributional inequality, but argue that relative definitions are too vague for policy purposes. An absolute standard, defined on some concrete level of living, is a goal that can possibly be attained. Once it is attained, they say, a new goal could be set. Eliminating poverty as defined by relative standards is a far more difficult goal, both practically and politically. T. H. Marshall noted, ''the question of what range of inequality is acceptable above the 'poverty line' can only marginally, if at all, be affected by or affect the decision of where that line should be drawn'' (1981, p. 52).
Relative versus absolute poverty is a distributional distinction, but there are other important distinctions as well. A social distinction, and one with considerable political import, is usually made between the ''deserving poor'' and the ''undeserving poor.'' In their brief summary of the historical origins of this distinction, Morris and Williamson (1986, pp. 6–12) maintain that it became significant in the fourteenth century, when, for a variety of reasons (the decline of feudalism, the rise of a market economy with concomitant periodic labor dislocations, bubonic plague–induced regional labor shortages), the poor became geographically mobile for the first time. Before that, the local Catholic parish, with its ''Blessed are the poor'' theology, was the primary caretaker of the indigent. Mobility caused an increase in the number of able-bodied individuals needing temporary assistance, and troubles arising from their presence contributed to a growing antipathy toward the able-bodied poor.
Katz (1989) also traces the origins of the ''undeserving poor'' in part to demographic factors. He points out that, prior to the twentieth century, poverty was a seemingly unalterable fact of life, and most people would spend their lives in it. Thus no moral taint was attached to poverty. The only policy question usually involved the locus of responsibility for aid, and the answer was a simple one: Responsibility was local, and those needy persons not belonging to the community could be ''resettled.'' Increased population mobility made the settlement provisions unworkable, and the original distinction between the genuinely needy and ''rogues, vagabonds, and sturdy beggars'' hardened into a moral distinction between the poor, who needed no public relief, and ''paupers,'' those needing assistance because of personal failings (Katz 1989, pp. 12–14).
Feagin (1975, chap. 2) locates the origins of negative attitudes toward the poor in the Protestant Reformation. Under Protestantism, he notes, the ''work ethic''—the ideology of individualism—became a central tenet of the Western belief system. Poverty, in the extreme Calvinist version of this viewpoint, is largely a consequence of laziness and vice, and can even be regarded as just punishment from a righteous God. The rise of Puritan thought contributed to the increasing disfavor with which the unemployed and destitute were regarded. It became a matter of faith that poverty was individually caused and must thereby be individually cured. These ideas became secularized, and programs to aid the poor thereafter focused on curing the individual faults that led to poverty: Potential problems in the structure of society that caused unemployment and underemployment were not to be scrutinized in search of a solution. The notion of poverty continues to be in flux. As Marshall (1981) noted, the concept has been with us since antiquity, but its meaning has not been constant through the ages.
Most sociologists today distinguish among three major types of explanations of poverty: individual, situational, and structural theories. Individual theories attribute the primary cause of poverty to individual failings or, more neutrally, to individual differences—the central argument being that the poor are different from the nonpoor in some significant way. Situational theories agree that the poor are different from the nonpoor, but argue that the differences are a result of poverty, not a cause of it. Structural theories see differences in individual attributes as irrelevant, and argue that poverty has only societal-level origins: The characteristics of economic systems create poverty, not the characteristics of individuals.
Theory and Policy
The epitome of the individual viewpoint in the social sciences was the once-dominant ''culture of poverty'' explanation for destitution. Oscar Lewis (1961, 1966) is usually credited with this idea, which sees poverty not only as economic deprivation, or the absence of something, but also as a way of life, the presence of specific subcultural values and attitudes passed down from generation to generation. Lewis saw the structure of life among the poor as functional, a set of coping mechanisms without which the poor could not survive their harsh circumstances. But there were negative consequences of the value system as well, he noted. Family life was disorganized, there was an absence of childhood as a prolonged lifecycle stage, a proliferation of consensual marriages, and a very high incidence of spouse and child abandonment—all of which left individuals unprepared and unable to take advantage of opportunities. Exacerbating the problem, the poor were divorced from participation in and integration into the major institutions of society, leading to constant hostility, suspicion, and apathy. Many have maintained that the culture-of-poverty viewpoint dovetailed perfectly with a politically liberal view of the world. It blamed the poor as a group for their poverty, but held no single person individually responsible, nor did it blame the structure of the economy or the society. This view of the poor led to antipoverty policies directed at changing the attitudes and values of those in poverty, so that they could ''break out'' of the dysfunctional cultural traits they had inherited. It led political liberals and radicals to attempts to ''organize the poor.'' Political conservatives transformed the explanation into one that held the poor more culpable individually and the problem into one that was intractable—''benign neglect'' being then the only sensible solution (Banfield 1958, 1970; Katz 1989). There were many problems with the culture-of-poverty explanation. Most serious was the fact that the cultural scenario simply doesn't fit. Only a minority of the poor are poor throughout their lives; most move in and out of poverty. Also, a substantial proportion of those in poverty are either women with children who fell into poverty when abandoned by a spouse, or the elderly who became poor when their worklives ended: Neither event could be explainable by the culture of the class of destination. Many studies falsified specific aspects of the culture-of-poverty thesis (for a review, see Katz 1989, pp. 41 ff.), and Hyman Rodman's influential notion of the ''lower-class value stretch'' (1971) offered an alternative explanation (the poor actually share mainstream values, but must ''stretch'' them to fit their circumstances—remove the poverty, and they fit neatly into dominant culture—attempts to alter their ''culture'' are unnecessary, and meaningless, since ''culture'' is not the problem). Nonetheless, the culture-of-poverty thesis was (and to some extent still is) a very popular explanation for poverty. This is probably so in part because it fits so well the individualistic biases of most Americans. Surveys of attitudes toward poverty have shown that most persons prefer ''individualistic'' explanations of poverty, which place the responsibility for poverty primarily on the poor themselves. A minority of Americans subscribe to ''structural'' explanations that blame external social and economic factors, and this minority consists largely of the young, the less educated, lower income groups, nonwhites, and Jews (Feagin 1975, p. 98).
A more sophisticated recent treatment incorporating some of the explanatory power of the culture of poverty argument without that theory's untenable assumptions is William Wilson's depiction of the ''underclass'' (1987). This recent work by Wilson on the underclass has been criticized by some as a return to classical culture of poverty theory in a new guise. It is not, of course, and represents a very different type of explanation. Wilson defines the underclass as an economically disadvantaged group whose marginal economic position and weak attachment to the labor force is ''uniquely reinforced by the neighborhood or social milieu'' (Wilson 1993, p. 23). Changes in the geography of employment, industrial specialization, and other factors have resulted in a rise in joblessness among urban minorities, which has in turn led to an increase in other social dislocations. Primary among those other factors has been the steady out-migration of working-class and middleclass families from the inner cities, which groups would normally provide a social buffer. Wilson notes: ''in a neighborhood with a paucity of regularly employed families and with the overwhelming majority of families having spells of long-term joblessness, people experience a social isolation that excludes them from the job network system that permeates other neighborhoods and that is so important . . . other alternatives such as welfare . . . are not only increasingly relied on, they come to be seen as a way of life'' (1987, p. 57). The 1990 U.S. Census showed that about 15 percent of the poor lived in neighborhoods where the poverty rate was at least 40 percent (O'Hare 1996). In these neighborhoods, where few are likely to have resources or job networks, reside Wilson's ''underclass.'' Unlike the culture-of-poverty theory, Wilson's theory analyzes the structural and cultural resources of poor places, rather than the socialized attitudes and values of poor people. Wilson contends that ''ghetto-specific cultural traits'' are relevant in understanding the behavior of inner-city poor people, but these traits, contra culture-of-poverty theory, do not have a life of their own. That is, they are an effect of deprivation and social isolation, not a cause of it, and they command very little commitment—they are not self-perpetuating. ''Social isolation,'' Wilson's key concept, implies not differential socialization of the inner-city poor, but rather their lack of cultural resources supporting the desirability and possibility of achieving culturally normative aspirations. The individual characteristics normally associated with a culture of poverty argument represent expected and even rational responses to adverse environments, not socialized belief systems.
While Wilson's work has been very influential in the social sciences, one of the most politically influential recent works on poverty policy has been that of Murray (1984). Murray argued that the viewpoint that individuals ultimately cause their own poverty changed in the 1960s to the viewpoint that the structure of society was ultimately responsible. This alteration in the intellectual consensus, which freed the poor from responsibility for their poverty, was fatally misguided, he argues, and caused great damage to the poor. Despite enormously increased expenditures on social welfare from 1965 on, he maintains, progress against poverty ceased at that point. In the face of steadily improving economic conditions, the period 1965–1980 was marked by increases in poverty, family breakdown, crime, and voluntary unemployment. Murray argues that this occurred precisely because of the increased expenditures on social welfare, not despite them. Work incentive declined during these years because of government policies that rewarded lack of employment and nonintact family structure. It is a standard economic principle that any activity that is subsidized will tend to increase. Murray's arguments have had policy impact, but have been subject to extensive criticism by students of the field.
As evidence of the disincentive to work brought about by social welfare payments, Murray cites the Negative Income Tax (NIT) experiments. These were large social experiments designed to assess the effects of a guaranteed income. The first NIT experiment was a four-year study in New Jersey from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. In this study, 1,375 intact ''permanently poor'' families were selected, and 725 of them were assigned to one of eight NIT plans. It was found that the reduction in labor-market activity for males caused by a guaranteed income was not significant, but that there were some reductions for females (5–10 percent of activity), most of which could be explained by the substitution of labor-market activity for increased child care (home employment). In a larger NIT study conducted throughout the 1970s, the Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiment (usually referred to in the literature as the SIME-DIME study), much larger work disincentives were found, about 10 percent for men, 20 percent for their spouses, and up to 30 percent for women heading single-family households (see Haveman 1987, chap. 9, for an excellent summary of the many NIT experiments). Murray offered these findings as evidence that existing welfare programs contributed to poverty by creating work disincentives. Cain (1985) pointed out that the experiments provided much higher benefits than existing welfare programs, and also noted that, given the low pay for women at that level, the 20 percent reduction for wives would have a trivial effect on family income. If it resulted in a proportionate substitution of work at home, the reduction could actually lead to an improvement in the lives of the poor. Commentators have presented arguments against almost every point made by Murray, insisting that either his measures or his interpretations are wrong. For example, Murray's measure of economic growth, the gross national product (GNP), did increase throughout the 1970s, but real wages declined, and inflation and unemployment increased—poverty was not increasing during good times, as he argues. His other assertions have been similarly challenged (for summaries, see McLanahan et al. 1985; Katz 1989, chap. 4), but though his arguments and empirical findings simply do not stand up to close scrutiny, the broad viewpoint his work represents remains important in policy deliberations, probably because they offer pseudoscientific support for the biases of many.
Measures of Poverty
In the United States, official poverty estimates are based on the Orshansky Index. The index is named for Mollie Orshansky of the Social Security Administration, who first proposed it (Orshansky 1965). It is an absolute poverty measure, based on the calculated cost of food sufficient for an adequate nutritional level and on the assumption that persons must spend one-third of their after-tax income on food. Thus, the poverty level is theoretically three times the annual cost of a nutritionally adequate ''market basket.'' This cost was refined by stratifying poor families by size, composition, and farm/nonfarm, and by creating different income cutoffs for poverty for families of differing types. Originally there were 124 income cutoff points, but by 1980 the separate thresholds for farm families and female-headed households had been eliminated, and the number of thresholds reduced to 48. Since 1969 the poverty line has been regularly updated using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to adjust for increased costs. The original index was based on the least costly of four nutritionally adequate food plans developed by the Department of Agriculture. Since a 1955 Department of Agriculture survey of food consumption patterns had determined that families of three or more spent approximately one-third of their income on food, the original poverty index was simply triple the average cost of the economy food plan. This index was altered for smaller families to compensate for their higher fixed costs, and for farm families to compensate for their lower costs (the farm threshold began as 70 percent of the nonfarm for an equivalent household, and was raised to 85 percent in 1969). Originally, the poverty index was adjusted yearly by taking into account the cost of the food items in the Department of Agriculture economy budget, but this changed in 1969 to a simple CPI adjustment (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1982).
Over the years there have been many criticisms of the official poverty measure and its assumptions (for summaries and extended discussion, see U.S. DHEW 1976; Haveman 1987). The first set of problems, some argue, come from the fact that the very basis of the measure is flawed. The economy food budget at the measure's core is derived from an outdated survey that may not reflect changes in tastes and options. Further, the multiplication of food costs by three is only appropriate for some types of families, other types must spend greater or lesser proportions on food. Some estimates indicate that the poor spend half or more of their income on food; the more well-to-do spend one-third or less. Even if the multiplier was correct, the original Department of Agriculture survey discovered it for posttax income; in the poverty measure it is applied to pretax income, though the poor pay little in taxes. Other problems often cited include the fact that the ''economy budget'' assumes sufficient knowledge for wise shopping—a dubious assumption for the poor—and the fact that the poor are often locked into paying much higher prices than average because of a lack of transportation. An additional problem is that the poverty thresholds are not updated by using changes in the actual price of food, but instead by changes in the CPI, which includes changes in the price of many other items such as clothing, shelter, transportation, fuel, medical fees, recreation, furniture, appliances, personal services, and many other items probably irrelevant to the expenses of the poor. Findings are mixed, but it is generally agreed that the losses in purchasing power suffered by the poor in inflationary periods is understated by the CPI (see Oster et al. 1978, p. 25). A second set of problems derives from the fact that the definition is based on income only. Both in-kind transfers and assets are excluded. Excluding in-kind transfers means that government-provided food, shelter, or medical care is not counted. Excluding assets means that a wealthy family with little current income could be counted as poor.
Demography of Poverty
In 1987 the average poverty threshold for a family of four was $11,611 per year (all figures in this paragraph are from U.S. Bureau of the Census 1989a, p. 163; 1989b, p. 166; 1990). This means the assumed annual cost of an adequate diet for four persons was $3,870.33, or about 88 cents per meal per person. For a single person the poverty threshold was $5,778, and the food allowance $1.76 per meal. In 1986 the poverty threshold was $11,203, allowing 85 cents per meal, and in 1988 it had risen to $12,091, or 92 cents per meal. In the United States in 1987 there were 32,341,000 persons below the poverty threshold, or 13.4 percent of the population. In 1988 there were 31,878,000, or 13.1 percent, almost a half-million fewer persons below official poverty than the year before. These figures underestimate official poverty somewhat, since they are based on the Current Population Survey, which is primarily a household survey and thus does not count the homeless not in shelters. The decline from 1987 to 1988 in the number in poverty is part of a long-term trend. In 1960 there were 8 million more—39,851,000 persons—who by today's guidelines would have been counted as officially in poverty, representing 22.2 percent of the population. By the official, absolute standard, poverty has greatly decreased over the past three decades, both in terms of the actual number of persons below the threshold and, even more dramatically, by the percentage of the population in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1989). This decrease actually took place over two decades, since the number of people in poverty in 1970 had declined to only 25,420,000, or 12.6 percent of the population, and the number and percentage have risen since then, but never back as high as the 1960 levels. Poverty is not evenly spread over the population. Of those below the official poverty level in 1988, 57.1 percent were female, 29.6 percent were black, and 16.9 percent were Hispanic. Female-headed families with children were disproportionately poor. In poverty in 1988 were 38.2 percent of all such white families and 56.3 percent of all such black families (this is a gender phenomenon, not a single-parent one, since in 1988 only 18 percent of male-headed single parent families were below the poverty threshold). The age composition of the poor population has changed. In 1968, 38.6 percent of those in poverty were of working age (18–64), while twenty years later 49.6 percent of those in poverty were of working age. From 1968 to 1988 the percentage of the poor population over 65 declined from 18.2 percent to 10.9 percent, and the percentage who were children under 18 declined from 43.1 percent to 39.5 percent. A higher percentage of working-age poor is seen by some as a sign of worse times. It almost certainly reflects not only economic downturns but also in part ideological biases toward helping the presumably able-bodied poor; most antipoverty programs have been specifically aimed at the old or the young. O'Hare (1996) points out that the poverty rate and the number of poor in the 1990s exceed those figures in the 1970s. He notes that all the dramatic postwar decline in poverty rates occurred before 1973. After that, poverty rates in the United States rose through the early 1980s, then declined, but never back to the 1973 level.
Despite extensive debate about the policy implications of various definitions of poverty, and the inherent difficulty of locating this population, one can have confidence that the poor are being counted with reasonable precision. More than one generation of social scientists have contributed to the refinement of the measures of poverty, and existing statistical series are based on data collected by the U.S. Bureau of the Census—an organization with very high technical competence. Nonetheless, there is one group, the extremely poor, whose numbers are in doubt. All current measurement relies on the household unit, and assumes some standard type of domicile. As Rossi puts it, ''our national unemployment and poverty statistics pertain only to that portion of the domiciled population that lives in conventional housing'' (1989, p. 73). An extremely poor person living, perhaps temporarily, in a household where other adults had sufficient income would not be counted as being in poverty. Even more important, the literally homeless who live on the street, and those whose homes consist of hotels, motels, rooming houses, or shelters are not counted at all in the yearly Current Population Survey (the decennial census does attempt to count those in temporary quarters, but the 1990 census was the first to even attempt to count those housed in unconventional ways or not at all). The studies of Rossi and his colleagues indicate that the number of extremely poor people in the United States (those whose income is less than two-thirds of the poverty level) is somewhere between four and seven million. The number of literally homeless poor people, those who do not figure into the official poverty counts, must be estimated. The best available estimate is that they number between 250,000 and 350,000, about 5–8 percent of the extremely poor population (Rossi 1989). The number of extremely poor people has more than doubled since 1970, while the population was increasing only by 20 percent (Rossi 1989, p. 78). The extremely poor are at considerable risk of becoming literally homeless. When they do so, they will disappear from official statistics (just as the unemployed cease being officially unemployed soon after they give up the search for work). To see that official statistics remain reliable in the face of increasing extreme poverty is the most recent methodological challenge in the field.
Poverty in Low-income Countries
Most of the discussion thus far has concerned poverty in the United States. Comparing poverty across countries is a difficult enterprise, but is important to do if one is to put poverty in any individual country in perspective. Poverty in the United States and in other highly industrialized countries simply does not fall into the same category as poverty in less industrialized nations. Many of those classified as in poverty in the United States would be seen as reasonably well off by international standards. This means that, although many countries report a ''percentage-in-poverty'' figure for their populations, these figures cannot be sensibly compared, since the concept of what constitutes poverty varies so widely. Statistics from the United Nations Development Program 1998 Human Development Report can illustrate this stark contrast. In 1998, in the fourty-four countries the U.N. classifies as ''least developed,'' about 29 percent of the population was not expected to survive to age 40. Compare this to the 5 percent not expected to survive to that age in the industrial countries. In the least developed countries, 43 percent of the population has no access to safe water, 64 percent no access to sanitation, and 51 percent no access to health services (considering all developing countries rather than just the poorest, those figures would be 29 percent, 20 percent, and 58 percent, respectively). This level of living is characteristic of very few people in industrial nations, making poverty comparisons almost meaningless. The World Bank has attempted to provide international comparisons of poverty by creating a measure of the percentage of a country's population living on less than $1 a day, calculated in 1985 international prices and ''adjusted to local currency using purchasing power parities'' (World Bank 1999, p. 69). The $1-a-day figure was chosen because this is the typical poverty line in low-income countries. World Bank figures indicate that about 1.3 billion people live on less than $1 a day. Twenty-seven countries in which over 25 percent of the population lives with resources at less than this level were counted, as were fourteen countries (Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Nepal, Niger, Peru, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda, Zambia) where approximately half or more of the population lives on less than $1 a day.
It is clear that while relative poverty is a serious moral and political issue in industrial countries, absolute poverty—at levels unheard of in industrial countries—is a far more serious problem in much of the rest of the world.
The study of poverty is a difficult field, and is not properly a purely sociological endeavor. As even this brief overview shows, a thorough understanding requires the combined talents of sociologists, economists, demographers, political scientists, historians, and philosophers. All these fields have contributed to our understanding of the phenomenon.
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You've heard the expression lots of times – a dog is a man's best friend. But if you have young children or grandchildren in your home, a dog or cat may be their best friends, too. Especially when it comes to helping the kids you love avoid asthma. A big new study out of Sweden tracked ... Read More ›
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The industry of using animals for profit is a well-known and highly effective one, but it has effects that may prove harmful to you and your pet's health. There are five steps to this business model, and you can use this as a guide to learn when you're being manipulated by ... Read More ›
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Allergy Relief, Naturally
Flowers are blooming, the sun is shining, and spring is in the air. For many, the changing seasons mean allergies symptoms. Are you one of the forty to fifty million Americans that suffer from allergies? It is estimated that allergies affects between 10% and 30% of all adults and as many as 40% ... Read More ›
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David Cameron will be speaking today at the National Family and Parenting Institute, not the National Parenting Institute (Cameron on the magic of childbirth, page 4, yesterday).
In a report about a demonstration outside Forest Gate police station (London), page 5, yesterday, we mistakenly referred to a speech about police recruitment by Trevor Phillips, the chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, as though it had taken place on Sunday. He was, in fact, making the speech yesterday.
In listing the recipients of the MBE, page 24, June 17, we conflated the award to two individuals: Mrs Shirley Elizabeth Thorne received hers for service to local government in Winchester, Hampshire. Peter Frank Thorogood, co-owner, St Mary's Historic House and Gardens, Bramber, West Sussex, was appointed MBE for service to conservation and the arts.
In a pictorial feature about the education of prominent people, pages 10 and 11, G2, June 16, we said that Sir Menzies Campbell attended George Watson's college, Edinburgh. This is incorrect. He actually went to Hillhead high school, a state school in Glasgow.
· It is the policy of the Guardian to correct significant errors as soon as possible. Please quote the date and page number. Readers may contact the office of the readers' editor by telephoning +44 (0)20 7713 4736 between 11am and 5pm UK time Monday to Friday excluding public holidays. Send mail to The Readers' Editor, 119 Farringdon Road, London EC1R 3ER. Fax +44 (0)20 7239 9997. Email: email@example.com


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This classic Chicago landmark opened in 1925 as a replacement for an 1881 train station. Today, the transportation hub runs Amtrak and Metra trains in and out of the city. Union Station also features a variety of retail stores, eateries, and offers a grand ballroom for banquets and weddings.
|Venue name:
|Union Station
225 S Canal St
|Cross street:
|between Adams St and Jackson Blvd
|El stop: Blue to Clinton. Bus: 126, 151, 156, 157.
|Do you own this business?
"The Untouchables", "Public Enemies", "Man of Steel" all some of the iconic movies shot at this landmark location. It's also a working train station too. The main terminal of Union Station offers one of the most iconic old-school Chicago views money can afford (note: it's free to visit the main terminal). It's great for people-watching, taking a quick snapshot, and is a good place to go to escape an unexpected summer rainstorm or that expected winter windchill. Take a ride to the suburbs or a train to Denver, but make sure to check this place out and take it all in before you leave.


text: Punisher: War Zone (2008)DVDRip Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0450314/ Infamous vigilante, anti-hero Frank Castle (Ray Stevenson) is six years into his vengeance driven zeal as the Punisher when he brutally assaults a "beat the rap" party for notorious mob boss Gaitano Cesare. During the course of the massacre, he hideously disfigures overeager gangster Billy Russoti (Dominic West) and murders a mafia lackey who turns out to be an undercover FBI agent. Agent Paul Budiansky (Colin Salmon), the ex-partner of the undercover Fed, joins the NYPD's "Punisher Task Force" to help bring Castle to justice, once and for all. A facially mutilated Russoti recovers from his run-in with the Punisher with revenge on his mind and recruits a massive army of psychotic killers, gangbangers, and mobsters under his new alias "Jigsaw." Distraught that he has now become the very evil he swore to battle, Castle is content to hang up his guns and quit the justice business for good. However, plans quickly change once he learns that Jigsaw has not only kidnapped the surviving wife and child of the dead federal agent but now has also freed his commited psychopathic brother, James (Doug Hutchison)...aka..."Loony Bin Jim." Forced back into the war, the Punisher now has to face off against Jigsaw's formidable army in order to save the lives of an innocent family his actions put in the firing line "Clock's ticking." SCREENSHOTS DOWNLOAD Code: http://rapidshare.com/files/201547040/punwz.part1.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/201552026/punwz.part2.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/201554300/punwz.part3.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/201556479/punwz.part4.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/201558789/punwz.part5.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/201566751/punwz.part6.rar http://rapidshare.com/files/201568924/punwz.part7.rar


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Slight popping while rolling bacward down hill.
If anyone has anything on this i would appreciate it. My jeep is making a slight popping sound wile im rolling backward down a hill. I tried moving steering wheel side to side at a stand still and the noise does not occur. Im not getting any rubbing at all. Could this be my u-joints or what? If so how hard are they to change and how much do they cost? What kind should i buy? thanks
Check your rear trackbar. It may be loose!
Popping is coming from the front. Think it might be front track bar?
It could be...Also check your swaybar, tie rods and ball joints. Is the noise coming from any particular side?
sounds like it could be coming from the passenger side.
I would definitely check everything I listed above. It could be a u-joint, but in my experience they have always just blown apart.
what exactly am i looking for when you say check the parts? Am i looking broken parts or worn parts or just loose stuff.
Look for worn busings, check for tightness and also check your shocks. Make sure they are tight and not leaking or have leaked. Look at the mounts as well. If you have a grease gun handy,...grease everything you can!
Get down there with a wrench on your trac bar. Don't just try to shake it to see if it's loose. Your jeep has much more force than your arm does. Odds are your trac bar is probably loose.
I tried turning my wheel side to side and isolated a creak coming from where my track bar connects to wheel hubs. It is a low pitched creak. If i grease this do you think it will stop? Cant hear any popping though.
That's hard to tell...Try it and see!
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Dear customer, kindly fill in your name, contact number and email, so we can inform you when the new stock of this product arrive.
Email your friend about this product
Discontinued product!
HG version of the Altron, the resurrected version of Shenlong.
New coloring, and now both arms extend with the claw weapon.
Back-mounted beam cannon, too.
Everything moves.
Snap-fit assembly.
Colored plastic.History of Altron GundamWhen the XXXG-01S Shenlong Gundam was captured and destroyed by OZ's forces in AC 195, the extremely durable gundanium-made remains of that mobile suit were taken to OZ's lunar base and mobile suit factory for storage. The five scientists who had built the Gundams plaguing OZ were also at the lunar base, captured and forced to develop new mobile suit technology to secure OZ's rule over Earth and the space colonies. Despite their apparent "cooperation," however, the scientists also began rebuilding both the Shenlong and the XXXG-01D Gundam Deathscythe in secret, preparing for the day when captured Gundam pilots Chang Wufei and Duo Maxwell could return to the battlefield. That opportunity came when the Romefeller Foundation - the political force behind OZ - became split over a number of issues, and the "Treize Faction" of OZ attacked the lunar base, which at the time was still under the control of Romefeller loyalists. During the chaos Lady Une released both Duo and Wufei with their partially upgraded XXXG-01D2 Gundam Deathscythe Hell and XXXG-01S2 Altron Gundam.
The improvements given to the Altron were dramatic. The old beam glaive was replaced with a double-ended twin beam trident, and both arms were outfitted with Shenlong's highly effective "dragon fang" extending arms and claws (hence the Altron name, taken from the Chinese "ertou long" or "two-headed dragon"). Along with increased mobility from it's "wing binders" on its back which enhances it's mobility in space, the Altron also mounted a pair of beam cannons on a "stinger tail," giving it effective ranged firepower for space combat (both the wings and tail stinger were removed in the OVA version) The new Altron was henceforth a menace to the White Fang army during the "Eve Wars".
After AC 195, Wufei, wanting to see what the true meaning of justice is, took the Altron with him to the newly formed Marimeia Army instead of sending it into the Sun with the other Gundams. Wufei fought against Heero Yuy twice, once when the latter was piloting an outdated OZ-06MS Leo and the second time when Heero piloted a revived XXXG-00W0 Wing Gundam Zero. Wufei, seeing that true peace could not be achieved through Operation Meteor, rebelled against the Marimeia Army during the battle in Brussels. After the rebellion, the Altron was later self-detonated by Wufei
Simple instruction included in a box.
Weight: 1000g
History Source: http://gundam.wikia.com
We currently charge shipping fees on 'Per Order' basis. Depending on your location and shipping mode the price will vary, please refer to chart below for details.
All our orders are packed and shipped within 24 hours upon payment confirmation. We use POSLAJU / Air Parcel / TA-Q-BIN / ABX for most of our orders . They are able to ship overnight to most cities and towns in the Peninsular Malaysia, however you should allow 1-3 business days in case any unexpected delays. East Malaysia orders may often take 4 to 5 extra days, so please allow 5 to 7 business days for delivery.
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PACKAGING: We use hard cover boxes for all our delivery to avoid damage on the item, kindly refer to the below picture for our packaging
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Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist (Physician) in Albany, New York
Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration
1 vacancy in the following location:
- Albany, NY
Work Schedule is Full Time - Permanent
Opened Thursday 6/2/2016 (309 day(s) ago)
** Closes Thursday 6/1/2017 (55 day(s) away)
Job Overview
Vacancy Identification Number (VIN): 1720223
OUR MISSION: To fulfill President Lincoln's promise "To care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan" by serving and honoring the men and women who are America's Veterans.
This vacancy is for one Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist (Physician) position at the Albany Stratton VAMC. This vacancy will be used to fill one full-time, permanent appointment for day shift, 8:00am-4:30pm, with call. Functional Statement for the position is Albany VAMC Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist # F9130.
The Department of Veterans Affairs is an employer of choice as a center of excellence in patient care, education and research. We value trust, respect, commitment, compassion, and excellence; we value you. VA professionals feel good about their careers and their ability to balance work and home life. VA offers generous paid time off and a variety of predictable and flexible scheduling opportunities. For more information on the Department of Veterans Affairs, go to http://www.va.gov.
NOTE: Applicant's education and length of practice (experience) will be considered by a Professional Standards Board and Compensation Panel in determining the salary of the applicant selected. The recommended salary may be at any point in the range listed for this vacancy.
VA encourages persons with disabilities to apply. The health related positions in VA are covered by Title 38, and are not covered by the Schedule A excepted appointment authority.
Relocation Expenses: Relocation expenses are not authorized for this position.
A recruitment incentive is not authorized for this position.
Position may be filled prior to the closing date. Applicants are encouraged to apply as soon as possible for this vacancy. Applications will be reviewed every two weeks. If filled prior to the closing date, recruitment will be terminated.
The incumbent for this position may be eligible to apply for the Education Debt Reduction Program under the provisions of the Education Debt Reduction Program, subject to availability of EDRP funding. Please contact Human Resources EDRP Coordinator at the Albany VAMC for more information.
The Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist position at the Stratton VAMC will encompass the breadth of clinical care, including inpatient consultation, outpatient clinic and inpatient rounding. The SVAMC cares for Veterans within the Upstate New York region from the Catskill region in the south, to the New York/Canada border in the North, and between Syracuse and Western Massachusetts from East/West.
The Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist is charged with delivering the best possible Endocrinology/Diabetology services to our Veteran patients. The Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist will perform indicated services for conditions in both in-patient and out-patient clinical settings, including telemedicine. This care must be delivered in accordance with hospital policy and meet community standards and pertains to outpatients as well as inpatients. The Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist works within her or his privileges at all times.* *The Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist is expected to maintain current knowledge and skills. She or he must be able to deliver interventions throughout the full spectrum of Endocrinology/Diabetology Care; i.e. s/he is expected to maintain good diagnostic and therapeutic acumen.
Teaching is an integral part of the work of a VA staff Endocrinologist/Diabetologist. This pertains to colleagues, residents, medical and nursing students, nursing and other ancillary staff.
The staff Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist exercises corporate citizenship by serving as leader and/or active member on Medical Center committees as requested.
The staff Endocrinology/Diabetology Specialist provides expanded access to services via off normal tour or on call periods.
Timely documentation (notes and encounter forms) is necessary in all areas in accordance with facility policy. All administrative work should be completed in a timely fashion.
All VA requirements must be met on a timely basis.
Travel Required
- Not Required
Relocation Authorized
- No
Job Requirements
Key Requirements
- Must pass pre-employment examination.
- Designated and/or Random Drug Testing required.
- Background and/or Security Investigation required.
- Selective Service Registration is required for males born after 12/31/1959.
- Must be proficient in written and spoken English.
- Must be a U.S. Citizen
- Board Certification or Eligibility in listed specialty is preferred
- Must meet basic requirements listed in this vacancy announcement
Basic Requirements:
- U.S. Citizenship. Citizen of the United States. (Non-citizens may be appointed when it is not possible to recruit qualified citizens in accordance with VA Policy).
- Must be proficient in written and spoken English.
- Degree of doctor of medicine or an equivalent degree resulting from a course of education in medicine or osteopathic medicine.
- Current, full and unrestricted license to practice medicine or surgery in a State, Territory, or Commonwealth of the United States, or in the District of Columbia.
Preferred Experience:
- Board eligible or board certified in Endocrinology/Diabetology
- Possess and maintain current BLS and ACLS certification
- Physician should have interest and prior experience in research and teaching activities.
Experience refers to paid and unpaid experience, including volunteer work done through National Service programs (e.g., Peace Corps, AmeriCorps) and other organizations (e.g., professional; philanthropic; religions; spiritual; community; student; social). Volunteer work helps build critical competencies, knowledge, and skills and can provide valuable training and experience that translates directly to paid employment. You will receive credit for all qualifying experience, including volunteer experience. In describing your experience, please be clear and specific.
Reference: VA Regulations, specifically VA Handbook 5005, Part II, Appendix G-2 Physician Qualification Standard. This can be found in the local Human Resources Office.
Note*:* Only education or degrees recognized by the U.S. Department of Education from accredited colleges, universities, schools, or institutions may be used to qualify for Federal employment. You can verify your education here: http://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/. If you are using foreign education to meet qualification requirements, you must send a Certificate of Foreign Equivalency with your transcript in order to receive credit for that education.
Physical Requirements: The physician should be physically and mentally capable to perform the duties of the position including examinations, formulate the diagnosis and treatment plan and educate residents. Physical activities include sitting, standing (up to 4 hours) walking (up to 2 hours), heavy lifting (45 pounds or over), reaching above the shoulder, and repeated bending. The incumbent should be emotionally and mentally stable; and capable to perform the duties of the position.
Security Clearance
Public Trust - Background Investigation
Additional Information
What To Expect Next
After we receive your complete application package (including all required documents), your qualifications will be reviewed and assigned an initial rating.
We will also review your application to make sure that your résumé supports the answers given in the questionnaire. If your résumé does not support your questionnaire answers, we will adjust your rating accordingly. Based on your ranking or numerical score, you may be referred to the hiring manager for further consideration and possible interview. You will be notified when your rating is determined.**
VA offers a comprehensive benefits package. This link provides is an overview of the benefits currently offered: http://www.vacareers.va.gov/why-choose-va/benefits/index.asp.
Other Information
This job opportunity announcement may be used to fill additional vacancies.
VA encourages persons with disabilities to apply. The health related positions in VA are covered by Title 38, and are not covered by the Schedule A excepted appointment authority.**
This position is in the Excepted Service and does not confer competitive status.
As a new employee serving on an excepted service appointment in the Federal civil service, you will be required to complete a two year probationary period. This period provides your supervisor with an opportunity to assess your conduct and job performance. Please note that an employee serving on a probationary period may be terminated at any time during this period, with limited appeal rights, for unacceptable job performance or unacceptable conduct.
Salary Range: $101,967.00 to $225,000.00 / Per Year
Series & Grade: VM-0602-00/00
Supervisory Status: No
Who May Apply: United States Citizens
Control Number: 440747900
Job Announcement Number: 528D-16BK-146


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Activate - GP health scheme
The Activate Health Scheme is a 12-week support programme. It is designed to introduce you to how regular physical activity can benefit your particular medical condition(s) and general health.
You probably know there are many benefits to participation in regular physical activity. If you have a restrictive medical condition, or have been inactive for a long while, it can be difficult to know where and how to begin. What exercise is safe? What's recommended for you to get the best results?
The Activate Health scheme is all about answering these questions. It gives you the advice and support necessary to make regular physical activity part of your lifestyle.
The Activate aim
The aim of Activate is to help inactive people become regularly active. If you follow the advice given and stick with it, the three months on the scheme will be sufficient time for you to feel the associated health, fitness and 'feel good benefits' that being active brings. Will power is required.
At the end of the scheme you should hopefully feel good. You will also be equipped with the knowledge necessary to carry on exercise independently.
Getting started - referral
Patients are identified by their local health professional as suitable for referral to Activate. Alternatively, if you are currently inactive and feel you have the medical need to see an exercise specialist or dietician you can speak to your GP or practice nurse about potential referral.
To ensure sufficient help and support is given to all participants over their twelve weeks on Activate, numbers on the scheme are limited at any one time. After we receive your referral form, there is usually a waiting time. This may vary depending on the availability of a qualified instructor. Limited capacity means participants will only be accepted onto Activate once.
Exercise consultation
Following referral, a free one-to-one consultation is arranged for you. This will take place at Bracknell Leisure Centre with a clinical exercise consultant. The consultant's role is to educate and give advice on physical activity, especially specific advice linked to health problems. They also help you decide what type of activity is best for you and how best to start out.
The end result of a consultation is a game plan that marries up ways of overcoming any barriers with preferred, but realistic activity choices. One choice is to use the fitness rooms at Bracknell Leisure Centre with your own programme designed for your needs.
Whatever the plan contains, you will need to commit to starting and sticking with it. The Activate team will do their best to make sure this happens by offering support and follow up over the three months.
Weight management service
This service has been set up in partnership with the Activate Health Scheme and it is based at Bracknell Leisure Centre. The service is designed to provide dietary advice and support to help people achieve their weight loss goals.
Phase IV cardiac rehab classes
Cardiac rehabilitation is an active process that takes place after a heart attack or heart surgery. It aims to restore a patient to, and maintain an optimum level of physical and mental well being. It requires patients to assume responsibility for their own health and well being, and to realise their potential to lead an active life.
Patients are either referred by their GP, CHD specialist nurses, or graduate from phase III exercise classes onto the phase IV exercise classes to continue improving their fitness levels.
The cardiac rehab classes run twice a week at Crownwood Community Centre. These exercise classes are instructed by qualified British Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation (BACR) instructors, so patients can be assured they are in safe and knowledgeable hands. Once referred, participants have an initial consultation. Patients may then attend phase IV classes indefinitely or alternatively choose to partake in the Activate Health scheme. Under the supervision of a BACR instructor, regular attendees of phase IV classes find them motivating because of the friendly, social and supportive environment created by exercising regularly with others who have a similar medical background.
If you would like further information, please feel free to call our office on 01344 355406 or use our enquiry form.
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Thank you. You can provide further feedback on this page using our feedback form.


text:
Transform your marketing and improve value through focus on individual customers and personalized interactions.
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Hunter's Specialities Ratchet Pruner/Saw Combo - $19.99
Nothing is more frustrating than having a branch in the way of a perfect shot opportunity. Keep your shooting lanes clear with this hunter-engineered pruning combo. The ratchet pruners increase leverage up to 700 over traditional pruners. They effortlessly cut through larger branches, with a maximum green cut of 3/4". The folding saw's aggressive teeth efficiently zip through branches and even small trees. It features a lockable stainless steel blade and measures 9" closed and 16" open. The included carry pouch holds both the pruners and saw.Saw open length: 16".Saw closed length: 9". Type: Field Care. - $19.99


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The latest news from academia, regulators
research labs and other things of interest
|Posted: Nov 07, 2016
Salty batteries
|Salty Batteries - Sodium-oxygen batteries have improved cycle life due to highly concentrated electrolytes. (© Wiley-VCH)
|Researchers have high hopes for alkali metal/oxygen batteries, because their theoretical energy density is particularly high. In such batteries, one electrode is made from the pure alkali metal. Upon discharging, this electrode gives up electrons to the circuit and positive ions to the electrolyte. The counter electrode is made of porous carbon and is in contact with the air. At this electrode, oxygen is reduced by taking up electrons in the presence of the metal ions. This may result in a variety of metal oxide compounds. As the battery is charged, this process is reversed: Oxygen (O2) is released to the air at the positive electrode, while the alkali metal is deposited at the negative electrode.
|A number of fundamental problems stand in the way of practical implementation of such systems: insufficient rechargeability; numerous side reactions that limit the stability; and, in trials using lithium, clogging of the porous electrode by lithium peroxide. Sodium is much easier to obtain, and may be a better choice. Sodiumoxygen cells surprisingly do not produce sodium peroxide, instead making mainly sodium superoxide (NaO2), which can be almost reversibly converted back to the elements during charging.
|The system also requires an anhydrous, aprotic solvent (that cannot release any H+ ions) for the electrolyte. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is a good choice for electrochemical applications, but it unfortunately reacts with sodium to form products that can be problematic.
|Mingfu He, Kah Chun Lau, Yiying Wu, and their team at the Ohio State University, California State University, and Argonne National Laboratory (USA) have now found an approach to solve this problem. In their system, a very high concentration of the organic salt sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (NaTFSI) stabilizes DMSO in the presence of sodium.
|By using Raman spectroscopy of NaTFSI/DMSO electrolyte solutions in conjunction with computational simulations, the scientists were able to explain why this is so. Highly concentrated solutions result in a structure of loosely crosslinked Na(DMSO)3TFSI units that binds up a large proportion of the DMSO molecules, leaving only a few available for a reaction. The sodium then preferentially attacks the TFSI anions, which is advantageous because the product forms a passivating protective layer on the sodium electrode.
|The researchers built a small battery with this system. It demonstrated good electrochemical properties and underwent 150 charge/discharge cycles without any notable loss of efficiency. In contrast, cells with a dilute electrolyte solution could only last for 6 cycles.
|Source: Wiley
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Cygnian Revolution (Joan of What?)
Redirected from Cygnian Revolution (Game of Nations)
this wiki
|Cygnian Revolution (Joan of What?)
Clockwise, starting from top-left:
Revolutionary militants on the way to Swanstone posing in Margaret River, the Capes; Revolutionary troops marching into Swanstone; Protesters scatter as they are fired upon by Hellerist troops; Revolutionary artillery units moving through Theodora
Democratic Republic of Cygnia
Cygnian Provisional Government
|Commanders and leaders
The Cygnian Revolution or April Revolution was a civil conflict in the Democratic Republic of Cygnia at the height of the Third World War that resulted in the replacement of Cygnia's Hellerist government with a provisional government under the leadership of Prince Ellory of Cygnia. The revolutionary period lasted from 3 March to 8 April, when the Republic was dissolved by the Provisional Government, which after the war was itself replaced by the modern Empire of the United Cygnian States.
In 1933, the National Cygnian Socialist Party seized power in a clandestine coup, starting on 3 May 1933 when Hellerist agents assassinated the Imperial Family at their home in Ellingham Palace. Under the "regency" of Franklin J. Heller, Chief of Staff of the Imperial Armed Forces and leader of the Socialist Party, scapegoats for the assassinations were found, including Chancellor Joseph Lyons, who was executed several months after the takeover.
The Empire was dissolved in 1934 through the Empire Dissolution Act, which replaced it with the Democratic Republic of Cygnia. The Republic was formally proclaimed on 5 May 1934, the traditional date for the coronation of Emperors. Under the new Hellerist government, much of the economy was reorganised along military lines, and much of the government's revenue went to the expansion and militarisation of Cygnia's armed forces, as the expense of civilian matters such as education and healthcare.
When Cygnia was invaded by the Australien Rijk in 1939, the government was unprepared for war despite spending five years on militarisation. As a result, civil unrest exploded in the major cities of the country, as the population was furious at the military's failure to repel the invasion. By 1942 much of Cygnia had fallen under Australien occupation.
To make matters worse, many people, fearful of both the Hellerist regime and the Australien occupiers, flocked to the newly re-emerged Prince Ellory of Cygnia, who as it turned out survived the assassinations in 1934. This final straw, combined with all the military troubles and miscalculations on the part of the Hellerist government, threw Cygnia into open revolt at the height of World War III.


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Contact Us 11 months ago
Tools, speakers, antique radios, electronics sale! (Danbury/ New Milford line)
Craftsman professional router table $250, Boston Accoustics pair of speakers priced at $75 for the pair, other miscellaneous items including antique radios, turn tables amps record players etc. Estate sale by appointment.
11 months ago
North West Connecticut, CT
Contact Us


text:
Retail sales bounced back in October from September's decline -- the first in 8 months.
The Census Bureau reports sales were up a seasonally adjusted $444.5 billion or 0.3% from the
previous month, and were 4.1% above October the same period a year ago.
Contributing to the advance were sales at Sporting goods, hobby, book & music stores (+1.2), food services and drinking places (+0.9%) and health and personal care stores (+0.7%). Auto sales rose 0.5% after falling 1.1% in September.
Keeping a lid on the increase were sales at electronics and appliance stores (-1.6%) and gas stations (-1.5%).
Sterne Agee Chief Economist Lindsey Piegza notes that while the weakness in October was dominated by a few categories, there was insufficient demand elsewhere to compensate. "Consumers continue to spend," she noted, "but at a modest level with no sign of further momentum in sight."
The complete retail sales report for October is available on the Commerce Department website.