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Patent application title: INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STEAM-ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE (SAGD)-HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION TO PRODUCE SUPER-HEATED STEAM WITHOUT LIQUID WASTE DISCHARGE
Maoz Betzer Tsilevich (Southwest Calgary, CA)
EX-TAR TECHNOLOGIES, Inc.
IPC8 Class: AE21B4324FI
USPC Class:
Class name: Distinct, separate injection and producing wells involving the step of heating steam as drive fluid
Publication date: 2008-11-27
Patent application number: 20080289822
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Patent application title: INTEGRATED SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR STEAM-ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE (SAGD)-HEAVY OIL PRODUCTION TO PRODUCE SUPER-HEATED STEAM WITHOUT LIQUID WASTE DISCHARGE
Maoz BETZER TSILEVICH
EX-TAR TECHNOLOGIES, Inc.
Origin: HOUSTON, TX US
IPC8 Class: AE21B4324FI
USPC Class:
A method and system for producing steam for extraction of heavy bitumen
including the steps of mixing carbon or hydrocarbon fuel. The fuel is
crude oil, vacuum residue, asphaltin, petcoke or coal. The oxidation gas
includes oxygen, oxygen enriched air or air-combustion of the mixture
under high pressure and high temperature. The fuel is mixed with low
quality contaminated water containing organics and inorganics. The liquid
phase transferred to a gas phase includes steam and carbon dioxide,
wherein solids are separated from the gas phase. The gas phase is mixed
with saturated water to scrub the remaining solids and produce saturated
steam. The solid rich water is recycled back for combustion. The
saturated steam super-heated dry steam and gas mixture is send to an
enhanced oil recovery facility for injection into an underground
1. A method for producing steam and gas mixtures for extracting heavy
bitumen comprising:mixing fuel with oxidation gases, said fuel being
selected from a group consisting of coal, crude oil, vacuum residue,
asphaltin and petcoke, said oxidation gases being selected from a group
consisting of oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, and air; andcombusting the
mixture under high pressures and temperatures, the mixture containing
water with organic or inorganic materials, the mixture generating a steam
and gas mixture under a controlled temperature; andtransferring a liquid
phase to a gas and solid phase, said gas phase being comprised of steam,
carbon dioxide and solid particles, generated from combusting the
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:separating solid particles from the gas phase.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:mixing said gas and said steam with water of saturated temperature and pressure, directly transferring heat of said gas phase flow to the water to produce a saturated clean wet steam and gas mixture; andscrubbing any remaining solids from said solids rich gas flow into the liquid water.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:separating the liquid phase from said gas phase to produce a saturated solid-free steam and gas mixture; andadding water to the liquid water to maintain the liquid water level.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:sending recycled water with the scrubbed solids and dissolved solids back to the step of combusting, the liquid water carrying the solids being converted to gas.
6. The method of claim 4, further comprising:heating the solid-free saturated steam and gas mixture through heat exchange between the produced gas and mixture of solid particles, to produce a super heated dry, solids free steam and gas mixture flow.
7. The method of claim 4, further comprising:reducing adiabatically the pressure of the flow to an injection pressure, in order to produce dry steam for injection.
8. The method of claim 5, wherein said gas contains sulfur, the method further comprising:adding lime stone slurry to the water during said step of solids scrubbing;reacting lime with the sulfur; andcontinuously recycling the generated gypsum solids back to the step of combusting together with the scrubbed solids.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein the pressure of said super-heated dry, solid-free steam and gas mixture flow is between 800 and 4000 Kpa.
10. The method of claim 6, the temperature of said dry steam and gas mixture being between 170.degree. C. and 450.degree. C.
11. The method of claim 6, further comprising:injecting the superheated dry steam and gas mixture into an underground reservoir through a vertical or horizontal injection well.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:using disposal water, being comprised of oil, clay or sand from an oil and water separation facility of a SAGD facility; andusing heavy bitumen from a SAGD facility without processing inbetween.
13. The method of claim 1, said step of combustion, further comprising:supplying fuel from a remote upgrader in the form of a slurry, said fuel being solid petcoke or asphaltin;grinding and mixing said fuel with water to form a pumpable slurry;pumping the slurry through a pipeline to a direct contact steam generator;recycling a portion of the water thereof, andcombusting the fuel slurry through the step of combusting.
14. The method of claim 1, further comprising:producing energy and steam from high quality water by a cogeneration steam plant; andusing energy from the cogeneration steam plant to operate an air separation unit, to generate oxygen or oxygen enriched air as the oxidation gas for use in the combustion chamber; andusing the rejected blow-down water from the cogeneration steam plant as a water source for the direct contact steam generator.
15. A method for producing a steam and gas mixture for extraction of heavy bitumen comprising:mixing a fuel with an oxidation gas, said fuel being selected from a group consisting of coal, crude oil, vacuum residue, asphaltin and petcoke, said oxidation gas being selected from a group consisting of oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, and air; andpartially combusting the mixture under high pressures and temperatures, the mixture being comprised of water with organic or inorganic materials, the mixture generating a steam and gas mixture under a controlled temperature; andtransferring a whole liquid phase to a syngas and solid phase, said syngas phase being comprised of steam, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and solid particles generated from the step of partially combusting, producing a solid-rich gas phase flow; andseparating the solids from the gas phase.
16. The method of claim 15 further comprising:mixing the gas phase with an oxidation gas, said gas being selected from a group consisting of oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, and air, hydrogen and carbon monoxide converting to carbon dioxide and water while producing heat; andmixing said gas and said steam with water of saturated temperature and pressure, heat of said gas phase flow to the water producing a saturated, clean, wet, steam and gas mixture.
17. A system for oil recovery using heat injection, comprising:a direct-contact steam generator operating on low quality fuel, oxidation gas, and water, said fuel being selected from a group consisting of coal, crude oil, vacuum residue, asphaltin and coke, said oxidation gas being selected from a group consisting of oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, or air, said water being any available water, without treatment, containing high level of organic and inorganic materials, said direct-contact steam generator producing a dry hot mixture of steam, carbon dioxide, flying solids and possibly other gases; anda solid-gas separation means to separate solids from gas flow using cyclonic separation, centrifugal separation, mesh separation or combinations thereof.
18. The system of claim 17, further comprising:a vessel partly filled with water of high temperature and pressure, cleansing the gas and steam by mixture with water and scrubbing remaining fine solids particles from said gas to the point where saturated solid-free wet steam and a gas mixture are produced;a bottom vessel collect and pump system, recycling the concentrated solid rich water from the bottom of the vessel back to the direct-contact steam generator;a lime slurry injection system incorporated into the scrubbing and steam generation vessel; anda heat exchanger working between the solid-free saturated steam/gas mixture and the hot stream leaving the direct contact steam generator, to produce a super heated dry steam and gas mixture, to prevent condensation.
19. The system of claim 18, the hot gases leaving the steam generator being at a temperature of 350-550.degree. C. and pressure of 800 and 4000 Kpa, the solid free steam and gas mixture being at a temperature of 300-450.degree. C. and pressure of 800 and 3800 Kpa.
20. The system of claim 17, further comprising:an injection well means for injecting the super-heated dry steam and gas mixture into an underground reservoir.
[0001]The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/752,813, filed on May 23, 2007, and entitled "Integrated System and Method for Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)-Heavy Oil Production Using Low Quality Fuel and Low Quality Water", presently pending.
[0002]Not applicable.
[0003]Not applicable.
[0004]Not applicable.
[0005]1. Field of the Invention
[0006]This application relates to a system and method that improves the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) facility or other Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) facilities with a system that can be integrated into an existing facility or be used as a new stand-alone facility. The present invention relates to processes for producing steam from low quality rejected water containing high levels of dissolved and suspended inorganic solids or organics, such as oil.
[0007]With its simple direct contact, above ground adiabatic nature, and its high pressure and temperature solid removal, this invention will minimize the amount of energy used to produce the mixture of steam and gas injected into the underground formation to recover heavy oil. This thermal efficiency minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
[0008]This thermal efficiency is achieved due to direct heat exchange. The condensed steam and the gases that will return back to the surface with the produced bitumen are at the underground reservoir temperature, which is no higher than the temperature required for oil recovery. The produced water does not need to be cooled to be treated in a water treatment facility as the produced hot contaminated water can be used for steam production without any additional treatment. (See "Alternative Energy Source" by Rosalynn J. MacGregor in Hydrocarbon Processing, July 2007, discussing the significance of the SAGD produced water cooling requirement on a SAGD facility heat balance and the heat losses that result in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.)
[0009]The above-mentioned invention also relates to processes for making SAGD facilities or other EOR facilities more environmentally friendly by using low quality fuel and reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions through thermal efficiency and injecting the CO2 into the underground formation, where a portion will remain permanently.
[0010]2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 37 CFR 1.98.
[0011]Steam injection into deep underground formations has proven to be an effective method for EOR facilities producing heavy oil. This is typically done by SAGD or by Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), also known as "huff and puff". In recent years, the SAGD method has become more popular, especially for heavy oil sand formations. Presently, steam injection is the only method commercially used on a large scale for recovering oil from oil sands formations.
[0012]The invention can be used together with prior art processes being used in upstream and downstream production facilities, currently in use by the oil Industry. The present invention adds the adiabatic direct contact steam and carbon dioxide generation unit to reduce the disadvantages of the prior art and to allow for expansion with use of a low quality water supply, reject water from existing facilities and the use of low quality fuel supplies. Also, there is no need for high quality separation of the oil from the produced water and water purification processes with this invention. The present invention is a Zero Liquid Discharged (ZLD) system because solid waste is produced instead of liquid waste.
[0013]In the present invention, the exothermic reactions and treatment of the injected gas mixture are done in an adiabatic control area above ground. The underground portion of oil production is very complex, with many unknowns, because the oil formed over millions of years until it reached steady-state equilibrium. As shown in other areas, one way to exploit resources and produce products is by improving processes control. Since underground combustion processes change the chemistry of the reservoir, they further complicate the complex underground reservoirs and are difficult processes to control.
[0014]The injection of pure steam, or steam in a mixture with other gases, creates the minimum necessary increase in the underground formation disorder. It does not increase the complexity of the underground reservoir beyond the minimum required to mobilize oil from the sand. This maybe the reason why only the processes of steam-injection (or of steam and other gases), are implemented and found to be commercially effective with SAGD.
[0015]The present invention is to be used with EOR methods, mainly SAGD. The main disadvantages of existing commercial SAGD(s) are the main drivers of the present invention.
[0016]SAGD, CSS and similar EOR facilities, consume large quantities of water to extract the heavy oil by using steam. The water-to-oil ratio needed to extract the oil from the ground is about 2-4 barrels of water to one barrel of oil. The current prior art technologies require relatively high water quality, as required by the Once-Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) or boilers for scaling prevention. This results in expensive water treatment plants with water de-oiling separation. The operations of such facilities consume chemicals to minimize oil traces in the recycled water. Reject water is produced and injected into disposal wells. In the case of lime softeners, sludge is produced as well. The purification processes can create sludge (as is the case with lime softeners) and reject wastewater. Where disposal wells are not permitted for environmental reasons, an additional expensive and energy consuming ZLD system is added to evaporate the reject water to produce solid waste. As part of the recycled water treatment, all oil traces must be removed. These stringent requirements are applicable in both prior-art commercial technologies, lime softeners and in evaporator-based facilities. Any oily emulsions must be broken down by chemicals or filters to a very high degree of separation. The process usually produces a stream of "reject water" from the blow-down that is injected into disposal wells or treated in an additional, expensive and energy consuming ZLD facility, including evaporators and crystallizers. Low quality, high Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) source water requires an expansive treatment facility, and using lime softeners creates large amounts of sludge. As a result the oil sands producing companies are typically drawing relatively high aquifers to produce the best water quality available from an area, which is typically a much larger area than the area in which the oil is produced.
[0017]An ongoing portion of the EOR construction and operation costs is the cost of constructing and operating the water treatment plant. At present, the most widespread commercial water treatment process in the SAGD industry is the use of lime softeners. In this process, lime, magnesium oxide and other materials are used to remove dissolved solids from the water in the form of slurry. This process requires constant chemical supply and creates significant amounts of slurry waste, resulting in landfill costs and environmental impacts. Different processes include evaporators that require water de-oiling and reject water that must be disposed of in disposal wells, or evaporated and crystallized to produce solid waste in additional ZLD facilities. (See "Use of Evaporation for Heavy Oil Produced Water Treatment", by W. Heins and D. Peterson, Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, 2005, vol. 44, pp. 26-30.) There is a need for the ability to use oily water and water-oil emulsions in the production of steam so as to reduce the complexity of water treatment and associated capital costs. As well, it is necessary to do so in order to reduce the amount of energy and chemicals used. There is an advantage to producing dry solid waste that is easy to dispose of.
[0018]EOR facilities, like SAGD, consume a large amount of heat energy. In most commercial SAGDs, natural gas is used as the energy source for steam production. Natural gas is a valuable resource. The extensive use of natural gas for producing oil is expensive with significant environmental impacts. In some prior art projects, steam is produced by burning some of the extracted heavy oil for the production of steam. This is a problematic process since there is a need for flue gas treatment prior to releasing it into the atmosphere. Another option is to combine upstream and downstream technologies in the form of an SAGD and an Upgrader that uses a gasification process to gasify the "barrel bottom" to produce syngas for the production of steam in non-direct steam generators. There is a need to use heavy oil upgrading by-products for steam production.
[0019]The SAGD technology consumes a significant amount of energy to produce the steam for SAGD facilities. The use of OTSG, boilers or gas turbines to generate steam causes only a portion of the heat from the burning hydrocarbon to be injected underground into the reservoir. Hot flue gases with carbon dioxide are released to the atmosphere. A typical SAGD that produces 50,000 bitumen barrels per day generates 4,000 ton to 8,000 ton of carbon dioxide per day. There is a need to minimize the carbon dioxide release. This can be achieved by: (1) using less steam; (2) producing the steam in a more efficient manner, (so as to minimize aboveground heat losses); and (3) injecting the carbon dioxide with the produced steam to the reservoir; where some of it will permanently remain.
[0020]Various patents have been issued that are relevant to this invention. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,542, issued on Feb. 12, 1985 to Eisenhawer et al., describes a system for above-ground direct contact steam generation. The method and apparatus produce a high-pressure mixture of steam and combustion gases for thermal stimulation of petroleum wells. The produced mixture of combustion products, such as steam and water, is separated to gas and liquid phase in a separator where the gas and steam mixture is injected to create enhanced oil recovery. The liquid water is flashed to produce additional steam. The concentration of solids increases downstream from the combustion in the separator and flash chamber where they are continually removed with disposed, drained water. The drained water's heat energy is reused in this process. The generated steam in the saturated condition will create corrosion problems and will require additional steps to be taken.
[0021]U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,604, issued on Aug. 16, 1983 to Krajicek et al., describes a system for above-ground stationary in direct contact horizontal steam generation. The method and apparatus produce high pressure, a thermal water vapor stream, and a stream of combustion gases for recovering heavy viscous petroleum from a subterranean formation. These high-pressure combustion gases are directed into a partially water-filled vapor generator vessel used to produce a high-pressure stream of water vapor and combustion gases. The generated solids are continually removed with reject water.
[0022]There are also patents related to applications in down-hole heavy oil production. U.S. Pat. No. 4,463,803, issued to Wyatt on Aug. 7, 1984 describes a system for down-hole stationary direct contact steam generation for enhanced heavy oil production. The method and apparatus generate high-pressure steam within a well bore. The steam vapor generator is used for receiving and mixing high-pressure water, fuel and oxidant in a down-hole configuration. The produced solids are discharged to the reservoir. Generally, the down-hole direct contact steam generators of the prior art have some debilitating disadvantages. Any maintenance is complicated, and requires the well to shut down, while a drilling completion rig is necessary to pull out the equipment. The water and fuel that is used must be of the highest quality so as to prevent the creation of solids that plug up the well over time. Any operation outside of optimal design conditions can lead to corrosion and solid carbon problems.
[0023]The above-ground prior art methods and systems typically generate reject water that can be either released to a disposal formation or crystallized in a separate facility, where the remaining water is evaporated. The steam and carbon mixture produced by the prior art can easily lead to corrosion, due to condensation. The prior art also requires a liquid-solid separation process.
[0024]It is a goal of the present invention to provide a system and method to improve EOR facilities like SAGD, through a supply of steam and gas mixtures for underground injection wells and also by creating add-ons to existing facilities.
[0025]It is another objective of the present invention to provide a system and method that can produce steam from low quality rejected water containing high levels of TDS and TSS, like high levels of non-dissolved inorganic solids or organics.
[0026]Another objective of the invention is to provide a system and method that utilizes low-grade fuel.
[0027]An additional objective of the present invention is to provide a system and method that will remove produced solids by converting the liquids to gas phase under high pressures and will remove solids from the gas phase.
[0028]Furthermore, it is another objective of the present invention to provide a system and method that enhances thermal efficiency as a result of direct heat exchange, which minimizes the amount of energy used to produce the mixture of steam and gas injected into the underground formation to recover heavy oil.
[0029]It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a system and method that minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases that are released out into the atmosphere.
[0030]A further purpose of the present invention to provide a system and method that serve to make EOR facilities, like SAGD, more environmentally friendly by using low quality fuel and reducing the harmful effects of greenhouse gases.
[0031]An additional goal of the present invention is to provide a system and method, which minimizes water treatment costs.
[0032]It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a method for steam production and gas mixing for extraction of heavy bitumen.
[0033]It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing super-heated, dry, solid-free steam and gas mixture flow being between 800 and 4000 Kpa and in temperature of between 170° C. and 450° C.
[0034]It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a method that uses disposal water, possibly with oil, clay or silica sand from a SAGD facility.
[0035]It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a system for oil recovery using heat injection.
[0036]These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the attached specification and appended claims.
[0037]The method and system of the present invention for steam production for extraction of heavy bitumen includes the following steps: (1) mixing a low quality fuel containing at least heavy bitumen, solid hydrocarbons or carbons emulsion and oxidizing gas like oxygen, enriched air or air; (2) combusting the mixture under high-pressure and temperature; and (3) mixing water, possibly with high total dissolved and suspended solids content (like silica, calcium, magnesium, sodium, carbonate or organics) within the combusted mixture so as to control reactor temperature and generate steam.
[0038]The method of combustion includes transferring the liquid phase to a gas phase, and separating the solids from the gas phase adiabatically in order to keep the gas at the high temperature. The gas phase contains steam, carbon dioxide and possibly other gases that were present at the oxidizer or generated from the fuel used. The gas and steam are cleaned in a separator and then they are mixed with liquid water of high saturated temperature and pressure so as to produce saturated clean wet steam, and any remaining solids are scrubbed from the gas. The liquid water is then separated from the gas. In the event that the gas contains sulfur, and in the event that there is a requirement to remove the sulfur in the produce steam and gas mixture prior to the injection to the underground formation, the process can include adding lime, possibly with dolomite, and magnesium oxide during the step of scrubbing and then reacting the lime with the sulfur.
[0039]The liquid phase and the remaining solids are recycled and moved back, with liquid water, to the combustion chamber. The liquid phase and remaining solids are heated in the combustion reactor so as to gasify the liquid phase and remove the remaining solids. Corrosive contaminant gases can be removed from the gas phase by commercially available packages designed for specific gas composition on specific locations. The pressure of the clean, saturated wet steam is reduced to an injection pressure that will transfer the steam from a saturated wet phase to a dry phase. Heat can be added to the steam to produce yet a higher temperature of super-heated dry steam and gas mixture. The pressure of the dry steam and gas mixture is between 800 and 4000 Kpa. The temperature of the steam and gas mixture will be between 170° C. and 300° C. A heat exchanger can be added in-between the hot gases, leaving the combustion chamber and the produced gases for injection. The temperature of the produced super-heated dry steam and gas mixture can be up to 450° C. High temperature is necessary to prevent condensation and corrosion due to the presence of carbon dioxide and other gases like sulfur dioxide in the steam and gas mixture.
[0040]The super-heated dry steam and gas mixture can be injected into an underground reservoir through a prior art commercially used EOR facilities like SAGD horizontal injection well, or by CSS vertical injection wells.
[0041]The disposed water delivered from an existing EOR-like SAGD facility can be used as the low quality water needed for the above method. Similarly, the extracted heavy bitumen can be received from the SAGD facility without processing in-between. Fuel for the combustion process can be supplied from a remote Upgrader in the form of slurry, using the Upgrader reject water. The fuel used in this method can be petcoke, untreated "green" petcoke (that is, removed from the delay cokers with out any additional processing or asphaltin). Explicitly, this solid fuel is transported in the form of slurry mixed with low quality water. It is pumped into a direct contact steam generator, where it is injected to a combustion chamber along with some of the transportation water. A portion of the water can be recycled, and sent back to be used again as the solid fuel transportation medium, together with fresh, continuously added make-up water.
[0042]FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an illustration of the current invention for Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) direct contact steam generation with solids removal.
[0043]FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an illustration of a ZLD direct contact super-heated steam generator, for the production of a super heated steam/gas mixture for heavy oil recovery
[0044]FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an illustration of a ZLD direct contact super heated steam generator with partial combustion in the steam generation reactor, solids removal from the combusting vessel and two steam generators, solids scrubbing and separation vessels.
[0045]FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an illustration of a ZLD direct contact super-heated vertical steam generator with steam and gas recycle for combustion temperature control.
[0046]FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the integration of the direct contact super-heated steam generation facility of the present invention with a prior art Upgrader, a co-generation facility, air separation facility and a prior art EOR facility.
[0047]FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the integration of the direct contact superheated steam generation facility of the present invention, including a prior art "stand alone" SAGD facility where liquid waste produced by the previous art SAGD is consumed by the ZLD direct contact facility.
[0048]FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention, wherein hydrocarbons, like untreated, heavy, low-quality crude oil, vacuum residue (VR), coal, asphaltin or petcoke if available from an oil upgrading process, are injected together with oxidation gas (oxygen, air or enriched air) to the combustion area of a high-pressure Direct Contact Steam Generator 11. Heat is released from the exothermic reaction. Water is injected to the combustion area 11 to keep the high temperature under control, preventing damage to the facility while achieving full oxidation reaction of the carbon to minimize the amount of unburned carbon solids. An additional water is injected to produce steam. The amount of water is controlled to produce steam, where all the liquids amid the soluble materials become solids and all liquids evaporate or combust to gas and solid slug and ash. Additional chemical materials can be added to the reaction. For example, limestone can be added to water in a situation where the fuel used is rich in sulfur. The gas and solids move to a high-pressure solid separation block 12 where the solid phase is removed from the gas phase. This can done in a continuous way or at intervals combined with pressure drops.
[0049]The high pressure, high temperature gas is mixed and washed throughout the water in the partially filled vessel 13 to remove the remaining solids and to produce wet steam. The rejected water and solids from the block are injected back into the steam generator 12. In a case where the water or the fuel include a high percentage of impurities that react to produce unacceptable corrosive materials (high chlorine, sulfur etc), an additional reaction block for corrosion control is added. The wet steam is injected into a high-pressure, high-temperature, corrosive gas scrubber. At 14, the water is circulated and re-generated and at 16 the remaining corrosive gases are removed. This exact scrubbing and re-generation of the injected steam-gas mixture is chosen according to the impurities that appear in the water and the oil at the specific site. Those units are commercially available. It is important to emphasize that purification treatment at this stage is not designed to allow the release of the gases to the atmosphere (which requires removal of most contaminants) but only to maintain the corrosive product at an acceptable level relative to the facility design. For instance, there is no need for a block in a case where stainless steel is being used for piping and casing, even if the fuel and water feeds are heavily polluted.
[0050]The steam and gas mixture flows to a high-pressure separator block 15 where the steam and reaction gases are separated from the liquids and readied for injection into the reservoir. The separated liquid phase is injected back to the wet steam production vessel 13 and from it to the steam generator 11.
[0051]FIG. 2 shows a schematic visual illustration of a ZLD direct contact super-heated steam generator for the production of a super-heated steam and gas mixture for oil recovery.
[0052]Fuel, possible in slurry form, 21, oxidizer 22, like oxygen enriched air, and water 23, are injected into the high-pressure steam generation reactor 24. The pressure in the steam generator reactor is 800 kpa-10000 kpa, preferably in the range of 300 kpa-400 kpa. The temperature in the combustion reaction area is 900° C.-2500°, preferably in the range of 1100° C.-1800° C. in most of the reaction area. Low quality water that contains high concentrations of solids can reach beyond 50,000 ppm TDS, TSS (i.e.--silica, sand, clay, CaCO3, gypsum in slurry form) and organics 212 are injected to the vessel to the boundaries of the combustion reaction zone where they generate steam while reducing the temperature to solidify the created slug, if slug is generated. This low quality water that is injected separately from the burner is not supposed to reduce the combustion zone temperature but should generate steam, protect the structure of the steam generator and prevent melted soot particles from sticking to the internal elements.
[0053]The generated gas, steam and solids 25 leave from vessel 24 at a temperature in the range of 300° C.-800° C., more preferably in the range of 350° C.-600° C. The produced gas and steam flows through heat exchanger 26 where some of the heat is transferred to the produced flow of superheated dry steam/gas mixture 217. The gas-solids mixture flows through line 27 to solid separation unit 210. The solid separation is a unit that is commercially available, and can include cyclonic separators, centrifugal separators, mesh separators or any combination technologies. The solids discharge from separator 210 can flow through heat exchange 28 to recover heat for pre-heated process flows. The solids discharged from the process through line 29 can be disposed of in a landfill or through any other disposal method. The lean solids gas-steam mixture 211 leaves the separator and is injected into vessel 213. The gas-steam mixture released heat to the liquid saturated water in the vessel, converts water to steam.
[0054]Vessel 213 is maintained at high pressure, about 800 kpa-10000 kpa, preferably in the range of 3000 kpa-4000 kpa, (slightly less than the pressure at the steam reactor). The vessel is partially filled with water at saturated vapor pressure and temperature. Steam is continually produced in vessel 213 and the remaining solids are washed form the injected steam and gas mixture 212 by the water. Fresh make-up water 218 is continually injected to the vessel to maintain the scrubbing liquid water level. To increase the heat transfer and steam generation capacity, saturated liquid water can be circulated 215. Limestone together with Dolomite, magnesium oxide or other additives 215 can be injected to vessel 213 in slurry form. Because the solids are water-scrubbed and water continually converted to steam, solid-rich reject water is continually removed from the bottom of the vessel to control the solid concentration level in the liquid water of vessel 213. The rejected water 212 that contains scrubbed fly solids, any remaining Limestone, gypsum (generated from the reaction of the lime with sulfur) and any other dissolve solids are recycled back to steam generation reactor 24. The vessel produces saturated, clean, wet steam and gas mixture 216. The wet steam flows through heat exchanger 26. It is heated by stream flow 25 leaving the reactor 24 and becomes a super-heated dry steam and gas mixture at 217. The pressure of said mixture is in the range of 800 kpa-3500 kpa depending on the specific EOR facility requirements. The temperature can be in the range of 250° C.-450° C. These dry, high temperature and pressure products can be injected into underground formation to enhance oil recovery while minimizing corrosion problems due to condensation in the steel pipes.
[0055]FIG. 3 shows a schematic visual illustration of a ZLD direct contact super heated steam generator for the production of a super-heated steam/gas mixture for oil recovery with partial combustion in the steam generation reactor.
[0056]Fuel, possibly in slurry form 32, oxidizer 33, possibly oxygen-enriched air, and water 31, are injected to fluid bed high pressure steam generation reactor 34. The pressure in the steam generator reactor is in the range of 800 kpa-10000 kpa, preferably in the range of 200 kpa-400 kpa. The temperature in the combustion reaction area is in the range of 600° C.-1300° C., preferably in the range of 800° C.-1200° C. within most of the reaction area. For temperature control and for the production of Syngas Synthesis Gas by-product the reactor can operate in a partial combustion mode where less heat is generated while generating carbon monoxide and hydrogen that will be combusted later in the process. A possible advantage in using partial combustion in the invention is a reduction of the heat flex and combustion temperature in the combusting reactor 34, while producing Synthesis Gas that part of it 327 can be used for other processes (like hydrogen production), after further processing in a commercially-available Syngas processing unit. The rest of the hot Syngas 318, after being cleaned from the fly solids in separator 315, is injected together with the oxidizer 33 to vessel 320 while generating additional heat. A possible drawback in the partial combustion use is the additional complication and the generation of carbon particle solids, especially when the fuel in use is high mineral coal and the reaction temperature is in the lower range. Another disadvantage is toxicity of the produced Syngas, because it contains Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen sulfide (which are generated from the sulfuric fuel and the oxygen starvation conditions). Toxicity complicates solids removal 317.
[0057]The gases and fly solids flow from the top of vessel 37. The discharge temperature is in the range of 350° C.-700° C., preferably in the range of 400° C.-500° C. Solids can be discharged from the bottom of reaction vessel 34 through de-pressurizing containers and the valve system at 35.
[0058]The produced gas and steam flows through heat exchanger 38, where some heat is transferred to produce superheated dry steam/gas mixture for injection 39. The gas-solids flow to an additional heat exchanger 312 where they deliver heat to pre-heat the supplied water. The heated supplied water 311 injected to vessel 320. The steam and gas mixture 313 temperature drops to approximately 250° C.-400° C. Stream 313 flows to a solid separation unit 315, a commercially available package unit that can include cyclonic separators, centrifugal separators, mesh separators or any combination of gas-solid separation technologies. The solids discharged from separator 315 are discharged through a system of at least two vessels and valves in row 316 to de-pressurize the solids discharged. The solids 317 can be disposed in a landfill or through other disposal methods. The lean solids gas-steam mixture 318 leaves the separator from the upper section and is injected into the first scrubbing and steam generation vessel (320). Vessel 320 is maintained at high pressure 800 kpa-10000 kpa, preferably in the range of 2000 kpa-4000 kpa, slightly less than the pressure of the steam reactor. The vessel is partially filled with water at the saturated vapor temperature and temperature. The water washes the remaining solids. Steam is continually produced in vessel 320. Pre-heated, fresh, make-up water 314 is continually injected to vessel 320 to maintain the scrubbing liquid level.
[0059]Chemicals like Limestone, magnesium oxide or other materials 321 can be injected to vessel 320 in slurry form. Because water scrubbed the solids and continually converted to steam, solid-concentrated reject water 319 is continually removed from the bottom of vessel 320. The rejected water 319 Containing scrubbed fly solids, Limestone, generated gypsum and any other dissolve solids is recycled back to steam generation reactor 34. The vessel produces a saturated, clean, wet, steam and gas mixture 322. The wet steam flows to vessel 323 where additional scrubbing water and slurry like Limestone, magnesium oxide or other materials can be injected 324. The saturated steam and gas phase is separated from the liquid phase. The water with remaining materials recycled from the bottom of vessel 323 to the previous vessel 320. The saturated wet steam and gas mixture 325 is separated and released from the top of vessel 323. The wet saturated gas and vapor mixture 325 is heated in heat exchanger 38 by stream 37, leaving reactor 34 to become a super-heated, dry steam and gas mixture 39. These dry, high temperature and pressure products can be injected into underground formation for enhanced oil recovery while minimizing the problems of corrosion.
[0060]FIG. 4 shows a schematic visual illustration of a ZLD direct contact super-heated vertical steam generator with gas recycle for combustion temperature control for the production of steam and gas mixture for oil recovery.
[0061]Fuel, possibly in slurry form, 41, oxidizer 42, like oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, or air and water 43, are injected to a high-pressure vertical steam generation reactor 44. The pressure in the steam generator reactor is in the range of 800 kpa-10000 kpa, preferably in the range of 2000 kpa-4000 kpa. The temperature in the combustion reaction area is in the range of 900° C.-2500° C., preferably in the range of 1100° C.-1800° C. within most of the combustion reaction area. Low quality water, possibly with organics and inorganic contamination 43, is injected to the vessel to generate steam while controlling the internal temperature.
[0062]The gases and solids are discharged from the opposite side of the vessel 45. The discharge temperature is in the range of 300° C.-800° C., more preferably in the range of 300° C.-500° C.
[0063]The produced gas and steam flows through heat exchanger 46 where some of the heat is transferred to the stream of the clean gas and saturated steam 47. The temperature of the steam and gas mixture 49 dropped to 300° C.-450° C. For combustion control in the steam generation reactor 44, a portion of the produced cooler steam and gas mixture 49 can be recycled back 423 and circulated in reactor 44.
[0064]Stream 49 flows to a solid separation unit 410. The rich solid discharge from separator 410 flows through heat exchanged 420 to recover heat, in order to pre-heat the water supplied to process 422. The discharged flow 419, flow to an additional gas-solid separator 417. The lean solids gas stream flows back to separator 410 and the solids 418 are removed for disposal in a land-fill or through other disposal methods. The lean solid gas-steam mixture 411 flows from the upper section of separator 410 and is injected into solid scrubbing and steam generator vessel 412.
[0065]Vessel 412 is maintained at high pressure of 800 kpa-10000 kpa, preferably at 3000 kpa-4000 kpa, at a pressure slightly less than the pressure of the steam reactor 44. The vessel is partially filled with liquid water at the saturated vapor temperature. Steam is continually produced in vessel 412, where the remaining solids are washed by the water phase. Pre-heated, fresh, make-up water 415 is continually injected to vessel 412 to maintain scrubbing liquid level. Chemicals like limestone, magnesium oxide or other materials 413 can be injected to the vessel 412 in slurry form. Because water scrubbed the solids and continually converted them to steam, reject water rich in solids 414 is continually discharged from the bottom of vessel 412. The rejected water at 414 contains scrubbed fly solids, remaining limestone, generated gypsum and other dissolve solids. This is recycled back to steam generation reactor 44. Vessel 412 produces a saturated, clean, wet steam and gas mixture 47. The wet saturated gas and vapor stream 47 is then heated in heat exchanger 46 by stream 45, leaving reactor 44 to become super-heated dry steam and gas mixture 48 in a temperature of 200° C.-300° C. and injection pressure. This dry, high temperature and pressure product can be injected into underground formation for enhanced oil recovery while minimizing corrosion problems.
[0066]FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the integration of the ZLD direct contact super-heated steam generator, described previously in FIGS. 1-4, with an Upgrader, a co-generation facility, air separation facility and EOR facility that includes a water treatment plant with indirect steam generation equipment. The method described in FIG. 5 can also be applied to a facility that does not include prior art indirect steam generation or Co-gen as a power source for an air separation unit.
[0067]An Upgrader 53 produces solid fuel that has minimal or no commercial value, like "green" petcoke from delay cokers. Any other type of carbon fuel like petcoke, asphaltin and similar by-products can be used as well. The Upgrader produces waste water contaminated with fine inorganic materials like silica sand, clay, dissolved salts, metals and also organic contaminants. The Upgrader's wastewater is maintained in tailing pond 56. The solid fuel waste produced by the Upgrader is ground to grains less than six millimeters in size. These are then mixed with the low quality tailing water. Next, the slurry mixture is pumped through a pipeline, to a ZLD direct-contact super heated steam generator 58 where it is injected to the direct-contact high-pressure steam generator, along with oxygen or enriched air as previously described in FIGS. 1-4.
[0068]The method includes an air separation unit 55. To supply energy to the air separation unit and prevent the grid electricity supply dependency, the system can include a co-generator facility 54. The co-gen unit produces energy for the air separation unit and, with the turbine tailing hot gases. It produces steam from high quality treated water. The water can be provided from the water treatment plant of an existing prior art EOR facility 57, like SAGD. An air separation facility 55 produces oxygen or enriched air for direct contact reactor 58.
[0069]The oxygen or enriched air is injected into high-pressure direct contact steam generator 58, together with water and fuel. The low-quality water contains a residual bitumen emulsion that needs no further treatment. This prevents the need for use of expensive chemicals and facilities for the water purification emulsion separation process as used in the prior art EOR water treatment plant.
[0070]The direct contact steam generation facility 58 is constructed in close proximity to an EOR facility 57, like a SAGD facility that includes a water treatment plant for non-direct steam generation equipment (like OTSG). The reject water from the prior art EOR facility is consumed without additional treatment at the new facility 58. The water treatment requirements for the existing prior art EOR water treatment facility can be simplified because the new facility 58 is able to consume oily water, often with an oil emulsion instead of being treated with chemicals to separate the remaining oil (as required for disposal, both by injection wells or by ZLD evaporation facilities).
[0071]Facility 58 can also be connected in close proximity to a new EOR facility that does not include a water treatment plant, prior art steam generation facilities or CO-GEN that required treated water. In that case, the steam produced in facility 58 will be the only steam injected throughout the EOR facility. There will not be a flow of blowdown reject water from EOR facility 57 to facility 58. However, there will be a flow of oily bitumen water rejected from the EOR facility during the oil-water separation process.
[0072]In areas where availability of carbon-based fuel from an Upgrader or other sources like coal is limited, the fuel used can be substituted by unprocessed bitumen produced by the EOR facility. It is alright for the bitumen to have water and sand impurities.
[0073]The waste from ZLD Direct contact steam generator 58 will be in a solid form suitable for landfill disposal, preventing the need for disposal wells or an additional ZLD facility, combined with the prior art EOR facility. Another advantage is that carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere due to ZLD direct contact facility 58 will be minimal because the oil to water ratio is reduced, because of the high thermal efficiency of the process and also because most of the carbon dioxide will be injected directly into the reservoir, where some of it permanently stays underground.
[0074]FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the direct contact superheated steam generation facility of the present invention 61 as well as a possible integration of the new facility 61 with a prior art EOR like SAGD facility. Liquid waste produced by the SAGD is consumed by the present invention's direct contact process, so the integration becomes a ZLD as a whole. Unit 61 is described by the embodiments in the previous FIGS. 1-4. For better understanding of FIG. 6, the independent, possibly "stand-alone" ZLD direct contact facility portions are marked by a diagonally patterned background, whereas existing prior art EOR facilities have a blank background.
[0075]The direct contact ZLD super heated steam generation facility 61 produces a super-heated dry steam and gas mixture for downhole injection for EOR. Oxygen or enriched air 624 is supplied to steam generation unit 61 from an air separation unit. Energy for the air separation unit can be supplied from the grid or any other source. The fuel source for the direct contact steam generator 61 can be liquid hydrocarbon fuel like heavy oil, VR or any available carbon like Petcoke, asphaltin or coal slurry 623. The mixture produced at the EOR production well 65 is separated into gas (mainly carbon dioxide and natural gas), oil and water. The produced water contains heavy oil remains, dissolve minerals, sand and clay. The separated low quality produced water 64 is used for steam generation 61 without any additional treatment. The ability of steam production facility 61 to use such highly contaminated water with no additional treatment is a significant advantage when compared to prior art, as it simplifies the whole process. Additional sources of make-up water can be sewage effluent 67, brackish water and Upgrader tailing water 68. The waste produced by Unit 61 is in a dry solid form suitable for disposal in a landfill. The separated water can include oil, sand and clay impurities and their temperature maybe similar to the well discharge temperature, typically in the range of 150° C. There is no need for cooling the water for further treatment (as in the prior art technologies) thus preventing the heat loss. The produced oil and gas are delivered for further treatment in any type of prior art EOR facility like SAGD or directly to an upgrading facility.
[0076]The advantage in integrated facility that includes the direct contact facility and a prior art EOR facility like SAGD is greater than when the two facilities work separately in parallel. The advantage lies in the fact that the new direct contact ZLD facility 61 will simplify the requirements of water treatment plant 62 of the prior art. As well, it will eliminate waste water discharge, while maintaining the advantages of stand-alone, new, direct-contact steam generation like reduction in CO2 emissions.
[0077]The produced water, oil and gas that is produced from production well 65, are separated at the water-oil and gas separation unit 64, de-oiled water 620 being supplied to the lime softeners 618 for further treatment. Both prior art water treatment technologies, the softening and the evaporating, require full removal of residual oil. Oily water that might contain sand and clay contamination is delivered directly, without additional treatment, to ZLD direct contact steam generator 61. As a result, the prior art SAGD water treatment plant will be simplified and will require less chemicals and filters. The de-oiled water at 620 is pumped to the prior art lime softeners at 618, where most of the dissolved solids are removed as sludge 617. The soft water is pumped through filters 621. The filtered water is treated in an ion-exchange system 625, where additional waste is generated 614. The treated water is used for generating steam in OTSG or a COGEN 615. Typically, an 80% steam is produced. This wet steam is separated in steam separator 612 to produce 100% steam for downhole injection 611. The liquid blow-down is recycled without additional treatment in the new direct contact steam generator 61. The new direct contact steam 61 is in a dry solid form suitable for landfill disposal as previously described in FIGS. 1-4.
[0078]There are advantages of using the present invention or integrating it with existing prior art EOR facilities.
[0079]One advantage is the GHG emissions; there will be a reduction in CO2 emissions due to high thermal efficiency. Heat efficiency of the injection is maximized, compared to indirect steam generation methods, because the heat transfer occurs through direct contact and also the combustion gases transfer most of the thermal energy to the formation. The formation acts as a heat exchanger in relation to the combustion gases. This results in higher heat efficiency compared to prior art above-ground, indirect steam production where heat in the combusted gases gets released into the atmosphere.
[0080]Another advantage is the reduction of the steam to oil ratio, because of the chemistry of the CO2 in the reservoir. This results in less water and fuel used for generating the heavy oil. This characteristic is well known in oil industry publications and in prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,249 Pebdani et el issued January 21 1986 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,595 Van Slyke et el issued Jun. 4, 1991.
[0081]Another advantage is that a portion of the CO2 injected into the formation will remain there permanently.
[0082]A further environmental advantage is the use of available low quality wastewater and the use of the prior art reject and oily water. It allows for reduction in the requirements for water-oil separation, as oily water emulsion is used as a water source in a direct contact. There will be no release of reject oily water to the environment or injection into underground water injection wells. The generation of dry solid waste (a "zero" liquid discharged system) can be easily discharged in a landfill.
[0083]Another advantage is the use of available low quality fuel, especially the use of petcoke as a fuel. There is a financial advantage in the cost of fuel and an environmental advantage in eliminating the use of natural gas.
[0084]For further understanding, the following is an example for the possible implementation of the present invention. An existing prior art SAGD facility produces heavy oil from the tar-sand. Pipelines transfer the produced bitumen to an Upgrader. The SAGD uses water from local water wells (with a water treatment facility based on lime softeners or evaporators). The Upgrader produces significant amounts of solid petcoke, with no commercial value.
[0085]The SAGD rejects approximately 10% of low-quality water back to an underground formation through a pipe system and disposal wells. In the Upgrader area, there are wastewater tanks and tailing ponds that are used for holding process water, mostly water with fine clay particles and oil contaminations that cannot be separated or re-used prior to long settling periods.
[0086]A possible economic and environmentally-friendly expansion with the present invention can be constructed in two stages.
[0087]The first stage will include a direct contact steam generator as described in FIGS. 1-4, which will be built at the SAGD area, together with an air separation unit. This direct contact steam generator will use oxygen or enriched air from the air separation unit. The feed to this system will be low-quality water, including untreated oily water from the existing SAGD facility (as described in FIG. 6) or other available source. The fuel can be any locally-available bitumen produced by the SAGD. The waste from the steam generation process will be in the form of dry solids. The injected product will end up as a mixture of superheated steam, CO2 and other gases at temperatures and pressures similar to those within the existing facility, which is in the range of 250° C. and 2000 Kpa at the wellhead.
[0088]The second stage will include integration with the Upgrader as described in FIG. 6. To minimize dependence on electricity supplies, a co-generator can be constructed to provide the energy for the air separation unit. The fuel used in the process may be petcoke from the Upgrader where the produced bitumen from the SAGD facility is treated. Because the pet coke material is located near the upgrader, and not near to the SAGD facility, the pet coke will be ground and mixed with wastewater from the upgrading process, settlement pondwater or any other source. The slurry mixture will be transported using pipes to the direct contact steam generator (See FIGS. 1-4), where the slurry will be injected to react with the oxygen/enriched air to produce steam.
[0089]The present invention is a system and method for steam production and its integration into a EOR facility, like SAGD to produce hot, dry steam and gas for down well use. The method is adiabatic. The produced gases maintain most of their pressure and thermal energy throughout the process, up to the point at which they are injected into the reservoir. As result of the low quality water and fuel used, the direct contact steam generation process creates solid waste. The high temperature, pressure separation and removal of solids are important factors for continuous operation. Separation is done when the liquids have already been transferred to gas, so that it is done mainly between the solid phase and the gas phase. It can be continual, or at intervals with pressure drops, to increase evaporation and reduce moisture in the solid waste. The steam and gas purification stages (i.e.--scrubbing remaining solids and corrosive gases) are done in liquid phase under high temperature and pressure, additional water being converted into steam. It is important to minimize the corrosive effects of CO2 in the injection gas and also to minimize the requirements for special corrosion-resistant steel for deep, high-pressure wells. Therefore, the gas mixture is further heated to a temperature in which the steam is in a "dry" super-heated state. This goes down the whole way into the underground formation through the horizontal perforated underground SAGD injection pipe. The steam condensates in the formation, outside of the injection pipe.
[0090]The present invention is intended to work with commercially proven underground EOR like SAGD technologies that are commercially proven to be an effective method for the use of steam and stimulating gases (e.g., CO2), to recover the bitumen. Since the present invention does not deal directly with subsurface formation, it can be developed further, engineered and tested remotely away from an oil sand projects. The risk involved decreases as the underground portion of the method is developed and proven.
[0091]The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof. Various changes in the details of the illustrated construction can be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the true spirit of the invention. The present invention should only be limited by the following claims and their legal equivalents.
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Matrix Chambers chief executive Nick Martin is leaving to take up a similar position at niche civil liberties firm Bindman & Partners.
Martin has been at Matrix since its foundation in 2000, prior to which he was chief executive at One Garden Court, having come into the bar from a career as a management consultant.
He joins Bindmans, with which Matrix has a longstanding relationship, as its new chief executive in September.
Over the past five years, Matrix has developed a thriving human rights and public law practice and is now branching out into other fields. Since its launch, Mat-rix's turnover and membership have more than doubled, allowing it to reduce members' charges by 20 per cent.
Martin said: "It's a bigger team to work with and a more complex management challenge. I'm very excited about working with them on their future strategy."
Bindmans partner Saimo Chahal said: "We're delighted that Nick has agreed to join the firm as chief executive.
"He made a major contribution to the success of Matrix Chambers and we're all looking forward to working with him to meet the challenges that lie ahead."


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Vitamins for Dry Skin?
The saying "you are what you eat" is often times very true, especially when it comes to skin care. Have you ever suffered form chronic dry skin? Have you ever caked on gobs of moisturizer to find t...
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A dog's skin is a reflection of his overall health. If your dog has smooth skin and a shiny coat, chances are he is getting adequate vitamins in his diet. Dry skin, hair loss, dandruff, or a dull c...
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Certain vitamins are imperative for skin health and clarity. Although a multivitamin supplement is helpful, it is also advised to incorporate other nutrients in a balanced diet. Foods such as fresh...
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Skin problems flare up in some people when they are under a lot of stress. If you've tried over-the-counter and prescription skin medications and nothing has seemed to help, it may be time to find ...
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Vitamins for the Hair & the Skin?
There are many vitamins that are good for our hair and skin that it can be hard to name them all. However, there are a few top antioxidants such as vitamins E, A, C, D and omega 3 that our skin dri...
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|"Sander Striker" <s.stri...@striker.nl>
|Re: Changing the order of cleanup for some core objects
|Wed, 23 Jul 2008 14:29:35 GMT
On Wed, Jul 23, 2008 at 4:22 PM, Mladen Turk <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > Joe Orton wrote: >> >> To be clear, I am not trying to argue that this problem can be easily >> fixed given the constraints of the current reslist API. But the APR pools >> design has lasted essentially intact for over 10 years; I will continue to >> be concerned about any line of argument which goes: >> >> 1. we designed this API, shipped it, woo >> 2. oh dear, seems the API doesn't really work well with APR pools >> 3. hmmm, but we can't change the API now since it's shipped >> 4. so we need to change APR pools! >> >> Obviously, however much you change APR pools, people will still be able to >> follow this line of argument. So we need to differentiate between merely >> being at step (2) of that road to nowhere and finding a case for a generally >> useful enhancement to the pools API. >> > > That would be mine concern as well if pool API was changed. > It wasn't changed a bit except adding the possibility to have > pre_cleanup that behaves like: Addition is a change. A notable one, as you're stuck with it for the lifetime of a major release. As you've noticed with apr_pool_core_create_ex, it's not to be taken too lightly. This thread is partly about whether the addition is really warranted, or whether there are existing ways of accomplishing the same. I think in this thread some important details around pools have come up that have caused additional thought, the primary one being the intentional non-thread safety of pools. Cheers, Sander > apr_pool_create(&s, pool) > apr_pool_cleanup_register(s, foo, cleanup) > ... > apr_pool_create(&bar, pool) > /* Always make sure it's executed first */ > apr_pool_cleanup_kill(s, foo, cleanup) > apr_pool_cleanup_register(s, foo, cleanup) > ... > > is actually the: > apr_pool_pre_cleanup_register(pool, foo, cleanup) > > Without a need to create an extra pool and making sure > it's a last one. Nothing more. > > Regards > -- > ^(TM) >
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and thank you for taking Bill and Hillary from us.
This is a discussion on Hello From NY within the New Members Introduce Yourself forums, part of the Welcome To DefensiveCarry.com category; I signed up a couple of days ago and just wanted to say hello. Living on long Island affords me the opportunity to salt water ...
I signed up a couple of days ago and just wanted to say hello.
Living on long Island affords me the opportunity to salt water fish alot. My weapons include Kimber ultra CDP, PPK/s,keltec p32,Colt Cobra 2nd generation .38Spl, S&W 686. I have been scanning this site for a while and like the attitude and style of all the Posts and Threads.
My condolences to the friends and aquaintances of Bob.Sounds like he was a great asset to this site.
and thank you for taking Bill and Hillary from us.
Universal Background Checks...the next step towards registration and confiscation.
AR. CHL Instr. 07/02 FFL
Like custom guns and stuff? Check this out...
Welcome from Alabama.
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Hello, welcome to the forum!
Welcome from Eastern Idaho.
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Welcome! from Virginia
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The second amendment is the reset button of our Constitution.
Welcome to the forum.
EOD - Initial success or total failure
Hi! ~ Thanks For Registering.
Yep, Bob was a great man & I still think about him every day when I sign on to CombatCarry. Your thoughtful condolences will be appreciated by many here.
On a happier note...Please don't have any reservations about participating. Just jump right on in.
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and Welcome from a card carrying member of the CCW Group, from michigan, you will enjoy your time here....post away
"Some people spend an entire lifetime wondering if they made a difference, the MARINES don't have that problem." Pres. Ronald Reagan.
Remember your abilities AND disabilities can become Possibilities!
Semper Fi!
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Welcome -
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George Mason
"Gun control is a job-safety program for criminals."
John R. Lott
Hello -
Chris - P95
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is like owning a piano and assuming that you are a musician!."
http://www.rkba-2a.com/ - a portal for 2A links, articles and some videos.


text:
Pseudo-Native American myth blends with passion in the colorful conclusion to Smith-Ready's Aspect of Crow trilogy (after 2007's Voice of Crow). A brutal war rages between those who embrace Spirit, animal magic that grows stronger with each generation, and the Descendants, who shun it. Twelve years have passed since the bloodthirsty Ilion Army of the Descendants invaded the cities of Velekos and Asermos, and the hoped-for Raven leader has yet to emerge. Spirit mages Rhia and Marek follow their son after he joins his uncle's army to avenge his girlfriend's murder by Ilion soldiers, while Asermon refugee Sura, recently bestowed with her Snake aspect, falls in love with Dravek, a Snake betrothed to someone else. Newcomers will feel a little lost, but those familiar with the soap opera will enjoy the satisfying conclusion. (Nov.)Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Reawakened (Aspect of Crow Trilogy #3)by Jeri Smith-Ready
She is Rhia, bound to the Spirit of Crow and gifted with vision. In a world besieged by escalating conflict, fate has marked her to deliver the Reawakened from oppression.Now, with a mighty army of Descendants threatening to crush what's left of her people's magic, she must trust an ancient prophecy and accept the power that is her birthrightthe power of life
She is Rhia, bound to the Spirit of Crow and gifted with vision. In a world besieged by escalating conflict, fate has marked her to deliver the Reawakened from oppression.Now, with a mighty army of Descendants threatening to crush what's left of her people's magic, she must trust an ancient prophecy and accept the power that is her birthrightthe power of life and death itself.For while the storm of revolution rages, the legacy of the Reawakened is about to be rewritten in her family's blood.
Editorial Reviews
The armies of Ilion, known to the people of the Spirits as the Descendants, have nearly conquered the land, forbidding the totem-based magic of the natives and enslaving or killing those who cause trouble. Rhia, whose totem Spirit is Crow, the deliverer of the spirits of the dead, has visions of death and destruction even as she hopes for the gift of Reawakening that can ultimately save her world. Concluding the trilogy begun in Eyes of the Crow and continued in Voice of the Crow, Smith-Ready brings to life a culture both vibrant and exotic, where forbidden love can ignite the flames of war and where finding the path to victory involves finding the road to one's true self. Along with its companion novels, this coming-of-age tale belongs in most fantasy collections, though graphic sexual scenes may limit its appeal to some audiences.
Jackie Cassada
Product Details
- 9781426823787
- Publisher:
- Luna
- Publication date:
- 11/01/2008
- Series:
- Aspect of Crow Trilogy , #3
- Sold by:
- Format:
- NOOK Book
- Pages:
- 480
- Sales rank:
- 757,602
- File size:
Read an Excerpt
Dust gritted between Rhia's teeth as she buried another dead soldier. She tugged the rough cloth covering her mouth and nose, securing its bottom edge inside her collar. As the hot wind changed direction, she shifted, keeping her back to the scouring gusts to protect her eyes.
A warm hand touched her elbow. "Rhia, let me finish."
She squinted up into the early evening light, at the ruddy face of her husband, Marek. "I need to occupy my mind as much as you do today. Besides, I'm the only one who can deliver them."
"But you're not the only one who can shovel." His blue-gray eyes smiled at her over his own cloth mask, crinkling the lines at their corners. "Save your strength for dancing."
She wiped the sweat from her temple and looked behind her at the road leading into Tiros. "It's hard to imagine celebrating in this place."
Trees had been razed for a mile outside the village's perimeter to avoid giving cover to the enemy. Their trunks and branches had been used to build watchtowers, two of which loomed behind her, one on either side of the road leading into town. Inside the towers, Eagle lookouts and Cougar archers kept guard.
Few people left Tiros unseen. Fewer entered Tiros unshot.
At Rhia's feet, the Ilion soldier lay in a hole deep enough to keep the vultures away but shallow enough that the Ilionsor "Descendants," as Rhia's people called themcould retrieve the bodies the next time they arrived on a "diplomatic mission."
In a line stretching to her right lay the soldier's five comradesdressed in plainclothes rather than their typical red-and-yellow uniformsalong with the spy who'd brought them. Other Tirons had dug the graves this morning; it was up to Marek and Rhia to fill them in and send the soldiers to the Other Side. No one joined them to pay respects to the dead, for the enemy and its spy had done nothing to earn it.
Marek tossed a shovelful of dust over the Descendant's face. "If Lycas were here, he'd want to put their heads on pikes on the road to Asermos."
She sighed at the reminder of her brother's brutality. "And give the Descendants an excuse for a full-scale invasion. At least with an honorable burial, we can claim our archers killed them defending the townwhich is the truth."
"Doesn't mean they didn't enjoy it." His shovel clanked against a rock hidden in the dust. "Gave them a chance to practice the unofficial village motto: 'Keep Outsiders Outside.'"
They shared a grim look at the rows of tents sitting on the edge of the village. Tiros, built to hold perhaps a thousand people, had swollen to three times its original size with refugees from the villages of Velekos and Asermos, as the Ilion army pressed northward. The same aspects that made Tiros easy to defendno immediate water access and flat, dry terrain surrounded on three sides by steep, rugged hillsalso made survival difficult. In the twelve years since the Descendant invasion, Tiros had suffered growing pains that threatened to tear it apart.
Marek tapped down the dust over the last soldier with the toe of his boot, then marked the grave with a makeshift Ilion flag a long stick with a red-and-yellow cloth attached.
Rhia knelt beside the grave, closed her eyes and raised her palms. In the span of one deep breath, she drew a shroud between herself and this world of vigilance. The next breath brought an awareness of Crow, her Guardian Spirit Animal, whose presence had hovered close to her for nearly all of her thirty-seven years. Now He waited to take what was His.
With her third breath, she called the crows.
The chant rumbled low in her throat, and as soon as it left her mouth it was swept away by the wind. No matter, for in this song her voice traveled to the Other Side, where all places were one. She could have whispered it or even sung it inside her mind. They would hear. They would come.
Within moments they approached, their caws riding the wind, whose roar obscured the rush of their heavy wings. Seven birds, one for each death.
Rhia wondered how the Descendants felt about being carried off by Crow, a Spirit they didn't believe in. Did they search for Xenia, their goddess of Death, lament her absence and finally her nonexistence?
The souls of these soldiers passed quickly, without reluctance. Though their deaths had been violent, they believed they had died for the greater glory of Ilios, just as they'd desired.
The young Asermon spy, on the other hand, resisted. The ache of his regret skewered her as he tried to escape Crow's embrace. The man, whose name she didn't know, had betrayed his own people.
His own people. Generations ago, the citizens of the four villagesAsermos, Velekos, Kalindos and Tiroshad divided themselves, focusing on their differences and long-standing tribal rivalries. The disunity had made them easy prey for the Ilions. But now, with their common oppression by the Spirit-shunning Descendants, they stood as one people.
Crow took the spy, completing His passage to the Other Side. Rhia worried the Asermon would linger, full of bitterness and sorrow, in the gloomy Gray Valley between here and there.
The cries of the crows faded, and Rhia lowered her hands. Marek's fingers under her elbow steadied her as she stood, her knees aching and heart thumping from the last soul's perilous journey.
He brushed the dust off the crow feather around her neck, then did the same for his own fox- and wolf-tail fetishes. Then he unbuckled the waterskin from his belt and offered it to her. As usual, it was nearly empty.
She squinted at the angle of the sun. "It's almost time."
"Nilik could come back tomorrow, or the next day. A Bestowing might take longer if Raven claims him."
"Hush." She rubbed the back of her neck, which always prickled at the mention of the greatest Spirit. "Don't assume anything. It shows arrogance."
"No." He put an arm around her shoulders. "It shows faith."
Rhia clamped her lips tight. She couldn't blame Marek for wanting to believe that Raven would deliver them from occupation. Raven was the only Spirit who had never bestowed a human with an Aspecta combination of power and wisdom reflecting traits of that animal. An ancient legend said that Raven would one day bestow Her Aspect when the Spirit-people faced their most harrowing hour. Rhia hated to imagine an hour more harrowing than those they lived in now.
Before her son Nilik's birth eighteen years ago, a deluge of dreams foretold that the Raven child would be born to a Crow like Rhia. Most of her people believed it. Some even hoped this event would spark another Reawakening, when the Spirits would all appear together in this world, to save the people who had served Them for thousands of years.
Some days, the only alternative to faith was despair.
As Rhia and Marek walked hand in hand into the village, a shout came from the watchtower above.
They stopped and looked up. Sani the Eagle woman pointed to their left. All five Cougars in her watchtower scrambled into position. Rhia saw the silhouettes of their bows against the azure sky.
"Someone's coming." Marek dropped the shovels and ran in the direction Sani was pointing.
"Wait!" Rhia rushed to keep up with him, and only succeeded because he waited for her at the foot of the watchtower. "It could be more Descendants."
She stood on tiptoe and strained to see what had provoked the alert. The only sign was a rising cloud of dust, small enough that she could block it with her outstretched thumb. It created a tan puff against the darker browns and greens of the background hills.
"It can't be Nilik." Marek shaded his right temple against the glare of the setting sun. "Near as I can tell, this person's on horseback."
"And it's the wrong direction from the Bestowing." The site for this sacred three-day quest lay to the west of Tirosfar from Descendant-occupied territories. Despite the Ilions' best effortsnegotiations, bribes and escalating shows of force Tiros remained a free village, as did Kalindos, Marek's birthplace in the high mountain forest two weeks' travel away.
How long this freedom would last, no one knew.
Another shout came from the tower. Rhia looked up to see Sani leaning over the rough wooden railing.
"It's Lycas!"
Rhia yelped with joy and bounced on her toes. Her brother's continued survival amazed her. As the leader of the guerrilla fighting forces, Lycas was the Ilions' favorite target. She feared it was only a matter of time before they found a way to counteract his Wolverine savagery, wiliness and inhuman strength.
"Nilik will be glad," Marek said in typical understated fashion.
Rhia smiled, imagining her son's face when he came back from his Bestowing to see his uncle waiting. During Lycas's sporadic visits to Tiros, he treated Nilik like his own son.
Small wonder. Rhia had named him in memory of their brother Nilo, Lycas's twin who had died in the first battle against the Ilions nearly twenty years ago.
She rubbed her breastbone, as if she could feel the wound herself. No death before or since had carved such a gouge in her and Lycas.
Her brother waved one of his immense arms as he approached at an easy trot. His long black hair streamed in the wind despite the tie binding it at his nape. Even at a distance, his size and strength were intimidating. She didn't envy the Descendants whose last living sight was Lycas's face.
He slowed the horse to a cooling walk, and the cloud of dust around him diminished. Unable to wait any longer, Rhia ran to greet him.
Lycas dismounted, his posture showing no symptoms of a long ride or a long life. He gave a casual wave, as if he'd been gone eight hours instead of eight months.
"You made it!" Rhia hurtled into her brother's arms, dwarfing herself in his enormous embrace. His dark bay mare snorted and danced at the end of the reins, startled by the sudden movement.
"Good, I'm not too late, then." Lycas let go of Rhia and picked up the wide-brimmed hat that had toppled from her head. He tugged her auburn braid, then tossed it back over her shoulder, as if to confirm that it hadn't been cut in mourning for anyone in her immediate family.
Marek stepped forward and embraced Lycas, thumping him on the back. Lycas returned the gestureless heartily, of course, to avoid cracking his brother-in-law's ribs.
"Nilik should be back tonight," Marek said. "Big party, all of Tiros is coming."
Lycas merely nodded and clucked to his horse to lead her into the village. Rhia studied his black-and-gray-stubbled face, which looked unusually drawn and somber.
She stopped in her tracks. "You have bad news."
He took a deep breath, wrinkling his nose. No doubt his Wolverine sense of smell was assaulted by the stench of Tiros, of too many people and not enough latrines.
"Jula's at home?" he asked.
"Yes." Rhia's voice filled with caution. "Why?"
"I'll wait until we get there to tell you. I don't want to have to repeat it twice."
They passed the watchtower, collected the shovels and set off for the center of the village. A gust of wind blew up, and Rhia raised the cloth around her neck to cover her mouth and nose.
Dust danced in small tornados over the street, which was empty of life except for a few wandering dogs. Most Tirons were at the other end of the village, dragging tables, benches and lantern posts to the center of the westernmost intersection for Nilik's feast.
Lycas jerked his thumb over his shoulder. "What are the red-and-yellow flags for?"
Marek held up the shovels. "Descendant grave markers. Six men last night, with pitch-soaked rags in bottles."
"Fire starters." Lycas hissed in a breath. "A place this dry, with the homes so close together, they could burn the whole village."
"Vara's working on that," Rhia said. "She's having the Tirons add brick and stone to the walls between the houses to slow the spread of fire."
"Vara the Snake is here? Why?"
"She had to leave Asermos about seven months ago, just after you were here last." She shook her head in disgust. "The new grandparent laws."
The older she got, the more Rhia questioned the progression of her people's magic powers. They moved from first to second phase of their Aspects by conceiving a child, which caused many painful social and personal complications.
Third-phase Aspects, bestowed when a person became a grandparent, included such formidable powers as shapeshifting, long-distance telepathyand in Rhia's caseresurrecting the dead. She was in no hurry to take on that ultimate burden.
Because the Ilions rejected the Spirits and created gods in their own image, they possessed no magic. To protect themselves, they required all third-phase Asermons to be registered. Last year, registration had turned to exile.
Lycas's voice returned her mind to the present. "How did the soldiers get so close to the village?"
"The lookouts recognized the man with them," Marek said, "someone from Asermos."
"A spy." Lycas let out a harsh breath. "Was he killed?"
"They shot him," Rhia said. Some said it was in defense of the village, but others claimed it was in cold blood. Either way, his soul had drowned in regret.
"He might have had information we could use," Lycas said.
They left the horse at a ramshackle stable where a gruff old man refused Lycas's Ilion coins. Rhia had to barter her stall-mucking services in exchange for the boarding.
A short trudge later, they reached Rhia and Marek's home. She opened the gate to a waist-high wooden fence, which led to a small yard. White and brown chickens scattered as they passed. Rhia nudged one aside before pushing open the front door.
Her daughter Jula sat at the table in the center of the main room, brown hair veiling her face as she bent over a piece of parchment. She looked up as Lycas ducked his head to enter the house.
"Uncle!" She popped out of her chair and ran in three strides to give him a leaping embrace. At sixteen, she was still tiny, like Rhia herself, and Lycas lifted her as if she weighed no more than a bird.
When he set her down, she grasped his hands. "Did Papa tell you my news?"
Marek grinned at her on his way to the stove. "Thought we'd let you surprise him."
"I had my Bestowing!"
Lycas looked at Rhia, his eyes filled with sudden hope.
Jula grabbed his arm. "No, I'm not Raven, but we always knew that, since the prophecy said it would be a hard labor, and my birth was easy."
Rhia grunted. "That was the last day you gave me no trouble." As she moved to shut the door behind her, a brown chicken slipped through. A sharp bark shot from under the table, and the chicken scampered outside.
Jula turned back to Lycas. "So guess what I am? And no looking at the fetish hanging by the door."
Lycas sighed, heightening Rhia's fear. Usually he indulged his niece in all her teasing and tricks. Instead he pointed at the two parchment sheets on the table. "What's that?"
Meet the Author
Jeri Smith-Ready has been writing fiction since the night she had her first double espresso. She holds a master's degree in environmental policy and lives in Maryland with her husband, two cats and the world's goofiest greyhound.
Her hobbies include cooking and animals--though not at the same time, unless you count the cat's culinary supervision, which looks remarkably like sitting on the floor waiting for food to drop. Jeri fosters shelter dogs with the Tails of Hope Sanctuary. As of this writing, she has hosted thirteen dogs at her home, all of whom have found loving adopters. Visit Jeri at www.jerismithready.com or send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Customer Reviews
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I really liked this book because it successfully mixed romance, sensuality,fantasy,and war. It is rare that you find a author who knows how to balance a good plotline with sex. One usually takes over the other. I also enjoyed that the female characters in the story were strong smart and feminine.
The Reawakened nicely finished the series. It's a great book that takes you away into another world. I didn't really see the strong connection with Native American spirituality and religion that others have mentioned, beyond the relationship between humans and animals as spirit guides, but still, it's a great read. I definitely recommend it to people interested in fantasy with a touch of romance. The one thing I don't get though is the weird cover art. Rhia's image on the covers of the first two look nothing like the description in the books.
Twelve years ago the feral Descendents of the Ilion Army took advantage of the schism between the four Spirit villages attacked Velekos and Asermos. The war between them is nasty with one side unconcerned with collateral damage to innocents. There is the fundamental value of the world at stake in a winner takes all conflagration. The Spirit uses animal magic that has made them increasingly more powerful with each new generation the Descendants loath Spirit magic as evil. However, the Descendents outnumber their enemy and increasingly appear to be winning the hostilities. The Spirit followers pray that the ancient prophecy that claims the only Spirit Raven who has failed to guide a human will do so soon as the dark days are turning bleaker. Spirit mages Rhia of the Guardian Crow Spirit and her husband Marek accompany their eighteen years old son Nilik, who they hope is the one as he seeks vengeance against the murdering Descendents who killed his girlfriend He joins his uncle¿s army while the hostilities remain unabated. Rhia must deliver the REAWAKENED if her side is to survive. --- Fans of the Aspect fantasy (see VOICE OF CROW and EYES OF CROW) will relish this entertaining finish but newcomers will be lost for much of the tale. The story line is filled with action, but driven by the desperation of Rhia and her family as a way of life is to be decided between clashing cultures. With a nod to Native-American nineteenth century heritage (including war with the invading American armies, Jeri Smith-Ready provides a deep metaphoric trilogy of cultures at war. --- Harriet Klausner


text:
You say "hi Mark, congratulations on becoming ECW champ!"
Mark likes what you say. In fact he hugs you, slightly hard, but it's just a friendly hug. As advice, he tells you to go back to the roads and this time think about the decision you make more. Do you go back? Do you stay and talk a little longer to Mark Henry? Do you pick the curious third choice?


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An open letter from a bartender in NYC who reached her limit and vented her frustration and anger over the sexual harassment she had endured over the span of five years in an open letter addressed to an investment banker.
At the end the investment banker didn't take the open letter lying down!
Read at LinkedIn here.
Monday, September 22, 2014
A bar, sexual harassment and payback!
Posted by Michael Haltman at 12:47 PM
Labels: harassment , human resources , open letter , restaurant , sexual harassment , working conditions , workplace
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By JUSTIN FERGUSON
With four teams eliminated after the group stage, the final eight are set in the battle for the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
The quarterfinal round will kick off with two matches from the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. After a last-second goal capped its thrilling group stage finale, Cuba will look to continue its stay in the tournament with a win over Panama, who pulled off two narrow wins before a scoreless draw with Canada.
After the Cuba-Panama match, all eyes will be on Mexico, who take on Trinidad & Tobago. El Tri has rebounded from an opening loss with back-to-back multi-goal victories, but the pressure is still on manager Jose Manuel de la Torre and the rest of his squad as they look for a third straight Gold Cup title.
Some action from Europe and Liga MX will bookend Saturday's Gold Cup quarterfinals. After recording a treble last season, Bayern Munich will face their first domestic competition of the campaign with a match against Hamburg in the Telekom Cup, a German preseason mini-tournament. In Mexico, new-look Atlante will cap off an evening of Liga MX openers with a road meeting with Leon.
If you will be watching today's action, please feel free to share your thoughts, opinions and some play-by-play in the comments section below.
Enjoy the action (Today's TV schedule is after the jump):
9:30am – beIN Sport – Indonesia XI vs Liverpool
12:30pm – beIN Sport – Hamburger SV vs Bayern Munich
3:30pm – Fox Soccer Channel – Panama vs Cuba – Gold Cup
4pm – MLS Direct Kick – Toronto vs New York Red Bulls
4pm – MLS Direct Kick – Seattle Sounders vs Colorado Rapids
6:30pm – Fox Soccer Channel – Mexico vs Trinidad and Tobago – Gold Cup
7pm – MLS Direct Kick – Montreal Impact vs Dallas
7:30pm – MLS Direct Kick – Columbus Crew vs New England
7:30pm – MLS Direct Kick – Philadelphia Union vs Portland Timbers
8:30pm – MLS Direct Kick – Chicago Fire vs DC United
9:05pm – Telemundo – León vs Atlante
10pm – MLS Direct Kick – Real Salt Lake vs Sporting Kansas CIty
10:30pm – MLS Direct Kick – LA Galaxy vs Vancouver Whitecaps
For New Englanders, Liverpool match is also on NESN.
I hesitate to bring this topic up again, but does anyone have any information regarding the state of the field at the Georgia Dome, i.e., the grass installation over FieldTurf? According to the Georgia Dome's Facebook page, it looks like they installed the grass this past Wednesday on July 17th. Isn't that late?
Wearing the new Waririor-designed third kit. Now that I see it on tv, I guess it's not as putrid as the away kit.
Both Gold Cup games are also on Univision (which is OTA and basic cable in Boston, for instance).
And, I think, they're also streaming on UnivisionDeportes.com.
Just wanted to say nice work on making the "Top Headlines" section bigger. Makes the site much easier to navigate.
Snack Time
What a goal by Cuba to take a 1-0 lead over Panama
Noticed that Alexander Larin is on the El Salvador roster. Larin was the punk who hit Terrence Boyd full force in the face in during the U-23 Olympics qualifying game, with Terrence suffering a bloody nose. I hope Klinsmann has the guys watch this before the game Sunday for a little added incentive.
Short version at the 1:58 mark
Or the long version of the whole scene at 1:36
So I have just confirmed what I thought before was the case, on a couple of occasions: the MLS app & site change the standings according to the scores of games still in progress. Shortly after the Rapids opened the scoring, they lifted them from 30 to 33 pts. Now that Seattle has draw even, the Rapids are back to 31 pts and Seattle is shown at 25 rather than the 24 they started te day with. Bizarre approach.
I hope all these Mexican American players coming through choose USA.Already there are two in the Mexican b squad.
Snack Time
Mexicans are having a tough time with T&T – 82 minutes, still 0-0, but the Islanders look gassed.
Snack Time
And then a minute later, an awful goal happened


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
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COR Development Group, Inc., Alberto Colon, P.D. Gianneotis Financial Servicescordevelopmentgroup.com Nationwide U.S.A.
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Sherwin Family Vineyards
One of the best wineries in St Helena and home of the Patriotic Pour.
Address: 4060 Spring Mountain Road, Saint Helena
Address: California, 94574, United States
Telephone: +1 707 963 1154
Locate on map : Locate on map
Website: Visit Website
Opening Hours: 10:00 am - 3:00 pm (by appointment)
Find Us On: Facebook.com Plus.google.com
Sherwin Family Vineyards is the home of the Patriotic Pour. Located in St Helena, Sherwin Family Vineyards was established in 1996. Marked by the firm backbone of Spring Mountain fruit, their Cabernet Sauvignon shows remarkable density and concentration. Sherwin Family Vineyards produces Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Cabernet Franc, on their 14 acres later. With a beautiful picnic area, bocce ball courts and amazing views, Sherwin Family Vineyards offers a wonderful tasting experience. Call to schedule your private viewing.
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