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The English Market Town
By: Kevin Wilson
Born in England. Resides in Nottingham, England. Staff tutor in history, the Open University, East Midlands Region. Ph.D., London University. Author.
Between 1500 and 1700, the population of England roughly doubled, growing from about 2.5 million to 5 million. The proportion of people living in towns grew much faster than the rate of population, and in this sense we can legitimately regart the period as one of increaseing urbanization. At the same time, we must not exaggerate this tendency. Even by the early eighteenth century when the English industrial pulse began to quicken, more than three-quarters of the population lived in the countryside and earned its living directly from the land.
Much of the increase of the urban population in this period is due to the staggerin growth of London from an estimated population of 50,000 in 1500 to around a half-million two centuries later. Yet although the metropolis towered over the urban hierarchy, there were various types of towns in England in this period. Let me give you some examples. There were the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge, cathedral towns like Salisbury or Wells, county towns like Nottingham or Leicester, and sea ports like Hull or Boston. But the most numerous urban type was the market town.
In 1500 it has been estimated that there were about 750 or so market towns scattered throughout England.1 By the eighteenth century, there had been considerable fluctuation in the urban heirarchy, and new towns like the dockyard towns of Chatham and Portsmouth, the industrial towns like Sheffield and Halifax, and the spa towns of Bath and Wells had made their appearance on the urban scene. THe market town, however, continued to be the most numerouse type, even though there were less of them than in 1500. So when we reflect upon the urban experience of preindustrial England, the market town remains an important consideration.2
But what did market towns look like? How did they develop? What role and function did they perform? What was their pattern of distribution? What were different types of market towns? What records have they left behind? How can these records be exploited by the family historian? These are the questions I would like to explore with you in this session.
Almost all the market towns in England in the sixteenth century had their origins in the distant past. Some, the so-called primary centers, predated the Norman conquest of 1066 and could trace their settlement back at least to the Anglo-Saxon period.3 But the majority were either organic towns, that is to say market towns which had grown from villages in the two or three centuries after the Norman Conquest, or planted towns, that is to say market towns which, in the same period, had been founded especially for trading purposes. Irrespective of their origin, these towns had a number of features in common.
In the first instance, they were survivals from a more expansive age. The period from the eleventh century to the fourteenth century had seeneconomic expansion, a rising population, and a corresponding growth in the number of market centers. By the early fourteenth century, there were mor than 1500 market centers in England.4 But the following the Black Death when England lost at least one third of its population (1348-50), this number rapidly declined. So the market towns of Tudor England had weathered some difficult times.
The other features they had in common were legal and topographical. These included (1) the right, usually granted by a charter from the King or lord of the manor, to hold a weekly market and one or more fairs during the year, (2) the existence of a marketin space where buying and selling could take place, and (3) the existence of burgage plots or tenements for which their holders, the burgesses, paid an annual money rent to their lord. Burgage tenure is a good indicator of merchandizing and marketing. The burgage plots themselved fronted onto the marketing area, and their holders enjoyed a prime trading position as well as privileges in the local market. In fact, it was the line of burgage plots which marked out the original trading area of a market town, though by the sixteenth century, marketing in most towns had spilled into adjoining streets.
More than anything else, the market space gave the core of the market town its distincive character. no two towns looked exactly alike but several predominant market shapes can be identified. The long wide main street is a fairly common shape. We find it well illustrated in two Oxfordshire towns of Burford (see figure 1) and Thame (see figure 2), where later building development, or, if you like, infilling, has encroached upon the original market space. A triangular shape is also common and tended to occur when the market grew up at the junction of three roads as at Bampton, also in Oxfordshire (see figure 3). Eynsham, another Oxfordshire town, illustrates the rectangular market square which was also fairly common (see figure 4). And then there is the cross shape, wher the market develped at the intersection of two main roads, a feature which can be seen at Royston in Hertfordshire.
But whatever their shape, market towns shared several basic functions. First and foremost was the sale of suplus agricultural produce from the surrounding countryside. Second was the supply of goods like dystuffs, metal wares, or spices not readily available in neighbouring villages and the provision of services by people like lawyers, doctors, or school teachers. In addition to their basic marketing roll, certain market towns developed an interest in particular commodities like corn, wool, leather or in livestock such as orses, pigs, or cattle. In such cases, specialized fairs attracted people to a town from much farther afield than its immediate hinterland.
Economic specilazation, then, was one of the factors which had a bearing on the distribution of market towns in preindustrail England. Another was the spread of population. There was a greater concentration of market towns in the more populous midland and southern corn-growing counties than in pastoral northern counties. Nor must it be forgotten that in an age before mechanizedtransport, the distance that people could travel in the course of a day would be a further crucial factor in the distribution of market towns. Villagers would have to journey to the market with their goods and return home on the same day. It is no coincidence that livestock markets were further apart than grain markets because moving cattle on the hoof was a much easier proposition thant carting bulky farm produce.
So far we have touched briefly on the origins, funcion, and distribution of market towns in preindustrial England. Before we dicuss the characteristic institutions of the market town, I would like to give you some idea of what a market town was like. I would like to do this by showing you some film of the Cotswold town of Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire. This film sequence is taken from a television program made for the Open University course on English Urban History 1500-1780.
We're looking down on the Chipping Campden in Gloucestershire. The buildings are strung ouot along both sides of a long road that follows the floor of the valley. We can just get a hint of the course of the road by tracing the roof line of the buildings.
This rural setting gives some indication that the lives of the merchants, tradesmen, and shopkeepers of Chipping Campden were orchestrated by the cultural rhythms of the surrounding countryside. Depending on the season, wool, grain, livestock, and dairy produce were marketed in the town, and if the market gave the town a distictive urban character, there must have been a strong rural flavour in the marketing function. Anyway, by 1500 when our period opens, there had been a market here for the best part of three hundred years. And the settlement goes back even further.
Chipping Campden was one of several north Cotswold towns which acted as a link between the economy of the lowlands. It is situated in a dip in the wolds, and it is on the line of an ancient road called the White Way, which came from Cirencester northwards through Chipping Campden and down the Cotswold scarp leading to the Avon and Stour valleys. It was also linked by the road across the Cotswold scarp to the Severn plain, and it may well be that Chipping Campden's lovation on several traffic routes was a factor in the settlement's development along urban lines. The town itself consists simply of a church on a spur of land overlooking a curving high street which broadens to accomodate a market area.
As early as 1273, a survey shows that Chipping Campden has seventy-five burgage plots, fifteen other houses, and seven shops. A century later, the poll tax returns of 1381 give an idea of the occupational structure of the town. Only a handful of people earned their livelihood directly on the land, although many traders and craftsmen probably had dual occupations, working part of the year in the fields. The population at the end of the fourteenth century was somewhere in the region was undoubtedly William Greville, a wool merchant listed in the poll tax returns as having no less than six servants. The inscription round his memorial brass in the church reads "Here lies William Greville of Campden, formerly a citizen of London, and the flower of the wool merchants of all England, who died on the first day of October in the year of the Lord 1401."
This is where Greville lived and worked. It has been restored over the years, but there are still one or two ourteenth century details. Greville's career bears witness to the fact that Chipping Campden, besides acting as a center for the exchange of local agricultural produce, had a wider marketing role. Through the commercial activities of merchants like Greville, Chipping Campden was connected not just with the neighbouring towns and villages, but also, via the woolstaple at Calais, with European markets. Greville House gives us the rare opportunity of looking at a late medieval business firm, with living quarters and offices at the front and warehouses and storage at the rear. The wool probably changed hands in the wool staplers hall, originally a private house which later became a meeting place for merchants and their agents. The parish church of St. James was substantially rebuilt during the fifthteenth century from the profits of the wool trade. Although there were several weavers and fullers in Chipping Campden in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the town never developed a specialist interest in cloth manufacture. It remained substantially a small market town and a wool distribution center.
It is likely that the area around the church represented the core of the early rural settlement. The church was obviously a gathering point, and in many small towns, the market grew up next to the churchyard. But in Chipping Campden, the church and market place are well separated, and it is likely that the establishment of a market along a roomier section of the main road was a thirteenth century speculative venture.
The road simply broadens to form a central market place. The overall shape is obscured by later encroachments on the open area--the market hall, the town hall, and nearest to us, a group of buildings forming a third island. Indeed, one of the buildings is called Island House. It is likely that these buildings have replaced stalls and temporary buildings connected with market trading. The town hall is largely a nineteenth century building, but there are traces of fourteenth century craftsmanship in the paneled buttresses. It may have served as an early courthouse or meeting hall of the borough. It clearly occupies a central position, and it is from here at the town officials would have supervised the weekly markets and the quarterly fairs.
We can be a little more definite about the market hall. It was built by Baptist Hicks in 1627 and bears the Hicks coat of arms. Baptist Hicks was a wealthy London merchant who became lord of the manor in the early seventeenth century, and made a big impact on the town. His imposing tomb in the parish church bears witness to his position and wealth, but despite his efforts, the town did not regain the commercial prosperity of the late fifteenth century.
The market hall acted both as a commercial and a social center. It offered to tradesmen and customers alike shelter from the sun and the rain, and performed the crucial function of separating perishable goods like butter cheese and other foodstuffs from the sheep and cattle milling about in the street. But even allowing for encraochments the open marketing area was comparatively small and the fact remains that Chipping Campden was a simple market town in terms of both economic activity and topographical features.
Chipping Campden, then, has some of the characteristic features of the basic English market town--a marketing space, a market hall, a meeting place (in Chipping Capden's case the wool staplers' hall) for those engaged in the handlin of the principal commodity, and a rather fine church. It also has a grammar school founded in the sixteenth century, though we did not see this on film. The governmetal business of the town, if that is not too strong a phrase, was carried out in the manorial court, and this too is fairly typical. The bulk of English market towns in this period did not achieve corporate status and did not therefore develop independent political institutions, a factor which has strongly influenced the surviving record.
There are just two further points about Chipping Campden that I would like to draw to your attention. The first related to the name of the town. Chipping is an old English word meaning general merchandising; the surname Chapman, meaning general merchant or trader, is derived from it. It is worth stressing that place names often provide a clue to the former work and leisure activities in a tow. This is something to which I will return at the end. The other point relates to the harmony created by th colour and texture of the building materials. Chipping Campden was built in locally quarried Cotswold stone. One of the delights of the English market town is the way that local building materials blend together to procide a singular identity. Extensive usse of local building materials is one of the indicators of the age of a town and, as with place names, is a useful historical source, particularly when the written record is slight.
I have said that Chipping Campden is representative of the simple English market town, but just how typical is it? Let us pursue this question by looking at Banbury. This film sequence on Banbury is taken from the same Open University television program previously cited.
Twenty miles or so east of Chipping Campden is Banbury, a market town in Oxfordshire. It is situated on the river Cherwell in the heart of a rich agricultural area, and two major geographical features have influenced its development as a merket center. First, it is at the junction of two regions, between the Thames Basin to the south and the Midlands Plain to the north, so it acts as a gateway for traffic from contrasting rural economies. And second, it is at the junction of two main routes, a north-south road running from Northampton to the Cotswolds, known as Banbury Lane, a route of prehistoric origins.
Banbury, like Chipping Campden, acted as a distribution center for local agricultural produce and was for a time a local wool-collecting center. But it differes from Chipping Campden in the way it developed as a regional market center during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, specializing in particular in the livestock trade. Ron Linford of Midland Cattle Marts, Linford said:
Banburry is a very, very old market town, it had its first charter in 1185 in the time of Henry the second; there is I believe fairly good evidence to the effect that markets were being held a long time before that. At this time of year, we're selling breeding sheep, and feeding and breeding lambs, that is to say those for future production as well as for current fattening and eventually turning into food. Today, which is a Wednesday, we sell what are called store cattle, probably between a thousand and fifteen hundred of them, which are again for future fattening. The big day is Thursday, when we sell what really constitutes your Sunday joint.
This is in fact, the largest stock market in England. It is now a busy market town, and there's been a good deal of modern development. Even so, enough has survived to remain us of the old town, and the topography of the market area has not been darastically altered.
I want to point out several topographical features: The central market area lies at the junction of High Street, Bridge Street, and parsons Lane, and a line of buildings, filling in part o the open space, has broken the market into different sections. The depth and shape of High Street--originally called Sheep Street--suggests an overspill maket area.
There is another large open space on the edge of town, and it is here that we begin our look at Banbury. Banbury Cross is situated where the main Oxford to Coventry raod broadens to form a long rectangle called Horsefair. Space was essential for a livestock market because animals had to be kept in pens or tied to tethering posts. From the sixteenth century onwards, Horsefair became a specialized secondary market for sheep and horses, away from congestion of the main market area.
The street curvin down to the center of town was known as Sheep Street until the nineteenth century, its name providing a clue to the trade of the area. It's now called High Street, and it leads directly into the main market place. This is the core of the preindustrial market town, and the whole of the central area was given over to open stall trading. the wekly markets attracted agricultural produce from surrounding villages, and the fairs, were of regional importance. It is all on a much grander scale than the market place in Chipping Campden. And we get some idea of Banbury's sophistication as a market center from the way certain parts of the market and its surroundings specialized in particular produce. A corn market was tucked away in the top corner on the site of the present corn exchange, and there was a pig market on the site of the Bear Inn.
Butchers had long congregated in one section of the market place, and this came to be called Butchers Row. Over the years, temporary stalls and booths were replaced by actual buildings which became permanent encroachments. This division of the open area fostered specialized trading. By the seventeenth century the market place had evolved into a complex of alleys, steets, and open spaces. try and put out of your mind the fact that many of these buildings are of fairly recent origin. The important topographical point to grasp is that these street lines have been created by infilling in the original market space. But not all Banbury's commercial activity took place in the designated area under the supervision of corporation officials. Increasingly, from the seventeenth century, there was a shift from open marketing in the streets to private trading, especially in the inns.
This was one of the first houses to be built in Banbury after the great fire of 1628, and it was probably purposely built as an inn. The courtyard has been filled in somewhat since then, but clearly it could have accommodated carts and horses. An eighteenth century deed refers to stabling facilities here. Although The Unicorn wasn't a coaching inn--it's much too near the market place and it had no rear access--it was an important gathering point for carriers, and in those days this rather picturesque and pretty courtyard would in fact have been very busy goods yard.
The number of inns increased in Banbury in the seventeenth century; in fact, eigh new inns appeared between 1640 and 1651 (obviously the landlords of Banbury did well out of the civil war), and more appeared by the turn of the century. There seem to be two reasons for this: first, the general growth in trade and population, and second, the fact that Banbury was centrally situated on the roads from the Midlands towns of Northampton, Coventry, and Daventry, to the Cotswold towns and also of course, to London. Well, it was in inns like The Unicorn that traveling merchants gathered to strike private deals in corn, cloth, and malt. Not surprisingly, landlords came to acat as middlemen between buyer and seller, and even, in fact, perform a fairly primitive banking role.
Other factors were at work in widening the trade of the town. The Coventry- Banury section of the Oxford canal was completed by 1778. It not only brought coal to Banbury for distribution throughout the region, but it encouraged in the district the specialized industry of plush weaving which had Coventry connections.
A number of commercial and industrial buildings were erected on land between the canal and the market place, and a traveler in 1785 called Banbury "a dirty, ill-built town." Although it did not undergo rapid industrialization like some of the northern towns, Banbury did see the growth of small scale industry which mingled with old crafts and trades and began to change the character of the town.
Banbury, the regional market center, provides some obvious contrasts with Chipping Campden, the small market town. These include a complex market topographu, marketing specialization, and nascent industrialization. But in the topology of market towns, it would be incorrect to think only in terms of those two market types. Well below the level of Chipping Campden were numerous small towns, even perhaps market villages. Hallaton in Leicestershire is an example of this third category and is illustrated from our third film sequence. The speaker is Charles Pythain-Adams, lecturer in local history at the University of Leicester.
The examples you have looked at so far represent two surviving levels in the miniature heirarchy of the market town. But we do need to remember also that during the period 1400-1700, another type of community with marketing funtions was falling rapidly into oblivion. Such places, like Hallaton in Leicestershire, had never achieved true urban status; they were simply villages whose medieval lords had been granted the right to hold markets or fairs or both and to collect the tolls from them. You can see how many of these rural market centers there were in southeast Leicestershire during the earlier middle ages. Away from the busier though roads, these small trading centers served the wealthy agrarian communities of this densely populated corner of the county.
During the thirteenth century, Hallaton was more important even that the newly planted town of Market Harborough. We get a hint of its role from the market place, as originally laid out around 1200, covering a much larger area that the present square. But Hallaton did survive to serve the needs of its small and somewhat isolated hinterland. And although by the mid-sixteenth century, its market place must already have shrunk to its present compact size, the place seems to have experienced a revival, a final phase of modest prosperity in the later seventeenth century, when its population increased to around 170 households.
The village, as we see it today, is virtually fossilized in the form it had reached about 1700. A short street, containing quite smart houses of about this period, has been built into the market place and follows the probable southern edge of the original market area. It leads from the church to the present small rectangular market place, with its green and late seventeenth century butter cross, where the country wives sold their butter, cheese, and eggs. You can see how even this reduced area has been enroached upon by the eighteenth century cottage which symbolically blocks one of the major access points.
Further up the main street behind it, we can also see a triangular indentation in the housing line. This may have been a subsidiary market for hogs, since further down the street, there is a side road known as Hog's Lane.
In the seventeenth century, Hallaton's weekly market can have served no more than its immediate locality, but the place was still holding four fairs each year which brough in trade from further afield. The community could then boast three inns, at least one of which probably overlooked the market place as the Bewicke Arms does today. One of the other inns may have stood on the site of the Fox at the top of the village and near to the open area with its pond where the larger livestock fairs were probably held. These fairs went on into the nineteenth century, and as late as 1938, the oldest inhabitants of Hallaton could still rememer the incomprehensible speech of the Welsh calltle drovers who came to the village on such occasions. But by that late date, Hallaton's market was already dead. Its annual fairs had shrunk to two, and soon they too withered away. Hallaton reverted to what it had originally been, an ordinary agricultural community with its once busy drove ways now overgrown with grass.
Hallaton's fate was typcial of that which had befallen scores of other village market centrers throughout the country by 1600. All that distinguished this one was the unusually long time it took a-dying.
I would like to finish by very briefly placing the towns we have looked at in a general context. Within the category of market town, we have been able to identify at least three types. At the top of the hierarchy is the regional center like Banbury with a complex market topography. At the end of our period, Banbury had a population of about 2,500 and was beginning to respond to the impulse of industrialization. In the middle of the hierarchy is the basic market twon like CHipping Campden with a simple merket topography and a general marketing function for its subregion. Chipping Campden experienced little growth during our period, and at the end of the eighteenth century it had a population of about 1,000. On the bottom rung of the hierarchy is the market village like Hallaton, serving a restricted county locality with a very simple market topography and a population at the end of our period of about 500.
So we have had the regional center, the small market town, and the market village. Their relative importance and their growth or decline can be traced from visual evidence that still survives.
We tried to indicate in the film that visual evidence such as street lines, open spaces, street names, and actual buildings constitutes an important source of information for market towns. Despite changes in the urban environment, there is a good deal about the past that can be discovered in the existing historical landscape. The best way of finding out is to use your feet and your eyes and do some exploration for yourselves. Your explorations can be helped in a number of ways. Maps are a very useful source, particularly if you can track down two or more for the same town at different periods because this will help you to chart changes over time.5 Aerial photographs can also assist you considerably in seeing the shape of a town.6 Travel writers like William Leland in the sixteenth century, Celia Fiennes in the late seventeenth century, and Daniel Defoe in the early eighteenth century have recorded their impressions of the market towns they visited, and this can help you to get a picture of a town at a particular point in time.7
If you merely want to check whether a town you have an interest in had a grant to hold a market, you can do this by referring to the report of The Royal Commission on Market Rights and Tolls which we first published in 1878. This can be supplemented by the county by county history series known as the Victoria County History of England and the uch shorter handlist of medieval English boroughs put together by Beresford and Finberg.8
For the students of family history, the records of the market town in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries present something of a problem. Few of these towns aspired to corporate status, and hence they have not left behind a coherent set of easily accessible records. The main disadvantage, though, is not so much that the records are scattered but that in many cases, they have not been published. So, if your family had market town connections and you want to piece together something of the pattern of their lives, be prepared for a fairly long research program. Rather than cite detailed strategies here, I think it would be much simpler if I referred you to the excellent appendices on family history societies, record offices, and family bibliography put together by Don Steel in his recent book called Discovering Your Family History.9
I would only remid you, as a final point, that market towns in preindustrial England were comparatively small in size and small in population. Banbury at the end of the eighteenth century contained perhaps 600 households, Chipping Campden, or Hallaton in this period, you would be embarking on an enterprise that would involve you in exploration of the forces that helped to shape English society and this, to my mind, brings the family biogropher and the historian together.


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Gradually, order was restored to the city. Children were returned to their parents, all of Sayyid's men surrendered and Sayyid himself was locked up in prison, guarded by some of the men from over the mountains. A few of the servants returned to the royal tower that same day to take their jobs back, including Fayez.
By that night, Izdihar was back in what was now the second tallest tower, in her father's room.
"What did you mean, it was thanks to Tommy that you came back?" she asked.
"He came to find me. He escaped from Sayyid's men to go all the way across the desert and over the mountains to find me in his own land. I was taking any work I could find, drinking a lot...I didn't want to remember my kingdom. Even you, Izdihar..." His voice cracked.
"Tommy persuaded me to come back, that you needed me. He told me Sayyid was still intending to marry you. The king there sent some of his men with me. And Tommy insisted on coming back with me. That's three times now he's survived that journey... "
The king shook his head. "He really is a remarkable child, that one... He found me all by himself. And he made me see that I was being a coward. I had let myself give in to self-pity. I had told myself that I was an awful king, that you were better off without me..."
"You are a great king," said Izdihar.
"I think Faruq will be a better one," said Basir, smiling.

subset: commoncrawl


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The first Monday finish of the Ryder Cup will see the Americans attempt to achieve their own, slightly more positive, first. After a stunning European fightback which rivals any in the 83-year history of this match, Corey Pavin's men trail 9½ - 6½. Never before on away soil has either of the teams come back from such a large deficit going into the climatic 12 singles.
No, the forecast for the Starred and Striped is not good, but blessedly the evil rain is predicted to stay away. For Saturday night and Sunday morning it poured and poured, meaning there was no chance of the traditional denouement. Yet as the debate continued to rage of the absurdity of staging the game's most-watched event in a Welsh valley in October, an enthralling encounter brought a much-needed distraction to all the recrimination.
And by taking the third session (four fourballs and two foursomes) by the ridiculously one-sided scoreline of 5½ - ½, Colin Montgomerie's believers have made themselves huge favourites to retain the trophy they would have lifted for six of the last eight matches. Expect the big Scot to blub, in between sounding even more Churchillian.
Yet there can be no doubt the on-course leader is Lee Westwood. For the sixth time out of seven head-to-heads in the Ryder Cup, the Englishman beat Tiger Woods. Indeed, the world No 3 trounced the No 1, inflicting on the fallen idol a 6&5 embarrassment, his biggest beating.
Westwood rushed back out to see his team-mates at first struggle to protect the overnight advantage which saw up in all six games. But then in the final 90 minutes came their second surge which has most probably taken the match beyond the visitors.
When the singles tee-off at 9.05am, Pavin's men will doubtless be looking to the example of Brookline in 1999 when they grabbed the glory from a 10-6 reversal. But that was conjured with the most hostile crowd in the Ryder Cup spurring them on. Today, when the singles begin (fog-willing) there will be a Welsh chorus ringing out "Olé, Olé" on every tee, every fairway and every green.
At least the US will console themselves with the thought it could be worse and today's exhilaration could have been yet more intimidating.
Alas this will be no People's Monday as only the Sunday and ticket-holders will be admitted to the singles. The organisers weren't admitting it but they are anticipating no more than half of yesterday's attendance. What a shame, what a disgrace even, that a showdown which has provided so much spectacular light through all that depressing gloom will not be seen by a capacity. Yesterday's electric atmosphere should have been a mere taste of the euphoria to come. Saying that, they had so much to cheer as the four and a half hours they did get to watch yesterday – after being locked out in the morning – was vintage Ryder Cup. The momentum swung with the volatility unique to this event. First the Euros, then the US, then the US again. Twenty20 golf at the Twenty Ten.
As soon as play resumed Zach Johnson holed a 40-footer on the eighth and so the feverish tone was set. What followed was an afternoon of spectacularly celebrated highlights and, in the opening acts of this delicious drama, it was the US lighting the fireworks.
The Europeans had been warned by their captain. "The Americans will come out fast, you come out faster," was the note Montgomerie pinned to the team-room wall. As it proved, they initially laboured to keep up.
Jeff Overton holed with a wedge from 100 yards on the eighth and for half of a minute was a contortion of body-pops and fist-pumps. His partner, Bubba Watson, was even more animated, jabbing into the air for a full minute. Yet perhaps the prize for ecstatic improvisation went to young Rickie Fowler who actually tried to high-five a marshall when chipping in for an eagle from an almost impossible position in the bunker on the 11th. "USA! USA!" bounced around the valley
It was punctuated with European yelps, most significantly when Westwood converted his own 40-footer on the 10th. It was the stand-out moment in a display packed with them. Even allowing for the fact that partner Luke Donald's foursomes record now stands at played six, won six, the performance of Westwood should not be underestimated. He has not played for seven weeks because of calf injury and was clearly feeling the effects of fatigue on Saturday. He has become the new Monty.
They couldn't all follow, as the US launched their resurgence. The scoreboard remained a sea of blue (an insensitive analogy) for a little while but then in two hours the Europeans won one hole between them – and that was when Dustin Johnson three-putted for a birdie. It seemed Pavin's men would hold the advantage going into the extra day, but then after the barren hours came the golden three minutes which heralded the U-turn.
First, Francesco Molinari drove the par-four 15th and his two putts clawed back an all-square scoreline for himself and his brother, Edoardo, over Stewart Cink and Matt Kuchar. Then Ross Fisher holed a 12-footer on the 17th, meaning he and Padraig Harrington could hug for the second time in as many days, with Jim Furyk and the hapless Dustin Johnson the victims. Then Miguel Angel Jimenez dropped an 18-footer on the 16th par four he could barely reach to grasp the lead over Watson and Overton. The rookies were suddenly heads down rather than hands up.
A home march had been bugled and so they strode to the clubhouse knocking aside Yankees in the process. The only resistance came from Cink and Kuchar but even they were denied. Francesco had missed short putts all day but in the shadow of the clubhouse and under the biggest gaze in golf he at last found the centre of the cup from three feet to make the birdie which earned the brothers their half. What a crushing blow that was.
A three-shot cushion is so much more comfortable than two points, particularly when so many of Pavin's big guns are misfiring. Mickelson has lost all three games and with 17 defeats in his Ryder Cup career is now, officially, America's biggest loser. He and Woods must restate their quality today or else the curtain will drop. And drop early.
Weekend results
Fourballs (European pairings first)
Match 1 L Westwood & M Kaymer bt P Mickelson and D Johnson 3&2
Match 2 R Mcllroy & G McDowell halved with S Cink and M Kuchar
Match 3 I Poulter & R Fisher lost to S Stricker & T Woods 2 down
Match 4 L Donald & P Harrington lost to B Watson & J Overton 3&2
(Europe 1.5, USA 2.5)
Match 5 E Molinari & F Molinari lost to Z Johnson & H Mahan 2 down
Match 6 L Westwood & M Kayner halved with J Furyk and R Fowler
Match 7 P Harrington & R Fisher bt P Mickelson and D Johnson 3&2
Match 8 M A Jimenez & P Hanson lost to T Woods & S Striker 4&3
Match 9 I Poulter & L Donald bt B Watson & J Overton 2&1
Match 10 G McDowell & R Mcllory lost to S Cink & M Kuchar 1down
(Europe 4, USA 6)
Match 11 L Donald & L Westwood bt S Stricker & T Woods 6&5
Match 12 G McDowell & R Mcllroy bt Z Johnson and H Mahan 3&1
Match 13 P Harrington & R Fisher bt J Furyk & D Johnson 2&1
Match 14 P Hanson & MA Jimenez bt B Watson & J Overton 2 up
Match 15 E Molinari & F Molinari halved with S Cink & M Kuchar
Match 16 I Poulter & M Kaymer bt P Mickelson & R Fowler 2&1
(Europe 9.5, USA 6.5)
* Only once in the last 15 years has the team trailing ahead of the singles matches gone on to win. USA overturned a 10-6 deficit in 1999 to win 14.5-13.5. Europe have won the last two competitions in which they led going into the singles.
- More about:
- Golf
- Lee Westwood
- Ryder Cup
- Tiger Woods


text: Kristen writes about banking from the consumer side, particularly in the area of borrowing money from banks through credit cards and a variety of loan products. She understands the process of applying to borrow money from a bank and how people can increase their chances of qualifying for loan products. She is also familiar with types of bank accounts and how to help consumers choose the right ones for their needs.


text:
Learning Hubs
Learning hubs are a new addition to the University's informal learning network comprising Libraries and access centres. They are designed to provide essential services for students visiting the city campuses and they are an integral part of the aspiration to develop the informal learning network for students at Sydney (strategy 4e).
The planning and operation of the hubs is a partnership between the DVC (Education) and the Chief Information Officer. Regular reports on their operations are monitored by the Learning Space Committee, a sub-committee of SEG (Education) and are provided by a quarterly management group from Sydney eLearning and ICT.


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100,189pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
Personal History
Personal History of Dick Sprang is unknown.
Professional History
Best known as a Batman penciler during the 1950s.
- Sprang was married to Laura A. Sprang, who lettered his work under the pen name Pat Gordon.
- No trivia.
See Also
- Dick Sprang's Images as a Penciler
- Dick Sprang's Images as an Inker
- Dick Sprang's Images as a Cover Artist
Work History
Official Website
- None.
Links and References
- None.


text:
The Week Ahead: Big Auto Earnings, Tokyo Ramen Show, APEC
What's coming this week in Japan.
Monday: Russian President Dmitry Medvedev reportedly plans to visit one of the disputed Russian-held islands off Hokkaido today during his return trip from Vietnam. In a move that could spoil Japan's relations with Russia President Medvedev would be the first Russian leader, including those of the former Soviet Union, to visit any of the islands called the Northern Territories in Japan and the Southern Kurils in Russia.
Japan's new car sales for October are announced.
Tuesday: Japan's dolphin-hunting town of Taiji, spotlighted in the Oscar-winning eco-documentary "The Cove," hosts a meeting with environmental activists for the first time. Dolphin activist Ric O'Barry, who features in "The Cove," will discuss the town's controversial annual dolphin hunt with Taiji Mayor Kazutaka Sangen and the local fisheries union.
Industrial heavyweight Hitachi and Suzuki report earnings for the first half of the fiscal year ended September.


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Craig Campbell Fish
Fish is a song by American country singer Craig Campbell from the album Craig Campbell. The single reached the Billboard Top 100 chart.
The official music video for Fish premiered on YouTube at the beginning of July 2011. Watch Craig Campbell perform the song.
Fish Lyrics
The lyrics to Fish were written by Craig Campbell, Arlos Smith and Ashe Underwood.Top Country Songs 2011


text:
Ship to
Wireless remote control of your PC up to 10meter
Enhances Internet TV viewing with Remote Control ust like your TV remote controlbr />Adds a professional lecturing and teaching tool to presentations
Compact deisgn, Convenient size, fits in the palm of your hand
USB Dongle included to attach to your PC (Plug and play, no software required)
QWERTY layout keypad
Backlit keyboard for convenient operation in darkened room.
Large touch pad for mouse operation and handwrite (2")
Rechargeable via your USB port (No batteries needed)
PC USB cable to Keyboard for power recharging
2.4GHz DSSS radio transreceiver, distance up to 10m
For the Lecturer, Meeting Presenter, Classroom Teacher, Sales Manager, or anyone using a projected image, the Handheld PC Keyboard and Mouse Touch Pad allows you to stand in front of your meeting and Change slides, Select screen options, Write on the projected image, Emphasize words and objects with dynamically inserted lines, Draw on the projected image dynamically
For people who want to watch Internet TV on their PC compatible TV, via broadband and a PC, like NBC, ABC, FOX and IPTV, you can sit in your easy chair and select your viewing pleasures without walking to your computer to change channels or scroll through options just use Unisens Handheld
PC Keyboard and Mouse Touchpad as an Internet Remote Control
Color: black
Dimension: 85*135*10mm
Net Weight: 180g
Package include:
1* Wireless Handheld PC Keyboard
1* USB Transreceiver
1* USB Cable
Shipping Methods:
When you order from TOMTOP.com, you will receive a confirmation email. Once your order is shipped, you will be emailed with the tracking information for your order's shipment. You can choose your preferred shipping method on the Order Information page during the checkout process. TOMTOP.com offers different shipping methods for you:
|Shipping from Chinese Warehouse:
|Shipping Type
|Shipping Time
|Airmail and register airmail
|United States,Canada
|10-20 business days
|Australia, New Zealand, Singapore
|15-25 business days
United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland
|20-30 business days
|Brazil and Mexico
|20-35 business days
|20-35 business days
|Other countries
|10-25 business days
|Singapore & China (EMS)
|All countries except those listed below
|6-10 business days
|Brazil and Russia
|10-25 business days
|Expedited Shipping(DHL)
|3-7 business days
|Shipping from Local Warehouses:
|Shipping Type
|Shipping Time
|UK Warehouse
|Royal mail without tracking number
|5-12 business days
|Can be delivered to UK & other EU countries.
|3-7 business days
|USA Warehouse
|Air mail with tracking number
|5-12 business days
|Can only be delivered to America.
|3-7 business days
|DE Warehouse
|3-8 business days
Can be delivered to worldwide. (But its shipping cost varies from
different countries. Recommend to choose if you are in Europe.)
The transit time depends on where you're located and where your package comes from. If you want to know more information, please contact our customer service. We will settle your problem as soon as possible. Enjoy shopping!
Payment Methods:
TOMTOP.com accepts PayPal, Credit Card, Western Union, Wire Transfer, QIWI and Yandex as secure payment methods:
1. PayPal
1) Login To Your Account or use Credit Card Express.
2) Enter your Card Details, the order will be shipped to your PayPal address. And click "Submit".
3) Your Payment will be processed and a receipt will be sent to your email inbox.
2. Credit Card
1) Choose your shipping address OR create a new one.
2) Enter your Card Details and click "Submit".
3) Your Payment will be processed and a receipt will be sent to your email inbox.
3. Wire Transfer
For orders more than $500, please contact us and provide us with the following information: your order number, the total amount paid, and the exact date of the wire transfer.
4. Yandex
Вы можете заплатить из кошелька в Яндекс.Деньгах или с привязаннойк нему карты. Комиссии нет.
1) Выберите страну, где был открыт ваш счет
2) Введите номер вашего QIWI кошелька
3) Введите номер, ваш пароль и нажмите на кнопку оплаты
4) Нажмите на "оплатить с QIWI", Вы будете перенаправлены на страницу с деталями платежа через QIWI
5) Введите номер ваш пароль и нажмите на кнопку оплаты
6) Ваш платеж будет обработан
7) Вы будете направлены на страницу с деталями заказа для подтверждения
Вы будете перенаправлены на сайт QIWI, чтобы произвести оплату с вашего QIWI Wallet.
1.Does TOMTOP check the products before shipping them to me?
Yes, for sure.
We have a professional Quality Control team. They will check carefully for each item we received from suppliers and manufacturers to avoid sending defective goods to our customers.
If a item is found defective in our QC test, it will be returned to the supplier / factory. So please don't worry about receiving a defective item because we are committed to being a trustworthy and reliable seller on international on-line shopping market.
2.Are Products Guaranteed / Is There A Warranty?
Yes, everything you buy from TOMTOP has a guarantee of quality and will exactly match the description on the website.
Factories that supply TOMTOP are strictly evaluated by us, and we provide you an even better reassurance of consistent high quality thanks to our in-house QC team. We double-check the contents of all orders carefully before dispatch to our customers. You can be confident about ordering from TOMTOP just as much as any western retailer.
3. How long dose it take to have my orders shipped after the payment is made?
1.Processing time 1-2 business days normally: During this period, we do strict quality-control tests and get the items carefully packed.
2.Sometimes the item in your order is really a hot seller and it may be just sold out at that time. It will take us 1-2 more days to get it available in stock again. In this case, The processing time will be 3 business days.
If you don't receive any shipping confirming over three days after the payment is made, please kindly contact our customer service . They will check for you.
4. What should I do if my items arrived damaged?
Rarely, rough handling by the courier can lead to physical damage to your goods, e.g. broken screen.
If this has happened, please follow these steps:
If possible, raise a complaint directly with the delivery representative of the courier company before you sign for the goods. They will advise you on the complaint procedure.
If you already signed for the packet, take photos showing the damage and contact the local office of the courier/delivery company to complain. They will have a complaining procedure which will enable you to get compensation.
Next, contact TOMTOP immediately with your order number and a full description / pictures of the broken item issue. We will contact the courier company from our end.
Once the courier company confirms that the case is valid, they will compensate TOMTOP, and we will pass on this compensation to you. The compensation varies from case to case and is different for each delivery company. In some cases you will need to pay to post the broken item back to TOMTOP in order for us to send out a new piece.
5. What should I do if my products go broken after a period of use?
If you encounter quality issues within the warranty period, you can ask for us. Every product has a specific warranty period(If it is not stated in the product listing, contact us).
In this case, please kindly provide us with proof as below:
The photos of original TOMTOP package with front and back sides
The photos or video of the defective item(s)
The photos, video or screenshot showing the malfunction of the defective item(s)
We will usually offer you a refund or send a replacement as soon as the problem is confirmed.
Sometimes you may need to ship the defective item back to us for free repair service or a new replacement. Customer should cover the return shipping fee, and TOMTOP is responsible for the shipping costs of arranging reshipment by air mail.
Monday to Friday, 09:00 AM - 06:00 PM, (UTM+8)
Monday to Friday, 09:00 AM - 06:00 PM, (UTM+8)
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text:
Discussion in 'Bug Reports' started by ItzDelano, Mar 16, 2016.
There is a texture pack glitch in Lucky Islands, SkyWars and maybe other minigames.
which item(s)?
and have you the faithful resource pack?
you can place that weird block and break it again.
then you have the normal texture.
This is a bug that has been reported before already.
It's a bug with the Skywars abilities. That when you have the more wood from one block, it gives you these glitched blocks.
It would be very appreciated to not report the same buggs. Before reporting, please check if it hasn't been reported yet.
This can be locked now.
Could you not. I'm still waiting for a staff member to say they are gonna fix this, so no, this can't be locked.
we're not lying or something. this bug is already reported so they're working on it so the staff is really busy. I'm a normal member but I know what is reported and what's not.
you can fix this bug with the default resource pack i think.
It sure can be locked, due to staff already knowing this bug.
Because it's been reported before already.


text:
Watch Your Weblog – Legal Issues with Blogging
Computerworld has a good article on the legal issues that corporate bloggers face that is a must read for all Problogger. Here's a taster: 'As weblogs have multiplied, a number of legal issues have arisen, and regardless of whether your company sponsors its bloggers, it may be opening itself up ...moreMiscellaneous Blog Tips
Sharp Money – Making Money Online
Sharp Money is a blog about making money online which itself is an attempt at blogging for money. 'With this blog, we will explore opportunities for making money on the web (without resorting to spam, spyware or other predatory practices). Of special interest, of course, will be generating money from ...moreCase Studies
Bloggers adopt a revenue stream more lucrative than panhandling
'The odds of making a living by writing a blog are a lot like the odds of a garage band turning out a hit album: It can happen, but you better enjoy the music and hang on to your day job in the meantime. Two years ago, the odds were ...morePro Blogging News
Spy Journal ProBlogs
Tim has emailed this week while I was taking a bit of a holiday in New Zealand to let me know of a mini problogging network that he's started reading the tips here on Problogger. You can check his new blogs at: Blog Tips Tech Tips Excel Tips Personal Blog ...moreCase Studies
Blog Business Summit
The Blog Business Summit will be held between 24-25 January in 2005 in Seattle. It looks like a good gathering to get involved with if the founding board are anything to go by. It might be a bit out of reach of the average blogger at $795 for the two ...morePro Blogging News
The Stylephile
The Stylephile is a new commercial blog from the Variety stable of blogs that is focussing upon Shopping. They're posting on sales, openings and products/picks of the day. At this stage their income stream is not overly evident – although the topic of the blog will definitely lend itself to ...moreCase Studies
Weblogs Inc. adds top execs
'Touting itself now as "the world's largest blog publisher," Weblogs Inc. announced it has hired an editorial director and a vice president of sales and marketing. Judith Meskill, a communications consultant who writes a blog about social networking, will oversee the editorial side of the company. "We're going to have ...morePro Blogging News
Shawn Collins on RSS: RSS & Blogs and Affiliate Marketing [MarketingStudies.net]
Here is an interesting interview with Shawn Collins (an affiliate program manager) on the topic of 'Since it's increasingly challenging to reach the inbox of affiliates, with Spam filters, ISP black lists, abandoned email addresses, etc., I think RSS will emerge as the preferred tool for communicating with affiliates…. It ...moreAffiliate Programs
Blogs a good buy for Advertisers
'Advertisers including Paramount Pictures, The Wall Street Journal, and The Gap are successfully reaching niche audiences for a fraction of the cost of traditional advertising and a handful of bloggers are earning six-figure incomes from their blogs. Why aren't more advertisers and bloggers getting together? Fear, ignorance and the knowledge ...moreAdvertising


text:
At the beginning of the book Haoyou is excited to finally be shown what his dad does for a living (he was a poor sailor). After a little tour Haoyou is separated from his dad because one of his co-workers starts fighting him and throws him off the ship. Then Haoyou's dad is taken and is forced to be the wind tester. (a hurdle tied to the end of a rope and sent to fly in the breeze). His father was tied to a giant kite that was in turn tied to a hurdle to be sent into the sky. As it was sent into the sky it was vigorously and aggressively pushed and pulled back and forth. So hard in fact that Pei (Haoyou's father) died from a heart attack during the testing. After his dad dies Di Chou tries to marry Haoyou's mom. (women were not given the choice of marriage, you were to ask the leader of the family, Great Uncle Bo). Then Di Chou burns their house down Haoyou, Haoyou's mom and Haoyou's sister (Wawa) have to live with their Great Uncle Bo. So then Bo says yes to the marriage because they need money. Then Haoyou and Mipeng stop the marriage by finding Di Chou drunk and making him take a voyage with a boat that leaves for months. But in order to do so they need someone to test the wind. So Haoyou gets on the kite and goes into the sky and somehow manages to survive. Everyone is so excited because no one has ever survived and they think the voyage will be amazing so they leave and take Di Chou with him so in the morning the next day, the wedding is off because they cannot find the Di Chou. A day after the wedding a mysterious man comes into Bo's house and says he wants Haoyou to work for him in the circus because he saw him riding the kite the previous day so Bo gets mad at Haoyou but the circus leader (The Great Miao) says he will pay Haoyou and Bo agrees for the circus man to take Haoyou but Haoyou asks to take Mipeng with him (her being a head person) for spiritual support, so The Great Miao agrees and takes both off them to the circus. When at the circus Haoyou and Mipeng travel the world and Haoyou becomes semi-famous and he eventually rides his kite for the mighty Kublai Khan. After performing for the Khan Uncle Bo comes with only Auntie Mo. When Haoyou asks where his mom and sister is she says, "in good hands". After months of kite rider Haoyou's left eye is damaged very badly and he is now half blind. After Haoyou gives Bo all of his money that he made in the circus Bo goes and spends it all gambling. So Haoyou travels back to his home to find his mom and sister. He finds his mom working in a very bad bar where people go to get drunk on pure alcohol. His mom shows him where Wawa is and they leave and go back to Bo's house. Then Mipeng and Miao (now married) came to Bo's house to where Bo started came back and said that Haoyou should continue kite rider for money (when it would kill him) and Haoyou says no so Bo starts to choke Mipeng who is pregnant, until she bleeds from her neck only for him to stop when Haoyou said he would kite ride again. So they all went to sleep and all of them but Bo left during the night and joined back with the Jade circus where they worked for the rest of their lives and Bo lived alone for the rest of his life.
This content is from Wikipedia. GradeSaver is providing this content as a courtesy until we can offer a professionally written study guide by one of our staff editors. We do not consider this content professional or citable. Please use your discretion when relying on it.


text:
The Russian connection: See all our coverage | Read about our investigation
I've been mulling over this column by Andrew Sullivan on Rick Warren. He gets it right; his logic is elegant and even moving.
"And this Rick Warren flap at its core, I think, is about the difference between those who see a civil rights movement as a means to wield power and those who see it as a means to spread freedom."
"My long conflict with some parts of the gay left is precisely about this distinction, and [his book] Virtually Normal was an attempt to construct a theory for gay civil rights which rests on as much freedom and as little power as possible. I want to live in a free society alongside people who genuinely believe I am a sinner destined for hell - and I want to get along with them. I am concerned (but not obsessed) with changing their minds, but totally repelled by the idea of coercing or pressuring them to do so. I am simply interested in having the government treat me as it would treat them. Once we establish that, we can all believe and say and argue for precisely what we want."
Amen, brother. The civil rights movement wasn't about forcing America to love black people. It was about forcing America to treat us like other citizens and otherwise leave us the hell alone. So what if the guy next door hates blacks or faggots? Hate on, moron. Unless he takes some sort of action that infringes on my rights—like burning a cross or gay-bashing me. Then my government better damn well ride to the rescue.
Too many blacks, I think, have forgotten this essential truth about our quest for justice. It's not about power. It's about freedom. And it shames me the extent to which blacks are using their all too new power to help oppress others. Any time a black person invokes the phrase 'civil rights', they should be required to define the term. I got a dollar that says most will wax eloquent on black rights and the wrongs done them. All too few would speak in universal terms. Don't let them (us) get away with it. They'll thank you later.


text:
The U.K.'s Simon Green is the man behind Bonobo, a Ninja Tune recording persona responsible for some very left-field downtempo electronica. Here he heads a well-matched bill featuring resurgent '90s pop eccentrics Cibo Matto, gigging in the wake of their comeback LP, Hotel Valentine.
|Event phone:
|Event website:
To improve this listing email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
AXIS Capital Holdings has announced that AXIS Healthcare has entered the nursing home professional liability market by bringing on board two underwriters who have significant experience in senior aging services.
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AXIS Capital Holdings, AXIS Healthcare, AXIS Insurance, Nursing home professional liability, Appointment, Dave Stone, Jason Correll, Underwriter, Bermuda


text:
Pokemon FireRed Version
Trade Between FireRed & Sapphire...?
Can you use a link cable,
and does it matter what kind of cable you use?
TRX450RRacer193 - 8 years ago
Additional Details:
alright thanks i was just woundering
ive read a few FAQS but they didnt help
thanks =]
TRX450RRacer193 - 8 years ago
Top Voted Answer
You can use any cable, BUT you NEED to beat the Sevii quest FIRST!!!!!!!
gamermanh - 8 years ago
That is the only way to trade from FR to Sapphire is with the link cable. The type of it doesn't matter.
Rogue267 - 8 years ago
You can trade with a link cable OR a wireless adapter. But you have to get RUBY and SAPPHIRE (Sevii Islands Quest).
Abeaba - 8 years ago
link cable (for GBA of course) or wireless adapter. but you are going to need both games and 2 GBA of course.
idaboss1 - 8 years ago
You'll need to complete the Network machine on One Island first, and this means collecting the ruby and sapphire items in the game. You'll need to wander around all seven islands to complete this quest. You'll also have to beat the Elite Four before you can go to islands 4-7. After all that, catch at least 60 different types of Pokemon. Then Professor Oak will give you the National Pokedex upgrade, enabling free trade between all games. You shouldnt have too much trouble getting 60 pokes, as long as you are thorough. Just keep exploring every island thoroughly as well, and you'll finish this annoying subquest. Good Luck!
amp888 - 8 years ago
This question has been successfully answered and closed.
More Questions from This Game
|How do I trade between firered and leafgreen with 2 DS's?
|Why can't I trade mew from Ruby/Saphire to Firered ?
|Can you trade between a American FireRed game and a Japanese LeafGreen game?
|How do I trade my pokemon FireRed to older pokemon game?
|Latias in Firered?


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Transcription factor required for normal development of thymus, parathyroid glands, ultimobranchial bodies, teeth, skeletal elements of skull and larynx as well as distal limbs.. Additionally we are shipping and and many more products for this protein.
Showing 10 out of 12 products:
The formation of endoderm-derived taste sensory organs requires a Pax9-dependent expansion of embryonic taste bud progenitor cells. A primary function for Pax9 in the expansion of taste progenitor fields in taste papillae.
Transfection of Pax9 and Bmp4 (show BMP4 ELISA Kits) into mouse induced pluripotent stem cells facilitates their differentiation into odontoblast-like cells for cell- and tissue-based therapy.
Disruption of Slc25a21 (show Slc25a21 ELISA Kits) is associated with orofacial defects and otitis media due to diminished expression of a neighboring gene, pax9.
Our data indicate that Pax9 regulates a molecular network involving the Bmp4, Fgf10, Shh and Osr2 pathways to control palatal shelf patterning and morphogenesis.
the transcription factors Pax3 (show PAX3 ELISA Kits) and Pax9 as redundant regulators of mouse heterochromatin, as they repress RNA output from major satellite repeats by associating with DNA within pericentric heterochromatin
Mice lacking both Osr2 and Pax9 exhibited early tooth developmental arrest with significantly reduced Bmp4 (show BMP4 ELISA Kits) and Msx1 (show MSX1 ELISA Kits) mRNA expression in the developing tooth mesenchyme.
Genetic interactions between Pax9 and Msx1 (show MSX1 ELISA Kits) regulate lip development and several stages of tooth morphogenesis.
Thymopoiesis requires Pax9 function in thymic epithelial cells. In Pax9 null mice, the thymic anlage develops as an ectopic polyp-like structure in the larynx, fails to perform the normal caudo-ventral movement to the upper mediastinum, and remains small.
Pax1 (show PAX1 ELISA Kits) and Pax9 can transactivate regulatory sequences in the Bapx1 (show NKX3-2 ELISA Kits) promoter to induce chondrogenic differentiation in the sclerotome.
PAX9 has a role in tooth development in humans
Transcription factor required for normal development of thymus, parathyroid glands, ultimobranchial bodies, teeth, skeletal elements of skull and larynx as well as distal limbs.
paired box gene 9
, paired box protein Pax-9


text:
Time travel?
We are lead away, following the weird man in extraordinary clothes.
"Hey Ellie, I've just remembered. This year was when World War One ended!" I whisper to her, my brown hair is tied up and I feel slightly cold.
"Oh yeah!"
We arrive at the port, and there it is, the grand Titanic, right in front of us.
"Wow!" whispers Ellie.
"Wow!" I echo. "Is that big or not?"
"It's huge." Ellie answers. I nod in agreement, then a voice breaks out over the crowd of people.
"Ladies and Gentlemen, I introduce you to The unsinkable Titanic!" The crowd cheers and whoops really loudly, screaming encouragements.
"But it does sink though."
"It does, unfortunately and there's nothing we can do."
"But we can do something! We can go tell them and then they'll stop the ship."
"Do you honestly think they'll believe a young girl who claims she's from the future enough to stop such a grand ship setting off? They'll just ignore you. And plus, we can't change the future."
"I suppose you're right." Then we see the gigantic ship setting off to meet its tragedy.


text:
Home >> Lady Black Hollow Out Frame Peony Pattern Fuchsia Nylon Handheld Mini Folding Hand Fan 37cm
- Due to product batch is different, pattern may be different, we will random shipment.
- It's beautiful for stage performance,and also a good gift for friends
- Hand-crafted fan fits nicely into a purse to ward off flashes or heat in hot summer days.
- 37cm when fully open at widest point.
|Product Name
|Hand Fan
|Total Size (Closed)
|21 x 2.7x 1cm/8.3" x 1" x 0.4"(L*W*T)
|Total Width (Open)
|Net Weight
|Package Content
|1 x Hand Fan
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I have, and love, two Glock .45s. I have a G-36, which I carry constantly, and a G-30 which is a great gun also, and my nightstand arm. Both have been flawless, and the 36 is a bit easier to carry because it is thin (single stack 6+ 1 the 30 holds 10+ 1).
Many people carry the 30 with no problem, and the rail on the frame allows for a light attachment. (36 has no rail). To me, the XD grip sticks out too far and shows under a shirt.
The best bet is to try to rent them, and see what you like. You won't go wrong with any of the three, but, I think the edge in concealability goes to Glock-36.
My favorite Glocks:


text:
Teen Workshops (Grades 9-12)
Our workshops for teens provide opportunities for more experienced students to further hone their training and for those just discovering theater to jump right in. PLAYmaking workshops provide students with experience in devising, rehearsing and performing for an audience. Skills & Craft workshops dig deeper into developing specific artistic skills such as character analysis, group improvisation, specialized areas of design, and more. Triple Threat workshops provide training in the three skills that make a successful musical theater actor: singing, dancing, and acting. Private coaching is available in a variety of areas including audition prep, vocal performance, and Shakespearean acting.
Teens will be challenged to think critically about the material, hone in on performance quality, and push themselves to new performance levels.
PLEASE NOTE: For our Fall Workshops, we are combining the Tweens and Teens age groups together.
Fall Workshops registration is open!
2016 Fall Workshops
Modern Musical Mondays (Ages 14+)
For young actors with some experience wanting to grow their skills in musical theater. This weekly class will look at musicals written in the last 15 years and will focus on scenes and songs that will help also help build a young actor's audition repertoire. Includes a final showcase at the end of the term.
MONDAYS: OCT 17–DEC 19 from 4:30pm–6:15pm | COST: $195
Skills Workshops
Pokemon Puppetry
Yes, there is a Pokéstop on the mural of Lyric Arts! To celebrate we are hosting a workshop where students will create and build their own Pokémon puppets. Just like The Lion King on Broadway young actors will learn puppetry construction and skills on how to create a character by combining the actor with the puppet.
THURSDAYS: OCT 6 – DEC 1 (skip 10/20) from 4:30pm–6:30pm
COST: $210 (includes materials fee)
Stage Combat - Level 1
This workshop will explore hand-to-hand combat for the stage! Emphasizing safety and control, a trained and certified fight choreographer will teach students how to effectively make any fake punch or kick look like the real thing!
SATURDAYS: NOV 5–NOV 19 from 9:30am–11:30am | COST: $75
Acting with Rhymes
What do Twas The Night Before Christmas, Shakespeare, and the musical Hamilton have in common? They're all in rhyme! This ongoing class explores the fun of acting when words are meant to be fun. It is an amazing tool for young aspiring actors and also an amazing experience for kids that may have special needs. From classical speeches to today's hottest musical, this class provides growth for everyone.
THURSDAYS: DEC 1–22 from 4:30pm–6:30pm | COST: $100
Triple Threat Tuesdays
Every six-week Triple Threat Tuesday session offers young actors the opportunity to build skills in singing, acting, and dance, and then put them all together for a final presentation
Musical Legends
Sondheim, Gershwin, Porter, Rogers and Hammerstein…these are just a few of the names that helped turn musicals into the great American art form. Each term this triple threat class will focus on a specific composer or song writing duo and these young actors will learn songs, dances, and scenes from classic musical theater.
TUESDAYS: NOV 1–DEC 6 from 4:30pm–6:15pm | COST: $150
Register Online: Click the red box in the left column to register online. Online registration is open.
Register by mail: Send a completed registration form plus a check or credit card information to: Lyric Arts Main Street Stage, 420 E. Main St., Anoka, MN 55303.
Register by phone: Call Adrian Lopez-Balbontin, Education Director at 763-233-0804 and pay by credit card over the phone Monday – Friday, 8 am to 4 pm.
Register by fax: Fax a completed registration form with credit card information to: 763-712-3206.
Browse our workshop pages to find something that interests you! If you have any questions, visit our FAQs page (scroll down to the workshops heading) or call our Education Director at 763-233-0804 for more details.


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You missed it This great deal for Global Floor Services is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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Our websites
This is Stockholm
Modernity meets tranquility. Trend-setting restaurants and vibrant nightclubs next to idyllic archipelago. Welcome to a city where it is easy to breathe – and to feel your pulse.
Breakfast, lunch or dinner, you can always get something to eat at Luzette. In the middle of the bustling central station you will find this light and spacious oasis, with a beautiful décor and pleasant atmosphere. Luzette serves brasserie-style cuisine of high class, but there are also plenty of seats if you just fancy a coffee. There is also a deli with ready meals, bread and sweets.
Centralplan 25
111 20


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The evolution of Colonial & Early American - Gardening, Farming, & Cultural Landscapes to 1860s
Thursday, June 12, 2014
Thomas Jefferson & the great Pea competition
Thomas Jefferson was known to have a passion for peas. For several years, he would organize a competition among his Virginia neighbors to see who could produce the 1st peas of the year. The winner would invite all the other competitors to his home for dinner, to eat peas, of course.
1782 William Redmore Bigg (English artist, 1755-1828) A Girl Shelling Peas
Thomas Jefferson was particularly fond of the English or Garden pea. He mentions planting it frequently at Monticello devoting a relatively large amount of kitchen garden space (3 entire "squares") to his precious peas. According to family accounts, every spring Jefferson competed with local gentleman gardeners to bring the first pea to the table. The winner then hosting a community dinner that included a feast on the winning dish of peas. Among the 19 pea varieties Jefferson documented sowing were Early Frame, which was planted annually from 1809 until 1824; Hotspur, named for its quick, frantic growth; Marrowfat, a starchier, later variety; and Blue Prussian, which Jefferson obtained from Philadelphia seedsman Bernard McMahon. Jefferson's pea consumption seemed to slump during his presidency, however. Jefferson's butler, Lemaire recorded purchasing peas for the President's House only 6 times in 1806 for the elaborate state dinners Jefferson hosted.
Jefferson's eldest grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph recalled this competition in a letter to Mr. Randall, "A wealthy neighbor [Mr. George Divers], without children, and fond of horticulture, generally triumphed. Mr. Jefferson, on one occasion had them first, and when his family reminded him that it was his right to invite the company, he replied, "No, say nothing about it, it will be more agreeable to our friend to think that he never fails."
This is apparently the case in an April, 1815 letter from Mr. Divers to Jefferson: "We returned home yesterday from a visit of several days and I did not examine into the state of our peas till late in the evening, when I found them quite ready…We should be glad you will come up and partake of our first dish today & that Mr. Maddison would come with you."
1795 Fresh Gathered Peas Young Hastings after Giovanni Vendramini (1769-1839)
American Seed Trade Card 1883
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A press release from the Oil and Gas Job Search:
(Please do not share this link)
USA oil and gas professionals remain amongst the world's highest paid, according to Global Salary Guide
USA based oil and gas industry professionals are the 6th best rewarded in the world, according to the Oil and Gas Global Salary Guide 2013 produced annually by expert recruiters Hays Oil & Gas and leading jobsite, Oil and Gas Job Search.
Imported oil and gas professionals in the USA now earn USD$123,800 on average per annum, which is high but is some way behind many other nations. Expats are enjoying the highest levels of pay in Australia, the Philippines and Trinidad.
The Salary Guide, which bases its figures on more than 25,000 industry professionals across the globe, states the growth of salaries can be attributed to a buoyant industry with a relatively stable oil price and a worldwide skills shortage.
The Guide also revealed that a rise in bonuses has continued and is now the dominant mechanism by which companies attract and retain talent. On average, bonuses account for a further 5.9 per cent of the employees overall package with almost two thirds receiving some kind of benefit or allowance on top of their basic salary.
Matt Underhill, Managing Director of Hays Oil & Gas comments: "The industry is taking positive steps in increasing pay and benefits that will keep the USA competitive on the world stage but there is still some way to go to stop a drain of talent to overseas markets."
Duncan Freer Managing Director of Oil and Gas Job Search, comments: "There is no doubt that the USA oil and gas industry remains one of the busiest in the world right now and this is clearly highlighted in our findings."
Employer confidence in increasing staffing levels during 2013 remains high. A quarter expect staffing levels to increase by more than 10 per cent with almost 75 per cent anticipating some level of increase.
Duncan Freer, comments: "Despite the concerns in Europe and a slowdown in China's growth, the sentiment in the oil and gas industry remains positive.
Download a free copy of the Guide at www.oilandgasjobsearch.com/salary or hays.com.au/oilgas-salary-guide
For further information, please contact Matthew Roberts, Media Relationship Manager of Oil and Gas Job Search on +44 (0) 161 9756026 or email@example.com
Hays is the leading global specialist recruiting group. It is the expert at recruiting qualified, professional and skilled people across the full lifecycle of the global oil and gas industry. Our recruiting experts deal in both permanent positions and contract roles within upstream, project development and downstream operations.
Hays employs 7,800 staff operating from 245 offices in 33 countries across 20 specialisms. For the year ended 30 June 2012, Hays placed around 55,000 candidates into permanent jobs and around 180,000 people into temporary assignments.
Chesapeake Energy Corp,the Oklahoma-based firm is the No. 1 driller in Ohio.
Rig Count Interactive Map by Baker Hughes, an energy services company.
Shale Sheet Fracking, a Youngstown Vindicator blog.
National Geographic's The Great Shale Rush.
The Ohio Environmental Council, a statewide eco-group based in Columbus.
Earthjustice, a national eco-group.
People's Oil and Gas Collaborative-Ohio, a grass-roots group in Northeast Ohio.
Concerned Citizens of Medina County, a grass-roots group.
No Frack Ohio, a Columbus-based grass-roots group.
Fracking: Gas Drilling's Environmental Threat by ProPublica, an online journalism site.
Pipeline, blog from Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on Marcellus shale drilling.
Allegheny Front, environmental public radio for Western Pennsylvania.


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This collection introduces the reader to third-generation Holocaust narratives, exploring the unique perspective of third-generation writers and demonstrating the ways in which Holocaust memory and trauma extend into the future.
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- 1 next to or at the side of somebody/something He sat beside her all night. a mill beside a stream Which Word?beside / besides The preposition beside usually means 'next to something/somebody' or 'at the side of something/somebody':Sit here beside me. The preposition besides means 'in addition to something':What other sports do you play besides hockey? Do not use beside with this meaning. The adverb besides is not usually used on its own with the same meaning as the preposition. It is mainly used to give another reason or argument for something:I don't think I'll come on Saturday. I have a lot of work to do. Besides, I don't really like parties. She likes football. Besides, she likes tennis and basketball.
- 2compared with somebody/something My painting looks childish beside yours. Word OriginOld English be sīdan (adverb) 'by the side' (see by, side).Idioms
prepositionjump to other results
BrE BrE//bɪˈsaɪd//; NAmE NAmE//bɪˈsaɪd//
to not be important or closely related to the main thing you are talking about Yes, I know it was an accident, but that's beside the point. They took my words out of context, but that's beside the point.
be beside the pointjump to other results
unable to control yourself because of the strength of emotion you are feeling He was beside himself with rage when I told him what I had done. They were beside themselves with excitement.
beside yourself (with something)jump to other results
Check pronunciation: beside


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Cultivate Your Contacts
If you are a freelance writer, you know how difficult it can be to find new assignments. You need to work on paid hours if you want to make enough money to enjoy life at its fullest, but you also need to market your services to avoid too much down time between contracts. Most writers I know are not good at marketing. If they had talent at marketing, they would surely have gone into that line of work. Unfortunately, it is an unpleasant task for most writers but it must be done. One good way of


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Systems Biology Opens New Research Pathways
Systems Biologists Are Attacking the Encrypted Messages That Would Allow Us to Predict and Change the Course of Disease
Individual Tumor Profiling
Has Tumor Molecular Profiling Enabled More Effective and Less Toxic Cancer Treatment?
Top 10 Under 40
Up-and-Coming Stars Shine in Biopharma Research and Business
Podcast: FDA's New Commissioner Hits the Ground Running
Scott Gottlieb, M.D., Commits to Speeding Up Drug Reviews, and Maintaining Safety and Efficacy
Servier Makes Initial €4M Payment in Deal with Hybrigenics for Deubiquitinating Enzyme-Targeting Drugs
Servier is paying Hybrigenics €4 million in up-front fees and research funding as part of a license and research collaboration focused on identifying deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) targets and drug candidates in multiple therapeutic fields. Disease areas encompassed include oncology, neurology, psychiatry, rheumatology, ophthalmology, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.
Hybrigenics will identify and validate new DUB targets and carry out screening to identify potential candidates against four targets that have already been selected. Servier will provide compounds for screening, and will also be responsible for the development and commercialization of resulting drug candidates. The firms say the partnership may also lead to the discovery of companion diagnostics for use alongside selected drug compounds.
Under terms of the deal Hybrigenics could receive another €9.5 million in development and regulatory milestones, along with royalties on sales of companion diagnostic kits. Teaming up with Servier means Hybrigenics will also focus its in-house DUB therapeutics research on fields outside those covered by the collaboration.
Hybrigenics has specialist expertise in the field of ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) as potential anticancer drugs, and has two USP-based oncology programs in preclinical development. The firm says that in contrast with the only currently approved ubiquitin-proteasome system related therapeutic, Velcade®, which has side effects, its approach is to target the proteasome at the upstream level of ubiquitin conjugation/deconjugation in order to generate therapeutics with increased specificity and selectivity.
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text: New York boutique, DQM, has now received a new release from the Vans Vault campaign. Celebrating some of the most popular times in skateboarding (the 80′s and 90′s) hence the Neighties name, the pack continues the companies aimed towards a nostalgic market while capturing the essence of the sport's history. Three Half Cab LX models were used all featuring suede/leather with a 1966 VANS print along the midsole and panels coming in a colorful print or just black for the more reserved consumer.


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