text:
Will Solar Prices Fall into Grid Parity?
By Dan Harding
Three factors, says Venkataraman, can help make PV cheaper than, say, a combined-cycle gas turbine plant. One or all of the following could ensure solar power a level playing field in the long term:
- Rising gas prices
- Renewable portfolio standards that make renewable energy credits (RECs) more valuable
- The passage of carbon legislation that would force gas power producers to buy carbon credits, thus forcing an increase in price for natural gas.
Final Comments on Solar Posts
I am going to be offline for a few more days, enjoying some time with the family. In the interim, Tom Standing has sent some detailed replies to some of the comments following his posts Arizona Solar Power Project and Ambitious Solar Plans in France.
Here is some additional material in response to a few of the comments that were submitted regarding my essays on the solar project in Arizona and the solar plan for France.
First is a general comment about my intent with the two essays. I am merely attempting to contribute some hard-edged reality to many solar proposals that do not seem to have been adequately appraised through the conceptual engineering process. The value and scale of proposals for renewable energy projects will be demonstrated through the laws of conservation of energy and thermodynamics. Rational calculations employing these laws are what I am basing my analysis on. We have at our disposal an immense database of solar insolation data on the NREL website, from which we can estimate how much energy a solar project is capable of delivering, and how the energy would be distributed with respect to time. I have also attempted to describe reasonable assumptions to fill in gaps of data or other information in order to complete the calculations. I fully realize that reasonable people will disagree with some of my assumptions, but I think that the differences will not significantly alter the conclusions.
Someone offered energy consumption by a range of vehicle size: one megajoule per mile at highway speeds for light vehicles, 2 MJ for heavier vehicles, and 10 MJ for 18-wheelers.
May I suggest we convert these numbers into units that we are familiar with, such as miles per gallon? A few key conversion factors can be used, as follows.
- 1 joule/sec is the definition of 1 watt; therefore one kilowatt-hour is 3.6 million joules.
- The heat equivalent of electrical energy is about 3,535 Btu per kWh (100% conversion).
- Therefore, 1 Btu = 1,020 joules.
- The heat value in 1 U.S. gallon of gasoline is 125,000 Btu.
- The heat value in 1 U.S. gallon of diesel fuel is 138,000 Btu.
Working out the numbers, 1 MJ = ~ 1,000 Btu, which is 1/125 gallon of gasoline, which, according to the original comment, light vehicles could travel 125 miles/gal.
At 2 MJ/mile, SUVs would travel ~ 62 miles/gal.
The 10 MJ per mile for 18-wheelers burning diesel fuel calculates out to 13.8 miles/gal. Are these reasonable consumption rates? Most people would expect vehicular fuel consumption to be substantially higher.
The same commenter opined: "if a one square meter heterojunction panel can squeeze out 1.6 kWh = 5 MJ a day…"
Let's estimate what the conversion of insolation to useful electricity would be for this panel, using NREL insolation data.
California's Mojave Desert offers the highest annual average insolation of any of the 239 monitored stations in the U.S. – 6.6 kWh/ (m2-day) for unshaded fixed panels facing south, tilted at an angle = local latitude. If the panel yields 1.6 kWh of useful electricity in a day, then the conversion factor = 1.6/6.6 = 24.2%. If that same panel were exposed to insolation in St. Louis, MO where, with the same panel orientation, average annual insolation is 4.8 kWh/ (m2-day), and yields 1.6 kWh/day, the conversion factor = 1.6/4.8 = 33.3%. That would be a pretty good panel!
Here is my response to another comment about the French solar plan. The comment was by Bob Lynch, December 22 at 7:43 PM. He wrote: "The French though DO HAVE areas that bask (Basque?) in cloudless days, week after week. France has a strong infrastructure to deliver power far from where it is generated, so it does not have to be on millions of 17th century homes and hovels that dot the countryside."
This, then, is my response:
If I interpret Mr. Lynch's vision accurately, he believes that France could construct a major portion of their solar arrays in their sunniest regions, and then transmit the generated electricity to the populous regions where the climate is less favorable to collecting solar energy.
We can check the validity of such a proposal with the insolation data posted on the NREL website.
Click the link "In alphabetical order by state and city." Then choose any city to obtain the data in spreadsheet format.
The insolation statistics I use here are for flat-plate collectors facing south at a fixed-tilt angle equal to the latitude of the site. This orientation gives the optimum solar exposure for fixed flat plates. Most installations will not match this ideal orientation. Collectors are tilted at varying angles, may not face due south, are not always clean, and may experience shading from nearby buildings or trees. Generally, solar installations generate about 15% less electricity than is calculated from insolation data and the manufacturer's conversion factor.
Although the NREL data covers 239 stations in the United States, we can closely approximate insolation in France with comparable locations in the U.S. based on equivalent latitude and similarities in climate. The southern-most part of France, which provides the highest insolation, is in the range of latitude 43 to 44 degrees. A comparable location where the climate features "cloudless days, week after week," is Boise, Idaho, latitude 43.57 degrees, with a semi-arid climate. The NREL data shows powerful insolation during the 6 months April through September of 5.8, 6.2, 6.5, 7.0, 6.8, and 6.5, respectively, in units of kWh/ (m2-day). The 30-year annual average is 5.1 (same units). I think we can say that there are scant areas in France where insolation would exceed that of Boise.
The insolation that I estimated as an average for France is 4.6, which, I think, is a fair representation of the regions where solar is most apt to be developed.
An important fact that we need to keep in mind is that average annual insolation does not vary greatly over wide reaches of the U.S. Similarly, variations in Europe would be narrow. For example, Sioux Falls, South Dakota is 850 miles due east of Boise (identical latitude), but with a humid continental climate. However, the 30-year average insolation is 4.8 (same units). It's a good bet that across the southern quarter of France, insolation would be in the 4.8 to 5.1 range, hardly a bonanza for solar development.
Some 260 miles north-northwest of Boise is Spokane, Washington, latitude 47.63, the latitude that is about 80 miles south of Paris. Summer insolation in Spokane is generous, but noticeably below that of Boise: the 6 months April – September: 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, 6.5, 6.3, and 5.7, respectively. The 30-year annual average is 4.5. Spokane's insolation is, therefore, likely to be near that of Paris and across the northern third of France. Thus, the 11 or 12% difference of insolation in France, between the sunniest south and the north, is probably not sufficient to justify transmission of large quantities of electricity. Solar-generated electricity would best be utilized near the source.
Ambitious Solar Plans in France; Solar Capacity Factors
The following guest post was written by Tom Standing, a "semi-retired, part-time civil engineer for the City of San Francisco." In Part 1, Tom took a critical look at a 280 MW solar thermal plant in Arizona. Here in Part 2, Tom examines France's ambitious solar plans.
The December 1 issue of the Oil and Gas Journal carried a "Quick Take" article about France's "national plan for renewable energies" that they unveiled on November 17. Their plan includes all the popular ideas for alternative energy: biomass, wind, hydro, waves and tides, with a major emphasis on solar. For now France has 13 megawatts of installed capacity in solar, but the energy minister wants solar to be a whopping 5,400 MW in 2020! He says that France will change its carbon-based energy model to a completely decarbonized model: each home, company, and community will produce its own energy.
Excuse me, but why is France doing this? They already have the least carbon-intensive energy system of any industrialized nation. They generate 75% of their electricity with nuclear, supported by the most extensive technology to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, than any nation in the world. Practically 100% of their rail system is electrified, packed with people, whether on the Paris Metro or speedy intercity trains. France has already developed the working model of a low-carbon energy system for other nations to emulate.
Let's do some rational calculations on France's solar plan, similar to my last email. We can see what surface area of collectors would be needed, and how much electricity would be generated.
Collector Area
As I explained previously, solar panels are rated at their maximum output, when the sun is near its highest altitude for the year under cloudless skies. Under such ideal conditions, insolation is about 1,000 watts per square meter. The most cost-effective panels convert about 10% of insolation into useful electricity, a factor that has remained unchanged for 10 years. Some PVs might convert 15%, but they cost more and are not mass-produced. Thus a typical panel of one square meter is rated at 100 watts.
To estimate the area of PV panels that France wants to install, we simply divide 5,400 MW by 100 W/m2 and we get an incomprehensible 54 million m2! It means that one million homes and businesses would have to be covered with 54 m2 of panels. A typical home can accommodate only 25-30 m2, so more than a million buildings would have to install PV. I do not know the worldwide capacity for manufacturing PV panels, but I would guess that current capacity is a small fraction of 54 million m2/year. Oh sure, capacity will grow, but what about PV for Germany, Spain, UK, the Low Countries, and the US? California alone would suck up a major chunk of that capacity.
Solar Electricity Generated
Let's say that France actually installs 54 million m2 of solar by 2020. (I think it's fantasy in the extreme, but let's carry the scenario through.) How much electricity will the fully built-out system generate?
First, we need to estimate the insolation upon the collectors. While I have copious insolation data from NREL for the US, I have no site-specific data for Europe. But I can make a reasonable estimate. Having traveled throughout France at various times for a total of about 3 months (typically in the summer), I can say that France has mild sun conditions. I would compare the French summer sun to that of Cleveland or Minneapolis. However, France is located at somewhat higher latitudes, which tends to reduce midday sun strength and spreads it out over more daylight hours. The northern suburbs of Paris, say around de Gaulle International, is latitude 49o, the northern-most boundary between the US and Canada. The south-most reaches of France, are between latitude 43 and 44, equivalent to Buffalo, NY or Portland, Maine.
I will pick a number on the generous side for annual average insolation in France, equivalent to that of Boston, New York, Chicago, and Minneapolis:
4.6 kWh/ (m2-day).
This level of insolation is for optimum panel orientation: facing due south with no shading, tilted at an angle equal to local latitude. Varying amounts of shading with less than ideal orientation will reduce the insolation on the collectors of most installations.
Now we are ready to calculate the annual energy generated from the fully-built French PV system. As I showed in Section 8 of my previous email, the annual energy generated by a solar installation is the product of four factors:
Insolation, average day during a year = 4.6 kWh/ (m2-day)
10% conversion of insolation into electricity, the industry standard for PV
Area of solar collectors = 54 million m2
365 days/year
Cancelling out units and carefully watching orders of magnitude, we come up with 9 billion kWh of useful electricity generated during the first year of complete build-out. But we need to give this number some perspective.
Energy Generation in Perspective
EIA statistics show that French consumption of electricity grew from 353 billion kWh in 1992 to 415 billion in 2002, or 62 billion kWh in 10 years for an average gain of 6.2 billion kWh/year.
It means then, that this huge solar development would, at best, produce the equivalent of only 1.5 years of gain in France's electricity consumption. And it would take a 12-year crash program to install that much solar!
Another comparison is with the annual power output of one of France's 1,000 MW nuclear power reactors. If the reactor operates for a year at 90% capacity (typical for the industry), the three factors to multiply are: 90%, one million kW, and 8,760 hours/year. Multiplying out these factors, we find that a single reactor would produce about 8 billion kWh/year, roughly the equivalent electricity as all the solar panels covering nearly 2 million homes and businesses.
Costs for PV
In the US, homes and businesses that install PV typically receive "rebates," (another word for "subsidies") from state or local governments, or the utility, to be paid for by all ratepayers. Rebates usually amount to about half of the total installed cost. The unit cost for solar installations has changed little since 2000, in the range of $600 – $700 per square meter, or in the terms of the industry, $6,000 – $7,000 per rated kW. Thus a homeowner usually qualifies for a rebate of 6 or 7 thousand $ after installing a 2 kW PV system.
I don't know if French taxpayers and ratepayers will subsidize solar installations, but the unsubsidized cost remains the same and must be paid by somebody. Total installed cost of the solar plan for France, then, would run in the neighborhood of $35 billion. What is the cost of building a single reactor in a nuclear power plant? Considerably less I would say.
Solar Capacity Factors
We can calculate capacity factors for any solar project directly from insolation data. This provides a shortcut to calculating electrical output on an annual or monthly basis when we are given the nameplate capacity. The capacity factor depends only on insolation during the time period in question, and is independent of the conversion factor between insolation and electricity.
The capacity factor is defined as the ratio of actual energy generated, to the energy generated at maximum insolation, i.e. nameplate capacity. Therefore, our ratio is:
actual average isolation/maximum insolation
Maximum insolation, we have seen, is 1,000 W/m2.
Actual insolation is given in kWh/ (m2-day). We have to convert this quantity into units of W/m2. We cancel out hours and days by dividing actual insolation by 24 h/d. For example, if insolation is 5.0 kWh/ (m2-day), the average power output during one day is 5,000/24 = 208 watts. Average power output divided by maximum insolation (1,000 W/m2) gives a capacity factor of 20.8%.
If you have some time during this busy season to look at this, I would value your input. I would like to take the discussion about "green energy" beyond all the vague generalizations that we hear repeatedly from our leaders about stimulating a green or clean energy future. It's as if "renewable energy" is a virgin topic, yet to be assessed and waiting to be tapped. But we already have a great amount of information with which to evaluate avant-garde energy proposals. We need to put hard numbers to these generalizations.
Massive Solar PV Deal
Sorry for the lack of postings/comments in the past few days. I have been traveling, and just arrived back in the U.S. I have lots of things to catch up on (family time, among the most important) and I have to prepare my presentations for the ASPO conference (I will be presenting on "Biofuels" and on "Tracking Public Data" such as EIA and IEA numbers). I also have a staff meeting the first week of September. My posting frequency in the next 30 days or so is likely to drop down to 1 or 2 a week, and then should go back to normal following ASPO which begins September 21st.
In the meantime, there was a major energy story yesterday that is worth noting, and it generated some numbers for crunching. Pacific Gas & Electric in California has signed an 800 megawatt solar deal with OptiSolar and SunPower. CNET has some of the details:
Massive solar photovoltaic plants are California-bound
SAN FRANCISCO–Pacific Gas & Electric has inked deals with OptiSolar and SunPower to establish 800 megawatts of solar farms in California, which could become the world's largest set of grid-tied photovoltaic installations.
The new plants would provide 1.65 billion kilowatt hours each year, enough to serve nearly 250,000 homes, according to Jack Keenan, CEO and senior vice president of PG&E.
"This commitment not only moves us forward in meeting our renewable goal, it's also a significant step forward in the renewable energy sector," he said. "Utility-scale deployment of PV (photovoltaic) technology may well become cost competitive with other forms of renewable energy generation, such as solar thermal and wind."
The supply breaks down as follows:
OptiSolar's 550 megawatts are set to come online fully in 2013, and SunPower's 250 megawatts should be running by 2012, both in central San Luis Obispo County. Unlike these photovoltaic projects, most large-scale solar farms feature solar thermal systems.
I found a story in the Milwaukee Business Journal that mentioned some of the area requirements:
The 550-megawatt Topaz Solar Farm to be built by OptiSolar, a venture-backed firm based in Hayward, will utilize OptiSolar's relatively low-cost thin-film photovoltaic panels manufactured in Hayward and Sacramento. The project, which will cover about 9 square miles with solar panels, will be the largest solar PV project in the world, and is reported to cost $1 billion. It is expected to begin power delivery in 2011 and be fully operational in 2013.
How does that area requirement compare with the area I came up with in A Solar Thought Experiment for providing electricity for the entire U.S.? 550 megawatts over 9 square miles is equivalent to 62 megawatts per square mile. My calculations were that it would take 2531 square miles (a square of about 50 miles by 50 miles) to provide 882,125 megawatts (349 megawatts per square mile). If we scale that down to 9 square miles, we would come up with (882,125 megawatts/2531 square miles) * 9 square miles = 3,100 megawatts (versus their reported 550 megawatts). I would then suspect that they are taking the infrastructure, etc. into account, as my calculation was purely surface area of the panels.
However, I did a second calculation in Running the U.S. on Solar Power in which I did consider the total land requirements of a solar thermal plant. Apples and oranges, I know, but I want to know how they stack up against each other. For the Optisolar plant, we find 550 megawatts on 9 square miles. A square mile contains 640 acres, thus we have 0.89 megawatts per acre. In my previous calculation on solar thermal, I found (based on an actual plant capacity and land requirements) that they expected to get 0.147 megawatts per acre.
That suggests one of three things to me. First, it could mean that the supporting infrastructure for a solar thermal plant has a much greater requirement than a solar PV plant. Second, it could mean that I am looking at just PV surface area versus total infrastructure requirements for solar thermal, but that doesn't seem to mesh with my prior calculation (unless they are usually very low efficiency panels in the PG&E projects). Or, it could be that since I am only looking at peak output, I am not actually getting a total picture since solar thermal has the potential for energy storage, and thus generating power far past peak output. In other words, solar PV has a pretty sharp peak, and solar PV has a much broader peak for the generation of electricity. There is a 4th option – that I have an error somewhere. But I know if I throw this out there, someone will sniff it out.
Maybe some of our knowledgeable solar experts can weigh in?
Finally, the inevitable question always seems to be whether you can invest in the companies involved. According to this article, Optisolar has been raising capital through private investors. SunPower, however, trades on the NASDAQ as SPWR. The PE is currently at 142, so if you are risk averse you are probably going to pass. The other company mentioned in the article, Pacific Gas and Electric, trades on the NYSE as PCG and a more conservative PE of 14.8.
Largest Affordable Solar Housing Installation
Most press releases I receive are not really worth publicizing, in my opinion. Most of them are just self-promotions for one organization or another. But here's one that is worth bringing some attention to:
The Largest, Solar-Powered, Affordable Housing Community in the U.S.
24 Buildings with 378 Family Apartments at Crescent Park in Richmond, California
Dedication: Tuesday, June 10: 10 AM – 12 NOON
The Crescent Park Apartments, 5000 Hartnett Avenue, Richmond, CA
Richmond, California (June 10, 2008) – The new solar installation at the Crescent Park apartments in Richmond, California will be dedicated on Tuesday, June 10, making this large apartment complex the largest, solar-powered affordable housing community in the United States.
EAH Housing, a nonprofit affordable housing developer and manager based in San Rafael California, has announced the dedication of the solar system installed by Sun Light and Power serving 24 buildings and 378 family apartments for this large community on nearly 25 acres.
About the Solar Energy Installation
The solar installation at Crescent Park – a $7 million dollar project installed by Sun Light and Power, based in Berkeley, CA – will help reduce the production of greenhouse gases while providing lower utility costs for this large, family complex. The installation also helps the city of Richmond to meet almost 20% of its 5 MW goal for usage of solar power.
Producing nearly a megawatt of clean, renewable energy, the 908 kilowatts system includes 4323 SunPower, 210-watt modules and 180, SunPower M Series inverters.
Gary Gerber, President of Berkeley's Sun Light and Power said: "I am honored and pleased that EAH chose Sun Light & Power to build America's largest affordable housing solar project here at Crescent Park. Sun Light & Power's engineering expertise and our 32 years of experience designing and installing solar systems made us a great match with EAH, who clearly recognize that solar electricity must play a pivotal role in providing the renewable energy this country needs to reduce our environmental impact and stabilize our future energy costs."
About the Crescent Park Apartments
Crescent Park is currently undergoing a $70 million restoration by EAH Housing.
EAH Housing acquired Crescent Park in 1994, and quickly moved to restore it to its former status as a valued community resource. It has since been awarded the HUD "Best Practices" Award for its Computer Learning Center, which provides access to technology to very low-income residents.
"We are proud to provide solar power for all 378 apartments as part of our major rehabilitation and improvement of this important affordable housing community that has served Richmond since the 1960s," said Mary Murtagh, President and CEO of EAH Housing.
"The contributions made by EAH Housing to the city of Richmond is incalculable," said Gayle McLaughlin, Mayor of Richmond. "EAH has created an affordable housing complex that not only brings value to our city but, with its commitment to solar energy, has also taken on a stewardship role as well. We look forward to our continuing relationship with this outstanding organization."
About Sun Light and Power
Sun Light and Power was formed 32 years ago in Berkeley by Gary Gerber as one of the first solar energy companies in California. Now the 12th largest solar aggregator in the U.S. (with more than 600 solar installations in the Bay Area) and a staff of 54 employees, Sun Light and Power prides itself on its skilled engineering staff who work with many technically-challenging projects. More information is available at: http://www.sunlightandpower.com/ or by calling: (510) 845-2997.
About EAH Housing
EAH Housing is one of the most respected nonprofit developers/managers in the western United States. With properties in 14 counties in California and Hawaii, and over 40 years of providing affordable housing, EAH Housing has developed over 5900 homes and manages 75 properties. EAH serves over thousands of families, seniors, students and persons with disabilities in California and Hawaii. EAH has regional offices in San Rafael, Fresno, San Jose, and Honolulu. More information is available at: http://www.eahhousing.org/.
NEWS NOTE: Gary Gerber, founder and president of Sun Light and Power (Berkeley, CA) is available to talk with you. His contact information: Phone: (510) 845-2997. firstname.lastname@example.com
Lumeta: Peel and Stick Solar
I wanted to thank a reader for sending me the following YouTube link. This is very cool. A solar company called Lumeta – a subsidiary of California-based DRI Companies, has created a peel and stick solar panel. Watch just a bit of this video, as two men install 2.25 kilowatts in 34 minutes. Makes it look easy.
That could produce more than enough power for the average daily commute, but I couldn't find any details on costs nor of panel efficiencies.
I am putting this up in a hurry, as I am in London today and tomorrow to talk about green technologies with a couple of groups. It will be later in the week before I have a chance to put anything else up.
Lumeta: Peel and Stick Solar
I wanted to thank a reader for sending me the following YouTube link. This is very cool. A solar company called Lumeta – a subsidiary of California-based DRI Companies, has created a peel and stick solar panel. Watch just a bit of this video, as two men install 2.25 kilowatts in 34 minutes. Makes it look easy.
That could produce more than enough power for the average daily commute, but I couldn't find any details on costs nor of panel efficiencies.
I am putting this up in a hurry, as I am in London today and tomorrow to talk about green technologies with a couple of groups. It will be later in the week before I have a chance to put anything else up.
Replacing Gasoline with Solar Power
Executive Summary
If you don't want to run through the calculations, here is the summary. I attempted a thought experiment in which I calculated whether it would be feasible to use solar power to generate enough energy to offset all U.S. gasoline consumption. My conclusion is that it will take about 444,000 megawatts of electrical generating capacity. Current U.S. generating capacity is over 900,000 megawatts, but there isn't a whole lot of spare capacity in that number.
To generate 444,000 megawatts with solar PV would require just under 1,300 square miles (a 36 mile by 36 mile square) of just PV surface area. To generate that much power with solar thermal – including supporting infrastructure – would require 4,719 square miles (a 69 mile by 69 mile square). A large area, but not impossible to envision us eventually achieving this.
Having made an attempt to calculate the number of square miles to replace current U.S. electricity consumption via solar PV or solar thermal, I have been challenged to do the same exercise for replacing our gasoline usage. (In fact, I was told by someone that they had never seen this kind of calculation done, so I told them I would do it). I have no idea how this calculation is going to turn out, but I suspect it is going to be similar to the previous calculation for replacing electrical consumption. My guess is less than 100 miles by 100 miles. Note that this is a thought experiment, in which I try to get an idea of what it would take to achieve this.
First, some caveats. There are still technical obstacles that prevent this scenario from being realized. Those are, 1). Battery range is still too low (The plug-in Prius is only going to be able to go 7 miles on battery power).; and 2). Solar power can't be adequately stored. However, that's not the purpose of the exercise. The purpose is to satisfy my curiosity: If we were going to try to replace gasoline with solar power, are the land requirements prohibitive?
I am only going to do this calculation for gasoline, as I think it is unlikely that electricity will ever power long-haul trucks or airplanes.
How Much Do We Need?
The U.S. currently consumes 389 million gallons of gasoline per day. (Source: EIA). A gallon of gasoline contains about 115,000 BTUs. (Source: EPA). The energy content of this is equivalent to 45 trillion BTUs per day. The average efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) – that is the percentage of those BTUs that actually go into moving the vehicle down the road – is about 15%. (Source: DOE). Therefore, the energy that goes toward actually moving the vehicles is 6.7 trillion BTUs per day.
The efficiency of electric infrastructure can be broken down into several steps. According to this source, the respective efficiencies for the transmission lines, charging, and the vehicle efficiency are 95%, 88%, and 88%, for an overall efficiency (after the electricity is produced) of 74%. To replace the gasoline BTUs that go toward moving the vehicle with electricity is going to require 6.7 trillion/0.74, or 9.1 trillion BTUs. To convert to electricity, we use 3,413 BTUs/kilowatt-hour (kWh). Thus, 9.1 trillion BTUs/day is equal to 2.7 billion kWh/day. That's how much energy we need. To convert this to power, we need to multiply by 1 day/24 hours, and that gives us 111 million kilowatts, or 111,000 megawatts (MW) of power generation required.
Looking back at my Solar Thought Experiment, I calculated 2,531 square miles to replace our peak electrical demand of 746,470 MW (746 GW). However, the current calculation is a different sort of calculation than what I did previously. The previous calculation attempted to have enough installed solar PV to meet peak demand. In the case of replacing our transportation fuel, I need enough panels to produce the required transportation energy in 8 hours or so while the sun is shining. To be conservative, we can assume 6 hours, which means we will actually need four times the 111,000 MW, or 444,000 MW.
Using Solar PV
From the previous essay, I used a conservative value of 12.5 watts per square foot as the generating capacity of an actual GE PV panel. To get 444,000 MW is going to take an area of 35.5 billion square feet, which is 1274 square miles. This is an area of just under 36 miles by 36 miles. However, this is just the surface area required to generate the electricity. It does not include area required for supporting infrastructure.
Using Solar Thermal
Doing the same calculation based on the solar thermal output from Running the U.S. on Solar Power, the expectation was that 0.147 megawatts could be produced per acre. This did include all of the land associated with infrastructure. If we use that number, we find that to generate 444,000 MW is going to take a little over 3 million acres, or 4,719 square miles. This is a square of just under 69 miles by 69 miles.
The reality is that we would use a combination of the solar PV and solar thermal. We have a lot of available rooftops that can create electricity with solar PV, and there are large tracts of land in sunny Arizona and Nevada that can create electricity with solar thermal.
Clearly, a lot of area is required, but it isn't impossibly large. Of course to achieve this, a couple of big problems need to be resolved. First, battery life needs to improve somewhat before people are going to embrace electric transport. According to this ABC News story, the average commute is 16 miles one-way, but the range of the plug-in Prius is only expected to be 7 miles. The Aptera, on the other hand, claims a range of 120 miles. Maybe we just need to change the way we think about what we drive. (On the other hand, not a lot of commuters are going to climb into an Aptera if they have to share the road with large SUVs).
Second, and the bigger issue, is that we still don't have a good way to store excess solar power. We need to have a good storage mechanism so electric cars can be charged at night from solar electricity produced during the day. One idea for this that I have seen floated is to use peak solar energy to electrolyze water, and then store the hydrogen in centralized locations. The hydrogen would then be burned at night to run centralized electrical generators. Not the most efficient method for storing solar energy, but technically workable.
Finally, the current electrical grid couldn't handle such a large increase, but the model I envision would generate and consume the electricity locally.
I had delayed posting this for almost a week, because I was sure there was an error in the calculations. I finally found one (I had turned a kilowatt into a watt), but let me know if you find other errors or incorrect assumptions.
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text:
Need a Hyperthyroidism Test in Cadillac, MI? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Hyperthyroidism Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Study finds Irish marriage campaign 'had detrimental impact'
Research revealed people suffered serious emotional trauma.
Tony Moore is a senior reporter at the Brisbane Times
Research revealed people suffered serious emotional trauma.
Pauline Hanson will change Australian politics and deserves recognition for her determination, Peter Beattie says.
Labor's Queensland headquarters in Brisbane created the fake "Mediscare" text which pretended to come from Medicare, Opposition Leader Bill Shorten confirmed on Tuesday.
Australia may be in electoral limbo but Opposition Leader Bill Shorten has embarked on his "thank-you" tour, starting with voters at a large shopping centre north of Brisbane.
Whiskey Protocol frontman and Liberal Democrat still in the hunt.
The Sunshine Coast region has received significant support from the federal government to boost two of the region's most significant projects – expanding the Sunshine Coast airport expansion and luring Australia's newest undersea telecommunications cable to Maroochydore.
The central Queensland coast has emerged as the state's key election battleground, as both major parties turn their attention to Rockhampton, Gladstone and Mackay.
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull has given Brisbane's crucial underground rail project – the $5.4 billion underground Cross River Rail – qualified support just nine days before the July 2 federal election.
Foundation wants US-style laws to protect koalas from development.
He came, he was seen, but no election promises were made for Queensland.
Search pagination


text:
translated and edited by Brett Larner
The Japanese Federation has announced the creation of a National Marathon Team geared toward preparing for the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. The team is made up of twelve men and nine women including Yuki Kawauchi (Saitama Pref. Gov't), Moscow World Championships women's marathon 4th-place Ryoko Kizaki (Team Daihatsu) and the other two members of this fall's Asian Games marathon team, Moscow women's marathon bronze medalist Kayoko Fukushi (Team Wacoal), men's marathon 5th-placer Kentaro Nakamoto (Team Yasukawa Denki), 2004 Athens Olympics women's marathon gold medalist and national record holder Mizuki Noguchi (Team Sysmex).
The goal of the team is to win medals and land other athletes near the podium at the Rio Olympics. Athletes' membership will be reviewed on an annual basis, and preference will be given to team members in Olympic selection races if they run similar times to non-members. Federation development committee vice-chariman Katsumi Sakai discussed the Federation's goals in creating a National Team for the marathon, an individual sport. "We would like to change the way of thinking of our athletes and their coaches," he said. The Federation hopes to transform athlete's focus away from domestic ekidens and just making Olympics and World Championships teams to actually targeting medals at the world level, sharing information and raising athlete awareness at regularly-held team training camps.
Another focus will be on measures to deal with the hot conditions at the Olympics and other summer races. This year the men on the team will train for ten days in August in Kushiro, Hokkaido, and again in Shibetsu, Hokkaido for ten days in September, with women scheduled to train in the United States during the month of June. Athlete participation in the training camps is obligatory. The camps will include at least two 40 km runs, with athletes' blood and urine profiles taken and changes in their body temperature and weight recorded pre- and post-run. Analysis of the data on how the athletes adapt to heat will factor into future world-level team selection. In the event that two athletes run similar times in a selection race, the Federation's new policy will be to give preference to National Team members who the Federation has determined to have shown reliability and stability. The data will also be shared with athletes to help them increase their competitive potential, available in an ongoing database. Not just for the Rio Olympics but for the Tokyo Olympics and beyond, the Federation hopes the program will help maximize potential gains in athlete development and selection.
Japanese National Marathon Team
Kazuhiro Maeda (Team Kyudenko) - 2:08:00 (Tokyo 2013)
Kohei Matsumura (Team Mitsubishi Juko Nagasaki) - 2:08:09 (Tokyo 2014)Yuki Kawauchi (Saitama Pref. Gov't) - 2:08:14 (Seoul Int'l 2013)
Hiroyuki Horibata (Team Asahi Kasei) - 2:08:24 (Fukuoka Int'l 2012)
Kentaro Nakamoto (Team Yasukawa Denki) - 2:08:35 (Beppu-Oita 2013)
Koji Kobayashi (Team Subaru) - 2:08:51 (Tokyo 2014)
Hirokatsu Kurosaki (Team Konica Minolta) - 2:09:07 (Tokyo 2014)Suehiro Ishikawa (Team Honda) - 2:09:10 (Lake Biwa 2013)
Masanori Sakai (Team Kyudenko) - 2:09:10 (Tokyo 2014)
Masato Imai (Team Toyota Kyushu) - 2:09:30 (Beppu-Oita 2014)
Satoru Sasaki (Team Asahi Kasei) - 2:09:47 (Lake Biwa 2014)
Chihiro Miyawaki (Team Toyota) - 2:11:50 (Tokyo 2014)
Mizuki Noguchi (Team Sysmex) - 2:19:12 (Berlin 2005)
Risa Shigetomo (Team Tenmaya) - 2:23:23 (Osaka Women's 2012)Ryoko Kizaki (Team Daihatsu) - 2:23:34 (Nagoya Women's 2013)
Kayoko Fukushi (Team Wacoal) - 2:24:38 (Chicago 2011)
Mai Ito (Team Otsuka Seiyaku) - 2:25:26 (Nagoya Women's 2012)
Eri Hayakawa (Team Toto) - 2:25:31 (Nagoya Women's 2014)
Yuko Watanabe (Team Edion) - 2:25:56 (Osaka Women's 2013)
Tomomi Tanaka (Team Daiichi Seimei) - 2:26:05 (Nagoya Women's 2014)
Sairi Maeda (Team Daihatsu) - 2:26:46 (Osaka Women's 2014)


text:
Past Event
Mayor Ed Lee: What's Next For San Francisco
Thu, Mar 13 2014 - 6:00pm
Mayor of San Francisco
San Francisco is a thriving, diverse, dynamic city of great neighborhoods, but also one that is a global hub for innovation and new economy industries. Mayor Lee's focus has been on job creation, creating and sustaining a broad-based economic recovery and making the City more affordable for working families while making City government more responsive, efficient and accountable through innovation and technology. What's next for San Francisco?


text:
Friday, October 22, 2010
Victorian Pumpkin Patch & More
17 comments:
Oh my goodness this is just so wonderful! I want this for my home and decor! WOW girl!ReplyDelete
An oppulant autumn showcase. Victorian and Fall go very well together. I am certainly a less is not more kind of gal, so this abundance speaks to my heart. And as for your jewerly, perfection!ReplyDelete
Your posts always stretch my imagination... I love every stop!
Hi,my dearest Marsha:-)*ReplyDelete
You necklace makes me realy inspirational,he is beyond fabulous!!!Those colours are so nice,I love them!!!
Hugs and Love to you,
Splendid, sorry I have missed a few days but have not been too well.ReplyDelete
So charming - and thanks for your visit today!ReplyDelete
That is so beautiful, it takes my breath away!!ReplyDelete
Happy Pink Saturday, Char
Gorgeous necklace! Wow!ReplyDelete
And to put so much time into fall decorating- I admire that!
One more to go to hit 250...
Rather than end, I will start with you drop dead gorgeous necklace. You are sooo talented. I'm also loving the beautiful images of the Victorian pumpkin patch. You have just got to drop by and see what is in my pumpkin patch today. You will be glad you did. And by the way the music is so lovely. Hugs! MonaReplyDelete
Marsha, great house, is it in Houston. Love the jewellery, pretty colors.ReplyDelete
My first visit to your wonderful blog. I will be back!Happy Pink Saturday!ReplyDelete
What a fall sight for the eyes.ReplyDelete
The necklace is amazing.
I enjoyed visiting,
White Spray Paint
so so so pretty! what a way to bring Autumn to life! the hints of purple, golden and white are so wonderful -- and the hay? perfect! this post is so inspirational :)ReplyDelete
Hope your weekend was a fabulous one,
HaPpY pInK sAtUrDaY!
Oh I do love your showcase of Autumn decor and what a way to finish with the beautiful necklace.ReplyDelete
Lovely autumnal feel again, I have a photo of pumpkins at a party which I will post on my blog xReplyDelete
I love your pinks. I'm really behind on my Pink Saturday but glad I stopped by or I would have missed them. Happy Pink Saturday.ReplyDelete
Dear Marsha, the house is gorgeous! Like a fairy tale. What a beautiful necklace, you're very clever. I love semi precious stones as you know xxReplyDelete
Thank you so much for your wonderful comments, each of them mean so much to me. After all, the interaction is the reason we blog. xx's


text:
213 pages, Tabs, Maps, Figs
Association of Petroleum Geologists
The present compilation is an overview of Indian Stratigraphy and related applied aspects with an overtone on Hydrocarbon Exploration and covers a wide spectrum of topics ranging spatially from the tectonically complex collision margin of Indian plates in the Himalayan region to the pericratonic basins and temporarily from Proterozoic to Recent. This book covers various sub divisions of stratigraphy including paleoenvironments and paleogeography, hiatuses and rates of sedimentation, litho-bio-chrono-stratigraphy relative sea level fluctuations, paleoceanography, and application of foraminifera/fossils in sequence stratigraphy culminating with petroleum systems in the Indian basins.
The special topics include simple reconstruction of phylogeny of a family of foraminifera and resultant refinement of biochronostratigraphy, biochronohorizons useful in classification and correlation, foraminiferal criteria for reconstruction of T/R cycles and systems tracts towards building sequence stratigraphy, time transgressive nature of the lithounits recognized on the basis of foraminifera, value of mega fossils particularly Ammonites, a glimpse of the stratigraphic succession of Himalaya covering litho units, thickness, rates of sedimentation and paleoenvironments and some paleogeographic maps depicting the recent ideas on the distribution of land and sea since the Mesoproterozoic.
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text:
How would I manage spiceworks desktop remotely via a web interface?
2 Replies
· · ·
Jun 23, 2009 at 1:12 UTC
I use a VPN to connect to spiceworks from home.
Or you could set up an inbound tunnel on your firewall to point any traffic hitting your public IP (which would have to include the spiceworks port number) to your spiceworks server.
· · ·
Jun 23, 2009 at 2:09 UTC
Niagara Technology Group (NTG) is an IT service provider.
Joshua, why run SpiceWorks desktop? Definitely better to run the service. But either way:
Just point your web broswer to http:/
And that's it. You are all set.


text:
Hotel Le Scribe
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
Travelers also recommend:
- Beach
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TripAdvisor Reviews Crystal House Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum)
Travel Blogs from Nice
Nice was more than nice!
... is smack on the centre of the promenade on the beachfront. Location, anyone? Emma was amazed that they had booked so well. Sixth floor, views of the ocean and ever so comfortable. They organised a bed for me - three in a room and I was the extra child! Very generous of them both to have me stay...
That afternoon we wandered along the promenade and up the hill on the southern end of the Promenade to see the view - ...
Week 27 French Riviera
... so game on! We were parked a little way off the F1 track so we made our way down the hill and ended up joining it just on the start / finish line, perfect. We had the top down, I had my driving gloves on and Amanda had the map. The track was a little bit wet as it had just stopped raining so it might be a little greasy and I'd have to keep clear of the painted kerbs because as we all know they can be treacherous in damp conditions. I floored it, and then braked, there were some people ...
The rich and famous!
... close to 2 Ferraris and anybody driving them was using plenty of revs, even though they had to be in first gear - still sounded nice though!
The rest of our quiche and sandwhich was devoured behind the Casino overlooking the harbour. I was a bit disappointed in the number of super yachts in port. Westhaven on a good day would do as well. No doubt they wer all away somewhere warmer.
We stepped inside the Casino briefly just to say we had been there and ...
Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo
... marina and it's multi-million pound turbo-charged floating palaces. When I visited Dubai I was critical of what I felt was an over-exclusive, pretentious, elitist vibe. The exact same can be said of Monaco but a day spent strolling Monte Carlo is a glorious experience, like something out of a movie set. The super-yachts bobbing gently in the sparkling waters, the aural backdrop of regular Ferrari exhaust notes and the trophy wives and girlfriends sunbathing, safe in ...
The fast, and expensive, way from Lyon to Nice.
... Kate....don't try to use your 28 degree card on the tolls. Go to the cash line.
The tolls are a interesting beast, you get on them, drive for a while, then the road widens to about 20 booths to take your ticket....then, the charge of the light brigade to get back into your lane, and off at 130km till you get to the other end, where you spread out again and you pay, or try to!
After our first blunder we got it sorted for the second lot of tolls, cash only!
€42 for the trip, ...


text:
Has this message been posted to the wrong forum?
>From: "Beth Arnold" <firstname.lastname@example.com>
>Reply-To: firstname.lastname@example.com
>To: <email@example.com>
>Subject: Re: Washers
>Date: Tue, 14 Nov 2000 15:06:08 -0600
>That did not come from the internet. This was released by Dept. of Energy
>Secretary Bill Richardson and published in the Federal Register and there
>a 60 day comment period that will expire in December. It suggests that a
>practical step citizens can take is to demand that Congress, if still in
>session, append an amendment to any piece of must-go legislation to order
>DOE to extend the public comment time until those of us who actually use
>washing machines have time to register our objections. It suggested
>our member of Congress. I will see if I can get any number on this
>legislation to at least validate myself.
>Beth Arnold
>Peoria Illinois Zone 5
>Again, for one the washer thing does not bother me. First it was the
>toilet, now the washer, what's next? They are whittling away. Wake up!
>To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
>message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN
Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com.
Share information about yourself, create your own public profile at
To sign-off this list, send email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE HOSTA-OPEN


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Dear [Recipients Name],
I recently cleared my property near Blueridge River, and I discovered what I think are the remnants of a late 1900s pioneer homestead. Kindly provide me with any information concerning my rights and obligations about the discovery. I want to make the Historic Preservation Officer aware of this possible find, and I am hoping that my property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Thank you very much for your fast action on this matter.
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text:
Kegging and Bottling / Re: Out of ideas.« on: November 21, 2012, 12:17:12 PM »
No Thx. Brand new. Guaranteed not to leak they said. Covered in bubbles and saw zero leaks
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.


text:
Format : CBR/CBZ
Language : English
Description : End League Vol. 2: Weathered Statues
Writer Rick Remender continues his acclaimed new series joined by fan-favorite artist Eric Canete (Iron Man) for an all-new storyline, Weathered Statues. After the shocking events of the previous volume, in which half the cast was lost, Black and Arachnakid risk everything to take their revenge on the Smiling Man in his twisted city of Lore. Across the world in New Berlin, the fascist Wolfsangel puts a bounty on the remaining heroes in order to obtain the one item he requires to snatch lordship of Earth from Dead Lexington: An altruistic heart.
Collects issue #5-#9.
Size : 226.0 MB
Download Link :


text:
Boats, Sale of new and used boats
New and used boats, sailboats, used catamarans, yachts, inflatable boats, ...
This boat has been sold or desactivated.
Sailboat from the year 1984 - 11,88m length - in Michigan (United States)
Used boat
Type: Sailboat
Year : 1984
Length: 11.88 m
Location: Michigan (United States)
Name: -
Flag: -
Shipyard: O'day
Material: Other
Beam: 3,8 m
Draft: 1,92 m
Ballast: -
Displacement: -
Cabins: -
Berths: -
Heads: -
Water capacity: -
Make of the motor: 1X 44HP Universal
Power: 0 CV
Fuel capacity: -
Navigation lights: Yes, Compass: 6" Ritchie, Depth instrument: Tack Tick, Wind instrument: Yes, Autopilot: X5 New, Vhf: Yes, Plotter: Garmin 541 New, Radar: Insolate
Battery: 2 Eng. 1 Star Cabin, Inverter: 500w
Epirb: Yes, Bilge pump: 2, Fire extinguisher: 4, Anchor: Yes, Spray hood: Yes, Bimini: Yes, Fenders: Yes
Microwave: New, Fridge: 2, Freezer: 2, Cabins: 3, Berths: 5, Shower: 2, Bath: 2, Dvd player: Yes
Spinnaker: Pole, 3 Hallyards, Winches: Extra Sheets And Guys
You are looking at a Beautiful 39 Jenneau/O Day. Hull #88 , "Sirius" was built in the O Day plant under license by Jenneau. This solid ,not cored hull sloop has been raced throughout the Caribbean and came home to Lake Erie for a refit last fall. This Isomat rig'd boat PERFS at 114 and is Cert'dd to go racing. "Sirius comes with a generator, three state rooms and two heads. The Bimini and all instruments are brand new (Tac-Tick wireless, Garmin 500 series CP, X5 Autopilot) - the boat is ready to race of cruise. Please submit any and ALL offers - your offer may be accepted! Submit your offer today! We encourage all buyers to schedule a survey for an independent analysis. Any offer to purchase is ALWAYS subject to satisfactory survey results. Take a look at ALL ***57 PICTURES*** of this vessel on our main website at POPYACHTS DOT COM. At POP Yachts, we will always provide you with a TRUE REPRESENTATION of every vessel we market. We are a full-service brokerage company, ready to assist you in purchasing any boat anywhere! Please allow us to be your eyes and ears on the ground and assist you with your next vessel purchase. Thank you for visiting and we look forward to speaking with you! - Stock #15371
Information from the shipyard catalogue. This data could vary from the data about the boat on sale published by the advertiser,


text:
First KissMature
A week later, my happiness is starting to die down. I have been all over town and haven't seen him. I decide to not go out looking for him, after all, a watched pot never boils. Mom and I are taking Lydia to the field hockey area, thinking she might want to sign up for the classes there. I pull up, give Lydia her water bottle, make sure I have my phone in my pocket, and get out. What I see makes me stumble for a second. There he is, on the field, playing in a blue and yellow jersey with the number sixteen on the back in white. I regain my balance, which isn't too difficult in my flipflops. I shut the door and sit down, watching him. The game ends after about ten minutes, obviously because of his skill. He gives his teammates highfives and shakes hands with a few of the other team's players before he looks over and sees me. Grins find their ways onto both our faces. He walks over to my family and me. Oh God, I can feel the blush creeping onto my face, though I don't stop smiling.
"I was beginning to think that you'd forgotten about me," I say, feeling quite ballsy, considering the circumstances. "I'm Lindsay. This is my mom, and my little sister, Lydia."
"Forget about you? Never. I'm Gem. How come I've never seen you here before?" We shake hands and his eyes don't leave mine. I didn't think I could blush as much as I am now.
"We're here for the summer from Florida."
"Ah, you're the ones who bought the old house on the lake front. I don't know how it is we could've not seen each other, I'm your next door neighbor."
"Really?! That's awesome! So your family is the one that co-owns the beach."
"Yeah, what a coincidence. We do have a policy, though. We need your numbers in case of an emergency." I start laughing.
"Is that so? Every single one of our personal numbers."
"Well, I'd be content with just yours," He laughs with me, knowing how ridiculous he sounds before holding out his phone and holding open his hand. I can hear my little sister giggling behind us and find it even harder to hold my phone steady as I hand it to him. What an 11 year old.
I put my number into his phone, save it, and hand it back to him. He finished at the same time, and in the trade, our hands touch, sending a shock of electricity through me, and throwing my head up so that we can both see into each other's eyes. After a moment passes, my mom clears her throat and tries to change the conversation from flirting to common talk.
"So, Lydia, have you decided if you want to sign up for summer classes?" Gem glances at me before speaking up.
"You should do it. I'm teaching your age group's class." The possibility of knowing he'll be somewhere at a certain time is just too tempting.
"Yeah, Baby Bear, you should do it!" I see Gem chuckle at the nickname I've given my little sister, or maybe he's laughing about my eagerness to see him again.
"Yeah, Mom. I'd love to, it looks really cool!" Lydia seems to think that Gem's pretty attractive as well. I start beaming, I'll get to take her to practices or whatever you call them, and I'll get to see Gem. Usually, I'm not so silly about things like this, but Gem is so different than any guy I've ever met.
I drive home, grinning. I get a text as I pull into the garage. Once I turn off the car, I see that it's from Gem. And he put a little heart next to his name. I giggle at that before reading his text.
Welcome home.
I feel really flattered that he was waiting for me to come home, but tease him about it anyway.
Watching me?
How can I not?
He texts me back almost immediately. The thought makes me smile, if possible, wider. We text each other for the rest of the night, getting to know each other. I learn that his parents are divorced, and the man I saw with his mom at the restaurant was his step dad. His favorite color is light blue, the same as mine. He plays piano, guitar, and saxophone. He's seventeen, and starting his senior year like I am. He's lived in Michigan since forever and he loves this town the most, and has lived here in Gloxinia, Michigan since he was nine. He invites me to hang out with his friends tonight at his house, and I wait a few extra seconds before responding with a "Sure, I'd love to meet more people here."
I make a fast dinner, tacos with no guacamole, eat, and then run to my room to take a shower, dry my hair, brush my teeth to remove any traces of tacos, and grab a fitted floral top, jean shorts, and white flipflops. I put on a little more makeup than usual, but take care to make sure it looks natural. I don't run my fingers through my hair as much as I usually do after I curl it, making little ringlets that flow into each other. When I check in the mirror, I look natural, but nice. It's about time to head over, so I say goodbye to Mom and Lydia, telling my mother where I'm going, and head out the door. I walk down the beach about 30 feet, and he's outside, waiting for me. I check my phone, and I'm not late, I'm actually a few minutes early.
"Hey, Gem," I say, making him snap his head to look at me, then watch his face as he really sees me.
"Wow, Lindsay, you look great, how've you been?"
"Um, pretty much the same, not a lot has changed since I last saw you three hours ago. What are we doing tonight?"
"Well, we're probably gonna watch a movie or something, chill out in the basement. The guys were talking about bringing some other people to chill for a while. You like scary movies, right?"
"Like? I love them," I smile when Gem laughs. "You think I'm kidding? I know most girls lie about liking them, but for me, the suspense is like riding a roller coaster."
"That's exactly the way I feel about them! You're pretty awesome, Lindsay."
"You're welcome," he laughs, draping his arm over my shoulder as we walk into the house and down to the basement.
I smile, his smell is overwhelming, it smells like spearmint toothpaste, freshly baked bread, and one other scent I can't place. I meet his friends, Ray, James, Ethan, and Dylan. They all seem pretty nice, and we decide to watch The Rocky Horror Picture Show.
"More of a comedy than a horror movie, isn't it?" I whisper to Gem.
"I think the whole thing is really creepy," he says, in a whisper that sends shivers down my spine.
During the movie, I laugh at my favorite spots, and sing along quietly to the girls parts, while Gem does the same for the guy parts. When Dr. Frank-N-Furter murders Eddie, I try to discreetly get closer to Gem, and he obviously notices being a smirk appears on his face and he pulls me even closer, so that my body is completely molded to his. I get a little thrill from this, and bite my lip before turning back to the movie. I've seen this movie a hundred times, but I can't pay attention at all. My mind and body are buzzing with the fact that Gem is this close to me. After the movie is over, I force myself to stand up.
"I love that movie."
"Me too."
"I thought you thought it was creepy?"
"Well, watching it this time was a lot better than the others." I blush and look at the floor, biting my lip, and he whispers in my ear.
"Come outside for a moment?" All I can do is nod and let him lead me by the hand out the back door. Once we're outside, he pulls me to him, close as we were inside, but now our fronts are touching. It's all I can do not to kiss him right now.
"What's going on, Gem?"
"That movie... unbearable."
"You just said it was better than the other times you've watched it."
"It was better in some ways, worse in others. Better, because you were so close to me, worse because...you were so close to me."
Knowing where this is going, but deciding to force him to say it, I ask, "What would you do with me so close, otherwise?"
Gem kisses me, hard, but not crushing. I kiss him back, putting my hands on his shoulders as he pulls my waist even closer than before. I can feel his mouth open and his scent washes over me again as his tongue dances over my lips. I open them my lips, little by little, and bend so my body is fully against his. He breaks off our heated kiss, planting small and soft kisses on my lips, both of our eyes closed. I open my eyes, and he pulls away from me, now only holding my hand. He holds out intertwined hands up, and gives me a questioning look. Somehow, even though we just met, I know what he means, and nod with a smile. We walk back into the house, and down into the basement, holding hands, both of us beaming with happiness. We sit back down, and he puts on one of my favorite shows,Criminal Minds.
"How did you know I loved this show?"
"Because I love it." He laughs and wraps his arm around me, still holding my hand, softly, but firmly. I feel a buzz in my back pocket, and open a text from my mom.
Where are you?
I told her precisely where I was going to be tonight, but I know she's stressed, so I remind her.
Mom, like I told you earlier, I'm at Gem's.
Are you two going together?
Mom, what the hell is "going together"?
Yes, Mom.
Well, be home before 1 am please.
Okay, I will.
Glancing at the clock, I see it's already almost midnight, so I lean over and tell Gem that I have to be home before one.
"Want to start walking over now?"
"We still have an hour here, it takes about five minutes to walk to my house."
"Yeah, but I want to see what you've done with the place, and... I also want a proper goodbye." I shiver again at the promise in the sentence and nod, getting up and pulling him with me.
"It was great to meet you all, I'll see you soon, okay?" I try to say goodnight quickly to Gem's friends, who are playing Foosball.
"Bye, you two," Ethan says with a wink and a smirk.
Once we're outside, I pull Gem's arm around me and walk close to him. It takes just less than the five minutes I predicted to get to my backdoor, and I invite Gem in. I check and make sure that our dog, Jack, is in my Mom's room, so that he doesn't go crazy, he hates when people come into the house. I lead him around, pointing at whose room is whose, and then I lead him to my room, which is fairly clean, nothing too, um, personal, out for him to see.
"And that's the kitchen. That's about it. We haven't done anything to the basement, yet."
"I guess that's my cue to leave, then?"
"You don't have to go-" Gem cuts me off.
"I probably should. You know, we've only been together for a few hours, and only known each other a day."
"I suppose, plus your friends will be missing you, your mom will wonder where you are, and all that."
"Goodnight, Lindsay."
"Goodnight, Gem." I kiss him lightly, and he puts his hand on my neck, the other on my waist, pulling me towards him gently. I tangle my fingers in his hair as he deepens the kiss. I crush myself to him. I smile as he moves to my neck, planting small, sweet kisses, from my collarbone back to my lips. I lightly graze his lips with my tongue before lightly biting his bottom lip in my blind passion. He moans softly in the back of his throat, before pulling away reluctantly. I have half a mind to hold him where he his, and never let him leave, but I know I can't, so I let him back away. I see that he hasn't taken his hands off me, I let mine fall to his hips.
"Call you tomorrow?" I've gotten lost in his eyes, there's no way I could say no, even if I didn't want him to call me every moment of forever. I nod, not taking my eyes off him.
"Goodnight," he says, smiling as he kisses my hand and walks off our back porch.
Only once I get inside, do I realize, I had my first kiss tonight.


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Illinois Public Media
All articles tagged Surveillance
U.S. Opposes Tech Firms' Plea To Release Surveillance Requests
ACLU Posts Fed-Collected 'Suspicious' Activity Reports Online
The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State
Page 1 of 1 pages
WILL Highlights
A short film series examining the severe underrepresentation of African-Americans in the sciences.
Classic Mornings
Get more out of your classical music experience and check out Vic Di Geronimo's blog.
The 21st
21st century radio for the 21st state. Weekdays at 11 am on WILL-AM 580.


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Bristol Street Motors,370 Iffley Rd. OX4 4AT
Bristol Street Motors - MOT Test Centre.At motoring.co.uk, you can find all the information you require, including a selection of reviews and user experiences, on Bristol Street Motors based in .
MOT Test Centres
Other Local MOT Test Centres
Air Cooled Engineering Ltd | Centre Service | Cowley Road Mots | Dave Clarke Motorcycles | Dave Crawford Motor Services Ltd | East Oxford Garage | Giles Service Centre Ltd | Humphris Oxford Ltd | Isis Rescue Ltd | Oxford Audi


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965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
About the Listing
Cottage Cozy, Spacious 2 Story in Daytons Bluff. Great Gardens and HUGE Finished Garage with Heat, Elec & Air! Big 4br, 2bath home that could be a Duplex again. Expansive Dining room with built in Buffet, Formal double doors lead to the Living Room parlor. Large rap around deck with Hot Tub, Country Kitchen and much more! 'As is', Quick close possible.
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Property Details for 965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 2 Full
Lot Size: 0.11 Acres
Lot Dimensions: 40x124
Year Built: 1901
Garage Dimensions: 2 car
Garage: Detached Garage
Style: (SF) Two Stories
Neighborhood: Dayton's Bluff
Water: City Water/Connected
Sewer: City Sewer/Connected
Square Feet: 1680
Above Ground Sq Ft: 1680
Room Information for 965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
Main Floor
Living Room: 15 x 15
Dining Room: 16 x 14
Kitchen: 16 x 12
Bedroom 1: 11 x 10
Porch: 8 x 8
Pantry (Walk-In): 8 x 6
Deck: 18 x 20
Upper Floor
Bedroom 2: 11 x 11
Bedroom 3: 11 x 10
Bedroom 4: 15 x 13
Sitting Room: 11 x 10
Basement Floor
Utility Room: 30 x 26
Dining Room Description: Separate/Formal Dining Room, Eat In Kitchen
School Information for 965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
School District: St. Paul
School District Phone: 651-767-8100
Interior Features for 965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
Appliances: Range, Refrigerator, Washer, Dryer
Air Cond: Window
Heating: Hot Water
Fireplaces: No
Basement: Full, Partial Finished
Exterior Features for 965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
Lot Description: Tree Coverage - Light, City Bus (w/in 6 blks)
Lot Dimensions: 40x124
Roof: Asphalt Shingles
Zoning: Residential-Multi-Family
Financial Considerations for 965 Fremont Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55106
Tax Amount: $1,831
Taxes w/Assessments: $2,218
Tax/Property ID: 332922240156
Tax Year: 2016
Monthly Payment = $0
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The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of the Regional Multiple Listing Service of Minnesota, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the owner of this website are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo or the Broker Reciprocity thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.


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The Name GameMature
My name is Imogene, she says quietly, almost serene
Her head up, back straight, regal like a Queen
Imogene as in Imogene Coca? He asks
No stupid, she frowns, as in Imogene Karkass
She stares, daring him to make fun of the name
His name is worse, so he won't play that game
He just smiles and walks to the back of the stage
To an upright piano, with a finish crinkled with age
He tickles the ivories a bit, and finds to his delight
That the tired old instrument still sounds alright
Imogene follows him, and stands behind his bench
As he plays, she sings a song in passable French
Amazed by her talent, he plays a complicated tune
She sings along slowly, as though she has all afternoon
Finally she asks the questions he wishes to avoid
What's your name? Have you decided if I'm employed?
Yes, you have the job, and don't laugh at my name, it's absurd
What is it then? She asks. He answers Mortimer Sturd
She puts a hand to her mouth, to stifle a laugh
She doesn't want to lose her job by committing a gaffe
In the silence, a man approaches from stage right
He looks like a brawler who lost his last fight
He had once been handsome, in a rough sort of way
But the lines on his face shows that age holds sway
He joins in harmony, the song that Imogene begins to sing
Mortimer grins happily. Perhaps he can pull off this thing


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- Christie Lens Adaptor (For Christie LW720 Projectors)
Christie Lens Adaptor (For Christie LW720 Projectors)
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|Christie Digital
Request more information or contact us now for purchasing information.
- Christie Lens Adaptor for use with Christie LW720 projectors when using multiple lenses.
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