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Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) levels have been used to aid diagnosis and monitoring of asthma in both adults and children. The current cutoff level of FENO in healthy adults was based on studies done in Caucasians. Grasemann and coworkers previously showed lower FENO in females due to genotypic differences. Our study examined the ethnic influences on FENO in non-asthmatics, according to gender.
Healthy non-asthmatic volunteers had FENO measured online using NIOX(R) (Aerocine AB, Sweden) according to American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines (1999). Log transformation of FENO was carried out. Comparison was made by t-test and ANOVA using SPSS for Windows (version 9).
We studied 72 volunteers: 35 Chinese (12 females), 13 Caucasians (5 females), and 24 Malays (11 females). ANOVA showed that FENO was significantly different between races (p=0.040). Geometric mean and SD of FENO in Caucasians (17.9,1.4 ppb) was significantly lower than Chinese (30.6,2.1 ppb, p=0.015) or Malays (26.8,1.8 ppb, p=0.032). When stratified according to gender, FENO was significantly different among males (p=0.003). Caucasians males (16.6,1.5 ppb) had significantly lower FENO compared to Chinese (39.9,1.9 ppb, p=0.001) or Malays (36.8,1.8 ppb, p=0.003). FENO did not differ between the ethnic groups in females (p=0.977). Caucasians (20.1,1.1 ppb), Chinese (18.4,1.9 ppb), Malays (18.4,1.5 ppb).
Our results showed that non-asthmatic Caucasians had significantly lower FENO levels compared to Chinese and Malays. This difference was found to be due to ethnic variations among males rather than females.
Ethnic and gender factors can markedly influence FENO, and published normal FENO levels in Caucasians should not be extrapolated to other ethnic groups.
T.K. Augustine, None.
Tuesday, October 26, 2004
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Thelonious Monk: Thelonious In Action 12"
Ermitage Records
Among Thelonious Monk's brilliant musical associations, the one with tenor saxophonist Johnny Griffin sometimes gets overlooked. This 1958 recording catches the quartet with bassist Ahmed Abdul-Malik and drummer Roy Haynes on its home turf, New York's Five Spot Cafe. Griffin's gruffly compressed sound and high-speed, coiling lines are a fine foil for Monk's spare and pointed comping, bringing a distinct and special intensity to Monk's music. Together the group turns in classic renditions of familiar Monk tunes, including a brilliant Griffin performance of "Blue Monk." --Stuart BroomerTags: jazz yoobl

subset: commoncrawl


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May 19th, 2009 - Alex-382372 said:
it makes sense a survey last year found that 1 in 4 women will meet or date a guy online. oh i wish there was an option b ut i bet facebook will be the new way people meet each other lol
May 17th, 2009 - John-49562 said:
I agree with Meghan. On this site, you can learn more about your faith, and maybe change from a 6/7 or 5/7 to a 7/7!
Also, I think the future will hold that singles will meet in a variety of ways; like we do now.
May 14th, 2009 - Buck-399460 said:
I think one my age can meet others at Senior Centers
May 11th, 2009 - Kevin-413388 said:
The majority of people anwsering this question will automaticaly vote online sites as they are actively involved with online dating but if you look at what the majority of young people do and how they meet their partners I'll be highly surprised if many met through either a dating agency or through the internet and I cant see this trend changing in the future.
May 9th, 2009 - Cecilia-351585 said:
I believe the best way of learning about a person is talking: in my case that I live in Spain and cannot date anybody personally, (Where are single Catholic Men in Europe???) ... at least, if you cannot see me face to face, phone me or use skype. Talking by phone, together with PICTURES posted, helps a lot to detect personality. Pictures and attitude while speaking are simple but meaningful ways of defining a person. I hope someone will TALK to me, not only write to me (as if we were in XVIII, XIX Century!) PLEASE, promote a way to talk, we are in XXI Century! UPDATE MINDS!


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Single Family Residence, Cape - West Barnstable, MA
Point Hill: Nestled in an exclusive enclave of homes overlooking Sandy Neck Beach & the Great Marsh one finds this beautiful cape style home rooted in nature. Sweeping marsh views from every room, casual elegance, luxury & ease await you after a day at the beach. Leave your seashells and sand on your covered breezeway & relax on your private deck before preparing dinner in your gourmet kitchen while your guests mingle about your fireplaced great room and outside deck or meander into the yard from the lower walkout family room. After dinner and as night falls you may want to relax in your master spa tub or curl up with a book in front of the living room fireplace while the muffled sounds of wee ones & guests settle into the three bedrooms & lofted family room above. Everlasting
*May not reflect current interest rates and is intended for educational/information purposes only. All figures are hypothetical and should not be relied upon in any way.
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Building Features
Exterior Features
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Lot Features
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Type of View
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Data Provided by Cape Cod & Islands Association of Realtors, Inc.More Information for this listing
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This $995,000 Single Family Home at 23 Hilliards Hayway in West Barnstable, MA is offered by Tara Schiffmann Brown. This $995,000 Single Family Home, located in the 02668 zip code, has the following property features: Lawn,Garden,Sprinkler System,Wired for High Tech, Waterfront, Lawn,Garden, Sprinkler System,Lawn,Garden,Wired for High Tech. This 23 Hilliards Hayway Single Family Home, located in Barnstable County , is listed under MLS listing number 21504498, has 4 beds, 6 baths, and has a listing price of $995,000. You can find more of Tara Schiffmann Brown's listings by browsing Tara Schiffmann Brown homes for sale at HomesAndLand.com, or even more WEST BARNSTABLE homes for sale here.
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Get an overview of this hotel3-star Mumbai hotel in Central Suburbs with free parking
Collect 200 Nectar points!
Simply enter your Nectar card number when you check out. Your points will be credited 35 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
Popular property highlights
Located in Central Suburbs, this hotel is 2.4 mi (3.8 km) from U. S. Consulate and 2.9 mi (4.6 km) from Powai Lake. Bandra Kurla Complex and University of Mumbai are also within 3 mi (5 km).
This hotel features 24-hour room service, laundry facilities, and a 24-hour front desk. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, free newspapers, tour/ticket assistance, and a porter/bellhop are onsite.
Hotel Features
Room Amenities
All 18 individually furnished rooms feature free WiFi and 24-hour room service. Satellite TV, premium bedding, and ceiling fans are among the other amenities available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
Hotel Arma Executive
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Arma Executive features tour/ticket assistance, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and laundry facilities. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) is offered to guests. This Mumbai hotel also offers 24-hour room service and a porter/bellhop. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 18
- Number of floors - 2
- 24-hour front desk
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Porter/bellhop
- Free self parking
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Year Built 2009
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator (on request)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Premium bedding
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
- Phone
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Shower only
- Desk
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Satellite TV service
- Free WiFi
- Room service (24 hours)
- Individually furnished
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24-hour room service is available.
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Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at noon
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
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Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Optional extras
- Airport shuttle fee: INR 350 per person (one-way)
- Airport shuttle fee per child: INR 350.00
Hotel Name
- Arma Executive Mumbai
- Hotel Arma Executive
- Hotel Arma Executive Mumbai


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|Death Row, Polunsky Unit, Livingston, Texas (more photos here)
As the editor of The National Catholic Reporter, a national biweekly, Dennis Coday reads his competitor, The National Catholic Register. But he does not have to agree with it.
The Reporter is seen as somewhat liberal in theology and politics. The Register, a competing biweekly with a confusingly similar name, is popular with more theologically traditional Roman Catholics, who often fall to the right politically.
But last year, seeing the amount of attention that The Register was giving to arguments opposing the death penalty, Mr. Coday came up with an idea: Maybe the 2 newspapers could collaborate on an editorial calling on Catholics to oppose the death penalty.
"What struck me the most was Oklahoma Archbishop Paul Coakley came out strongly against it," Mr. Coday said. "And his comments were covered by The National Catholic Register."
Indeed, The Register had covered Catholic death-penalty opposition last May, after the botched execution of an Oklahoma inmate, Clayton Lockett, and again in July, after the protracted execution in Arizona of Joseph R. Wood III, who took nearly 2 hours to die.
Eventually, Mr. Coday got three other publications, including The Register, to join him. On March 5, "Catholic Publications Call for an End to Capital Punishment" ran on the websites of The Reporter; The Register; Our Sunday Visitor, which is considered conservative; and the Jesuit magazine America, which is considered liberal. The editorial was written principally by Mr. Coday, with the involvement of the four editorial boards.
The editorial was an unusual show of unity among publications that speak for often antagonistic niches of Catholic public thought. Editors at the publications agreed, in interviews this week, that such a joint effort would be unlikely on other topics, like same-sex marriage or abortion.
With the death penalty, the time seemed right. According to last year's major Pew survey, support for the death penalty is slipping nationally. At the same time, different branches of Roman Catholicism are uniting behind a message that has been consistently delivered by Pope Francis and his predecessors Benedict XVI and John Paul II.
"We, the editors of 4 Catholic journals," the editorial begins, "urge the readers of our diverse publications and the whole U.S. Catholic community and all people of faith to stand with us and say, 'Capital punishment must end.'"
"The Catholic Church in this country has fought against the death penalty for decades," it says. "Pope St. John Paul II amended the universal Catechism of the Catholic Church to include a de facto prohibition against capital punishment. Last year, Pope Francis called on all Catholics 'to fight ... for the abolition of the death penalty.' The practice is abhorrent and unnecessary."
The Register's editor, Jeanette De Melo, said that when Mr. Coday first broached the idea last fall, they could not quite make it work.
"The Register's take on the death penalty," Ms. De Melo said, "is to talk about it in broader context of the life issues," like abortion and euthanasia. "We wanted to contextualize it last fall in that broad context."
Ms. De Melo said that she and Mr. Coday could not agree on an editorial that brought in so many contentious issues. But when, in January, the Supreme Court agreed to take up the case of Glossip v. Gross, which challenges Oklahoma's use of lethal injection, she thought that maybe it was time for an editorial solely on capital punishment.
"Since the Supreme Court took up this case," Ms. De Melo said, "it seemed maybe we could look at it in a narrower context. I felt it was important to stand on something we can stand together on, these diverse publications with diverse audiences. We do agree this should end."
Some readers questioned Ms. De Melo's decision to join with more liberal publications. On March 16, she wrote her own editorial, placing her death penalty opposition in the context of issues that are important to conservatives.
"Euthanasia, abortion, war and capital punishment differ in moral weight, but they all threaten human dignity, and we must work to end them," Ms. De Melo wrote.
The church now teaches that the death penalty could be justified only for self-defense in the narrow sense of preventing a killer from committing a future killing. So in the modern state, the argument goes, with effective prisons and life sentences to keep killers off the street, there is no morally valid reason to use it. According to the Catholic theorist Robert George, who teaches at Princeton, capital punishment is not as bad as abortion or euthanasia, but it nonetheless needs to end.
"Although I do not regard capital punishment to be on a moral par with the deliberate killing of innocent persons - including killing unborn babies by abortion and killing elderly or handicapped persons in euthanasia - I believe that the abolition of killing as a punishment will promote a culture of life," Professor George wrote in a Feb. 19 letter to the governor and legislature of Kansas.
Coming from Professor George, who is admired by the Catholic right, the letter was another indication that on this particular issue, a unified position may be emerging.
Not everyone agrees. The Rev. John McCloskey, a conservative priest, wrote this month that "the Catholic Church's Magisterium does not and never has advocated unqualified abolition of the death penalty." He invoked Augustine and Thomas Aquinas in support of the death penalty, as well as Pope Pius XII.
Then there are the 59 % of white Catholics who, according to the Pew survey, favor capital punishment - 4 points higher than the average for all American adults.
Matt Malone, who edits America magazine, said Catholic journalists were starting to reach across these political divides. He pointed to a symposium his publication hosted in December, which drew journalists from the Register, the liberal Catholic magazine Commonweal, U.S. Catholic, and the conservative magazine First Things, popular with Catholics.
"I think it's part of a general trend where we're less afraid to reach out to each other and do things than we used to be," Father Malone said.
Greg Erlandson, the publisher of Our Sunday Visitor, said that Catholics needed to keep talking to one another, lest they become as dysfunctional as the secular world.
"The ideological polarization that has paralyzed American political life has seeped into the church, unfortunately," Mr. Erlandson said. "So something like this" - the joint editorial - "is an important signpost for the church."
Source: New York Times, March 29, 2015
Report an error, an omission: email@example.com


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Translink is reminding you that bus fares change on Monday.
Riders taking the bus or HandyDART will only have to pay a one zone fare from then on, throughout Metro Vancouver.
But you'll still have to pay up to three zones on SkyTrain, SeaBus and West Coast Express.
Also Monday, anyone with a Compass Card will no longer have to tap out when getting off the bus.
But you still will on the other modes of transport.
No word yet from Translink when the general public will get the compass card.


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Mobile App
HZUFSW Dehradun
Himgiri Zee University's Faculty of Social Work
Total Students
Fees Range
How to reach
Himgiri Zee University's Faculty of Social Work is situated at P.O. - Sherpur, Chakrata Road, Dehradun, Pin - 248197 (Uttarakhand), INDIA in Dehradun.
Courses Offered
- 2 Years
- Master in Social Work-M.S.W.
- Languages / Arts / Literature
- Rs. 40000 (Annually)
Himgiri Zee University's Faculty of Social Work - HZUFSW Dehradun - HZUFSW
The Department of Social work offers a Masters Degree in Social Work to students who wish to make a change. This course is crafted to mould a student to become a social worker. Social work is both a profession and social science. It involves the application of social theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people, groups, and societies. It incorporates and utilizes other social sciences as a means to improve the human condition and positively change the society.The students are trained to plan and execute an extensive range of social services, social welfare activities, and work in commercial and industrial establishments, and training institutions. The curriculum has three important components-theory, fieldwork and research. It enables the students to acquire necessary knowledge of sociology, psychology, philosophy and methods of social work, and practical experience in scientific social research. To facilitate the above complex learning process, the training programme also includes independent study, lectures, seminars, research and concurrent and block fieldwork training. The department considers education as a means for social change and transformation with societal commitment.Students in the MSW program require the ability to think critically and work collaboratively with others. They should have competence in written and oral expression and the willingness to use computer and advanced communications technology.
Why join Himgiri Zee University's Faculty of Social Work
The college's infrastructure is well furnished with all modern facilities.
1 Type Courses Available
- 1 PG Courses
Himgiri Zee University's Faculty of Social Work Placements
At Himgiri Zee University, we understand and value the importance of placement assistance in shaping the career of our students. We would like to be the preferred source of hiring for top recruiters and believe in making dedicated efforts to build long term relationships with our recruiting partners. The excellent infrastructure of the University facilitates different activities of placement like pre-placement talks, written tests, group discussions, and interviews as per the requirements of the organizations. The HZU training & placement team works to identify skills and strengths of students for prospective placements and ensure all students receive best guidance and support for developing their respective careers. The extensive cross-industry linkages of Zee Group assist our students in opening the door to their successful future.
Visiting Companies
Student Placement
The Library has state - of the - art information systems and provides access to an extensive range of database, together with traditional printed material. The library is stocked with more than 30,000 books, 4000 titles and a number of journals and reports that cover all subjects. Although the primary mission of the library is to support the curricular and research needs of the students, the library also provides material and reference assistance for the faculty.Transportation facilities for the students are available. We run a fleet of buses to help students and staff members commute to and fro from regions around the city. The bus service is available over a 35 km radius around the city. In view of safety issues on the highways, parents are urged to convince their wards to avail the services of University buses only. The facility is available at a charge of INR 20000 or USD 550 per year.The University has made the provision of separate hostels for boys and girls, with an intake capacity of more then 350 students. Single and triple occupancy rooms are available. The students are provided with basic amenities like a cot, table, chairs, and a cupboard in their respective rooms. There is also 24 hours security with armed guards and laundry facility within the campus.The HZU cafeteria is designed to create a comfortable environment where you can discuss ideas while you enjoy a good meal. The larger mess hall is equipped to serve lunch and dinner for all students. We also serve variety of snacks along with North and South Indian dishes at affordable prices.HZU houses a dispensary with qualified doctors available round the clock.
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Chapter Six: Delving A Little Deeper (I)
You know that feeling when you're trying to achieve something with all the passion that your heart and soul could possibly muster only to have the universe thwart your every attempt to get there? Yeah. It blows.
The second the group had given me a little insight into Maria and Rachelle's story, I craved to know more. I could feel a part of my soul just float up and out of my body, point at my living form and laugh. Why? Because I was getting excited over something that really didn't concern me at all. Because I had speed-walked all the way home, forming a cramp or two in my legs because of said excitement. And now, I was cursing the fact that I had lost my house key on the first day of school.
That's right. I had no way to enter my own freakin' house. I wasn't frustrated about the fact that I was potentially locked out of my own home for the rest of the day until my parents arrived home. I wasn't even worried that I had left my mobile home (being the idiot I was) and had no idea what their numbers were off the top of my head. I was getting riled up over the fact that I didn't have access to that diary yet.
Normal behavior for an eighteen year old guy? I think not.
Staring at the spilled out contents of my back-pack spread across the front porch, I let out a loud sigh and sat down in resignation. Why must the universe hate me so much to torment me like this? This was the second move in my life, and I thought the last had been the worst. When mom and dad told me we were moving to London, I was torn. Glasgow was my home. It was where I'd grown up. All my childhood memories re-traced to that place. I'd just entered middle school (in American terms) and was starting to get popular as well. After all, that's all I cared about then. Popularity. Then boom - 'we're moving to London.'
'It won't be so bad', they said. 'You'll make new friends. We're still in the UK after all,' they said. Then why had it felt like they'd just reached into my body, grabbed my heart with an iron fist and yanked it out with no regards to my feelings on the matter?


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Dubai, Jan 27: India remained the top trading partner for gold here as the total trade for the yellow metal through the entrepot was 19.03 billion dollar in 2007, an increase of 29 per cent from 2006, according to a statement by Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC).
In 2006 Dubai's gold trade was estimated at 14.75 billion dollar, up from 10.73 billion dollar in 2005. Dubai's other top trading partners for gold are Switzerland, Malaysia, Australia, South Africa, Italy, the UK, Turkey, the US and Saudi Arabia, while the geographical reach of the business extended to 101 countries. ''Historically, gold has always been seen as a source of lasting value, and this is particularly true of the countries in West Asia and the Indian Subcontinent,'' said Ahmed bin Sulayem, Executive Chairman, DMCC.
Dubai remained an important global centre for the gold trade, with the emirate registering year-on-year growth during the last five years, he said adding that it was a clear evidence of the confidence the trade has in the strong economic policies of the Dubai Government.
A total of 559 tonnes of gold was imported into Dubai in 2007, up by 14 per cent from 489 tonnes in 2006. Exports from Dubai increased marginally to 287 tonnes compared to 274 tonnes in 2006. Gold price averaged 696 dollar per ounce in 2007, up from 604 dollar per ounce in 2006.
In the fourth quarter of 2007 gold trade grew by 34 per cent to nearly 5 billion dollar from 3.74 billion dollar in the same period in 2006. In the same period Dubai imported 107 tonnes and exported 77 tonnes of gold.
''Ongoing investor demand from across the world and global concerns about currency and inflation underline the nature of gold as a safe investment,''said Ian MacDonald, Executive Director for Gold and Precious Metals, DMCC.
''Dubai's gold trade has also benefited considerably from the tight supply and strong demand fundamentals of the metal. Despite continuously rising prices, there has been almost 30 per cent increase in the emirate's gold trade in 2007. We look forward to further growing the volumes and strengthening Dubai's role as an important hub for international gold trade.'' he added.


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text:
Hacking group Anonymous have taken down over 100 Twitter and Facebook accounts that are 'used openly by Isis to expand their influence and recruit new members'.
The majority of the accounts were suspended and those that weren't had their tweets and posts deleted and passwords changed. According to the group, the attack was orchestrated by 'Muslims, Christians and Jews'.
All this comes after Anon recently declared war on ISIS following the attack on French magazine, Charlie Hebdo.
The video goes on to say that the group behind these attacks consist of 'hackers, crackers, hacktivists, phishers, agents, spies, or just the guy next door. Students, administrators, workers, clerks, unemployed, rich, poor. Young, or old, gay or straight. from all races, countries, religions, and ethnicity. United as one, divided by zero.'
Isis, we will hunt you, take down your sites, accounts, emails, and expose you from now on. No safe place for you online. You will be treated like a virus, and we are the cure.
It then concluded with the famous sign-off, 'We are Anonymous; we are Legion; we do not forgive, we do not forget, expect us.'


text:
Memorial weekend May 26,27,28,29. 8am to 5pm. Antique and collectibles, large collection of vintage.... → Read More
One day only. Sat 5/27 7am till 3pm 37 Leominster Rd Princeton MA Antiques,china,old lamps,books.... → Read More
....$12, lamp with musical instruments $10, antique mohagany desk with claw feet $150, oil paintings and prints.... → Read More
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Garage Sale May 27 Rain Or Shine 10-1 No Early Birds
....(no jewelry, gold, silver, antiques, or tools for sale) - I will update the pictures as we add more items.... → Read More
Moving Sale, Everything Must Go.
I have an antique table with all 8 chairs included. 2 beds--1 twin size, and 1 queen size. Both....chair, pictures. I have a bit of antiques, milk glass, some furniture.. all in really good condition.... → Read More
Big Tag Sale - East End Of Torrington - Fri 5/26 & Sat 5/27 9am-3:00
...., electronics, books, sporting goods, household items, antiques, furniture, collectibles, outdoor items and.... → Read More
Huge Tag Sale Sat 5/27 Sun 5/28 Middletown
....to list it all, but items to include: Antiques, milk bottles, vintage bottles, lots of old Life Magazines....tags, antique wood block and tackle & rope, sports cards, collectible hockey pucks, tons of books (new....and antique), antique washboards, his and her Trek mountain bikes, patio table and chairs, some....antique furniture, 4 pr girl's Jackson and Reidell figure skates very good condition, sporting goods items.... → Read More
Moving Sale In Overlook, Waterbury
...., antique bedroom sets (full, queen and king), antique hand carved end tables and coffee tables, Steinway....grand piano, roll top desk, bookshelves, secretary desk, antique mantles, antique prints, kitchenware.... → Read More
Yard Sale- Columbia Lots Of Stuff - Garage & Moving Sales - Yard Estate Sale
Multi family yard sale in one yard. -Books -Military surplus -Antiques -Clothes -Hunting gear.... → Read More
...., Antiques, Collectables, Kids toys, bikes, riding toys, Tools, Furniture and more. There is also a bake sale.... → Read More
Huge Tag Sale!! Spring Clean Out!!
Tons, tons, tons of stuff for sale for super cheap!! Toys, antiques, small nick nacks, small.... → Read More
....Nick-Nacks Household items Tools Clothes Jewelry Books Antiques & MUCH MORE!.... → Read More
Huge Moving Sale- 31 Years Of Accumulation
Over 31 years of accumulation! Antiques, glassware, pictures, frames, computer desk/chair, maple.... → Read More
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YardSales.net is the fastest growing yard sale site, with 104 sale photos and 57 garage sales in Hartford, Connecticut. YardSales.net offers you the best list of Hartford yard sales every week.


text:
Does an older woman become the doting grandmother? Does that creepy guy that sits beside you become an ax murderer?
There is an old woman walking into the cafe, holding the hand of her young granddaughter. Or could she possibly be the love child of her older years? I believe she is her grandchild. There is the man sitting two booths away from me. He looks at me, checking out what he thinks are the goods. He takes a puff of his cigarette. What thoughts could be running through his head? My own thoughts show that he is a nonchalant pervert who preys on unsuspecting young women. He's cute, but not that cute.
I am the observer. I take notes of what I am seeing before me. Could I possibly put these three people into a story? The man could try to steal from the old woman and her grandchild. He would demand money, and then the gun would accidentally go off. Or would he be carrying a knife? Or could he be a running terrorist? I scratch out the old woman and child and think of military intrigue. He is someone who is holding a deep dark secret and will be arrested and killed if it is found out. He could be a person that the officials could be hunting right at this very moment.
A young woman walks by. To the creative eye, she is beautiful. Her hair is dark and her eyes are a light blue. She is petite of both build and size. Could she possibly be the mother of the young child that stands with the old woman begging for hot chocolate and a muffin? Could she be the lover of the man looking at me, undressing me with his eyes? She passes on through the café and orders her Caramel Macchiato, and takes a table nearer to the window. She begins to read her new Harlequin romance novel. What is it about? Dashing pirate who steals a young woman's innocence and later her heart or the knight who saves fair maiden on the eve of a great war and they run away together?
I let my pen drift haphazardly across the paper. Little doodles form in the corner. A story idea begins to create itself onto the paper. I see something about ghosts and goblins and runaway little girls. Could I possibly place the little granddaughter into the story? Make her a heroine perhaps. I could give the little girl her own red cape and basket of goodies for grandmother.
I take a sip of my coffee. I write out the details of the little girl. I see short, curly blonde hair. Big smile and baby blue eyes. I change her hair to straight and a little past her shoulders. I give her a cupid bow smile. I leave the impish little glint that gleams in her eyes. She is a little girl on her own grand adventure. Should I make the man the big bad wolf? I think that is pushing it a little bit far.
My watch alarm beeps to tell me that it is time to leave. I fold the paper and smash into my bag. I'm running late. I need to go. Like the rabbit in Alice I'm late, I'm late. I'm late.
The thoughts of the people in the coffee shop are forgotten, and I barely make it to class in the ten minutes I was allotted. I pull out the notebook for class and a half chewed pencil.
I look at all of the students. I remember the story ideas from my coffee break and jot them down into my notebook. Many of them could easily become characters in newer stories.
I look at the freshman girl that sits to the right of me. She's tall, petite of frame. Dark blonde hair that models would kill for and her eyes are those that I believe men would die for. Should I try to place this girl as a character beside the man from the café? Make them into an older man with a trophy wife. Give the story an air of murder and mystery? Young woman kills older husband to get his money. It is an interesting concept, but way overdone. Could I make him a vampire looking for a young, beautiful companion for all eternity? No, No. That one is overdone as well. Maybe I could make her the young French virgin and him the suave experienced older lover. That's too risqué, even for my tastes.
I watch the football player in front of me fall down into his seat one minute before class begins. He takes a deep breath, his broad shoulders rising. He turns around to me and asks for a pencil. I see his dark brown eyes and black hair. The strings of a new idea pluck themselves a dark chord. I see the beginnings of a heady, forbidden love in the throes of the deep, old South. The setting would be the aging plantation home. The freshman girl would be the governor's daughter and he the young slave butler. I believe they would run the Underground Railroad and live happily every after. I scratch the idea because tear jerking emotion are not exactly my style.
Or maybe I could take the young man on the other side of me and put him in a story. He is in the military. I can tell that from the Marine cut of his hair and the way he carries himself.
I could write my own battle scene and make him a hero. Maybe give him a sword instead of a gun. I would put him in a fantasy world. That is what is popular today isn't it? Or I could just write him into a famous battle, such as Normandy or the siege of New Orleans in 1812. He becomes the tragic hero and sacrifices himself to save a comrade in the eve of war and his deed is never known. I believe a happier ending for that. He storms Normandy only to find the little Parisian girl of his dreams. They marry and have little children running around a house painted blue with a white picket fence. That almost follows the path of my thoughts from seeing the young café woman's romance novel.
I see a heartwarming story forming before my eyes. Young man could be returning from the ravages of war. His wife has died while he was away. What stands before him is his mother, the woman from the café, and his young daughter, her grandchild. It is sad, but way too generic. I can't place the man as having a four year old daughter when he himself could not be much older then me.
The wheels of my mind keep turning as I observe those around me. I place them into their own worlds of my creation. That is the way of the writer I assume. You are putting those that you see into your own thoughts.


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Two units on a lot - detached front house and three units in the back. With some TLC and permits - this could be a money maker. This is an auction property - please see private remarks. All units are 2 bedrooms - 1 bath.


text: Rich's Halloween Window Was A Big Hit In Vestal By Rich Birdsall November 1, 2013 11:01 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Subscribe to 98.1 The Hawk on I didn't want to scare the crap out of little kids coming to my house this season but I did want to do something pretty cool. If I wanted to scare everyone I could have just printed a picture of Glenn Pitcher and put it in my lawn! HAHA! Seriously though, I had people ask me how I did it. So, with the help of some video editing to smash a few clips together and a bed sheet, video projector, computer and thumbdrive I was able to make this cartoonish haunt a reality! I posted a short clip to Facebook last night, and everyone loved it. So here is the display in it's entirety! Enjoy. Category: Articles Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 98.1 The Hawk Best Voice In Binghamton Top Ten Elimination Video (WATCH) Got Ya Covered Video of the Week-Justin Moore [WATCH] Mental Health First Aid Training at a Reduced Price Beginning Today Memorial Day Activities in the Southern Tier Recommended For You ZergNet Best Of The Web ZergNet


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Technology often FAILS!
It's no secret that society's dependence on technology is at an all-time high. The scary part about this is that our electronic gadgets can't always be trusted! Whether it's an electric cork screwer that attacks or a forklift that makes a huge mess, us humans need to learn that the easy way out isn't always what it seems. Check out a bunch of times robots were THE WORST!
If you wan't something done, you have to do it yourself.


text:
Deadly Valentine
Deadly Valentine
By Carolyn Hart
Crimeline, Mass Market Paperbound, 9780553288476, 272pp.
Publication Date: January 1, 1991
List Price: $7.99*
* Individual store prices may vary.
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Mystery bookstore owner Annie Laurance didn't really want to go to her neighbor's Valentine Day masked ball -- particularly not after the voluptuous brunette made a pass at Annie's husband, Max. So when her dizzy mother-in-law, Laurel, made a surprise visit to Broward's Rock Island, Annie thought it would be a perfect excuse to skip the party. She should have known better: True to form, Laurel accepted the invitation for all three of them. But the biggest surprise of all came at the party's end, when Annie found the amorous hostess in the gazebo--murdered.


text: Plot: Hired by an ambitious small-town pastor to find sacred relics in the Holy Land, a self-proclaimed Biblical archaeologist comes up short and his attempt to cover up his failure fuels a comic conspiracy from the filmmaking team behind Napoleon Dynamite and Nacho Libre. DON VERDEAN stars Sam Rockwell, Amy Ryan, Jemaine Clement, Leslie Bibb, with Will Forte, and Danny McBride. Genre: Comedy IMDB Rating: 5,7/10 from 272 users Metascore: 40/100 Directed by: Jared Hess Starring: Sam Rockwell, Amy Ryan, Jemaine Clement Release Name: Don.Verdean.2015.1080p.WEB-DL.DD5.1.H264-FGT Size: 3.68 GB Video: MKV | 1908 × 1068 | 5002 kbps Audio: English | AC3 | 384 kbps Runtime: 97 mins Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3534282/ Code: Download from NITROFLARE http://nitroflare.com/view/76C7F3D5019A741/Don.Verdean.2015.1080p.WEB-DL.DD5.1.H264-FGT.mkv Code: Download from REDBUNKER http://www.redbunker.net/6n0c33lwg87u/Don.Verdean.2015.1080p.WEB-DL.DD5.1.H264-FGT.mkv.html Screens: NFO:


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(509) 736-3325
Rick's Custom Fencing & Decking, Inc.
31 years in business9120 W Clearwater Ave
Kennewick, WA 99336-8620
Fax Numbers
- (509) 736-3345
Additional Email Addresses
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 10/01/2008
Business Started: 04/01/1986
Business Started Locally: 04/01/1986
Business Incorporated: 04/01/1986 in WA
Type of EntityCorporation
Business Management
- Mr. Thomas Dickinson, Store Manager
- Mr. Dave Harkins, COO
- Mr. John (FORMER) Powell, Former Store Manager
Business Category
- Fence Contractors
- Patio & Deck Builders
Licensing, Bonding or RegistrationThis business is in an industry that may require professional licensing, bonding or registration. BBB encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
BBB Reason for Ratings
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
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text: The New York race will start in Times Square and finish in Central Park where there will be a health expo as well as a survivor ceremony. The Los Angeles race will take place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum at Exposition Park. Early registration is encouraged and can be done by visiting http://www.revlonrunwalk.org or by calling the event hotline at 855.434.3779. Registration is also available on site for both events.Participants are encouraged to fundraise individually or create teams. For those people who are not able to make it to the New York or Los Angeles events can register for the EIF Revlon Run/Walk in Your Dreams. Run/Walk In Your Dreams gives participants the opportunity to fundraise for the event from afar and receive the same rewards participants in New York and Los Angeles enjoy. Supporters of the Run/Walk can join the conversation by liking @EIFRevlonRun/WalkForWomen on Facebook or by following @EIFRRW on Twitter. "Revlon has been involved with the EIF Revlon Run/Walk since its inception and every year, we are reminded of how important it is to keep up the fight against women's cancers until we find a cure," says Ronald Perelman, co-founder of the Run/Walk and co-founder of the Revlon/UCLA Women's Cancer Research Program. "I would like to thank all of the volunteers and city officials who help make our event possible each year." "It's hard to believe that it's already been 20 years!" says Lilly Tartikoff, co-founder of the EIF Revlon Run/Walk for Women and co-founder of the Revlon/UCLA Women's Cancer Research Program. "Women truly are our inspiration and the force behind our success. Their spirit and passion has made it possible to raise the much-needed funds that have helped to deliver a non-toxic treatment for breast cancer called Herceptin®. In addition, there is another hopeful non-toxic treatment on the way. We are grateful to everyone for making this possible." "EIF is grateful to everyone at Revlon, Lilly Tartikoff, the entertainment industry, survivors, supporters and participants for 20 years of commitment," says Lisa Paulsen, President and CEO of the Entertainment Industry Foundation. "Their tireless effort and overwhelming support has made the EIF Revlon Run/Walk for Women an incredible success." New York beneficiaries include: Actors' Fund of America, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, CancerCare, Gilda's Club NYC, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Ovarian Cancer National Alliance, William F. Ryan Community Health Center, EIF's Women's Cancer Programs (NWCRA). Los Angeles event beneficiaries include: Gilda Radner Hereditary Cancer Program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Providence Saint Joseph Foundation, Revlon/UCLA Women's Cancer Research Program, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Support Community, and Women of Color Breast Cancer Survivors' Support Project. National Sponsors for the 2013 EIF Revlon Run/Walk For Women include: title sponsor Revlon®, double platinum sponsor Toyota, platinum sponsor Rite Aid, and sponsors Georgetown Cupcake and The Walking Company. Award sponsors include exhale mind body spa, LeSportsac, Newton Running and Marika. New York sponsors include platinum sponsor smartwater®; gold sponsors Bloomberg, Dunkin' Donuts and Lucille Roberts Womens Fitness; and media sponsors, Fresh 102.7, NBC 4 New York and Telemundo New York. Los Angeles sponsors include double platinum sponsor Macy's; platinum sponsors ABC7 Los Angeles and Aquafina Water; gold sponsors Astellas USA Foundation, Cancer Treatment Centers of America ®; silver sponsor Wells Fargo Capital Finance and media sponsors 104.3MYFM & Talk Radio 790 KABC. About Entertainment Industry FoundationThe Entertainment Industry Foundation (EIF), as a leading charitable organization of the entertainment industry, has distributed hundreds of millions of dollars to support charitable initiatives addressing critical health, education and social issues. Visit http://www.eifoundation.org. About RevlonRevlon is a global color cosmetics, hair color, beauty tools, fragrances, skincare, anti-perspirant deodorants and beauty care products company whose vision is Glamour, Excitement and Innovation through high-quality products at affordable prices. Revlon® is one of the strongest consumer brand franchises in the world. Revlon's global brand portfolio includes Revlon® color cosmetics, Almay® color cosmetics, Revlon ColorSilk® hair color, Revlon® beauty tools, Charlie® fragrances, Mitchum® anti-perspirant deodorants, and Ultima II® and Gatineau® skincare. Its products are sold in over 100 countries around the world. Websites featuring current product and promotional information can be reached at www.revlon.com, www.almay.com and www.mitchum.com. SOURCE Revlon


text: MEASURING VARIABLES Topic #4 Empirical Research Propositions / Expectations / Hypotheses • Consider propositions #1 and #16 in Problem Set #3A, which we can state more formally as follows: – #1 DEGREE OF SENIORITY is associated with DEGREE OF PRAGMATISM [among individuals, in particular members of Congress]. – #16 DEGREE OF PROPORTIONALITY is associated with NUMBER OF POLITICAL PARTIES [among the electoral systems of the world]. ["Duverger's Law"] • In order to test such hypotheses, we need to – identify the relevant unit of analysis and population, – Identify the variables of interest pertaining to these variables, and – collect empirical data concerning such cases. Empirical Research (cont.) • But before we can start collecting data, we need to devise some way of actually measuring the variables that we have conceptually identified in the cases we are using. • This requires us to establish some kind of linkage or correspondence between the data that we will collect and the "conceptual" (or "abstract") variables in the hypothesis. • For some variables, the measurement problem is relatively straightforward, but for other variables it can be very difficult. • In political science especially, appropriate data about individuals often (but certainly not always) comes from surveys. – In doing Problem Set #4, students too often assume that data used to measure variables must always come from surveys. Coding vs. Operationalization • Measuring variables entails two distinct though interrelated problems. • The coding problem is relatively straightforward: – It entails determining what the variable will "look like" in a codebook, i.e., its name, description, and (in particular) its range of possible values (in the manner of Problem Set #3A). – Will it be dichotomous or more "refined"? – Will the values be nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? • The operationalization problem is often much more difficult. – It entails specifying the practical operations that will be used to "observe" or "measure" the actual value of the variable in each case, so that data is appropriately collected and (if necessary) coded. • In sentences #2 and #11 of Problem Set #3A, LEVEL OF EDUCATION (pertaining to individuals) is one of the variables that has been identified. Let us consider how this variable might be measured, i.e., first coded and then operationalized. Coding LEVEL OF EDUCATION We must decide what the range of possible values will look like (and whether these possible values will result in a nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio variable). Here are some possibilities: (1) LEVEL OF EDUCATION (dichotomous): 1 Low 2 High (2) LEVEL OF EDUCATION (qualitative/ordinal but quite "imprecise" ): 1 Low 2 Medium 3 High Coding LEVEL OF EDUCATION (cont.) (3) LEVEL OF EDUCATION: HIGHEST LEVEL ATTAINED (qualitative/ordinal and more "precise" ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (4) Grade school Middle school Some high school High school graduate Some college College graduate Some graduate/professional school Graduate/professional degree LEVEL OF EDUCATION: NUMBER OF YEARS OF FORMAL EDUCATION (quantitative / interval): ACTUAL NUMBER OF YEARS OF FORMAL EDUCATION [uncoded] (5) LEVEL OF EDUCATION (quantitative / interval): SOME KIND OF NUMERICAL SCALE DERIVED FROM A TEST (perhaps 0-100) [uncoded] Operationalizing LEVEL OF EDUCATION • We must decide what practical operations we will use to assign a particular value of LEVEL OF EDUCATION to a particular case (individual) • If we are doing survey research, we presumably will determine a respondent's level of education simply by asking an appropriately phrased question and recording the response. – See variable V62 in the SETUPS/NES Codebook. • "What is the highest grade of school that you have completed?" (with responses recoded in coding categories) – The full-scale ANES uses this basic question plus several follow-up questions.) – Validation? • In other circumstances — for example if we were looking at student testing data — we might use documentary records. Operationalizing other Variables [from PS#3A]: Class Discussion • LEVEL OF SENIORITY (#1) • DEGREE OF PRAGMATISM (#1) • DEGREE OF RELIGIOSITY (#2) • DIRECTION OF IDEOLOGY or DEGREE OF LIBERALISM/CONSERVATISM (sentence #14 or Congressional study) • DEGREE OF PROPORTIONALITY (#16) • NUMBER OF POLITICAL PARTIES (#16) Party ID – Seven-Point Scale (Q1 + Q2) Party ID – Seven-Point Scale (n = 48) 15 10 3 1 5 3 8 3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (4) (9) Strong Democrat Weak Democrat Democratic Leaner Pure Independent Republican Leaner Weak Republican Strong Republican Other, DK, or inconsistent Recoding/Transforming Variables • Remember that the 7-Category PARTY IDENTIFICATION variable [V09] is formed out of responses to two questions (Q1 and Q2 in Student Survey). • V09 in turn can be recoded into two other variables Party ID – Seven-Point Scale Recoded DIRECTION OF PARTY ID Party ID – Seven-Point Scale Recoded (n = 48) 28 (1) Democrat 1 16 3 (2) (3) (9) Independent Republican Other, DK, or inconsistent Party ID – Seven-Point Scale Recoded STRENGTH OF PARTY ID Party ID – Seven-Point Scale Recoded (n = 48) 23 (1) Strong Partisan 13 8 1 3 (2) (3) (4) (9) Weak Partisan Leaner Independent Other, DK, or inconsistent Recode into Different Variable Recode: Old and New Values Empirical Research Propositions / Expectations / Hypotheses • From PS #3A: # 8 When times are bad, incumbent candidates are punished in elections. • [PS #3A] In order to test such hypotheses, we need to – identify the relevant unit of analysis (and population) and variables: DEGREE OF BADNESS OF TIMES DEGREE INC PUNISHED [elections] • It may be convenient to reverse the "polarity" of the variables: DEGREE OF GOODNESS OF TIMES DEGREE INC REWARDED [elections] • [PS #4] Then we need to operationalize (devise measures for) each variable: RATE OF EC GROWTH (Low%– High%) INC VOTE PERCENT (0% - 100%) [Presidential elections] • We then need to collect empirical data pertaining these cases that will be used to actually measure the variables of interest. Variables and Empirical Data: PS #11 • But there are other possible measures of GOODNESS/BADNESS OF THE TIMES, e.g., – unemployment rate (from CPS), – inflation rate (CPI), or – an index formed out of several economic indicators. • Or maybe GOODNESS/BADNESS OF THE TIMES shouldn't refer (only) to economic matters. Data into SPSS Spreadsheet Election GDP INC2PC 1948 6.6 52 1952 1.7 45 1956 1.2 56 1960 2.9 50 1964 5.7 62 1968 6.2 49 1972 6.1 62 1976 5.9 49 1980 1.8 45 1984 7.9 59 1988 4.8 54 1992 3.3 47 1996 4.2 54 2000 4.9 50 2004 3.8 51 OBSERVED VALUES Election GDP INC2PC 1948 6.6 52 1952 1.7 45 1956 1.2 56 1960 2.9 50 1964 5.7 62 1968 6.2 49 1972 6.1 62 1976 5.9 49 1980 1.8 45 1984 7.9 59 1988 4.8 54 1992 3.3 47 1996 4.2 54 2000 4.9 50 2004 3.8 51 A "Scattergram" Criteria for Measuring Variables • In general, there is no "best" way to measure a variable in social science research. • Usually there are several reasonably good ways and many very bad ways. • Here are some considerations. Conceptual Clarity • We need to be conceptually clear about what it is that we are trying to measure. • For example, we may be doing research about rank and file members of the VAP and be interested in aspects of their partisanship (or independence of party). We need to be clear about what it is that we have in mind: • how people ordinarily vote; • how people voted in the most recent election (and for what offices); • how people intend to vote in the upcoming election; • how people are registered to vote (in states that have registration by party); • whether people actually belong to party organizations, clubs, etc.; and • how people think about themselves in party terms – PARTY ID is intended to measure this last aspect of partisanship. Dimensionality • Thinking about [non-dichotomous] ordinal, interval, or ratio level variables encourages us to think in dimensional terms, e.g., – low to high – small to big – left to right – cool to warm (thermometer scales) – degree of closeness (of elections) • Our measures of such variables should have similar dimensionality (vs. dichotomous or nominal). – For example, in the previous extended example, we used INC CANDIDATE VOTE %, not WHETHER OR NOT INC CANDIDATE WON Dimensionality (cont.) • Multidimensional concepts should usually be broken up into several one-dimensional variables and measures, e.g., – IDEOLOGY (Liberal to Conservative) => • ECONOMIC LIBERALISM/CONSERVATISM vs. • SOCIAL LIBERALISM /CONSERVATISM – POLITICAL EFFICACY => • "INTERNAL" POLITICAL EFFICACY based on sense of "self" ("Sometimes politics and government seem so complicated that a person like me can't really understand what's going on"?) vs. • EXTERNAL POLITICAL EFFICACY based on sense of "the system" ("I don't think public officials care much what people like me think"?). • But this may not always be true: – PARTY IDENTIFICATION (STRENGTH and DIRECTION) – (STRONG/WEAK) AGREE/DISAGREE questions (ditto) Standard or Conventional Measures • Use standard or conventional measures when they are available. • For example, if you want to do a small local survey inquiring about respondents' party identification (among other things), it make sense to use the standard ANES measure of party identification because: – this will be generally easier than devising your own measure; – you know the ANES survey question has been extensively pretested (and is known to work well); – you will not need to describe the measure in detail when you report the results of your research (you can simply cite ANES); and – your results will then be directly comparable to ANES (and many other) studies. Public and Reproducible Measures • Measures should be public and reproducible (by others). • Every term paper, journal article, book, etc., reporting the results of empirical research should describe clearly how the variables were operationalized and measured: – in special methodology section or chapter, or – an appendix, or (if you used standard measures) – by appropriate citation. • Unless standard questions were used, a research report based on survey data should include a verbatim transcript of the relevant questions in the survey questionnaire. Indirect Measures (Indicators or Proxies) • Often we must use an indirect measure (an indicator or proxy) of a variable that has not been (and perhaps cannot be) measured directly. • For example, it may be difficult to directly measure the DEGREE OF RELIGIOSITY of individuals. – We can measure their FREQUENCY OF CHURCH (etc.) ATTENDANCE more readily (SETUPS/ANES V68) – Since it is plausible that these two variables are closely related, we may let the second (easier-to-measure) variable "stand in" as an indicator of or proxy for the first (harder-to-measure) variable. • In a sense, all survey variables are merely indicators of the variables we are truly interested in, because all survey research takes responses to questions to be more or less accurate indicators of – unobserved behavior (e.g., whether and how respondents voted) or – unobservable attitudes and opinions. • Readily available proxy for AGE (of faculty members)?? Avoid Tautologies • As suggested by PS #3A, empirical research typically involves studying relationships between two (or more) variables • This requires that each variable be independently measured; – otherwise, a hypothesis becomes a tautology (a statement that is true by definition) masquerading as an empirical proposition. – For example, "More religious people attend church (etc.) more frequently than less religious people." Composite Measures (or Indices) • • • • • • Suppose we want to measure LEVEL OF POLITICAL TRUST/CYNICISM in survey respondents. A single question is unlikely to be helpful. Certainly a question like "How cynical are you about the political process in this country?" is unlikely to produce useful data. A single question like Q18 (Govt Waste $$) in the Student Survey is likely to be both imprecise and unreliable [defined later], since people may respond on the basis of idiosyncratic circumstances of the moment, rather than on the basis of their more general and enduring dispositions. If respondents answer in consistently cynical or trusting ways over a variety of related questions (like Student Survey Q18-20), we are likely to be more confident that the overall pattern of responses indicates something meaningful about their LEVEL OF POLITICAL CYNICISM. If you measure a variable by means of an index, it is necessary not only to describe how the individual measures are constructed but also to specify the rule of composition by which they are combined into a single overall measure. Because it is a combination of several or many measures, an index is often not expressed in any particular unit of measurement but in terms of some arbitrary index number or score, e.g., 1-5 [that is at least ordinal and is usually deemed to be an interval measure]. – Consumer Price Index (CPI) is not expressed in $$ but rather an Index Number. Accuracy in Measurement • We want our measures of variables to be as accurate as possible — that is, we want a close correspondence between our measures and the concepts of interest. • Accuracy in measurement is usefully subdivided into a number of logically distinct components: – precision, – reliability, – [lack of] bias, and – validity. Precision (Discrete Variables) With respect to discrete variables, precision refers to how "refined" the (coded) categories are; for example: RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION [U.S. Population] Least Precise [dichotomous]: 1 2 Christian Non-Christian More Precise: 1 2 3 Protestant Catholic Non-Christian Still More Precise: 1 2 3 4 Mainline Protestant Evangelical Protestant Catholic Jewish etc. Most Precise: 1 2 3 4 Episcopalian Lutheran Baptist Presbyterian, etc. Precision: Continuous Variables • With respect to continuous variables, how precisely do we try to measure and record their values? – LEVEL OF TURNOUT in 1996 – 49% 49.4% 49.3946% • Note: SPSS by default rounds percentages to the nearest 0.1%; • in handouts and A&Ds, I normally round to nearest whole %. – Individual SAT scores used to be rounded to the nearest whole point but are now rounded to the nearest 10 points – Recoding a variable (e.g. AGE, PARTY ID) is to reduce the precision of the measure for analytical purposes (usually to increase the number of cases with each value). • Precision relates only to the coding problem; other components of accuracy pertain to the more important and difficult problem of operationalization. Reliability • A measure is unreliable to the extent that, when it is applied repeatedly to the same case (whose true value remains constant), it gives (somewhat) different observed (measured) values. – All measures (in particular of continuous variables with an infinite number of possible values) are unreliable to some degree. – If you take the SAT repeatedly, you certainly don't get the same score each time (even if scores are rounded to nearest 10 points). • When we attempt to measure a population parameter by using a sample statistic, the measurement is somewhat unreliable because of sampling error. – Perhaps SAT scores should not be rounded off but reported with a "margin of error" that reflects the degree of their inherent unreliability. • An index for measuring a variable is typically more reliable than its individual components. • A measure that is merely unreliable gives the right value on average, in contrast to a measure that is biased or invalid. Bias • A measure is biased to the extent that it tends consistently to produce measured values that are too high or too low relative to some independently determined "true value." – Random samples produce sample statistics (for percentages and averages) that are unbiased (though unreliable). – Once recognized, bias is often easy to correct for. – Some social science measure are known (or suspected) to be biased • ANES measures of VOTING TURNOUT [biased upwards] – – – – biased responses (despite question stem) sampled vs. target population downward bias in "true turnout" obstrusive measurement • Consumer Price Index (CPI) [biased upwards?] • Unemployment Index [biased downwards?] Bias and Reliability (in Measuring a Continuous Variable) • Notice that ununreliable biased measure is more likely to produce the correct vaule than a reliable biased measure. • SAT is sometimes said to be biased, but the complaints here actually pertain to its validity. – SAT, and many other measures, cannot be said to be biased in the sense defined here, because there is no independent way of determining the "true value" of the variable in each case. – Your "true" SAT score can only be defined as your average score if you took the test many times, • relative to which individual scores cannot be biased. Validity • A measure is invalid to the extent it is actually measuring variables other than the variable it is intended to measure. – Some people say SAT really measures "test-taking ability" rather than "true" scholastic aptitude. – Others say that SAT (in part) measures "middleclassness" or socially privileged status, rather than (or, more plausibly, in addition to) scholastic aptitude. • That is, SAT is "biased against" students from poorer, lower status, minority, or immigrant backgrounds. – But this is not a problem of "bias" as defined above but of validity. The claim is not that • SAT is giving everyone scores that are too low (or too high) but • that SAT is measuring students' test-taking ability or social status instead of, or as well as, their scholastic aptitude. Validity: Examples • A clear-cut example of an invalid test of scholastic aptitude would be one administered in English to a group of children some of whom are "native Americans" and others of whom are (children of) recent immigrants to the U.S. who speak a language other than English at home. – The test probably measures scholastic aptitude in part but clearly it also measures English language fluency as well. • Variables that pertain to characteristics of aggregates such as states, nations, or other jurisdictions (e.g., LEVEL OF CRIME, LEVEL OF TRAFFIC DEATHS) should be based on rates, and are invalid if based on totals (since totals mostly reflect SIZE OF POPULATION), e.g., – murders per 100,000 per year Question Design and Validity • Response bias • Political [Internal and External] Efficacy Index Index of respondent's trust in government, built from responses to the following questions: (1) Do you agree or disagree with the statement, "People like me don't have any say about what the government does"? (2) Do you agree or disagree with the statement, "I don't think public officials care much what people like me think"? (3) Do you agree or disagree with the statement, "Sometimes politics and government seem so complicated that a person like me can't really understand what's going on"? – Do (some) people who "agree" with all these statements • really have a low sense of political efficacy, or • are they just "agreeable" (i.e., tend to say they agree with any statement read to them)? Validity (cont.) • There is no simple or straightforward way for assessing the validity of a measure. • Several considerations: – DEGREE OF RACIAL PREJUDICE [e.g., among whites in the US]. • It would be very difficult or impossible to construct of single measure of racial prejudice across racial groups in US, let alone across cultures – Use an index of multiple items: • General validity: phrase questions carefully. • Face validity: the items pertain directly to race relations. – But "symbolic racism." • External validity: apply the measure to "known groups." Valid Rates: What Should the Denominator Be? • US traffic deaths: ~35,000 per year (third highest number world-wide [after India and China]) – How dangerous is it to travel by car in different countries? – Traffic fatality rate: traffic deaths/???? [per capita, per vehicle, per passenger-mile?] • Administrative costs (coding problem: what is administrative?) of Medicare vs. private insurance: – Administrative cost rate = administrative costs/total $$ • Medicare = ~3% vs. private = ~15-20% – Administrative costs per patient • Medicare = $509 vs. private = $453 – Administrative costs as a percent of $$ per patient • Prostate cancer death rates: Many more men die of prostate cancer in US than UK. – Deaths within 5 years of prostate cancer diagnosis/ all men diagnosed with prostate cancer • U.S. = ~10% vs. U.K. [with its "socialized medicine"] = ~50% – Deaths from prostate cancer/(age-adjusted) population • US ≈ UK [US has much higher incidence diagnosed prostate cancer; PSA test] 7-Category Party ID in F10 Student Survey Discussion: Class Tests as Measures of Student Mastery of Course Material • What are we trying to measure? • Relative accuracy of grades for multiple-choice tests vs. written ("blue-book") tests? – Precision? – Reliability? – Bias? – Validity? Discussion: Accuracy of the Criminal Justice System • Criminal defendants have "true values" on the [dichotomous] variable GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY? • The criminal justice system attempts to "measure" this variable in each case. • How accurate is this measure with respect to – precision? – reliability? – bias? – validity?


text: Gina holds a BA in English from St. Joseph's University in Philadelphia and is a lifetime member of the Sandler Sales Training Program. She's a member of the Fort Meade Alliance and an advisory council member of and consultant for the Cybersecurity Association of Maryland, Inc. (CAMI). Her previous experience includes working with several small and large companies in the DC and Baltimore metro areas.


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fabfit necessitava di un nuovo design di logo e ha lanciato un contest su 99designs.
È stato scelto un vincitore tra 102 design presentati da 26 designer.
would like to design a new logo for a website/blog that I am creating
Fab Fit Squad
I would like to create a logo that is fun and exciting. that have some life to you
- would like to to be stacked
- fun and exciting
- professional
- easy to read fonts
- should look like its related to the business
- finished product in jpeg and eps file
- no cartoon characters
- please limit it to logo to 2/c
- not to complex