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Two canine scientists, Julie Hecht and Mia Cobb, met briefly at a conference in Barcelona. They share a passion for canine science, good communication, social media and fun. One works in the field of canine cognition and understanding why and how we humanise our canine companions. The other researches welfare and performance science of working dogs. Different perspectives, but both are enthusiastic, entertaining and a little bit deaf. They decided to embark on an adventure as pen pals in the digital era, taking turns to blog on topics related to their own research, the work of their research groups and other random dog science themes. Join them as they consider one of our greatest questions, "Do you believe in dog?"
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by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Guest post by: Erica Feuerbacher, PhD, of Carroll College Anthrozoology Program (Facebook)via Flickr creative commonsHi Mia and Julie, Like you and your readers, much of my energy is devoted to my dogs' happiness. I can identify a plethora of things they do that make me happy and I want to know what makes them happy; I explore this in my research. What types of human interactions do dogs prefer and under what circumstances? Knowing this might help us understand how to produce and maintain........ Read more »
Feuerbacher, E., & Wynne, C. (2015) Shut up and pet me! Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) prefer petting to vocal praise in concurrent and single-alternative choice procedures. Behavioural Processes, 47-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.019
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Guest post by: Simon Gadbois, PhD, of the Canid Behaviour Research Laboratory at Dalhousie University (@GadboisSimon & Facebook). Simon Gadbois at SPARCS 2014Ha the 80's… So nostalgic of the eighties. Finishing High School, starting University, the best and the worst music of the past 50 years. Speaking of the things we are not missing: mullets and pony tails (I am so sorry mother, everybody was doing it…), parachute pants and stonewashed jeans (please don't tell me they are coming ........ Read more »
Mech L David. (1999) Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(8), 1196-1203. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-099
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Guest post by: Lucia Lazarowski, PhD candidate. Her research is available via free promotional access in the journal Behavioural Processes until February, 2016. Hi Mia and Julie,As a long-time fan of the blog, it is an honor to be a guest contributor! I am especially excited to tell DYBID readers about this research because it was somewhat of a pet project (pun intended). I am now a PhD student at Auburn University, but this study was done while I was working at North Carolina State Univers........ Read more »
Lazarowski Lucia. (2015) A comparison of pet and purpose-bred research dog (Canis familiaris) performance on human-guided object-choice tasks. Behavioural Processes, 60-67. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2014.09.021
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
2015 is a bright and shiny new year for canine science! But first, this face:After being a dog-less household for eight months (you might remember we sadly farewelled Elke in 2013 and gut-wrenchingly, also old man Caleb, in the first half of 2014) we welcomed a new member to the family at the end of 2014. Those paws. Not photoshopped.If I'm honest with you, I'd been stalking PetRescue quietly for a month or so, not really sure if the time was right, but also open to being inspired to m........ Read more »
KIDD A. H. (1989) FACTORS IN ADULTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD PETS. Psychological Reports, 65(3), 903-910. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1918.104.22.1683
Hiby E.F., Rooney N.J., & Bradshaw J.W.S. (2004) Dog training methods: their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. . Animal Welfare, 13(1), 63-70. info:other/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2004/00000013/00000001/art00010
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
As December rolls into its second half, and the days warm up - or cool down - depending on where you are situated on the globe, we wanted to say thank you for joining us in 2014 - we are continually blown away with the popular and supportive community we have around us at Do You Believe in Dog? here on the blog, on Facebook and also on Twitter. Taking our lead from Companion Animal Psychology, we decided to jump into some statistics (because hey, we are scientists!) to see wh........ Read more »
Scanlon Eileen. (2013) Scholarship in the digital age: Open educational resources, publication and public engagement. British Journal of Educational Technology, 45(1), 12-23. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12010
Stilgoe J., & J. Wilsdon. (2014) Why should we promote public engagement with science?. Public Understanding of Science, 23(1), 4-15. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662513518154
Wong-Parodi Gabrielle, & Strauss Benjamin H. (2014) Team science for science communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMID: 25225381
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Catch up! Participate! Plan your conferences for 2015! Check out all the latest in canine science from November here, thanks to the magic of Storify (if you don't see a beautiful array of handy snippets below, please click this link to view)[View the story "Do You Believe in Dog? [01-30 November 2014]" on Storify]Further reading: Cobb M., Paul McGreevy, Alan Lill & Pauleen Bennett (2014). The advent of canine performance science: Offering a sustainable future for working dogs, Behaviour........ Read more »
Bradshaw John W.S., & Rachel A. Casey. (2009) Dominance in domestic dogs—useful construct or bad habit?. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 4(3), 135-144. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.08.004
Gosling Samuel D., & Oliver P. John. (2003) A Dog's Got Personality: A Cross-Species Comparative Approach to Personality Judgments in Dogs and Humans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1161-1169. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3522.214.171.1241
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
What a BOOMING month for dogs and science October was! We've captured the links to all the latest blogs, research and news that caught out attention throughout Dog-tober.Thanks to Storify (click here if the you can't see the collection of links below) you can make sure you didn't miss out too.[View the story "Do You Believe in Dog? [01-31 October 2014]" on Storify] Further reading:Bradshaw J.W.S. & Nicola J. Rooney (2014). Why do adult dogs 'play'?, Behavioural Processes, DOI: http:/........ Read more »
Bozkurt Alper, Barbara Sherman, Rita Brugarolas, Sean Mealin, John Majikes, Pu Yang, & Robert Loftin. (2014) Towards Cyber-Enhanced Working Dogs for Search and Rescue. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 1-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2014.77
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Gosh, it's been a busy ride since posting the excellent guest post by research, Cat Reeve, about her interesting detector dog research. So now it's time to play catch up, starting with the canine science related things that we noticed in the second half of September, captured with the help of Storify - did you miss any of these?[View the story "Do You Believe in Dog? [16 - 30 September 2014]" on Storify]Further reading (some of the abstracts from Canine Science Forum 2014 now available):We........ Read more »
Westgarth Carri, & Hayley E. Christian. (2014) How can we motivate owners to walk their dogs more?. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(6). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.09.023
Fehringer A. (2014) Stress in shelter dogs and the use of foster care to improve animal welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(6). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.09.038
Horowitz Alexandra, & Hecht Julie . (2014) Categories and consequences of dog-human play: A citizen science approach. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(6). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.09.052
Browne Clare M., T. Mary Foster, & James S. McEwan. (2014) Dog training: Reinforcement timing and owner body language. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 9(6). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.09.059
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Hi Mia and Julie, First of all, I LOVE your blog! After meeting at SPARCS this past summer (summer for us in North America.. I take it summer is just beginning in Australia!), I've followed it closely. You do amazing things for the promotion of canine science. Serious love. A bit of background for the readers: I'm currently doing my PhD at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia in Canada, under the supervision of Dr. Simon Gadbois. Dr. Gadbois........ Read more »
Brown Stephen W., & Strong Val. (2001) The use of seizure-alert dogs. Seizure, 10(1), 39-41. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/seiz.2000.0481
Gonder-Frederick L., D. Warren, K. Vajda, & J. Shepard. (2013) Diabetic Alert Dogs: A Preliminary Survey of Current Users. Diabetes Care, 36(4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1998
Rooney Nicola J., & Claire Guest. (2013) Investigation into the Value of Trained Glycaemia Alert Dogs to Clients with Type I Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 8(8). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069921
Matyka Krystyna A. (2002) Sweet dreams? - nocturnal hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes, 3(2), 74-81. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-5448.2002.30203.x
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
The things we noticed in and around canine science over the past two weeks, Storified in one neat location for your convenience:[View the story "Do You Believe in Dog? [16-31 August 2014]" on Storify] Further reading:Feuerbacher E.N. (2014). Shut up and pet me! Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) prefer petting to vocal praise in concurrent and single-alternative choice procedures, Behavioural Processes, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.019 Gygax L. (2014). The A to Z of sta........ Read more »
Gygax Lorenz. (2014) The A to Z of statistics for testing cognitive judgement bias. Animal Behaviour, 59-69. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.06.013
Arnott Elizabeth R., Claire M. Wade, & Paul D. McGreevy. (2014) Environmental Factors Associated with Success Rates of Australian Stock Herding Dogs. PLoS ONE, 9(8). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104457
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Hello Do You Believe in Dog(ers)!(source)After two years of mostly pen-pal style blogging, we're excited to share our new direction!When we first decided to create Do You Believe in Dog?, we committed to blogging back and forth about canine science for two years. We were able to celebrate achieving that goal at the recent 4th Canine Science Forum in Lincoln, UK and also reflect on the future of Do You Believe in Dog?The DYBID blog, Facebook and Twitter feeds have become vibrant places to ac........ Read more »
Dijk Esther M. van. (2011) Portraying real science in science communication. Science Education, 95(6), 1086-1100. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sce.20458
Fischhoff B., & Scheufele D. (2013) The science of science communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(Supplement 3), 14033-14039. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213273110
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Aw - it's Us @ CSF2014! Thanks Tamás Faragó :)Dear Julie,while you've been off enjoying the fjords of Norway and I've been recovering from six legs of long haul flying with a three year old as hand luggage, I thought I'd put up a quick post to recap the wonderful week in Lincoln, UK that was the (Feline and) Canine Science Forum 2014.Such a fun, stimulating, inspiring week comprising the Feline Science day (Monday), public lecture by James Serpell (rhymes with purple) on Monday ........ Read more »
Hecht Julie. (2014) Tribute to Tinbergen: Public Engagement in Ethology. Ethology, 120(3), 207-214. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12199
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Hey Julie, well, here I am, back in chilly, wintry Melbourne. #SPARCS2014 was an amazing event - such an intense three days with early feedback suggesting over 40,000 people joined in online for canine science, excitement, wonderful researchers and inspiration! You've done a great job capturing the essence and feedback of this international conference over at DogSpies on the Scientific American Blog Network. I'm so pleased someone took photos, or I think I would have convinc........ Read more »
Hecht J. (2013) Physical prompts to anthropomorphism of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.013
Cobb Mia, & Paul McGreevy. (2013) Advancing the welfare of Australia's iconic working dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.054
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Hi Julie,thanks for that awesome list of canine-related citizen science projects that anyone can sink their teeth into. I have a question for you: What do you see when a pug comes into your field of vision?I'm asking you because (at the risk of inciting wrath of many) - honestly? I'm really bamboozled by some pedigree breeds and their popularity with so many people. How I feelI'm not hating on pugs or pedigree dogs, and I don't mean any offence to people who hold their love o........ Read more »
McGreevy P, & Nicholas F. (1999) Some Practical Solutions to Welfare Problems in Dog Breeding. Animal Welfare, 8(4), 329-341. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/1999/00000008/00000004/art00004
Collins Lisa M, Asher Lucy, Summers Jennifer, & McGreevy Paul. (2011) Getting priorities straight: risk assessment and decision-making in the improvement of inherited disorders in pedigree dogs. Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997). PMID: 21742521
Summers Jennifer F, Diesel Gillian, Asher Lucy, McGreevy Paul D, & Collins Lisa M. (2010) Inherited defects in pedigree dogs. Part 2: Disorders that are not related to breed standards. The Veterinary Journal , 183(1), 39-45. PMID: 19963415
McGreevy P. (2007) Breeding for quality of life. Animal Welfare, 16(Supplement 1), 125-128. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ufaw/aw/2007/00000016/a00102s1/art00018
Roberts Taryn, McGreevy Paul, & Valenzuela Michael. (2010) Human induced rotation and reorganization of the brain of domestic dogs. PloS one. PMID: 20668685
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
(source)Hey Julie! So much going on I need to take three deep breaths to calm down! Firstly - we have a winner! Actually - thanks to the awesome crew at SPARCS, we have two! Very excited to meet Marsha P and Kristi M at #SPARCS2014 and want to thank all the excellent people who responded to our giveaway shoutout on Facebook, Twitter and Google+. We hope those of your who weren't successful will consider still coming along or joining us on the livestream broadcast. Secondly - I loved learning abo........ Read more »
Keuster Tiny De, Lamoureux Jean, & Kahn André. (2006) Epidemiology of dog bites: A Belgian experience of canine behaviour and public health concerns. The Veterinary Journal, 172(3), 482-487. DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.04.024
Langley Ricky L. (2009) Human Fatalities Resulting From Dog Attacks in the United States, 1979–2005. Wilderness , 20(1), 19-25. DOI: 10.1580/08-WEME-OR-213.1
Thompson PG. (1997) The public health impact of dog attacks in a major Australian city. The Medical Journal of Australia, 167(3), 129-132. PMID: 9269266
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Hi Julie and Mia, Guess what? We have something in common! Do You Believe in Dog? started as a result of you two meeting at a conference, and my latest publication also resulted from a conference-inspired, long-distance collaboration. Dr. Carri Westgarth and I met at the International Society for Anthrozoology meeting in England in 2012. We quickly realized we share both personal and professional interests in dogs. During one of our chats, I showed Carri pictures of dogs I'd worked with in a U........ Read more »
Hoffman Christy L., Harrison Natalie, Wolff London, & Westgarth Carri. (2014) Is That Dog a Pit Bull? A Cross-Country Comparison of Perceptions of Shelter Workers Regarding Breed Identification. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1-18. DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2014.895904
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Just Wow. Photo: Chris Sembrot PhotographyHi Julie,Yes, but WHY? I loved Claudia Fugazza's guest post about drawing on dogs' social imitation capacities to learn as copy-cats in the Do as I do training technique. Good stuff! A few things collided this week that resulted in me deciding to look into why dogs lick people. The first was the Huffington Post 'This Is What Happens When You Ask People To Kiss Their Dogs In Front Of A Camera' (example above from Chris Sembrot's 'For the love o........ Read more »
Bradshaw John W.S., Blackwell Emily J., & Casey Rachel A. (2009) Dominance in domestic dogs—useful construct or bad habit?. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 4(3), 135-144. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2008.08.004
Bonanni Roberto, Cafazzo Simona, Valsecchi Paola, & Natoli Eugenia. (2010) Effect of affiliative and agonistic relationships on leadership behaviour in free-ranging dogs. Animal Behaviour, 79(5), 981-991. DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.02.021
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Join us for another guest post, this time from Claudia Fugazza of the Family Dog Project in Budapest. Claudia's here to discuss her recent publication in Applied Animal Behaviour Science on the efficiency of new methods in dog training.Hi Mia and Julie,Formal training methods used until now rely mainly on the well-known rules of individual associative learning. These methods work perfectly well for a very wide range of animals — pigeons, rats, dogs and even crabs — and human and non-human an........ Read more »
Fugazza Claudia, & Miklósi Ádám. (2014) Should old dog trainers learn new tricks? The efficiency of the Do as I do method and shaping/clicker training method to train dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 53-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.01.009
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
"Two canine scientists, Julie Hecht and Mia Cobb, met briefly at a conference in Barcelona in late July 2012. They share a passion for canine science, good communication, social media and fun." So reads the 'About' page at Do You Believe in Dog?. After a brief hello at the 3rd Canine Science Forum in Barcelona, we decided to embark on an adventure as digital pen pals, taking turns blogging on topics related to our own research, that of other research groups and general dog science themes.&n........ Read more »
Cobb Mia, Branson Nick, & McGreevy Paul. (2013) Advancing the welfare of Australia's iconic working dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.054
Hecht J., & Horowitz A. (2013) Physical prompts to anthropomorphism of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.013
Racca A., Range F., Virányi Z., & Huber L. (2013) Discrimination of familiar human faces in domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.071
Dreschel N.A., & Entendencia K. (2013) Stress during certification testing in prison drug detection dogs and their handlers. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.005
Howell Tiffani J., Toukhsati Samia, Conduit Russell, & Bennett Pauleen. (2013) Do dogs use a mirror to find hidden food?. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(6), 425-430. DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.07.002
by Cobb & Hecht in Do You Believe In Dog?
Hi Julie,Right off the bat I need to say YES YES YES! Your last post about aggression and what we can learn from and about it WITHOUT the need to experience it was spot on. Are you THIS attached to your dog? (source)You're also right that my head is filled with glorious meta-analysis results right now, as well as perceptions and other measures (#allthemeasures!) as I start preparing my abstracts for submission to be part of the Canine Science Forum. One of the small but quirky things........ Read more »
Dwyer Fleur, Bennett Pauleen C., & Coleman Grahame J. (2006) Development of the Monash Dog Owner Relationship Scale (MDORS). Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People , 19(3), 243-256. DOI: 10.2752/089279306785415592
Archer John, & Ireland Jane L. (2011) The Development and Factor Structure of a Questionnaire Measure of the Strength of Attachment to Pet Dogs. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People , 24(3), 249-261. DOI: 10.2752/175303711X13045914865060
Handlin Linda, Nilsson Anne, Ejdebäck Mikael, Hydbring-Sandberg Eva, & Uvnäs-Moberg Kerstin. (2012) Associations between the Psychological Characteristics of the Human–Dog Relationship and Oxytocin and Cortisol Levels. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People , 25(2), 215-228. DOI: 10.2752/175303712X13316289505468
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UPDATE 1-U.S. oil drillers add the most rigs in a month in over 2 years -Baker Hughes
(Recasts to add monthly data to headline, paragraphs 1, 4)
July 29 (Reuters) - U.S. drillers this week added oil rigs for a fifth consecutive week as part of the biggest monthly rig count increase in over two years, Baker Hughes Inc said on Friday.
The oilfield services provider and some analysts, however, have cast doubts on a substantial recovery in drilling this year with U.S. crude prices heading for their biggest monthly loss in a year.
Drillers added three oil rigs in the week to July 29, bringing the total rig count up to 374, compared with 664 a year ago, according to the closely followed Baker Hughes weekly report. RIG-OL-USA-BHI
The rig count rose by 44 during July, the most in a month since April 2014, signaling a recovery in U.S. drilling after the biggest price rout in a generation prompted a slump in rigs from a peak of 1,609 in October 2014.
Drillers have returned to the well pad since U.S. crude prices tipped above $50 in early June. That is the key level that analysts and producers said would prompt their return.
U.S. crude futures, however, earlier Friday slipped below $41 a barrel for the first time since April and were on track for a monthly loss of about 15 percent, pressured by persistently high inventories.
"I believe oil prices in the upper $50s at a minimum are required for a sustainable recovery in North America," Baker Hughes Chief Executive Martin Craighead said on Thursday.
Bigger rivals Schlumberger Ltd and Halliburton Co last week both said they expected a modest recovery in North American activity. Continued...


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Free Tainaron Ebook Today
To support the Helsinki Worldcon bid, Ann and Jeff VanderMeer's Cheeky Frawg Books if offering a free ebook edition of Leena Krohn's short novel Tainaron, for today only (until midnight EST, ie. 7 AM Wednesday morning Finnish time). More info on Jeff's site.
Labels: finnish sf


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India: No way!
"Okay... I want to be back with the vikings!" I hiss.
Romans march below us. Everyone's trying to stay quiet.
"Is it me or has this tree change shape?" Mia hisses. Then Tom falls. Both me and Mia reach out catching one of his hand each.
A roman looks up and yells out. "Ahhh!!" Everyone screams. We jump down and race off heading for a small village.
I found myself up front. Well, of course. I've lived on the streets and had tons of training in sports.
We rush to the village then hide in a house. We turn and see a boy watching us with shock.
"What are you doing here?" Well, I think thats what he says. He's obviously not roman. Although his accent is strong.
"Uhh" We all look at each other trying to think of what to say.


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Author: Muhammad Awais Imran
Indus University, Pakistan
IRC Coordinator
Email: email@example.com
Author: Muhammad Awais Imran
Indus University, Pakistan
IRC Coordinator
Email: email@example.com
This paper highlights the basic dyeing terminologies which are often used in dyeing process. The central theme of this paper is to provide authentic knowledge to textile students and practical dyers in complete scientific manner because most of the students & dyeing related people have misunderstanding regarding basic dyeing terminologies. Some explanations of basic terms are also discussed in this paper.
Dyeing is process in which textile substrate is colored by suitable substances that is dyes or pigment (pigment dyeing). The former is widely used in textile wet processing. A basic knowledge of dyeing process and related terms are quite important to understand dyeing theory. Dyeing can be done at any stage of the manufacturing of textile- fiber, yarn, fabric or a finished textile product including garments and apparels. Textile materials can be dyed using batch, continuous or semi-continuous processes. The type of process used depends on several things including type of material (fiber, yarn, fabric, fabric construction, and garment), generic type of fiber, size of dye lots and quality requirements in the dyed fabric [4].
A dye is an organic colored compound which when applies to textile for imparting color & strictly adheres with the textile substrate [5]. Dyes should resistant to light, heat and wet agencies. In textile terms, a soluble colorant that attaches in molecular form to the fibers [1]. All dye is a colored substance whereas all colored substances are not dyes. The dyes applied to textile fibers should possess the following characteristics,
- Stable & attractive color i.e. should not undergo structural changes easily
- Posses affinity to the fibers
- Soluble in water or any suitable medium otherwise it should form stable dispersion with water or solvents
- Fastness to light, washing, perspiration, dry cleaning agents and rubbing
Tendency of a dye to move from a solution out of fibers in the dye solution [1]. It is a quality of dye. Without substantivity, most of dyes would simply remain in solution or dispersion in the bath.
The substantivity of dyes depend upon,
- Molecular structure (shape)
- Size of molecule dye
- Dye bath conditions
This property of a dye determines how much dye is exhausted on to the fiber under neutral conditions [3].
Attraction between two items, in dyeing affinity essentially means the preferential attraction of the dye for the fiber rather than for the solution of the dye bath. It is quantitative expressing of substantivity. Technically, affinity is expressed in term of energy [1]. Generally, more substantivity dyes have low affinity characteristic, it is due strike or rush of dye molecule.
The process of transfer of dyestuff from the dye bath on to the fiber or material is known as exhaustion.The ratio between the amount of dye taken up by the substrate and the amount of dye originally available [2].
* Relative molecular mass
Co = initial concentration of dye in dye bath
Cs = concentration during the process
Exhaustion is overall broad term and can be further categorized into two phases.
Primary exhaustion is the phase where dye moves toward the substrate from the solution under neutral conditions in the presence of electrolyte. It is also known as substantive phase. The term secondary is typical movement of dye molecule after addition of dye molecules after addition of suitable alkali for the completion of the dye fiber bonding.
The following graph shows the relation between changes in exhaustion percentage with respect to time function. See fig. 1[2].
- Concentration of dye
- Concentration of salt
- Temperature
- Agitation
- liquor ratio
Dyes molecules from solution are taken up by certain textile substrates which have porous surface i.e. cotton by the process adsorption. Distribution of the dye stuff on to the surface of the fiber is known as adsorption. Adsorption is depend on
- Concentration
- Temperature
- Dye nature
- Pressure
- Surface area
Distribution of liquor containing is dye stuff on to the whole of the fiber that is on to the surface and inside of the fiber surface.
The some factor are mentioned below which affects the rate of absorption,
- Time
- Temperature.
- Alkalis
- Electrolytes
- Dyeing Auxiliaries
- Liquor ratio
Transfer of dyestuff from the surface of the fiber in the liquor is known as desorption. Desorption is reverse of dyeing process.
This is a process by which dye move from a surface of the fiber in to the fiber itself and vise versa. The diffusion of given dyestuff is heavily influenced by temperature the higher the temperature the greater the degree and rate of diffusion. Diffusion rate is also depending on the crystallinity of the fabric structure [3].
The expression is known as Fick's law and it gives a quantitative value to the diffusion of dye molecules from the outside layers into the interior of the fiber [14]:
ds/dt = -D dc/dx
s = amount of dye diffusing across unit area;
t = a small interval of time;
c = concentration of dye at a specified point x;
x = the distance diffused;
D diffusion coefficient – it is preceded by a negative charge b/c the amount of diffusion is inversely proportional to the value of dc/dx.
Migration is the process by which are dye move around the fiber or level itself. Transfer of dyestuff from heavily dye to light dye portion of the same material during dyeing is known as migration [3]. The migration process comprises adsorption of dye on to the fiber surface, migration through the dye liquor, re-adsorption onto the fiber surface since diffusion is the rate determining step, in this dynamic process, migration itself is also heavily influenced by temperature.
Dye stuff in a solution
Dyestuff on the surface of fiber
(Diffusion & Absorption)
Dyestuff in to the inside and whole the fiber
Dyestuff on the surface of fiber
(Diffusion & Absorption)
Dyestuff in to the inside and whole the fiber
It is a difference in the electrical potential across the interface (a diffuse double layer) of a solid surface contact with a liquid [6].
The initial rate of dyeing (the initial slope of exhaustion versus time) [2]. See fig. 1. Rapid strike by a dye often results in initial unlevelness and must be avoided for those dyes that cannot subsequently migrate from heavily to lightly dyed areas of the fabric.
The strike depends on the
- Dyeing temperature
- Dyeing pH
- Addition of chemicals
Formation of the "final" bond between the dye and the fiber with the mechanisms such as ionic bonding and hydrophobic forces. Disperse and vat dyes are fixed in the fibre largely by physical entrapment of insoluble dye within the fibre. The bond that causes final fixation is not necessarily the same type of bond is first made as the dye exhaust onto the fibre [1].
This term describes the rate at which a dye reacts with fibre. High reactivity dyes react rapidly at relatively low temperature, where as low reactivity dyes generally require relatively high temperature for dye fixation [3].
Dye-uptake is a property or ability of textile fiber to capture the given amount of dye. This property varies fiber to fiber and depends on dye sites, orientation in a fiber.
Rate of dyeing under any set of conditions (i.e. temperature, pH and time) is proportional to concentration of dye in the solution at given time t. rate of dyeing can be written as [13]
Rate of dyeing = [Dye]s,t . kdye
Subscript s means 'solution'
Subscript t means 'time after the start of dyeing'
kdye, it is a proportionality constant called the dyeing rate constant for the particular set of conditions of dyebath.
Rate of dyeing curves can then be constructed similar to that shown in figure. 2 below, in which different dyeing rates of three reactive Remazol dyes. By plotting percentage exhaustion against time of dyeing; these are very useful indicators of dyeing efficiency.
|Fig. Rate of dyeing of different dyes
Dyeing can be perceived as a two way process or equilibrium reaction, in which dye (D) and the fiber (F) are in equilibrium with dyed-fiber (DF).
As dyeing proceeds, more dye is taken up by the fiber than is lost from it back into bath; i.e. there is net increase of dye on fiber. Eventually dyeing reaches the equilibrium point, where there is no further in dye on the fiber. However, this does not imply that dye movement has now ceased; at the equilibrium point; dye still enter and leave the fiber but it does not at the same rate.
The rate of reaction of dyes means the rate at which chemical bonds between dyes and textile fibers are formed. Although the rate of reaction varies with dyes, it is largely affected by ,
- temperature,
- pH
- time
The heat of dyeing is the measure of the strength of the bonds by which the dye is held to the fiber. Since the transfer of dye from the solution to the fiber involves a decrease in free energy of the system, heat is given out, and the heat of dyeing is therefore a negative quantity. the converser is, of course, also true, namely that the migration of dye from the fiber to the liquid phase is accompanied by the absorption of heat. Thus an increase of temperature favours desorprtion and consequently decreases the concentration of the dye molecules in the fibre at equilibrium.
It is difficult to measure the direct calorimetric measurement of heat of dyeing b/c the thermal change is so small.
The effectiveness of a given amount of dye in coloring a given mass of fiber.
This decrease the ability of a dye combination usually with similar substantivity, exhaustion and fixation profile to behave as a single dye combination of compatible dye will generally give good reproducibility and sustainability to variable in the process [3].
Generally it can never be predicted whether the high or low substantive dyes will produce better result the overall result are always based on S.E.F profiles of the combination use for desire shades.
A dye would never be appropriate if it highly reactive and low in substantivity most importantly there should be a minimum difference between the exhaustion and fixation curve irrespective of its high or low substantive character [3].
The cloud point is the temperature at which the detergent reaches its limiting solubility and start to precipitate out, causing the solution to appear cloudy. In general when comparing two detergents with similar structures, the one have more hydrophilic will have higher cloud point than the other. This is most common in non ionic surfactants.
It is a ratio of weight of dye to weight of goods dyed, usually expressed as percentage; amount of dye, owf (over the weight of fabric). Depth of shade (DOS), in these terms, is not really a very good way of comparing the darkness or intensity of color of finished fabrics, due to inherent differences in the hues of different dyes within a family, difference
between dye families, and differences due to the nature of the fabric. Dye manufacturers' shade cards are typically show one or two depths of shade for a particular dye, often between 1% and 4%, except for black, which is typically 3% to 6% [1].
It is a reverse of migration, the dyestuff is move out from the fiber surface and goes into the dye bath solution
Anti-migration → decrease in affinity
Each dye class have its critical temperature, above this critical temperature the dye stuff anti-migrate instead of migration.
An additive use in dye or pigment mixture to prevent undesired movement or spreading of the wet dye on fabric [1]. Sodium alginate is the anti-migrating agent used in reactive dyeing, retard the rate of migration by producing physical hindrance and by increase of viscosity of solution. The function of levelling agent or retarder is antimigration.
A system consisting of finely divided particles and the medium in which they are distributed.
The resistance ability of dye molecule to any agency named as washing. Light, rubbing and crocking. The different terms comes under this term such as wash fastness, light fastness etc.
Fading is seen as a colour loss by the dyed or printed fabric textile material. It is result of some changes in the structure of dye molecule due to absorption of light, reaction with air pollutants, laundering, dry cleaning and other agency.
Fabrics dyed with certn blue & violets disperse dyes conaining anthraquinone structure become fade in presence of nitrous oxide. This nitrous oxide may be made in nature from various sources such as open gas fire, electric heating arrangement.
During the exhaust dyeing process the oligomers may diffuse out of the Polyester fiber and form grey deposits (white dust) on the fi ber surface and also on machinery and pipes during cooling down of the dyebath.
During the production of polyethylenterephthalate (PET) fibers short chains, consisting of only a few monomers units, are also formed, these are so called oligomers.The maincomponent is a cyclic trimmer. All Polyester fi bers contain small quantities of oligomers, Approx. 0.5% - 3% of the fiber [12].
Uniform in shade over the surface of a piece of dyed fabric or along the length of dyed yarn Level dyeing is usually the objective in commercial processes.
Some dyes, such as leveling acid dyes, are easy to accomplish level results with. They do not bind tightly to the fabric in the dye bath, and dye can leave the fibre and re-enter the dye bath. Other dyes, such as reactive dyes, don't level as easily, and greater care is required to achieve level results. In general, level dyeing is promoted by good agitation, careful control of the rate of rise of the temperature of the dye bath, control of pH, and sometimes by use of special leveling agents or retarders. It is often the case that the dyes that level most easily are the least washfast [1].
It is also called restraining agents; a dye bath auxiliary that is typically used to prevent one fiber in a blend from taking up dye intended for the other fiber, or to equalize the uptake When blends are dyed, one fiber may be truly dyed while the other is stained (colored, but with very poor fastness). Reserving agents can be used to significantly reduce the undesired staining. In blends such as wool nylon, reserving agents can act to reduce the dye uptake by the nylon, so that the nylon and wool ultimately are colored similarly [1].
OWB (or O.W.B)
On weight of bath; usually expressed as percentage; omb is on mass of bath - preferred modern usage. The amount of some constituent of a dyebath or other process bath based on the weight of the bath. For example, something specified as 6% owb would require 0.06 pounds of that item per pound of bath. Since the bath is invariably mostly water, which weighs 1 kilogram per litre, calculations in the metric system is much easier.
OWF (or O.W.F.)
On weight of fibre, usually expressed as percentage; omf is on mass of fibre - preferred modern usage often this is synonymous with owg but distinction may be appropriate when considering a particular fibre in a blend.
OWG (or O.W.G.)
On weight of goods; usually specified as percentage; omg is on mass of goods - preferred modern usage. The amount of dye or auxiliary chemicals used is often based on ratio to the weight of the goods to be dyed. For example, if a formula calls for 3% dye owg, and 400 grams of fabric are to be dyed, the required amount of dye would be 3% of 400 grams, or 12 grams. Owf may be more accurate when blended fibres are considered.
This is the most important component of semi or continuous dyeing machines. It is a dyeing method with very low liquor to goods ratio, where typically only enough strong dye solution is used to saturate the fabric. Padding can have the advantage of high dye yield. Padded goods are usually "batched" - wrapped in plastic and left for some period of time for the dye to attach to the fibre, or steamed to fix the dye quickly.
It is a ratio of amount pick or uptake by fabric when it passes through the solution or dye liquor.
W2 = after padding weight of fabric
W1 = before padding weight of fabric
It is the ratio of the weight of the dyebath or other processing bath to the weight of the goods being dyed or processed for immersion dyeing in art dyeing processes, common liquor to goods ratio is 20:1. That is, for each kilogram of fiber to be dyed, 20 kilograms
of dyebath are used. In the metric system, this is easy to calculate, since one liter of water weighs one kilogram. High liquor ratios are generally avoided, since they often cause poor exhaustion of the dye, though this is not true for all dye types. Modern commercial dyeing equipment often works with low liquor ratios. Very low ratios may be used for methods where essentially all of the dye solution is to be absorbed by the fiber, such as padding [1].
A solution of known strength, made up with the intent of dilution or mixing before final use Stock solutions are a convenient way of avoiding the need to weigh chemicals each time you need to use some. For example, you need 2% shade of Red of 5 gram of fabric and you have 1% stock solution of dye. Use this formula and take amount of dye in ml.
Dye (ml) = (Wt. Of fabric * Shade %) / Stock Solution %
The term dye blocking is used when one dyestuff blocks the exhaustion of the other dyestuff on to the fabric when combined in the same bath. It is due to the different r.m.m and affinities of dyes molecules in combination shades.
It is a process of redyeing of dyed fabric in response of faulty dyeing or increse the dpth of shade.
Tailing is refers to a phenomenon in which depth & shade occur on dyed fabric owing to worst distribution of dyes from top to bottom (first meters and last meters). This is a problem of semi & continuous dyeing. Tailing behavior is dependent upon the following factors [7],
- Kind of fibers
- Padding operation & substantivity of dyes
- Particle size of dyes
- Concentration of dyes
- Dispersibility or solubility of dyes
Listing refers to a phenomenon in which variations in depth & shade occur on dyed fabric owing to uneven dye uptake from side to side and side to center. As causes of listing, the following may be given [7]:
- Uneven drying before padding of the fabric from side to centre
- Uneven squeezing
- Inadequate pretreatment
- Uneven padding liquor temperature
- Uneven fabric temperature
- Variation in dye migration due to air speed
- Temperature dependence of dyes of thermosoling
This problem occurs due to improper dissolution of dye powder while preparing the dye solution [8]. Formation of specks during padding is mostly attribute to the particle size of dyes, compatibility with migration inhibitor & penetrating agents, re-dispersibilty of dispersion liquor (Vat/disperse dyes) [7].
A larger factor causing specks in practical dyeing is compatibility of dyes with auxiliaries used together. When poor compatibility, dye aggregation is caused and solubility or dispersibility of dyes markedly lowered, a formation of specks but also the tailing are caused.
This is formation of dark colored area on the dyed fabric, which causes faulty dyeing. The probable reasons are [8],
- Filtration of dye solution is not carried out, especially when mixture of dyes are used, before adding into the machine or padding trough.
- Inadequate pretreatment
- Presence of contaminants in water, salt, alkali etc
- Incompatibility of dyes with auxiliaries
Photochroism is refers to the phenomenon in which dyed substrate changes in color under irradiation of light but returns to original color when the irradiation stops. This is said to be tautomerism occurring to molecules under exposure to light [9]. However, the color is restored after the substrates are left overnight.
This phenomenon appears markedly in viscose rayon and tends to occurs increasingly easily as the concentration of urea formaldehyde resin increases. The reversion of color is depending on the relative humidity and light intensity.
Thermochromism is refers to phenomenon in which dyed substrate changes in color under application of heat but returns to original color when the heat stops or reduced.
As to reactive dyes, this phenomenon varies from dye to dye [9].
Stripping is refers to the removal of dyestuff either partial or complete from the dyed fabric in case of too high dye in depth, unlevel dyed or faulty dyeing.
Complete removal of dyestuff is generally difficult. The stripping of dyes can be done by reducing agents or oxidizing agents, in most cases reducing agents are preferable.
As the name indicate the term washing off is to remove the unfix dyes (in or on the substrate) and other auxiliaries from the dyed substrate. Substances in the second category can often be swollen & removed quite quickly by vigorous washing at low temperature, but removal of dyes from within the fiber will be much slower unless high temperature are used [10]. The removal of soluble materials from the fabric is accomplished by two mechanisms,
- Diffusion
- Liquid interchange
- Hard water
- Electrolyte content of water
- Washing process at a low liquor ratio
- Too Low temperature
Coloring fabric with ground pigments mixed with a binder rather than a true dye. Pigment Dyes although pigments are not dyes in a true sense, they are extensively used for coloring fabrics like cotton, wool and other manmade fibers due to their excellent light fastness. They do not have any affinity to the fibers and are affixed to the fabric with the help of binder. After dyeing, the fabrics are subjected to high temperatures.
Clustering of individual particles of a substance that is dyes r pigment to colloidal properties [6]. Aggreagtion of dyes is the dye-dye self association in solution, called dye aggregation, which is importants term where dye molecules or inos takes part. In general, the term aggregation is used for dye-dye interaction & dye association for interaction of dyes with other compounds e.g polymers. Generally, dye molecules form aggregatiom in aqueous solution at room temperature and to extent which depend on size of molecules, No. of solubilzing groups in the dye molecule. In dye aggregation multiple equilibria need to be considered i.e. diametric, trimetric etc, aggregates are formed.
The reasons of aggregation of dyes are,
- Dyes are consists of, a.Hydrophobic aromatic portion b.Polar groups (OH, amino etc.) for water solubility and charged groups (sulfonic or positive charged groups) for rendering molecule water soluble
- When dye molecules dissolved in water a new interface is created between the hydrophobic portion and water. Dye can reduce the size of the interfacial water by overlapping of the hydrophobic areas and there will be a tendency to aggregate.
- Usually linear and planar dye molecules should tend to stack one molecule upon another with the ionized groups arranged so as to give minimum free energy condition causes aggregation.
- Dyes with long aliphatic chains form micelles of a spherical form in which the flexible chains associate in the interior with the sulfonic acid groups exposed on the surface of sphere.
- Aggregation of dimer is more obvious as aromatic ring system have maximum overlap (van der waals forces) because the distance between the anionic charges is larger (minimum electrostatic repulsion).
A dye that is a mixture of two or more different classes of dye, used typically to dye blends of fibres "Household" dyes, of the sort sold in grocery stores, are usually union dyes containing a direct dye which will work on cellulose fibres, and an acid dye which will work on wool or nylon. Industrially, union dyes may be other combinations, such as reactive and disperse dyes for dyeing cotton-polyester blends (often with two distinctly different sub-processes).
It is a term used for a fabric or garment that is specially made to be dyed; sometimes "preferred for dyeing"; usually abbreviated pfd or p.f.d. PFD fabrics have been desized, scoured, and fully bleached, but have been processed without optical brighteners or softeners which can interfere with dye uptake.
Color is applied to fabric by different methods and at different stages of the textile manufacturing process. The processes are given below,
Dye is added to the solution before it is extruded through the spinnerets for making synthetic filaments. Simply, Coloration of the polymer prior to manufacturing of fibers.
Garment dyeing Dye is applied to finished products such as apparels and garments.
Stock dyeing is used to dye fibers. In this process, the staple fibers are packed into a vessel and then dye liquid is forced through them. Although the dye solution is pumped in large quantities, the dye may not penetrate completely into the fibers and some areas may be left without dyeing. However, the following blending and spinning processes mix up the fibers in such a thorough way that it results in an overall even color. Woolens are usually stock dyed.
Top is the combed wool sliver. It is wound on perforated spools and the dye solution is circulated through it. This method results in very even dyeing.
When dyeing is done after the fiber has been spun into yarn, it is called yarn dyeing. In this method, the dyestuff penetrates the fibers to the core of the yarn. There are many forms of yarn dyeing- Skein (Hank) Dyeing, Package Dyeing, Warp-beam Dyeing, and Space Dyeing.
The yarns are loosely arranged in skeins or coils. These are then hung over a rung and immersed in a dyebath in a large container. In this method, the colour penetration is the best and the yarns retain a softer, loftier feel. It is mostly used for bulky acrylic and wool yarns.
The yarns are wound on spools, cones or similar units and these packages of yarn are stacked on perforated rods in a rack and then immersed in a tank. In the tank, the dye is forced outward from the rods under pressure through the spools and then back to the packages towards the center to penetrate the entire yarn as thoroughly as possible. Mostly, the carded and combed cotton which are used for knitted outerwear is dyed through this method.
It is similar to package dyeing but more economical. Here, the yarn is wound on to a perforated warp beam and then immersed in a tank for dyeing it applying pressure.
In this method, the yarn is dyed at intervals along its length. For these two procedures- knit- deknit method and OPI Space-Dye Applicator- are adopted. In the first method, the yarn is knitted on either a circular or flat-bed knitting machine and the knitted cloth is then dyed and subsequently it is deknitted. Since the dye does not readily penetrate the areas of the yarn where it crosses itself, alternated dyed and undyed spaces appear. The OPI Space-Dye Applicator technique produces multi coloured space- dyed yarns. The yarns are dyed intermittently as they run at very high speeds through spaced dyebaths. They are continuously subjected to shock waves produced by compressed air having supersonic velocities.
The constructed fabrics are piece dyed for the flexibility they provide. The textile manufacturer can dye the whole fabric in batches according to the fashion demands of the time thus avoiding wastage and resultantly loss. There are several methods prevalent or piece dyeing.
In this method, small batches of constructed natural colored fabric are dyed according to the demands for a given color.
It is used for dyeing long yards of fabric. The fabric is passed in rope form through the dyebath. This rope of the fabric moves over a rail onto a reel which immerses it into the dye and then draws the fabric up and forward and brings it to the front of the machine. This process is repeated many times until the desired color intensity is obtained.
The use of ultrasound in the dyeing of textile can be explained as: when ultrasound waves are absorbed in the liquid system the phenomenon of cavitations takes place. Cavitations can liberate entrapped gases from liquid or porous material like textiles, dyebath etc. The influence of ultrasound on dyeing is explained to have thee-ways effects:
- Dispersion
- Degassing
- Diffusion
Microwave dyeing takes into account only the dielectric and the thermal properties. The dielectric property refers to the intrinsic electrical properties that affects the dyeing by polar rotation of the dye & influences the microwave field upon the dipoles.
The aqueous solution of dye has two components which are polar, in the high frequency microwave field oscillating at 2450MHz. It influences the vibrational energy in the water molecules and the dye molecules. The heating mechanism is through ionic conduction, which is a type of resistance heating. Depending on the acceleration of the ions through the dye solution, it results in collision of dye molecules with the molecules of the fiber. The mordant helps and affects the penetration of the dye and also the depth to which the penetration takes place in the fabric. This makes microwave superior to conventional dyeing techniques.
The vat and sulphur dyes are insoluble in water; therefore for their application it is necessary to convert them into water-soluble form using suitable reducing agent and alkali. Different reducing agents use for vat and shulphur dyes are briefly reviewed with emphasis on the emerging technique of electro chemical reduction.
Dyeability of Cotton Substrate
It has been reported that plasma treatment on cotton in presence of air or argon gas increases its water absorbency. This report was concerned with the effect of air and oxygen plasma on the rate and extent of dye uptake of Chloramine Fast Red K on cotton print cloth. The effect of plasma treatment in two different gas atmospheres (air and oxygen) for different treatment times was studied by applying 2% of Chloramine Fast Red K.
The effect of plasma treatment in air and oxygen appears to increase both the rate of dyeing and the direct dye uptake in the absence of electrolyte in the dye bath. Oxygen treatment is more effective than air plasma treatment. This shows that the increase in the rate and extent of dye uptake for the direct dye studied depends more on the oxygen component of the air than on the nitrogen component, which supports an oxidative mechanism of attack on the cotton.
The contributory factors leading to this increase in dye uptake can be:
- The change of the fabric surface area per unit volume due to the surface erosion.
- The etching effect of the plasma effect on the fibred mages the fiber surface and also removes surface fiber impurities (e.g. cotton wax or any remaining warp size, etc.)
- The chemical changes in the cotton fiber surface (leading to carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the fiber.
- The possibility of the formation of free radicals on the cellulosic chains of cotton.
- Thus the action of oxygen and air plasma treatments modifies the surface properties of cotton and leads to an increase in the rate and extent of uptake of direct dye.
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) DYEINGWater is a valuable raw material which is not unlimitedly available. It must be protected by appropriate legal measures. Usage of water as solvent for chemicals is mostly because of its abundant availability and low cost. Problems associated with usage of water are effluent generation and additional step is needed to dry the fabrics after each step. The amount of energy spent to remove the water is also huge adding to the woes of processors, making processing the weakest link among the entire textile chain. The unspent dyestuffs remain in liquor, thus polluting the effluent. It leads to additional pollution of waste water.
To eliminate the disadvantages it is proposed that certain gases can replace water as solvating medium. High pressure and temperature are needed to dissolve the dyes. Of all the gases being possible of converted into super critical fluids, CO2 is the most versatile and prominently used. Because of their high diffusion rates and low viscosities that allow the dye to penetrate into the fiber. Moreover, by reducing the pressure at the end of the process, dye and CO2 can be recycled.
- http://list.emich.edu/~dyers/pdfs/dyeglossary.PDF
- http://sst.umt.edu.pk/newsite/courses/Spring2009/TX-324/1-Terminology.pdf
- Pakistan Textile journal, April 2006
- http://www.revistavirtualpro.com/files/TIE08_200704.pdf
- Synthetic dyes by Dr.Pop Sine, Rajat Publications, New Delhi India
- Textile processing and properties, Volume 11 by Tyrone. Vigo
- Technical literature on sumikaron dyes, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd
- Reactive dyeing, Northern India Textile research Association
- Technical Information on sumifix supra dyes exhaust dyeing, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd.
- Textile printing revised edition, Edited by Leslie W.C Miles, 2004, SDC.
- http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/12/1171/recent-developments-in-textile-dyeing-techniques11.asp
- http://www.clariant.cn/C12575E4001FB2B8/vwLookupDownloads/Chronicle_Sept10.pdf/$FILE/Chronicle_Sept10.pdf
- Textile dyeing and coloration By J. Richard Aspland, page 21-24.
- Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers by E.R Trotman, 6th Edition


text:
Delayed AutoResponder - Email AutoReply Message
This project received 12 bids from talented freelancers with an average bid price of $370 USD.Get free quotes for a project like this
Project BudgetN/A
Total Bids12
Project Description
I need a script built (or desktop solution) that will check a email POP account every 1 hour on the hour from the hours of 8AM-5PM M-F.
If the system detects a new email, then it will send a predesigned autoreply to the senders email address.
The application is that people send resumes into our company, which generally we invite all people to come in for any interview.
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Re: John Hiley pseudo name
In reply to:
Re: John Hiley pseudo name
P.Fazzini 7/11/12
I may have an actual photograph of John Hiley. but thank you for these monuments.. one place I would dearly love to visit.. Montana, I was to do it back in 2004 on my visit home from London to NZ. but couldnt make it.. am now in NZ...


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Cruiser Gay Deceiver
620pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
The Gay Deceiver serving as a Biomedical research program station . ISA scientist are researching a Sepsis infection this infection is found in helghast and Half Breeds including vektans . scientist say the only cure to stop this infection is use antibiotics and oxygen .


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planete necessitava di un nuovo design di logo e ha lanciato un contest su 99designs.
È stato scelto un vincitore tra 160 design presentati da 62 designer.
We are moving and at the same time changing our name because it refered to the city we did business in. The logo has to be simple and clear to be used on stickers we put on the back of every car.
Desired Color Scheme:
Nothing fluorescent or too loud
Desired Style:
clean and simple
Accepted File Formats:
Standard Web Formats (.jpg, .gif or .png); Vector Formats (.eps, .pdf or .ai); Layered Formats (.psd or .tiff)
I want the logo to be made in a light and a dark color. Preferably monochrome at least for the name. There is no typo there is an E and the end of the word planete.


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Product Information
Unique Kong® Biscuit Balls has a hollow center and four bone-shaped ports that hold dog's favorite treats. Insert some tasty morsels, and this durable chew toy will entertain dogs for hours. Made of 100% natural, puncture-resistant rubber. Provides a great way to promote good behavior while satisfying dog's urge to chew. Made in the U.S.A.
Small is ideal for small dogs and puppies up to 20 lbs.
Large is perfect for medium and large dogs.
Important Sizing Note: The following measurements are the dimensions of the actual product, not of the pet they fit. After measuring your pet, make sure all measurements fit within the following dimensions (with a little room to spare in the chest and neck).Small
Bought this for Christmas so don't tell my granddog he loves to do puzzle toys this seems very durable I know he will love it
My dog loves her new toy. I put a couple larger sized biscuits in it and she plays with it, rolls it around, packs it around and it simply entertains her.
I sure appreciate the fact that Kong products are so strudy and she can't chew through it


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Popular property highlights
Located in Sheikh Zayed Road within 2 miles (3 km) of Burj Khalifa, Shangri La Hotel Dubai is within a few miles (5 km) of other popular sights such as Dubai Mall. This 302-room, 5-star hotel has 4 restaurants, an outdoor pool, and an indoor pool. Jumeirah Mosque and Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Centre are also near this Trade Center hotel.
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Shangri La Hotel Dubai features a nightclub, an indoor pool, and an outdoor pool. Free valet and self parking are available, and there's also an airport shuttle. Front-desk staff can answer questions 24/7, and assist with dry cleaning/laundry, concierge services, and luggage storage. Other amenities at this luxury hotel include a health club, a steam room, and an outdoor tennis court.
Property features
- Free WiFi and wired Internet in rooms and public areas
- Free valet and self parking
- Onsite dining
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Shangri La Hotel Dubai
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool and an outdoor pool, Shangri La Hotel Dubai provides an outdoor tennis court and a health club. Dining is available at one of the hotel's 4 restaurants. Guests can unwind with a drink at one of the hotel's bars, which include a poolside bar and a bar/lounge. Public areas are equipped with complimentary wired and wireless Internet access.
Business-related amenities at this 5-star property consist of a business center and meeting rooms. This luxury hotel also offers a nightclub, a steam room, and spa services. Onsite self parking and valet parking are complimentary.
- 24-hour front desk
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- Business center
- Total number of rooms - 302
- Babysitting or childcare
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Concierge services
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Fitness facilities
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Health club
- Airport transportation
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Laundry facilities
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Meeting rooms 5
- Nightclub
- Free valet parking
- Poolside bar
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free area shuttle
- Number of restaurants - 4
- Outdoor tennis court
- Free self parking
- Parking onsite
- Internet access
- Spa services on site
- Steam room
- Indoor pool
- Outdoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Outdoor pool
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Outdoor tennis court
- Area shuttle (complimentary)
- Laundry facilities
- Babysitting or childcare (surcharge)
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking, Free valet parking
Room Amenities
Shangri La Hotel Dubai offers 302 air-conditioned accommodations with minibars and safes. Beds feature premium bedding. LED televisions come with premium satellite channels. Bathrooms include separate bathtubs and showers, bathrobes, slippers, and complimentary toiletries.
This Trade Center hotel provides complimentary wired and wireless Internet access. Business-friendly amenities include desks and complimentary newspapers. Additionally, rooms include complimentary bottled water and hair dryers. Hypo-allergenic bedding and irons/ironing boards can be requested. A nightly turndown service is provided and housekeeping is offered daily.
- Premium TV channels
- Premium bedding
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Air conditioning
- Free newspaper
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Free bottled water
- Minibar
- Daily housekeeping
- Turndown service
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Slippers
- Separate bathtub and shower
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Satellite TV service
- In-room safe
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Room service (24 hours)
- Free cribs/infant beds
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning between 6:30 AM and 10:30 AM.
Dunes Cafe - This buffet restaurant specializes in international cuisine and serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Open daily.
24-hour room service is available.
HOI AN - This restaurant specializes in Vietnamese cuisine and serves dinner only. Open daily.
Shang Palace - This restaurant specializes in Chinese cuisine and serves dinner only. Open daily.
Nearby Things to Do
An outdoor tennis court and a health club are featured at the hotel. An indoor pool and an outdoor pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include a steam room and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Personal motorized watercraft on site
- Fitness classes on site
- Pilates classes on site
- Yoga classes/instruction on site
Spa Services
- Deep tissue massage
- Swedish massage
- Thai massage
- Reflexology
- Couples treatment rooms
- Body wraps
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
Hotel Policies
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
- Pets not allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
24-hour check-in
- Tourism fee: AED 20 per accommodation, per night
Optional extras
Hotel Name
- Dubai Hotel Shangri-la
- Dubai Shangri-la
- Dubai Shangri-la Hotel
- Hotel Dubai Shangri-la
- Hotel Shangri-la Dubai
- Shangri-la Dubai
- Shangri-la Dubai Hotel
- Shangri-la Hotel Dubai
- Shangri La Hotel Dubai
- Shangri La Dubai
- Shangri Hotel Dubai
- Shangri Dubai
We should mention
This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.


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Broadway's Nick Blaemire Releases "Complete" Video
The transition from Broadway to pop stardom isn't what it once was. A few go the way of Heather Headley to the top of the charts; most go the way of Ethel Merman's disco album to the cult "classic" bin.
But you have to love the chances of actor/composer Nick Blaemire (Glory Days, Godspell). His band Nick Blaemire and the Hustle have a neo-soul groove that works the Adam Levine angle with a healthy dollop of white boy inflected Dap Kings. Their new video for "Complete" just hit and it's a pretty hooky blast of fun, putting the spotlight on Blaemire's adorkableness…or as they put it, his #nerdsoul.
Watch it for yourself and then tell me you didn't start dancing around the room a little…


text:
WHITE DESERT Our card sleeve is a minimalist's best friend. Room for all of your daily essentials and still fits inside of a slim pocket. Our favorite unisex option. Four card slots with center pocket for folded currency. White desert leather, unlined, with painted edge detail. Handmade.
3.75"w x 2.75" h


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Having problems with your Hoover Vacuums ?
Fuse keeps tripping
\015 Keeps triping when swiched on\015
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Check the power cable for splits or brakes
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Fuse keeps tripping
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text:
Eddie Bauer Embroidered Apparel, Eddie Bauer Promotional Giveaways
Did you know that Eddie Bauer was first created in 1920? Since then, the brand has only grown. In the 1980s, its focus shifted from weekend wear to everyday wear. Eddie Bauer also partnered with Ford in the 1980s to produce Eddie Bauer branded Ford vehicles, including the Bronco. With such a rich history, it's no wonder that people love Eddie Bauer embroidered apparel. The Eddie Bauer brand has come to communicate quality and comfort. Whether you're searching for embroidered jackets or customized fleeces, you'll find it in Motivators' selection of Eddie Bauer promotional giveaways. So what are you waiting for? Start shopping today to make the most of this promotional opportunity.
|Copyright © 1996 - 2017 Motivators Inc. Promotional Products All Rights Reserved.


text:
If you are signed up for an Online or Hybrid Course (the section number would have an E or an HE in front of it, for example HI 101 E01 or HI 101 HE1), you must ensure that you are logged into Blackboard (the online course management system) to be able to do your work for the course. To log in to Blackboard, visit https://www.mvsu.edu/online-students.
If you are not successful call 662-254-3114 or 662-254-3624 to gain enrollment into Blackboard and to obtain your Blackboard username and password. You can also contact the MVSU Blackboard administrator and Coordinator for Instructional Technology/Distance Education in person at the OPL Education Building, Office 118 or 124.
Don't delay gaining access to your course.
Important Documents:
Summer I 2017 Online Course List
Summer II 2017 Online Course List
Online Course Policies & Procedures
Student Documents:
How To Use Blackboard Tutorial
Campus-Wide Blackboard Training Dates
Faculty Documents
May 2017 Faculty Blackboard Training Calendar
Mississippi Valley State University offers distance education/online projects and coursework to out-of-state understudies under the power of a concurrence with the Mississippi Commission on College Accreditation (MCCA). Mississippi, through its participation in the regional compact (Southern Regional Education Board – SREB) has joined the National Council for State Authorization Reciprocity Agreements (SARA). SARA gives a correspondence understanding that permits every part express the privilege to give online training to occupants of other part states without extra approval required. All states are not as of now individuals from SARA; MVSU applies independently to the state association for endorsement to convey web based programming to inhabitants of those non-part states.
The Office of Online and Extended Education at Mississippi Valley State University provides credit and non-credit activities, (on and off-campus) for traditional and non-traditional (21 years old and older) students. Non-traditional students are individuals who enroll in higher education for the first time or are returning after a period of separation. Distance Education and Weekend College activities allow participants to work toward an undergraduate or Master's Degree:
- upgrade professional and paraprofessional skills
- document qualifications for certification
- give evidence of personal and vocational growth needed to change careers
- increase chances for employment
- advance in a present job
- learn a new skill to keep abreast of advancing knowledge and technology
- improve the quality of personal life through intellectual stimulation and good health maintenance.
Vocational and technical courses and workshops are offered for which Continuing Education Units (CEUs) may be awarded. A CEU represents 10 contact hours of participation in an organized non-credit activity under responsible leadership, capable direction and qualified instruction.
Weekend College at Mississippi Valley State University
Mississippi Valley State University is a regional institution responding to the needs of the mid-Delta region of Mississippi for accessible, relevant and quality undergraduate and programs as graduate as well as public service programs and non-credit activities.
The contemporary world is changing rapidly and continuously, both technologically and environmentally, making it imperative to train and re-train the labor force, allowing it to adapt to new demands. Consistent with the University's mission of providing education opportunities to the mid-Delta region, the University has established a Weekend College degree program designed specifically for people whose responsibilities such as work, family or other life circumstances make full-time study difficult. This program is also for those people who wish to upgrade their job skills. The program is a compact, intensive and accelerated pace program that enable students to complete a degree under circumstances which would otherwise be impossible. The length of each session is five weeks, meeting Friday evenings for 3 hours and Saturdays for 7 hours. Students receive up to nine credit hours taking only Friday and Saturday courses. Those wishing to take a full 12 hours of instruction are advised to register for 3 credit hours through Evening or E-Course. Since it is an intensive study program, it is imperative that students have a strong commitment to their own professional development.
Program Options
The Weekend College offers programs in a variety of formats to meet the needs of the non-traditional student. They include:
- A completed application for admission
- An official American College Test (ACT) score or Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) score
- A transcript of secondary school record; if a student wishes to transfer from another college, a transcript from each college or university attended
- *adult students who are at least 21 years old may be admitted without an ACT score
- MVSU will allow students to earn up to 30 semester hours of credit by examination from the Advanced Placement Test or the College Level Examination Program (CLEP)
- A student with military service may submit the appropriate military documents and receive up to 24 semester hours of credit for military training and experience.
Undergraduate Admission Process
Admission to programs offered in the Weekend College must follow the University Admissions Policy for graduate and University programs. MVSU Students can register for the Weekend College Term in-person or online using established University procedures. For students who have not been previously admitted as an undergraduate to the University, the Office of Admissions needs the following documents in order to accept students at MVSU:
- A completed application for admission
- An official American College Test (ACT) score or Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) score
- A transcript of secondary school record; if a student wishes to transfer from another college, a transcript from each college or university attended adult students who are at least 21 years old may be admitted without an ACT score
- MVSU will allow students to earn up to 30 semester hours of credit by examination from the Advanced Placement Test or the College Level Examination Program (CLEP)
- A student with military service may submit the appropriate military documents and receive up to 24 semester hours of credit for military training and experience.
Graduate Admission Process
- Individuals wishing to gain admission to a graduate program must make application to the Office of Graduate Studies.
Tuition and Financial Aid
MVSU has a program of financial assistance tailored to fit each individual's need. Financial aid programs include the Pell Grant, the Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant, the University Work Aid Program, the Mississippi Eminent Scholars Grant. The cost for three (3) hours of undergraduate credit is $739.50, and three (3) hours of graduate credit is $1,110.00. Students utilizing grant funds to pay for Winter Term courses are subject to grant limitation as establish in federal and state standards.
Distance Education
Distance Education at Mississippi Valley State University is the delivery of courses away from the main campus. The University operates an off-campus Center where classes are taught in a traditional teaching mode with an instructor being present in each class. The Greenville Higher Education Center is located 40 miles west of the main campus .The University also offers courses in Clarksdale and Marks.
MVSU is committed to offering classes throughout the Delta Community in a manner that meets the needs of its citizens. Courses at these sites are taught by MVSU faculty who possess the same standards and pre-requisites expected of campus based faculty. Hence, these classes follow the same policies and procedures as all classes taught at the main campus.
The Office of Online and Extended Education provides administrative coordination and over-site for two other distance learning programs. They are: Interactive Video, and Online Courses.
Interactive Video Courses: Using compressed video classrooms located on the MVSU main campus, the two Centers and compressed video classrooms located throughout the state and nation, the University is able to expand its credit offerings. Offering courses in this manner allow Distance Education students at various locations to join together when requesting classes. Students can register for and take classes at their home sites which will save time, money and travel.
Online Courses: These are Internet user-friendly courses that allow students to interact with instructor and classmates. Online credit courses are equivalent to their on-campus counterparts and are approved by the appropriate MVSU academic departments.
Credit for Military Service: Mississippi Valley State University, through the Office of Online and Extended Education(OOEE), offers college course credit for military experience and training provided by the armed forces and service schools. The administrative policies and procedures are structured in accordance with governing regulations of the Board of Trustees of State Institutions of Higher Learning and the University. The most current Guide to The Evaluation of Educational Experiences in the Armed Services, published by the American Council on Education, is used to convert military training experiences into college course credit.
The goal of this initiative is to assist active military personnel and veterans in their matriculation at Mississippi Valley State University. The objective is to evaluate the military training and experiences of these individuals and recommend their conversion to academic credit. Credit recommendation must be approved by the service member's department chair and Vice President of Academic Affairs.
For more information concerning Distance Education Programs, please contact: Dr. Kenneth Done, Assistant Vice-President for Online and Distance Education 662-254-3625, Mr. Alvin L. Ward II, Coordinator for Instructional Technology/Distance Education 662-254-3624, Mr. Mack Pendleton, Blackboard Administrator 662-254-3114 and Mrs. Debora Jackson Office Manager 662-254-3913.


text:
|<< Previous book
Black Ice(2015)
(The second book in the Frank Harper Mysteries series)
A novel by Greg Enslen
It seemed like a simple job. Ex-cop Frank Harper is back in Cooper's Mill to spend time with his daughter and grandson, but a bone-chilling winter has settled over the small Ohio town. When a local woman asks him to make a simple delivery, it seems easy enough - until Frank uncovers a possible murder. Now he's searching for a local couple gone missing. But do the snow and ice conceal a deadly crime, one that may cost Frank everything he holds dear?
Similar Books by other authors...
You're Next
Gregg Hurwitz
Little Sister
(Pieter Vos, book 3)
David Hewson
The Jungle
(John Milton, book 9)
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(Myron Bolitar, book 11)
Harlan Coben
Used availability for Greg Enslen's Black Ice
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
November 2015 : USA Paperback
|Title: Black Ice
Author(s): Greg Enslen
ISBN: 1-938768-61-2 / 978-1-938768-61-3 (USA edition)
Publisher: Gypsy Publications
Availability: Amazon UK Amazon CA
Audio Editions
September 2016 : USA Audio edition
|Title: Black Ice
Author(s): Greg Enslen
Publisher: Audible Studios
Availability: Amazon
September 2016 : UK Audio edition
|Title: Black Ice
Author(s): Greg Enslen
Publisher: Audible Studios
Availability: Amazon UK
Kindle Editions
December 2015 : USA, Canada, UK Kindle edition
|Title: Black Ice (Frank Harper Mysteries Book 2)
Author(s): Greg Enslen
Publisher: Gypsy Publications
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


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|Price incl. VAT
|Price excl. VAT
|Return products within two months £1.25 Possibility to return products within two months
Are you a lover of fluffy cappuccino or macchiato? A tired because you still go to the cafe, but would you like a drink prepared at home?
Are you a lover of fluffy cappuccino or macchiato? A tired because you still go to the cafe, but would you like a drink prepared at home? There is nothing easier than using the milk frother Sencor ready in moments rich hot or cold milk froth or hot milk.
What can be produced produce?
The device can prepare for 2 minutes 100 ml of hot milk foam, or for 1.5 minutes 100 ml of cold milk foam, or for 3 minutes 200 ml of hot milk. All very easy, the quantity of milk easily metered due inner maximum level indication.
Due to the light indicating the product is suitable for hearing-impaired customers.
Safety features
The device is equipped with several elements to ensure safe use. For example it is nonstick coating to prevent scorching the milk, resulting thermostatically controlled temperature, overheat protection, or also thermally insulated outer shell.
Product dimensions:
20.5 × 17 × 13 cm
Cord Length:
50 cm
Sencor was founded in 1969 in Japan. The name "Sencor" means "a thousand hearts" in Japanese. The company currently distributes its products in more than 25 countries, with extremely diverse offerings in consumer electronics, tablets and phones, office equipment, electronics, cars, and products for the home and kitchen. Sencor is known for dependable quality and attractive design at a reasonable price.
Specifications can be changed without notice. Images are for illustrative purposes only. Retail Price (MSRP) means the manufacturer's/supplier's suggested retail price.
Link to Manufacturer's Website: Enter link to the external review


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The exploration and production of oil and gas are oftentimes the most heavily debated and controversial aspect of the energy industry. From new technologies in fracking to subsea drilling; it's a complex and highly technical part of the supply chain. We get it and that's why we've made it a top priority to help E&P clients find the safest, environmentally conscience ways to extract valuable resources responsibly.
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text: Plot: When Jack (Owen Wilson) finds an opportunity to move to Southeast Asia to head his water manufacturing company's new plant there, he immediately jumps at the opportunity and moves his family there. When they get there; they seem to be having problems, the electronics don't work and rarely any cars are seen in the streets. When he goes to the market the next morning, he finds himself caught in the middle of a violent rebellion headed by armed rebels executing foreigners. Jack must get back to the hotel and with the help of a mysterious British "tourist" (Pierce Brosnan), must get his family to the American Embassy in the midst of the chaos. But is there any escape? Genre: Action, Thriller IMDB Rating: 6,9/10 from 8.724 users Metascore: 38/100 Directed by: John Erick Dowdle Starring: Lake Bell, Pierce Brosnan, Owen Wilson Release Name: No.Escape.2015.BRRip.XviD.AC3-EVO Size: 1.38 GB Video: AVI | 720 x 384 | 1500 Kbps Audio: English | AC3 | 448 Kbps Runtime: 103 mins Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1781922/ Code: Download from NITROFLARE http://nitroflare.com/view/AED290EDC03CA4B/No.Escape.2015.BRRip.XviD.AC3-EVO.avi Code: Download from REDBUNKER http://www.redbunker.net/lsucjcgumx94/No.Escape.2015.BRRip.XviD.AC3-EVO.avi.html Screens:


text:
So how serious is Manny Villar about fighting corruption? Not so much.
As I See It
Villar won't file raps against Arroyo
By Neal Cruz
Philippine Daily Inquirer
First Posted 01:02:00 10/02/2009
If and when Sen. Manny Villar becomes president, he will not, he said, file charges against President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. But he would not prevent others from doing so. He would allow the wheels of justice to punish those who need punishing. But he will not interfere to save anybody.
Asked what would be his priorities in case he becomes president, Villar answered that it would be the economy and jobs. An improved economy and more jobs are important to raise the standard of living in any country, he said. With a higher standard of living, graft and corruption would lessen. People would not steal anymore because they are living well already.
Obviously, it's not a priority. Just lip service.
And how silly it is to see a Marcos in an anti-corruption ad. And Satur Ocampo and Marcos in the same ad, LMAO.
MORE: Villar blind to Arroyo's corruption


text:
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