text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 25, 1992
|Filing date
|Dec 5, 1989
|Priority date
|Dec 23, 1988
|Fee status
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|Publication number
|Gayle Crozier-Willi, Mathilde Fleith, Michael Buchanan
|Original Assignee
|Nestec S.A.
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (29), Classifications (20), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to the use of a blackcurrant lipid in a dietetic or pharmaceutical composition to prevent the adhesion phenomena responsible for certain thrombo-embolic, inflammatory and cancerous diseases.
It is known that polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω3 and ω6 series have very important structural and functional roles. Polyunsaturated fatty acids can be defined by the number of carbon atoms, the number of double bonds and the number indicating the position of the first double bond counting from the methyl group which determines their metabolic family designated ω. Thus, in this nomenclature, dihomogammalinolenic acid (DHLA) is C20:3ω6, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is C20:5ω3 and arachidonic acid (AA) is C20:4ω6. The fatty acids linoleic acid (LA, C18:2ω6) and alphalinolenic acid (ALA, C18:3ω3) are the essential precursors of the other acids of the two families which are not synthesized by mammalians. No metabolism allows passage from one family to the other. The conversion of LA or ALA into the respective upper members of the two families is obtained by successive desaturation and elongation with relatively low yields.
The prostaglandins form a family of substances which show numerous biological effects. DHLA, AA and EPA are transformed under the effect of cyclo-oxygenase into prostaglandins of the 1(PG1), 2(PG2) and 3(PG3) series, respectively. The PGS of series 1, 2 and 3 respectively comprise 1, 2 and 3 double bonds in their basic structure of C20 fatty acids including a cyclopentene group. Among other properties, the PG1S (emanating from DHLA) are capable of inhibiting the aggregation of blood platelets. By contrast, the eicosanoides of series 2 (emanating from AA), for example PG2, thromboxanes, for example PxA2, promote platelet aggregation. The eicosanoides of series 3 (emanating from EPA) have a similar role to the eicosanoides of series 1.
It is assumed that the effectiveness of EPA and DHLA in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases of the thrombo-embolic type is based on the favourable effects of the PG3S and PG1S compared with the effects of the PG2S.
In addition, the enzyme system lipoxygenase leads to hydroxylated fatty acids and to leucotrienes from the precursors AA and EPA. Recent studies suggest, in particular, that the compounds 13-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (13-HODE), produced by the endothelial cells of the blood vessels, and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), produced by the platelets via the lipoxygenase, play an important part in the mediation of inter-cell adhesion and hence, in the pathogenesis of thromboses, inflammatory diseases and the dissemination of cancerous metastases. In simple terms, adhesion would be influenced by the regulators 12-HETE and 13-HODE positively by AA, the precursor of 12-HETE, and negatively by LA, leading to 13-HODE. In addition, DHLA is not susceptible to the lipoxygenase.
It has been proposed, for example in published French patent application no. 2 553 662, to add to a pharmaceutical composition or to a food product a mixture of a first fatty acid selected from EPA or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the one hand and a second fatty acid selected from DHLA, cis-linoleic acid, gammalinolenic acid (GLA) on the other hand with the object of preventing cardiovascular diseases. In this patent application, the fatty acids in question must have been separately isolated from natural fats by iodination followed by saponification, solvent extraction of the fatty acids, methylation thereof, separation of the methylesters by chromatography and, finally, deiodination. EPA, for example, is obtained in this way from cod liver oil. The production of such a composition is particularly complicated.
In addition, EPA is particularly unstable. Finally, there are some people who cannot bear any recollection of bad tastes coming from fish oil, even in deodorized or encapsulated form.
It has now been found that, by using a lipid of the blackcurrant, it is possible to provide EPA conjointly with DHLA while depressing the bioavailability of AA without any of the disadvantages associated with ingestion of fish oil, for example an increase in bleeding time which can cause haemorrhages. Very interesting effects are obtained in this way in regard to prevention of the adhesion and aggregation of platelets, thromboses and the dissemination of cancerous metastases.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of a blackcurrant lipid for the preparation of a dietetic or pharmaceutical composition capable of promoting the bioavailability of dihomogammalinolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid over the bioavailability of arachidonic acid.
The uses of the lipids of blackcurrant disclosed herein include using the ipis for prevention of diseases of inflammatory origin, for prevention of adhesion of platelets, for prevention of platelet aggregation, for prevention of thrombosis, for prevention of proliferation and dissemination of cancerous metastases and for inhibiting adhesion of immune cells.
In the context of the invention, blackcurrant lipid is understood to be
blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) seed oil obtained by extraction from blackcurrant residues and refining, for example as indicated in European patent 92 085 or European patent 137 862,
a mixture of fatty acids emanating from the hydrolysis or fractionation of blackcurrant seed oil obtained for example in accordance with European patent 178 442 or European patent application 271 747,
a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the above-mentioned fatty acids,
an oil obtained by reesterification of such a mixture of fatty acids with glycerol,
a mixture of the above-mentioned lipids.
The blackcurrant lipid may advantageously be protected against oxidation by a fat-soluble antioxidant, for example ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherols, ascorbic acid in the presence of lecithin or a mixture of such antioxidants.
The dietetic compositions may be made up in the form of emulsions, for example sauces, mayonnaises or margarines.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be made up in various forms adapted to the method of administration, for example oral, enteral, rectal or parenteral. For example, they may be made up in the form of capsules, gelatin-coated pills, suppositories or syrups. In the case of enteral or parenteral administration, the compositions are formulated as apyrogenic and sterile, physically and chemically stable solutions or emulsions.
The dose administered depends on the type and seriousness of the disease to be treated. Effective quantities may be from 1 to 25 g blackcurrant lipid and preferably from 2 to 5 g blackcurrant oil per day in a single dose or preferably in 2 to 3 separate doses.
The invention is illustrated by the following Examples in which parts and percentages are by weight, unless otherwise stated.
Many pharmacological studies on the ability to modulate the fatty acids of the tissues by diet have used primarily rats as the experimental model. It is known that, in rats or mice, the ingestion of GLA leads to an increase in the incorporation of GLA in triglycerides or of DHLA in the total lipids, but not the phospholipids. By contrast, in human beings, rabbits and guinea pigs, the ingestion of GLA leads to the incorporation of DHLA in the triglycerides and the phospholipids of the blood, in the membrane of the red corpuscles and in all the lipids. For this reason, guinea pigs have been preferred to rats because, being much closer to man in regard to desaturase activity, they reflect better the situation prevailing in human beings. Also, the liver was chosen as the tissue because it represents the major site of fatty acid conversions.
3 Groups of 7 male guinea pigs each weighing approximately 300 g are formed and are placed in cages of MACROLON. The groups are fed on semi-synthetic diets respectively containing blackcurrant seed oil (HPC), I, walnut oil (WO), II, or lard (L), III, "ad libitum" for 40 days. The WO is selected for comparison with the HPC because it does not contain the acids GLA and stearidonic acid (SA), but more LA, so that the total quantities of ω6 and ω3 and their ratios are comparable in the two oils.
All the animals have free access to water containing 250 mg/1 ascorbic acid. After one night without food, the animals are anaesthetized, their livers are removed and rapidly frozen, finely ground and then stored at -80� C. lipids ingested are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________Composition of the base diet:Ingredient %______________________________________Casein 30Starch 20Sucrose 10Glucose 3.8Cellulose 15Mineral salts 6Vitamins 2.2Potassium acetate 2.5Magnesium oxide 0.5Lipid 10______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Fatty acid composition of the lipids of the diets(in mol-%)Fatty acids HPC WO L______________________________________C14:0 -- -- 2.7C16:0 7.4 8.6 32.4C16:1 -- -- 3.4C17:0 -- -- 0.5C17:1 -- -- 0.3C18:0 0.8 1.9 14.2C18:1ω9 10.4 20.8 36.7C18:2ω6 48.1 57.7 8.4C18:3ω6 17.1 -- --C18:3ω3 12.7 11.0 0.7C18:4ω3 2.6 -- --C20:1ω9 0.6 -- 0.7C20:2ω6 0.3 -- --Total ω6's 65.5 57.7 8.4Total ω3's 15.3 11.0 0.7ω6:ω3 ratio 4.3 5.2 12.0Unsaturation index1 207.6 169.2 59.8______________________________________ Legend 1 The unsaturation index is the sum of the products a � b wher a is the molar percentage of each unsaturated fatty acid and b is the number of double bonds of that particular fatty acid.
The samples are prepared by homogenizing 1 g frozen hepatic tissue in 20 ml of a solvent mixture of chloroform and methanol (ratio 2:1 by volume) and the total lipids (TLS) are extracted after separation of the precipitated solids by filtration, followed by elimination of the solvents.
The TLS are separated into neutral lipids (NLS) and polar lipids (PLS) by passage through a column of silica gel. The non-acidic and acidic fractions are separated from the PLS in ion exchange columns filled with diethylaminoethyl sepharose gel. The fraction of acidic polar lipids is then freed from salts by passage through a column of silica gel.
The NLS are separated into their various components by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) using glass plates coated with silicic acid. The plates are developed with a solvent mixture of petroleum ether, diethyl ether and acetic acid in a ratio by volume of 85:15:0.5, dried in air, sprayed with a 0.005% solution of primuline in acetone (weight/volume) and the bands corresponding to the various lipids are visualized with UV rays. The esters of cholesterol (CES) triglycerides (TGS) and free fatty acids (FFAS) were identified by comparison with standard products and collected in glass tubes closed with Teflon-coated stoppers.
The PLS are separated into their various components by HPTLC on silica gel plates impregnated with a 2% (weight/volume) solution of boric acid in absolute methanol. The plates are developed with a solvent mixture of chloroform, methanol, triethylamine and water in a ratio by volume of 30:25:34:8. The acidic phospholipids phosphatidyl serine (PS), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), cardiolipine (CL), and the non-acidic phospholipids phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl choline (PC) were visualized in the same way as the neutral lipids, identified by comparison with the standard products and collected as described above.
The composition of the TGS, CES, FFAS and PLS is determined by gas-phase chromatography of their methylesters. The methylesters are prepared by methylation in known manner and are then extracted with hexane. The peaks of the compounds in the chromatograms obtained are identified by comparison with the chromatograms of standard products.
The results of analysis of the lipids are shown in Table 3 below:
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ TGS CES FFAS CL PI PS PC PE__________________________________________________________________________Composition of the fatty acids in the lipid classesof the liver of guinea pigs fed on diet I (mol-%) C18:2ω6 47.1 33.0 25.7 68.9 21.1 25.3 31.6 19.9 C18:3ω6 (GLA) 8.1 9.1 3.6 1.5 3.2 4.0 4.5 2.7ω6 C20:3ω6 (DHLA) 2.3 7.0 1.4 2.1 7.5 3.6 2.7 2.3 C20:4ω6 (AA) 1.2 3.6 1.8 3.0 11.3 5.6 7.0 18.2 C18:3ω3 9.2 5.2 4.8 5.5 1.5 1.4 2.2 1.9 C18:4ω3 0.6 0.3 0.4 -- 0.1 -- 0.1 --ω3 C20:5ω3 (EPA) -- 0.2 -- -- -- -- 0.1 0.2 C22:5ω3 0.1 0.1 0.2 -- 0.3 1.1 0.3 1.2 C22:6ω3 0.2 -- 0.7 0.2 0.3 2.2 0.7 3.5 Ratio 1.9 1.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.1 C20:3ω6 (DHLA) C20:4ω6 (AA) Unsaturation 178 172 116 190 137 132 136 172 index__________________________________________________________________________Composition of the fatty acids in the lipid classesof the liver of guinea pigs fed on diet II (mol-%) C18:2ω6 53.8 47.2 23.7 69.4 25.1 34.0 41.3 27.0 C18:3ω6 (GLA) 0.6 0.4 0.7 -- -- 0.1 -- 0.4ω6 C20:3ω6 (DHLA) 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.2 1.9 0.5 0.2 0.4 C20:4ω6 (AA) 0.8 2.3 2.0 2.5 14.8 4.7 4.6 14.4 C18:3ω3 9.1 6.5 4.5 4.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 1.8 C18:4ω3 -- -- 0.1 -- -- -- -- --ω3 C20:5ω3 (EPA) -- -- -- -- 0.1 -- -- 0.1 C22:5ω3 0.3 -- 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.2 C22:6ω3 0.2 -- 0.9 0.6 0.4 1.8 0.9 4.5 Ratio 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 C20:3ω6 (DHLA) C20:4ω6 (AA) Unsaturation 162 150 96 179 133 121 126 167 index__________________________________________________________________________Composition of the fatty acids in the lipid classesof the liver of guinea pigs fed on diet III (mol-%) C18:2ω6 22.4 25.5 17.7 60.4 13.7 21.1 27.5 16.0 C18:3ω6 (GLA) 0.2 0.1 0.6 -- 0.1 0.1 -- --ω6 C20:3ω6 (DHLA) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.8 0.8 0.4 0.3 C20:4ω6 (AA) 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.5 12.7 6.7 5.2 17.5 C18:3ω3 1.5 0.8 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.3 C18:4ω3 0.1 -- 0.2 -- -- -- -- --ω3 C20:5ω3 (EPA) 0.1 -- 0.2 -- 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.7 C22:5ω3 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.5 0.7 2.1 C22:6ω3 0.7 0.3 1.6 1.9 1.1 4.1 2.5 10.7 Ratio 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 <0.1 C20:3ω6 (DHLA) C20:4ω6 (AA) Unsaturation 104 104 91 170 124 129 119 196 index__________________________________________________________________________
The above results show that the incorporation of GLA and DHLA is considerably greater in the case of the group fed on diet I containing HPC.
There is no significant difference between the three groups in regard to the incorporation of AA. The result of these two observations is that the DHLA:AA ratio is considerably higher in the case of the ingestion of HPC.
The incorporation of EPA is considerably greater in the case of the ingestion of HPC than in the case of the ingestion of WO in regard to the TGS, CES, PCS and PES. The same observation is true for the ingestion of L in regard to the TGS and CES.
The unsaturation index shows that guinea pigs are capable of largely compensating the difference in unsaturation of the fatty acids of the diets.
In short, the above results show that the ingestion of HPC results in the substantial incorporation of DHLA and in higher DHLA/AA ratios in all the classes of hepatic lipids. In addition, the incorporation of EPA is greater for the regime based on HPC than for the regime based on WO. It follows from this that the potential of the PG1S and PG3S by comparison with the PG2S is clearly demonstrated in regard to HPC.
A metabolic study is conducted on a 32-year-old man in good health to whom capsules of HPC concentrate enriched with GLA (78%) and SA (16%) are administered for 6 weeks in accordance with the following schedule:
______________________________________Days 1-20: 3 capsules/day, corresponding to approxi- mately 1 g GLA and 250 mg SA/dayDays 21-26: 10 capsules/day corresponding to approxi- mately 3 g GLA and 0.8 g SA/dayDays 27-37: administration interrupted because of influenzaDays 38-42: 10 capsules/day, corresponding to approx. 3 g GLA and 0.8 g SA/day______________________________________
Analysis of the fatty acids of the various classes of blood serum lipids is carried out by gas chromatography of the methylesters in comparison with the control consisting of the mean of a group receiving a placebo.
The results are shown in Table 4 below.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________Fatty acid composition of the various classes of serum lipids in mol-% ofthe HPCconcentrate and the control PLS FFAS TGS CES HPC HPC HPC HPCFatty acids Concentrate Control Concentrate Control Concentrate Control Concentrate Control__________________________________________________________________________C20:3ω6 (DHLA) 8.35 3.83 0.93 0.48 1.60 0.38 1.97 0.88C20:4ω6 (AA) 16.30 14.92 1.61 1.29 3.12 1.49 11.75 9.68C20:3ω6 0.51 0.26 0.58 0.02 0.51 0.25 0.17 0.09C20:4ω6C20:5ω3 (EPA) 0.94 0.68 -- -- 0.58 0.27 0.91 0.65C22:5ω3 1.52 1.28 0.87 0.19 0.90 0.50 0.18 --C22:6ω3 2.52 2.76 0.57 0.15 0.36 0.19 0.45 0.43__________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation of the above results shows that the GLA ingested is incorporated in all the classes of serum lipids and is rapidly metabolized into DHLA and, to a lesser extent, into AA. An increase is observed in the long-chain ω3 fatty acids, particularly EPA, in relation to the control, which seems to suggest that SA is also incorporated.
It may be concluded that the synthesis potential of the PG1S and PG3S is high by comparison with the PG2S when the regime is supplemented with HPC.
Study of the incorporation of fatty acids in the arterial walls.
In this Example, guinea pigs are fed on diets containing various lipids over a period of 6 weeks, after which the fatty acid composition of the aortas of the animals is determined. The composition of the principal fatty acids of the lipids of the diets is shown in Table 5 and that of the fatty acids of the aortas in Table 6 below.
TABLE 5______________________________________Composition of the principal fatty acids (in mol-%) in thediets containing the lipids HPC WO L FO______________________________________C14:0 0.1 0.1 1.8 3.0C16:0 7.0 7.8 26.4 24.9C16:1 0.1 0.1 2.1 3.3C18:0 1.4 2.1 15.4 12.8C18:1ω9 11.3 17.3 37.3 34.8C18:2ω6 46.0 58.5 15.4 11.9C18:3ω6 16.8 -- -- 0.1C18:3ω3 14.3 13.9 1.1 2.0C18:4ω3 3.0 -- 0.2 0.4C20:5ω3 -- -- 0.1 1.7C22:6ω3 -- -- 0.2 3.2Total ω6's 63.0 58.5 12.6 12.7Total ω3's 17.3 13.8 1.8 7.3ω6:ω3 ratio 3.6 4.2 8.7 1.8______________________________________ Legend: FO = oil containing 20% fish oil, 70% lard and 10% walnut oil L = lipid containing 90% lard and 10% grapeseed oil
TABLE 6______________________________________Composition of the principal fatty acids (in mol-%) of theaortas of guinea pigs fed on the diets containing thelipids HPC WO L FO______________________________________C18:1ω9 20.46 27.60 43.19 41.76C18:2ω6 30.58 32.95 6.51 5.97C18:3ω6 4.47 0.33 0.12 0.03C18:3ω3 6.07 4.10 0.71 0.64C20:3ω6 (DHLA) 1.43 0.13 0.10 0.05C20:4ω6 0.97 0.62 0.91 0.91C20:5ω3 -- -- -- 0.01______________________________________
A substantial increase is observed in the level of DHLA where HPC is ingested. This means that the formation potential of the PG1S is increased in the blood vessels.
Study of the influence of diet on the biological functions of the blood platelets.
The capacity of the blood platelets of guinea pigs marked with [3 H]-adenine to adhere to a thrombogenic surface in the form of discs coated with fibronectin is measured after 4 weeks on the diets of Example 3, Table 5. The number of platelets which have adhered to the discs is counted. The results are shown in Table 7 below.
TABLE 7______________________________________ Diet containing the lipids HPC WO L FO______________________________________Number of platelets 1.9 2.3 4.0 2.3which have adhered tothe discs/cm2 � 105______________________________________
Where HPC is ingested, there is a reduction in adhesion compared with all the other diets, including that containing fish oil.
Study of the thrombogenicity of the vessel wall and adhesion of the platelets,
To study the influence of the fatty acids of the regime on the thrombogenicity of the blood vessels, groups of rabbits are fed with the semi-synthetic diets HPC, WO and FO (Table 5, Example 3) and a commercial diet ("chow", C). After 4 weeks of the regime, a lesion is made in the carotid artery of the rabbits fed with HPC, WO and FO. The rabbits are then injected with blood platelets marked with [hu 3H]-adenine from donor rabbits fed on diet C. "In vivo" measurement of the accumulation of the platelets on the wounded artery tests the reactivity of the blood vessel. To discriminate the effect of the regime on the reactivity of the platelets from its effect on the reactivity of the blood vessel, platelets are isolated from the blood of rabbits fed on the 4 diets and their adhesion to discs coated with fibronectin is measured "ex vivo".
The capacity of the blood vessels to synthesize 13-HODE and the capacity of the platelets to synthesize 12-HETE is also determined.
The results are shown in Tables 8 and 9 below.
TABLE 8______________________________________Number of platelets Diet containing the Commercialwhich have adhered to lipids dietthe discs/cm2 � 105 HPC WO FO C______________________________________In vivo 36 52 48 69Ex vivo 15 18 9 50______________________________________
It can be seen that the thrombogenicity of the blood vessel "in vivo" is lower with the HPC regime and that there is no difference between the WO and FO regimes. The "ex vivo" measurements of the adhesion of the platelets show a reduced platelet reactivity with the HPC,WO and FO regimes compared with the C regime.
TABLE 9______________________________________ Diet containing the Commercial lipids diet HPC WO FO C______________________________________Metabolites of 30.2 27.0 4.9 12.6the lipoxygenase13-HODE (ng/cm2of vessel)12-HETE (ng/cm2 2.7 2.4 1.2 9.3platelets)______________________________________ Legend: ng = nanogram
No difference is observed in the synthesis of 12-HETE by the platelets of the animals fed on the HPC, WO and FO diets. By contrast, the synthesis of 13-HODE by the vessels is greater with the HPC and WO regimes which is consistent with the higher content of linoleic acid in the blood vessels of these two groups and with the anti-adhesive effect of 13-HODE.
To study the influence of diet on the proliferation and dissemination of metastases, rats are fed on the diets of Example 3, Table 5, except for that containing WO, over a period of 5 weeks.
One group of rats is fed on a standard so-called "chow" diet (C). Tumour cells (Walker 256) are cultured in a medium containing the radioactive nucleotide [125 I]-uridine marking the tumour cells. The rats are then injected with the cells. The animals are killed 24 hours later and the radioactivity incorporated in the lungs is determined.
The results are shown in Table 10 below.
TABLE 10______________________________________ Diet containing the Commercial lipids diet HPC L FO C______________________________________Number of tumour 3.6 13.1 1.0 8.5cells � 104______________________________________
It can be seen that HPC and FO produce the lowest incorporation of tumour cells. It may be assumed that this effect is attributable to an interaction between the tumour cells and the endothelial cells of the inner walls of the blood vessels: there is less inter-cell adhesion.
A study is conducted in guinea pigs on the basis of the test of Example 3.2, but applied to animals injected beforehand with tumour cells.
The animals are injected with the tumour cells after 4 weeks' ingestion of the diets and are kept on the diets for another three weeks. The capacity of the blood vessels to synthesize 13-HODE is measured by incubating them with LA. The adhesion of the platelets to the discs is determined as in Example 3.2. The number of animals with lesions of the lungs and the number of lesions per lung are also determined. The results are shown in Table 11 below.
TABLE 11______________________________________ Diet containing the lipids HPC WO L FO______________________________________Number of platelets which 3.6 6.6 7.1 4.1have adhered to the discs/cm2 � 105% of lungs with 33 40 55 33lesions/totalNumber of lesions 8.9 9.8 21 22per lungMol-% of 13-HODE in the 9.4 8.6 5.5 2.9inner wall of the bloodvessels______________________________________
It can be seen that, as in the case of the normal animals (Example 3.2), the ingestion of HPC, like that of FO, results in a reduction in the adhesion of the platelets in the animals injected with tumour cells. The number of lungs bearing lesions is lowest for HPC and FO although the number of lesions per lung is distinctly lower for HPC.
However, a histological study has shown that the lesions were of inflammatory origin and non-cancerous. Accordingly, there is less inflammation with HPC.
The analysis results for 13-HODE show an increased presence of this anti-adhesion mediator when the animals are fed with HPC.
The polynuclear leucocytes (PMNS) play a decisive part in the inflammatory process and, to that end, they have to leave the blood vessels to enter the peripheral tissues. One of the steps leading to this process is their preliminary adhesion to the inner wall of the blood vessels.
This adhesion is observed by studying the attraction between the PNMS isolated from guinea pigs fed on the diets of Example 3, Table 5 and monolayers of endothelial cells on the discs. The results are shown in Table 12 below.
TABLE 12______________________________________ Diet containing the lipids HPC WO L FO______________________________________Number of PMNS per disc 1391 1938 1310 2193______________________________________
It can be seen that the ingestion of HPC results in a weak attraction of the PMNS to the endothelial cells.
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|Fatty alcohol drug conjugates
|Nov 14, 2006
|Aug 21, 2012
|Wake Forest University
|Methods and compositions for the treatment of asthma
|Jun 5, 2003
|Nov 20, 2012
|Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Fatty acid-pharmaceutical agent conjugates
|May 6, 2009
|Jan 1, 2013
|Wake Forest University School Of Medicine
|Compositions, methods, and kits for polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae
|Mar 25, 2002
|Oct 8, 2013
|Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Fatty amine drug conjugates
|Apr 9, 2001
|Mar 7, 2002
|Michael Buchanan
|Use of 13-HODE as a regulator of vascular biocompatibility and an inhibitor of cell hyperplasia
|Mar 25, 2002
|Nov 28, 2002
|Swindell Charles S.
|Fatty alcohol drug conjugates
|Mar 25, 2002
|Apr 3, 2003
|Swindell Charles S.
|Fatty amine drug conjugates
|Jun 5, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Protarga Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Fatty acid-pharmaceutical agent conjugates
|Jul 14, 2003
|Sep 16, 2004
|Protarga, Inc.
|DHA-pharmaceutical agent conjugates of taxanes
|Nov 14, 2006
|May 10, 2007
|Chilton Floyd H
|Dietary Control of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism
|Apr 10, 2007
|Aug 23, 2007
|1411198 Ontario Limited
|Use of 13-HODE as a regulator of vascular biocompatibility and an inhibitor of cell hyperplasia
|Jun 21, 2007
|May 29, 2008
|Luitpold Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
|Fatty acid-anticancer conjugates and uses thereof
|May 6, 2009
|Apr 22, 2010
|Floyd Chilton
|Compositions, methods, and kits for polyunsaturated fatty acids from microalgae
|Feb 12, 1999
|Jan 12, 2005
|Univ Wake Forest
|Dietary control of arachidonic acid metabolism
|Apr 5, 2000
|Oct 12, 2000
|Wake Forest University
|Oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids having anti-proliferative activity and methods of use
|U.S. Classification
|514/558, 424/765
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 26, 1990
Owner name: NESTEC S.A., A CORP. OF SWISS, SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:CROZIER-WILLI, GAYLE;FLEITH, MATHILDE;REEL/FRAME:005234/0637
Effective date: 19891110
Owner name: NESTEC S.A., A SWISS CONFEDERATION CORP., SWITZERL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BUCHANAN, MICHAEL;REEL/FRAME:005234/0245
Effective date: 19900131
|Aug 31, 1993
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 18, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 14, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 21, 2004
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text: What's wrong with the defense -- in 407 words or less Keith Brooking captured the essence of the struggling Dallas Cowboys offense on Monday. When asked the simple question of what is wrong with the defense, Brooking was so thorough that it took him 407 words to answer the question. And so he confirmed what he and everyone else knows. What's wrong with the defense? A lot. "It's a lack of execution," Brooking said. "Everyone's searching for answers. What is going on? It's very simple. This game is very simple. It's not complex. As players, we are not going out there and executing the play that's called. Bottom line. That's it. "Wherever he's has been, he's been successful. I've had a lot of success under Wade Phillips as a defensive coordinator with different personnel, different players, different teams obviously. You think overnight his defense is not going to hold up and be successful? "No, it's on us to go out there and execute and make plays. There is a lack of execution on our part, and it's a different guy on every play. I take the responsibility for that, because I'm a leader on this team. I'm a captain for the defense, and it's unacceptable. It hurts like hell. The only thing I know to do is keep fighting, keep pressing. "Why are we not executing? I guess that would be the next question. It's not for a lack of effort. I just watched every play. I watched every play three or four times. There's a tremendous amount of effort there. Guys are giving it up Read more: http://sportsblogs.star-telegram.co...fense-in-407-words-or-less.html#ixzz147meWzt7

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is voluntary but will drastically multiply your chances of your profile being viewed by others. Introduce yourself, your interests and upload a nice photograph of yourself.
Utilise our website's sophisticated search to encounter members who satisfy your criteria. Or just look through listings and encounter singles that you find interesting.
Located someone who tickles your fancy? Send an email to them or just a wink and see if they're interested. With a little luck you'll be on your way to a lifetime of happiness.
You won't regret it


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is optional but will greatly enhance your chances of your profile being viewed by others. Write a few sentences about yourself, your hobbies and atach your nicest photo of yourself.
Use our website's advanced search to uncover members who suit your criteria. Or just scan through listings and uncover members that take your fancy.
Located someone who tickles your fancy? Send an email to them or just a wink and see how you get along. With a little luck you'll be on your way to locating your suitable partner.
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text:
Learn how successful coaches started out and learn from their success!
Name: Emily Sophie
Location: Essex, United Kingdom
Q. Why did you decide to start your business? I decided to start my online dance & fitness business because I wanted to be able to reach as many women as possible to help them get fit and healthy for life! I am passionate about helping other people lead healthy, balanced lifestyles and I believe that exercise should be a fun & enjoyable experience and something that you actually look forward to doing. I want women to love their bodies and treat themselves with kindness, instead of punishing their bodies through exercise they don't enjoy and working out in a way that could end up in injury or burnout. I created my highly effective, hugely fun dance & fitness workouts to show people that fitness and fun CAN go hand in hand!
Q. Aside from your business, what do you like to do for fun? I am so passionate about my business, but I also know that maintaining a balance between work and personal life is extremely important, which is why I regularly make time to see my family, go on trips with my partner, watch movies, go for walks, read inspirational books, go to the theatre and meet up with friends!
Q. What would you tell someone who is considering starting a business and becoming an It Girl Entrepreneur? If you've got a dream you want to pursue and a burning desire in your heart to see it through, then I would say GO FOR IT!! Start before you're ready, because the timing will never be right, so just jump right in! Of course it will be a little bit scary, but it will also be worth it :)
Q. What is the best thing about your business? I love the freedom that my online dance & fitness business allows me to have, as I can work from anywhere, which allows me time to do the other things I love, like spending time with my partner, seeing my family and travelling to new places! I also love that I am able to reach more women than I ever thought possible through taking my business online, which ultimately means that I am able to help more women lead healthy, balanced lives and have fun on their journey doing this!
Q. What exciting plans are you working on at the moment? I recently launched my 8 Week Intensive program, which was so exciting to put out into the world! I am also planning on creating 1-1 packages for women who want more personalised plans and help in achieving their health and fitness goals, which I am super excited about too as I love getting to know my clients and creating bonds with them!
Q. What does being an It Girl Entrepreneur mean to you? I love being an entrepreneur and being surrounded by other It Girls from all over the world! It's like having another little family that is constantly there to support, encourage and inspire you and everyone has got your back and wants you to succeed which is incredible and I'm so grateful to be part of that!
Here's how you can find Emily Sophie:
Website: www.emilysophiedance.com
Facebook: www.facebook.com/emilysophiedance
Email: [email protected]


text:
Google Code-in Contest Kicks Off
Google Code-in (GCI) contest encourages pre-university students between the ages of 13 and 18 to begin participating in Open Source Development.
Recently Google announced its Code-In contest and provided links to the tasks and mentoring organizations. According to the published timeline, GCI started November 22, 2010 and will end on January 10, 2011.
Tasks are based on the following areas: Code, Documentation, Outreach, Testing, Research, Training, Translation, User Interface.
The Apertium Project, The Battle for Wesnoth, Debian Project, Dragonfly BSD, Drupal, GNOME, Haiku, KDE, LimeSurvey, MoinMoin, Mono Project, OSUOSL, Parrot Foundation and The Perl Foundation, Plone Foundation, RTEMS Project, Sahana Software Foundation, Tux4Kids, VideoLAN, WordPress, and WorldForge are participating as mentoring organizations.
What do students get for successfully completing tasks? Prizes include t-shirts, certificates of participation, and monetary amounts up to US$500. Ten "Grand Prize" winners to be awarded an all-expenses paid trip (with a family member) to Google Headquarters.
GCI has a Frequently Asked Questions and the Rules page as well as discussion list to help answer any questions you may have.
Issue 199/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
Red Hat Announces OpenShift.io
Red Hat takes its IDE online.
Microsoft Bakes Linux into Windows Server
Microsoft is slowly becoming a Linux vendor.
Fearless Coyote, Linux Kernel 4.11 is Out
The new kernel makes swap implementation more scalable, which will help cloud providers.
Docker Appoints Steve Singh CEO
The new CEO comes from a very strong SaaS background.
Docker Announces Linux Kit and Moby Project
Both projects help organizations build their own containerized systems.
Ubuntu Returns to Gnome as Its Mobile Plans Shatter
Mark Shuttleworth has resumed the position of CEO of Canonical.
Microsoft is Shutting Down CodePlex
Microsoft's open source code hosting platform CodePlex will come to an end after a more than 10-year stint.
Fedora 26 Alpha Released
Comes with Gnome 3.24
Old Linux Kernel Bug Discovered
The bug was introduced back in 2009 and has been lurking around all this time.
OpenSSH 7.5 Released
The new release deprecates the sshd_config UsePrivilegeSeparation option.


text:
Key Features
Wireless. Versatile. Proven.
- Available in Diffusion or Pumped version
- IP-65/67 water- and dust-resistant case
- Strong, protective, concussion-proof design
- Real-time gas concentration readings and alarm status enabled by state-of-the-art wireless technology
- Unmistakable five-way local and remote wireless notification of alarm conditions
- Large graphical display icon-driven user interface through intuitive, simple-to-operate two-button user interface.
- Easy access to pump, sensors, filter and battery compartment
Confined space entry and general safety and compliance in:
- Industrial safety
- Oil and gas
- Fireground "Toxic Twins" detection
- Environmental
RAE systems authorised Australian distributor and repair centre


text:
Holiday Inn Express Oxford Kassam Stadium HotelView Map
Relax at the modern Holiday Inn Express Oxford-Kassam Stadium hotel, just 5 miles from Oxford's dreaming spires.
You'll receive a warm welcome at Holiday Inn Express Oxford-Kassam Stadium, just an hours drive from Heathrow Airport and 15 minutes from Oxford's historic centre. We're right next door to Kassam Stadium, and 5 minutes walk from Ozone Leisure Park's swimming pool and gym, multiplex cinema and choice of restaurants.
Conveniently located next to the huge Quadrangle Conference Centre, Holiday Inn Express Oxford-Kassam Stadium is a handy base for business. We're a few minutes walk from Oxford Science Park and a mile from the BMW Mini plant. Back at the hotel, make the most of complimentary parking and our naturally lit meeting room with wireless Internet.
It's a 15-minute drive to central Oxford, the UK's oldest university city, where Harry Potter fans explore the hallowed halls of Christ Church college and punts glide gently along the River Cherwell. We're just 14 miles from the Baroque splendour of Blenheim Palace and 28 miles from the beautiful Cotswolds.
A buffet breakfast included in the price with hot and cold options is served in Holiday Inn Express Oxford-Kassam Stadium's bright Great Room each morning. You can mingle over drinks and watch TV sports till late in our relaxed Lobby bar. Guests enjoy discounted access to the leisure club at nearby Ozone Leisure Park.
Complimentary breakfast and parking make Holiday Inn Express Oxford-Kassam Stadium hotel a good-value choice. If you're visiting on business, ask the helpful 24-hour Front Desk staff about our popular Day Delegate Package including meeting room hire, lunch and coffee breaks..
Heathrow Airport( LHR)
Distance: 47.0 MI/75.64 KM NORTH WEST to Hotel
Gatwick( LGW)
Distance: 85.0 MI/136.79 KM NORTH WEST to Hotel
Station Name:Oxford Station
Distance: 5.0 MI/8.05 KM SOUTH to Hotel.
You can catch up on work with wireless Internet at the well-lit desk in your bright Guest room, decorated in soft blue and white hues. Help yourself to tea and coffee and relax watching pay movies. Your modern bathroom has an invigorating power shower..
The medium sized lobby is well furnished and decorated in a contemporary style..
This is a modern purpose built property and free parking is also available at the hotel's car park..
8 kms to city centre;80 kms to the nearest airport (heathrow);8 km to the nearest station (oxford);5 minute walk to the nearest bus stop.
Linger over complimentary buffet breakfast in the open-plan Guest room. Our Lobby bar is a relaxed spot with draught beer and big-screen sports. We're just steps from Oxy Oriental, serving Chinese food and sushi, and American-style Frankie & Benny's.
The Hotel Breakfast Room
Location:Adjacent to reception
Seats 100 people, in bright, modern open plan area. Continental Breakfast with hot breakfast items: sausage, beans and scrambled eggs.
Hotel Lobby Bar
By reception, large TV showing news or any Sports on Freeview. Take-away restaurants deliver food to the hotel which guests can eat in the bar/lounge area.
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- local_parkingcar park
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text: Divxturka.net is using Redbunker! Because Redbunker is better than Hotfile, Netload and Rapidshare ! Click here and buy REDBUNKER premium account! Plot: Doggie Boogie dances into the hearts of its family audience as they cheer for a devoted Bichon pup, Pijo, who helps his owner and her dog dancing uncle achieve their dreams. Cassie's wish to become a Vet is crushed by her mother, who has become a slave to the world of personal injury law and is forcing Cassie to follow in the family legacy. Peter Wolfe, her dog-dancing Uncle, dreams of winning a national dog dance championship but is blocked by his guilt over a tragic dance accident. Gertrude Spinner, a ten-time dog dance champion and keeper of the legendary Dog Dance Bible, will do anything to stop them. Supported by a colorful cast and enchanting dogs, Pijo uses the lessons of Barkananda ("healing bliss") to provide Cassie and Peter with a fresh start as they dance through life's twists and turns. He breathes life into everyone's dreams as he dances away with their hearts. Genre: Family IMDB rating: 3.4/10 from 55 users Directed by: Romanus Wolter Starring: Jesse Draper, Bettina Devin and Jane Wiedlin Release Name: Doggie.B.2011.DVDRip.XviD-FiCO Size: 700 MB Video: AVi | 640×352 | 1541 Kbps Audio: English | MP3 | 128 Kbps Runtime: 63 min Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1795588/ Download: Code: http://www.redbunker.net/bk3l611h3o1y/fico-doggie.b.avi.html HAPPY NEW YEAR !!!


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text:
Portland voting down water fluoridation
Wed., May 22, 2013, midnight
PORTLAND – Early returns showed Portland residents voting to keep their city the largest in the U.S. without fluoride in the water.
With more than half the expected ballots counted Tuesday night, the Multnomah County election website showed the fluoride proposal failing, 60 percent to 40 percent.
The City Council voted last year to add fluoride to the water supply that serves about 900,000 people. But opponents quickly gathered enough signatures to force a vote on the subject.
Voters had weeks to make their choice in the mail-ballot election. By Tuesday it was too late to rely on the postman, so drop boxes were placed across the city to accommodate those who waited until the final day to make a decision.
"We were still getting ballots from drop sites close to 8 p.m.," said Eric Sample, a Multnomah County elections spokesman. That meant a "pretty darn long night" of vote counting that likely would stretch into today, he said.


text:
- Latest
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- Blogs
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- Our Blog
… The TLD Operator Community, which launched last Friday, has hastily rebranded itself after confusion about its proposed role. It's now the TLD Operator Webinar. It has switched its URL from a .community domain to a .help domain. Almost immediately after the initiative was announced, I started hearing gossip about a split with the Domain Name…


text:
Here at The Venue you will discover a great place to get fit, have fun and get together with friends. There's a whole range of fantastic facilities available, designed to inspire and motivate you to lead a healthier, happier life. Pop in for a swim, come by for a class or drop in for a coffee at Sidekicks Café, you'll always find something to do at The Venue.
The Venue is home to Beaumonts Health Club, which includes a fitness studio, the latest in Power Plate® technology, dance studio, Spinning® studio, and health suite and is complemented by a 25m pool and teaching pool, crèche and soft play.


text:
Stewarts Essential Watering Can is a lightweight plastic garden essential with a generous 10 litre capacity. The perfect gardening accessory, the watering can comes with a plastic rose and is ideal for all general purpose watering jobs around the garden.
Important Features of Stewart's Essential Watering Can:
Colour: Green
Capacity: 10L
Perfect for all watering jobs in the garden
More Info
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For further information on our available delivery options, click here to view our delivery section.


text:
(original crop circle - June 21, 2009)
This crop circle was originally created on early morning June 21st, 2009 on Milk Hill near Alton Barnes, Wiltshire.
The crop circle was expanded to a remarkable shape the following day.
(same crop circle expanded following evening)
NOTE: If anybody has further information on this crop circle, please forward...Lon
Tuesday, June 23, 2009
Subscribe to: Post Comments ( Atom )


text:
If you've ever been out and about and wondered where to find the best place to grab a good gin and tonic or get your bike fixed, as chosen by seasoned pros like ourselves, you're in luck. We've just launched a free iPhone app that takes all the goodness of our Best Of issues and crams it into your pants (or purse).
Users can also browse through 32 other cities, including Los Angeles, New York City, and Chicago, and find more than 10,000 items to check out. Here in SF you can use it find our picks, including Best Black-and-White Photobooth (RayKo Photo Center) and Best Chance to Watch Tomorrow's NBA Superstars for Free (Kezar Pavilion).
If you're just looking for something nearby, the app will lead to the best places that are closest. You can sort by neighborhood and quickly see, for example, the decent spots for chow where you are or where you plan to be. Finally, you can check in via Facebook once you've found the perfect spot.
Head to the iTunes store to see the app for yourself, or search for "Best Of" in the App Store. For those of you with Android phones, we'll have an app for you in April. In the meantime, non-iPhone users and desktop folks can check out our mobile Best Of... site.


text:
You could never expect anything worse than CryptoWall 3.0 attacking your PC. It is a serious ransomware that intrudes in the marked PC by bundling itself with email attachments, fake freeware downloads, P2P file sharing network etc. Once it settles down, it begins locking some important files with extension such as .doc, .docs, .jpeg, .mp3, .ppt, .pdf and so on. Actually, it contains a list of extensions where all the types of file which it can encrypt have been mentioned. It scans the System hard-disk and keeps on locking the matched files extensions. Once the targeted files get locked, it shows a note demanding ransom when the locked files are tried to access. The demanded ransom amount is somewhere around $500 for getting the decryption key. CryptoWall 3.0 can execute in all the Windows PC versions including Windows XP, Windows 7, and Windows 8 and so on. The folder that is containing the encrypted files automatically creates HELP_RECOVER_Instruction.CryptoWall 3.0 file in it.
The "How to recover instruction" files contains all the details regarding how to decrypt the locked files. Basically, it has instruction to pay ransom money through Bitcoin method. The encryption is done using RSA 2048 encryption and thus it is very important to have decryption key in order to access the locked files. CryptoWall 3.0 is a command-and-control server controlled by cyber-criminal that actually contains the decryption private key. Since, you are dealing with cyber crooks hence there is no guarantee that your will able to access the locked files once the ransom amount is paid. So, it is ideally recommended to uninstall CryptoWall 3.0 from your PC and get your data from backup. It don't uninstall it then other new files will also get encrypted.


text:
|Page (1) of 1 - 10/26/12
|email article
|print page
P Diddy is involved in a car accident, Snooki looks slim and healthy, Jessica Simpson has lost sixty pounds, Justin Bieber tweets a picture of himself and Oprah, Nadya Suleman finds a house in Palmdale, California, all in today's celebrity gossip.
|Latest Celebrity Gossip
Source:GrabNetworks (c). All Rights Reserved


text:
Men's Bridge & Burn Fulton Shirt
Men's Bridge & Burn Fulton Shirt
Long-sleeve button up with a single chest pocket. Classic slim fit.
Fit tip
Fits true to size.
100% Cotton.
The Boutique
Oak Common
Oakland, CA
Oakland is to San Francisco what Brooklyn is to Manhattan, so it's not surprising that it boasts a bunch of amazing indie boutiques. Oak Common is one of our favorite lifestyle shops in the hood. The cool, rustic space is always stocked with Ace & Jig, Objects Without Meaning, Dusen Dusen, Bridge & Burn and more for both men and women.
Questions + Comments


text:
Home > Low Fat Recipes I > Fruit Tea
Fruit Tea
Low Fat Recipe
Using a fruit juicer, get all the juice out of your fresh fruit for your Fruit Tea. Add boiling water and cinnamon sticks.
1 orange
1 red apple
1/4 lime
2 cups boiling water
2 4-inch cinnamon sticks
Recipe Directions
Using a fruit juicer, get all the juice out of your fresh fruit.
Add the boiling water and cinnamon sticks to Fruit Tea.
Nutrition Nibbles
- Fresh juices are a perfect food supplement. They are far more potent than the isolated nutrients found in vitamin pills.
- Foods rich in potassium, such as oranges, may help reduce the risk of stroke and can reduce blood pressure, according to an 8-year Harvard study published in the American Heart Association's Journal.


text:
Toronto stock index falls 400 points
TORONTO Oct 7 (Reuters) - The Toronto Stock Exchange's main index was down 400 points late Tuesday afternoon as financial shares deepened their slide and materials issues gave up earlier gains.
The S&P/TSX composite index .GSPTSE was down 402.08 points, or 3.93 percent, at 9,828.35. (Reporting by Cameron French; editing by Rob Wilson)
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
This step is voluntary but will greatly increase your chances of your profile being viewed by others. Introduce yourself, your pasttimes and atach your nicest photo of yourself.
Use our website's cutting-edge search to pinpoint members who suit your criteria. Or just leaf through listings and pinpoint members that attract you.
Identified someone who tickles your fancy? Send a message to them or just a wink and see if they're interested. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding that special someone for you.
And start dating


text:
|Separate WC's
|3,659 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
The villa has a beautiful swimming pool in the garden and a heated Jacuzzi on the top terrace.
On the ground floor of the main house, there is a fireplace, a bedroom with three beds, a dressing room and a bathroom with a shower, but there also is a master bedroom, which has its own bathroom. The master bedroom's bathroom has a tub and a shower.
On the ground floor, there is also a bedroom closet with a bathroom, a washing machine and an iron.
A wide and convenient granite staircase, with large windows that overlook the garden, leads to the first floor. On the first floor, there is another living room, which has a television with Sky. This room leads to a beautiful terrace on which there is a marble dining table for 10 to 12 persons. The terrace is covered by a pergola and connected to a kitchen that is equipped with a fridge, freezer, toaster, electric kettle, blender, oven and dishwasher. The kitchen is also fully equipped with plates, cutlery, glasses, breakfast cups, place mats and all the other daily necessities. On the first floor, there are two bedrooms: a master bedroom, which is built on two levels and which has a bathroom with a tub, a dressing room and a television with My Sky. The other bedroom has two single beds, a dressing room and a big bathroom with a shower.
Another huge terrace, which is partly covered by a pergola, can be reached from this terrace thanks to a very convenient staircase. It is fully equipped with sun chairs, tables, sofas and armchairs with pillows. It has a magnificent mini Jacuzzi pool (heated).
The villa offers an enchanting view of the Gulfs of Naples and Massa Lubrense (harbor of Marina della Lobra) and olive trees, lemon groves, terraces and fields surround it. It is full of very colorful and scented plants and flowers. The villa is subdivided into two separate units: the main house and the Saracen tower. The Villa is located on the coast of Sorrento: one of the most beautiful land that managed to remain intact over time. It is also often referred to as the "Gentile" (the nice one) for its lovely climate, the goodness of its towns and the hospitality of its people.
The Saracen towers are amongst the most interesting and significant historical and artistic buildings of the area. They are symbolic of the defense system of the coastal areas of Sorrento because they safeguarded the shores from the attacks of the Turks.
This area is blessed by the sun and it is always fully appreciated by tourists and travelers; a favorite destination where one can admire one of the most beautiful areas of Italy. It is full of wine and food and it has a fabulous seascape.
The villa is located in a well-served area; full of natural and historical wonders that can be visited thanks to the trips and excursions that can be organized on foot or by boat.
The ancient fishermen's village, in the bays of Nerano, Recommone and Jeranto, can be visited on board of the typical Sorrento boats. The reserves of the Galli Island, Positano and many others are only but a few of the wonderful surprises that await you in the surrounding areas of the Villa.
We had a group of family & friends celebrating a 60th birthday. We wanted a place that was comfortable for everyone, with private bedrooms & bathrooms, a pool and view. This absolutely beautiful villa met all of our needs and surpassed our expectations. Very comfortable with great beds and a variety of living areas allowing everyone to be together or get some personal time. The Saracen Tower is basically a private residence with its own rooftop deck and 360 degree view. The main house has a wonderful dinning patio plus a roof top deck with hot tub, lounge area and workout space. The views are spectacular and wonderful sunsets. The kitchen is excellent as well. The local staff (and the owner) are also the most outstanding people. Very fast to respond to any need and genuinely concerned with our comfort and happiness. The manager Michele and house keeper/cook Filomena and her husband are fantastic people and responded to any question or request. If you make arrangements with them they will cook a typical Italian dinner for you which we did and it was one of our highlights of the trip. We walked into the town of Massa Lubrensa for shopping, tour arranging (you must use Penisco for all of your tour and transportation needs - they are wonderful) and an occasional meal. 10 minute walk. The only part to take consideration of is the lane leading to the villa - it is steep but we all walked it numerous times (40 to 70 year olds). We toured the Amalfi Coast, Sorrento and Capri - all wonderful but the days we just stayed at the Villa were a treat. Games, table games, pool, hot tub - it has it all! We did not have a car and it was fine. I highly recommend this property and the owner Carlo. All where the best!
we were 13 persons from 8-73 years old,we spent a week in the house near Massa Lubrense. The house had all we needed and Filomenea , her husbond and friend Michele cooked for us, delicious food, everything was perfect we had a wonderful week, and should like to come back.
My family stayed here for two weeks in July and we didn't want to leave!
We were 9 people, ranging in age from 13 to 87, so there were many needs to be met and all were.
The villa is spacious, spotless and in excellent condition. Filomena and Vittorio, the caretakers, are warm, welcoming and helpful. We had so much fun with them the night they came and made pizza in the outdoor wood-burning oven. We won't forget them and miss them already!
With beautiful weather, we lived much of our time outdoors, finding activities to enjoy on every terrace. We couldn't pull ourselves away from the incredible sunset view every evening.
We also loved being in Massa Lubrense and visiting the small hamlets connected with it. We did a lot of our own cooking, especially on the outdoor gas grill, and had a great time shopping in the local meat markets, fish shops, and vegetable stores - we found great shops both in Massa and in Sant'Agata, including great pastry and gelato offerings. It was fun to find the ones we liked the best and start to get to know the shopkeepers.
Also, although it is impossible to avoid steep hills and many stairs in this entire region, Massa was doable for my parents in their 80s. Althought, they got a workout!
The tourist office in Massa has a great free booklet and map of the area and I really recommend following some of the described walks to get to know the area and the hamlets. It's off the beaten tourist path and really beautiful. If it's hot, like it was when we were there, an early morning hike/swim is a great way to start the day.
Villa owner Carlo was also very kind and responsive during the whole booking process, which got a little confusing since VRBO works with a partner in Italy called Homelidays. But Carlo was very reassuring and accomodating.
I would happily recommend this villa. We had a great trip!
We held a family reunion (6 adults, 5 children ages 3-13) for a superb week in late June 2016 at this home. I cannot speak highly enough about this home and its setting. It made for a perfect week. The home itself is well-equipped, has lots of spaces to spread out, the pool was loved by the children and one just cannot resist the lemon trees, a view of the water/sunset and your own ancient tower. While we toured Pompeii and loved the excursion to dramatic Capri, we also really appreciated getting to know the small town life of Massa Lubrense-just near enough to walk easily for milk or of course gelato. It also was a treat to simply walk out the gate, turn left and begin to explore wonderful trails around the hills. We ended up not using the car we rented since all was so convenient. Filomena is a delight and she prepared a delicious seafood dinner and another evening pizza in the outdoor oven. The owner in Rome was very easy to work with and quite responsive to questions and the booking procedures. This truly was an incredible highlight for us and to spend time in such a lovely setting with family members you love cannot be matched! We are all longing to return soon.
Great views of Bay of Naples
6 Bedrooms and 6 Full Baths
We were 2 grandparents, 4 parents and 7 children (ages 15 - 2)
Everyone was very happy and always had something to do on the property.
The villa has perfect roman proportions and an airy design and it is built into the hillside amidst an expansive lemon grove.
The roof-top sports a jacuzzi, modern lounge patio furniture and also an exercise bike and treadmill. The children liked the jacuzzi a lot.
The pool also was popular since the size was right and it was facing the sea.
The covered area with foosball and ping-pong we used a lot.
Under the olive trees was a relaxing area to sit and read.
The apricots were ripening and falling on us!
The lemons we could pick right off the trees and use for salad dressing or for juice or in other ways.
The facility was well-equipped, so we are guessing it's a summer home that has been in the family a long time. We did not lack any equipment in kitchen or outside.
Flat-screen TVs are in many rooms but we did not use so much since we were enjoying the property or the surroundings.
While the owners are in Rome and responsive over email, on site there is Filomena who checks on the property every day or every other day. Filomena came every other morning to vacuum the bottom of the swimming pool!
The Massa Lubrense location is away from the tourist crowds in Sorrento. Within 4-5 minutes walking distance are a variety of stores such as butchers, grocery store, and a gelato-Konditorei. For restaurants, Primavera is 3 stars and Il Cantuccio is a fine four-star experience for the whole family.
The property parking lot is tight for an SUV but the street parking was just fine, too.
About 8-9 minutes driving toward Nerano is the restaurant Relais Blue which is a Michelin star rated restaurant with a sun-set view of Capri that is unforgettable.
For a convenient beach outing, below the town of Nerano is the Marina del Cantone which is a small paradise at the beginning of the Amalfi Coast which really has no tourist hordes at all.
From the marina below Massa Lubrense, are boat rentals and we took a boat with skipper for a tour around Capri. Massa is almost the closest place on the main land to Capri, so that made the trip very easy. Also, on a another day we took boat with skipper down along the Amalfi Coast. Talk to Michele in the harbor.
By the way, the tower offers private living space that is incredible!
Friends who visited for BBQ were jealous!
We spent a very beautiful holiday . All is perfect and very clean . The villa in very near to the village where there are many shops and restaurants. The villa has many beautiful rooms with private bathrooms . There is a fantastic Jacuzzi and a palestra in the terrace with a beautiful sea view. In the garden there is a nice pool and when you are in the pool you have a fantastic view. You can stay in the garden in the lovely pool but you can read also a book in the garden or play ping pong . There is air conditioning and flat screen Televisions with Sky connection. The kitchen is fully equipped also with nespresso . The terrace is very big with a beautiful marble table where you can have breakfast or dinner . The villa is very quiet and you can do all you want . There is a beautiful Marina very cose to Massa Lubrense called Marina della Lobra and we went to Capri, Positano and Amalfi with a private boat . We also enjoyed Filomena's cooking pizza in the outside oven . We really spent a fantastic holiday . Filomena was
great : we hope to come back next year ! Thank's a lot. Mary
qScuba diving fans can find a diving center in the harbor of Marina della Lobra. Here, one can rent wetsuits, tanks or even book an outing with a diving instructor.
There are wonderful walks and excursions that can be organized: the most renowned are the ones to Punta della Campanella, Monte S. Costanzo, Jeranto, Bagni della Regina Giovanna and Punta S. Elia. Furthermore, Massa Lubrense is also famous for its agricultural products and food.
Gastronomical itineraries are organized so that one can enjoy the renowned and famous restaurants of the area: Quattro Passi in Nerano
la Taverna del Capitano di Nerano
The fantastic Don Alfonso in Sant'Agata
L'Antico Francischiello
We also suggest the restaurants Michele, at the port of Marina della Lobra, La Primavera, Maria Grazia in Nerano, famous for its spaghetti with zucchini, La Torre, Francesco in Schiazzano, famous for its pizza.
Beaches nearby
Conca Azzurra, with bar, restaurant and swimming pool;
Nerano, with bar and restaurant;
Restaurants and Pizzerias
Michele, at the port of Marina della Lobra, Restaurant and Pizzeria +39 081 – 8789871;
La Primavera, 100 meters from the Villa +39 081 – 878 9125;
Pizzeria Ciccitto, with home delivery service +39 3347462469;
Maria Grazia, in Marina del Cantone Nerano +39 081 – 8081011 (spaghetti with zucchini)
Ninuccio, in Meta di Sorrento (famous for its big Potatoes Croquettes) +39 081 5321436
Diving, where to rent diving equipment +39 081 80003;
Pizza maker: Pasquale Matellone +39 081 8080976;
SRotisserie Jolly, eat in or take away (with the famous gnocchi alla sorrentina
Only 200 meters away, in the town of Massa Lubrense, there are buses to and from Sorrento, Amalfi and Positano.
Car rentals, with or without a driver, and mini buses for your trips or transfers: also from the harbor, airport and Circumvesuviana.
Hinterland Tours of Pompei, Ercolano, Positano, Amalfi, Ravello, Naples, Nerano and Sorrento are also planned.
Mr Dino +39 333 8477063
Mr Persico +39 338 8630168
Boats and maritime services
In the nearby harbor of Marina della Lobra (about 2 km), one can rent inflatable boats, the infamous Sorrento boats, boats and motorboats (with or without a sailor) to reach the Island of Capri (5 miles - 15 minutes) or Nerano, Recommone, Positano, Sorrento, Jeranto and its sea life reserve, or even the Galli Island to admire the coastal areas of Sorrento and Amalfi.
At Marina della Lobra, there is a diving center that organizes courses and exciting diving excursions.
One can also use the shuttle service to and from the beaches of Capri, Nerano or for night excursions to Capri and Recommone (Trips to Capri, Positano, Amalfi, Riserva Marina, Punta della Campanella)
Contact for boat rentals:
Mr Liberato +39 081 8089380.
Trips and excursions
One can walk to the town of Massa Lubrense (200 meters). The beautiful harbor of Marina della Lobra, where stands an ancient and colorful fishermen's village, is 2 Km away. Here, one can rent the Sorrento boats or inflatable boats to visit the bays of Nerano, Recommone, Jeranto ant its sea life reserve, or even the Galli Island, Positano, the Island of Capri and the beautiful coast of Amalfi.
|Rental Period
|Minimum Price
|Additional Nights
|Weekend Night
|Event Price
30 Apr 2017 - 27 May 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
28 May 2017 - 24 Jun 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
25 Jun 2017 - 2 Sep 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
Late summer
3 Sep 2017 - 29 Sep 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
30 Sep 2017 - 28 Oct 2017
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
My Standard Rate
Changeover Day: Saturday
7 night minimum stay
for 7 nights
|Spese di pulizia
|Stay tax
|£1.26 per night, per person. This amount will be due to the owner upon arrival. Does not apply to children under 18 years.
Tariffe scontate in relazione alla durata, Pulizie iniziale e infrasettimanale al costo di Euro 200,00 da pagarsi in aggiunta, Richiesto supplemento per il riscaldamento in base alla stagione, Deposito cauzionale, Caparra richiesta alla prenotazione, Consegna delle chiavi da parte del Proprietario non presente non presente in loco


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Four different General Motors vehicles from the 2012 model year are being recalled over a potential airbag issue. The driver's side airbag shorting bar in the 2012 Buick Verano and 2012 Chevrolet Camaro, Cruze and Sonic might make contact with the airbag terminals, even during a crash. If so, the airbag won't deploy when it should, possibly increasing injury to the driver.
- Photos
- Aug 8, 2013
2012 Chevrolet Sonic: Quick Spin
GM recalling nearly 4,000 vehicles over airbag concerns
- Jonathon Ramsey
- Jan 31, 2013
2012 Chevrolet Sonic configurator tools up
- Jeff Glucker
- Sep 7, 2011
Life is full of choices, and now you have a few more to make. The configurator for the 2012 Chevrolet Sonic is up and running, so you're choices may now decide how productive you wish to be at work today. Thankfully, Chevrolet has reduced your number of choices a great deal, because the 2012 Sonic is an easy car to configure.
Chevrolet Sonic production gets underway
- Jeff Glucker
- Aug 2, 2011
General Motors thinks the U.S. car-buying public is ready to embrace the subcompact market. The 2012 Chevrolet Sonic is proof of that, and shows that GM can build a small car that doesn't suck. We've had a bit of seat time with the littlest member of the bow-tie brand, and we're curious to see what America thinks. That time is nearly upon us because the Sonic is now officially in production.
Supplier strike could potentially affect Chevy Sonic launch [UPDATE]
- Chris Shunk
- Jun 23, 2011
2012 Chevrolet Sonic checks in priced from $14,495
- Zach Bowman
- Jun 17, 2011
2012 Chevrolet Sonic
- Zach Bowman
- Jun 2, 2011
We Go Cone Dancing In GM's New Subcompact Warrior
- Great used cars for less than $10,000
- Owners say these cars aren't very good deals
- New Car Buying Guides
- Cheapest new automobiles in America
- Fastest-depreciating cars in the United States
- Find and compare 2017 Models


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美麗目標 1 - Chinese(Traditional) version
在派對上,克蕾兒與前夫再度相遇,他身旁多了一位看起來十分幸福的妻子。 「他們已經擁有我得不到的幸福…」 此時,剛在派對上認識的馬克斯,對受到打擊而無法掩飾內心起伏的克蕾兒伸出援手。 克蕾兒不清楚無比俊美的馬克斯為何會主動接近她,卻仍以朋友的方式開始和他交往。但馬克斯對克蕾兒隱瞞了『另一個身份』!!難道他接近克蕾兒其實是另有所圖・・・!?
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UK judge finds 'untruthful' Ecclestone paid bribes
By Estelle Shirbon
LONDON (Reuters) - A British judge found on Thursday that Bernie Ecclestone had paid bribes to a German banker as part of a "corrupt agreement" linked to the 2005 sale of a stake in Formula One - an issue at the heart of Ecclestone's forthcoming bribery trial in Germany.
The British court ruling went in favor of the Formula One boss in that it dismissed a German firm's claim for damages from him, but it contained damning conclusions about the 83-year-old who has dominated the motor racing business for decades.
The judgment by the London High Court added to Ecclestone's legal woes ahead of his criminal trial, scheduled to start in Munich in April, over the same events dating back to 2005.
"I am afraid that I find it impossible to regard him (Ecclestone) as a reliable or truthful witness," Judge Guy Newey, who had heard oral evidence from Ecclestone during the civil trial, wrote in his judgment.
Ecclestone told Reuters by telephone that he was pleased the damages claim against him had been dismissed and he disagreed with what the judge had said.
"He's come up with an opinion, he thought I didn't tell the truth and I wasn't reliable. I was reliable because I turned up on time. I think I answered truthfully the questions I was asked," he said.
The trial stemmed from a claim for more than $100 million in damages against Ecclestone and others connected to him, brought by German media company Constantin Medien.
Constantin had alleged that a controlling stake in Formula One held by German bank BayernLB had been undervalued when it was sold to private equity fund CVC as a result of a "corrupt bargain" between Ecclestone and former BayernLB banker Gerhard Gribkowsky. Continued...


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Leonardo Da Vinci Guest House features a rooftop terrace and puts you within a 10-minute walk of St. Peter's Basilica. Free perks include WiFi and continental breakfast daily between 7:30 AM and 10:30 AM. All rooms offer LCD TVs, minibars, and premium bedding.


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President Obama is expected to shortly sign into law childhood-nutrition legislation backed by his wife, Michelle, after the bill easily cleared the House, 264-157, on Thursday.
The bill unanimously passed the Senate in August. It was expected to pass the House on Wednesday, but Democratic leaders pulled it because of a Republican amendment that would have required criminal background checks for child care workers and the removal of the federal mandate for paid meals in schools. The amendment seemed likely to pass.
The $4.5 billion bill was introduced by Sen. Blanche Lincoln (D-Ark.). It expands eligibility for school meals programs, establishes nutrition standards for all foods sold in schools and provides a 6-cent increase for each school lunch to help cafeterias serve healthier meals.
The bill was a priority for first lady Michelle ObamaMichelle ObamaHungry for shame — who's trashing America's school lunch? Make national service a priority Trump gets royal welcome during 'tremendous' Saudi Arabia visit MORE and her Let's Move! campaign to fight childhood obesity.
Children's and health advocates applauded the bill's passage.
"The legislation, which enjoyed broad bipartisan support in the U.S. Senate, will give our kids a healthy start in life with access to nutritious meals and more opportunities for physical activity during the school day," said American Heart Association CEO Nancy Brown. "Removing junk food and sugary beverages from school vending machines and à la carte lines and strengthening wellness policies are necessary steps to help kids achieve and maintain a healthy weight."


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Court Free´2014
- Directors: Chaitanya Tamhane
- Writers: Chaitanya Tamhane
A sewerage worker's dead body is found inside a manhole in Mumbai. An ageing folk singer is tried in court on charges of abetment of suicide. He is accused of performing an inflammatory ...
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We Love You, Absurd Gadgets That Rocket Us Into the Future
This past week, a tech trade show called IFA took over a large swath of Berlin. The usual assortment of look-alike smartphones and ultra-thinner laptops made their appearances, as did any number of forgettable headphones. Were there smartwatches? Probably. Amid all the same-olds, though, a core group of wait-whats shined. This year, gadgets are getting weird again. Thank goodness.
It's true that every season has its technological curiosities. But they're often relegated to the sidelines, the outer halls of the conference center, the punchline posts at the end of a long week of sober coverage. The strange beasts of IFA this year weren't a sideshow, though. They were the show, to whatever extent it was worth following to begin with.
IFA in Berlin saw more fun gear in four days than we've seen in months.
This week's breakout star wasn't even more Samsung smartwatches (the company's seventh and eighth, unless you count its watch-like fitness trackers). It was Lenovo's Yoga Book tablet, a device that wants so badly to be thin that it ditched a traditional keyboard for a touchscreen version. You can get it in Android or Windows 10. It doesn't cost a ton. And unlike so much delightfully goofy tech, it's actually going on sale in October.
Please understand, in case it's not apparent: Everything about that is crazy! It's nuts, in the best possible way. It's not dipping a toe into the future, it's doing a 10-foot cannonball into a pool with precious little water. New input paradigm? Sure, why not. Never mind that Toshiba and Acer both tried something similar to disastrous ends a few years back. Never mind that it's not clear anyone really wants a clamshell tablet, no matter how thin. Those concerns barely register next to the real moral of the Yoga Book: The only way we'll ever get to the future is for big risks to get us there.
Gaming laptops too small and flat-screened for you? Here you go: A 21-inch behemoth from Acer with a curved display and a dedicated dang wrist rest. It incorporates eye-tracking technology, meaning you can control some applications literally just by staring at it. It has not one but two flagship Nvidia graphics cards. There's more overkill in this one laptop than there was in five seasons of Breaking Bad. Its name (Predator 21 X) is over-the-top even for a category stuffed with sobriquets like Blade Stealth and Ghost Pro and Raptor Z. Only one of those is made up.
These products are all saying 'No' to the crushing sameness that makes gadgets dull.
The Predator 21 X loses some points for not having an official release date, and a few more for the strain it'll put on the power grid, but you can't say Acer didn't go for it. Here's nearly everything you can cram into a laptop given the limits of our current technology, without any care for whether any individual component is practical, useful, or sane (the curved display, for instance, is none of the above).
Let's keep going! HP made a desktop, but don't let those eyelids droop just yet. The HP Pavilion Wave ditches the standard cold plastic shell for a softly curved, fabric exterior. It looks like a high-end speaker, and also is one, with Bang & Olufsen-approved audio internals. It also has two on-board mics so you can shout commands at Cortana, Microsoft's answer to Alexa. A desktop computer designed to sit on top of your desk? Dig it. Dig, also, HP's modular desktop computer, the Elite Slice (!!!), which lets you pop a speaker or a disc drive under an Apple TV-looking puck of a PC like a giant, high-tech Lego brick.
And that's just the computers. At IFA there was also an Internet-connected robot vacuum that has a "Find Me" function in case you lose your robot vacuum underneath the couch cushions again. It's a super niche vacuum innovation, but it's also a super fun vacuum innovation.
We haven't even gotten to the 3Doodler Pro, a 3D-printing pen that works with wood, copper, bronze, nylon, and polycarbonate. A wood-printing pen isn't 2016, it's 3016. Or on the more practical tip, DJI's Osmo Mobile, a video stabilizer for smartphones that's going to do wonders for Facebook Live production values.
All of this has been announced just this week. That's more fun gear in four days than we've seen in months. Will a lot of it turn out to be garbage? Yes. Will you actually end up buying any of it? Probably not. That's not what matters, though. What matters is that these products are all taking risks. They're saying "No" to the crushing sameness that makes gadgets dull. They're defying commoditization. This was the week the tech industry shouted, maybe there's a better way. Having the answer isn't nearly as important as asking the question.
So here's to the goofy, the absurd, the sublime of IFA this year. Here's to the mad tinkerers who dreamed them up. And here's to hoping that the portend a future that's more exciting than slightly thinner phones.
Read more: http://www.wired.com/2016/09/ifa-gear-takes-risks/


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Lots of people do not enjoy their love takes care of. They really believe that muffin clothes fit in a pastry shop. They need their pet dog below the bellybutton, not at the conclusion of the lead. They remain energised as well as consume a healthier diet plan, nevertheless relentless remains of fat round the stomach just wont action. They need a non surgical option to acquire systems back. Coolsculpting by Zeltiq may be the solution.Within the bulge's battle, we have tried surgical procedure, suction, sonic waves remove fat cells and to disrupt up. Various cells can be damaged by these techniques in the torso. Which implies restorative time and sometimes unforeseeable outcomes. Coolsculpting can be an advanced strategy that melt, doesn't damage, or extract cells. It quickly and safely uses the organic procedures of your body to get rid of particular areas of fat.
The complex Coolsculpting procedure is FDA-. No anesthetic is called for by the technique. You rest easily while your physician attracts on a problem section of fat into the system with mild suction, where it's consequently cooled down. Since fat tissues ice up in a higher-temperature compared to skin, you'll experience a freezing feeling nevertheless the skin is unhurt. Usual cure period gets to concerning a hr or two – also the period or your lunch break you had spend at-one gym program. You speak about the telephone, focus on your laptop, study, or can relax. There is no downtime subsequent therapy – your normal program could be returned to by you instantly.They die with time when the fat tissues are icy and consequently are generally purged from the body. In the therapy location, you will certainly check out a noticeable decrease within the span of the adhering to few months. You could wish to intend added durations for reduction or for the areas of your body.
Our makeups no more create fresh fat tissues as we achieve maturation. It'll preserve additional, ignored regions need to you accomplish fat complying with Zeltiq Coolsculpting.Since Coolsculpting Coolsculpting Atlanta cost is non- non-invasive and also substance, numerous individuals are prospects that are fantastic. You can experience distress or numbness, or tiny bruising.Does an individual, one-time treatment, with blades, no needles, marks, pain, tablet computers, or weight loss to obtain an usual minimized quantity of one -inch sound too-good to come to be accurate?
They continue to be energised and also take in a healthier lose weight, nonetheless relentless remains of fat round the tummy simply wont step. Coolsculpting by Zeltiq may be the solution.Within the bulge's fight, we have attempted surgical treatment, suction, sonic waves remove fat tissues and to disturb up. Because fat cells freeze in a higher-temperature compared to skin, you'll experience a freezing feeling nevertheless the skin is unscathed. There is no downtime succeeding therapy – your routine program could be returned to by you instantly.They pass away with time when the fat cells are icy as well as consequently are generally purged from the body. It'll keep additional, disregarded areas must you achieve fat nexting Zeltiq Coolsculpting.Since Coolsculpting is non- non-invasive as well as material, numerous individuals are leads that are terrific.


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Richard Wilhelm Francis Kroll was a highly regarded scholar of Restoration and 18th-century British literature, and a much-loved professor of English at the University of California, Irvine. He was the author of two groundbreaking studies on the literature and culture of the English Restoration period: The Material Word: Literate Culture in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century (1991), and Restoration Drama and the 'Circle of Commerce' (2007), a revisionist study of the symbolic forms at work in the later 17th-century English theatre.
Grandson of the renowned classicist Wilhelm Kroll, Richard Kroll was born in 1953 in Nakuru, Kenya, to Philip Wilhelm Ulrich Kroll, Chief Agricultural Officer under the British colonial government, and Thusnelda Kroll, founder of the first multi-racial school in East Africa. He attended Pembroke House in Gilgil until 1965, when his father was murdered in his home by an itinerant farm labourer. His family moved to Bristol the following year and Kroll left behind what he always considered his homeland. He attended Christ's Hospital school in Horsham, West Sussex, and would characterise the years he spent there as having saved his life following the traumatic disruption occasioned by his father's death and the family's relocation.
Before going up to Downing College, Cambridge in 1972, Kroll taught for a year at the Starehe school for orphans in Nairobi. In 1977 he began graduate study in English literature at UCLA, where he met his first wife, Victoria Silver, a Renaissance scholar.
In 1984, Kroll completed his doctoral degree at UCLA, where he had been a student of one of the world's leading Dryden scholars, Alan Roper. UCLA's William Andrews Clark Memorial Library was at that time the centre of the massive editorial project that would result in what remains the definitive edition of Dryden's work. As a research centre, the library brought together philosophers, historians, and literary scholars, and it was at the intersection of these disciplines that Dr Kroll's critical imagination was both catalysed and formed. His dissertation, "Words and Acts: The Naturalization of Discourse in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century," reflected his early and ardent commitment to the historical study of language as a form of political engagement and ethical practice.
This commitment shaped his teaching career. Dr Kroll went on to positions at Princeton University, Hofstra University, and, ultimately, the University of California, Irvine, where he taught from 1992 until his death, and where he met his second wife, Allison Kroll (née Garey), a modern British literary scholar. He joined the English and Comparative Literature faculty at Irvine at a time when it was heavily identified with critical theory. Dr Kroll was determined to hold that theory accountable to history, championing Ciceronian rhetorical practice over Hellenist and romantic models, and countering abstract continental styles with the British empirical method.
As a teacher, he married a classical intellectual tradition to the democratic values of the American educational system, and he was fiercely dedicated to the public university as an instrument of the ancient ideal of paideia – the cultivation of the entire person as a moral entity and political actor. At Irvine, he oversaw a Master of Arts programme designed for secondary-school teachers, and taught large introductory courses as well as specialised classes in his areas of scholarly interest. He was affectionately teased for his penchant for bolo ties and Hawaiian shirts, feared for his exacting intellectual standards, admired for his erudition and vibrant critical imagination, and beloved for his untiring work with students.
Dr Kroll was the author of two groundbreaking studies on the literature and culture of the English Restoration period. His first book, The Material Word: Literate Culture in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century (1991), identifies a new "literate culture, in which all forms of knowledge... were commonly known and confessed to be rhetorical." The Material Word scrutinises several such "forms of knowledge," from theology to natural philosophy and from illustration to poetry. His intricate discussions of contemporary intersections of method, image, and action in the work of such figures as Davenant, Hobbes, Rymer, Dennis, and Dryden reveal a socially constitutive symbolic economy that had been previously invisible. The Material Word remains an essential work in its field.
Dr Kroll's second book, Restoration Drama and the 'Circle of Commerce' (2007), is now making a similar imprint on the discipline. A revisionist study of the symbolic forms at work in the later 17th-century English theatre, it focuses on the mixed genre of tragicomedy, here seen as continuous with the drama of the earlier 17th century. The book makes a strong and original case for theatre as a crucible for new forms of economic, political, scientific, and even architectural thought and practice, and casts Restoration drama as the source of several distinctively modern methods of coping with radical uncertainty.
Dr Kroll was also the author of numerous widely cited articles on Pope, Dryden, Davenant, Congreve, and others. With Perez Zagorin and Richard Ashcraft he co-edited the essay collection, Philosophy, Science, and Religion in England, 1640-1700 (1992), and he single-handedly edited two indispensable critical readers, The English Novel, 1700 to Fielding (1998), and The English Novel from Smollett to Austen (1998). At the time of his death, he was at work on a potentially controversial study of the political cosmologies of three 17th-century women writers, Aphra Behn, Margaret Cavendish and Lucy Hutchinson. He intended to approach these writers as thinkers dynamically involved in the intellectual ferment of their times, and as architects of new literary forms designed to withstand that ferment.
As a scholar, Dr Kroll leaves a legacy of forthrightness, intellectual courage and integrity. He will be remembered for the exceptional insight and imagination with which he brought political and symbolic practices to bear upon one another, conceiving of both as they had not been since the Restoration itself. Few have better understood, or more entirely and robustly lived, the mutual constitution of thought, expression and ethos. He was in all things he undertook passionate; an avid classical music lover, gardener, cyclist, traveller, and collector of decorative art, he was also a tremendously loyal friend, as well as a devoted uncle, father, son and husband, and a man deeply committed to his Christian faith.
Professor Jayne E. Lewis and Allison Adler Kroll
Richard Wilhelm Francis Kroll, scholar of English literature: born Nakuru, Kenya 14 January 1953; William Andrews Clark Memorial Library Fellow, 1981-1982; Assistant Professor, Princeton University, 1984-1991; Visiting Professor, Hofstra University, 1991-1992; Associate Professor, University of California, Irvine, 1992-2003, Professor, 2003-2009; married 1978 Victoria Silver (one son, marriage dissolved), 1997 Allison Garey; died Irvine, California 5 February 2009.Reuse content


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