text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 15, 1981
|Filing date
|Jan 2, 1979
|Priority date
|Jan 2, 1979
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas O. Holtey, Robert C. Miller, Kin C. Yu
|Original Assignee
|Honeywell Information Systems Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (10), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (14), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The following U.S. Patent applications filed on an even date with the instant application and assigned to the same assignee as the instant application are related to the instant application.
1. "Multi-Way Vectored Interrupt Capability" by Thomas O. Holtey and Kin C. Yu, and having U.S. Ser. No. 000,402.
2. "Hardware for Extending Microprocessor Addressing Capability" by Thomas O. Holtey and Robert C. Miller, and having U.S. Ser. No. 000,304.
3. "I/O Request Interrupt Mechanism" by Thomas O. Holtey, and having U.S. Ser. No. 000,315.
4. "I/O Priority Resolver" by Thomas O. Holtey, and having U.S. Ser. No. 000,477.
5. "Hardware for Remote Maintenance of Computer Systems" by Thomas O. Holtey and Kin C. Yu, and having U.S. Ser. No. 000,314.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to data processing systems and more particularly to addressing apparatus utilizing an improved paging mechanism.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Normally, a computer memory stores both operands and computer commands or instructions. Operands are generally data which is to be operated upon, and commands are instructions which collectively form a computer program. An instruction word normally includes a command portion which addresses a location in the computer memory. The number of locations in memory which can be addressed by a given instruction via binary notation depends on the number of bits allocated to the address portion of the instruction word and the hardware responsive to those bits. Normally, instruction words are comprised of eight bit bytes, although any other number of bits may be utilized in a byte. Also it is not uncommon for the address portion of an instruction to include one, two, three or more bytes. An address portion of an instruction having only one, eight bit byte can only address 28 =256 locations in memory, whereas an address portion having two, eight bit bytes can address 216 =65,536 locations. Although more memory locations can be addressed with two, eight bit bytes, more time, and a greater number of cycles are necessary in fetching each address word from memory and executing it. Furthermore, more memory space is necessary in storing the larger words. With the trend toward minicomputers and microprocessors, computer memory and throughput are at a premium. Accordingly, what is required for minicomputers, microprocessors and communication processors, is an improved addressing mechanism which will permit greater addressing capability with a minimum of computer cycle time in fetching the address portion of an instruction.
The prior art is replete with memory addressing devices which have been designed to improve the addressing of computer main memories. A typical computer main memory may have a straightforward addressing mechanism with the ability to address any desired number of characters beginning with any randomly selected position.
Instructions stored in main memory are generally stored in contiguous locations in groups so that the group comprises a computer program. Accordingly, it is generally not necessary to fetch another address to locate the second instruction and so on, because the original address can be modified by adding the number one to the address already fetched (or some other number) thus indexing it to the next contiguous location to be fetched.
Other modification techniques comprise indexregisters which are addressed by the original address and either replace or modify the original address to give a new address for the operand to be fetched. A typical device of this type is disclosed by H. Trauboth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,284,778 issued Nov. 8, 1966.
Further refinements to the computer addressing techniques led to relative addressing wherein the address portion of an instruction does not refer to the absolute memory address desired but to some relative address such as a page or segment located in main memory. This page or segment can be located relative to the beginning of the segment or page. Accordingly, hardware can concatenate the relative address within a segment or page with the location of the beginning of that segment or page within main memory to locate the absolute address. Typical of this type of apparatus is the U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,096 to James L. Brown, et al issued Feb. 10, 1976, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,461,433 issued to W. C. Emerson on Aug. 12, 1969.
Still other addressing schemes increase speed and throughput by making use of a high speed-small capacity memory to supplement main memory, and to which addresses are prefetched prior to their use by the addressing mechanism. Hence speed in addressing is attained. Typical of this type device is that disclosed by Yohan Chu in U.S. Pat. No. 3,251,041 issued May 10, 1966.
To increase main memory capacity a virtual memory system was devised wherein the operating system such as that used in the IBM System 370 maps addresses resident on magnetic disk on to main memory. The user addresses main memory and the appearance to the user is that he has a vast capacity of main memory. (See Computer Organization and the System/370 by Harry Katzan Jr., published in 1971 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company of New York.) This is some of the prior art relating to memory addressing schemes of which the applicants are aware. It is presented as background information and no implication should be drawn that this is the closest prior art to the invention or that a search has been made.
All these schemes have generally been directed to large computer systems and generally require additional hardware such as index registers and buffer-memories. Moreover, memory space is not as much at a premium for large computers as with small computers.
What is required of the small computer is an improved address modification system which utilizes the hardware of the basic addressing mechanism and at the same time minimizes cycle time for accessing multiple address words.
It is a primary object of the invention to provide an improved computer main memory addressing mechanism.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved computer memory addressing mechanism having improved address modification.
It is still another object of the invention to provide an improved computer memory addressing mechanism which requires a minimum space for storage of addresses.
It is still another object of the invention to provide an improved computer memory addressing mechanism which requires a minimum of addressing cycles.
It is still a further object of the invention to provide improved mapping of virtual addresses to real addresses.
The foregoing objects are achieved according to one embodiment of the invention by providing addressing hardware for addressing various physical devices coupled to various communication buses, for mapping of virtual addresses to real addresses, and controlling flow of data.
Five bits of an eight bit address are utilized to address a paging signal generator to typically generate eight control signals. These eight control signals are utilized to modify the eight bit address (which can normally address only 256 locations by 8 bits per address location in main memory) to provide additional addressing capability for the eight bit address. When the control signal is active for a particular bit, that bit is modified or another bit is substituted. When the control signal is not active the original bit in the address is utilized.
The novel features which are characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and operation together with further objects and advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1A is a schematic block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of typical addressing formats of the invention.
FIG. 1C is a map of the paging PROM.
FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of a typical organization of the real memory of the invention.
FIG. 2B is a schematic diagram of a typical organization of the virtual memory of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a logic block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
Referring to FIG. 1A there is shown a logic block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention which also shows information flow and modification of the information for improved addressing. A microprocessor 101 is typically a type 6800 commercially available from Motorola Inc. and utilizes a 16 bit address bus 102 to address main memory 108. This provides an addressing capability of over 64,000 bytes of main memory 108. (The 6800 is described in "The Complete Motorola Microcomputer Data Library", Series A, Motorola Inc. 1978 by Motorola Semiconductor Products, Box 20912, Phoenix, Ariz.) The formats of the instruction are shown on FIG. 1B. There are primarily two formats: one having an eight bit op code and an 8 bit (a) byte whereas the other one has an 8 bit op code, and 8 bit (a) byte and an 8 bit (b) byte. In order to conserve pace and cycle time, it is more advantageous to use only the (b) byte. Accordingly, in the schematic representation of FIG. 1A, the register 103 utilizes the first 5 high order bits 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 to address the paging signal generator 105. (The paging signal generator is an integrated circuit memory chip of the type designated as 5610 and commercially available from Intersil. Inc. The 5610 is described in the "Intersil Semiconductor Products Catalog" by Intersil Inc., 10900 North Tantau Avenue, Cupertino, Calif., publiished October, 1974.) The paging signal generator 105 stores 32 words which can be addressed by bits 8-12 of the (b) byte. Since 5 bits are utilized to address the paging signal generator they can be utilized to address any of the 32 words therein. The internal circuitry of the generator 105 is such so that when the first 8 words (up to address 07) are addressed, signal CPGLIN is activated (i.e., goes low). When the next four words of the signal generator 105 are addressed (i.e., addresses 8-11) then both signals CPGLIN and CPGDlR and activated. When the next location word 13 (i.e., address 12) is addressed then all of the following signals are activated (i.e., go low): CPGLIN, CPGDIR, CPGCCB and CPGAD4. The paging signal generator 105 is enabled when a low output signal from the microprocessor 101 is present at its E input terminal. A low input signal is provided to the E input terminal of paging signal generator 105 from the output of OR gate 104 when all of its inputs bits 1-8 of (a) byte are 0 or low. These bits 1-8 of (a) byte are made 0 when it is desired to modify the 16 bit address provided by the (a) and (b) byte. Accordingly, when all the bits of the (a) byte are 0, a low signal results at the output of OR gate 104 which is applied to the E input terminal of paging signal generator 105 thus enabling it. When the paging signal generator 105 is enabled one of the control signal locations 105a is addressed by bits 8-12 of (b) byte. When selected ones of these control signals 105a are active (i.e. low) the 16 bit virtual address 106 is modified to the real address 107 which then addresses main memory 108. If none of the control signals 105a are active, then the 16 bit address 106 is identical to the 16 bit address 107 and no modification occurs for addressing memory 108. (The mechanism for performing this modification will be discussed in detail in relation to FIG. 3.) Assuming, therefore that control signal CPGCCB is active then bit 11 of the virtual address is replaced by the bit in position α of CCB register 115 and bit 12 will be replaced by bit β in CCB register 115 to form the real address. If control signal CPGDIR is active, then bit 10 of the virtual address is replaced by bit D of channel register 114. If control signal CPGLIN is active, then bit 9 of the virtual address is replaced by bit M of the CH register 114, and bit 8 of the virtual address is replaced by bit H of the CH register 114. If control signal CPGAD8 is active, then bit 7 of virtual address is replaced by a one. Finally, if control signal CPGAD4 is active, then bits 4, 5, 6 of the virtual address are replaced by a one.
The CE$U2U control signal generated by the paging signal generator 105 is utilized to address the line number of a selected Programmable Communications Interface commonly known as a Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) 116, 117. (USAART's are commercially available from Intel Corporation and are of the Programmable Communications Interface 8251A. The 8251A is described in the "Intel Component Data Catalog 1978" published by Intel Corporation, 3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, Calif.) The CEIO2U control signal enables the I-bus 113 via bidirectional bus driver 111. (These bidirectional bus drivers are commercially available from Texas Instrument and are designated as type 74LS245 The 74LS245 is described in "The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers", Second Edition copyright 1976 by Texas Instrument.) The CEIO2U signal permits communication from the I-bus 113 to the U-bus 112, whereas a CEU2IO signal permits communication from the U-bus-112 to the I-bus 113. The I-bus may have various registers attached for storing communications information. Some typical registers such as HI-Order Data Register 120, LO-Order Data Register 121, channel no. register 122, and status register 123. These registers communicate with the microprocessor via the I-bus 113 and the U-bus 112, and with main memory 108 via I-bus 113 and M-bus 109. In order for the various registers on the I-bus 113 to communicate with main memory 108 and microprocessor 101, it is necessary to assign space in main memory for various lines and channels associated with any communication port. Referring therefore to FIG. 2A, it will be seen that real memory 200 has a portion of its area reserved for lines 0-3. Each line is comprised of 64 bytes and the total 4 lines 0-3 comprise the Logical Table (LCT) space. Each line 0-3 is furthermore subdivided into 2 channels of 32 bytes each. Accordingly, there are 8 channels of 32 bytes comprising 4 lines of 64 bytes each which comprise the LCT space. The next 256 bytes are reserved for Channel Command Programs (CCP) use. There are also 3 to 4K bytes which together with the unused space are reserved for Channel Command Programs (CCP). Below this space there is an additional 256 bytes reserved for the Channel Control Block (CCB). As with the LCT space, each line 0-3 is associated with one CCB of 64 bytes each of which is subdivided into 2 channels of 32 bytes each. Below this is memory space reserved as firmware work space. Accordingly, it can be seen that each line 0-3 is associated with one LCT space and one CCB space, each of which is subdivided into two channels. Part of the addressing mechanisn described supra with FIG. 1A addresses all of these memory spaces. However, to do this it takes two address bytes a and b since one address byte is comprised of 8 bits and 8 bits can address only 256 locations. Yet as can be seen from FIG. 2A, there are 768 locations (3�256) excluding the 3K/4K locations. These 256 locations are the most commonly addressed since communication of lines 0-3 must constantly be had with its LCT's, its CCB's and the firmware. It is very inefficient to utilize the 16 bit address which can normally address over 64,000 locations merely to address 768 locations, yet only one 8 bit address can address only 256 locations. This invention permits the 768 locations to be addressed by the first 5 bits 8-12 of the (b) byte 103 by permitting the modification of the virtual address of FIG. 2B as discussed supra. Hence, cycle time and storage space are saved by this short form of addressing.
Referring to FIG. 1C, there is shown the map of the Paging Signal Generator 105 (i.e., Paging PROM 300). The map is self-explanatory. The address locations are shown in various numbering systems on the first 3 columns, whereas the last column contains the actual information stored at that address location. The fourth column designates the hexadecimal locations which have similar contents.
Referring to FIG. 2B, there is shown 256 locations in memory 201 reserved for virtual memory. The first 64 locations or bytes are numbered in decimal notation 0 through 63 and in hexadecimal notation 0 through 3F, and comprise the LCT of the current line used by the CCP. The next 32 locations or bytes, decimal locations 64-95 and in hexadecimal notation 40-5F, are reserved for the LCT of the current channel used by firmware. The next 8 locations or bytes denoted in decimal notation 96-102 and in hexadecimal notation 60-67 are reserved for the active CCB of the current channel. There is then an unused space and there are 3 eight byte locations reserved for the USART of the current line, the shadow USART of the current line respectively and the extension of LCT of the current channel.
A typical example will illustrate how the improved addressing scheme of the invention works. Assume, therefore, that location 5 of line 0 of virtual memory 201 is to be addressed. Accordingly, all of the bits 0 through 7 of (a) byte of register 103 would be 0 which would enable OR gate 104 and enable the paging signal generator 105. The next 5 bits, 8 through 12, would also be 0, l whereas bit 13 would be a 1, bit 14 would be 0 and bit 15 would be a one thus giving the binary address 101 or decimal 5. The virtual address 106 would also have bits 0 through 12 equal to 0 with bit 13 being 1, bit 14 being 0 and bit 15 being 1. Additionally, however, since bits 8-12 of the (b) byte in register 103 are 0, control signal CPGLIN would be active. (It was seen supra that if bits 8-12 were utilized to address the first 8 words in the paging signal generator 105, signal CPGLIN would be active or low.) With signal CPGLIN active, bits 8 and 9 of the virtual address 106 would be replaced by bits H and M respectively of channel register 114. Under our assumption which initially was that we are addressing location 5 of line 0, bits H and M of channel register 114 would be 0 and accordingly bits 8 and 9 of real address 107 would also be 0. Thus the final real address would have bits 0-12 equal to 0, bit 13 would be a 1, bit 14 would be a 0, and bit 15 would be a 1, thus addressing the fifth location of line 0 of real memory.
To take this problem one step further, assume now that the fifth location in line 1 is now to be addressed. The bit contents of register 103 and virtual address 106 would be identical as in the prior example. However, since line 1 is now being addressed the channel register 114 would have a 0 in its high order bit H and a 1 in its next order bit M. Accordingly, when signal CPGLIN is activated once again (since bits 8-12 of the (b) byte of register 103 are all zeroes) bit 8 of virtual address 106 would be replaced by bit H of channel register 114 which is a 0 and bit number 9 of virtual address 106 would be replaced by the mid bit M of channel register 114 which in this example is a 1, since line 1 is being addressed. Hence the real address 107 would have zeroes in bit positions 0 through 8, bit 9 would be a 1, bits 10-12 would remain 0, and bit 13 would still be a 1, bit 14 would still be 0, and bit 15 would still be a 1. Accordingly, now hexadecimal location 45 is addressed in real memory which is the fifth location of line 1. It can readily be seen by this reasoning that at location 5, line 2 or line 3 could be similarly addressed merely by substituting bits H and M of the channel register 114 for bits 8 and 9 of the virtual address 106 to obtain the real address 107.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown the detailed logic block diagram of the paging apparatus for improved mapping of virtual addresses to real addresses. First a structural description will be given wherein the various structures of FIG. 3 will be identified and tied into FIG. 1A where feasible; secondly, the operation of the structure of FIG. 3 will be described to show the various functions performed. It should be noted from FIG. 1A supra that the paging mechanism is designed to modify bits 4 through 12 of virtual address format 106 to provide the final real address 107 with bits 4 through 12 either modified or not in accordance with the signals presented. On FIG. 3 it should be noted that multiplexers (MUX) 302, 303, and 304 and driver 305 provide the output signals respectively on lines 302A, 303A, 304A, 305A and 305B which represent modified bits 8 through 12 of the real address 107. Multiplexer (MUX) 301 and driver 308 provide the output signals in line 301A, 308A, 308B, and 308C which represent bits 4 through 7 of the modified real address 107. Register 309 corresponds to register 114 of FIG. 1A and stores bits H, M and D and provides these bits as output signals on lines 309A, 309B and 309C. Register 310 corresponds to CCB register 115 on FIG. 1A and stores and provides the α and β bits as signal output on lines 310A and 310B respectively. PROM 300 corresponds to paging signal generator 105. As described supra, it provides the various signals for mapping the virtual address 106 into the real address 107. The map of PROM 300 corresponds to FIG. 1C. Drivers 305 and 306 are coupled with AND gate 311A to provide the real memory address bits 11 and 12. Register 311 is utilized to store various signals.
Each of these devices is commercially available from such manufacturers as Texas Instrument, Motorola, Intel and other semiconductor manufacturers in accordance to their universal designations as shown in Table I below:
TABLE I______________________________________Type of Device and Commercial Identi-Numeral Designation fication Number______________________________________MUX301, 302, 303 and 74LS253304Drivers 305, 306, 74LS241307 and 308Registers 309 and 114 74173Registers 310 and 311 74LS374AND gate 311A 74LS08PROM 300 5610______________________________________
The 74 series circuits are listed in "The TTL Data Book for Design Engineers", Second Edition, copyright 1976 by Texas Instruments. The 5610 is listed in the "Intersil Semiconductor Products Catalog", published in 1974 by Intersil Inc. Referring once again to FIG. 3, the operation and function of the paging apparatus for improved mapping of virtual addresses to real addresses will be described in greater detail. As has been discussed supra with respect to FIG. 1A, when addresses 0 through 7 of PROM chip 300 are addressed the communication paging line signal (CPGLIN) becomes active by going low. Ths is shown on the Paging PROM Map of FIG. 1C, wherein the contents of the map in the first 8 positions are 01111111. Bit position 7 is 0, or low, which activates signal CPGLIN. This signal is then applied to input terminal 2ag and 2ah of multiplexers (MUX) 302 and 303 respectively. The other input control signal to input terminals 1ag and 1ah of multiplexers 302 and 303 respectively is the logic 1 (LOGIC1) signal which is wired to always be high. When signal CPGLIN is active (i.e., in the low state) it addresses input terminals 1ag and 1ah of multiplexers 302 and 303 respectively which means that the signals on input terminals 1g and 1h will pass through as outputs on lines 302A and 303A respectively. By following the signals (CPGCNH) on input terminal 1g of multiplexer 302 back to its source, it will be observed that it comes from the high order bit on line 309A of channel register 309. Similarly, following the input signal (CPGCNL) on input terminal 1 h of MUX 303 back to its source shows that it comes from the middle order output line 309B. These correspond to bits H and M of channel register 114 of FIG. 1A. Accordingly, when the line paging signal (CPGLIN) is activated, the H and M bit of register 114, 309 is substituted for virtual address bits 8 and 9 on output lines 302A and 303A respectively. Conversely, when the line paging signal (CPGLIN) is not activated (i.e., high,) then the address bits 8 and 9 of the virtual address are not modified and are passed as is to the output lines 302A and 303A of MUX's 302 and 303 respectively. This occurs because then CPGLIN is high and with LOGIC1 always being high, input address 3g and 3h are addressed on MUX's 302 and 303 respectively. Input address 3g of MUX 302 is CADU08 which is interpreted as the communication address of the microprocessor bit 8. Input address 3h of MUX 303 is CADU09 which is interpreted as the communication address microprocessor bit 9. When input terminals 3g and 3h are addressed, this becomes active and permits the addresses on that terminal to pass through to the output lines of 302A and 303A of MUX's 302 and 303.
The next control bit for modifying the virtual address 106 from the PROM chip 300 is the directional bit (CPGDIR). The directional bit is the low order bit D in channel register 114 and on line 309C of channel register 309. The directional bit becomes activated when addresses 8, 9, 10 and 11 (decimal) of the PROM 300 are addressed (See FIG. 1C). Additionally, when these bits 8-11 are addressed output signal CPGLIN also becomes active. Accordingly, in addition to the application of the CPGLIN signal to MUX's 302 and 303, there is an application of signal CPGDIR on input terminals 1d and 1ai of MUX's 301 and 304 respectively. With signal CPGDIR on input terminal 1ai of MUX 304 low, it makes no difference whether input signal CPGAD8 on input terminal 2ai of MUX 304 is high or low since under either condition, either input terminal 0b or 2b (addresses 00 or 10 binary) are activated and the CPGCND signal is applied to both these addresses. The origin of the CPGCND signal is from the output line 309C of channel register 309 which is the D bit of channel register 114 and channel register 309. Accordingly, when the directional bit CPGDIR is activated, the number 10 (decimal) bit of virtual address 106 is modified in accordance to the contents of the D bit of the channel register 114 or 309. There is no effect of the CPGDIR signal on the 1d input terminal of MUX 301 unless CPGAD8 signal is also activated. This is true because with signal CPGAD8 inactivated or high, only addresses 2e or 3e (10 or 11 binary) of MUX 301 can be addressed. They are both the same and represent bit 7 of the communication address of the microprocessor. However, when the CPGAD8 signal from PROM 300 is also activated (i.e., low,) then only address 0e or 1e (00 or 01 binary) of MUX 301 is addressed and becomes active; both these addresses have the logic signal 1 LOGIC1 applied which is permitted to pass to output line 301A of MUX 301 when both signal CPGAD8 and CPGDIR are active or only when CPGAD8 is active.
Hence with CPGAD8 active, bit 7 of virtual address is modified and forced to a one.
As described supra with respect to FIG. 1A, when the channel register bit (CPGCCB) is active or low then bits 11 and 12 of virtual address 106 are replaced by channel bits α and β of register 115. Since register 310 on FIG. 3 corresponds to channel register 115 and bit CPGCCH on output line 310A correspond to the α bit of channel register 115 and bit CPGCCL on output line 310B corresponds to the B bit of register 115 then these bits will replace bits 11 and 12 of the virtual address when the signal CPGCCB is active or low. Let's see how this happens. When the signal CPGCCB is activated, it is applied to the 11 input terminal of driver 306 and to one terminal of AND gate 311A. Accordingly, driver 306 is enabled and the channel control bit signals CPGCCH and CPGCCL on output lines 310A and 310B are applied to terminals 1n and 0n respectively of driver 306. They pass through to output line 306A and 306B of driver 306 and replace bits 11 and 12 of the virtual memory address. It should be noted that when the CPGCCB signal applied to input terminal 1 of driver 306 is low, it enables driver 306, but this same signal applied to the input terminal 19 of driver 305 disables driver 305. Hence the CADU11 and CADU12 signals on input terminals 24 and 25 respectively of driver 305 are not passed through to the output terminal 305A and 305B of driver 305, but rather are replaced by channel register 310 bits as previously described. Accordingly, it is seen that either driver 306 or 305 is enabled but not both, and either the channel register bits are passed through via driver 306, or the microprocessor address bits are passed through to the output via driver 305.
Finally with respect to the virtual address modification, the modification of bits 4, 5 and 6 will be discussed. As noted supra with respect to FIG. 1A, this is accomplished via signal CPGAD4. When address 12 (decimal) of Paging Signal Generator is addressed, all of the following signals become active. CPGLIN, CPGDIR, CPGCCB and CPGAD4. This is seen by referring to FIG. 1C where address 12 (decimal) contains the following 00001111. Hence bit positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 are low or active and from FIG. 1A ref. numeral 105: these correspond to signals CPGAD4, CPCGCCB, CPCDIR and CPGLIN respectively. It has already been shown how the first three signals modify the virtual address when they are active; and it will now be shown how the signal CPGAD4 modifies the virtual address and forces one's into bits 4, 5 and 6 of the virtual address. The CPGAD4 signal is applied to the enabling terminal 19 of driver 308. When driver 308 is not enabled (i.e., low,) then one's are forced for bits 4, 5 and 6 respectively. If it is enabled (i.e., high), then the microprocessor address CADU 4, 5 and 6 respectively will pass through. The reason for this is that driver 308 is a commercially available LS241 tri-state circuit which has pull up resistors for the signal applied. Accordingly, if a low signal such as CPGAD4 is applied, it does not enable driver 308 and the output signals are pulled up to +5 volts making it a logic 1. On the other hand, when CPGAD4 is not active it is high, thus it enables driver 308 and permits the address signal on input terminals 1k, 2k, and 3k respectively of driver 308.
Having shown and described a preferred embodiment of the invention, those skilled in the art will realize that many variations and modifications may be made to affect the described invention and still be within the scope of the claimed invention. Thus, many of the elements indicated above may be altered or replaced by different elements which will provide the same result and fall within the spirit of the claimed invention. It is the intention, therefore, to limit the invention only as indicated by the scope of the claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|May 10, 1966
|Melpar Inc
|Computer memory system
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 1980
|May 3, 1983
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Hierarchial memory system with microcommand memory and pointer register mapping virtual CPU registers in workspace cache #4 and main memory cache
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|Sep 25, 1984
|Motorola, Inc.
|Memory management unit
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|Sundstrand Corporation
|Inverter control
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|Bus to bus converter using a RAM for multiple address mapping
|Apr 1, 1985
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|National Semiconductor Corp.
|Cache memory address apparatus
|Aug 7, 1986
|Aug 16, 1988
|Burr-Brown Limited
|Data processing system with pre-decoding of op codes
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|Hitachi, Ltd.
|Vector data refer circuit with a preceding paging control for a vector processor apparatus therefor
|Jan 11, 1990
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|Wang Laboratories, Inc.
|Reference and change table storage system for virtual memory data processing system having a plurality of processors accessing common memory
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|Storage Technology Corporation
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|Intel Corporation
|Computer system with a paged non-volatile memory
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|Intel Corporation
|Dynamic non-volatile memory update in a computer system
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
People Who Aren't Scared of My Voice
Destiny Snow
A girl jumped in front of me and started to introduce herself loudly, but then she looked behind me. There was a boy there.
"Are you OK? that boy" I said quietly. The girl - Olli - led me to a room, it was full. She introduced me to everyone and then led me to my room. She left.
"Uhh, Hi" I said "I'm Destiny Snow. But please call me 'Dess'"
"Oh, well Hi Dess, I'm Faith" said the girl at the window.
"Hi Faith" I said.
"He's Jay" said the other girl, pointing to who must have been her unidentical twin.
"And she's Jill" said Jay, pointing to to the girl
"Well Hi Jill and Jay" I said to them.
"So, what's your power?" they all asked me at the same time.
This is I thought into their minds.
"Oh!" Jill and Jay said. But Faith said:
"Well, what is it?"
"I guess your power is to block people then?" i mumbled "I speak onto peoples minds."
"OK" she said. I went out of the room to see if there was anyone else. There was. A boy called Hatch. He had a scar on his face that i wanted to stroke, to try and tale the possible pain away, but I clamped my arm to my side. He went somewhere and I bumped into a girl on the way back to my dorm.
"Hi, I'm Destiny Snow, but please call me 'Dess'" I said.
"Hi, I'm Toni May" she said to me.
"So, what's your power?" I said. I suddenly felt really happy, and my memory was dodgyfied for a second so that I hadn't told her my name. But then it went back. "I see" I said. Don't mess with my memories or my feelings again i pushed the thought into her mind. She laughed. Finally, I was around people who weren't scared of my voice.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Montane Men's Terra Alpine Pant - $128.95
Free Shipping. Montane Men's Terra Alpine Pant DECENT FEATURES of the Montane Men's Terra Alpine Pant GRANITE STRETCH outer fabric features a four way stretch and is remarkably weather resistant Articulated knees for step high movement, perfect for mountain use Tailored waist to reduce excess fabric with double press stud fastening Zipped fly and webbing belt with low profile buckle Two zipped hand pockets for storage of essentials whilst on the move Zipped pull out security pocket Two mesh lined thigh vents to aid cooling when working hard 1/4 length side zips for access, ventilation and the ability to pull over trail footwear Press stud ankle adjustment for tight fit against footwear and to prevent heat loss The SPECS Weight: M: 14.6 oz / 415 g Activities: Alpinism / Mountain Walking / Rock Climbing / Trekking / Travel Fit: Active Mountain Fabric: Granite Stretch This product can only be shipped within the United States. Please don't hate us. - $128.95


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Drum to disc brakes
I am looking for an easy way to put disc brakes on my T-Bucket. I have the Model T axel that takes a 4 bolt spindle. (does that make any sence)....someone told me a Rambler spindle would bolt right on. Any help here????
sorry i know there's lots of kits for putting discs on rear ends but i dont know squat about model t stuff. in 74 i hadda t bucket but that was along time ago, in a land far, far away.
TCI makes a nice kit, as does Speedway. They will walk you through it. Give them a try. CCR also.....................t
Thanks alot!!!!!!! Someone else mentioned Speedway
before, but I forgot about them (duh). I'll check them out. Thanks again!!
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x Click Here to subscribe to free job alerts! Join our BBM Channel on C00299C49. Follow us on Instagram @jobzillanigeria
8 Aug 2016
Job at Cypress Leasing for a Business Development Officer
by Jobzilla Nigeria at 8/08/2016 10:49:00 pm Tags: Business Development Jobs , Business-Development-Jobs , Lagos Jobs
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PURPOSE: Detection of variant specific genes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become a routine diagnostic test for accurate subtyping of RNA viruses. The Influenza A (H1N1) virus RNA stability according to storage conditions and duration of swabbed samples and extracted RNA samples are important in research for other respiratory virus and bacterial infection. We have studied Influenza A (H1N1) virus RNA using RT-PCR for the stability in extracted RNA samples and swabbed samples.
METHODS: We have tested 15 Influenza A (H1N1) virus RNA samples and 15 swabbed samples confirmed initially positive by real time RT-PCR. We have studied RNA stability after storage (within 12hours, 4 months and 6 months) at different temperature (-20 and -80 degrees C). Swabbed samples and extracted RNA samples containing different Influenza A (H1N1) virus were stored and analysed by real time RT-PCR at defined time points.
RESULTS: Influenza A (H1N1) virus RNA levels remained almost stable (above 90%) at 4 months and 6 months at -20 and -80 degrees C. However swabbed samples at -20 and -80 degrees C after storage were unstable. We could not detect Influenza A (H1N1) virus in swabbed samples of 3 cases and 5 cases at each temperature.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that extracted RNA samples can be stored at -20 degrees C for 6months without any significant difference in detected Influenza A (H1N1) virus RNA by using real time RT-PCR and swabbed sample is suitable for long term storage.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results of our study can be used for storage of Influenza virus
DISCLOSURE: The following authors have nothing to disclose: Chang Youl Lee, In-Bum Suh
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While it may not be difficult to locate replacement parts for Chevrolet vehicles, these days only the absolute best are required to repair your automobile. Make no mistake, you didn't buy your Vega unless you knew that you wanted performance and American style both impeccably combined into one vehicle. You bought your Vega because its dependability and value struck a chord inside you; so why would you settle for anything but the best when it comes to superior quality auto parts? When your Chevrolet Vega rolled off the assembly line, it was destined for a person with discerning taste who wants long-lasting quality in their automobile.
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Recreational Slo-Pitch Softball
The 2017 softball schedule is available
We are a fun league that plays out of Gladstone School (Victoria and Kingsway area – all weather fields) Mondays and or Wednesdays starting at 6:30 PM (starts last week of April). Typically one game a week and it can be either of those days. Minimum age is 19 years of age...there is no maximum age and we have players both young and old. No skill or previous experience is required... bring your partner and you can join the same team.
Your registration comes with a shirt and a banquet. The season ends with a tournament (included in your fees) at Squint Park in Burnaby on August 12th and 13th.
For payments options, we accept credit card, cash and cheques.
If you are considering being a member, there are other advantages to being an Inside Edge Ski Club member other than skiing... we play indoor volleyball, beach volleyball, badminton, kayaking, camping, biking...and we own a cabin in Whistler that hosts all kinds of social activities/events. In fact, you can plan your own! Please feel free to go to our website and check us out at www.insideedgeclub.bc.ca
To sign up fill out the registration form and mail (with a cheque) or come to clubnight at the Firefighters Public House on the first Thursday of the month.


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Check out this impressive footage of a hog cull using an ATV and laser equipped shotgun in North Texas. If you have ever tried to shoot from a moving vehicle (safely and legally of course) y... Read more
Suppressors show the most impressive results when shooting subsonic ammo. And when shooting a slower round, you will achieve the most power by firing a heavier bullet. Therefore bore size... Read more
Hunting hogs with night vision and thermal imaging gives you a great advantage over the super invasive and smart prey. I've been able to use a PVS14 night vision monocular setup for a... Read more
Lone Star Boars gives a comparison video demonstrating a few different suppressed rifle shots downrange with both hits and misses on a dead hog: Read more
I love hunting hogs every way possible, but this might even beat helicopter hunting: Read more
Newly proposed regulations would prohibit hunting or trapping free-ranging Eurasian boars in New York, the state Department of Environmental Conservation announced recently. The proposal is... Read more
I've always thought nightvision was pretty cool, but until now the only ones I've been able to play with were the Generation 1 $99 cheapos that worked about as well as snapping a... Read more


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Press Room
Association News
Mar 13, 2017
Board roles and responsibilities discussed.
Mar 10, 2017
They share how CUs can participate even if they don't attend the event.
Mar 9, 2017
Regulation E: Find out which transactions are considered remittance transfers.
Mar 9, 2017
End-to-end loan portfolio management platform helps credit unions maintain a competitive...
Mar 7, 2017
Unique conference is built around engaging, interactive education.
Mar 6, 2017
Bill would require agencies such as NCUA & CFPB to submit rules to OMB before they're published.
Mar 6, 2017
MD|DC CUA Recognized for Project Zip Code & SECU CEO Staatz Hands off Gavel.
Mar 6, 2017
CUs Share the Credit Union Story & Urge Congress to Support Key Issues.
Mar 3, 2017
Register Now to Join the Conversation on March 22.
Mar 1, 2017
Nearly 40 credit union leaders attend luncheon during CUNA's GAC.
CU News
May 24, 2017
Students in SECU-sponsored youth financial literacy club earn Millionaire's Club of the Year award...
May 24, 2017
MECU's Claudette Bard, administrative assistant to President/CEO, has been in financial services...
May 24, 2017
Students' financial health is a key focus for Andrews Federal Credit Union and Rowan College.
May 24, 2017
CUNA is holding an introductory webinar for interested credit unions on Thursday May 25. Your...
May 24, 2017
Securityplus Federal Credit Union presents April 2017 Positive Difference Award
May 24, 2017
Significant Increase in Ten-Year Estimate of Credit Union Tax Exemption
May 18, 2017
CO-OP Services' new quarterly magazine focuses on big ideas and big trends to help credit union...
May 18, 2017
Credit unions must remain competitive by embracing innovation, employing the innovators
May 18, 2017
Chris Gunnare Joins PCSU Leadership Team as Chief Member Experience Officer
May 17, 2017
See Keynote Speaker Linda Kaplan Thaler's video message for AMC attendees!
RSS News
Apr 20, 2015
Current guarantee fees charges by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are appropriate, according to a...
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Tino Ninotti and Jason Anthony face charges after lying to obtain loans from their former credit...
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Tino Ninotti and Jason Anthony strike deals with prosecutors after lying to obtain loans from the $...
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Call center outsourcing firm's announcement speaks to recent credit union loan growth.
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The National Credit Union Administration does not, and will not, participate in programs such as U....
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Financial institutions have stricter standards in underwriting mortgage loans than a decade ago,...
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LendKey's new partnership with Navy Federal will double the student loan platform provider...
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The National Credit Union Administration Budget Transparency Act (S. 924) would increase...
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Apr 20, 2015
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Sweet! Now even pilots are getting attacked by the TSA! Great success!
Originally Posted by New York Post
Sweet! Now even pilots are getting attacked by the TSA! Great success!
Originally Posted by New York Post
I'm sensing high levels of douchebaggery here. If you're an OFF DUTY pilot (per the article), you're not a %^&damn "TSA officer". And if you're so scared ****less of brown people that you have to carry a firearm in the (locked, secured, screened) cockpit, you're looking for a fight anyway.Trivett then identified himself as a TSA officer who is an armed pilot.
So, if somebody is talking unprofessionally, who is NOT your co-worker, and NOT to you until you butt into it, that gives you the right to touch them or grab at something worn on their body? I'll bet charges are dropped against her in return for her not filing assault charges on him. Regardless of what was overheard, or said to him, *he* made it physical.When he tried to grab at the ID tags of screener Lateisha El, 30, she pushed him and tossed a full cup of hot coffee on him, police say.
Professionalism down
Self Entitlement up
He had a good point, just didn't execute well.
2007 Mercedes C230 Sport--His
2009 Volkswagen Tiguan SE 4Motion--Hers
Fly. Fight. Win.
Why does nothing in this story surprise me...at all.
But she wears a badge....he doesn't.
MemeGate 2012 - First Responder, post #2
Buy my wife's old laptop!
Driving While Awesome Podcast. Give it a listen.
Originally Posted by jamie@vwvortex
Assuming all TSA is like this one idiot is pretty dumb as well.
That being said, airline pilots, and FFDO's in particular are some of the biggest douchebags I have ever met. They really think they are gods who do more than drive a flying bus.
I've flown with a few FFDOs in the past and they seemed like decent guys...
Driving While Awesome Podcast. Give it a listen.
And thank you for pointing out my hypocracy. It was intentional.
I have met a few cool pilots and a handful of FFDO's that were decent humans.
I would say this case speaks more about New Yorkers than TSO's in general. How often do we hear these stories about TSA? How often are the stories from NY or the east coast?
Driving While Awesome Podcast. Give it a listen.


text:
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The expression of BMI-1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog), a member of the polycomb-group genes (PcG), is well correlated with a poor prognosis and treatment failure among patients with malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and lymphoma.1, 2, 3 Recently, we found that BMI-1 renders B-cell lymphoma cells refractory to several anti-cancer drugs by inducing the expression of survivin.4 There is an urgent clinical need to find therapeutics to treat patients with lymphoma cells overexpressing BMI-1 and survivin. Although in the pre-rituximab era (Rituximab, IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA), the long-term remission rate for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was 50–60%, the addition of rituximab has led to an enormous improvement in survival. As rituximab has more significantly improved the overall survival, event-free survival and progression-free survival of patients with non-germinal center B cell-type DLBCL, which have a poor prognosis, than those with germinal center B cell-type DLBCL,5, 6, 7, 8, 9 immunotherapy with an antibody such as rituximab may function by overcoming drug-resistant genes including Bcl-2, Bcl-6 and Bcl-xL.10 We previously developed T cells with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) against CD38 and reported that these CD38-specific T cells effectively eliminated B-cell lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo.11, 12 This is because CD38 is widely and highly expressed in B-cell lymphoma cells (40–50% of patients with the B-cell typed),13 especially in AIDS-associated lymphoma cells14 and DLBCL cells bearing t(14;18) with aggressiveness (100% of these patients).15
We, thus investigated whether T cells bearing an anti-CD38-CAR exerted cytotoxicity against B-cell lymphoma cells expressing BMI-1 and survivin. Here we report that, the CD38-specific T cells efficiently eliminated chemotherapy-resistant B-lymphoma cells overexpressing BMI-1 and survivin, and propose that T-cell immunotherapy with CAR may be useful for treating refractory B-cell lymphoma.
Two lymphoma cell lines (HT and RL) obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA, USA) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 37°C. The cells were transduced with a vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSVG)-pseudotyped retrovirus containing MSCV-BMI-1-Flag-IRES-GFP or MSCV-IRES-GFP alone and the GFP-positive cells were sorted by FACS Aria (BD, San Jose, CA, USA). Primary cells were obtained from the lymph node, pleural effusion, and spleen of patients with lymphoma, and peripheral blood cells from healthy donors, and subjected to Ficoll-density centrifugation. Informed consent was obtained from all of the patients and donors. Patients with B-cell lymphoma and donors were examined as approved by the institutional review board at Hiroshima University. The retroviral vector construct consisting of GFP, the transmembrane domain of CD8α, 4-1BB, CD3ζ and anti-CD38 scFv was made previously.11 Briefly, to generate a RD114-pseudotyped retrovirus, Lipofectamine-Plus reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to transfect 293T cells with the retroviral vector including anti-CD38-CAR, pEQ-PAM3(-E), and pRDF. Conditioned medium containing the retrovirus was harvested after the transfection and stored at –80°C prior to use. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated for 48h with 7μg/ml PHA-M (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), 200IU/ml human Interleukin-2 (PeproTech, London, UK), and 10% FCS in RPMI-1640 medium. Cells were transduced in high titer of virus-rich conditioned medium with 4μg/ml polybrene (Sigma) in a polypropylene tube coated with retroronectin by spinoculation technique. An anti-CD38 antibody (CPK-H; MBL, Nagoya, Japan) was added to protect transduced T cells from auto-lysis through cross-linkage of the anti-CD38-CAR with intrinsic CD38, described previously.11 For the co-culture experiment, T cells were washed with Phosphate buffered saline several times to eliminate the residual antibodies in the medium. To detect surface expression of the anti-CD38-CAR, cells were stained with a goat anti-mouse (Fab')2 polyclonal antibody conjugated to biotin (Jackson ImmunoResearch, West Grove, PA, USA), followed by streptavidin-PerCP (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Antibody staining was detected with a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (BD) as described.11 The cytotoxicity of the transduced cells was assessed by flow cytometric analysis as described previously.11 Cells harvested from the cultures were co-incubated in anti-CD38-antibody-PerCP and anti-CD19-antibody-APC for two-color staining. Specific cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the formula (B-A)/B, where A is the number of CD19+CD38+GFP− cells after incubation with the anti-CD38-CAR-expressing T cells, and B is the number of CD19+CD38+GFP− cells after incubation with vector-transduced T cells. Recovery of viable cells (%) was evaluated by using the formula A/B.
We recently demonstrated that expression of survivin, enhanced by BMI-1, is well correlated with drug-resistance against etoposide (Sigma) or platinum-containing drugs such as oxaliplatin (Sigma) and cisplatin (Sigma).4 We, then, examined whether human T cells with an anti-CD38-CAR effectively kill B-cell lymphoma cells overexpressing BMI-1 as well as survivin. Initially, we confirmed the expression of the anti-CD38-CAR on T cells, freshly isolated from donors and retrovirally transduced (data not shown). We previously reported that survivin expression was enhanced by BMI-1, and confirmed that both BMI-1 and survivin were overexpressed in B-lymphoma cell lines, HT and RL cells, transduced with BMI-1 (designated as HT-BMI-1 and RL-BMI-1, respectively) (Figure 1a). Firstly, we evaluated whether T cells bearing the anti-CD38-CAR eliminate chemotherapy-resistant HT-BMI-1 cells overexpressing survivin and BMI-1. T cells expressing the anti-CD38-CAR were co-cultured with HT-BMI-1 cells at an effector (E):target (T) ratio of 1:2 for 3 days. As shown in Figure 1b, the T cells effectively eliminated the retrovirally transduced B-lymphoma cells in a time-dependent manner. Specific cytotoxicity in the 3-day co-culture was 95.19%±0.23% (mean±s.d.) (n=3) in HT cells transduced with control vector alone (mock) and 95.76%±0.05% (n=3) in HT-BMI-1 cells. Next, we tested whether the killing effect was dependent on the dose of the effectors. T cells with the anti-CD38-CAR were co-cultured with HT-BMI-1 cells at an E:T ratio of 1:20 for 3 days. We confirmed that these CD38-specific T cells eliminated HT-BMI-1 cells in a dose-dependent fashion (Figure 1c). Next, we examined whether T cells with the anti-CD38-CAR kill RL-BMI-1 cells in similar experiments. T cells bearing the anti-CD38-CAR were co-cultured with RL cells overexpressing survivin and BMI-1 at an E:T ratio of 1:2 for 3 days. Specific cytotoxicity was 92.26%±0.19% (n=3) in RL-mock cells and 93.82%±0.11% (n=3) in RL-BMI-1 cells. The results were quite similar to those for HT-BMI cells. Representative flow cytometric data are shown in Figure 1d. These results suggested that T cells with the anti-CD38-CAR functioned successfully in eliminating B-lymphoma cells overexpressing survivin and BMI-1, which are resistant to chemotherapy.
Next, we tested whether T cells with the anti-CD38-CAR exerted cytotoxic activity against B-lymphoma cells harboring both survivin and BMI-1. Six patients with refractory B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) were studied as shown in Table 1. Western blotting revealed both BMI-1 and survivin to be expressed in all the samples (data not shown). Intriguingly, T cells transduced with the anti-CD38-CAR effectively eliminated B-lymphoma cells from chemotherapy-resistant patients in the co-culturing system in vitro. Mean specific cytotoxicity observed at an E:T ratio of 1:2 for 3 days was over 90% (n=4) (Table 1). These results showed that CD38-specific T cells efficiently eliminated B-lymphoma cells with BMI-1 and survivin.
Overexpression of anti-apoptotic genes including the Bcl-2, Bcl-x, XIAP and survivin genes is one mechanism by which cancer cells become refractory to anti-cancer drugs. We confirmed that HT cells transduced with BMI-1 strongly expressed Bcl-x, XIAP and survivin (data not shown). Alternatively, RL cells with BMI-1 expressed Bcl-2, Bcl-x, XIAP and survivin (data not shown). Although we previously showed RL-BMI-1 cells were more resistant to etoposide and platinum-containing anti-cancer drugs like oxaliplatin and cisplatin than HT-BMI-1 cells,4 CD38-specific T cells exerted a similar cytotoxic effect on HT-BMI-1 and RL-BMI-1, indicating that these autologous T cells bearing the anti-CD38-CAR eliminated B-lymphoma cells even though the cells expressed multiple antiapoptotic genes. Recent publications showed that genetically-engineered T cells reactive to CD19 exerted persistent cytotoxic effects in patients with refractory chronic lymphoid leukemia.16, 17 These results suggest immunotherapy with T cells bearing a CAR to be an important option in treating refractory hematological malignancies.
In this study, we demonstrated that T cells bearing the anti-CD38-CAR were highly cytotoxic to B-cell lymphoma cells expressing BMI-1 and survivin. If autologous T-cell immunotherapy using the anti-CD38-CAR is harnessed more efficiently for the treatment of lymphoma, it might shed new light on a therapeutic strategy for patients with refractory B-lymphoma cells with even multiple anti-apoptotic gene expression.
A Japanese Grant-in aid supported this work for Scientific Research. We thank A Ihara (Fukuyama Central Hospital) and A Sakai (Hiroshima University) for providing invaluable comments.
KM designed and performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper; JB performed the experiments; AK and KY in collaboration with YT aided in writing the paper; AK, YT, and TK contributed to the statistical analyses. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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"Every year, the outlaws swing out of the trees, rob the merchants and ride back to Washington D.C. for a glorious feast over the stolen goods, which they may in some small way share with a few peasants, to secure their support. "
Pay to play.
I don't see why corporation don't send this message, "Screw with us and we'll spend millions on your opponent!"
Larkin glanced away, as if debating something in his mind. After a while, he asked cautiously, "How is your man in Washington?"
"Okay, I guess."
"You ought to be sure of it. It's important." He looked up at Rearden, and repeated with a kind of stressed insistence, as if discharging a painful moral duty, "Hank, it's very important."
"I suppose so."
"In fact, that's what I came here to tell you."
"For any special reason?"
Larkin considered it and decided that the duty was discharged. "No," he said.
Rearden disliked the subject. He knew that it was necessary to have a man to protect him from the legislature; all industrialists had to employ such men. But he had never given much attention to this aspect of his business; he could not quite convince himself that it was necessary.
Is that why MicroSoft give most of its political contributions to Democrats and Democrat causes? 90% +
Yes. The mobsters dress better, have more class, and better ethics...
By Paula Rooney & Darryl K. Taft, CRN
June 22, 2000 6:59 PM ET
Today, WordPerfect is gone as a company and Novell is down to about 2,000 employees. A big reason: Microsoft, the conqueror of the word processing and PC network software markets.
Yet a handful of Utahns,including Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and Ray Noorda, former Novell chairman and president of The Canopy Group, a Provo venture capital firm,didn't overlook who fostered the decline of their state's IT prominence. And without their prodding, the Microsoft antitrust case and subsequent court-ordered breakup, now being directed toward the Supreme Court, might never have happened.
Hatch is a mobster shakedown thug just like all the other "politicians".
I will say it again, If Microsoft would have immediately apologized and admitted to their uncompetitive ways, something like:
Dear Mr President and Congress I am very sorry for the way my company has acted with regards to competition and antitrust laws, therefore as of Today I am selling off ALL MY STOCK in Microsoft, I will then sell ALL ASSETS of microsoft and distribute them equally to all of my faithful employees, then the doors will be closed forever. Windows and Microsoft is hereby out of business forever and we are all retiring. Thank You for pointing out our anti-competitive ways in the business world.
Bill Gates
A statement like this would have STOPPED them COLD, not to mention the immediate CRASH of the Stock Market, every last Politician would have been begging to stop this lawsuit, while graveling at the feet of Bill Gates.
Politicians are rent seekers, too, in the activist Mafia sense. They seed rents as Protection money.


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Casp by Carles Enrich
Casp is an apartment with a natural and simple beauty, located in the left Eixample of Barcelona, designed by the architectural and urban development studio Carles Enrich. The main requirements of the client were to improve the aspects of natural light and to renovate the old facilities of the early-twentieth century apartment. However, architects decided to renovate the entire apartment even with a very low budget. The project was focused on the central area, where a complete renovation is proposed to obtain an empty space. The partition walls and the suspended ceiling were removed in the central area and the original catalan vault and the brick walls were opened. Architects have also preserved the old concrete pavement, doors and windows. A furniture element made of fir plywood was placed to connect the kitchen and bathroom. In order to bring more of the daylight, a new opening that connects the main room with the kitchen was made, improving the lightning of the central space.
- Design
- Carles Enrich
- Location
- Eixample, Barcelona, Spain
- Year
- Photographs
- Carles Enrich


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Discussion in 'Universal Studios/Islands of Adventure Forums' started by seadd67, Sep 17, 2008.
Would any one know how much a taxi from pop runs?
Not sure but if you're planning on going to Universal, I would recommend using Mears Transportation since it's usually cheaper than a cab...especially if you have more than two people riding.
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I agree with metro cause taxi would probably cost you anywhere from $30 to $40 oneway and mears is alot cheaper and it will be round trip
use this chart for an estimated cost.
put start place in the first box,
destination in the next.
click on calculate and it will appear in the open box on the right hand side.
3 years ago we took Mears, and getting there was great, but coming back totatly diffrent story. They gave us a time window for a pick up. We were there well before the set up time and well pass the the time later of the time window.We finaly had a other Bus driver call the dispatch and sent over another shuttle. This also happen to us at Epcot(we were staying off site) and then they had no one to send!! so I am no big fan of mears.
I stayed at POP this year and got a taxi to universal a few times it was $37 plus tip I think!!
Separate names with a comma.


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The assumption is widespread today that Britons are naturally Eurosceptic – that history and geography have given us a completely different perspective on Europe from that of our neighbours on the Continent.
With the exception of the Liberal Democrats, most politicians act as if it is obvious that few votes are to be had in sounding pro-European and that the trick is either to sound witheringly contemptuous of the EU or just avoid talking about it.
But are they barking up the wrong tree? A new survey – which will have diehard Eurosceptics choking on their breakfast – shows not only that most Britons support the European project but also that we are now more pro-European than a number of countries that were once rock solid on the subject.
The Pew Research Centre's findings show that 54 per cent of Britons "look favourably" on the European project, well up from only 45 per cent back in 2012. Of the seven nations surveyed, this puts us ahead of the Spaniards, Italians and Greeks and roughly abreast with the French. Only the Germans and Poles are markedly more pro-European than we are.
The figures are also startling because they suggest that while Britons have become more pro-European since 2012, the other countries in the survey, except for Poland, are travelling in the opposite direction. As our love for Europe waxes, theirs wanes and, if the trend continues, Britain will be much more pro-European than most EU member states in a few years' time – again, with the exception of Poland and Germany.
The results will not necessarily have the Ukip leader, Nigel Farage, hurriedly rewriting his manifesto for the forthcoming European parliamentary elections. Even if more than half of the UK population are broadly pro-European, just under half are not, so a large pool of anti-European votes exists for a flamboyantly Eurosceptic party to fish in.
Moreover, it may be that Eurosceptics feel more passionate about their cause than Europhiles do about theirs, in which case the former will still trump the latter in elections. Nevertheless, the mere fact that pro-Europeans form a silent majority in modern Britain will come as a revelation to many, shattering many a hoary myth about what makes this country tick.
With a general election looming next year, the implications are potentially significant for all the parties. For the Liberal Democrats, there is consolation. They may be slaughtered in the European elections this month, but the Pew Centre's findings vindicate Nick Clegg in his refusal to apologise for his party's pro-European values.
David Cameron's advisers might also draw some comfort from the survey, as it suggests that his strategy of seeking a looser arrangement with Brussels while keeping Britain in the club matches many people's approximate standpoint.
This is indicated by other results in the same survey, which show that a broadly pro-European sentiment in Britain does not translate into confidence in Europe's main institutions. The lesson for all the big parties is that while Euroscepticism is a force to be reckoned with, it is also in retreat – in which case getting into a bidding war with Ukip over who can sound more Europhobic is a fool's errand.Reuse content


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John Flanagan: I agree with you, Thelma. With respect to drones, there is a safety issue at hand. The clear skies over Oro Valley would be filled with drones delivering flowers, pizza, Chinese food, and gifts from QVC and Amazon. It would bring us up to the chaotic reality of the JETSON'S and I don't think the old retirees here are ready for it just yet.
Wednesday, December 11, 2013, 2:07 pm


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Seven of the UK's leading mediators have launched a mediation panel to generate work, rather than relying on recommendations from the Centre for Dispute Resolution (CEDR) or the Alternative Dispute Resolution Group (ADR).
The Panel of Independent Mediators (PIM) members – Phillip Howell-Richardson, David Miles, Philip Naughton QC, Andrew Paton, Nicholas Pryor, David Shapiro, and Tony Willis – will stay independent, but by linking they hope to be more "visible" and attract clients directly.
All seven will continue in their current work, but with the arrival of the pro-mediation Woolf reforms and its increasing popularity with judges, Naughton says that they plan to make the mediation market more professional.
Willis, Clifford Chance consultant and CEDR co-founder, says: "We're not trying to cut out CEDR, but the time has come for us to be seen as providers in our own right."
Karl Mackie, CEDR's chief executive, says PIM reflects "frustration" among mediators that while CEDR saw a 100 per cent increase in business last year from firms which use it, the centre has to spread referrals round a wide range of registered mediators.
"There will be some room for this because the market is growing anyway, but the question is if law firms think going to individuals is better." While PIM's members are experienced, he warns this could be the start of less reputable operators hawking for work.