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Resolution of type 2 diabetes following gastric bypass surgery: involvement of gut-derived glucagon and glucagonotropic signalling?
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DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1511-8
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- Knop, F.K. Diabetologia (2009) 52: 2270. doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1511-8
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Certain types of bariatric surgical procedures have proved not only to be effective with regard to treating obesity, but they also seem to be associated with endocrine changes which independently of weight loss give rise to remission of type 2 diabetes. Currently, it is speculated that surgical re-routing of nutrients triggers changes in the release of gastrointestine-derived hormones, which in turn cause amelioration of the diabetic state. The 'hindgut hypothesis' states that surgical re-routing of nutrients to the distal part of the small intestine results in increased secretion and concomitant glucose-lowering effects of glucagon-like peptide-1, whereas the 'foregut hypothesis' emphasises that surgical bypass of the foregut prevents the release of a hitherto unidentified nutrient-induced diabetogenic signal in susceptible individuals. Recent studies have shown that in patients with type 2 diabetes, glucagon is differentially secreted in response to oral and i.v. glucose, respectively, with lack of suppression (and initial net secretion) during oral glucose administration and a perfectly normal suppression during isoglycaemic i.v. glucose administration. These findings could point towards a role for glucagon or gut-derived glucagonotropic signalling as putative diabetogenic signals of the foregut hypothesis. In the present paper the hypotheses describing the glucose-lowering mechanisms of bariatric surgical procedures sharing the common feature of a bypass of the duodenum and the proximal jejunum are outlined and a possible role for glucagon in these is proposed.
KeywordsBariatric surgery Biliopancreatic diversion Glucagon Glucagon-like peptide-1 Glucagon-like peptide-2 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide Incretin hormones Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Type 2 diabetes
Duodenal jejunal bypass
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
Glucagon-like peptide-1
Glucagon-like peptide-2
Laparascopic adjustable gastric banding
Prohormone convertase 1
Prohormone convertase 2
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
Bariatric surgery has become the most effective therapeutic modality for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in overweight patients [1]. Besides the positive effect of weight loss on glucose metabolism, certain types of bariatric surgical procedures entail anatomical re-routing of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract—a re-routing which in itself is thought to be the most significant contributor to postoperative resolution of the diabetic state. The present debate paper briefly outlines the present understanding of the 'acute' glucose-lowering effects associated with bariatric surgical procedures that involve bypass of the proximal part of the small intestine, and suggests an additional explanation of the current hypotheses.
Bariatric surgery: mechanisms of diabetes resolution
The hindgut hypothesis
A number of facts lend support to the hindgut hypothesis. First of all a candidate molecule with immense blood sugar-lowering power exists: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). It is produced in mucosal endocrine L cells (found in the epithelium of the intestinal tract with highest density in the ileum) and secreted in response to nutrients in the intestinal lumen. GLP-1 has strong glucose-dependent insulinotropic properties and has been shown to enhance all steps of insulin biosynthesis as well as insulin gene transcription [4]. In addition, GLP-1 upregulates the genes for the cellular machinery involved in insulin secretion, such as the glucokinase and GLUT-2 (also known as SLC2A2) genes [5]. Importantly, GLP-1 also has trophic effects on beta cells: it stimulates beta cell proliferation, enhances the differentiation of new beta cells from pancreatic progenitor cells, and inhibits apoptosis of beta cells [6]. Furthermore, GLP-1 robustly inhibits glucagon secretion, and the combined effects on insulin and glucagon secretion result in inhibition of hepatic glucose production [7]. In addition, GLP-1 reduces appetite and gastrointestinal motility, lowering postprandial glucose excursions [8]. It is feasible that surgically induced expedited delivery of nutrients to the L cell-rich distal part of the small intestine increases postprandial GLP-1 responses and brings about GLP-1's glucose-lowering effects. Therefore, GLP-1 constitutes an obvious candidate molecule for the hindgut hypothesis. In line with this, GLP-1 responses to mixed meals or OGTTs have consistently been found to be exaggerated following RYGB, biliopancreatic diversion or jejunoileal bypass, which all expedite the transit of nutrients to the hindgut [9, 10, 11, 12].
The foregut hypothesis
In 1998 Hickey et al. [13] proposed the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes is due to excessive production of a 'diabetogenic' signal generated in the proximal part of the small intestine. Pories et al. [14] elaborated this hypothesis and proposed that bariatric surgical procedures that include a bypass of the duodenum and proximal jejunum would prevent ingested nutrients from eliciting a 'diabetogenic signal' from the proximal part of the small intestine and hence ameliorate the diabetic condition. Rubino and colleagues [3, 15] elaborated this hypothesis and named it the 'foregut hypothesis'. In the non-obese rat model of type 2 diabetes, the Goto–Kakizaki (GK) rat, Rubino and Marescaux performed duodenal jejunal bypass (DJB) operations and observed significant improvements in glucose tolerance compared with sham-operated rats, despite equal body weights [16]. In another study in GK diabetic rats, Rubino et al. investigated the foregut hypothesis and the hindgut hypothesis by comparing the results of DJB (testing the foregut hypothesis) and a simple gastrojejunostomy (GJ) that supposedly allows rapid delivery of nutrients to the distal part of the small intestine and at the same time preserved nutrient passage to the duodenum and proximal part of the small intestine (testing the hindgut hypothesis) [15]. The investigators confirmed that exclusion of the proximal small intestine is a critical component in the amelioration of the diabetic state after DJB in GK rats, and showed first that GJ, as opposed to DJB, was not able improve glucose tolerance, second that surgical exclusion of duodenal passage of nutrients in GK diabetic rats that had initially undergone GJ improved glucose tolerance, and finally that restoration of duodenal passage in animals initially operated with DJB made these animals return to a 'diabetic state'. Rubino and colleagues propose that when the foregut of susceptible individuals is overstimulated with carbohydrates and fat it releases an unknown factor which contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes [3, 15]. Following surgical bypass of the foregut, release of this putative diabetogenic signal is avoided, explaining the prompt resolution of type 2 diabetes (Fig. 1).
Studies from our group indicate that a possible candidate molecule for the putative diabetogenic signal in the foregut hypothesis may be a well-known diabetogenic hormone: glucagon.
Abnormal regulation of glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes
Patients with type 2 diabetes display abnormal regulation of glucagon secretion, with high fasting plasma glucagon levels and lack of glucagon suppression, or even net secretion, following ingestion of glucose loads or meals [17]. Fasting hyperglucagonaemia sustains glucose overproduction in the liver, contributing to type 2 diabetic fasting hyperglycaemia, and lack of postprandial glucagon suppression in diabetic patients contributes to the exaggerated glucose excursions following oral ingestion of glucose or meals [18]. Furthermore, studies in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes suggest that inappropriately controlled glucagon secretion plays a role in the early aetiology of type 2 diabetes [19].
A surprising finding
The author of this paper has participated in the investigation of glucagon responses to OGGT and isoglycaemic i.v. glucose infusion (i.e. two situations with identical plasma glucose concentrations with and without glucose stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract) in different forms of diabetes (including type 2 diabetes) and in matched healthy control individuals [20, 21]. In healthy individuals glucagon responses during the two glucose stimuli are suppressed equally. In patients with diabetes, an expected lack of glucagon suppression during oral glucose is observed (in fact the patients exhibit an initial net secretion of glucagon), whereas, surprisingly, a completely normal suppression of glucagon occurs during isoglycaemic i.v. glucose administration bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. An Italian group have reported similar observations [22] and a German group have reported a less-pronounced version of the phenomenon in healthy individuals [23]. Owing to the isoglycaemic conditions during the two stimuli, it is unlikely that differences in blood glucose are the cause of the heterogeneic glucagon response. In the mentioned studies, most insulin was secreted in response to the OGTT, which therefore, contrary to the results, should lead to a more pronounced suppression of glucagon succeeding oral glucose. One explanation of the heterogeneic glucagon responses takes as its starting point the different method of administration of glucose, and suggests that intestine-derived mechanisms elicited by the oral ingestion of glucose play a role in the inappropriate glucagon suppression in patients with diabetes. Such mechanisms would be bypassed during i.v. administration of glucose, explaining the perfectly normal suppression of glucagon during isoglycaemic i.v. glucose infusion in diabetic patients.
Even though hyperglucagonaemia has been known to be an important pathophysiological characteristic of type 2 diabetes for more than 30 years, the mechanisms underlying this pathophysiological trait remain obscure. In this paper it is proposed that (1) intestine-derived mechanisms are crucial for postprandial hyperglucagonaemia, and (2) part of the unidentified diabetogenic signal in the foregut hypothesis may be glucagon itself or one or more glucagonotropic signals released from the proximal part of the small intestine.
Does diabetic hyperglucagonaemia originate from the proximal gut?
It is well known that in many animals, such as the rat, dog and cat, the pancreas is not the only source of glucagon; in these animals glucagon has also been identified in the gastrointestinal tract [24]. Furthermore, glucagon has been shown to circulate after total pancreatectomy in man, and in these patients basal levels increase several fold following meals, suggesting gut-derivation [25]. In addition, studies on human gastrointestinal mucosa have revealed small amounts of glucagon [26]. In these studies a glucagon RIA directed against the C-terminus of the glucagon molecule (using an antibody with no cross-reaction with glicentin or oxyntomodulin) was employed. Thus, the thought that endocrine cells in the mucosa of the small intestine might secrete glucagon is not novel. However, whether diabetic hyperglucagonaemia stems from the gastrointestinal tract remains unknown.
Glucagon is a product of the proglucagon gene. Proglucagon is produced in pancreatic alpha cells and in endocrine L cells in the intestinal mucosa. In pancreatic alpha cells, post-translational processing of proglucagon by prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) results in glucagon, glicentin-related pancreatic peptide (GRPP) and major proglucagon fragment, of which glucagon seems to be the only biologically active peptide [27]. In the L cells, proglucagon is processed by prohormone convertase 1 (PC1). This processing results in the incretin hormone GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which plays a central role in the regulation of small intestinal growth, and glicentin, which is most likely biologically inactive [28]. The glucagon sequence, together with GRPP, resides embedded in the glicentin peptide.
In healthy people the anatomically differentiated processing is sharply divided and follows the specific production of PC1 (L cells) and PC2 (alpha cells), respectively. L cells are predominantly located in the distal part of the small intestine [29], but recent studies have shown that endocrine cells capable of producing both incretin hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1, exist in the mammalian small intestine, including the human duodenum [30]. These pluripotent cells are only sparsely described in the literature.
Interestingly, in total PC1 deficiency in humans exaggerated postprandial glucagon responses have been observed [31] and in PC1-deficient mice the processing of proglucagon to GLP-1 and GLP-2 is significantly reduced, whereas plasma glucagon levels are increased [32]. These observations suggest that L cells are able to process proglucagon to glucagon, possibly by using PC2. This notion is supported by the finding that an L cell model, the GLUTag cell line, secretes glucagon in addition to GLP-1 [33]; however, the mechanisms underlying this dual secretion pattern have not been established.
A shift from PC1 processing (GLP-1 production) to PC2 processing (glucagon production) in 'diabetic' proximal L cell-like cells would probably make these cells secrete glucagon at the cost of GLP-1 secretion, and, therefore, not only explains the postprandial hyperglucagonaemia in type 2 diabetes, but also another trait of the disease: postprandial hyposecretion of GLP-1 [34]. Thus, a changed processing of proglucagon in proximal small intestinal L cells might be the underlying basis of postprandial hyperglucagonaemia and postprandial hyposecretion of GLP-1, both considered to be significant contributors to the postprandial hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. This hypothesis would allot glucagon itself a role in the puzzle of the unidentified diabetogenic factor in the foregut hypothesis.
Accordingly, it would be expected that bypass of the duodenum and proximal jejunum results in decreased glucagon secretion, which according to results of Shah et al. [18] would be expected to have a significant impact on diabetic glucose tolerance. However, glucagon secretion is affected by a number of gastrointestinal factors (see below) and the exact mechanisms behind changes in plasma glucagon concentrations are difficult to establish. Interestingly, a recently published longitudinal investigation has shown that fasting plasma glucagon is reduced progressively (up to 12 months) following RYGB [35]. Whether this change in baseline levels affects postprandial responses remains to be established. Nevertheless, in a cross-sectional study performed in three groups of obese women who had undergone either RYGB or LAGB or who acted as overweight controls, glucagon levels were found to be significantly reduced following a liquid meal (time point 180 min) in the RYGB group [36]. Furthermore, reduced glucagon responses to OGTTs have been observed in GK diabetic rats following DJB [37]. In line with these observations, reduced hepatic glucose production (or endogenous glucose production) has been reported in individuals treated with RYGB [38]. However, the available data on glucagon secretion following RYGB are sparse, and it should be emphasised that elevated glucagon levels have also been observed following RYGB [39].
In addition to secretion of glucagon from intestinal endocrine cells, indirect intestine-derived mechanisms (elicited by glucose in the gastrointestinal tract and not by i.v. glucose) can be thought to be responsible for the hyperglucagonaemia in response to oral glucose.
Indirect intestine-derived mechanisms
As opposed to the glucagonostatic properties of GLP-1, the other incretin hormone, GIP, has been shown to stimulate pancreatic glucagon secretion [40]. Likewise, GLP-1's sister hormone, the other L cell hormone GLP-2, which is secreted in parallel (and in equimolar amounts) with GLP-1, has been shown to stimulate glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells [41]. In healthy individuals one must assume that the glucagon-inhibiting effects of GLP-1 and insulin outweigh the glucagonotropic effects of GIP and GLP-2 following ingestion of nutrients, a disequilibrium resulting in glucagon suppression following ingestion of, for example, glucose. Changes in this (dis)equilibrium would inflict the level of glucagon suppression following oral glucose administration. Hence, lack of postprandial glucagon suppression in type 2 diabetes could theoretically be caused by increased postprandial secretion or glucagonotropic effects of GIP and/or GLP-2 on one scale pan and/or by a reduced postprandial secretion or glucagonostatic effect of GLP-1 on the other side of the scale.
As mentioned, in some studies, postprandial levels of GLP-1 have been shown to be reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with matched healthy control individuals [34]. Bearing GLP-1's glucagonostatic properties in mind this phenomenon would in itself be thought to contribute to a reduced suppression of postprandial glucagon secretion. However, hyposecretion of GLP-1 implies hyposecretion of its glucagonotropic sister peptide GLP-2; a hyposecretion which would be believed, to some extent, to counteract blunted GLP-1-induced glucagon suppression. Furthermore, in our studies showing the paradoxical regulation of glucagon responses to oral and isoglycaemic i.v. glucose no differences in GLP-1 responses to oral glucose between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy volunteers were observed [20, 21]. Thus, reduced/exaggerated responses of GLP-1/GLP-2 (if any) in patients with type 2 diabetes do not seem to explain the lack of glucagon suppression following oral glucose in these patients.
Under normal circumstances GIP, which is secreted from endocrine K cells (predominantly located in the mucosa of the duodenum and proximal jejunum) in response to nutrient ingestion, exerts a strong glucose-dependent insulinotropic effect on pancreatic beta cells and has, like GLP-1, been shown to stimulate beta cell growth [42]. However, GIP administration has, unlike GLP-1 administration, been shown to enhance glucagon release in humans [43]. Thus, GIP appears to act like a double-edged sword with regard to blood sugar levels; on the one hand being able to reduce them (insulinotropic effect) and on the other hand being able to increase them (glucagonotropic effect); the latter most likely occurs during low blood sugar concentrations. Interestingly, human GIP has lost its insulinotropic power in type 2 diabetes [44], leaving it as a primarily glucagonotropic hormone in these patients. What would be the anticipated effect of bariatric surgery on GIP secretion? Obviously, surgically introduced bypass of nutrients from the proximal part of the small intestine (e.g. by RYGB), where GIP-secreting K cells reside in the highest numbers, would be thought to result in reduced GIP responses following ingestion of nutrients (Fig. 1). This is supported by the finding that blunted postprandial GIP secretion is associated with RYGB as opposed to normal GIP secretion following LAGB [36], and that obese patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing RYGB experience significant postoperative reductions in GIP levels alongside their resolution of diabetes [45]. Likewise, postprandial GIP levels decrease in obese patients following surgery that involves bypass of the K cell-rich proximal part of the small intestine [36, 46, 47, 48]. However, in other studies GIP responses to oral glucose have been shown to be increased 1 month following RYGB [10, 39], but this effect did not persist a year postoperatively [49].
Thus, reduced glucagonotropic GIP signalling may contribute to the restoration of normal glucose tolerance following surgically introduced bypass of the foregut in diabetic patients. Interestingly, GIP has also been implicated in the RYGB-induced resolution of type 2 diabetes via its effects linking consumption of high fat diets and the development of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [50]. As such, GIP could be a possible candidate for the unidentified 'diabetogenic factor' in the foregut hypothesis, as an intestine-derived glucagonotropic and obesity-promoting signal.
Summary and conclusion
In addition to the restrictive elements incurred by bariatric surgical procedures (resulting in reduced food intake and weight loss) there is little doubt that the re-routing of nutrients (bypass of the duodenum and the proximal jejunum) brings about significant endocrine changes in the gastrointestinal system that contribute to the glucose-lowering effects of these operations. The hindgut hypothesis states that surgical re-routing of nutrients to the distal part of the small intestine, where GLP-1-secreting L cells are abundant, results in increased GLP-1 secretion and the concomitant glucose-lowering effects of GLP-1; whereas the foregut hypothesis emphasises that surgical bypass of the duodenum and proximal jejunum prevents the release of a putative diabetogenic signal, thereby causing resolution of type 2 diabetes. There is little doubt that increased GLP-1 signalling brings about glucose-lowering effects and since GLP-1 secretion has been shown consistently to be increased following these operations the 'hindgut hypothesis' has more or less become the 'hindgut dogma'. Contrary to this, the putative diabetogenic signal of the foregut hypothesis remains unidentified. It is well known that hyperglucagonaemia contributes to the hyperglycaemia characterising patients with type 2 diabetes, and recent studies from the group of the author suggest glucagon itself may be a candidate for the hitherto unknown diabetogenic signal of the foregut hypothesis. In the present paper it is hypothesised that diabetic hypersecretion of glucagon originates directly and/or indirectly (via glucagonotropic signals, e.g. GIP) from the mucosa of the proximal small intestine upon stimulation with nutrients. Thus, circumvention of the 'foregut' (duodenum and proximal jejunum) incurred by RYGB can be thought to lead to non-release of a diabetogenic signal, part of which may be the glucagonotropic and obesity-promoting intestinal hormone GIP, another part of which may be gut-derived glucagon and/or an unknown gut hormone. This, in combination with increased nutrient delivery to the hindgut and concomitant increased secretion of the insulinotropic and glucagonostatic intestinal hormone GLP-1 (the hindgut hypothesis), might constitute some of the endocrine changes responsible for the impressive proportion of patients being cured of type 2 diabetes following RYGB.
Ongoing studies investigating (1) whether endocrine cells in the mucosa of the RYGB-evaded part of the foregut are able to produce and secrete glucagon, and (2) the exact impact of GIP (and GLP-1 and GLP-2) on glucagon secretion will hopefully bring about a more detailed explanation, but so far there is little doubt that type 2 diabetes has to be regarded not only as a pancreatic disease, but also as a gastrointestinal disease entity.
Duality of interest
The author declares that there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript.


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Category:Auburn Dam
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Linear actuation is a core technology for factory automation. Along with fluid power, (hydraulic and pneumatic), electromechanical actuators have become increasingly important in all common industries like packaging, food, energy, process control, construction, and the automotive industry. Manufacturing lines, using linear actuators, are an integral component of today's industry. However,
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Challenge Material handling equipment, like conveyors, is used in hundreds of industries worldwide. Materials, containers, products…they often need to be transported from one point to another. And this means energized moving parts, machinery, and the possibility of injury if the equipment is used incorrectly. When a major, international leader in
Universal Robots Racks Up the Benefits at Eatelex
Installing a Universal Robot to pick metal parts out of a press brake solved several automation headaches at Etalex; a Canadian manufacturer of shelving systems that had no room for safety guarding in front of the press and needed a flexible user-friendly robot that could safely handle the pick and
Mobile Robot Colleagues on Wheels Increase Productivity and Worker Safety at Scott Fetzer Electrical Group
A mobile fleet of Universal Robots will now receive daily work orders to solve ever-changing tasks with high mix - low volume electronics manufacturer Scott Fetzer Electrical Group (SFEG) in Tennessee. The collaborative robots have optimized production by 20 percent, taking over monotonous and potentially hazardous tasks from employees now
Robot Colleagues Boost the Bottom Line
For the Danish company Stantræk, automation means growth. The company that processes sheet metal and coils is now able to expand production without significant increases in payroll. From 2008-2013, revenue nearly doubled from $4M to $7M while the number of employees increased from 21 to 28 only. Much of the
Vision-Guided Collaborative Robots Deliver Fast Return On Investment in Production of Firehose Valves
Task Force Tips, a manufacturer of firefighting equipment, wanted to promote and maximize their personnel tending machining cells into more complex tasks while keeping spindle time up and product quality consistent. The Indiana-based manufacturer has now installed four collaborative Universal Robots delivering savings resulting in a return on their investment
November 2016
Shifting into the Future with OCTOPUZ Robotic Software
In an ever-competitive and increasingly globalized world, the automotive industry is constantly striving for innovation. This creativity is often applied to vehicle interiors, where their design has remained an important factor for today's discerning customer, especially in the luxury market. In Germany, international part-manufacturer Oechsler recently forged a partnership with MBFZ toolcraft GmbH where
October 2016
Background Quanta Storage, a subsidiary of Quanta Computer, is one of the major suppliers of storage products to leading computer manufacturers around the world. Relentlessly focused on innovation, Quanta aimed to evolve its products into the cloud and beyond, and also revolutionize its manufacturing processes for greater efficiency and control. Quanta
June 2016
Revolutionizing the Dairy Industry
The Kroger Company (Kroger)(NYSE:KR) is one of the world's largest grocery retailers with fiscal 2014 sales of $108.5 billion. Kroger runs 37 manufacturing plants that produce about 40 percent of the corporate brand units sold in its stores throughout the United States. Challenges TO DELIVER EXCEPTIONAL QUALITY and freshness to its
Utilizing Warehouse Automation
L'Oréal U.S.A. (L'Oréal) is the world's largest health and beauty care company with fiscal 2015 sales of $28.39 million. Founded in 1909, L'Oréal is based in Clichy, France with headquarters in New York City, Berkeley Heights, NJ and Melbourne, Australia. L'Oréal is present in 130 countries with 43 factories and


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Top chess is geared to winning with White, holding as Black, so it was a master stroke by Vishy Anand in the world title match in Bonn to prepare a mazy black novelty as his opening bomb in the game below. It proved a psychological knockdown which left Vlad Kramnik groggy and demoralised. Subsequent defeats in games five and six have put the Russian in a near-hopeless situation, trailing 5.5-2.5 in the 12-game, €1.5m series.
Kramnik has been enticed by superior preparation away from his solid white repertoire and preference for patient strategy in simple positions and lured on to the Indian's favourite tactically complex territory. It is starting to look like one of the most brutally one-sided world title contests ever, particularly in the light of the general pre-match predictions of a close result.
Anand's 14...Bb7! below, gambiting the b5 pawn, gave him fine active piece play. Kramnik ran short of time, made some dubious choices, then allowed a quick finish by 33...Bxd3+! (work it out) which Anand overlooked. Kramnik foolishly took on 14...Bb7 again in game five and fell for the wicked trap in the diagram. Next day in game six he was punch-drunk, tamely conceded a couple of pawns, and drifted into a lost ending.
Barring a miraculous reversal in the remaining games the decisive outcome in Bonn boosts Anand's standing as a high-class champion. But he will be 39 in December and, given that top players deteriorate in their forties, Norway's 17-year-old Magnus Carlsen now looks even more the crown prince.
V Kramnik v V Anand
1 d4 d5 2 c4 c6 3 Nf3 Nf6 4 Nc3 e6 5 e3 Nbd7 6 Bd3 dxc4 7 Bxc4 b5 8 Bd3 a6 9 e4 c5 10 e5 cxd4 11 Nxb5 axb5 12 exf6 gxf6 13 O-O Qb6 14 Qe2 Bb7! 15 Bxb5 Bd6 16 Rd1 Rg8 17 g3 Rg4 18 Bf4 Bxf4 19 Nxd4 h5 20 Nxe6 fxe6 21 Rxd7 Kf8 22 Qd3 Rg7 23 Rxg7 Kxg7 24 gxf4 Rd8 25 Qe2 Kh6 26 Kf1 Rg8 27 a4 Bg2+ 28 Ke1 Bh3 29 Ra3 Rg1+ 30 Kd2 Qd4+ 31 Kc2 Bg4 32 f3 Bf5+ 33 Bd3 Bh3? 34 a5 Rg2 35 a6 Rxe2+ 36 Bxe2 Bf5+ 37 Kb3 Qe3+ 38 Ka2 Qxe2 39 a7 Qc4+ 40 Ka1 Qf1+ 41 Ka2 Bb1+ 0-1


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PortCityDaily.com is your source for free news and information in the Wilmington area.
No one was injured Monday when a gantry collapsed at a Brunswick County highway construction site.
According to Brian Rick with the N.C. Department of Transportation, a gantry–a bridgelike structure used to support construction equipment such as cranes–collapsed at the site on the U.S. 74-76 causeway near Leland at about 3 p.m. Monday.
The contractor was setting a construction beam–also known as a girder–for the new bridge at the Brunswick River, Rick said. While performing this operation, the gantry was bolted to the cap to support one end of the beam so the beam could be placed into its final position on the cap.
"The gantry at this point fell, dropping the girder into the marsh," Rick said. "The top beam of the gantry fell on the portable concrete barrier and damaged…the barrier."
The contractor cleaned the debris out of the road to prevent any vehicles from being damaged, Rick said. One lane of traffic was closed at about 10 p.m. so the contractor could replace the piece of damaged concrete barrier.
The contractor is currently conducting an internal investigation to determine what caused the gantry to fall over, Rick said.


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Apollo Arts and Science College
Tamil Nadu
Govt of Tamilnadu
Total Students
Fees Range
How to reach
Apollo Arts and Science College is situated at Next to Queens Land Poonamallee, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India in Chennai.
Courses Offered
- 3 Years
- Bachelor of Commerce-B.Com
- Banking / Finance / Accounts / Commerce
- 3 Years
- Bachelor of Business Administration-B.B.A.
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- 3 Years
- Information Technology - BCA / MCA / Computers
- 3 Years
- Bachelor of Science-B.Sc.
- Sciences
- 3 Years
- Bachelor of Science-B.Sc.
- Sciences
- 3 Years
- Bachelor of Science-B.Sc.
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Apollo Arts and Science College - AASC
Having rich experience in the field of Education, imparting Computer Education, Catering, Hotel Management and Fashion Designing Education throughout the State of TamilNadu. Education Extolled Everywhere – true to this slogan of our college the students of our group Institutions have been placed in respectable and lucrative jobs in various esteemed establishments. Apollo Group of Colleges is committed to impart education in such a way that our students are extolled everywhere. With this lofty vision, the Arts & Sciences College is having state-of-the-art infrastructural facilities in a sprawling and sylvan campus that will facilitate teaching and learning of the greatest order. Special care is take to enable Students to secure University Ranks. Apollo Group of Colleges has further committed itself to ensure 100% Personality Development in all its students. The modern teaching methodology assists the students in getting an all around view of engineering, technology and the entrepreneur world. The diligent faculty team of the college possesses hands-on experience and up to date knowledge of their subject and area of expertise. The infrastructure and facilities of Apollo Arts and Science College consists of spread-out campus alongside various amenities in the form of library, computer center, classrooms with proper teaching and learning aids, medical facilities etc. The institute seeks to place each of its students in an organization/company of great repute.
Why join Apollo Arts and Science College
Institute Has Well Equipped Class Rooms.
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College provides placement assistance to all its students. The dedicated placement cell regularly conducts grooming sessions of the students in areas like soft skills, interview facing skills, behavioral skills hereby making them industry-fit. In the recent years the college has witnessed some well known recruitment companies walking-in and being invited for campus placements.
Visiting Companies
Student Placement
Very spacious library, the store house of knowledge, entertains and evokes enthusiasm among the students with its vast collection of books. A variety of journals are also within reach to assimilate and enhance awareness. Students seeking hostel accommodation are required to give a written request countersigned by their parent or guardian. Internet connection is made available to students to keep abreast of the latest developments in all fields of study. Well equipped labs ensure 100% practical application of what is studied in theory. The vast play ground in the College enables students to have a good physique. Various athletic events will be conducted for aspiring sportsmen at Apollo.
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SkyRC Synchronous DC Charger SK100069 is capable of handling up to 1000W or 40A charge rates. Lipoly, LiFe and Lilo compatible as well as able to charge up to 10 cells at a time. The Charger is famous for its ultra-accurate balancing feature, and now it packs a 1Kw punch! Each unit is calibrated at the factory prior to shipping! This is a quality precision charger with huge power!
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Fashion your indoor or outdoor space in fresh design with this fun fish pillow! Featuring four fish designs in cool white splashed against a deep navy backdrop, this piece constructs a feel of coastal charm. This pillow contains a Virgin Poly Styrene Bead fill providing a reliable and affordable solution to updating your indoor or outdoor decor.


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Michelle Costigane died of blood poisoning after doctors first told her to take paracetamol for a cold, then prescribed antibiotics which were out of date. An inquest revealed medical errors including:
- Giving Ms Costigane antibiotics that were a year out-of-date
- Failing to send her to hospital immediately when she was barely able to stand
- Telling her she had urinary tract infection
East Berkshire coroner Mr Peter Bedford concluded she died of natural causes and, despite the errors, her death was unavoidable. Summing up, he said: "Miss Costigane had an untreatable condition."
After the inquest in Windsor Ms Costigane's uncle Russell Walker, said of the doctor who prescribed the antibiotics: "He should not have taken a risk and he gambled on her life. He should have sent her to hospital straight away. It is easy to say in hindsight she could not be saved but why did he let a young woman suffer in agony for another night? Her death highlights failings in the system."
Student Ms Costigane, who was weeks from starting a degree at Glasgow University, had been with her boyfriend Chris at his Berkshire home, and was due to return to her family home in Glasgow when she fell ill.
Chris's mother Julie Wagland told the inquest: "Michelle first felt ill on a Sunday and we thought she had picked up flu. On Monday she saw my GP. He said she had a head cold and advised her to rest and take paracetamol". Her condition deteriorated and three days later another doctor gave her antibiotics and told her she had a chest infection. Mrs Wagland contacted an outofhours doctor and Michelle's parents. She said: "I drove her to see the doctor and she was so weak I had to carry her from the car.
"He said she had a urine infection and gave her some antibiotics. He said to take one and she would feel great in the morning". The family took Michelle to Heatherwood hospital, where, the inquest heard, she was left waiting on a trolley for more than an hour, and later Wexham Park hospital in Slough. Despite the best efforts of hospital staff, she died on Sunday morning, a week after she became ill.
Dr George Kassianos, of the Ringmead Practice in Bracknell, told the inquest that when he saw Michelle at his home, he told her the antibiotics were out of date but would still work. Mrs Wagland disputed that when she was recalled to the witness stand.
- More about:
- Antibiotics
- Bedford
- Berkshire, England
- Healthcare


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A keystone species on which many plants and animals indirectly depend, elephants are found in forests, maintaining tracks through the otherwise impenetrable undergrowth and dispersing seeds, while also being the epitome of the African savannah. However, they are in peril, threatened by the ivory trade and conflict with humans these iconic mammals need our help.
Report Animal Suffering | Contact Us | eNews | WildcreW | President's Blog | Sitemap | About Site | Copyright


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Master origamist at McGill
Published: 16 Apr 2007
Robert Lang, one of the world's top origami masters, comes to McGill next week, where he'll construct the model of a giant pteranodon. Lang's pteranodon should be ready for permanent installation alongside the dinosaur in the main gallery of the Redpath Museum by the end of the week. To benefit the museum, McGill hopes to sell a limited number of Lang's mini-pteranodons in a silent auction.
Source Site: /newsroom


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The award celebrates the highest levels of achievement by companies operating in all sectors of the property and real estate industry.
An International Property Award is a world-renowned mark of excellence.
The awards are split into regions covering the Americas, Asia Pacific, Europe & Africa, Arabia and UK.
Participants enter at their relevant national level and are judged by a highly experienced team of professionals covering the whole range of property disciplines.
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Average Rating
User Reviews
6 out of 11 people found this review helpful:Kind of generic, but it's short and worth a look.It's an amusing, if generic, high-school comedy until the last couple of episodes when it becomes a dumb shonen fighting show for some reason. It's nicely animated and I liked most of the characters, plus the fan service is a plus in such a silly show.
That said, I don't think I'd watch a second season after the strange detour the story makes at the end.
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful:Medaka Box Review- If only it were possible to have someone like MedakaI heard so many things about the manga even though I didn't read it. People had such praise waiting for this show. But truth be told, I didn't think it was amazing until the final episodes when we had a full council and enemies finally. I wish there were more people like Medaka, although minus the unnatural abilities. And also people like Hitoyoshi, who always help the leader and things go ...Read more
It was surprisingly goodNot the best show and they really could've done posts better.. But t being said once this series gets into its full stride it's difficult to stop as you continuously want to see where it's going next. It may be rediculous at times and heart breaking other but medakas box is a hard to define anime that you should give a try. At first it may be hard but In the end you'll thank me.Read more
...Spoiler Alert! Click to show or hidethat
Good show to pass timeThe story is simple, the characters are shallow, and the dialogue and monologues are entirely cliched. That's not to say that it's bad, but neither is it above average. The story essentially goes from point A to B, while smashing mirrors in a house of mirrors and turning tables along the way. The characters do get some background development, yet they still remain shallow, one-dimensional, and ...Read more
While, it's interesting to say the least.I started watching this show in my search for animes with a female protagonist. I have to say that she's the strongest one that I've ever sense in any media. Another great thing about this anime is that Medaka's great, but not at the expense of he teammates. There are a lot of anime were they have an OP lead and they're the only person to do anything of merit in the show( the anime Hamatora for ...Read more
I have no clue who the red people on the series art are... but!I wish there were more to it.. i wish this series could go more into how the main character acquired what she has.. other than that.. great season so far..
to sum it up, if you're looking for a female goku, watch this show
My Top Pick for the Spring 2012 SeasonI had some trouble trying to decide which show was my favorite from this season and in the end I picked "Medaka Box". I mostly picked this show for its unusual storyline. It has some similarities to "Okami-san & Her Seven Companions" but not nearly as comical. Even though I gave it 5 stars I do not recommend this show to just anyone.
Looking Forward to Another SeasonLike most shounen jump school anime/manga it comes off with a slow start that can both relaxing to watch and utterly boring when it starts to repeat itself. Is this Medaka box? Yes and no. This anime does it's best to captivate it's audience, whether the battle be mental or physical, and I can honestly say that it has me chuckle at least once in every episode. I must say with these type of anime ...Read more
Supremely weird but awesomeI really don't understand the jump between season one and two, but this show is utterly amazing. It's really slow to start up, hopping between weird adventure in the Sandbox academy to the next with no real goal in mind. Once it picks up steam though, it goes from this happy happy world of Medeka to nearly nonstop fighting action. The characters are all kinda shallow with warped, exaggerated ...Read more
ridiculous and entertainingThis is a great series to keep in your queue and watch an episode or 2 at a time now and then. Medaka Box is tremendously entertaining, and does not take itself the slightest bit seriously. Many of the characters are so ridiculous that you wonder, "How can it get any more absurd?" Yet the show never fails to one-up on itself, and each episode only gets more and more strange, or maybe more and ...Read more


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NBA star Justise Winslow returns to Houston to host basketball clinic
Miami Heat star Justise Winslow returned to Houston over the weekend to host his first invitational clinic at his alma mater, St. John's High School. Around 50 kids were in attendance for the two-day camp.
With one NBA season under his belt, Winslow, 20, wasted no time coming home to give back to the community he loves.
"This is what it is all about: giving back. For me, it is something I have always wanted to do so now that I have the platform to do it, I'm just trying to have fun with the kids," he said.
As part of the registration process, the kids were required to write an essay about how they would change the world.
"It was pretty intertesting to read. Their ideas and just the simplicity of how they think the world should work and how it should work really," Winslow said.
Year one of the clinic was a hit, and Winslow expects it to be an annual event.
"There is many more to come but this has been the first and it is a great time," he said.
Winslow's love for the city of Houston shines bright in his passion to give back to the kids.
"This is a sense of home, a sense of community and a place that is really close in my heart. I felt what better place than the one that made me into who I am today and that's St. Johns School in Houston, Texas," he said.
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Mr Henry Haskell Harris, of London NW1, left estate valued at pounds 951,037 net. He left pounds 127,250 and other bequests to personal legatees, and the residue equally between the Jewish Welfare Board, Jewish Blind Society, Jewish Home and Hospital at Tottenham, Nightingale House Home for Aged Jews, London SW12, the Royal College of Nursing, British Red Cross Society, Ravenswood Foundation, Save the Children Fund, Barnardo's and Norwood Childcare.
Mr Archibald Joseph Freeth, of Cirencester, Gloucestershire, left estate valued at pounds 656,298 net. After leaving personal bequests and pounds 100 to Cerney Wick Parish Church he left the residue equally between the British Heart Foundation and the Cancer Research Campaign.
Miss Beatrice Alice Clark, of Titchfield, Hampshire, left estate valued at pounds 205,516 net. She left her entire estate to the Watch Tower Bible Society.Reuse content


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Contrary to our leader on gender segregation in universities ("Secular values need to be protected", Comment, last week, page 40) University College London was not founded as the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874. It was established in 1826, welcoming students of any race, class or religion – the first university to welcome female students on equal terms with men. The London School of Medicine for Women became the London Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine for Women, which was later subsumed into University College Hospital's medical school – the root of our confusion.
"Unseen Capa colour pictures shed light on work of a master of black-and-white" (News, last week, page 16) said the tonal balance of many of photographer Robert Capa's colour shots on Ektachrome has been lost over the years, "as the film's pigments faded". The Ektachrome process involved dyes, not pigments.
An incorrect caption on an agency picture of Nelson Mandela (Comment, 8 Dec, page 34) led us to state in early editions that it had been taken on his 80th birthday, which we gave as 15 July 1997. His 80th birthday was 18 July 1998, and the picture had actually been taken on an undetermined day in 1996. Apologies.
Write to Stephen Pritchard, Readers' Editor, the Observer, Kings Place, 90 York Way, London N1 9GU, tel 020 3353 4656 or email email@example.com


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This hotel is a superior property and comprises a total of 601 recently renovated guest rooms including disability-friendly rooms. Facilities on offer to guests at this air-conditioned establishment include a lobby area with a 24-hour check-out service, a hotel safe, a currency exchange facility and lift access. It also offers an award-winning, 24-hour restaurant, Internet access and room and laundry services (both for an additional fee). Business guests will appreciate the business centre and hospitality rooms, and the state-of-the-art sophisticated Guest Link System.Valet parking incurs an additional fee per night.Every room has been tastefully renovated with an understated elegance that is sleek and contemporary. The guest rooms feature distinctive d�cor, including exotic Zebrano and Wenge woods from South America complemented with vibrant island colours. They all come with luxuriously appointed bathrooms accented with Crema Marfil marble and natural stone, featuring La Source bath amenities by Crabtree and Evelyn(r), and the rooms feature a private bathroom with a bathtub/shower combo, as well as a hairdryer. All rooms offer a direct dial telephone, 42-inch HDTV with satellite/cable, in-room movies, a radio, Internet access and a safe. They also come with a fridge, a coffee maker and an ironing set, while individually adjustable air conditioning is provided in all accommodation as standard. Cots for babies are available at no extra charge, based on availability. Rollaway beds are not permitted in any of the room types.
From the Honolulu International Airport (HNL), take H1 East towards Honolulu, take the Punahou Street exit (#23), and turn right onto S. Beretania Street. Turn left onto Kalakaua Avenue, left again onto Kealohilani Avenue, and left again onto Kuhio Ave. The resort is located on the left corner of Kuhio Avenue and Liliuokalani Street offering valet-only parking.


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Mousumi Nag (Full name Mousumi Nag Lakkhi) is a popular Bangladeshi Actress And Model in Bangladesh. Her pet name is Lakkhi. She is known for her acting in Bangladeshi Small Screen. When she debuted, she was known as Moushumi Bishwas.
Bishwas was her than husband Mithu Bishwas family title. Though, she got divorced and changed her name back to Mousumi Nag, her father's surname. After her divorce, she was migrated to Canada in 2010. Eight months later she came back to Bangladesh.
Mousumi Nag: Bangladeshi Actress Biography
Mousumi Nag Career : BD Model And Actress Mousumi Nag made her debut in showbiz in 2006 by acting in a TV Drama (Bangla Natok) "Shure Aka Chobi". After that, she has acted in more than 150 TV Dramas (Bangla Natok). Her notable dramas are, "Choita Pagol", "Agnipath", "Nandini", "Projapoti Mon", "Brishti Prohor Ebong Ora Tinjon", "Sharey Niranobboi", "Ekti Ondhokar Shetu Ebong Roktomakha Chhobi", "Janani", "Madhabi Villa", "Boiri Batash", "Metro", "Dokhinayoner Din", "Saat Saodagor", and "Ekti Shorolrekhar Sheshe ek Jhank Holud Projapoti".
Mousumi Nag has done some TV Commercials also, the first was Grameen Phone TVC, directed by Amitav Reza in 2007. Some of her notable TVC are, "Robi Telecom", and "Jadru Home Appliance".
Apart from the small screen, Bangladeshi Actress Mousumi Nag is also acting in films. Her debut film is "Run Out" with Model and Actor Shojol. Her most notable film is "Feel My Love" with Dhallywood (Bangladeshi Film Industry) Actor Ferdous. This movie is written and directed by Biplob Hayder. Songs by Samina chowdhury, Fahmida nobi, SI Tutul, Bappa Mazumder and Alita.


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Astoria Plaza
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Queuing our way out of Manila
A lazy day started with breakfast in the hotel terrace bar. After researching what to do with our time in Indonesia, we checked out of the room at noon and went back to the mall to escape the heat. This allowed us to pick up kebabs for lunch (our diet in the Philippines has not been the healthiest...) and wander around like lost sheep for the afternoon.
Back at the hotel we finally managed ...
Manila Art District, Baclaran and Mall of Asia
... the market. I keep one hand on my camera and the other one clutching my money. Baclaran isn't a dangerous but the pick pockets are supposed to be the best here. I'm able to find a couple things for Sharon here and looking forward to the fashion show she will put on for me.
The Mall of Asia is only a 5 minute drive away. Uncle Louie was looking forward to checking out the largest mall in the Philippines, so we pick ...
A slight detour...
... for the gulf of Thailand (storms forecast for at least a week makes beautiful island beaches less appealing) we got talking about volunteer projects abroad and the state of things in the Philippines. One thing led to another and the next thing we knew we had contacted the Red Crpss, booked flights and were on our way to the airport.
We stopped by the Kok Lok Si temple on the way: the largest Buddhist temple ...
Medical Trip
One week in Manila with two days on field prep, and four days serving two communities. What can I say? A big WOW to Gods miraculous healing work! Through him we were able to help 2000 people in Pasig and Caloocan. All praises to Him for also sustaining the entire team, both Melbourne volunteers and local volunteers. We had 5 doctors, 7 dentists and 2 optometrists and many helping hands to help with registrations, meals, prayer and the kids group.
Arrived in Manila
Arrived in Manila, easy through customs, got a Globe SIM sim card installed and ready to go, found the pick up point easy and now here at the Swagman Hotel awaiting the ticket office to open at 7am so I can lock in my taxi and then Banka ride to Puerto Galera and then my journey ...


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Sioux Chief is proud to announce that we have acquired the assets of Watts operating units that complement or overlap existing business. This move will
Plant Acquisition/Relocation Brings Jobs Back From MexicoRead more »
KANSAS CITY, MO, August 18, 2016 — Sioux Chief is pleased to announce that the relocation of our Nogales, Mexico plant to Kansas City, Missouri, has been completed with the final
Rookie's 3rd Consecutive Victory Caps Sioux Chief ARCA RaceRead more »
Kansas City, Missouri, August 10, 2016 — Sioux Chief Manufacturing, Inc. The crowd at Lucas Raceway went wild at the Sioux Chief PowerPEX 200 presented by Jive, when Chase Briscoe,
Construction Underway For Sioux Chief's New HeadquartersRead more »
Over 600 employees to be moved to new location. KANSAS CITY, MO, April 12, 2016 — Sioux Chief Manufacturing, a leading maker of rough plumbing fixtures, has begun initial work
Sioux Chief Announces Launch of New Product: PEX Chair™Read more »
Sioux Chief's PEX Chair™ supports 3/8″ through ¾" PEX supply lines and keeps tube in place during the concrete pour. PEX Chair organizes tube in parallel or offset configurations making


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Vintner's Lodge
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Count down!
Well, my countdown clock says I have 1 day and 4 hours until my trip, actually have a few more hours than that but not too many... Will be leaving this Friday at 7ish am. Am getting ready, still lots to do, but thought I'd practice how to blog and reacquaint myself with how to manage the entries, etc... I have to relearn everything when I don't ...
Not as hot but darn warm
Ii had a great time with Marti and David. We did some touristy things in Coopville. Made home made noodles a couple of times. Hosted a block party. Even had a couple of blue sky days. Headed over to Jane's. Unfortunately there were no Dungeness Crabs to be had on Whidby Island so no crab ...
Horseback Riding in Montana- Off to Washington!
... up we all went to the corral for our family riding lesson. Phoebe, Claire and Oriah (as well as Carrie and myself) were in heaven! Instructors Sara and Maggie were there to show us the reins (see what I did there ;) and teach us the basics. I rode on a horse named Rocket (ironic because he liked to mosey around - which was fine by me) an Carrie rode on Monty. Oriah's beautiful horse is named Chief (he liked to lead) and Claire got to ride on ...
Trusty Wrench RV Doctor
We got here yesterday afternoon and had previously made an appointment with the RV repairman. I had called the RV park to find where we could get the refrigerator looked at and was given his name. He makes house (RV) calls. I had called him on Monday and gave him all the info on the refrigerator so he could have the parts. He was here when he said he would be diagnosed the problem, had the ...
Surprise surprise!
... hauling apples. Both lost. We arrived at our nice RV park and settled in. Our satellite receiver apparently has died. We hope one to be shipped here before we depart on Wednesday. To end the day on another mishap one of the blinds in the living room broke. Tomorrow will be better.
Other places to stay in Prosser
BEST WESTERN PLUS The Inn at Horse Heaven259 Merlot Drive, Prosser | Hotelfrom $113


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f11 Your Vision 2017 Competition
We are thrilled to commemorate the Fifth Anniversary of our Chasing the Light Online Magazine by announcing the launch of David Noton's photographic competition for fully registered f11 Members, entitled Your Vision 2017.
The Competition
We all know that the most important equipment needed for our craft is a Photographer's Eye; indeed the ability to see strong pictures in a multitude of situations is a fundamental skill to be nurtured. This is what Your Vision Competition is all about: celebrating the process that gives birth to a picture, from the conception of an idea through to the point the shutter opens. The Judges will be looking for f11 Members' pictures that display the most imaginative and perceptive photographic Vision – it's as simple as that.
The Prizes
The Winners will receive a day of One-to-One Tuition with David, arranged at a mutually convenient time and location, and there will also be Highly Commended Prizes kindly donated by Canon, Lee Filters, Adobe, Manfrotto, Páramo and Delkin Devices.
1st Prize
For the Overall Winning Image that Displays the Most Imaginative and Perceptive Vision:
A 24-hour Dawn-to-Dusk One-to-One Photographic Tuition Session with David Noton.
Plus a 12-month subscription to the Adobe Creative Cloud, donated by Adobe Systems Europe.
Portfolio Prize
For the Collection of Three Images that Best Display a Unique Style and Vision: A 24-hour Dawn-to-Dusk One-to-One Photographic Tuition Session with David Noton. Plus a Pro Light camera backpack 3N1-26 for DSLR/CSC/C100, donated by Manfrotto UK.
Highly Commended Prizes
For the Best Use of Light:
A Chasing the Light Filter Kit made by Lee Filters exclusively for David Noton Photography, donated by Lee Filters.
For the Best Capture of the Decisive Moment:
Canon Powershot G9X (worth £399.00) donated by Canon UK.
For the Best Spirit of Adventure:
Prize - £300.00 voucher donated by Páramo.
For the Best Composition:
A Manfrotto 055 Tripod, donated by Manfrotto UK.
Other Prizes:
Delkin Memory Cards, Compact Flash or SD (to the value of £100), donated by Delkin Devices
The Judges
David Noton, Photographer and Founder of Chasing the Light Online Magazine
Wendy Noton, Photo Library Manager, David Noton Photography
Sharyn Meeks, Content Manager, David Noton Photography
Freya Dangerfield, Chasing the Light Online Magazine Editor
Ross Hoddinott, Photographer and Regular Chasing the Light Online Magazine Contributor
Juliet Mcgrory, Picture Editor and Keywording Specialist
Jeremy Flint, Your Vision 2016 Competition Winner, Overall Winning Image
Chris Davis, Your Vision 2016 Competition Winner, Portfolio Prize
Rob Cook, Professional Imaging Group, Canon UK
Graham Merritt, Head of Product Development, Lee Filters
Richard Curtis, Principal Solutions Consultant, Adobe Systems Europe
Tom Redfern, Creative Director, Páramo Directional Clothing Systems
Paul Hill, Category Manager - Supports, Manfrotto UK
Barry Profitt, Field Sales Professional, Delkin Devices
How to Enter
For full f11 Members to submit their entries, please send no more than five images and the story behind the lens for each shot as as e-mail attachments to [email protected] by 1200 GMT on 1st March 2017 at the very latest. Please incorporate the text "Your Vision 2017" into the subject line of your email. Please also note even if you have already submitted images for the f11 Member's Gallery you will need to submit separately for the Your Vision 2017 competition. Not yet an f11 Member? Sign up today at so you can make your submission.
Submission guidelines:
Your image submissions should be sent to us via email at a resolution of 72dpi with longest dimension no greater than 1,000 pixels, and saved in a high quality (8) jpeg format.
Please supply each image with its own title caption (description, location), technical details (camera, lens, exposure details) and a short story from behind the lens (why, when, set-up) included as part of the image's file information (metadata).
Please do not add any watermarks to your submissions.
If would like further guidance on how to do this, please watch this video:
There is no entry fee but all entrants must be fully registered f11 Members.
All finalists will have their images featured in a special Your Vision Competition Winners f11 Member's Gallery in the May 2017 issue of the Chasing the Light Online Magazine with comments on their winning images from the Judges.Our top Prize Winners receive a 24-hour Dawn-to-Dusk One-to-One Photographic Tuition Session with David Noton. Read about the days Jeremy Flint and Chris Davis spend with David below.
Jeremy flint, Your Vision 2016 Competition Winner, Overall Winning Image
My wife and I met David and Wendy at the Star Inn at Talybont on Usk for an afternoon beverage and chat before an enjoyable tutorial on camera techniques along the canal.
After regrouping for an early dinner at the White Hart, we 'climbed a hill' for some epic views of the Brecon Beacon range (including Pen Y Fan, Britains highest southern peak) and early evening light. On location, we were joined by a highland cow or two who listened in to David's expert advice.
The next morning was looking cloudy so a change of plan ensued with a dawn shoot along the River Usk. Whilst David and I discussed exposure merging and camera settings whilst waiting for the light, a Heron appeared from nowhere and began fishing under the bridge we were photographing. Pixels were exposed before heading back for a well earned breakfast and inspiring slide show and talk on David's printed images.
Chris Davis, Your Vision 2016 Competition Winner, Portfolio Prize
After emails back and forth we decided upon a date & location - the Brecon Beacons. The weather all around the chosen dates wasn't looking great. We met up at the hotel and David got the OS maps out and we made a plan of action for the afternoon/evenings shooting activities. Due to the grey overcast weather we concluded a sunset shot from a grand vista probably wasn't going to be a wise option.
David was very familiar with the Brecon Beacons so suggested an area where there was a decent trail with multiple waterfalls where we could shoot some long exposures. We drove through the Brecon Beacons for about 30 mins & arrived at the car park. It was a circular walking trail with 4 waterfalls. We set off & set up tripods at the first waterfall. This was accessible from an elevated position so we were looking down at a waterfall. We shot here for a good while trying out various compositions and I managed to make a few nice ones here.
We then moved onto the next waterfall which was at the bottom of a lot of steps, but for this waterfall we were at ground level looking along the river up at the waterfall with a nice green canopy of trees framing the scene nicely. I played around with several compositions but found getting the tripod out in the water & quite low was producing the best results. We shot here for a good hour & then decided the light was going and we would head back to the village and get some curry. After a good feed and me setting the place on fire we left sharply and headed to the pub for some photographic discussions.
Looking forward to the next morning we decided as the weather again looked to be not ideal to stick local to the hotel and explore the banks of the nearby Canal. We walked a good few miles along the canal stopping to shoot nice bends in the canal or old stone bridges. After a few hours of this we headed back to the hotel and filled up on a well earned breakfast. The shots from the canal session were quite fun shots to process, wanting to stick to a more creative approach I decided to process these in a black & white style that has an almost infared feel to them. This produced two shots I was very happy with and made a total of four shots from the whole trip which for a 24-hour workshop was pretty good considering the weather.
Terms and Conditions
The winners will receive a voucher for a 24-hour One-to-One Photographic Tuition Session with David Noton, to be arranged at a mutually convenient location and date; David Noton Photography will make every effort to ensure the session occurs as soon as possible. Please note the voucher covers only the tuition; travel and subsistence expenses incurred attending the session will not be covered.
All images submitted must be the entrants own work and sole copyright, and must not contain any third party materials including third party trademarks or trade names and/or content that you do not have permission to use.
Copyright of all entries remains with the photographer at all times, but David Noton Photography and Chasing the Light Online Magazine reserves the right to use, publish and republish entries within the magazine and in connection with the competition without payment.
It is a condition of entry that all rules are accepted as final and that the competitor agrees to abide by these rules. The decision of the Judges is final and no correspondence will be entered into. Submission of an entry will be taken to mean acceptance of these terms and conditions.


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Lined up on their own 46 yard line on 2nd-and-five, the Tar Heel offense led 24-23 with a chance to secure another first down. Mitch Trubisky sought out Ryan Switzer down the middle of the field on an all-vertical route by the receivers with Switzer in single coverage.
Trubisky was just short on his throw allowing the Georgia defender to deflect the pass away at the last moment.
Inside Carolina's Jason Staples takes you inside the ICTV GIF film room for a closer look at the play.null


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This Fat Cat Stitchlet design is from the Mouseloft range of cross stitch kits. These cute little cross stitch kits are quick and easy to do and great fun too. Once completed they would make a great addition to handmade cards, cushions, or as a mounted wall piece. This fantastic counted cross stitch kit contains Aida fabric 14hpi, embroidery threads, needle and easy to follow instructions. Many other designs are available to suit your taste.
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Wanting to help children in Argentina have shoes to protect their feet, American traveller Blake Mycoskie created TOMS. They match every pair of shoes purchased with a pair of new shoes given to a child in need and have now given over 1,000,000,000 pairs.
Donations may only apply to the sale price and not include VAT, delivery and other such costs. Please do not use voucher codes from other websites as this may affect your donation.
Unfortunately there are currently no offers available for this retailer.


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Vintage screw back earrings featuring a gold tone setting and a molded cameo center. Framing the cameo we see crystal rhinestones and just underneath a row of rhinestones to complete the look. Each cameo is a different profile and picture and is made of, what looks like, molded plastic.
The manufacturer was Coro and they hallmarked on the stem. For dating, we would place these c. 1940's for a time period.
Measuring 3/4 inches long we find these in wonderful vintage condition without damage.
5 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Curio - an object displayed for its attractiveness or interest
Intriguing estate finds in antiques, vintage collectibles, silver, jewelry and more.


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They say it's your birthday!
Baby Beez isn't really a baby anymore. She's going to be FOUR in September. As July comes to a close, the Mr. and I have started up the birthday talk. For her first and second birthday, we did fairly traditional large friends-and-family gatherings. For her third birthday, we went on a ride on the Gateway Clipper as a very small group and that was perfect. I loved the ease of planning (no planning needed, really), the manageable size of the group, and although Baby Beez definitely got her presents and cake, those too were in manageable quantities.
Baby Beez gets invited to birthday parties now and then. Her school doesn't have the "Birthday Party Culture" that a lot of other schools have, where kids invite their whole class, and there are parties almost every weekend. In fact, she's only been invited to the birthday party of one kid from school, and we've never invited kids from school to her birthdays. Most of the parents at Baby Beez' school are busy and working and not very chatty, which is exactly what I am, so the school suits us perfectly.
I'm inclined to not throw a party for Baby Beez this year, or alternatively, just have a small family gathering. Maybe instead of a party we could do a special activity like go to Living Treasures or Idlewild. Still, I'm hesitant to entirely nix a party, because Baby Beez does know about parties, and I don't want her to feel like she's missing out on something if we do not do one. There's a part of me thinking that a middle ground might work– do a small gathering or activity unless she specifically asks for something larger. And then there is a huge part of me that says I'm worrying way too much about a little kid's birthday celebration. After all, her biggest concern is the cake.
What's your MO for your kid's birthday?


text: DALLAS, Jan. 28, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- X-Change Corp. (NASDAQ OTC: XCHC), a U.S. boutique company whose niche is extract-based Cosmeceutical and Nutraceuticals solutions through its Phytiva brand product line, announced today that it has been in discussions with California-based cannabis businesses for plans of a full rollout of Phytiva products to consumers in Southern California. The California legal cannabis market is estimated at $12 -$18 billion in total economic activity, supporting 60,000 to 110,000 jobs and $2.5 to $3.5 billion in legal, taxable wages. The cannabis industry is a much needed windfall for the State of California which is in economic distress. Further, the industry would generate additional income and business taxes for the state. California is one of the leading states for Medical Cannabis since first legalizing in mid 1990's. These inquiries came from conservative, well-managed firms that participate in full legal compliance through their dispensary licenses. They have physical locations in place that will allow X-Change Corporation to market its full line of Phytiva products. "We are very pleased to have this opportunity to expand our product line to the patients of Southern California. With such a large population and diverse demographic, we feel current market demand already exists and will expand. We look forward to Phytiva products helping many people in the State of California. Hopefully, Phytiva Products will be available in the near term in the Southern California market," stated Robert Kane, President of X-Change Corp. About Phytiva We are among the leading experts specializing in developing all natural, organic, bio-hemp health, beauty, and cosmetic products. Our philosophy is to bring the best products possible to the entire world, to help improve and promote a healthier, natural way of life. Superior products are born from scientific data and research, and we have come to a new and innovative understanding to our product development.


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Kasparov will discuss power and propaganda in the global, digital age with Claudio Guarnieri of Citizen Lab and Amnesty International.
Avast CEO Vince Steckler to explore the dangers of using smart devices whose security isn't smart enough, putting your personal data at risk, at Collision 2017.
Avast joins No More Ransom as an associate partner to help ransomware victims decrypt their files.
Avast technology is part of the next-gen artificial intelligence revolution.
Avast's Vince Steckler showcased IoT threats and spoke about the importance of securing devices to protect consumers at GSMA's Enabling IoT Security conference.
Avast's CEO, Vince Steckler, will address security threats to the Internet of Things at Mobile World Congress 2017.
Gentlemen, start your engines! Avast enters the world of virtual F1 with a new motorsports team.
Follow Avast on Facebook and play #LoveYourInternet for a chance to win a Google Pixel phone!
Kevin Chapman, Avast's new GM of our SMB business unit, will drive results for our Avast business customers and channel partners.


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This bottle opener from SUCK UK has definitely hit cult status with it's simple but highly utilitarian design. Hook up the Fridge Magnet Bottle Opener and you're ready to pop bottles like a pro.
Go stealth or be bold with your choice of hot colors! We're really feeling the fresh Coca-Cola editions and slick chrome option.


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Originally posted on Burning River Baseball | Last updated 7/28/12
Player of the Game Carlos Santana snagged this Player of the Game late with a meaningless two run home run down the left field line. Santana also knocked in the first run of the game for a final Player of the Game score of 5.22. No one else did anything worth mentioning so it was nice of Santana to provide some kind of bright spot. Feathers Up Justin Masterson got the first five hitters to ground out to Jason Kipnis at second and the next batter to ground out to first. Masterson is his best when he is getting ground balls and he was certainly at his best early tonight. When the game was over Masterson had 14 ground outs, two strike outs and one fly out. Milestone Alert: Justin Masterson's first strikeout tonight was career number 456 as an Indian, tying him for 40th all time with Allie Reynolds. Feathers Down Late in the game Jebediah Masterson fell apart as he allowed another home run to Josh Willingham, an earned run in the fifth after allowing a triple and four more in...
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