text:
14k White/Rose Gold Round Double Halo
Engagement Ring
Double diamond halos create impressive sparkle in this breathtaking engagement ring crafted from white gold with delicate pink gold accents.
Style #:
Center Diamond Size:
Diamond Total:
* Includes center stone.
More Details
Crown Type:
- Collection: Blush
- Style: Double Halo
- Stone Shape:Round
- Width: 8.30 mm
- Thickness: 6.70 mm
- Bandwidth: 1.50 mm
- Size: 6.50
Product weights and dimensions are approximate.
Due to the price fluctuation in gold & diamonds, we reserve the right to adjust prices accordingly without notice.


text: About HealthSparqHealthSparq's healthcare transparency platform leverages real patient claims, cost and treatment data linked together with community reviews and discussions to empower patients, providers and insurers to make smart, confident decisions. HealthSparq is a member of the Cambia Health Solutions family of companies and is located in Portland, Oregon. To learn more about HealthSparq, visit www.HealthSparq.com and follow @HealthSparq on Twitter. To receive a HealthSparq demo, please email email@example.com. SOURCE HealthSparq

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Russian and Egyptian authorities have not confirmed the involvement of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the crash of Metrojet's Airbus A-321, which killed over 224 passengers, mostly Russians.
Earlier, an Egyptian extremist group affiliated to ISIS claimed the responsibility to bring the plane down.
However, Russia's transport minister Maksim Sokolov has stated that ISIS claims 'can't be considered accurate'.
Egyptian army spokesperson Mohamed Samir is also doubtful about the claim and said that presently there is no proof of ISIS involvement in the crash, despite whatever their statement state, The Guardian reported.
The cause of the crash can only be determined when the Civil Aviation Authority in coordination with Russian authorities completes its investigation, he added.
The investigation team has recovered both the black boxes of the 18-year-old plane and the investigation has begun to find the true reason behind the crash.
The investigators are focusing on the possibility of the technical failure that caused the plane to crash. They are also checking fuel samples from the last refuelling stop.
A source in the Sharm el-Sheikh airport stated that the crew of the A321 had appealed to the airport's technicians over 'engine start failures several times over the past week', the national daily reported.
Egyptian President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi expressed condolence to his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin during their telephonic conversation.
Putin promised maximum participation of Russian specialists in the investigation into find the cause of the crash.
On Saturday, Metrojet's Airbus A-321 travelling from Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt to Russia's St Petersburg, carrying 224 passengers including flight crew crashed in a mountainous area of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, killing all aboard. (ANI)


text:
Dress: 'Mollie' Dress by Alice & Olivia
Network: ABC
Mandy's dragonfly print top on Last Man Standing:
'Lyle' Dragonfly Top by Equipment at The Outnet, $75.60 (was $168)
Vanessa's red printed shirt on Last Man Standing:
'Amaria' Top by Etoile Isabel Marant at Neiman Marcus, $170
Also available at: Barneys and Forward
Total mom blouse! Worn by Claire on Modern Family, Regina on Switched at Birth and Vanessa on Last Man Standing:
'Dane' Top by Soft Joie at Neiman Marcus, $82 (was $138)
Also available at: Revolve and Bloomingdales
Mandy's pink tie-neck blouse on Last Man Standing:
He Loves Me Not Silk Blouse by Topshop at Nordstrom, $115
Kristin on Last Man Standing, Rebecca on Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and Caroline on The Vampire Diaries wearing the same dress!
'Sakura' Dress by Rebecca Taylor at Saks Off 5th, $157.99 (was $395)


text:
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What are you thinking? That determines where you are going. Do you ever wonder why God told us certain things to do in the Bible? Do you think it was because all He wanted to do or had time to do was just give us suggestions and commands? It is because He wanted the best for you. Allow yourself to think on the scripture; Finally brethren, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report; if there be any virtue and if there be any praise, think on these things, Phil 4:8. Let's look at the word, Finally. Webster's dictionary says one of its definitions is "Ultimately". Ultimately, my brethren, if there be any virtue (meaning force or power, goodness or beneficial quality) t h i n k.... This is the ultimate thing, think on these things..., and, that will determine where you are going. Get ready to change your life by changing your thinking and see miracles happen right before your eyes.
Publishers Description
Success Filled Living unfolds the wealthy place in God that you were destined to enjoy. Why settle for anything less? Discover how your thinking plays an important part in your getting there. Success Filled Living.
Buy Success Filled Living by Shirley Thomas from our Christian Books store - isbn: 9781602667495 & 1602667497
The team at Christian Bookstore .Net welcome you to our Christian Book store! We offer the best selections of Christian Books, Bibles, Christian Music, Inspirational Jewelry and Clothing, Homeschool curriculum, and Church Supplies. We encourage you to purchase your copy of Success Filled Living by Shirley Thomas today - and if you are for any reason not happy, you have 30 days to return it. Please contact us at 1-877-205-6402 if you have any questions.
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text:
Our Light Affliction (5 of 19) by Daniel Rodgers
This content is part of a series.Our Light Affliction (5 of 19)
Series: THE BOOK OF II CORINTHIANS
Dan Rodgers
II Corinthians 4:8-18
June 1, 2005
1. In our lesson last Wednesday our message was; "Treasure in Earthen Vessels." Paul spoke of the message and ministry that resides within the life and body of every believer. And in truth, what we carry in these mortal houses of clay is priceless--treasure beyond compare. When we give the gospel to someone else and they receive Christ into their lives, we are giving them something no amount of money can buy--eternal life: For ye know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that, though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor, that ye through his poverty might be rich. (2 Cor. 8:9).
2. We talked about three things: His Motivation for Service, His Manner of Life and His Message of Light. Tonight we will continue with (vv. 8-18), as Paul talks about the minister and his suffering.
I. Suffering--the Persecution
II. Suffering--the People
III. Suffering--the Prospect
A. He is troubled on every side (vs.8)
1. The minister faces constant opposition. He endures criticism and insults of every kind; he bears up under the physical strain of long hours, with little rest. He suffers physically emotionally and spiritually--trouble comes from every side. Paul wrote of himself in 2 Cor. 11:27-28, In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. Beside those things that are without, that which cometh upon me daily, the care of all the churches.
a. Paul said, "We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed." When a ship is in peril, the captain will send out a distress signal, meaning his vessel is about to sink. Paul, though troubled on every side, was not in distress. That's because his strength came from the Lord. The same is true for us.
B. He is often Perplexed (vs. 8)
1. This word means to ...
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text:
Poll: Which from 'The List' should Edward do? Vote Now!
Author has written 2 stories for Twilight.
Aye mister deejay.
Aye limpski.
Ahoy cap'n.
My stories tend to get neglected, and if I'm not personally happy with them, get deleted. I'm hard-headed and stubborn, changing my mind is a mighty feat, sir. :)
I'm not responsible, and I'm such a jerk. Gah.
Wtfux is a Kiwi?
Click. Add, talk, laugh with or at me.
|It wouldn't let me delete this
|Books Twilight


text: Never pay more per year in insurance contract to get the best rate quotations on car insurance. Policies for casualty and property liability insurance. Individual to individual, location to another. And it takes some legwork but an agreement between vehicle owner and the correct amount of benefits, it is still important.


text:
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Pretty blonde Stefania Bruni is outside washing her white convertible and looking hot doing it. She pulls her big tits out and soaps them up. A guy joins her and helps scrub her down and then they lick and suck each other. She rides his stiff cock until he cums all over her face and tits.
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text:
TJ heater problems
Hi all,
Longtime lurker, new member here. Thought I'd ask for your expertise here, if anybody's got some time... I'm kinda stumped.
My '99 TJ started blowing cool/lukewarm air out of the heater vents. The upper hose to the heater core is pretty warm, while the lower hose is less warm but not cold. After some investigation, I thought the heater core might be clogged, so I thought I would use an air compressor to blow out the gunk.
First thing I noticed: when I took the hoses off the water pump and therm housing, no coolant splashed - the hoses were dry, even though I'd just had the Jeep up to operating speed. I went ahead and used the compressor, and got almost nothing out of the core - just a small splash of coolant. I refilled the hoses with fresh coolant (trying to fill the core itself) and put everything back together. When I test drove it, the air coming out of the vents warmed up quite a bit for a little while, and then went back to lukewarm/cool.
Another odd thing I've noticed is that no matter how hot/cold I've gotten the Jeep, my overflow reservoir is always at the same level.
My next thought is that the water pump is bad, but it doesn't overheat - gets up to about 200 degrees and stays there. Granted, it's been averaging about -5 degrees outside here in Alaska lately, but even when it was warmer, it didn't overheat. Do you think my water pump is bad? I don't want to replace that in these temps (I don't have a garage) unless there's a good chance that's the problem. Perhaps a bad water pump means there's no coolant through the core, and thus no heat?
Any help you guys could give would be greatly appreciated.
heater pump is unlikely bad because youre not over heating. as for why the coolant level does not change it could be that its so cold the engine coolant is running constantly in closed loop.
flushing out heater core you better use a water hose and back flush.
X2 on backflushing the core with water. I need to do the same thing to mine. Might do that today in fact. My heater isn't running as hot as I would like.
Thanks, guys. Guess it'll have to wait until spring, since I don't have access to a garden hose until everything thaws. Maybe I'll take it to a Qwik-e-lube and see about a cooling system flush.
i ve been in this same problem a friend of mine who owns a garage says these jeeps some how come up with air pockets.we used a air bleeder from snapon it worked you have to get the filler point higher than the heater core.u can buy the adater at the parts stores to fill it witch will let the air out while u fill it.
We have a problem where the passenger side gets all the heat, while the driver suffers in the cold. Sounds like an actuator door not opening properly?
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text:
Hostel - Jerry
Rough days and rough nights are what my life consisted of.
Blinding headaches randomly launched themselves into my path.
I had changed, and I was hardened to the world.
Ellie and I had found a quiet little hostel to stay for some time, on the outskirts of London.
Nobody knew us. We had new identities; Steven Smith and Amelia Martins.
We did what we needed to to get through the day.
We begged on the streets.
We performed.
We sang.
Somehow, this got us through each day, only barely though.
We hadn't spoken to the others in weeks.
I sat, shivering and uncomfortable on the grey, unforgiving streets of London.
"Please, my family is dead!" I pleaded passers by, though they all kept their eyes straight forward and didn't spare even a glance.
My phone vibrated in my pocket, alerting me that Ellie had texted me.
I turned away from the morning crowds and pulled it out to read.
It took a minute to take in the fact that it wasn't Ellie.
"Joker! I can see you. Look across the road!"
I turned and I saw a bedraggled, much older looking Ethan, standing across the road waving, holding hands with Jade.
I instantly recognised them, despite how much a few weeks of roughing it had changed them.
I got up and ran across the road to greet them.
It had been so long.
So very long.


text:
Miu Miu
See it »
They made her look great.
Images of her April editorial have leaked, and it looks pretty great. The whole spread feels very true to Vogue, and the lack of pants feels very true to Rihanna. What do you think of her lips being more red than her hair for a change? [Fashion Bomb Daily]
The Pope Mercilessly Dragged Donald Trump
Donald and Melania Trump Hold Hands Because They're Fine, Everything's Fine. (Update: No, They're Not.)
These Hot L.A. Bros Are Starting a Wellness Revolution
Scott Disick and Bella Thorne Sure Look Comfortable With Each Other
Ask Polly: I'm a Stepmom, But I Want a Baby of My Own!
Hannah Bronfman Wore 7 Different Dresses at Her Wedding in Morocco
When You Love Your Friend But Hate Her Social-Media Presence
The Emancipation of the MILF
Melania Trump Swatted the President Away When He Tried to Hold Her Hand
This Story Might Almost Make You Feel Bad for Sean Spicer
To be fair, it was a 13 foot-long dress.You and Rihanna Will Both Want to Invest in Dior's New Bag
It's got something for everyone.Polo Shirts Have Turned Their Back on Ryan Lochte
Along with his other major sponsors.Ryan Lochte Will No Longer Be Paid to Wear Tiny Bathing Suits
Speedo remains committed to transparency.Laura Brown Is the New Editor-in-Chief of InStyle
After 11 years at Harper's Bazaar.Tyra Banks Is Going to Teach a Class on Smizing at Stanford
"If I see somebody not paying attention, I'm gonna call on them."This Floating Pier Is the Most Zen Installation Ever
Walking on water in Italy.Nation Is Appalled by Matt Lauer's Nude Ankles During Ryan Lochte Interview
What's the opposite of "Jeah"?8 People at the Life of Pablo Pop-up Explain Why Kanye West Is a God
"I mean, Kanye West is just Kanye West. There's not more or less you can say about Kanye West. He's just Mr. West!"A T-shirt Is Enough
Simplicity, versatility, and cool. What more could you want?
She took a perfect pencil dive off a 30-foot yacht.American Apparel Is Being Sued by Former Workers
As the company considers putting itself up for sale.A Gendered History of the Tailored Suit
From Marlon Brando to Coco Chanel.How Zendaya Developed Such Great Style at the Young Age of 19
The star's best looks from Disney to now.Proof That If You're Chic Enough, a Little Federal Investigation Doesn't Matter
Is this the best they could do?5,300-Year-Old Mummified Iceman Probably Would've Been a Street-Style Star
He had several different looks and was "pretty picky."J.Crew Has Identified 226 Shades of Pink
Even more than there are shades of gray.Gigi and Bella Hadid Merch Is Now Somehow a Thing That Is Happening
Today in Hadidiana.Gird Your Loins for the Return of Yeezy to New York Fashion Week
The season approaches.This Indie Brand Had a Great Response to Ivanka Trump
When she bought one of their cuffs, they donated the proceeds to the Clinton campaign.


text: Across the Atlantic cooperation to address international challenges in eHealth and health IT: Managing toward a common goalCharles P. Friedman, Ilias Iakovidis, Laurent Debenedetti, Nancy M. LorenziI. J. Medical Informatics2009PURPOSE Countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean have invested in health information and communication technologies. Since eHealth challenges cross borders a European Union-United States of America conference on public policies relating to health IT and eHealth was held October 20-21, 2008 in Paris, France. PROCESS The conference was organized around… (More)


text:
An open letter from UpRise Co-founder, Antonia Scatton:
In the aftermath of the presidential election, many of us are asking, "What do we do now?
There is a way forward, a way to fix our broken political process. It is campaign reform: putting local people back in charge of the political campaign process.
We have to invest in the infrastructure to support our most critical resources: the skills, local knowledge and relationships of political volunteers, people just like you.
The Problem
The influence of money is threatening our democracy. Candidates are trapped in a cycle of fundraising and attack ads, and are increasingly out of touch with regular people.
Our Solution
We need to rebuild our campaign process from the ground up. Research shows that most effective way to reach voters is to engage volunteers to deliver a positive message, in-person.
What Is UpRise?
UpRise will be a social network platform with volunteer organizing tools. People could use it to find or create real-world actions. Candidates and causes could use it to recruit and manage volunteers.
"We need more folks like Uprise Campaigns working on revolutionizing the way we campaign. If we are going to continue to pull in newer generations of voters we must think outside the box and find new and different ways to reach the growing and ever-changing electorate."
– Sally Boynton Brown, Executive Director, Idaho Democratic Party and
President of the Association of State Democratic Executive Directors


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Harrison Career InstClements Bridge Rd Deptford, New Jersey U.S.A.
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 05/17/2008 02:18 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/harrison-career-inst/deptford-new-jersey/harrison-career-inst-fraud-on-student-loans-deptford-new-jersey-333171. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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text:
Do you wish to have a stylish and distinct hair style that suits you best? Then you should go for an extremely good hair salon where you can get this done because this is not a job that should be left to novices. No matter what look you are trying to achieve, a professional hair salon can help you reach your goals. These hair salons offer awesome services to enable you get best of the hair cut and hair treatment. Once you make your way to these hair salons, you can't even escape the glittering service range offered by these Toronto salons. This is the only destination where your looks get the real change over.
Hair stylists at these hair salons offer so many hair color ideas to the customers to make their hair beautiful, vibrant and blond. These hair stylists can give you any hair style you wish to have whether you need short hair cut, long hair cut or imitating hair styles of celebrities. You can also add hair extensions to your hair in order to get your desired hair style. Regardless of the length or texture of your hair, a professional salon Toronto will leave you feeling awesome from the inside out.
With the ever increasing levels of pollution and dust, the hair is one aspect that is affected directly from the sun and the surrounding pollution as well. So, if you have damaged hair or you want hair treatment then you can get back life into your lifeless hair with the help of these hair salons. These hair salons offer different hair treatments according to your needs such as hot treatment hair cutting. With hot treatment hair cutting, you can get rid of split ends problem. Changing your hair color is an even more impressive way to liven your look. But you should go for organic hair coloration as it will not damage your hair. You can spice up your appearance by choosing organic hair dyes that is a healthy, green friendly solution.
As hair salons are not just limited to provide you hair care services like haircuts, hair coloring, and treatments done only for hairs, but also make your skin, fingernails and toes look marvelous. So, what are you waiting for? Just go through the best hair salon in Toronto and give yourself an attractive look. You can search online to find the hair salon and can choose the best one for you.


text:
Recent reviews
All reviews
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Set in Sierra Nevada National Park, Estrella de las Nieves offers fantastic views of the Barranco de Poqueira Gorge. It features an outdoor swimming pool and air-conditioned rooms with private balconies. The charming décor combines rustic and modern finishes. Each room comes with free Wi-Fi, a flat-screen TV and a private bathroom with a hairdryer. Trevélez is 12.4 miles from the Estrella de las Nieves guest house and has a small selection of shops and dining options. Granada is just over an hour's drive away. Private parking is available on site for an extra cost.


text:
Warrior Road Free´2015
Movie info
- Genres: Drama
- Duration: 91 min
- Release: 4 July 2015
- Country: USA
- Directors: Brad Jayne
- Writers: Brad Jayne
An adventure of the soul. JOSEPH is a young, painfully shy writer in the waterlands of South Carolina. After robbing a rural juke joint with two lower-class buddies and joy-riding up the coast to Myrt...
Watch Warrior Road online now
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BoxStreams Warrior Road - DVD, DivX, HD, VD and iPod formats


text:
City Garden Grand Hotel
Select your stay dates to check availability
City Garden Grand Hotel
About the hotel
Property Location
City Garden Grand Hotel is in the heart of Makati, walking distance from Century City and A. Venue Mall. This 4-star hotel is within close proximity of Alliance Francaise and Malaysian Embassy.
Make yourself at home in one of the 311 individually furnished guestrooms, featuring refrigerators and minibars. LED televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Private bathrooms have deep soaking bathtubs and complimentary toiletries. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Be sure to enjoy recreational amenities, including an outdoor pool, a spa tub, and a sauna. Additional amenities at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and wedding services.
Grab a bite to eat at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants and 2 coffee shops/cafés, or stay in and take advantage of 24-hour room service. While enjoying a refreshing dip in the hotel pool, you can order your favorite drink at the poolside bar.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, express check-in, and express check-out. This hotel has 3 meeting rooms available for events. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided for a surcharge (available on request), and free valet parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Number of meeting rooms - 3
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Poolside bar
- In-room accessibility
- Free WiFi
- Express check-out
- Year Built 2014
- Accessible bathroom
- Rooftop terrace
- Number of floors - 33
- Pool sun loungers
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Designated smoking areas
- Number of coffee shops/cafes - 2
- Free valet parking
- Conference center
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Luggage storage
- Sauna
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Snack bar/deli
- Total number of rooms - 311
- Spa tub
- Business center
- Elevator/lift
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Computer station
- 24-hour front desk
- Outdoor pool
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Concierge services
- Wedding services
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Express check-in
- 24-hour fitness facilities
Room Facilities
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Deep soaking bathtub
- Room service (24 hours)
- In-room safe
- Coffee/tea maker
- Hair dryer
- Slippers
- Phone
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Air conditioning
- Free bottled water
- Private bathroom
- Cable TV service
- Iron/ironing board
- Turndown service
- Free toiletries
- Free WiFi
- Individually furnished
- Minibar
- Desk
- Pillow menu
- Bidet
- Bathrobes
- Free newspaper
- Bathtub or shower
- Daily housekeeping
- Refrigerator
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- This property's policy is to refuse certain bookings for the purpose of group events or parties, including pre-wedding stag/bachelor and hen/bachelorette parties.
- This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details before travel, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
- Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: PHP 800 for adults and PHP 400 for children (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: PHP 1000 per vehicle (one way)
- Rollaway bed fee: PHP 2,100.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- Deposit: PHP 2000.00 per night
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
Distinctive brands.
Venture into any store and you will perceive how wide a decision these moms have, while picking a newborn child formulae that will be the ideal substitute for bosom milk, on which they at first began their infant's life.
Essentially, these child equations come in three structures; 1). Prepared to utilize 2) Powdered and 3) Liquid concentrates. The most advantageous to utilize is the initially, since all they have to do on the off chance that they are in a rush to go to work, is to blend it and jug it. Sites on child formulae, professedly citing pediatric confirmation say "Most doctor's facilities use equations for infants as they are sheltered and hygienic; and supportive when you are stressed over water wellbeing".
A long way from concurring, wellbeing authorities are currently on the war way to wipe out what they consider a risky pattern in the nation.
Talking at the dispatch of the National Breast Milk Week ( August 1-7) at the Health Education Bureau, Wednesday, Director General Health Services, Dr P.G. Mahipala said, " Breast Milk is the way to tyke survival .No other milk can supplant it.
When I was growing up there were no recipe milk in Sri Lanka, however that didn't keep individuals from getting to be specialists, legal advisors, designers or instructors.
Our IQ was high and we were rationally and physically fit, on account of the bosom drain our moms bolstered us with when we began life". He said, laws would soon be confined to direct drain powder commercials that entice new moms with deceiving messages.
"The Health Ministry is defining new laws to control and minimize baby milk powder promotions. An advisory group has been delegated to change the current Act.", he said , including that newborn child milk powder promoting was right now banned.
"Despite the fact that Sri Lanka is in front of all different nations in the area, the countrywide predominance rate, ( 92%) of bosom nourishing, our point is to raise it to 95% by 2020 as it is the way to manageable advancement objectives to which we are submitted. Tragically, numerous moms who know the advantages of select breastfeeding are not set up to make the penances expected to shield their infants from deep rooted sicknesses".
"Bosom milk is a newborn child's correct It is revered in numerous human rights systems and traditions, including our own particular Constitution", Consultant Community Physician of the Family Health Bureau ( FHB,) Breast Feeding Promotion Unit, Dr Hiranya Jayawickrama focused, repeating that bosom encouraging was a characteristic and minimal effort strategy for nourishing infants and youngsters, moderate to everybody.
Permit to murder
Specialist Neonatologist, Neonatology Unit, De Soyza Maternity Hospital, Dr Nishani Lucas putting forth a solid defense against newborn child formulae , lashed out at producers of baby formulae censuring them for urging moms to stop bosom sustaining their children only for six months . "What they have now is an effective apparatus likened to a permit to slaughter", she charged. "The best way to battle them is to decline to purchase their items."
"Every one of them convey destructive dangers to the infant, and from that point. We have demonstrated proof of no less than 21 such dangers ", she noted.
Investigate a couple:
1. Asthma,. Sensitivities, Ear diseases, Respiratory contaminations , Low birth weight put on and early weight pick up from bosom bolstering, Iron inadequacy weakness which is higher in baby formulae because of low bioavailability of ferrous sulfate in dairy animals' milk based equations.
The dangers of antagonistic effects from newborn child formulae are not only for their posterity. New moms who switch to jug encouraging before six months, likewise confront genuine wellbeing sways.
Consider some of them:
Overweight and corpulence, Diabetes , Osteoporosis, Breast growth, ovarian disease and uterine malignancy, Hypertension. Dr Lucas further charged that separated from such physical indications , these simulated formulae additionally contained undetectable, however similarly destructive wellbeing risks.
" They are not sterile regardless of the cases. All formulae nourishments contain unsafe germs", she charged.
She included that there were sure warmth safe germs which in the long haul could prompt malignancy over a time of years if the youngster ingested such nourishments for a long stretch. What's more, they have harmful chemicals including pesticides, which could prompt malignancy and kidney issues".
Refering to late instances of dangerous fixings in newborn child formulae, she reviewed how melamine in addition to had been found in baby formulae to build the protein level in baby formulae regardless of the information of its lethal mischief to babies. All the more as of late, bits of gossip about DCD in milk powder from New Zealand had prompted Sri Lanka requesting the testing of such items. "The great result was that this item left the business sector incidentally.
The awful news is, it is back on our racks. This is on account of these organizations are effective and utilize that energy to display our publicizing code which has been gazetted , cheerfully paying the ostensible fine and proceeding with their illicit business with exemption".
She likewise charged that a significant number of the formulae found in our shops were rejects from their own nations. " If you go to any of those nations from where they began, you may not locate a solitary of these supposed driving brand names on their racks. In addition, they don't have marks in the formally assigned dialects like English , and our own particular vernacular dialects, as indicated by our Food Act.
Nor do they convey a rundown of the dietary estimations of the fixings utilized, which again is necessary. In numerous, the dates have likewise lapsed. All these are necessities for moms to settle on an educated decision", she focused.
So in what capacity can these holes be shut?
"Reinforce our current laws. Battle back as a country" ,she says.
Purchaser Affairs Authority sources when reached said, any protests ought to be directed to their hotline. " So far nobody has grumbled about newborn child milk formulae .
"We can act just if people in general conveys this to our notification", a representative said.
The Food Administration Unit of the Health Ministry said, their PHI's were consistently observing shopping outlets offering different shopper merchandise including milk sustenances. Wellbeing Ministry Media unit said, the Health Ministry was altering the current Act on baby milk powder and would be entirely implementing it, particularly, the promoting of newborn child milk sustenances.
"Our issue is getting round the media nobles. Promoting them through daily paper supplements , radio and TV advertisements and holding challenges however prohibited, proceed with exemption as they are a cash spinner", a wellbeing official wishing to stay mysterious, said.


text:
Police warns CB students
Copperbelt Police Chief Charity Katanga has warned students from the Copperbelt University- CBU- in Kitwe that they will face the wrath of the law if they continue with their riotous behavior.
Mrs. Katanga says everything has a limit adding that students at CBU must not dare the police to apply force on them.
She was reacting to last night's riots at CBU by the students who are demanding for their meal allowances.
Mrs. Katanga said quick action by the police prevented a serious riot at CBU where students burnt a tent within the CBU premises.
She said students in higher learning institutions must not resort to rioting and damaging people's property whenever they are aggrieved.
Meanwhile, Government is disturbed that Muchinga, Northern and Luapula Provinces have continued to record poor academic schools results despite the areas witnessing school infrastructure development.
General Education Minister John Phiri says the results are a source of worry especially that the three provinces have received a fair number of staff under the recent teacher recruitment exercise.
Speaking at Mansa Secondary School, Dr. Phiri said school administrators in the three provinces must identify the cause of the poor results and work towards rectifying the problem.
He said government stands ready to help the three provinces improve their academic performance.
And Mansa Secondary School Head Lewis Mulengwa said the school is putting a remedial action to improve academic performance.


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Please check the size of your notebook before placing your order to make sure it will fit in the bag.
dimensions 37 x 2.5 x 26.3 cm easily accommodate notebooks with dimensions of 15 inches
Case for MacBook PRO Thule is the ideal option, which will ensure maximum safety of your equipment. Reinforced outer side, padded inner side and reinforced corners act as an impregnable fortress. Interior spaces measuring 37 x 2.5 x 26.3 cm handily accommodate laptops of sizes up to 15 inches. Special opening mechanism allows you to work with a laptop placed in the bag. An elastic strap keeps your notebook securely in one place. Bag can be worn behind the ear or upper comfortably slung over his shoulder.
Specifications can be changed without notice. Images are for illustrative purposes only. Retail Price (MSRP) means the manufacturer's/supplier's suggested retail price.
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text:
Friday, Sept. 17, 2010 – 7:05 p.m. PT
Mackay Stadium (29,993) – Reno, Nev.
TV: ESPN2 with Mark Neely (PxP) and David Norrie (analyst).
RADIO: University of Nevada Sports Network (Flagship: ESPN Radio 94.5 FM) with Ryan Radtke (PxP) and Chris Vargas (analyst). Pre-game at 6 p.m. Spanish radio on Exitos 1550 AM with Carlos Martinez (PxP) and Miguel Mena (analyst).
SERIES HISTORY: Cal leads 22-1-1
LAST MEETING: Cal won 33-15 in Berkeley in 1996 in the only meeting of the teams since 1934.
Coming off a 51-6 thumping of Colorado State, the Nevada football team stays home at Mackay Stadium for one of the most anticipated games of the year as Cal comes to Mackay Stadium Friday night for a showdown on ESPN 2 ... Nevada is receiving votes in both national polls this week ... Cal is receiving votes in the AP poll and the Bears are ranked 24th in the USA Today Coaches Top 25 ... This is the first-ever visit by Cal to Mackay Stadium ... The Bears lead the all-time series 22-1-1, with the last meeting being a 33-15 Cal win in Berkeley in 1996, which was the first meeting between the teams since 1934 ... The all-time series record does not include years in the early 20th century when the teams competed in rugby instead of football ... Nevada is off to a 2-0 start for the first time since 1995 ...Nevada's best start came in 1991 when the Pack won 12 in a row before falling to Youngstown State in the I-AA playoffs ... This is the second of five scheduled national TV appearances for Nevada this season ... The Wolf Pack returns 15 starters from last year's team that went 8-5 overall and 7-1 (second place) in Western Athletic Conference play ... Included among the returners are six All-WAC players, including a pair of 1,000-yard rushers in senior quarterback Colin Kaepernick and senior running back Vai Taua, as well as the reigning WAC Defensive Player of the Year, senior defensive end Dontay Moch ... Overall, Nevada returns nine starters on offense as the Wolf Pack led the nation in rushing in 2009 ... Nevada is coming off its fifth consecutive bowl appearance.
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text: About Sidoti & Company Semiannual Micro-Cap ConferenceSidoti & Company has made it its mission to shed light on the sub- $200 million micro-cap space and its trove of neglected gems. The collaborative and informative Micro-Cap Conference contributes greatly to this enlightenment process, with presentations by companies that boast sound fundamentals and intriguing stories, show fast growth and profitability, or otherwise hold great promise, yet are largely unknown to investors. In addition, Sidoti has five analysts focused solely on micro-cap stocks, and expects coverage to reach 100 names by spring 2011. About Crown Crafts, Inc. Crown Crafts, Inc. designs, markets and distributes infant, toddler and juvenile consumer products, including crib and toddler bedding and blankets; nursery and bath accessories; reusable and disposable bibs and floor mats; burp cloths; room decor; and disposable placemats, toilet seat covers and changing mats. The Company's operating subsidiaries include Hamco, Inc. in Louisiana and Crown Crafts Infant Products, Inc. in California. Crown Crafts is America's largest producer of infant bedding, bibs and bath items. The Company's products include licensed and branded collections as well as exclusive private label programs for certain of its customers. The Company's website is www.crowncrafts.com . SOURCE Crown Crafts, Inc.


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Naturally flushed, rosy cheeks are a great way to look fresh and healthy. Streaky, glaring cheeks are a great way to look clownish. Avoid the latter with theBalm® cosmetics' InStain® Long-Wearing Powder Staining Blush. The buildable formula comes in a range of skin-flattering, natural-looking hues and stands up to heat and humidity.
I used my sample for about two months. Last's forever. Bought a full size about two months ago and it doesn't even look like I've used any. Stay's on all day - great color. Perfect if you like make-up! Could be a little much if you like that "simple" look. This is a great night out on the town or "done up" look. I love it, wear it daily!!! Worth the money!!!5


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Mansards with panoramic views from the windows and gas heating. Quiet, sunny 2-level apartment with panoramic views of the tree tops and the roofs of buildings. Own gas heating, living room combined with kitchen area (to be also installed in the kitchen machine), cosy bedroom, large bathroom. Apartment just after repair, wooden stiklapakešu windows, parquet. Repaired porch, new roofing, yard parking place. The elevator will be built until the start of winter.
Apartment – Riga, Latvia
217,000 €
1,793 € /m²
Total area: 121 m²
- 6 floor
- 6-floor building
- Total rooms: 5
- Car parks


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Today, my kitten decided that having diarrhea was not a good enough reason to stop running in circles around my living room. FML
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Today, my dad and uncle got in an argument over money and ended up fighting in the back garden. Only, my dad is a muay thai fighter and my uncle is an MMA fighter, and they're refusing to stop until one of them is out cold. I foresee me driving them both to the hospital before midnight. FML
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text: If you're looking for something a little more low-key than an entire buckle set or a trophy buckle, then the single buckle is a great alternative. All of our single buckles are hand-cast from sterling silver and features contemporary alongside traditional western designs. You'll find a buckle that fits perfectly into your wardrobe.


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Constantly finding new vistas of exploration through textiles, Amsterdam-based Borre Akkersdijk shares his thoughts on wearable technology and innovations through his textile development studio byBorre. Though Akkersdijk's research in textile development the eponymous label byBore was found. One of these innovations highlighted here include a special suit he developed for music, film and interactive media festival South by Southwest 2014. The suit was made using 3D knitting techniques to incorporate vibration and heat sensors into the fabric in order to track activity. See more of Borre's work over at the byBorre website.
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Brad Hodge reached his second championship century for Lancashire with a five, but only after rain had prevented any play at Old Trafford until 5.30pm, and condemned the First Division match against Nottinghamshire to an almost certain draw. The Australian, 82 overnight, struggled until taking a quick single to cover and receiving four overthrows. Notts had the better of the short session to reduce Lancashire to 278 for seven.
In the Second Division Mark Hardinges' maiden championship century enabled Gloucestershire to draw with Essex at Chelmsford. The visitors were eventually all out in their second innings for 323 with Hardinges unbeaten on 107, a century he plundered from 88 deliveries. The hosts, playing it safe, then reached 102 for two.
Worcestershire clung on for a draw against Glamorgan in their weather-hit clash at New Road. The visitors' second-innings declaration at 281 for five set Worcestershire 269 to win but they struggled to last and at 117 for nine were indebted to opener Stephen Moore who carried his bat for an unbeaten 53.
In a match that concludes today, Leicestershire opened up a lead of 85 runs against Somerset at Taunton. The home side progressed to 314 all out, a lead of 60, and the visitors were teetering on 14 for two in their second innings before HD Ackerman and Dinesh Mongia put on 99 for the third wicket. Mongia was lbw for 49 and Ackerman was next out for 64 as Leicestershire reached 145 for four at the close.


text: Yea I did test drove an 11 accord and it just didn't do anything for me. It was the EX but not the EX-L, so no leather but it had a sunroof n all that. But it was VERY boring to drive. About 6 years ago I test drove an 06 accord, both fully loaded EX-L's, one with the 4 cyl and one with the 6. I enjoyed both of them. Even back in 06, the 4 was a quick little engine for such a larger car. Of course the 240 hp V6 was even more fun. Lol. But I even thought the generation b4 the 08's looked better inside and out than the 08-12. To me, I always felt as though Honda took a huge step backwards in 08 with that accord.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 5, 2002
|Filing date
|Dec 30, 1998
|Priority date
|Dec 30, 1998
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Gregory D. Moore
|Original Assignee
|At&T Corp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (4), Classifications (18), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to traffic control signaling in a fast packet network carrying Internet protocol packets and, more particularly, to the initiation of flow control signaling between layers one and two of a fast packet protocol such as the frame relay protocol and layers three, four or five of an Internet protocol such as the TCP/IP protocol upon receipt of a congestion message.
2. Description of the Related Arts
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an overview of a known fast packet network, for example, a frame relay or cell relay network, that is carrying packet data traffic between customer locations. By frame is intended a larger data carrying capacity within a single entity than a cell. A cell may comprise one or more data packets. The stacks 101 and 102 at the left and right respectively indicate stacks from the known open systems interconnect (OSI) model for describing layers of potential data transmission. Typically, customer applications software 103 runs on, for example, a personal computer workstation, labeled customer computer at location A or CCA and customer applications software 104 runs on the customer computer at location B or CCB. These talk to each other over the fast packet network at various levels of communication. The customer computer may be any intelligent communications terminal device having a controller and memory.
At level 1, there exists, for example, communication over a local area network (LAN) cable between the computer workstation CCA, CCB and the router 105, 106, for example, an ACT Networks SDN-9300 or other router known in the art. The router 105, 106 is connected via the CSU/DSU interface card 106, 107 to a time division multiplex (TDM) link to a comparable network's CSU/DSU interface card 108, 109. Typically, the area represents the facilities of an interexchange carrier 112 such as AT&T and are shown in greatly simplified form. At the edge of the IEC network may be a frame relay router 110, 111 which may, for example, comprises an ACT Networks SDM-9400 or SDM-9500 or other router known in the art. In between these edge switches, not shown, may be a satellite uplink, not shown and other intermediate switches.
At layer 3, is the Internet Protocol (IP) layer. The workstation CCA or CCB communicates with the respective router 105, 106. There is no Internet protocol or TCP protocol communication within the fast packet portion of the network 112. At layers 4 and 5, the TCP protocol operates and at layers six and seven, the http.ftp.telnet high level protocol operates. These layers are strictly between work stations CCA and CCB.
Consequently, starting at the 7 layer computer CCA or CCB, each stack of protocols can be understood as executing software process on the individual network element depicted. For example, the complete 7-layer stack executing on the computer may, in actuality, be, for example, an inetd daemon applications package 103 operating under the UNIX operating system or a comparable package operating under a Microsoft Windows operating system or other system known in the art to provide protocol-based end-to-end communications services. The flow of data in the network is from applications software 103 all the way across the network to applications software 104.
The exchange of protocol-based control information in such a network is peer to peer. For example, if the TCP protocol processes on work station CCA exert flow control on the data stream, then it is exchanging flow control information with its peer TCP process on work station CCB. The same thing is true for IP and http and so on.
The IEC fast packet, for example, frame or cell relay transport is shown in the shaded area of FIG. 1. As already indicated, there could be many, or as few as two, edge switches. Transport of fast packet data is at layer 2; the frame relay protocol is between routers and may be I.E.E.E standard 802.3 logical link control (LLC) from the router 105, 106 to the work station CCA or CCB. Layer 2 is where flow control is exerted in a fast packet network, not at a higher layer such as layer 4 as in TCP.
Now referring to FIG. 2, similar reference characters are used to denote similar elements. There is shown a similar figure emphasizing one end, for example, the CCA end of the network of FIG. 1 and with arrows shown designating what happens in the event of traffic congestion in the fast packet network. The X signifies the sensing of congestion at a frame relay switch within a fast packet network such as the AT&T frame relay network 112. A key at the top of the drawing indicates the interface between the IEC and the premises equipment.
Starting at the 7-layer computer CCA, outbound traffic traverses the router 105 and then may encounter congestion at the second network switch 201. When congestion is sensed in a fast packet network, it is known to originate congestion messages at level 2 in a forward and backwards network direction. The forward congestion message FECN proceeds to the right (forward) and the backwards congestion message proceeds to the left (backward) by setting a bit within the cells or packets known as the FECN and BECN respectively to 1. For example, when congestion is noted, the forward message has FECN equal to 1 and BECN equal to 0. The backward message has FECN equal to 0 but the BECN equal to 1. Following the path of the BECN message, the message is passed by the edge switch 110 to the router 105. The edge switch 110 is not programmed at all to react to the BECN message. Presently, the router 105 strips or discards the BECN message. The router 105 is, like the edge switch 110, not presently programmed to react at all to the receipt of a congestion message. The fast packet protocols, including the frame relay protocol, are silent on what the end router is to do with the congestion message or any action to take. Congestion continues and dropped frames, cells and packets occur until the TCP layer finally senses longer acknowledgment times and/or missing packets. The TCP layer, being the first layer that is end-to-end or peer to peer, is the first to react but is a layer that controls the presentation of data to the user at their work station and from the executing computer process 103 to the network. A layer 4 process may be executing on the router 105, but such a process is also typically passive to congestion at layer 2. Enhanced layer 4 functions are known, for example, firewall functions, but these are not flow control functions. In the typical case, the layer 4 router process is passive and so is not shown. In summary, it is believed that according to prior art processes, there is no slowing of data presentation to the network at workstation CCA even though network congestion is sensed at a frame relay switch 201 of the network and, eventually, frames (cells) are dropped due to the congestion.
Recently, the United States federal government has enacted legislation to encourage the delivery of Internet services to remote school districts, for example, that may only be reached by satellite. Examples of such school districts may comprise outlying Indian villages in rural Alaska, whose only telecommunications service is via satellite. Satellite introduces absolute delay into any data path due to the length of time it takes to travel to and from a geosynchronous satellite. Flow control becomes more acute because of this delay which would be experienced in a prior art flow control scheme where reliance on layer 4 TCP flow control measures is the only alternative. Data latency can consequently vary but may be typically increased from a latency on the order of a quarter to a half a second to a second to a second and a half. Latencies may typically be on the order of 900 milliseconds, so a fast reacting congestion alleviation scheme is desirable. Digital cell relay networks appear to be an economical and viable approach to providing such services and other data services as well such as telemedicine services at 56 or 64 kbps. It will be advantageous in the art if data flow control were provided in such networks especially those involving satellite links.
The obvious problem for customers of the interexchange carrier or other provider of frame relay services is dropped frames, cells or packets due to delays in implementing any data flow control. It is believed that there exists no method of signaling flow control between layer 2 and layer 4 from a network element to a network element. Consequently, TCP/IP traffic cannot flow smoothly or efficiently over a fast packet network, especially one involving satellite service delivery, according to the state of the art even though congestion sensing processes are known and congestion messages exist for signaling in a fast packet network.
The problems and related problems of the prior art flow control processes are solved according to the principles of the present invention by providing flow control signaling between layer 2 and layer 4 at a router. For example, at an edge router or switch, the router is programmed to react upon receipt of a congestion message received from a switch within the fast packet network that has sensed a traffic congestion. The frame relay edge switch (or router) generates a request of the router to open a virtual control channel to the TCP layer on the router. As used in the claims and in the present description, a router is intended to encompass either a router or a switch as is commonly used in the art. Once opened, the virtual control channel at the router is operative to throttle the congestion. The present application is associated with the initiation of the flow control signaling between the edge switch and the router. In the present application, the signaling path that is opened up will be referred to as a reverse pass through packet control channel to conform with the direction of congestion message described, that is, a backwards or BECN congestion message. By convention, an N+2 pass through packet channel request message received at a destination switch will operate in response to a FECN message to open a forward pass through packet control channel. If the edge switch passes the BECN to the router, the router may be similarly programmed to react and open a control channel. Related concurrently filed applications, Ser. Nos. 09/224,204; 09/223,319; and 09/223,502 by the same inventor, Gregory D. Moore, hereafter incorporated by reference herein, discuss the operation of the router and the work station in response to the initial request which is referred to herein as an N+2 pass through packet (PTP) (N+2 PTP) request message.
Once the TCP virtual control channel is open, the edge switch (or router) then initiates an N+2 fair queue (N+2 FQ) message or control signal to signal the work station to "slow down" the presentation of packets to the network. The edge switch 110 or the router may generate the fair queue telemetry message which causes slow down of data egress to the edge switch 110 of the network. The established N+2 PTP channel allows the telemetry data to pass to layer 4 of the router 105 where the slowing down can occur. The layer 4 process on the router responds by slowing down the presentation of data to the network originating from layer 4 downward. The layer 4 process on the router then propagates a pass through packet "slow down" message to the layer 4 process executing on the work station. Frames may be buffered at the work station, the router or the edge switch. Receipt of a BECN causes slowdown of data ingress to the network. Frames inbound to the edge switch 110 from router 105 may be buffered at the edge switch 110.
Eventually, the congestion message BECN signaled by congested switch 201 to the edge switch 110 will clear; that is, the BECN bit will be restored to 0. This indicates an uncongested network condition and the edge switch generates an N+2 FQ control signal to speed up the presentation of data. The layer 4 process executing on the router responds by asking the work station to increase the rate of data presentation to the network. The router may also generate a pass through packet "speed up" message to the layer 4 process executing on the work station. In the work station itself, it is suggested that a buffer memory be provided for storage of packets held for presentation to the network during periods of congestion. One possible memory area for such a purpose may be the unused video memory associated with the computer display.
These and other features of the present invention will be discussed in connection with the following drawings.
FIG. 1 is a generalized fast packet data network showing end to end signaling at the various layers of a known open systems interconnect protocol stack useful in describing present flow control measures.
FIG. 2 provides further detail of one end of FIG. 1 to demonstrate flow control measures in a fast packet network where a congestion message may be generated when congestion is sensed but an edge switch or router may ignore such a message and in actuality strip and/or discard the message.
FIG. 3 provides an overview of the N+2 pass through packet flow control message generated at an edge switch for signaling equipment to open a flow control channel.
FIG. 4 provides further detail of the response by a router to an N+2 pass through packet control message showing the delivery at layer 4 of the of the request for a control channel.
FIG. 5 provides an overview of the response by the router once the control channel is opened and the delivery of a service. request message to the edge switch via an N−2 pass through packet channel.
FIG. 6 provides an overview of the router's reaction to an N+2 fair queue message, for example, to slow down presentation of data to the network.
FIG. 7 provides an overview of a queue that may be established in premises equipment for buffering packets that have been slowed down for presentation to the network during flow control measures according to the present invention wherein the suggested buffering memory is provided via unused video memory or other buffer memory.
FIG. 7A provides a simplified block diagram of how video memory in a router, edge switch and/or premises work station might be utilized to store data and data packets for presentation.
FIG. 8 provides a circuit provisioning view of a cell relay service delivery to a remote village via satellite.
FIG. 9 provides an overview of a data frame according to the frame relay protocol.
FIG. 10 provides an overview of the address data field of FIG. 9 containing data link connection identifier fields of interest to the present application including forward (FECN) and backward (BECN) explicit congestion notification bit positions.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is provided an overview of the flow control signaling of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows an interexchange or local exchange carrier fast packet network 112 such as the AT&T frame relay network and a network that may be assumed to comprise a premises network. The depicted example is merely exemplary and is not intended to show every example of a network structure in which the present invention may be utilized. Congestion is sensed internal to a network and may be sensed anywhere within a fast packet network, prior to or after a satellite link, if a satellite link is involved at all. By way of example, congestion is sensed at fast packet switch 201 in a known manner and, in a known manner, a backward explicit congestion notification bit (BECN) bit is set to one and transmitted toward equipment CCA and, in a known manner, a forward explicit congestion notification bit (FECN) bit is set to 1 and transmitted toward a destination not shown. According to the principle of the present invention, a response must be generated at an edge switch or router in order for end-to-end flow control to occur. For example, in an edge router or switch 110, the router 110 is programmed to react upon receipt of a congestion message received from a switch 201 within the fast packet network 112 that has sensed a traffic congestion. The frame relay edge switch 110 generates a request of the router 105 to open a virtual control channel to the TCP layer on the router. In an alternative embodiment, the router itself may react to the BECN message if it has been passed the BECN message by the edge switch. However, the present invention will be discussed in the embodiment where the edge switch recognizes the BECN bit change and reacts to open a virtual control channel. Once opened, this channel is operative to throttle the congestion. The present application is associated with the initiation of the flow control signaling between the edge switch 201 and the router 110 or at the router 105.
If the edge switch 110 passes through the BECN to the router 105, the router may be similarly programmed to react and open a control channel in the other embodiment, note described further. Related concurrently filed applications Ser. Nos. 09/224,204; 09/223,319; and 09/223,502 by the same inventor, Gregory D. Moore, hereafter incorporated by reference herein as to their entire contents, discuss the operation of the router and the work station in response to the initial request which is referred to herein as an N+2 pass through packet (N+2 PTP) request message. This message may be referred to as a communications channel request message and an N−2 PTP channel referred to as an answer channel; that is, what does the equipment use to react to any congestion indication.
FIGS. 9 and 10 are provided for illustrating the field format of a frame relay frame as necessary and the placement of the FECN and BECN bits in the address fields of a frame according to the frame relay protocol standard. Upon receipt and recognition of a congestion bit, the frame of FIG. 9 is copied and stored in its entirety for operation thereon. Conveniently, the frame may be temporarily stored and then discarded when the next frame with a congestion message is received. The first three bytes are preserved and include address data and, per FIG. 10, the FECN and BECN. The next data of the frame is a user data field of length octet 3 to n−3 where n is an integral number of octets. The N+2 PTP message may be located, for example, in the 28 bytes following the first 36 bytes of the user data field which are cleared. A pass through bit being set in the N+2 PTP message indicates that the protocol stack layer should pass the message to the next protocol stack layer. For example, when the PTP bit is set, the layer 3 passes the message to layer 4. The object is to replace a substantial portion of the user data field with the N+2 PTP message. Once received at layer 4, the header and tail encapsulated PTP message is used to establish a channel to the work station CCA.
Once the TCP virtual control channel is open, the edge switch 110 (or router 105) initiates an N+2 fair queue (N+2 FQ) message or control signal to signal the work station CCA to "slow down" the presentation of packets to the network. The layer 4 process on the router 105 responds by slowing down the presentation of data to the network originating from layer 4 downward. The layer 4 process on the router then propagates a pass through packet "slow down" message to the layer 4 process executing on the work station CCA.
When N+2 fair queuing is in use, the size of a TCP/IP congestion window is intentionally decreased to slow down packet generation. This means that a buffer memory will have to be used for the extra, unsent packets until they can be sent. If BECN continues in the present example, the next pass through packet will continue to decrease the size of the TCP/IP congestion window. To the contrary, when the BECN messages stop, that is, the BECN bit reverts to a 0, a pass through packet will signal that the congestion window may be opened up again in increments. For example, a multiplier is used to decrease the size of the window in increments of, for example �, � then ⅛ of its initial size in response to a N+2 FQ message.
Eventually, the congestion message BECN signaled by congested switch 201 to the edge switch 110 will clear; that is, the BECN bit will be restored to 0. This indicates an uncongested network condition and the edge switch 110 (or the router 105 in the alternative embodiment) generates an N+2 FQ control signal to speed up the presentation of data. Once the BECN's stop, the size of the window is incrementally increased via the N+2 FQ control signal until BECN's again appear and so on until the communications session ends. Of course, a similar process occurs at the destination terminal in response to FECN bit messages and changes. The layer 4 process executing on the router 105 responds by asking the work station CCA (or CCB) to increase the rate of data presentation to the network. The router 105 may also generate a pass through packet "speed up" message to the layer 4 process executing on the work station CCA (or CCB). In the work station CCA itself, it is suggested that a buffer memory be provided for storage of packets held for presentation to the network during periods of congestion. One possible memory area for such a purpose may be the unused video memory associated with the computer display. This opportunity will be further described in connection with FIGS. 7 and 7A. The overview of FIG. 3 will now be further described in connection with FIGS. 4-6.
Referring to FIG. 4, the premises router 105 and network frame relay edge switch are shown in greater detail. Routers typically include a controller for controlling the switching or packet routing and signaling processes. Such controllers typically have associated program storage and an operating system that operates at all protocol layers. The inbound and outbound protocol stacks of the routers are generically shown. For example, premises router 105 may have an inbound side 105-1 for receiving traffic from workstation CCA and an outbound side 105-3 controlled by an operating system 105-2 that reaches all layers of the protocol stack. This operating system and applications software running thereon is utilized in the present invention for generating appropriate flow control signaling messages.
When a change of a BECN message bit from 0 to 1 is recognized, for example, at the edge switch, having received the same from a frame relay router in the network (not shown), but, for example, switch 201 in FIG. 2, the edge switch (or router) is programmed to react to the change in BECN bit value. The network switch 110 seeks to open an N+2 pass through packet control channel with the N+2 layer on the router 105. Normally, layer N on the edge switch 110 would not directly transact with layer N+2 on a router. Moreover, on a router 105, in receipt of a BECN message, the router 105 would not normally react with layer N+2. As a result, the hope of an initial message is the establishment of a temporary control channel between layer 2 and layer 4. There may be circumstances under which the router 105 may refuse N to N+2 control. Opening a temporary control channel offers the targeted router 105 the opportunity to refuse the establishment of a temporary control channel. Each of the layer to layer transactions as a temporary control channel is requested operates, for example, as a composition of parameter.primitive exchanges. Other ways of signaling N+1 may come to mind of one of ordinary skill in the art.
In particular, edge switch 110 transmits an N+2 PTP protocol data unit (PDU) over the N to N peer to peer link 401 to the router 105-3 protocol stack. The operating system 105-2 recognizes the PDU and acts as follows. At the router 105, the N+2 PTP PDU is passed through to layer N+1 of stack 105-3 with no action taken by the router 105. Then, at layer N+1 on the router 105, the N+2 PTP PDU is passed to layer N+2 in the standard manner as a service.request would be handled. The operating system 105-2 at layer N+2 has the option of accepting the requested control channel or refusing it. Certainly, it would be desirable, if the control channel is accepted and established. If the service.request is granted, the control channel is opened. No specific control telemetry is passed in this embodiment. N+2 pass through packet control only relates to the initial step of opening a control channel between layer N and layer N+2, for example, between protocol stack layers 2 and 4. This is a one direction channel. A similar channel is required for flow control signaling in the opposite direction.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown an overview of requesting a flow control channel between layer N+2 and layer N or an N−2 pass through packet. In FIG. 5, the router 105 is opening an N−2 pass through packet (PTP) control channel with the N−2 layer on the router 105 and the network switch 110. Normally, layer N, for example, here layer 4, on a router does not directly transact with layer N−2, let alone, layer N−2 on a network switch 110. As before, just a temporary control channel is desirable. As before, also, there may be circumstances under which the router or the network switch are not programmed to do anything and may refuse the N to N−2 control channel request. As before, opening a temporary channel within the router offers the target device, in this case, the edge switch 10, the opportunity to refuse the channel. As before, each of the layer to layer transactions within the router 105 is composed, for example, of parameter.primitive exchanges.
An N−2 PTP protocol data unit (PDU) is transmitted to layer N−1 or from layer 4 to layer 3. At layer N−1 (or at level 3 of the protocol stack 105-3), no action is taken by the router 105. The N−2 PTP PDU is received at layer N−1 and then forwarded down another layer to layer N−2. Now at layer N−2 (or layer 2 of stack 105-3), the N−2 PTP PDU is transmitted over the peer to peer link 501 in the direction from router 105 toward edge switch 110. For example, this may be a service.request message that edge switch 110 may refuse or accept. At the network switch 110, layer N−2 (or layer 2 of stack 110-1) has the option of either accepting or refusing the establishment of the control channel. As with router 105, switch 110 is run by a controller having an operating system 110-2 and applications software for routing and signaling control. No specific control telemetry is passed, N−2 PTP has only to do with opening a forward control channel path, typically after a reverse or backwards control channel is originated as described in connection with FIG. 4. The present forward control channel is utilized whenever the work station CCA or router 105 wishes to acknowledge action taken at the workstation or router. The backwards control channel is, for example, utilized to enable a throttling action to begin at a workstation.
FIG. 6 describes the generation of a request of the workstation CCA by the router 105, for example, to slow down the delivery of data to the network over the backward virtual flow control channel established in FIG. 4. Having previously opened an N+2 PTP control channel, the network switch 110 generates an N+2 Fair Queue protocol data unit (PDU) containing flow control telemetry equivalent to a signal to "slow down." Any such flow control telemetry may be so designed so long as the router 105 is programmed to receive it. Normally, a router 105 is not programmed nor would such a router accept flow control telemetry from layer N on a network switch 110 via a peer to peer link 601. According to the present invention, the software operating on operating system 105-2 is programmed to receive the message and accordingly outputs a message at layer 4 to a work station to slow down data presentation at layer N+2. One way of implementing a slow down is by regulating internal timers of the router (not shown) to TCP at layer 4 on the router. According to FIG. 6, a TCP "slow down" message is transmitted by router 105 at layer 4 to signal the work station CCA to slow down.
Having accomplished an initial slow rate of data presentation, a regulation must occur. The router must equalize or "fair" its own queue of data by propagating a control message to the workstation CCA. Since an adjustment has been made to timers internal to the TCP protocol, no special measures are required. The change in timer settings is propagated normally on the peer-to-peer link 602, layer 4 to layer 4, from the router 105 to the workstation CCA. Workstation operating system is not shown in FIG. 6, nor software operating thereon. The network protocol stack executing on the computer operating system of workstation CCA accepts the timer message and in a normal fashion, slows down the presentation of data from the computer workstation CCA to the router 105. The computer workstation CCA has been fooled into believing that a control message has been propagated all the way across the network from its companion workstation (for example, workstation CCB) on the communications session. Of course, the congestion indication in fact originated with receipt of a fast packet network congestion message at a protocol level TCP is not believed to communicate with.
FIG. 7 relates to the problem of providing buffer memory for data packets awaiting presentation to the network. Of course, some of these data packets would normally be lost in prior art networks without any programming to provide inter-layer flow control signaling. FIG. 7 shows, in block diagram form, the organization of dynamic random access memory or other video display memory (DM) used in most computer display systems. Other memory that is not exclusively video memory might be used as buffer memory but it is believed that video buffer memory may be utilized without loss of perceived memory capacity to a user of a workstation CCA. Particularly in large servers used with data communications, the display memory DM for the omnipresent video display D is underutilized, leaving large areas of random access memory available for other uses. According to the present invention, the use of unused video display memory DM for network fair queuing of the kind described above in connection with FIG. 6 is recommended although other buffer memory may be so utilized.
In addition to the video and other memory of a work station, some routers and/or edge switches might also include video and other memory that might be used for storing data packets to and/or from a data network. Such buffer memory might be used for storing data and/or data frames for presentation to and from a frame relay network. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a work station or comparable computer might be programmed to function as a router. Such a router might include its own video displays and accordingly its own video display memory. Unused video display memory and/or portions thereof, if any, might also be used to buffer data and data packets. Such video memory might be used to buffer the transmission/presentation of data packets so long as the video memory is appropriately coupled or linked (operatively) coupled to the data unit or other data source.
FIG. 7A depicts simplified block diagrams of a premises work station (710A) a router (as described elsewhere herein but identified in FIG. 7A by reference numeral 720A) and an edge switch (730A) for use with a data network and the invention described herein. Each of the devices shown in FIG. 7A is shown with a video display device (730A; 740A; 750A) such as a well-known video monitor, and corresponding video display or buffer memory (760A; 770A; 780A) to support the corresponding video display devices. Data packets for presentation to a data network (not shown in FIG. 7A) but which need to be buffered (temporarily stored) might be buffered/stored in the video memory or other buffer memory of any (or all) of the devices as shown. Direct connections between the router (720A) might be made to the video/buffer memories (760A; 770A; 780A) whereby data might be written to and read from such memory. Alternatively, virtual connections might be made to the video memory via the aforementioned connections between the router and the work station and edge switch (790A).
Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown one system embodiment involving the delivery of cell relay data services to remote outposts in which the present invention may be utilized. Starting at the upper right of the drawing, a satellite downlink may comprise an ACT Networks SkyLane 512 L-band satellite modem 801. The modem 801 is coupled by a cross-over cable to an ACT Networks SDM-9400 cell relay switch/concentrator 802. Switch 802 corresponds to edge switch 110 that may be programmed in accordance with the above description to open virtual flow control channels with a router. Continuing an analogy with FIG. 1, data service unit/channel service unit (DSU/CSU) card 803 may comprise an ADC Kentrox DSERV 56/64 kbps DSU/CSU which corresponds to CSU/DSU card 108 in FIG. 1. Line drivers are not shown in FIG. 1 for simplicity since they are not relevant to congestion. These may comprise ADTRAN DDST III line drivers 804 (network side) and 805 (side) respectively. At the premise, any manufacturer DSU/CSU may be used as card 806 and any protocol router 807 may be used as router 807. The input to card 806 from driver 805 is typically an RJ 45 connector. The output from card 806 to router 807 is typically a Winchester DB 25, V.35 34-pin connector. Preferably, router 807 may be programmed to communicate with edge switch 802 and vice versa in a standard, consistent manner. It would not be desirable if router 807 refuses to set up a virtual control channel at least between protocol layers N and N−2 or N+2. As per the drawing, the router 807 is an ACT Networks SDM-9300 cell relay switch. In this manner, 56 kbps Internet service and 64 kbps voice/data services may be provided to remote locations. This is not to suggest that higher bit rate services may not also be offered and congestion alleviated according to the present invention. The invention is equally suitable for higher bit rates including video conferencing rates of several hundred megabits per second.
FIG. 8 also shows the provision of common clocking of the elements of the cell relay network. Modem 801 takes the network clock from the satellite link and provides external clock to the serial link. Edge switch 802 takes the external clock on all connected ports and does not propagate the clock from port to port as it is important to obtain common clock. The DSU/CSU card provides clock to the DDS 4-wire circuit and is set to an internal clock. The premises equipment derives time from the DDS clock on the 4-wire circuit
Finally, FIG. 8 shows a typical local area network comprising a plurality of work stations which may be UNIX based or other operating system based work stations, for example, Sun SPARC workstations CCA-1 to CCA-4. The work stations may be wired, wireless, 10 Base T or 100 Base T, or otherwise connected. They may comprise anything from palm computers to intelligent terminals, to personal computers, WEB TV set tops, laptops, or any other operating system control devices capable of data transmission.
Thus, there has been shown and described a system and method for providing interlayer flow control end-to-end where network congestion is sensed and edge switches and routers may be programmed to control flow through the network in response to congestion messages. The invention should only be deemed to be limited by the claims that follow.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the edge switch as described above is not necessarily limited to a network edge switch and networkframe relay switch. Indeed, those skilled in the art will recognize that a router, a cross-connect switch, an ATM switch or other switching system could assume the role of a network edge switch and a network frame relay switch all of which hereafter are referred to as network elements and network data elements. In addition, those skilled in the art will recognize that a work station includes a personal computer but might also include virtually any type of data processing machine that can send and receive data. The term work station hereafter includes such other data processing machines Buffer memory and/or video memory hereafter also include semi-conductor memory but also includes magnetic disk storage devices as well as other types of read/write memory devices.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 1, 1992
|May 17, 1994
|Stratacom, Inc.
|Congestion control for cell networks
|Jun 17, 1993
|Jul 18, 1995
|Skydata Corporation
|Frame relay protocol-based multiplex switching scheme for satellite
|Oct 26, 1993
|Feb 4, 1997
|International Business Machines Corporation
|System and method for controlling LAN data flow control through a frame relay network by end point station transmitting notification to LAN stations based on congestion notification from the frame relay network
|May 25, 1995
|May 27, 1997
|Network Equipment Technologies, Inc.
|Virtual network using asynchronous transfer mode
|Jul 3, 1995
|Mar 31, 1998
|Motorola, Inc.
|Multi-equipment routing method and master station for layered protocol communication network system
|Oct 4, 1995
|Aug 4, 1998
|International Business Machines Corp.
|Seamless peer-to-peer communications in a layered communications architecture
|Oct 13, 1998
|Dec 12, 2000
|Nokia Telecommunications, Oy
|ECN-based approach for congestion management in hybrid IP-ATM networks
|Oct 26, 1998
|Dec 26, 2000
|Xaqti Corporation
|System and method for integrated data flow control
|Feb 27, 1998
|Mar 6, 2001
|National Semiconductor Corp.
|Flow control method for networks
|Mar 26, 1998
|Mar 27, 2001
|Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba
|Packet data flow control method and device
|Jul 1, 1998
|Jul 31, 2001
|3Com Corporation
|Protocol and method for peer network device discovery
|Fred Baker, "Mitigating Latency In High Delay Data Networks", Cisco Systems, INET 1997 Satellite Networking Workshop, pp. 1-53.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 2001
|Mar 7, 2006
|Intel Corporation
|System and method for remotely accessing a home server while preserving end-to-end security
|Sep 28, 2001
|Jun 6, 2006
|Intel Corporation
|Automated presentation layer content management system
|Sep 28, 2001
|Apr 3, 2003
|Ough Cameron J.
|Automated presentation layer content management system
|Sep 28, 2001
|Apr 3, 2003
|Ajay Garg
|System and method for remotely accessing a home server while preserving end-to-end security
|U.S. Classification
|370/231, 370/352, 370/349, 370/235
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 9, 1999
Owner name: AT&T CORP., NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOORE, GREGORY D.;REEL/FRAME:009891/0359
Effective date: 19990405
|Apr 26, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 22, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 13, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 5, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 23, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20141105


text:
Shares of disk drive maker Western Digital (WDC) were up more than 1.5% in midday trading Wednesday after RBC Capital Markets initiated coverage on the company with an outperform rating and a price target of 55.
The stock was trading near 49.45 in the stock market today.
RBC analyst Amit Daryanani said in an investor note that the maker of disk drives for computers, enterprise hardware and consumer electronics "should be able to sustain its historically superior execution going forward."
Daryanani said the stock's price/earnings ratio — its share price compared with its earnings — should remain slightly higher than that of disk drive rival Seagate Technology (STX), assuming Western Digital maintains its historic performance. Seagate was up more than 1% in midday trading Wednesday.
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RELATED: Seagate, Western Digital Renege On Their Early Breakouts.


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Amy's first job babysitting Kendra starts out perfect but when two thugs kidnap them for ransom, Amy's easy money quickly turns into a struggle for survival. Time is running out for Amy and Kendra, and Amy must think fast if she wants to save herself and Kendra. "Stolen Children" is a good book for light reading. It holds your attention and has both action and suspense.
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text: 1/23/10 1/22/10 POPSUGAR Celebrity Robert Pattinson Photos of Patt January 22, 2010 by Celebrity 0 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 1 of 6 ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy ← Use Arrows Keys → 1 Photos of Patt Previous Next Share this post Robert Pattinson


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16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
About the Listing
Outdoorsman's Paradise! Access to Campbell Lake for canoeing/duck hunting. Plenty of space for your ATV's. Spacious patio with large fire pit and views of serenity! Lot's of privacy near the city. Turn-key home with new roof, A/C, well pump, and sliding glass door out to the patio. Prior Lake school district.
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Property Details for 16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 2 Full
Lot Size: 9.90 Acres
Lot Dimensions: 435, 593 sq ft
Year Built: 1998
Garage Dimensions: 3 car
Garage: Attached Garage, Insulated Garage, Driveway - Asphalt, Garage Door Opener
Style: (SF) Four or More Level Split
Water: Well
Sewer: Private
Square Feet: 2589
Above Ground Sq Ft: 1329
Below Ground Sq Ft: 1260 (approx)
Room Information for 16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
Main Floor
Living Room: 17.5x15
Dining Room: 10x15
Kitchen: 12x15
Lower Floor
Family Room: 20.5x15
Bedroom 3: 10x11
Upper Floor
Bedroom 1: 16.5x12.5
Bedroom 2: 10x10.5
Basement Floor
Bedroom 4: 17x10
Bonus Room: 11x11
Laundry: 11x7
Dining Room Description: Kitchen/Dining Room
Family Room Characteristics: Lower Level
School Information for 16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
School District: Prior Lake-Savage Area Sch
School District Phone: 952-226-0000
Interior Features for 16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
Air Cond: Central
Heating: Forced Air
Fireplaces: Yes
Basement: (1260 sq Finished) Walkout, Finished (Livable), Drain Tiled, Egress Windows
Exterior Features for 16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
Lot Description: Tree Coverage - Medium
Lot Dimensions: 435, 593 sq ft
Roof: Age 8 Years or Less
Zoning: Residential-Single
Financial Considerations for 16780 Marschall Road, Shakopee, MN 55379
Tax Amount: $4,270
Taxes w/Assessments: $4,270
Tax/Property ID: 110840010
Tax Year: 2016
Monthly Payment = $0
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Mr & Mrs Herd, Greater Manchester
After two years of other agents failing to sell our home, we had at last found the right team. You certainly put all other agents in the shade.
It is important to note that this mortgage calculator is for guidance purposes only. Mortgage lenders have their own affordability criteria therefore it is important you speak to one of our Mortgage Advisers for further information and a more accurate indication of what products may be available to you and what your monthly mortgage payments are likely to be.
This charming house is light and bright, and deceptively spacious. The lounge has double doors opening into the dining area, to offer flexible living space. The contemporary and well equipped kitchen has been extended, and offers an informal dining area which leads out into the conservatory, which has lovely views of the rear garden. Upstairs the bedrooms are all doubles, and there are lovely views to the west from the landing. The gardens flow around the house and there is a detached garage and off street parking.
Contact branch for relevant Energy Performance Certificate
Side entrance leading to all downstairs rooms, and has stairs leading to the first floor. Under stairs cupboard.
Light and bright, with two windows to the front. Gas fire set in a marble surround with wood mantelpiece. Glass doors opening into the dining room.
Windows to two aspects offer lovely views of the front garden and give the room a bright and spacious feel. Double glass doors into the living room, door into kitchen.
Extended to incorporate a separate dining area. The kitchen offers a good range of contemporary wall and base units with granite work surfaces. Integrated appliances include a fridge freezer, microwave oven, Rangemaster oven and extractor hood, dishwasher and wine cooler. Wooden flooring, windows to front and side, and stable door leading into the conservatory.
Windows to three sides offering views of the secluded rear garden. Door to the rear. Apex ceiling. Tiled floor.
Contemporary suite consisting of circular sink set on vanity table and corner WC. Heated towel rail, feature inset mirror. Fully tiled walls. Frosted window to the side. Spotlights in ceiling.
Two double wardrobes with sliding doors. Two windows to the front.
Built in cupboard. Window to the side.
Built in triple wardrobe with matching dressing table and drawers. Window to the front.
Three piece suite comprising of white panelled bath with overhead shower, sink set into vanity unit and WC. Fully tiled walls and tiled floor. Heated towel rail. Frosted window to the side.
Large picture window on the half landing offers superb views over fields and distant hills. Loft access.
The house sits in the centre of this generous plot, with gardens laid to lawn to all four sides. The detached garage has an up and over door to the front, and pedestrian door to the side. Storage is provided in the roof space.


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