text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 1, 1983
|Filing date
|Apr 28, 1981
|Priority date
|Apr 28, 1981
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Steven H. Johnson
|Original Assignee
|Cobe Laboratories, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (81), Classifications (17), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to apparatus for deaerating liquids.
It is often desirable to remove dissolved gases from liquids prior to their use in environments where bubble formation could cause problems, e.g., dialysate at a low pressure in a hemodialyzer.
Prior to the conception of my invention claimed herein, a coworker proposed subjecting water to low pressure with a pump and a flow restrictor located upstream of the pump, and improving deaeration by removing the air volatizing from the low pressure water in a deaeration chamber located between the restrictor and the pump. Our efforts to implement this suggestion were frustrated by the flow of the air bubbles formed in the deaeration chamber to the pump.
We have discovered that placing a second flow restrictor between the pump and the liquid outlet of the deaeration chamber and connecting a low pressure sink to the air outlet increases the pressure of water at the liquid outlet to a level above the pressure of the air at the air outlet, thereby causing the volatilized gas to be removed via the air outlet of the deaeration chamber. In preferred embodiments a heater is used in the supply line upstream of the deaeration chamber to increase the temperature of the liquid and lower the solubility of dissolved gas; a nucleation chamber with material therein providing sites for bubble formation is provided upstream of the deaeration chamber; material is placed within the deaeration chamber to provide sites at which the air bubbles will be detained and increase in size; a second deaeration chamber is placed downstream of the pump for removal of dissolved gases volatizing downstream of the first deaeration chamber; the liquid is water, concentrated dialysate solution is mixed with the water exiting from the second deaeration chamber, and the combined flowstream passes through a third deaeration chamber to remove gas bubbles forming in the concentrate flow line; the low pressure sink is a second pump; and the liquid outlet of the third deaeration chamber is connected to a dialyer, the dialysate return line of which is also connected to the inlet of the second pump.
The structure and operation of the presently preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, after first briefly describing the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a dialysate preparation supply and control system according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is an elevation, partially broken away, of a variable restriction valve used in the FIG. 1 system.
FIG. 3 is a side elevation, partially broken away, of the FIG. 2 device.
FIG. 4 is an elevation of an external fluid port for the FIG. 1 system.
FIG. 5 is a side elevation of an external fluid connector.
FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view, taken at 6--6 of FIG. 5, of external fluid connectors.
FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of a cleaning, disinfecting, and rinsing subsystem of the FIG. 1 system.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of a display and control panel of the FIG. 1 system.
FIG. 9 is a flow diagram describing a method of controlling ultrafiltration in the FIG. 1 system.
FIGS. 10-12 are flow diagrams describing methods of rinsing, cleaning, and disinfecting the FIG. 1 system.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a dialysate preparation, supply and control system 10 connected to externally located dialyzer 12, venous blood pressure transducer 14, and dialysate concentrate source 18. Port 16 is for external connection to a source of water, and port 20 is for draining used dialysate. Inside system 10 port 16 is connected to water inlet valve 17, which is normally open to allow flow of water through the machine, whenever the machine is turned on. Valve 17 is connected to flow control restrictor 22, which only allows approximately 600 cc/min flow, and this is connected by line 23 to 1200 watt heater 24, which heats water to approximately 38.0� C. via a temperature control circuit of a type well known in the art. Rinse port 21 is connected to the flow line 23. Heater 24 is connected to nucleation chamber 26, containing chopped polypropylene netting (pieces less than approximately 1/8 inch in size, sold under Vexar trademark) between two filters in the chamber, and chamber 26 is connected in series to deaeration chambers 28 and 30, and air-bypass/stabilizer chamber 32. Chamber 28 contains crumpled polypropylene netting. Gas separated from the liquid in the deaeration chambers, and gas that may have been admitted via the concentrate inlet line 41, is removed via lines 34, 36, 38, and the deaerated liquid is removed from the bottoms of the chambers. Flow restriction orifice 39 and positive displacement pump 40 are located between the liquid outlet of chamber 28 and the liquid inlet of chamber 30. Concentrated dialysate solution from source 18 is pumped through line 41 by pump 42 and mixes with deaerated water at junction 44 between deaeration chamber 30 and air-bypass/stabilizer chamber 32.
The liquid outlet of chamber 32 is connected by line 46 to two-position, four-connection valve 48. The other lines connected to valve 48 are dialyzer supply line 50, dialyzer return line 52 and dialysate drain line 54. In FIG. 1 valve 48 is shown in a dialysate supply mode with dialysate line 46 connected to supply line 50, and dialysate return line 52 connected to drain line 54. In the bypass mode the lines are connected to the flow paths indicated in the bottom half of the schematic representation of valve 48. Thus, in the bypass mode, line 46 is connected directly to line 54, and lines 50 and 52 are blocked, thereby forcing any liquid flowing out of the dialyzer through line 55 to go through line 56 connected to the dialysate return line 52 and line 55 at junction 58. Dialysate pressure in the membrane device 12, Pd, is sensed by pressure transducer 59, which is connected to hydraulically average the dialysate pressure immediately before entering dialyzer 12 and immediately after exiting from dialyzer 12. Averaging of the dialysate pressure is accomplished via orifices 61 and 63, which permit fluid to flow through line 65 at a rate which is small in comparison to the flow through the dialyzer. Pressure transducer 59 is connected to line 65 midway between orifices 61 and 63.
Line 56 is connected to ultrafiltrate collection tube 60, which has air inlet 62, drain 64, and sonic transmitter/receiver 66, which sonically measures the height of the upper surface 68 of the dialysate within tube 60. Tube 60 is approximately 7" in height and has an inner diameter of 0.531". Air inlet 62 is connected via surge loop 67 to air pump 68 and to two-position valve 70, shown in its open position in FIG. 1. Dialysate drain 64 is connected through two-position valve 72 to dialysate drain line 54. (In FIG. 1 valve 72 is also shown in the open position.) Dialysate drain line 54 is connected to variable restriction valve 74 (described in more detail below and in FIGS. 2 and 3), pump 76 and drain port 20. Pump 76 and pump 40 have a common motor and drive shaft, resulting in the same flow of fluid through each. The air from deaeration chambers 28 and 30, and from air-bypass/stabilizer chamber 32, joins with the used dialysate at junction 78, located upstream of pump 76, and is also pumped to drain 20 with the used dialysate. Controller 80, the operation of which is described in detail below, is connected to receive electrical signals (the dotted lines on FIG. 1 indicating electrical paths) from venous blood pressure transducer 14, dialysate pressure transducer 59, sonic transmitter/receiver 66 and ultrafiltration display and control panel 144, and to send electrical signals to panel 144 and motor 86, the opening and closing mechanism for variable restriction valve 74.
Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, variable restriction valve 74 is shown with its control mechanism. Valve 74 includes hemicylindrical obstructor 82, which is a portion of shaft 84 positioned in the flow path of line 54. Elastomeric O-rings 83 provide a seal between the shaft 84 and the interior surface of a cylindrical cavity in housing 85. Rotation of shaft 84 about its longitudinal axis on an axis transverse to the direction of flow in line 54 is caused by stepper motor 86, which is controlled by controller 80, has a step angle of 0.125� and is available from North American Philips Control Corp., Chesire, Conn. as part No. K 82237. With obstructor 82 in the position shown in FIG. 2, the valve is open. As obstructor 82 is rotated about the axis of shaft 84 from this open position, it blocks more of the flow passage.
Referring to FIGS. 4-6, there are shown the external connections for bottles (not shown) of the cleaning and disinfectant treatment liquid solutions. Formaldehyde disinfectant connector 88 and bleach connector 90 have keys 92, 94 for mating with keyholes 96, 98, respectively, when the associated tubular portion 100 is inserted into port 102 on a panel of the dialysate machine. Keys 92, 94 activate infrared optical switches 112, 114 (shown in FIG. 7) upon insertion and activate the proper cleaning cycle. The bottle and key connector and the lip around the keyhole for each solution also have a matching color which is different from the color for connector and lip of the other solution to further simplify operator usage.
Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown the ultrafiltration display and control panel 144 attached to the face of the housing enclosing system 10. It has push button 146 (to begin the automatic ultrafiltration control (UFC) mode), time control knob 148 (to enter the total time to be under the UFC mode, generally a few minutes less than the time for the entire dialysis session), ultrafiltration rate control knob 150 (to enter the initial desired ultrafiltration rate), and digital displays 152, 154, 156, 158, for presenting the fluid removed, the time remaining in the UFC mode, the current ultrafiltration rate, and the target fluid loss respectively. The push button, knobs, and displays are all electrically connected to controller 80 by line 160 (FIG. 1). The display panel presents an equation for ultrafiltration with displays 152, 154, 156, 158 taking the places of the variables. The equation is that the fluid removed plus the product of the time remaining times the ultrafiltration rate equals the target fluid loss.
Referring to FIG. 1 and to FIG. 7 (showing the cleaning and disinfecting subsystem components), it is seen that port 102 is connected through chemical pump 104 and line 106 to the line 23 between flow control restrictor 22 and heater 24. Also, ports 108, 110 are internally connected to each other to provide a short-circuit path for dialysate lines 50, 55 during cleaning, disinfecting, and rinsing procedures.
Referring to FIG. 7, there are shown optical paths 112, 114, that each are interrupted when key 92 or 94 is inserted in its respective keyhole 96 or 98. The senders and receivers for optical paths 112, 114 are connected to controller 80 by electrical paths 116, 118, respectively, and the interruption of the optical paths indicates to controller 80 which chemical solution is connected to port 102, and which cycle is to be activated.
Proximity switches 120, 122 are connected to controller 80 by electrical paths 126, 128 and are closed when hoses 41 and 50 or 55 are connected to ports 21, 108 respectively. Pumps 40 (within hydraulic flowpaths generally indicated 132 in FIG. 7), 42, 76, 104 are connected to controller 80 by electrical paths 134, 136, 134, 140, respectively. (Pumps 40 and 76 are driven by the same motor.) Electrical path 142 is connected to controller 80 to indicate whether a blood pump (not shown) is operating.
The interaction of the different components represented in FIGS. 1-8 will be discussed on a subsystem by subsystem basis.
The water is deaerated prior to mixing with the concentrated dialysate solution at junction 44 by subjecting it to low pressure through the actions of positive displacement pump 40, which is attempting to pump at approxiamtely 1000 cc/min, and flow control restrictor 22, which only allows approximately 600 cc/min flow. (Four hundred cc/min of fluid flow through pump 40 is water vapor, which converts back to the liquid phase downstream.) Also, the temperature of the water is raised by heater 24 to reduce gas solubility. The heated, low-pressure water flows downward in nucleation chamber 26 over the chopped polypropylene, which provides sites at which the air bubbles form and grow. From there the water and bubbles pass into deaeration chamber 28, where large bubbles immediately rise and small bubbles increase in size on the crumpled polypropylene. The bubbles rise to the water surface and exit from chamber 28 via line 34, and the deaerated water is pumped out of the bottom. The air removed from this chamber is pumped to drain port 20 by pump 76, which acts as a low pressure sink. Most of the dissolved air is removed from the incoming water in chamber 28, and by removing it before the water passes through pump 40, the vacuum formation and deaeration are improved. Deaeration chamber 28 is held at pressure slightly higher (50 to 100 mm Hg) than the intake of pump 40 by flow restrictor 39 in order to move the air to pump 76, the intake of which operates at a pressure below the pressure upstream from restrictor 39. If this increase in pressure were not used, the air and liquid would both flow through pump 40 along the path of lowest pressure. (The intake of pumps 40 and 76 are nominally at the same pressure, the vapor pressure of water.) A small amount of further degassing occurs between flow restrictor 39 and pump 40, and deaeration chamber 30 is used to remove any additional gas pulled from the flowing water. Again, air is removed through outlet line 36 and pumped to the drain by pump 76. Air bypass/stabilizer chamber 32 is used to remove any air bubbles that enter the hydraulic pathway via the diaslysate concentrate flowstream. This chamber also provides a stabilizing site at which short term dialysate temperature and conductivity variations average out.
Periodically throughout a dialysis session, the rate of ultrafiltration (i.e., the net flow of liquid from the blood side of the membrane in dialyzer 12 to the dialysate side) is measured. If the dialysate pressure, Pd, is more negative than -165 mm Hg, prior to making the ultrafiltration measurement, Pd is adjusted to a more positive value by adjusting valve 74. This is to avoid degassing which occurs at these low pressures, and which would otherwise displace liquid and incorrectly increase the measured amount of liquid flowing into collection tube 60. System 10 first goes into a bypass mode by moving valve 48 into the position connecting the flow circuits represented on the bottom half of the symbol in FIG. 1. Thus, lines 46 and 54 are connected to each other in a short circuit, and lines 50 and 52 are blocked, causing a flow equal in amount to the ultrafiltrate (i.e., the liquid passing through the membrane) to flow through tube 56 and into collection tube 60, where it can be measured. The liquid is initially purged from tube 60 by placing valve 70 in the blocked position and valve 72 in the open position and activating air pump 68, resulting in pumping most of the dialysate within tube 60 out of exit 64. The air pump is then deactivated, and the machine waits for 15 seconds for pressure perturbations in the hydraulic system to die out. During this waiting interval, the ultrafiltrate that comes into the collection tube via line 56 passes out through exit 64 and valve 72. At the end of the interval, valve 70 opens and valve 72 closes, and the ultrafiltrate entering tube 60 will then be captured. The tube gradually fills with ultrafiltrate, the displaced air from tube 60 passing through valve 70 to the drain 20. The rate at which the tube fills is the ultrafiltration rate. The increasing height 68 of liquid in tube 60 is measured every two seconds by sonic transmitter/receiver 66. At the end of 60 seconds, there are 31 data points, and controller 80 applies a least squares regression, by well-known techniques, to determine the average ultrafiltration rate for the 60-second interval. After the measurement has been made, valve 48 moves to the dialyze position, and valves 70 and 72 are kept in the open positions to allow for continuous flushing of the measurement apparatus.
When ultrafiltrate collection begins, the line between valve 70 and port 62 is normally filled with air. Pressure perturbations in line 54 during collection could force fluid into the collector through port 62, were it not for the presence of surge loop 67.
The filling of collection tube 60 allows for accurate measurement of the very low flowrates involved with ultrafiltration, and the averaging of the large number of data points avoids distortion of the measurement by short-term variations caused, e.g., by an increase in blood pressure owing to movement of the patient during the measurement. Moreover, this system accurately measures a wide range of flow rate values, and can be made to measure an even wider range by having the tube tapered.
The transmembrane pressure (TMP) of dialyzer 12 is the difference between the blood pressure, Pb, sensed by transducer 14, and average dialysate pressure, Pd, sensed by transducer 59. (Pb is sensed at the outlet; in calculating TMP, 15 mm Hg is added to the sensed value to approximate an average "mid-line" Pb.) The rate of ultrafiltration (UFR) across the membrane in dialyzer 12 is dependent upon the TMP, and can be controlled by controlling the TMP. These relationships are described by equations 1 and 2:
TMP=Pb -Pd (1)
UFR=f(TMP) (2)
Because Pb cannot be controlled by machine 10, the TMP and the ultrafiltration rate are controlled by adjusting Pd. Regardless of position of valve 48, Pd is controlled by upstream pump 40, downstream pump 76 and variable flow restriction valve 74. Pump 40 pushes fresh dialysate toward the dialyzer, and pump 76 pulls used dialysate from it. If valve 74 is completely open, pump 76 dominates, and its low inlet pressure causes Pd to be approximately -400 mm Hg. As valve 74 obstructs more and more of the flow passage, pump 40 becomes more dominant, pushing liquid to dialyzer 12 at increased pressure up to approximately +200 mm Hg. Attaining the positive pressure permits achieving very low TMP's when, e.g., a very low rate of ultrafiltration is desired, perphaps in response to the symptoms of particular patients, or when the blood pressure in the dialyzer is quite high. The particular structure of variable restriction valve 74 is particularly advantageous in changing Pd, because the change in occlusion for a given step (i.e., angular change) of the obstructor decreases as total occlusion is approached, and the relationship between Pd and rotation of shaft 84 is approximately linear over most of the desired range of dialysate pressure. Thus, each step of motor 86 results in approximately the same increase or decrease in Pd.
In the automatic ultrafiltration control (UFC) mode of operation of system 10, a predetermined amount of liquid is automatically removed from the patient during the dialysis session. Controller 80 periodically monitors the ultrafiltration rate (UFR), via the UFR measuring subsystem described above, and adjusts the TMP accordingly by varying Pd with valve 74, so that the total amount of fluid to be removed from the patient is smoothly drawn across the dialyzer membrane during the dialysis period.
Referring to FIGS. 8 and 9, at the beginning of a dialysis session the user enters the automatic mode by pushing button 146, and determines the desired amount of fluid to be removed from the patient, i.e., target fluid loss (TFL), and the overall time for the dialysis session (T). The time is entered by turning knob 148 until the time appears in display 154. The target fluid loss is entered by turning the UFR knob 150 until the desired TFL appears in display 158. The average rate of ultrafiltration, UFR, to result in this amount of liquid removal, i.e., TFL, by the end of the overall period is given by equation 3.
Because users are interested in total liquid loss, including that owing to perspiration and exhalation, in determining the UFR actually used in the machine, 30 gm/hr, the average adult moisture loss by perspiration and exhalation, is subtracted from UFR.
Initially, valve 74 is adjusted by controller 80 to create a TMP of approximately 120 mm Hg, and after maintaining that TMP for a short period of time, the UFR associated with that TMP (UFR120) is measured as described above by controller 80 with system 10 in the bypass mode. This is known as a "dialyzer characterization" measurement. System 10 is then returned to the dialysate supply mode. The construction of system 10 and controller 80 is such that the desired TMP can be maintained within the dialyzer 12 whether valve 48 is in the dialysate supply mode or the bypass mode.
The relationship between UFR and TMP for dialyzer 12 is determined by equation 4, which assumes that a linear function is followed, and that the UFR will be zero at a TMP of approximately 27 mm Hg, the oncotic pressure. ("Oncotic pressure," often referred to as "colloid osmotic pressure" or "protein osmotic pressure," acts in a direction opposite to TMP and is caused by the presence of blood and dialysate on opposite sides of a membrane.)
where: KUF is the UF coefficient of dialyzer 12.
KUF is computed by equation 5, knowing the ultrafiltration rate achieved at the 120 mm Hg TMP: ##EQU1##
An adjustment to UFR (resulting in UFRadj) presented in equation 6 is made to account for the fact that the system probably does not operate at UFR during the initial 120 mm Hg TMP dialyzer characterization measurement: ##EQU2## where: t is the elapsed time from the beginning of ultrafiltration control mode. For example, if a very high UFR is desired, too little fluid will be removed during dialysis at the dialyzer characterization TMP setting.
The TMP necessary to achieve UFRadj is then computed using equation 7: ##EQU3##
After making the computations described above, controller 80 sends electrical signals to valve 74 to adjust the TMP to the value computed using equation 7. A feedback control subsystem within system 10 will thereafter keep the measured value of TMP, via sensors 14 and 59, coincident with the desired value from equation 7. Approximately seven minutes after this first UFR measurement and TMP adjustment, a second UFR measurement is made (the UFR ideally is UFRadj), and a new KUF is computed using the actual UFR and TMP values (UFRact and TMPact, respectively, in FIG. 9). Then, the needed TMP is re-calculated using Eq. 7, and controller 80 and valve 74 adjust TMP to the new value.
After the initial measurement and calculation of the KUF (during "dialyzer characterization") and the second measurement at or near UFRadj, KUF is measured, and needed TMP is calculated, approximately hourly during the remainder of the dialysis session. Thus, the system does not merely predict removal of fluid from the patient, it actually controls the ultrafiltration rate so that the target fluid loss is achieved. Moreover, the periodic measurements and adjustments take into account temporal physical changes in the UFR/TMP relationship of dialyzer 12 owing to, e.g., loss of active surface area of the membrane resulting from clotting.
As is seen from equation 8, the fluid removed so far, UFt, is, for time periods up to time t, the sum of the products of measured UFR times the period of time (Δt) the dialyzer was operating at that UFR. ##EQU4##
During the dialysis session in the automatic control mode, displays 152 and 154, are continuously updated, indicating to the user UFt and the time remaining, respectively. The numbers displayed in display 152 increase, and the numbers displayed in display 154 decrease. During a session, the operator can adjust the rate of ultrafiltration and/or the time remaining by adjusting knob 150 and/or knob 148. When either knob is adjusted, the appropriate displays will immediately reflect the new operating values and the revised target fluid loss. Further, when the UFR knob 150 is changed, the necessary TMP will be changed immediately. If the UFR knob is changed upward by more than 0.05 kg/hr, and TMP prior to the change was less than 100 mm Hg, then the machine will re-check the operating point within about 7 minutes. This is done to make sure that the machine accurately went to the new operating value. (This sequence is not shown on FIG. 9.)
Controller 80 also includes means to provide warnings to indicate when the desired UFR results in a TMP which is higher or lower than the range of values which can be achieved by system 10. For example, if the KUF for dialyzer 12 is low, and the corresponding UFR and TMP necessary to achieve the desired amount of liquid removal are higher than can be achieved by the system, a "high" warning light activates to indicate that either the time will have to be increased or the amount of liquid removal be decreased, to bring the UFR to an achievable level. If the KUF for dialyzer 12 is high, and the corresponding UFR and TMP necessary to achieve the desired amount of liquid removal are lower than can be achieved by the system, a "low" warning light activates to indicate that either the time will have to be decreased or the amount of liquid removal increased, to bring the UFR to an achievable level. A lower limit of TMP of 50 mm Hg is picked for safety reasons, because below this level, there may be sites within dialyzer 12 where, locally, Pd exceeds Pb. In such a case, were a leak in the dialyzer membrane to occur, non-sterile dialysate could be infused into the patient's blood.
After a dialysis session, the hydraulic pathway of system 10 may be rinsed, cleaned with bleach (sodium hypochlorite solution), or disinfected with formaldehyde. The user may choose which of these cycles to use. Once a rinse, cleaning, or disinfecting cycle is entered by meeting the necessary entrance conditions (described below), the cycle will proceed automatically at the direction of controller 80. At various stages in each cycle, appropriate indicators on the machine (not shown) inform the user of the event taking place.
Referring to FIGS. 7 and 10-12, first, dialyzer 12 is disconnected, lines 50, 55 are connected to inter-connected bypass ports 108, 110, the source of concentrated dialysate solution 18 is disconnected, and hose 41 is connected to rinse port 21. Under these conditions, and assuming the machine blood pump (not shown) is turned off, the controller 80 senses the appropriate conditions for rinsing via proximity switches 120, 122 through signal paths 126, 128 and the blood-pump-off condition via path 142, and enters the rinse cycle. In this cycle pumps 40 (within hydraulic pathway 132), 42, 76 run, and valve 48 (within hydraulic pathway 132) is forced to the dialyzing position shown in FIG. 1, allowing a rinse of water to be flushed through the hydraulic circuitry for water, concentrated dialysate solution, and dialysate. When hose 41 is removed from port 21, the rinsing automatically stops.
If the machine is to be cleaned with bleach, it is first necessary to enter the rinse mode as described above. Then, connector 90, attached to a bottle (not shown) of bleach, is inserted into chemical intake port 102 and keyhole 98, thereby activating a chemical-intake memory (described below) and chemical intake pump 104, causing the machine to draw in bleach at the correct ratio of bleach to flowing water for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes has elapsed, pump 104 turns in the opposite direction for about 5 seconds in order to rinse the chemical intake line 106 with water, and then stops. This returns the machine to the rinse mode, which must persist for 5 minutes. At the end of the 5 minute rinse, the chemical memory is de-activated and the user is notified by a display (not shown) on the front panel that the bleaching cycle is complete and rinsing will continue indefinitely until the operator commands the machine to do something else.
If the machine is to be disinfected with formaldehyde, it is first necessary to enter the rinse mode as described above, but it is not necessary to have cleaned the machine with bleach. Connector 88, attached to a bottle (not shown) of formaldehyde disinfectant, is then inserted into port 102 and keyhole 96, thereby activating the chemical-intake memory and chemical intake pump 104, causing the machine to draw in formaldehyde at the correct ratio to flowing water for 21/2 minutes. At the end of the formaldehyde intake interval, all pumps are stopped and water inlet valve 17 is closed, thereby trapping the diluted formaldehyde solution in the hydraulic pathway. The user then turns off the machine and allows the machine to soak with disinfectant solution inside for 2 hours to 4 days. When the machine is turned back on, it immediately commences to rinse for ten minutes. At the beginning of this rinse interval, pump 104 turns in direction opposite to intake for a few seconds, to purge line 106 of concentrated disinfectant. At the conclusion of the 10-minute rinse, the chemical memory is de-activated and the user is informed (by a display--not shown--on the front panel) that the disinfecting cycle is complete, and rinsing continues indefinitely until the operator commands the machine to do something else.
The chemical memory is battery-powered and is set upon activating chemical pump 104. Once the memory is set, a rinse cycle must be completed before dialysis can be resumed by connecting a dialyzer to lines 50, 55 and activating the blood pump; otherwise an alarm will sound, even if the machine is turned off during the chemical pumping. The use of the different keys and keyholes indicates to controller 80 whether a bleach or formaldehyde cycle should begin, and the use of color-coded connections simplifies operator usage.
Other embodiments of the invention are within the following claims.
Subject matter related to controlling the transmembrane pressure in the fluid flow transfer device was the joint invention of Steven H. Johnson and Thomas M. Laule, whose U.S. patent application Ser. No. 258,365 entitled "Transmembrane Pressure Control" is being filed simultaneously with the present application.
Subject matter related to the structure of the variable restriction valve was the invention of Thomas M. Laule, whose U.S. patent application Ser. No. 258,366 entitled "Variable Restriction Valve" is being filed simultaneously with the present application.
Subject matter related to the system for sonically measuring ultrafiltrate as it collects in a tube was the joint invention of Steven H. Johnson, Thomas P. Grover and Richard M. Kenshalo, whose U.S. patent application Ser. No. 258,381 entitled "Measuring Low Flowrates" is being filed simultaneously with the present application.
Subject matter related to the automatic control system that achieves a desired amount of ultrafiltration was the joint invention of Terry D. Boucher, Dennis J. Hlavinka, Richard M. Kenshalo, and Steven H. Johnson, whose U.S. patent application Ser. No. 258,379 entitled "Automatic Ultrafiltration Control System" is being filed sumultaneously with the present application.
Subject matter related to using the keyed connectors in rinsing, cleaning and disinfecting the apparatus was the joint invention of Dennis J. Hlavinka, Steven H. Johnson, and James L. Zook, whose U.S. patent application Ser. No. 258,424 entitled "Rinsing, Cleaning and Disinfecting Dialysate Preparation and Supply Apparatus" is being filed simultaneously with the present application.
Subject matter related to using a memory in rinsing, cleaning and disinfecting the apparatus was the joint invention of Dennis J. Hlavinka and Thomas P. Grover, whose U.S. patent application Ser. No. 258,380 entitled "Rinsing, Cleaning and Disinfecting Dialysate Preparation and Supply Apparatus" is being filed simultaneously with the present application.
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|Aksys, Ltd.
|Tubing connectors and parts for receiving the connectors
|Sep 4, 1996
|Feb 3, 1998
|Aksys, Ltd.
|Disinfection of arterial and venous line connectors hemodialysis machine
|Jul 15, 1997
|Feb 10, 1998
|Aksys, Ltd.
|Method for determining sodium clearance of dialyzer
|Mar 1, 1996
|Mar 10, 1998
|Aksys, Ltd.
|Methods for ultrafiltration control in hemodialysis
|Jul 16, 1997
|Jun 9, 1998
|Aksys, Ltd.
|Water treatment for dialysate preparation
|Jan 29, 2003
|Oct 26, 2004
|Angel L. Rodriguez
|Furnace exhaust filter assembly
|Sep 8, 2003
|Sep 6, 2005
|United Technologies Corporation
|System and method for thermal management
|Jun 22, 2005
|May 27, 2008
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation for improved combustion performance
|May 13, 2005
|Jul 1, 2008
|United Technologies Corporation
|Spiral wound fuel stabilization unit for fuel de-oxygenation
|May 18, 2005
|Oct 14, 2008
|United Technologies Corporation
|Modular fuel stabilization system
|Jun 9, 2005
|Dec 16, 2008
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation system with non-planar plate members
|Jan 18, 2006
|Aug 4, 2009
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation system with non-metallic fuel plate assembly
|Jan 18, 2006
|Sep 1, 2009
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenator with non-planar fuel channel and oxygen permeable membrane
|Nov 3, 2005
|Nov 10, 2009
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation system with multi-layer oxygen permeable membrane
|Dec 16, 2003
|Jun 29, 2010
|Baxter International Inc.
|Medical fluid therapy flow control systems and methods
|Jan 18, 2006
|Nov 2, 2010
|United Technologies Corporation
|Method for enhancing mass transport in fuel deoxygenation systems
|Jun 4, 2010
|Apr 30, 2013
|Baxter International Inc.
|Renal therapy blood cleansing system with balance chamber and bolus, rinseback or prime volume feature
|Nov 15, 2006
|Jul 9, 2013
|Gambro Lundia Ab
|Apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment
|Jul 3, 2013
|Apr 7, 2015
|Gambro Lundia Ab
|Apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment
|Dec 24, 2012
|Oct 13, 2015
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Load suspension and weighing system for a dialysis machine reservoir
|Mar 20, 2012
|Nov 24, 2015
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Electrolyte and pH monitoring for fluid removal processes
|Mar 15, 2013
|Dec 15, 2015
|Baxter International Inc.
|Renal therapy blood cleansing system with isolation feature
|Oct 15, 2014
|Mar 22, 2016
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Ion imbalance detector
|Mar 28, 2013
|Apr 12, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Manifold diaphragms
|Dec 26, 2011
|May 31, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Manifolds for use in conducting dialysis
|Nov 11, 2013
|May 31, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Smart actuator for valve
|Dec 24, 2012
|Jun 7, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Portable dialysis machine with improved reservoir heating system
|Jul 13, 2012
|Jun 7, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Valve system
|May 30, 2014
|Aug 16, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Disposable apparatus and kit for conducting dialysis
|Apr 19, 2012
|Oct 4, 2016
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Method and device to monitor patients with kidney disease
|Sep 27, 2013
|Dec 13, 2016
|Fresenius Medical Care Holdings, Inc.
|Portable dialysis machine
|Feb 1, 2013
|Dec 27, 2016
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Sodium and buffer source cartridges for use in a modular controlled compliant flow path
|Feb 4, 2015
|Mar 21, 2017
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Fluid volume monitoring for patients with renal disease
|Feb 1, 2013
|Apr 18, 2017
|Medtronic, Inc.
|Systems and methods for multifunctional volumetric fluid control
|Sep 8, 2003
|Oct 7, 2004
|United Technologies Corporation
|System and method for thermal management
|May 13, 2005
|Nov 16, 2006
|United Technologies Corporation
|Spiral wound fuel stabilization unit for fuel de-oxygenation
|May 18, 2005
|Nov 23, 2006
|United Technologies Corporation
|Modular fuel stabilization system
|Jun 9, 2005
|Dec 14, 2006
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation system with non-planar plate members
|Nov 3, 2005
|May 3, 2007
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation system with multi-layer oxygen permeable membrane
|Sep 7, 2005
|May 10, 2007
|United Technologies Corporation
|Deoxygenated fuel-cooled environmental control system pre-cooler for an aircraft
|Dec 8, 2005
|Jun 14, 2007
|Chen Alexander G
|Rich catalytic clean burn for liquid fuel with fuel stabilization unit
|Jan 18, 2006
|Jul 19, 2007
|Chen Alexander G
|Fuel deoxygenator with non-planar fuel channel and oxygen permeable membrane
|Jan 18, 2006
|Jul 19, 2007
|United Technologies Corporation
|Method for enhancing mass transport in fuel deoxygenation systems
|Jan 18, 2006
|Jul 19, 2007
|United Technologies Corporation
|Fuel deoxygenation system with non-metallic fuel plate assembly
|Nov 15, 2006
|Jan 14, 2010
|Gambro Lundia Ab
|Apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment
|Jun 4, 2010
|Sep 23, 2010
|Baxter International Inc.
|Renal therapy blood cleansing system with balance chamber and bolus, rinseback or prime volume feature
|Jul 3, 2013
|Nov 7, 2013
|Gambro Lundia Ab
|Apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment
|Jan 30, 2015
|May 13, 2015
|System and method for separating and extracting dissolved gas from environmental water
|Oct 29, 1987
|May 19, 1988
|Cobe Lab
|Oct 29, 1987
|May 11, 1988
|Cobe Lab
|Durchflussgeraet mit niveaugeber
|Oct 29, 1987
|May 11, 1988
|Cobe Lab
|Einrichtung zum messen und regeln eines fluessigkeitsstandes
|Oct 29, 1987
|Aug 5, 1993
|Cobe Laboratories, Inc., Lakewood, Col., Us
|Title not available
|Oct 29, 1987
|Jan 3, 1991
|Cobe Laboratories, Inc., Lakewood, Col., Us
|Title not available
|Jan 15, 1985
|Jul 31, 1985
|Hospal Industrie
|Artificial kidney with single needle
|Jan 15, 1985
|Aug 21, 1985
|Hospal Industrie
|Artificial kidney with single needle
|Nov 15, 2006
|May 22, 2008
|Gambro Lundia Ab
|An apparatus for extracorporeal blood treatment
|Nov 11, 2015
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|Degassing system for dialysis
|U.S. Classification
|96/196, 96/205, 210/321.72, 96/215, 210/929
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 28, 1981
Owner name: COBE LABORATORIES, INC., 1201 OAK ST, LAKEWOOD, CO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:JOHNSON STEVEN H.;REEL/FRAME:003882/0086
Effective date: 19810424
Owner name: COBE LABORATORIES, INC., COLORADO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:JOHNSON STEVEN H.;REEL/FRAME:003882/0086
Effective date: 19810424
|Jul 3, 1986
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 16, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jul 28, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12
|Oct 2, 2000
Owner name: GAMBRO, INC., COLORADO
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:COBE LABORATORIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:011190/0225
Effective date: 19991221


text:
A woman and two men were today convicted of murdering a teenager who was doused in petrol and then burned alive, police said.
Maria Chandler, 40, Jimi-Lee Stewart, 25, and Jonathan Clarke, 20, killed 17-year-old student Simon Everitt in a re-enactment of a scene from a spoof horror movie.
Jurors returned guilty verdicts at Norwich Crown Court following a four-week trial.
Mr Everitt, 17, of Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, was tied to a tree in woodland in nearby Mautby and then set on fire. His body was found on June 28 last year - about three weeks after he was last seen.
Jurors were told the murder replicated a scene from the film Severance.
Chandler and Stewart, both of Great Yarmouth, and Clarke, of Telford, Shropshire, were each found guilty of murder, a Norfolk police spokesman said.
Prosecutor Karim Khalil QC said the case was a demonstration of "grotesque brutality".
Clarke, Stewart and Mr Everitt had all been involved in a tangled love affair with a woman called Fiona Statham, who was 19 at the time of the murder. Chandler, a close friend of Ms Statham, fell out with Mr Everitt during his on-off relationship with Ms Statham, jurors were told.
Each of the three defendants had threatened to harm Mr Everitt - and Clarke had been charged with assaulting him shortly before the murder.
Mr Khalil, outlining the case, said: "He was initially assaulted. He was bundled into a car, taken to a forest or wooded area. He was then tied to a tree with blue nylon roping.
"Petrol was poured on to him and into his throat. He was then set on fire whilst tied to that tree.
"The rope burned through. He was still alive. He stepped from the tree a short distance, still alight, and there he was to die."
Mr Khalil said the death of Mr Everitt recreated the "worst aspects" of the film Severance but added this involved "real" people.
Clarke had watched the film about a year before Mr Everitt was killed, it emerged during the trial.
"When Clarke watched that DVD, he made a comment to this effect: 'Wouldn't it be wicked if you could actually do that to someone in real life?' " said Mr Khalil.
Responding to the verdict, the victim's stepmother, Susan, branded the killers "evil" and said her stepson had done nothing wrong except fall in love with "the wrong girl".
She said: "Simon did not deserve it, no one deserved it. He did not do anything wrong apart from fall in love with the wrong girl."
In a statement outside court, she paid tribute to a "loving son and brother", adding: "He loved life and lived it to the full, never wanting to waste a minute. He had so many aspirations, we would often wonder what he would choose.
"His death is horrific and should not happen to anyone let alone a young, energetic man with everything to live for."
- More about:
- Cinema
- Dating
- Forests
- Punishment

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hello, everybody!I have read blog about atomic batches in 1.2 http://www.datastax.com/dev/blog/atomic-batches-in-cassandra-1-2It mentioned that atomic batches are by default starting 1.2. Also it said CQL allows to switch it off. How can I manipulate this setting using thrift API?Thank you,AndreyOn Tue, Dec 4, 2012 at 10:51 AM, Sylvain Lebresne <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
The Cassandra team is pleased to announce the release of the third beta forthe future Apache Cassandra 1.2.0.Let me first stress that this is beta software and as such is *not* ready forproduction use.This release is still beta and as such may contain bugs. Any help testingthis beta would be gladely appreciated and if you were to encounter any problemduring your testing, please report[3,4] them. Be sure to a look at the changelog[1] and the release notes[2] to see where Cassandra 1.2 differs from theprevious series.Apache Cassandra 1.2.0-beta3[5] is available as usual from the cassandrawebsite (http://cassandra.apache.org/download/) and a debian package isavailable using the 12x branch (see http://wiki.apache.org/cassandra/DebianPackaging).Thank you for your help in testing and have fun with it.[1]: http://goo.gl/LEmPN (CHANGES.txt)[2]: http://goo.gl/tI66z (NEWS.txt)


text: Features:Product Measures: 17.72x17.72x24.02 inchMade from wood and glassUnique design and StructureDescription:Tired of the same old table crowding the space? Then it?s time for a makeover with this uniquely designed table. This table features a round shaped table top with smoothened sides and a specular legs made from wood. The stand is made to appear like branches of a tree that are cut unevenly and placed on a circular flat base. The table top is perfectly balanced and secured in place with few branches that are long. This uniquely designed table is sure to make you mesmerized. You can use it as centre table or place it in the porch and feel the beauty of nature spread its aura in your home. Watch your guests go wow at the sight of this lovely table. This table is very easy to clean and long lasting. You can present it to your friends and relatives on house warming or other occasions. So wait no more and get this table now.. Measures 24" x 17" x 17". Some assembly required.


text:
Kydd ft. GLC, Tank, & Max Frost – Russian Roulette (prod. by Click-Clack)Posted on June 18th, 2012 by B. Hobbs
"Fresh off his 2012 LP "Sounds In My Head 2″ (which also featured Yelawolf, Pac Div, and Skyzoo), Austin MC Kydd teams up once again with Chicago native GLC to drop the first summer single for his new, as of yet, untitled project. The track features fellow LNS Crew members Max Frost and Tank, who keep the song moving with melodic harmonies and straightforward delivery. Kydd's next release is set to drop late July (with guest appearances from ADD+, Worldwide, and Western Tink among others), marked by his hunger and determination to provide this generation of listeners quality music through his vivid storytelling and restless production. Without further ado: Russian Roulette."Tweet


text:
The hottest of the hotspots
Best HP Peripherals for Over £350.
19 October 2005
With more data being stored on your PC than ever before, Dave thinks that a reliable and speedy backup solution should be paramount to any small business.
04 October 2011
HP's Scanjet N6310 business scanner has most of the bells and whistles you could want, but then quite a bit of the price which you could do without.
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Photo and reporting by Rashmi Kulkarni, ChildFund India
In parts of India, ChildFund and our partners have focused on building literacy rates and, more significantly, a deeper culture of reading. This is hard to do in communities where many households have no books and where adults never learned to read. Some homes don't even have electrical power, limiting story time to daylight hours.
As you may have read in previous stories about the Books, my Friends project, ChildFund has distributed more than 40,000 book bags full of fun books, so children have exposure to more than just school textbooks and can start building a library at home. Some are written in their native dialects, and others are in English, which helps them learn to read a new language. We've also distributed solar-powered lamps to households without electricity, and now, we have begun sending mobile libraries out to rural and remote areas.
Today is International Literacy Day. Let's take the advice of Anna Dewdney, the late author of the Llama Llama series of children's books, and read to (or with) a child.
"When we read with a child, we are doing so much more than teaching him to read or instilling in her a love of language," Dewdney wrote. "We are doing something that I believe is just as powerful, and it is something that we are losing as a culture: by reading with a child, we are teaching that child to be human. When we open a book, and share our voice and imagination with a child, that child learns to see the world through someone else's eyes."


text:
The online due diligence platform for broker/agency management, Regulatory Efficiency Gains (REG), has appointed Malcolm Le May as a non-executive director.
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EY, REG Board, Malcolm Le May, USA, Barclays Bank, ING, Morely Fund, Aviva Investors, JER Partners, RSA, Pendragon, Provident Financial, Michael Phair


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text:
Reusable Grocery Bags from CYMA
Grocery bags are just one of the basic things that are with us almost everyday or on a weekly basis. Normally, grocery stores are using plastic and paper bags as containers of their grocery products. The problem with these containers is they are not reusable, though plastic bags can be recycled as a garbage bag. The downside of it is that, it is not as earth friendly as this new product of CYMA, which is called the reusable grocery tote bag. The best part of this bag is aside from being reusable; it is also an earth friendly one. Many of the grocery stores are now promoting this grocery bags and hoping that grocers will cooperate with their campaign. [Click here for more details about Reusable Grocery Tote Bag]
Very Artistic Recycled Toy Furniture by Greg Lynn
Recycling is a good idea and has been a practice already with many designers of today, and Greg Lynn who designed the recycled furniture is already one of them. The recycled furniture is designed as attractive as possible. Some of the designs look beautiful, while others are hard to appreciate. I find this product perfect for showrooms and not for use at home. This type of creative designs should be preserved for sample purposes. Besides, I found the designs less comfortable for home use. However, the idea of recycling is great, and Greg Lynn'a designs are very artistic.
Unique Recycled Chiquita Chandelier
Who would ever think that the known Chiquita boxes that are used to pack bananas can also be a good chandelier. Well, you heard it right. Dutch designer has come to an idea of recycling the banana box packaging into an unique chandelier. Not all of the products maybe good to see because of the prints; however, the idea of recycling it has is excellent. The designer have come into various designs, and the results are good and brings out the creativity she has. The design is based on the Chiquita prints and come up with a very nice design that looks so nice.
Source : Anne Jakobs
Germoir Packaging by Catherine Bourdon
Germoir is an excellent and earth friendly project by Catherine Bourdon. An envelope serves as a packaging that follows and assists the stages of life of a plant, and later transforms itself into a germinator. The envelope includes the dirt and the plant's seeds, and when the plants started to grow, it can now be placed on the ground with the box, wherein the box also started to disintegrate and eventually feed the plants. This project is a good substitute for nursing plants instead of using the plastic bags that will take years before it disintegrates. This project is perfect for farms and plant nurseries.
Sandwhich Bikes, Cheap and Simple
The Sandwich Bike is still in prototype but is already hot, to the extent that someone stole the prototype at the Tutto Bene Show during the Salone de Mobile in Milan. The Bike frame is made of two wooden plates, four identical smart cylinders. It can also be shipped flat which is a very convenient feature, and can be assembled at home using only a single tool. The wooden bike can be easily produced because people do not have to do the welding joints in order to produce one. In addition, the materials of the sandwich bike may vary depending on the clients demand, so that the bike can be reasonably inexpensive and simple.
Swiv Door with Electromagnetic Technology System
Safety, Security and comfort are what the Swiv door wanted to bring to its user. Designed by Louisa Kwan, it has a steel panel that records the palm details of every user using the electro magnetic technology and when they enter, they will just lay their palm on the steel panel and when the panel recognizes, the door will open. What's good with the Swiv door is that it cannot be opened by any physical means of strength because of the technology it uses, meaning it strictly prevents unauthorized entry. You will not only feel the safety with the Swiv door but also it is very futuristic that will make every user feel the spirit of technology and style.
Sony ODO Digital Camera, Just Swirl and Take !
Photographers of today's technology world, always keep themselves loaded up with batteries to keep them going and keep them available to take pictures every time they have a good eye of a certain object. Despite of today's lifestyle that we are experiencing, Sony still managed to create the Twirl 'n Take camera. A kinetic powered energy will let take decent pictures after giving the gadget a 15 seconds circular head spin. This camera has a hole that serves as a viewfinder. I have tried cameras of the concept before, and there are no any single photo taken. I just hope that the Twirl 'n Take can stand to its promise.
Sustainable Wood Products by Ten at 100% Design in London
Wood always creates an elegant and classy product as long as it has been created and designed for the sake of beauty and fashion. Just like what this group of designers called the TEN does. They create various collections of sustainable wooden products and present it at 100% Design in London. A few of their collections are the wooden lampshade, candlestick, framed bird feeder, dumper-truck toy, a door wedge, disk tidy, and many more.
The group TEN was led by Chris Jackson, has been working with design retailer twentytwentyone in order to produce various range of sustainable wooden products for the home and garden.
Spiral, Wind Powered Bright LED Light
LED lights are now commonly used in almost all lightning needs. Designed by Niklas Löfber, the spiral is an outdoor lightning solution that uses wind to generate electricity required for its daily use. It composed of four main parts, which are the pillar, generator, LED, and translucent plastic shade. Lighting up the Spiral is not hard because it can generate electricity even with a very slow wind. The spirals design is very elegant that will surely ads the beauty for every plazas and amusement parks that will surely let every park goers enjoy. If the nature will not be able to generate electricity, a battery with a corresponding charger can also be installed in order for the spiral to continuously produce light.
Bottle-in-a-Bottle Package by Ecolab
When packaging, we always sees to it that we have consumed the space available as much as possible. Normally, items in pouches are the best sellers when sending packages. However, these will never a problem anymore with the bottle in a bottle package by Ecolab. Their Profroce Cleaners bottle design called the Legoland can fit a 16 oz. spray bottle within a 1.25-gallon refill tank. The packaging design is perfect for palletized shipping. The perfect box design of the Legoland has the ability to maximize the space of a pallet. In addition, stacking will never be a problem with Legoland because of it square design.
via amsteeman
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KUALA LUMPUR (NST) – Malaysia will boost surveillance and Immigration checks at all entry points following the imminent release of 350 Jemaah Islamiah (JI) militants from Indonesian prisons.
Home Minister Datuk Seri Dr Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said the authorities would collaborate with their Indonesian counterparts and Aseanapol, or the Asean police organisation, to ensure that the released militants did not pose any threat to other countries. "We do not want them to come here and create trouble, let alone reactivate their militant cells," he said at the federal police headquarters in Bukit Aman on Thursday.
JI is a Southeast Asian militant terrorist organisation dedicated to the establishment of a Daulah Islamiyah (regional Islamic caliphate) in the region. It was responsible for the Oct 25, 2002, bombing in Bali, Indonesia, which resulted in the United Nations Security Council labelling it as a terrorist organisation linked to the Taleban's al-Qaeda.
JI is believed to be linked with other militant groups, such as the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, a splinter cell of JI that was formed by Abu Bakar Baasyir in July 2008.
Meanwhile, Zahid said Penang Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng had agreed to the ministry boosting security in the state, with increased community policing measures.


text:
APPrO offers unique and high-value promotional opportunities for advertisers seeking to expand their visibility in the Canadian power market.
With a membership that includes most of the top level senior managers, consultants and other industry experts, APPrO provides targeted access to vital electricity industry connections through an array of information sharing options, resources and events.
APPrO publishes magazines, four websites, an online industry directory, technical handbooks, educational materials, and internet documents. Advertising is available in many of these publications, in print and online. Our premier publication, IPPSO FACTO, is one of the most widely respected journals in the Canadian power industry.
APPrO has a wide range of profile development services available through signature events such as the Annual Canadian Power Conference and Networking Centre.
For more information on these and other opportunities, to receive sample copies of any of our publications or to discuss your customized, profile building strategy with APPrO, please contact Carole Kielly, APPrO's Marketing Manager:
IPPSO FACTO - The magazine of the Association of Power Producers of Ontario
Click here to go directly to the public content area of the online magazine now. Click here to subscribe to the print version of IPPSO FACTO (includes access to the full online content).
IPPSO FACTO is the magazine of the Association of Power Producers of Ontario. Widely considered as the power generation industry's "journal of record", IPPSO FACTO enjoys the attention of the key leaders and decision makers spanning the full range of technologies in the power sector. As well, IPPSO FACTO enjoys a strong secondary readership among Directors and Managers, as well as with government and corporate institutional subscribers. Download the Circulation Summary here.
IPPSO FACTO covers the current industry activities and initiatives that matter to those doing business in the sector. The editorial content is balanced and thought provoking. The extensive and broad range coverage of issues, from political to geographical to technical ensures that IPPSO FACTO is utilized extensively by members and subscribers to maintain an always-important business edge that ultimately informs their bottom line.
IPPSO FACTO is also the official magazine of the Annual Canadian Power Conference & Networking Centre and is distributed as a bonus gift to attendees each fall. In addition IPPSO FACTO is distributed at various power industry meetings and conferences throughout the year.
If your target is People in Power, energize your strategy and advertise in IPPSO FACTO!
To download the APPrO Media Kit for 2016 in pdf format, click here.
APPrO Online Advertising:
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Click here for your free listing in theAPPrO Canadian Power Directory! Special complimentary six month logo posting now available for a limited time!
Other resources:
* Search the APPrO Archives / Knowledgebase
* APPrO's main website - home page


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Project information
Student Division Launch & Development
Through our Student Division, Lawyers Without Borders aims to expand pro bono opportunities for the younger generation. We currently have student divisions at six universities across the U.K. This project will facilitate the expansion and development of these divisions to create a strong network.
This project is ongoing
Charity information: Lawyers Without Borders UK
The culture of pro bono in the UK continues to grow and expand. Though interest and commitment is strong, young lawyers and future lawyers continue to face a shortage of international and human rights rule of law oriented pro bono opportunities. As more pro bono opportunities become available to law students, it is important that all universities, including those outside the 'red brick' criteria, can reap the benefits.
The continued expansion of the Student Division will provide law students with opportunities to become involved with the work of Lawyers Without Borders, rule of law, human rights and the culture of giving back. As developed by LWOB, the student division model is framed in a way that connects students with the finest lawyers around the world, enabling them to build skill sets and experience first-hand the best our profession has to offer as they too help serve those in need.
Aim 1
Facilitate the expansion and improved structuring of a model for law students to engage in pro bono.
Activities» Create a council to oversee, manage and recruit universities throughout the UK
» Work with students from various universities in order to help them establish pro bono societies in the name of LWOB and recruit other students to join
» Continue work with existing student divisions, providing them with support and engaging them in more pro bono
Increase in: Divisions, members and officers, pro bono and rule of law projects, opportunities for internships and fellowships and stipends, applications for Divisions outside UK
Within 24 months a self-sustainable International Student Council will be established and by members and interns. The increased involvement of students in law firm pro bono endeavors is expected to occur within 24-48 months. An increase in programs and projects initiated by the students themselves is expected to be evident within the first 24 months of the launch. A more robust pro bono environment and culture in the trainee ranks of UK law firms should be evident in next 36+ months
Early models of the program revealed the single largest risk was due to the transient nature of the student population. In nearly every academic environment, within 3-4 years the turnover of the student body is complete. LWOB has remedied this problem by creating a mandatory infrastructure model, including a National Committee with institutional memory, which requires a constant integration of the younger and incoming students into leadership and officer roles in the organization.
Donors can contact us to receive annual reports on the work and development of the Student Divisions. Opportunities may also be available to attend some of the events and projects run by the Student Divisions that will be supported by the funds raised.
Budget - Project Cost: £8,000Loading graph....
Amount Heading Description £1,500 Volunteer Trainer Multiple training sessions in 2014-2015 due to wide geographical locations and extra support £1,500 Running Costs E.g. Marketing and events £2,000 Fellowships Merit and means tested £1,000 Projects Supporting student division pro bono law project in UK or developing nation £2,000 Field Projects Allow students to work on and join rule of law field projects, primarily in Africa
There are currently individual Student Divisions in Hertfordshire, Aberdeen, Southampton, Oxford, Cambridge and Exeter. The aim of this project is to further solidify structures in existing Student Divisions as well as initiate and support the Division network's expansion to universities nationwide. Moreover, it is our hope that the project will continue to grow and take off on an international level.
Poor and underserved members of society around the world will benefit from an enhanced pro bono culture.
Law students will develop their legal, research and leadership skills and broaden their opportunities with regards to future employment. It will give them a sense that they are making a difference
Beneficiaries of LWOB such as lawyers and judges working in developing countries, and victims of human rights abuses, will benefit.
Why Us?
Why Us?
Lawyers Without Borders is committed to the protection of the integrity of legal process, access to justice and the rule of law. We have been committed to being an inclusive group and finding a role and place for students who wanted to pursue work in the legal arena has always been an important part of our mission. Many of our projects are perfectly suited for young students, ranging from research to interaction with private law firms, prominent judges, and lawyers on the field.
Read more about the Charity running this project.
Charlotte Bates, Supported By Current LWOB UK Interns
She initiated and still oversees the current Divisions. She has a strong relationship with members and an understanding of their needs and capacities
Law Students
Current and prospective members consist of hard-working and intellectual students, committed to the division's expansion and the overall ethos of LWOB
Christina Storm
Founder and director of Lawyers Without Borders; 20 years of experience as a trial lawyer; provides guidance and actively interacts with the students


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Survivors Share Horror Of Bronx Train Derailment; Victims Identified [Video]
Survivors of this tragic accident that occurred yesterday morning, had this to say about this horrifying experience.. "gravel came flying up in our faces." CNN reports; "Even though the train was careening around a curve, Amanda Swanson felt the wreck in slow motion. All seven passenger cars jumped the tracks. The windows of the coaches broke out. Then, "gravel came flying up in our faces," said Swanson, 26. "I really didn't know if I would survive," she said. "The train felt like it was on its side and dragging for a long time." Swanson, a waitress who was on her way to work at a Midtown Manhattan restaurant, put her bag in front of her face to block the rubble as the car she was riding in flipped over. "I just closed my eyes and kind of hoped to God that I was going to be able to call my mom with decent news." Eventually, the car she was in came to a stop with a thud. "I couldn't see anything. It was just smoke," she told CNN's "New Day." As the dust settled, she saw fellow passengers staggering out of the train and heard them moaning for help. Swanson managed to get off the train carrying her cell phone, its screen shattered but still working." The four victims who were pronounced dead are identified as, "The MTA identified those killed as Donna L. Smith, 54, of Newburgh, New York; James G. Lovell, 58, of Cold Spring, New York; James M. Ferrari, 59, of Montrose, New York; and Ahn Kisook, 35, of Queens, New York."
Source: CNN


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Stoic Merino 200 Boy Boxer - Women's - $28.90
There's nothing manly about the Stoic Women's Merino Boy Boxer, except maybe the inspiration behind the cut. This short is designed to provide full coverage and the comfort you need to hit the skin trail or single-track in spring. Flat stitching and stretch fabric are ideal for high-output activities, while the stylish side panels add a feminine touch. Merino wool resists odor and transfers moisture vapor away from your skin, making the Stoic Merino Boy Boxer ideal for active women. - $28.90


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George D. Adams
George Adams is a partner in the Louisville office, where his practice is exclusively devoted to advising, assisting and representing employers with labor and employment law challenges.
George has helped employers defend against union organizing campaigns, unfair labor practice charges and grievances. He defends employers in state and federal courts against lawsuits alleging sexual harassment, unlawful discrimination, retaliation, wage and hour violations and violations of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), American with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other employment laws.
George represents employers before the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and other administrative agencies, as well as in labor negotiations and grievance arbitration. More importantly, George helps his clients avoid such crises through day-to-day counseling, management training and assistance developing, and enforcing employee handbooks and personnel policies.
George represents a wide variety of clients, large and small, in numerous states. These include manufacturers, financial institutions, health care providers and non-profit entities.
George is "AV" Peer Review Rated by Martindale-Hubbell, has repeatedly been listed as a Kentucky Super Lawyer and was selected by his peers for inclusion in Best Lawyers of America since 2013.
He was recognized as a Litigation – Labor and Employment Lawyer of the Year by Best Lawyers in America for 2014.
Honors & Leadership
Professional Activities
- Member, American Bar Association
- Member, Kentucky Bar Association
- Member, Louisville Bar Association
- Founding Board member, Southern Indiana Society for Human Resource Management
- Member, Society for Human Resource Management
- Chapter Editor, The Developing Labor Law
- Army National Guard & Military Police, Including Service in Operation Desert Storm (1987-1992)
- 3.1.17
- 11.18.16
- 8.15.16
- 11.18.15
- 11.24.14
- 8.18.14
- 8.1.12
- 7.25.11
- Fisher Phillips Opens Louisville Office: Five Attorneys Join Firm; One to Lead Automotive Manufacturing Practice Group1.21.09
Seminars & Speaking Engagements
- Partnered with Talis Group4.27.17
- 11.10.16
- 1.13.15
- "Rightfully Discharging When You Must: How to Handle Tricky Termination Issues" - 28th Annual Kentucky SHRM Conference
September 2012
- "2011 Kentucky Employment Law Update" - 29th Annual Carl A. Warns, Jr., Labor and Employment Law Institute
June 2012
- "2012 Employment Law Seminar" - IntegrityHR
March 2012
Legal Alerts
- University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of LawJ.D. 2000, cum laude
- University of LouisvilleB.S. 1996
Bar Admissions
- Kentucky
Court Admissions
- U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
- U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
- U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
- U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Indiana
- U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky
- U.S. District Court for the Western District of Kentucky
- U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina
- U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas
- Kentucky Supreme Court


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ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Freelance Work Exchange - Ccbill45 Main Street, Ste. 309 #178 Brooklyn, New York U.S.A.
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/11/2006 12:57 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/freelance-work-exchange-ccbill/brooklyn-new-york-11201/freelance-work-exchange-ccbill-ripoff-fraudulent-extortion-of-money-brooklyn-new-york-186083. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Woodland Collection Frosty Wooden Tree with Berries
This item is currently out of stock.
Made from real twigs, this festive tree is covered with pinecones, red berries, pine needles and fake snow. Celebrate the most wonderful time of the year with the nature-inspired, gleeful charm featured on this adorable tree, sure to make your space more merry and bright.
- Tabletop tree adorned with snow, pinecones and berries
- Perfect for complementing your Christmas décor
- Model Number: 15F10155
- 7.9"L x 7.9"W x 19.7"H
- Material: Twig
Shipping & Returns
If you have the option to "Add to Cart", this item is available for shipping. If not, enter your zip code to find a store near you.
Questions? Visit our Shipping FAQS for more info about shipping. For questions about returns see our Returns Policy.


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To provide spiritually minded individuals with knowledge and experiences with horses that lead to higher levels of awareness, balance and the fulfillment of one's purpose.
Our vision is to serve as a spiritual haven, while building a bridge from where you are in life to where you want to be.
• Serving others
• Kindness
• Compassion
• Education
• Fun
Swan Center Outreach is a community outreach of the Swan Center for Intuitive Living. We partner with previously abused and neglected horses, and offer programs to youth, adults and corporations that demonstrate the ability of animals to serve as teachers, healers and friends.
The State of California and the Los Angeles metropolitan area. We also serve groups nationwide who come to our facility.
Board of Directors Directors
Animals, Horses, Leadership and Teambuilding with Horses, Corporate Teambuilding, Coaching, Education, Personal development, Youth development, LA, Los Angeles, Spirituality and Horses, Castaic
Physical Address
30625 Hasley Canyon Road
Castaic, CA 91384
See more addresses
Main Address
30625 Hasley Canyon Road
Castaic, CA 91384 USA
Physical Address
30625 Hasley Canyon Road
Castaic, CA 91384
Animal Protection and Welfare (includes Humane Societies and SPCAs) (D20)
Education N.E.C. (B99)
Youth Development Programs (O50)
IRS Filing Requirement
This organization is required to file an IRS Form 990 or 990-EZ.
How does this organization make a difference?
Self-reported by organization
The goal of Swan Center Outreach is to make a positive difference in peoples lives through experiential learning programs with animals about personal awareness and leadership development. Participants discover and develop talents and abilities; helping them to achieve their life goals. The animal programs we offer, (primarily with horses) teach people about service, collaboration, integrity, awareness, and leadership in an environment of love, kindness and compassion.
Our target group include; families and individuals in our community, statewide in California, and rescue agencies nationwide to help them educate others about the value of animals in our lives.
We serve the community by providing educational programs for youth at-risk, individuals, and families from the Los Angeles metropolitan area, including rural and low-income neighborhoods, enabling them to learn vital communication and problem-solving skills. While caring for animals, valuable lessons in life skills are taught, including responsibility, leadership, self-confidence and community service.
Self-reported by organization
What are the organization's current programs, how do they measure success, and who do the programs serve?
Program 1
Leadership and Teambuilding with Horses
The goal of Swan Center
Outreach is to make a positive difference in peoples lives through experiential
learning programs with horses that teach personal awareness and leadership
development. We also offer people the opportunity to love and serve
unconditionally the rescued horses of Swan Center Outreach in an outdoor ranch
environment. As a result, people discover and develop talents and abilities;
which in turn helps them to clarify and achieve their life goals. Helping
people achieve their dreams through experiential learning programs with horses
is how we serve our community. The horse programs we offer, teach people about
service, collaboration, integrity, awareness, and leadership in an environment
of love, kindness and compassion. When people interact with horses in an
environment that is safe, structured and educational, both people and horses
We provide unique and innovative
educational programs with horses that are positive life changing experiences
for adults and children. We hope to enhance our community by inspiring all of
its members and to give our youth the resources necessary to help them grow and
thrive as productive members of society.
Program long term success
Not available
Program success monitored by
Not available
Program success examples
Not available
Population(s) Served
General Public/Unspecified
The State of California and the Los Angeles metropolitan area. We also serve groups nationwide who come to our facility.
Additional Documents
Social Media
Funding Needs
Swan Center Outreach needs to find funding necessary to offset the annual operating expenses of $86,000.
External Reviews
Source: greatnonprofits.org
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The people, governance practices, and partners that make the organization tick.
Board of Directors Directors
Frances Ferguson
No Affiliation
Term: Jan 2016 - Dec 2016
GuideStar worked with BoardSource, the national leader in nonprofit board leadership and governance, to create this section, which enables organizations and donors to transparently share information about essential board leadership practices. Self-reported by organization
Does the board conduct a formal orientation for new board members and require all board members to sign a written agreement regarding their roles, responsibilities, and expectations?
Has the board conducted a formal, written assessment of the chief executive within the past year?
Have the board and senior staff reviewed the conflict-of-interest policy and completed and signed disclosure statements in the past year?
Does the board ensure an inclusive board member recruitment process that results in diversity of thought and leadership?
Has the board conducted a formal, written self-assessment of its performance within the past three years?


text: WASHINGTON, March 18, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- U.S. Rep. Kurt Schrader (D-OR) and U.S. Rep. Ted Yoho (R-FL), both veterinarians, have joined forces to form the first-ever, bipartisan Veterinary Medicine Caucus in the U.S. House of Representatives. In the March 6 letter the congressmen sent to fellow representatives inviting them to join the caucus, they underscored the critical role the profession of veterinary medicine plays in a healthy society and stated that the caucus aims to "increase awareness of the importance of veterinary medicine on research, public health, animal health and welfare, food safety and our overall economy." Caucuses are topically focused organizational structures within Congress that are designed to convey educational content to other legislators and help generate awareness and support for specific initiatives. Caucuses can draft and advance legislation, provide Congressional testimony, and conduct briefings, events and hearings. "I look forward to championing common sense legislation that benefits both the veterinary profession and our nation, whether that's related to animal welfare, research, food safety, or disease detection and prevention," Yoho said. "For the most part, I think that people have no idea what a major role veterinarians play in advancing the health of both animals and people. This caucus will be a great way to spread the word among legislators and other decision makers who have the power and influence to make a difference." Congressman Schrader was equally enthusiastic in expressing support for the ground-breaking initiative. "It is great to have a fellow veterinarian and partner on the other side of the aisle in Rep. Yoho, who understands and shares the priorities of the veterinary community. Together, I hope we can use our unique experience and perspective in the field of veterinary medicine to educate and engage our fellow members of congress on its impacts on public health, animal health and welfare and food safety."


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Quarterback Ryan Gunderson and tight end Jeremy Weldon broke the first down dry spell during the sixth series after they hooked up for a short completion on third and six. The drive soon stalled though as Gunderson's next two passes fell incomplete amidst running back Yvenson Bernard getting tackled for a one-yard loss by linebacker Keith Ellison in the backfield.
Senior quarterback Derek Anderson retook his spot under center and started to move the offense the next series. He completed back-to-back passes to tight end Joe Newton and wide receiver Kevin Swanigan before his third consecutive completed pass was nullified by a pass interference call on wide receiver Mike Hass.
With first and 25, Anderson continued on his hot streak completing two more pass, the first a four-yarder to Brandon Powers, a red-shirt freshman, and the second, a screen to Dwight Wright for no gain. On third down Anderson had nowhere to throw, so he tucked it and ran, sliding to the ground as the defense flew by.
It wasn't until the 13th drive overall, Anderson's seventh, that the offense put points on the board. The key play of the drive was a 55-yard pass from Anderson to Hass on a well thrown ball.
Cornerback Brandon Browner had good coverage on the play, but No. 28 caught the ball and held on. Four plays later Anderson hit his Newton in the end zone for a seven-yard touchdown. Place kicker Alexis Serna put the extra point through the uprights. Serna added two field goals during the course of the 90-minute scrimmage, one from 27 yards and the other from 32 yards out.
Two possessions later, with Gunderson at the helm, the offense moved the ball into the red zone, but the unit stalled as Gunderson attempted a handoff that was fumbled. The next play saw defensive end Jeff Van Orsow stop Bernard in the backfield for a loss of two.
On third and 14, the snap was fumbled again and on fourth down Gunderson threw an incomplete pass to Powers. To the offense's credit the referees did miss a defense holding call on fourth down. On the aforementioned possession Browner played with the offense making one catch for 17 yards.
"I don't have any concrete plans for Brandon right now, we are just experimenting this spring," Riley stated. "We are looking for some playmakers at the receiver positions, and that is why you see Browner, (Anthony) Wheat-Brown, and (Charles) Burnley working out in that area; hopefully one or more of those guys can help us throughout spring and possibly in the fall."
Following the offense's modest success, Serna added three more field goals; a 36-yarder from the right hash, a 42-yarder from the middle, and a 42-yarder from the left hash.
Quarterback Colt Charles took control of the offense for one series and led a nice drive inside the five-yard line. Charles looked good; connecting on 3-of-4 passes for 52 yards, including a 33-yarder to wide receiver Brad Ching.
On the day Anderson complete 8-of-19 passes for 117 yards and Gunderson complete 8-of-20 passes for 77 yards. Paul Kirwan got in for a couple of series late in the day and completed 2-of-5 passes for 14 yards.
Bernard led the ground attack with 15 carries for 42 yards. Ryan Cole added 24 yards on 10 carries as Dwight Wright saw 8 early carries go for just 7 yards.
Jake can be reached at email@example.com.


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An extension to Norton's equivalent
Short Communications
- Received:
- Revised:
- Cite this article as:
- Hsiao, MT.T. & Lazar, A.A. Queueing Syst (1989) 5: 401. doi:10.1007/BF01225328
- Citations
- 39 Downloads
The aggregation method for queueing networks known as the Norton's equivalent is interpreted as a conditional estimate of the intensities of associated point processes. For multi-class Markovian queueing networks, it is shown that a first-order equivalent system of an isolated station can be obtained via the conditional estimates of intensities of the arrival and departure processes to and from that station. Based on these conditional estimates, separation results for optimal flow control problems in queueing networks can be obtained. Several examples which illustrate these concepts are given. The results obtained here generalize those which require the "product form" networks.
KeywordsNorton's equivalent conditional estimates Markovian queueing networks
Copyright information
© J.C. Baltzer A.G. Scientific Publishing Company 1989


text: Surface Pe Blue Protective Film For Glass - Muhe Mizhu Industrial Co.,ltd Toggle navigation TRADE DEALS Products Companies Product Company Search LOGIN E-mail Password Remember me Join Free JOIN FREE HomeAgriculture Textiles & Fabrics Surface Pe Blue Protective Film For Glass PRICE: contract price Product Description Blue Glass Protective Film DetailsModel:HPE-103Type: PE protective filmUsage: Glass ProtectionFeature: protect the glass surfaceHardness: SoftTransparency: TransparentPlace of Origin: Guangdong, China (Mainland)Raw materials: LDPEColor: Clear/Blue/Black & white/ milk white etcPackage: Carton/paperSpecification: 500m~1500m/rollBlue Glass Protective Film Features1. Satble adhesive capacity.2. Easy to peel and leave no residue glue on the surface.3. Excellent weatherability. Blue Glass Protective Film Packing:1. Paper core or plastic tube2. EPE and corrugated paper and wrapped film3. On palletsProtective Film FunctionsOUR PE Protective Film can protect your product from beding polluted, corroded, and scratch during the process of producing, transporting and store.OUR PE Protective Film also can improve quality of your oducts and market competitiveness.MUHE Advantages1) It's so easy to peel off.2) 100% virgin PE material and also soft. 3) After removing the products, there is no residue.4) Good and steady adhesion. 5) Good antistatic ability.6) High temperature resistance.7) It's so easy to stick on any products. MUHE FAQQ: How many years your company focus on this industry?A: We establish the company in 2009, so we had rich experiences in this area. Q: Why choose you ?A.We provide the high quality and low price goods to our customers. So, we had the strong cooperation with the biggest manufactories of ACP in domestic. Q: Where is your location?A: We are in the Dongguan city, Guangdong province. Very convenient transport, just need half an hour's train to Guangzhou, Shenzhen and two hours to HK. Please send inquire to Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, we always reply client's mail within 12 hours. Other products Hpet-108 pet film Price: contract price Hpt-101 packaging tape Price: contract price Het-111 electrical tape Price: contract price Hpf-102 packing film Price: contract price Company Info Muhe Mizhu Industrial Co.,ltd Contact Person: hohan ho Phone: 86-769-81216178 Contact now × Contact form Your name: Your E-mail: Your Phone: Subject: Enter a message: Close


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capecodmom Review
This is our first king size bed and we are very happy with it. The delivery people were fantastic. Moved our old bed into another room for us and took the bed in the other room away. No extra charge. Fantastic!
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? Fine
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Great
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Conditional entropy
In information theory, the conditional entropy (or equivocation) quantifies the amount of information needed to describe the outcome of a random variable given that the value of another random variable is known. Here, information is measured in shannons, nats, or hartleys. The entropy of conditioned on is written as .
If is the entropy of the variable conditioned on the variable taking a certain value , then is the result of averaging over all possible values that may take.
Given discrete random variables with Image and with Image , the conditional entropy of given is defined as: (Intuitively, the following can be thought as the weighted sum of for each possible value of , using as the weights)[1]
Note: It is understood that the expressions 0 log 0 and 0 log (c/0) for fixed c>0 should be treated as being equal to zero.
if and only if the value of is completely determined by the value of . Conversely, if and only if and are independent random variables.
Chain rule[edit]
Assume that the combined system determined by two random variables X and Y has joint entropy , that is, we need bits of information to describe its exact state. Now if we first learn the value of , we have gained bits of information. Once is known, we only need bits to describe the state of the whole system. This quantity is exactly , which gives the chain rule of conditional entropy:
The chain rule follows from the above definition of conditional entropy:
In general, a chain rule for multiple random variables holds:
It has a similar form to Chain rule (probability) in probability theory, except that addition instead of multiplication is used.
Bayes' rule[edit]
Bayes' rule for conditional entropy states
Proof. and . Symmetry implies . Subtracting the two equations implies Bayes' rule.
If Y is conditional independent of Z given X we have:
Generalization to quantum theory[edit]
In quantum information theory, the conditional entropy is generalized to the conditional quantum entropy. The latter can take negative values, unlike its classical counterpart. Bayes' rule does not hold for conditional quantum entropy, since .[citation needed]
Other properties[edit]
For any and :
where is the mutual information between and .
For independent and :
Although the specific-conditional entropy, , can be either less or greater than , can never exceed .
See also[edit]
- Entropy (information theory)
- Mutual information
- Conditional quantum entropy
- Variation of information
- Entropy power inequality
- Likelihood function
- ^ Cover, Thomas M.; Thomas, Joy A. (1991). Elements of information theory (1st ed.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-06259-6.


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Honda Motor Co. is intending to bring hybrid variants of the Fit subcompact to the United States with its redesign. Honda will start selling third generation of the hatchback in the country by next summer, sales commencing in Japan this September. US dealers are not expected to receive the hybrid version of the standard Fit, but Honda is planning to create hybrid versions of a Fit-based small crossover and sedan for the US, which rollouts are expected as early as 2014.
Honda is betting on its newly developed one-motor gasoline-electric drivetrain, called Sport Hybrid Intelligent-Dual Clutch Drive, to challenge the dominance of Toyota hybrids in the US.
For years, Honda has been using the integrated motor assist system, but is shifting to Sport Hybrid Intelligent-Dual Clutch Drive, which the carmaker says boasts of better fuel economy than the outgoing system. The Honda Fit underlines the carmaker's latest attempt to refresh its styling. It is also first product of Honda's revamped global product development strategy, which targets to better tailor vehicles to local markets and regional manufacturing abilities.
The hybrid version of the Fit also allows Honda to better compete in the small hybrid segment. Honda's other hybrids -- the Insight and the CR-Z – did not succeed in the US, unlike the Toyota Prius C. Toyota posted a 27-percent jump in sales of the Prius C subcompact in the first half of June 2013 to 20,575 units. .The US version of the standard Fit and its crossover variant will be built at Honda's Celaya site in Mexico, which will commence operations in spring 2014.
The site is expected to produce 200,000 Fits and Fit crossovers for the North America annually. Globally, the standard Fit will be powered by a 1.3-liter port-injection or 1.5-liter direct-injection version of Honda's new Earth Dreams engine and mated with Earth Dreams continuously variable transmission.
Honda is expected to offer only the 1.5-liter engine in the US. The hybrid version, meanwhile, will be powered by a 1.5-liter Atkinson-cycle engine paired to seven-speed dual clutch transmission and 22-kW electric motor and lithium ion battery.