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Open Standards, Open Source, and Open Innovation
Harnessing the Benefits of Openness
Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization | Summer 2006
By Elliot Maxwell
In many many ways, the Internet has changed our lives. For those concerned with public policy, one of the most important of those changes has been in the treatment of intellectual property, and the ways we view both the process of innovation and the process of deriving value from creative acts.
As the Internet grew, and as all forms of information increasingly became digitized, the sale of digital information in its many forms has been replaced by various licensing agreements between the rights holder and the consumer. These changes have led to what the National Academy of Sciences labels the "digital dilemma": A digital information product, unlike a physical good, can be created, modified, perfectly duplicated in innumerable quantities, and distributed to millions of people around the world at little or no cost. But its creator, or those who owned the rights to it, could control it completely, lock it down or make it inaccessible, at least temporarily.
This paradox is visible in two different and contradictory phenomena. The rise of Napster, and other file-sharing networks using the Internet, allowed millions of users to download billions of digital audio and video files, many of which they were sharing without the authorization of the rights holders. At the same time, rights holders were using licenses and digital rights management systems to dictate the conditions under which consumers could use and manipulate digital information products. The views of many rights holders—defending their right to control their works—were increasingly coming into conflict with the views of many users who saw themselves as prevented from undertaking activities that they had long considered well within their rights.
As rights holders increasingly complained about the impact of rampant "piracy," many proposals to change laws and regulations to deal with the unauthorized access and use of digital information products were introduced in Congress, state legislatures, and regulatory commissions. The proposals shared common aims: to make it easier for rights holders to enforce their rights through the courts in order to prevent or punish misappropriation and to provide rights holders greater control over digital information products. Some of the proposals even sought to give rights holders increased control over the design and operation of technologies for recording, modifying, displaying, or distributing digital information products.
These proposals to increase the power of rights holders served as the stimulus that eventually led to this paper. As I studied them to see how they related to the goals of intellectual property law, I developed the ideas about openness that I set out later in this paper.
Proposals to increase the control given to rights holders are based on two assumptions: (1) creative acts will not take place unless creators see a promise of some economic returns; (2) the best way to provide those economic returns is to allow the creator to control, for some period of time, access to and use of the creation, and to sell or lease different rights of access and use. For purposes of analysis, I will call this a closed model, as the creative work is "closed" to others until they provide some form of benefit to the rights holder under terms that the rights holder sets. The Internet and digitization are often seen as fundamental threats to this model, given how easy and cheap it is to modify, copy, and distribute digital information products.
I do not reject the closed model. I do argue that a closed model is not the only possible way to create value. Indeed, an alternative model— the mirror image of the closed model—often encourages even greater creative activity and innovation. This open model rests on several assumptions: (1) creative acts take place for a variety of reasons; (2) the value of a creative work can be increased by sharing the work and allowing, even encouraging, more potential innovators to contribute to its development; and (3) economic value can be enhanced by such sharing.
The founders of the United States believed in the importance of creative activity. They generally opposed monopolies—closed models—but they offered creators what amounted to limited-term, government-sanctioned monopolies of control over their creations, subject to certain conditions. The founders knew that these monopolies, like any monopolies, had a cost to society, but in the case of patents and copyrights they thought the cost was justified because the incentives they were providing would increase creative activity. They recognized that society benefited if all these creations eventually became part of an ever-expanding "commons," an open model available for anyone to use as the basis for their own "follow-on innovation."
To understand the difference between the closed and open models, it is useful to first look at the process of innovation. Innovation can be characterized (all too simply) as a process with a first creator and many follow-on creators. But innovation is almost always a cumulative and unending process, with every "first" creator, in Newton's words, "standing on the shoulders of giants." In other words, almost every first creator is a follow-on innovator to someone else.
In order for intellectual property law to achieve its aim—stimulating the greatest possible innovation for the benefit of society—it must balance the interests of first creators and those who follow them. Providing too great an incentive to either group would unbalance the system. If, for example, the incentives for first creators are too strong—they are given too much control or control for too long—little opportunity would be left for follow-on creators. The result, in economic terms, would be "under-production" of follow-on innovation. On the other hand, if the system helped follow-on innovators by eliminating the incentives that were needed to generate first creations, we would see "under-production" by first creators. The policymaker should aim to encourage the most innovation, not to favor either first creators or follow-on innovators. As the Federal Trade Commission wrote in its recent report on the patent system, "[P]atent policy is for the benefit of the public, not patent holders. The ultimate point of granting a patent is not to reward inventors, but rather to create incentives for actions—invention, disclosure and commercial development—that will further the public interest and thus benefit consumers over time."
In determining the appropriate balance between the rights of "first" creators and those of "follow on innovators," we should remember that, by definition, far more creators fall into the second category. The first creator may well know more about his or her creation than anyone else. Based on this, some have argued that he or she should be given absolute control over its subsequent development. But this argument rests on the assumption that one person or a small group of people can anticipate the many ways that millions of other people—all potential follow-on innovators—will use and improve a creation. Would it be wise to base public policy on such an assumption? For example, would we be prepared to grant control over all future uses of the wheel to its inventor? Are we prepared to believe that he or she would have been able to anticipate all of the uses that follow-on innovators made of it without the permission of its creator? Would we be prepared to believe that the creator would give up control to allow others to profit from the discovery? Perhaps. But in answering these questions, we begin to see why a careful balancing of interests is the goal of policy in this arena.
The most recent proposals for changes in intellectual property law were based on the threats of "piracy" and sought to enhance the rights of first creators (or those who now controlled those rights)—by closing the more balanced intellectual property model that had evolved in the U.S. over the years. Thus they tended to minimize or even ignore the contributions of follow-on innovators. But the contributions of these innovators require us to look not only at more closed models, but also more open ones.
Openness, facilitated by the Internet, is challenging the conventional closed model of intellectual property and providing a springboard for unprecedented global collaboration. As it does so, it is leading to dramatic changes in the very process of innovation. It is this phenomenon that this paper seeks to illuminate.
Download: Open Standards, Open Source, and Open Innovation
Elliot E. Maxwell advises public and private sector clients on strategic issues involving the intersection of business, technology, and public policy in the Internet and E-commerce domains. He is a Fellow of the Communications Program at Johns Hopkins University, and Distinguished Research Fellow at the eBusiness Research Center of the Pennsylvania State University.
Related Letters from Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization
Elliot Maxwell's article on "Open Standards, Open Source, and Open Innovation," should be required reading for any government policy maker seeking to understand the changing nature of software and innovation (particularly in the IT sector). His comprehensive tour of the horizon illustrates the interplay between open standards, open source software, and intellectual property policy—and the impact that each is having on innovation. The trend towards openness is increasingly important because: (1) it could accelerate the shift of software applications off of the desktop and into the "cloud," and (2) enable a new model for globally integrated corporations and the growth of virtual companies and institutions.
The Internet is no longer just a communication network—it has become a platform for computing and collaboration—a vast, interconnected, virtual supercomputer. Many different terms have been used to describe this development: Cloud computing, Web 2.0, Software as a Service, Web Services, the Grid—but the result is all the same. Internet users are able to use the Web to combine software, data, and computing power scattered in multiple locations across the network.
The continued evolution of this new paradigm depends critically upon open standards—truly open standards, implemented in open source software. With open standards for Web Services, users will be able to combine thousands of pieces of software and databases available on the Web to create millions of different customized solutions—but only if the building blocks they use are truly interoperable. It is not enough for companies to develop software that is "based on open standards"—and then add special proprietary features. IBM's Robert Sutor has distinguished between true interoperability, where software is designed to work with all similar products, and intraoperability, where vendors use open standards, but only in order to ensure their own products work together. In the evolving world of cloud computing, there is going to be a continuing struggle between those of want to exert control through proprietary solutions and those of us who strive for true interoperability. In the next two or three years, critical choices around the Open Document Format, authentication and identity management standards, security standards, privacy-enhancing technologies, and network management tools will define the next phase of the Internet and whether it continues to be an open, user-centric platform for collaborative innovation.
This next phase of the Internet will also enable a major shift in the nature of global corporations. As Sam Palmisano pointed out in his Foreign Affairs article, "The Globally Integrated Enterprise," the multinational corporation is evolving from a collection of relatively independent national entities into a single, integrated enterprise in which virtual teams of employees, business partners, and contractors scattered around the globe are able to work across national boundaries almost as easily as if they were in the same building. Thanks to the Internet, every team member can get the computing power, the data, and the software he or she needs—and use those tools to collaborate with their colleagues. By fostering collaborative innovation in this way, more powerful software applications, which meet a wider range of needs can be more quickly developed and deployed. A recent report from Harvard's Berkman Center on "open ICT Ecosystems" highlights the opportunities and describes how governments can help.
The kind of open innovation that Maxwell describes is not restricted to the private sector. Indeed, by harnessing the power of openness and the Internet, governments and non-governmental organizations can better collaborate to develop innovative policy and societal solutions. For instance, in late 2005, in preparation for the World Urban Forum, the United Nations held a three-day Habitat Jam in which tens of thousands of people shared ideas on urban sustainability and outlined more than 70 specific proposals for action. Governments and international organizations are actively exploring virtual worlds, chat rooms, and other collaboration tools, many of which are based on open standards implemented in open source software. The use of the Internet to enable more broad-based collaboration among governments, the private sector, non-governmental organizations, academia, and the technical community is particularly crucial for international organizations like the OECD, ICANN, and the Internet Governance Forum, which are dealing with policy issues related to the global Internet, which cannot be addressed on a solely national basis. So in addition to Maxwell's excellent policy recommendations on open innovation, I would suggest that governments can and should become "early adopters" and embrace open collaborative innovation whether in developing software for government use or in drafting policy proposals.
Michael R. Nelson
Director, Internet Technology and Strategy
IBM Corporation
Washington, DC USA
At many conferences I have mumbled privately that the word "open" should be banned. Everyone agrees that "open" is good, but agreement ends there. Different speakers use the word for different purposes, referring to different processes or outcomes. While it would be Draconian to ban the word, it would force speakers to be clear about what they mean. Of course, banning a single word would not be very practical. Fortunately, the next best thing is: defining terms carefully and employing their meaning in a consistent manner. That is what Elliot Maxwell does.
Elliot Maxwell distinguishes between various meanings of open: making decisions transparent; making outcomes accessible to others; making a process welcoming to input from a wide set of decision makers; and making a process capable of debating distinct points of view. It would be excessively blithe and inaccurate to say that he is in favor of them all. Rather, he finds merits in transparency and accessibility, because they nurture accountability in processes that welcome diverse viewpoints. In many contexts—both business and government decision making—that leads to more innovative outcomes.
Maxwell also recognizes that some types of transparency are not a slam dunk all the time: transparency can clash with other values, such as privacy and security. After all, nobody wants the records from their latest medical exam to end up on the Internet without their permission, but if a doctor makes an incompetent decision we also want the doctor to be accountable.
Finding the right balance has become more challenging in recent times. Two of Maxwell's arguments resonated with me. On the one hand, most of the time, an incremental movement towards more transparency and accountability results in an improvement. That is true in many parts of the developed world, including the U.S., as well as in the developing world. Second, we are entering an era when know-how in our society accumulates more easily and spreads more quickly than in the past. Most of us recognize this in its pieces: when we send email; when we read Wikipedia; when we find lost writing with Google; when we contribute to an open source project like Linux; when we read on-line journals. The act of acquiring, accumulating and generating knowledge is changing. That change demands a rethinking of core principles.
Clear language has a clear benefit: it identifies the hard problems. Maxwell's paper brings two such problems to the fore:
First, if we agree on the direction of movement, how do we get from here to there, even incrementally? It is not easy to operate processes in the way that Maxwell advocates. Accountability from transparent information has a benefit, but it also has costs that self-interested participants in society can and will seek to avoid. The details of such choices do not always lead to easy decisions about how to balance competing values. Why would a big private firm want its decisions to be transparent to others if they gain strategic advantages from cagey secrecy? Why would the stockholders for a marketing company holding lists of names, addresses, and social security numbers want their firm to be held liable for a clerical error? Why would a big firm devote its valuable human resources to a national standardization effort, if it can just live off the efforts of others who do the coordinating in standards committees?
Second, there are unanticipated consequences from the movement towards more accessible information. It makes it possible for different facets of society to broadcast their behavior in new ways. As a parent, teacher, and participating member of civil society I find myself struggling to come to terms with the unwanted sides of these changes. For example, it is becoming tremendously distracting to watch vanity behavior increase—from teenagers, musicians, athletes, and self-aware politicians, not just porn stars. Most of us want the Internet to lead to a grocery with better produce, dairy, and meat sections, not a larger section devoted to the National Inquirer and other eye-catching tabloids. Yet, what comes across many of our computer screens every morning makes us confront what we happily and much more easily avoided in the past.
Shane Greenstein
Elinor and Wendell Hobbs Professor of Management and Strategy
Kellogg School of Management
Northwestern University
© 2006 Tagore LLC. Republished from Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization with kind permission.
Download: Open Standards, Open Source, and Open Innovation (PDF, 366.11 K)
Read More: Communication, Globalization, Technology, Globalblog comments powered by Disqus


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Respiratory Disease Clinic, Paducah, KY
PURPOSE: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Early detection is difficult given the lack of an easy, inexpensive screening method and insensitivity and nonspecificity of current imaging methods. We report that testing for autoantibodies (AAbs) to tumor antigens using the EarlyCDT-LungTM test can help with identification of malignant lung nodules.
METHODS: A 69 year old female with a 30 pack-year smoking history was found to have a spiculated non-calcified, 14 mm nodule in the left upper lobe suspicious for malignancy or an inflammatory process, and was treated with antibiotics. Repeat CT showed stable findings after 3 months. A third CT, performed three months later, revealed decreased size from 15x13 mm to 12x11 mm. PET/CT revealed the nodule to have an SUV of 2.2. Because of the decreasing size and low FDG avidity, continued imaging follow-up was recommended. Due to our high suspicion for malignancy, we performed the EarlyCDT-Lung assay to better characterize the risk for malignancy. EarlyCDT-Lung is a blood test that was released by Oncimmune USA LLC in May 2009 that detects a panel of six AAbs (Annexin 1, CAGE, GBU4-5, NY-ESO-1, p53 and SOX-2) specific for tumor-associated antigens known to have implications in lung cancer.
RESULTS: EarlyCDT-Lung showed an elevated AAb level above cut-off for GBU4-5, suggesting the patient is at high risk of having a lung malignancy. A left upper lobectomy revealed a 23 mm well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. All margins were clear by >10 mm. Hilar and mediastinal nodes were negative (stage Ia). The patient is currently doing well with no evidence of disease.
CONCLUSION: A physician must be highly suspicious of malignancy before deciding to biopsy the lung. In this case, despite benign appearance on imaging, the EarlyCDT-Lung result increased our confidence that the lesion was malignant, leading to resection.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: EarlyCDT-Lung can improve on the predictive value of CT and PET, and lead to earlier resection of malignant nodules.
DISCLOSURE: Keith Kelly, No Financial Disclosure Information; No Product/Research Disclosure Information
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text: Automated In-Home Fall Risk Assessment and Detection Sensor System for Elders.Marilyn Rantz, Marjorie Skubic, +7 authors Gregory F PetroskiThe Gerontologist2015PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Falls are a major problem for the elderly people leading to injury, disability, and even death. An unobtrusive, in-home sensor system that continuously monitors older adults for fall risk and detects falls could revolutionize fall prevention and care. DESIGN AND METHODS A fall risk and detection system was developed and installed in… (More)


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General Motors is moving past layoffs and the Motor City's rusty, low-tech image. "The companies that build the software themselves in general are going to have an advantage," says David Kirkpatrick, author of a book about Facebook and CEO of Techonomy Media Inc., a New York firm that specializes in setting up technology conferences. "
DETROIT, Oct 8- Chrysler will introduce on Friday a new set of television commercials to promote the rollout of its redesigned primary pickup truck, the Ram Truck 1500, which appears at U.S. dealerships this month.
DETROIT-- General Motors plans to hire up to 1,500 workers to staff a new computer technology center outside Detroit. Last month the company announced it would hire 500 people for a center in Austin, Texas. But spokeswoman Julie Huston-Rough said most carmakers strike a balance between doing computer work in the company and hiring outside firms.
Oct 8- General Motors Co said on Monday it will create 1,500 jobs at a new software development center in Michigan as part of the U.S. automaker's previously announced plan to shift information technology work back into the company.
Oct 8- Chrysler Group LLC is recalling more than 44,000 pickup trucks in the United States because a rear-axle pinion nut could loosen and cause loss of vehicle control.
*GM to decide soon on Opel cost cuts, alliance with PSA. *Opel says aims to source more parts from PSA, not GM. GM fully stands behind Opel, "GM Vice Chairman Stephen Girsky said in a statement sent by email.
DETROIT-- U.S. safety regulators are investigating complaints that Honda Odyssey minivans and Pilot SUVs can roll away after drivers remove the ignition key. The probe by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration affects more than 577,000 older-model vehicles, which were big sellers with families because of their space and reputation for quality.
An estimated 577,100 Honda vehicles are being investigated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Office of Defects Investigation. "Honda will cooperate with NHTSA through the investigation process, and will initiate our own internal review of the available information," said a spokesman for American Honda Motor Co..
Oct 5- General Motors Co said on Friday it will shift its hydrogen fuel cell development program from upstate New York, and consolidate the operation with its global power train engineering headquarters in Pontiac, Michigan.
DETROIT-- General Motors Co. said Friday that it plans to close its hydrogen fuel-cell research operation near Rochester, N.Y., and move about 220 jobs to Michigan. The Detroit- based automaker said the move will bring together experts on engine and transmission technology.
DETROIT-- The union representing Detroit Water and Sewerage workers says a five-day strike has ended and that 36 employees fired for walking out will get their jobs back. American Federation of State County and Municipal Employees Local 207 said in a statement Thursday that its executive board voted to end the strike after negotiations with management.
DETROIT-- Drivers of the Hyundai Veloster could be in for a surprise while cruising down the highway. The probe affects about 18,000 vehicles from the 2012 model year, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration said Friday. Hyundai said it is working with NHTSA on the investigation.
DETROIT-- U.S. safety regulators are looking into throttle problems in older Ford Escapes at the request of a consumer group. The nonprofit North Carolina Consumers Council has asked federal regulators to investigate two complaints from drivers who say the small SUV stalled or surged forward.
DETROIT-- U.S. safety regulators are investigating complaints that Honda Odyssey Minivans and Pilot SUVs can roll away after drivers remove the ignition key. The probe by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration affects more than 577,000 vehicles from the 2003 and 2004 model years that have automatic transmissions.
NEW YORK, Oct 5- The U.S. unemployment rate dropped to a near four-year low of 7.8 percent in September, a potential boost to President Barack Obama's re-election bid. RUSSELL PRICE, SENIOR ECONOMIST, AMERIPRISE FINANCIAL, DETROIT. ECONOMIST, RBC CAPITAL MARKETS, NEW YORK.
DETROIT-- A fundraiser for Kwame Kilpatrick told jurors Thursday that she regularly pulled money from her bra to pay kickbacks to the then- Detroit mayor, whom she considered like her own son. Emma Bell at times struggled as she explained her dealings with Kilpatrick.
DETROIT-- The union for striking Detroit Water and Sewerage Department workers says it will continue the walkout until the city gives amnesty to 34 workers threatened with firing. The union struck Sunday to protest Detroit's plan to downsize the department and eliminate most of the jobs in the department over several years.
Oct 4- Tesla Motors Inc Chief Executive Elon Musk dismissed fears the electric carmaker was in financial trouble and said it was making an advance payment on the federal loan used to make its Model S sedan.
DETROIT-- Honda says it is recalling more than 820,000 Civic compact cars and Pilot SUVs because the headlights can fail. The recall affects Civics from the 2002 and 2003 model years and Pilots from 2004 and 2005.. Honda says it will fix the wiring for free.
DETROIT, Oct 4- Tesla Motors Inc Chief Executive Elon Musk dismissed fears the electric carmaker was in financial trouble and said it was making an advance payment on the federal loan used to make its Model S sedan.


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(262) 395-1162
2801 Hillside Dr, Delafield, WI 53018
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Pets Allowed: Yes


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Try using competitor coupons at your regional grocery shop. Several grocery retailers will honor competitor coupons to garner your company. This approach will not only save time, but it will also save income on the gas you would invest driving to several stores. If you do not know if your grocer honors competitor coupons, basically ask the store manager for a copy of their coupon policy.
A single method of securing coupons effortlessly is taking benefit of the Sunday newspaper. Sunday papers virtually always have coupons, unless it is a Sunday ahead of a major holiday. Diverse newspapers have diverse coupons, so get a local one as effectively as the newspaper for the closest metropolitan city to make certain you have a variety of coupons.
When you go shopping, you are considerably far more probably to stick to your budget if you only pay with cash. Make a decision how considerably you are going to devote. Choose the amount of savings from coupons you will acquire. Then only take that amount of cash with you purchasing. You will only acquire what you want and you will be motivated towards utilizing all your coupons if you shop with money only.
Create a stockpile with your coupons. Attempt to collect much more than just a single of every single offered coupon. When one thing you need goes on sale, take your coupons and use them to buy as many of the sales item as you can. So when that beef stew goes on sale, you can stock up on that although saving a lot of income. Then, you won't pay complete price for peanut butter for a although.
Make positive you have the room for all of your newly bought things. Couponing will fill your cupboards and have you buying multiples of one solution to get them for cost-free or at a very deep discounted value. You will be stocked up for a extended time on some extremely certain products.


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political geographynoun [ U ]uk /pəˌlɪt.ɪ.kəl dʒiˈɒɡ.rə.fi/ us /pəˌlɪt̬.ə.kəl dʒiˈɑː.ɡrə.fi/ specialized
› the study of the way in which the world is divided into countries
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Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "political geography" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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something made in an earlier period that is collected and considered to have value because it is beautiful, rare, old, or of high quality


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Congratulations on giving George Monbiot a full page to address one of the most important issues of our time (Drowning in money: the pig-headed policies that make flooding inevitable, 14 January). Just when the country is beset with problems of flooding, and fears that they will become more frequent and more intense in the future, an ecological approach to water management is long overdue. Utilising the way that nature moderates rainwater runoff into watercourses, and the natural way those watercourses then carry the water to the sea, is the effective way to avoid flooding when there is "too much rain" and avoid droughts when there is "too little rain".
What's needed is enlightened policy to address flooding at source rather than the current dislocated policies that cause and exacerbate the problem. And we should also address why we allow rainwater runoff to overload our urban sewerage systems – which is why Thames Water says we need a multibillion-pound supersewer – rather than soaking away naturally.
John Stone
Thames Ditton, Surrey
• George Monbiot is right; Owen Paterson is wrong. But he is wrong because he is busily executing the policies of the European parliament. UK elections to that are due in May. Surely the important thing to do is to get all our MEPs enthused upon correcting the situation. European farmers form a powerful body, and it will not be realistic to try to annul the CAP. Efforts should be directed towards paying farmers, including UK ones, to carry out sensible, and not disastrous, land strategies.
Bill Millar
Didcot, Oxfordshire
• George Monbiot failed to mention one increasingly important factor – the building of windfarms in upland areas. Wind turbines need to be anchored and, to do this, holes need to be dug and filled with concrete. Similarly, hard standings for construction equipment and access roads need to be built. Trees which obstruct wind flow have to be removed. All of these reduce the land's natural ability to absorb water and increase runoff. Here in mid-Wales, in the uplands where the rivers Severn and Wye and their tributaries rise, there are many existing windfarms and proposals for many more. There is a public inquiry running into five such windfarms with proposals for 165 turbines, with a maximum height of 137 metres, and there are plans for others following in their wake. It is possible that there may eventually be 800 wind turbines in the area.
The building of just one of the windfarms subject to the public inquiry will involve the felling of 1,742 hectares of forest. All will involve the stripping of ancient peat bog, which traps water and carbon, and its replacement with concrete (each wind turbine needs foundations the size of an Olympic swimming pool). The building of concrete foundations for the pylons to take the meagre amount of electricity generated to the national grid will exacerbate the problems. Without doubt, this is being driven by government policy – and not just land management policy. Windfarm developers would not be interested in concreting our uplands without the prospect of subsidies for their electricity generation.
David Ward
Meifod, Powys
• George Monbiot needs to pause to think, and read a bit more widely. There is no evidence that the small-scale Pontbren results showing the influence of farming and land use practices on flooding can be replicated at a large catchment scale. Pour water on to a small plot and it may sink in; 100mm of rain over the whole of the Severn catchment will saturate it and mostly run off downstream (to Tewkesbury and Gloucester). Restoring rivers to their previous wild state may help those downstream of the effort, but can exacerbate flood risk upstream, and, anyway, only influences the smaller events. Flooding may be inevitable, and is a serious concern, but let's analyse it more intelligently.
Professor Edmund Penning-Rowsell
Pro-vice-chancellor, Middlesex University
• George Monbiot makes a good case for preventing rivers filling so quickly, and slowing their progress to built-up areas. Once water reaches the lower levels of the river Parrett in Somerset, however, it becomes a special case as it flows along a built-up duct, with overspill levels down its path. It is not a natural river and the science of the construction of the moors and pumping stations rely on the river emptying into the sea, not remaining trapped in its duct, unable to move. It is a man-made system which has worked well for 50 years and needs to maintained. We now have a situation of overspill sitting in houses where it's impossible to pump it back into the river as it is too full and can't empty. Surely Mr Monbiot would allow the last 10 miles of our river to be dredged? This water does actually need to escape to the sea.
Roderic Baillie-Grohman
Thorney, Somerset
• Owen Paterson might like to reflect on the 5,000-year-old story of the Prince of Chong. Commissioned by Emperor Yao to resolve the Great Flood that ravaged his territory, the prince built dams, dykes and embankments to control and contain the water within the rivers. Despite the utter failure of this approach, the prince blindly persisted, eventually earning himself banishment and – some accounts say – execution. It was his son, Yu the Great, who succeeded in taming the flood by dredging rivers and cutting channels to allow the excess waters to flood agricultural land and spare the cities.
Peter Deadman
Hove, East Sussex
• Government reintroduction of the European beaver would recruit a useful ally. Beavers are well known for their ecological role in flood mitigation, through their generally benign dam-building activities.
Patrick Stirling-Aird
Dunblane, Perthshire
• Challenges associated with fracking and flooding point to two interesting elements in the political geography of things environmental. One, they appear to be of particular concern when they arise in the south-east of England. Two, their resolution requires degrees of collaboration and joined-up thinking, and a key role for government working in the collective interest, that border on the impossible.
Joe Morris
Emeritus professor, Cranfield University


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Monday, February 24, 2014
Skin Irritations and Bra Fit
Your skin is your largest organ and the skin over your breasts is some of the most sensitive on your whole body. Breast skin irritations range from serious allergic reactions to mild heat rashes. The right bra fit and materials can play a big part in looking after the health of your skin. NB. Any sudden or dramatic change to your breast skin should be seen immediately by a doctor.
How Bad Bra Fit Causes Skin Irritation
I have seen everything from rashes to deep gouges caused by ill-fitting bras and it's completely preventable. Here are the most common irritations and their causes:
Rash underneath the breasts and on the lower torso - this is usually caused by a loose band. When the band is too big for you the breasts are able to lie flat against your torso which means sweat gets trapped between your breasts and your body. Trapped moisture is always bad news because bacteria can spread there easily (yeast is all over our bodies and in the air so when it finds a good breeding ground it multiplies) and your breasts can rub against the skin of your body which worsens the irritation. Your breasts should be lifted completely away from your torso so that at least a layer of fabric lies between your breasts and your body.
Chafing and blistering between the breasts - this is caused by either a band that's too big or too small. More often than not this is the result of a band that is too big so the rigid ends of the wires in the center (the gore) rub against the soft breast tissue and jab into your sternum. Some of the worst cases I've seen are on women who were exercising in non-sports bra with bands that were way too big for them. Painful indentations and rubbing between your breasts can also be caused by a band that is too tight. Remember that bands can sometimes be too tight because your cups are too small so your band is partly being filled by your breast tissue which makes it tight.
Blood blisters and chafing in front of the armpit - this is either caused by your cups being too small or wearing the wrong style. If your straps rub against the skin around your armpit your first step is to ensure that your cups are big enough. If you have a lot of migrated breast tissue the straps can rub against your migrated tissue and cause rashes and blood blisters. Look for bras with a good side panel to encourage your breast tissue back into your cup and away from your armpit.
Material and Skin Irritation
Some women have allergies to synthetic materials, elastic and metal which can make bra shopping a nightmare. It's very hard to find a purely cotton bra or one with only plastic hardware especially over a D cup. Lots of women with allergies to synthetic materials use cotton liners to wear between their skin and the bra.
The most common irritations are caused by sweat when working out and this can be easily avoided by wearing the right sports bra. The Panache Sports Bra is a perfect example of a fabric that's perfect for the job. Most regular bras are a single layer of fabric so if you sweat the material saturates and then excess sweat just gets trapped against your skin which is bad news. The Panache Sports Bra is made up of several layers of fabric so that your sweat is drawn away from your skin (this is referred to as wicking). The fabric also has a larger than average weave so that air can circulate around your breasts as you work out. This is how a sports bra should be designed so that you don't suffocate your skin or encourage bacterial build up with trapped sweat.
Quick Tips for Healthy Breast Skin
1. Make sure you have dried off excess water from underneath your breasts after showering.
2. Never put on a damp or wet bra.
3. Itchy skin is usually dry skin. Moisturize with a chemical free oil like Jojoba or Almond.
4. Don't use an abrasive exfoliator on your breast skin. Use a gentle cloth or sponge in small circular motions so you don't strip the skin of essential oils.
If you have a skin irritation problem you think is caused or worsened by your bra then leave your question in the comments section xx
Posted by bflycollection at 7:30 AM 0 comments
Labels: Bra Fit and Health
Monday, February 17, 2014
How Height Can Affect Your Bra Fit
This is a subject that comes up every week when I'm speaking to clients about their bra fit. A woman's height is so often a factor in her bra fit that I'm surprised there's so little information out there about the correlation between height and bra fit. I hope this post will help you narrow down which features your bra should have in relation to your height.
Height and Breast Root Position
Firstly we need to talk breast root position. This is something I've written about before in Breast Roots and Bra Fit. Whether you're tall, short or somewhere in the middle you can have a high-set, low-set or medium-set breast root and this will play a big part in which kind of bra wires work for you. This excerpt from my previous blog post summarizes breast root position and wire length:
"Breast Root Height
On average, full bust women find that their breast root is between 5 and 7 inches lower than their armpit. If the distance between your breast root base and your armpit is less than 5 inches you often find that bra wires poke into your armpit. If this is the case for you then you have high set breasts and will benefit from bras with short wires that don't rise as high into your armpit.
If your breast root is farther down your body than 7 inches you can experience spilling at the sides of your bra no matter which size you try. You need tall bras with long wires that run equal to (or higher than) the side of your breasts."
Tall Women and Strap Length
Tall women often find that their breast root is proportionally lower than an average 5ft 5" woman and so they need their bras to be long enough to reach their breast root. Their breasts aren't necessarily so tall that they need a really long wire to encase a deep/tall breast, instead they need a shallow to medium wire length on a bra with long straps that can lower the cups down to their breast root. This might sound simple but you'd be amazed at how few bra straps are long enough for a long torso.
|Partially Adjustable Left: the straps can only be adjusted as far as the ring Fully Adjustable Right: the straps can be adjusted all the way forward or back
If you are a tall woman with average or short height breasts then you need to find styles with a short to medium wire with a long strap. Here are some recommendations:
Cleo Bras - good for full all round and top heavy breasts. Lucy is good for side heavy and bottom heavy breasts.
|Cleo bras have long, fully adjustable straps. The cup shapes are good for full all round, top heavy and side heavy breasts
Claudette has very long straps and the Dessous shape is good for wide set breasts, side heavy breasts and shallow breasts. Dessous has a short wire too.
|Dessous by Claudette has long, fully adjustable straps. The cups are good for side heavy, wide set and shallow breasts
Jasmine, Gem, Tango and Envy are good styles for medium to tall breasts (ones that require a longer wire to encase a taller breast) that need longer straps.
|These styles have medium to long wires on long straps which are good for medium to tall breasts on long torsos
Boobs Take Up More Space on Short Bodies
Imagine a 34G volume bust (34 inches around the body and a projection of around 8 inches away from the body). This volume of bust on a long torso is a very different fit to the same volume on a short torso. This is because the surface area that 34G breasts take up on a short torso is proportionally greater than the surface area on a long torso. The short torso woman with a 34G bust might find that bras jab her in the armpit more than the long torso 34G woman. When the shorter woman sits down her breasts are closer to her stomach than the taller woman so a bra with a band might flip up or cut into her stomach whereas it may not on a longer torso.
A surprising pattern has emerged through our size consultations. The same under bust and over bust measurements on women of different heights can alter their cup size by as much as three cup sizes depending on her height. It seems that for every inch you are under 5ft 4" your cup size is one volume larger than that of a woman over 5ft 5" with the same raw measurements.
If you have a short body or simply a short torso look for bandless bras with medium length wires. Fully adjustable straps are essential for short women. Check out my post on bras good for short torsos for some style suggestions.
Strap Position on the Shoulder and Height
Lots of bras have straps set too far apart for short women (and women with narrow or sloping shoulders). Besides making the straps slip off your shoulders more easily, straps that are too far apart for your body can buckle the cup shape. As you pull the straps closer in so that they sit on your shoulders it alters the shape of the cup and can cause gaping where the cups start to buckle. Short women benefit from bras with straps designed for narrow or sloping shoulders.
|Left: Cleo bras have wide set straps that are ideal for average to wide frames. Right: Dessous has closer set straps ideal for smaller frames (and sloping or narrow shoulders)
I hope these height related fit tips help you narrow down what you need from a bra. If you have any questions please let me know in the comments and I'll do my best to get you answers! xx
Posted by bflycollection at 7:30 AM 25 comments
Labels: Bra Fit, Bra Straps, Bra Styles
Monday, February 10, 2014
The Gap Between Thin and Plus Size
I rarely write posts purely about bodies because, as you all know, my focus is boobs no matter which bodies they live on. For a long time though something has been niggling away at the back of my mind then last week 2 things happened that made up my mind about writing this post. As a size US 8/10 (UK 12-14) I have never identified as a skinny person, apart from maybe when I was 9 and my haircut and knees were the biggest parts of me. I developed hips and boobs as a teenager and they've stayed consistently prominent throughout my adult years. Considering I have some major curves going on I've never identified as a Plus Sized person either. I don't need to seek Plus Size retailers to find clothes that fit and I don't encounter many of the physical or emotional situations that I read about from Plus Sized women. So if I'm not skinny or plus sized, what am I in the realms of social discussion? Apparently I, like the millions of other women, don't warrant discussion because I don't fit neatly into either of the two body boxes.
Last week there was a news piece doing the social media rounds about a school girl who started a petition to encourage Disney to create a plus sized princess. I think this is a great idea for more diverse representation from an iconic company, however, this kind of thing happens a lot where the two options seem to be 'thin' or 'plus sized' which bypasses the millions of women who don't identify as either. I don't look at a Disney princess and think "Yeah, I have those kind of proportions" but I also wouldn't see a plus size character and identify any more closely. Very rarely do we see people petitioning for a middle ground and I'm not really sure why.
|With her defined tummy, hips and thighs Robyn Lawley is very relatable for lots of middle-sized women but she is almost constantly referred to as Plus Sized because the fashion industry only allows for 2 groups of size.
A topic that has been well discussed is the definition of Plus Size models. Robyn Lawley is a prolific model who at a size US 12 (UK 16) is considered Plus Size by the fashion industry but she's also over 6ft and proportionally akin to a size 10, 5ft 9 woman. I understand that the fashion industry is polarized into thin and plus size but Robyn looks proportionally like lots of us middle-sizers (bar the exquisite eyebrows perhaps!) but we're not allowed to have her as an ambassador because she gets allocated to Plus Sized where we don't identify.
I personally don't need validation from a slew of social media memes to help me define who I am. I am fortunate to feel very proud of my body and the person it houses so it's not for my own identification that I raise this question. However, lots of girls and women don't fall into the category of thin or plus sized and their fit and esteem issues are just as valid. It would be great if we didn't have such polarized 'categories' of bodies but it's naive not to recognize that 'thin' and 'plus size' have very visible representation in social media, retail and traditional media so where do you look if you don't fit neatly into either camp?
|Elomi (left) is a predominantly Plus Size brand with most bands starting a 34. Cleo (right) is a predominantly Full Bust brand with most bands starting at a 28. The shaping needs of these two categories can be quite different.
The second occurrence that prompted this post was an article I read about finding good bra fit which said "if you have big boobs then you need a plus size bra and there are lots of brands to choose from, like Elomi". Yes, Elomi is a great plus size specialty brand, one that we are delighted to carry, but not all women with big boobs are plus sized!
When Paul and I created Butterfly Collection the lack of understanding around boob and body size was painfully apparent. The term Full Bust (meaning a 28-38 band size with a D-K+ cup) was almost unheard of when we began speaking to brands and customers alike. People kept trying to lump us in the Plus Sized category because they didn't know what else to do with us. And that's the problem for me. It's just lazy to ignore that body size and shape is far more diverse than just thin or plus size and the fact that a term like full bust is so hard for people to grasp shows the lack of language and understanding around body diversity.
It's because of this stereotypical idea that big boobs live on big bodies that I wanted to raise this subject. If you aren't a plus size woman but you also don't fit into the 'shapes' of Victoria's Secret, strapless tops and thigh gaps then it can be difficult to know where to look for retail help and social empathy and I hope we can change that by changing our language around body shapes.
|Kat Dennings, Christina Hendricks and Mindy Kaling are all public figures who I can identify with on a physical level and they've all been labeled as plus size at some point by a polarized 'thin' or 'plus size' rhetoric
If you identify as a Plus Sized woman then there are a huge number of blogs, stores, public figures, resources and shows that identify as Plus Size and so are easy to seek out. If you're a size 8, 32G with big hips, no bum and a trim waist then finding people, blogs, stores and advice that empathize is a little trickier. I would love to hear your thoughts on this. Does it matter if there isn't a mass representation and language around middle-sizers? Am I underestimating the representation that already exists? Let me know what you think xx
Posted by bflycollection at 7:30 AM 51 comments
Labels: Body Confidence, Bra Education, Butterfly Collection Lingerie, Full Bust Bras, Plus Size Bras, Robyn Lawley, Self Esteem
Monday, February 3, 2014
Bra Fit Tips for Side Heavy Breasts
A huge number of women find that their breasts are heaviest and fullest at the side of their breasts (the side nearest your armpit). This is a completely normal distribution of breast tissue that women of all breasts sizes experience. For women with large breasts this side heavy breast tissue can cause a couple of bra fit issues:
1) The breasts can look very spread out and chafe against your arms.
2) You can find that you get empty cup near the center of your bra.
Why Your Breasts Spread Out in Bras
You may think that big boobs always look spread out and this is due in part to some bad fitting techniques. Lots of stores and boutiques default to putting large busted women into Minimizing Bras which spread out the bust. The shape of these bras moves the tissue even further under the armpit to lessen the forward projection of the bust. This might sound like it will make you look smaller but in fact the added width to your upper body can draw more attention to your bust and make it look bigger than it is.
Side heavy breasts don't need to be pushed farther apart, in fact they benefit from being firmly supported at the sides. A tall and firm side panel in a bra will narrow the profile of your bust and stop your breasts spreading out which can cause excessive chafing against your arms as you walk.
Bras that spread out the breasts can cause the empty tissue near the center of your bra. With the majority of the weight being pushed sideways it skews the shape of the cup so that you end up with cup that has no breast tissue in it.
What to Avoid and What to Look For
Avoid bras with a horizontal seam that goes right from the outer edge of the bra to the center gore. This kind of shape is great for full or wide breasts but doesn't offer enough support to side heavy breasts. Molded cups (bras without seams) can also cause your breasts to spread out. Remember, it's seams that give shape to a bra. Molded cups have lots of uses but if you're trying to stop your breasts spreading out you need the help of seams.
Look for bras with a tall side panel that runs directly down from the strap. This reinforcing panel scoops the breast tissue away from the sides and cushions the tissue. By bringing the side breast tissue closer in on the body you will most likely find that you don't get empty cup at the center. This is because the distribution of breast tissue is being spread out more evenly throughout the cup. If you have very soft breast tissue you can still get gaping at the center. To stop this look for bras with a wide, tall gore and/or a bra with a stretch fabric upper cup.
Here are some of our favourite bras for supporting side heavy breasts:
|Gem by Freya has a supportive side panel and is shaped well for women with short torsos and/or narrow shoulders
|Jasmine by Panache Superbra is a 4-part bra that has a side panel dedicated to moving breast tissue away from the armpit. This bra is also good for soft breasts as it has a stretch lace upper cup
|Envy by Panache Superbra is based on the success of Jasmine. The tall side panel gives firm support. The stretch lace upper cup rounds the shape of the bust.
|Lucy by Cleo is one of our best-sellers for supporting side heavy breasts. The rounded side seam gives a beautiful shape.
If you have any questions about fit for side heavy breasts then let us know in the comments section and we'll be happy to help you figure out your best fit. xx
Posted by bflycollection at 9:58 AM 21 comments
Labels: Bra Fit, Bra Styles, Cleo Bras, Freya, Panache Bras, Side Heavy Breasts
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Few places in England have the history, style and urban aplomb to match this music capital of the north.
With the 50th anniversary of The Beatles' debut single Love Me Do promising mass celebrations and concerts, there has never been a better time to visit the band's hometown.
From Savile Row to Carnaby Street and beyond, it is the city's energy that supplies the inspiration for one of its most dynamic industries.
With winter quickly approaching, a new system of hot yoga has arrived in Chelsea to rival Bikram, warming the body the same way sunlight does.
In one day in London we meet the man who has revolutionised the iconic red doubledecker bus and take in the extraordinary economic impact of the annual Wimbledon tennis championships.
The world-famous Parisian cabaret has arrived on London's South Bank with a fun and provocative show that will run until Christmas Eve.
This magnificent national park is one of the best places in Britain for a stroll. No wonder that many a poet and writer has fallen for its formidable charm over the years.
From the gale-blasted cliffs of Scotland to the balmy shores of the Seychelles, travel experts reveal their secret hideaways.
Editors' Picks
A celebration of this planet and the pure joy of travelling around it
BBC Travel uncovers the hidden side of the parks through its people
Today, there are only three women alive who know how to make su filindeu
While other countries close their borders, Albania harbours those in need
Which came first – the precise timekeepers or the precise people?
From rocket ships to flying cars, these kids inspire us to love the world


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Dream of coffee cup cracking?
i had a dream that the coffee cup I was about to drink suddenly but slowly began to crack, a line split down the middle or side of the cup, but the liquid did Not spill. any meaning to this?
Been under a bit of stress lately? If you're a regular coffee drinker the coffee means nothing but the crack is the main point. You're under some pressure but don't want to let anyone know it is getting to you. Hence the no spilling. If the crack was rough or smooth could have an impact also.
To see a cup in your dream represents love, nurturance and the womb. The cup may also signify rejuvenation and healing. Alternatively, it indicates a transcendence into a realm of higher consciousness. Is the cup half-full or half-empty? Do you see life from an optimistic or pessimistic point of view.
To dream that you are drinking or need your coffee suggests that you need to gain some insight and knowledge before making a decision or tackling some project/relationship. You may be acting too hasty and need to slow down. Alternatively, it may imply a need for you to change your routine.
To dream of a crack in some object indicates that something in your life is imperfect. Nobody is perfect. Or there could be a flaw in your thinking or relationship. The dream may also be a pun on "cracking under pressure". You may be experiencing difficulties in trying to maintain your composure and keeping it together.
Dreaming of drinking coffee, denotes the disapproval of friends toward your marriage intentions. If married, disagreements and frequent quarrels are implied. Dreaming of dealing in coffee, portends business failures. If selling, sure loss. Buying it, you may with ease retain your credit. For a young woman to see or handle coffee she will be made a by-word if she is not discreet in her actions. Dreaming of roasting coffee, for a young woman it denotes escape from evil by luckily marrying a stranger. To see ground coffee, foretells successful struggles with adversity. Parched coffee, warns you of the evil attentions of strangers. Green coffee, denotes you have bold enemies who will show you no quarter, but will fight for your overthrow….


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|[jira] Commented: (HADOOP-4044) Create symbolic links in HDFS
|Mon, 06 Oct 2008 17:37:44 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-4044?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=12637147#action_12637147 ] Doug Cutting commented on HADOOP-4044: -------------------------------------- > I prefer the name symlink instead of link. Hmm. 'Symbolic link' is the marked case in unix, the exception, where 'link' alone refers to a hard link. The reason is historic, symbolic links were not added to unix until 4.2 BSD. The term 'link' was already used to describe hard links and so had to be qualified, even though symbolic links are now more commonly used than hard links. In Hadoop I argue we should make hard links the marked case, and that the default understanding of 'link' in Hadoop, as on the web, should be like unix's symbolic link. If we ever add support for hard links, then they would become the marked case in Hadoop, requiring qualification, like server-side redirects. However I would not veto this if the majority prefer a longer name here. > the method next() suggests that one follows the path to the next symbolic link. It does not strictly. Can you elaborate? Each time this is called a link is resolved, returning a path that may contain more links, following a chain of links, no? Also, 'doOperation()' is next to meaningless. So if 'next' is indeed inappropriate we should replace it with something more specific, not something generic. > Create symbolic links in HDFS > ----------------------------- > > Key: HADOOP-4044 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HADOOP-4044 > Project: Hadoop Core > Issue Type: New Feature > Components: dfs > Reporter: dhruba borthakur > Assignee: dhruba borthakur > Attachments: symLink1.patch, symLink1.patch, symLink4.patch, symLink5.patch, symLink6.patch, symLink8.patch, symLink9.patch > > > HDFS should support symbolic links. A symbolic link is a special type of file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path and that affects pathname resolution. Programs which read or write to files named by a symbolic link will behave as if operating directly on the target file. However, archiving utilities can handle symbolic links specially and manipulate them directly. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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Oscar-tipped US indie drama Beasts of the Southern Wild opened strongly at the UK box office at the weekend, with the second-highest screen average of any film. First-time director Benh Zeitlin's tale of defiance and environmental destruction on the Lousiana bayou took an impressive £5,633 per site for a total of £157,717.
Beasts of the Southern Wild centres on six-year-old Hushpuppy and her father, Wink, who live in a fictitious community known as the Bathtub, which is under constant threat from rising waters. The film has won plaudits for its green-minded themes and political polemic, picking up prizes at the Sundance and Cannes film festivals. Zeitlin won the Sutherland award for best debut feature at the London film festival last week.
Particular praise has also gone to the untrained actors who play Hushpuppy and Wink, Quvenzhané Wallis and Dwight Henry. Wallis is currently odds-on to pick up a best actress Oscar nod for next year's ceremony, according to the awards prediction site GoldDerby. Were she to receive a nomination, she would be the youngest ever person to do so. The film is also expected to pick up a nomination for best film, while local Louisiana baker Henry has an outside chance of a nod for best supporting actor.
Beasts of the Southern Wild is now due to expand from its current 28 screens across the country this weekend. The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw recently labelled it "part film, part hallucination: a ripe and gamey piece of what you might call apocalyptic southern gothic, ambitious and flawed but sprinting with energy" in the middle of a four-star review.


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Grass (novel)
|Sheri S. Tepper
|United States
|Science Fiction
Publication date
|Media type
Grass is a 1989 science fiction novel by Sheri S. Tepper. Nominated for both the Hugo and Locus awards in 1990, in 2002 it was included in the SF Masterworks collection. It is the first novel in Tepper's Arbai trilogy.
Plot summary[edit]
Chief protagonist Marjorie Westriding-Yrarier juggles family issues and her conflicting religious beliefs as her family is sent to the little-understood world of Grass to seek a cure for the mysterious alien plague afflicting all of humanity. The first stage of this search will be to befriend the human aristocracy of the planet who have seemingly become obsessed with a localised variant of fox hunting using the planet's native fauna in place of the horses, hounds and foxes found on Earth.
In the distant future Terra (Earth) has become massively over-populated and its resources overstretched. Partially as a result of this, the human race has spread out across the galaxy and populated new worlds. One such world is the eponymous Grass, so named because almost its entire surface is covered in multi-coloured prairie.
The spread of a seemingly incurable plague across human settlements throughout known space prompts the authoritarian religious rulers of humanity, Sanctity, to send investigators to Grass, the only place the plague does not seem to have affected, in the hope of finding a cure. Given that Grass has become largely the fiefdom of emigree former European nobility who have developed an obsession with hunting in the old English tradition, they select the Yrarier family whose equestrian background and upper class roots they expect will best enable them to integrate and learn more about the hitherto secretive planet.
Grass is the first novel of the Arbai-Trilogy. The sequels are Raising the Stones and Sideshow.
Grass was shortlisted for both the Hugo and Locus SF book awards in 1990.[1]
- ^ "1990 Award Winners & Nominees". Worlds Without End. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
External links[edit]
|This article about a 1980s science fiction novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.


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A story is always in need of a good ending.Mature
This is a short story about a writer thinking of an ending for another story.
More often than not, they're already stereotypically decided based on the kind of story it is. Young Adult stories would probably end with the fulfillment of a love interest, Fairytales have their happily ever afters, Fantasies would probably end with an important event, or maybe some strange plot twist nobody expected.
How do I know this? I'm a writer. I've read a great deal of works, as well as written a number of them. However, when it comes to endings, I prefer to create my own endings. I don't like following the so called rules other writers would follow these days. All the same endings, just different ways of showing them. Who even decided these things? I never bothered to find out. Like most things, it didn't matter to me.
Which reminds me, I still need to work on another story. I stumble to my desk, grab my pen and some paper, and I start writing. I look over at the clock, only to find out it's 2AM. Maybe that's why I'm so tired, but then again I never really sleep at this time anymore. I'm either working or I'm having a hard time sleeping. Maybe tonight, I'll decide to sleep earlier. I need to give myself a rest.
The rain taps on my window as I think about what to write. I have no problem with the plot, so I decide to write about the main character. A young man, maybe a teenager around my age. I write about what this character is like, how he will be like in the story. I decided to make him a depressed boy that has a lot of problems. This story will be his life story, the story of how he never got along with anybody around him, how he never really achieves much in his classes. Maybe I'll include how he doesn't get along with his parents, but I wouldn't blame them for the story I'll write for him. Besides, I'm the writer, I decide where the story goes. I write about how he struggles everyday and how his hardships keep bringing him down, the times that he felt abandoned and how it destroyed him. I run out of space on the paper, but that's okay. I'm just taking note of all the important things. Everything else, I can just make up anyway.
The rain gets stronger as the night goes on. I feel so tired and tensed, but the sound of the rain calms me down. I grab another paper and think about the other characters that will be in this story. Friends, family, old classmates, maybe even the people he works with. People he'd interact with in his life. I list down the notable things about them. Things that he likes about these people, some of their best memories, maybe even some of the things he needs to apologize for. He's not perfect, he has his faults. I drop the pen as I start feeling dizzy. Maybe drinking scotch this late at night was a bad idea. I needed to work, but that's okay. I told myself I'd sleep earlier, but I just need to write my ending.


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Facebook was my first online adventure. I never had a MySpace page, and outside of e-mail I don't spend time surfing the Web unless it's for something specific.
When it comes to using Facebook for dating, as I've been doing for several months now, you discover some very specific "rules." Here are some examples.
1. Keep your page YOUR page. Don't be a friend collector for numbers' sake. This is what high school and college students do. Before I started the Facebook Dating Project, I went through my list of friends and made sure I actually knew all of them. If I was going to expose my personal life online, it needed to be for the people that I would be telling anyway. You don't have to friend everyone you meet and you certainly shouldn't be friending every person you go on a date with. I had one date do that and I hit ignore. Your page is your place to express yourself to your friends. You don't want it to be a place where you have to self-edit.
2. Relationship status better be rock solid. Facebook offers a variety of choices about your status like "single," "married," "engaged," "it's complicated" and "in a relationship." On our fourth date, my last boyfriend accidentally introduced me to a friend as, "This is my girlfriend, Angela." That alone made me want to drop dead but she said, "Oh — so this is why you changed your relationship status on Facebook!" "What?" I said. We weren't even Facebook friends yet and he had already declared us a couple online.
So what was I to do? On the one hand I'm thinking, "I'm going to offend him if I don't follow suit." On the other I'm thinking, "In a relationship? We just met!" Two weeks later we became Facebook friends; decided not to date anyone else, and four weeks after that I changed my status too. Suddenly I heard from people I hadn't heard from in years, "I saw you changed your status! What's the scoop?" It was a big and bold statement. And ultimately — it was too early to do it. Next time, I'm waiting until I'm in a solid relationship before I commit to a status. See rule #1 — make your page your page. You don't have to follow anyone else's lead. I broke my own rule.
3. Breaking Up. Breaking up on Facebook is worse than telling people you're with someone. One week post break-up with my ex I 'hid' the 'In A Relationship' so that it appeared on my 'Info' page but not on my profile page. A week after that, I eliminated it altogether and unfriended him. Once again, people I hadn't heard from in years sent me messages, "I see you changed your relationship status. What happened?" "He dumped me, that's what happened." Dating publicly has its ups and downs. Breaking up on Facebook should and can be avoided by not committing to Facebook in the first place unless you know you're in for the long haul.


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Sorry you're having a bad experience. Tell us how we can improve...
Not ?
We're excited to introduce you to our brand new site! All the great deals from DealChicken, plus more than 50,000 free coupons from 20,000 more local merchants!
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For security purposes, we require you to simply log in with your email and password to confirm this is the account we should link to Facebook.
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Or you can create a brand new Local Flavor account using the info from your Facebook.
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A Peace of Eden Salon & Spa is a paradise for the body, from head to toe, offering a suite of services from hair design and color to nail services, facials, peels, massages and more. Open Tuesday through Saturday, they're found at 5001 Curry Road in the Curry Commons Shopping Center of Pittsburgh.
When new offers are available from this business.


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I cant do a TT due to my work. I'm 36 yro and has had 2 c-sections 5'4 and 169 lbs....I was over 208 over a year ago and I'm watching everything I eat
Can Liposuction Be a Good Choice to Help Flatten the Tummy?
Doctor Answers 7
Liposuction may be just what you need if tummy tuck is out of the question.
Liposuction may be just fine if you can't take the time off for a tummy tuck since lipo is a great motivator to kick start your dieting and exercising programs. Good Luck.
Web reference: http://www.TheBestLipoDoc.com/drdavidhansen/landing/
Tummy tuck vs. Lipo for abdomen
Without examining you, I can;t be sure, but if you lostg a lot of weight and had two children, you most likley have loose skin or weak muscles that would probably require a tummy tuck.
Liposuction to flatten the tummy
Congratulations on the weight loss, you should be proud of yourself. Keep it off. Maintain a good exercise program and continue to observe a healthy diet. A liposuction surgeon can examine you and determine if the majority of your fat is under the skin and above the muscle wall. This is the ideal liposuction candidate with a localized fat deposit in the abdomen. If, however, the fat is mostly or significantly around the intestinal tract and behind the muscle wall, then liposuction can not make a flat stomach!
You might also like...
Liposuction to flatten the tummy
If you have excess fat in the abdominal area but do not have excess skin also, then Liposuction is the appropriate surgery. It will remove the fat from under relatively taught skin and, thus, flatten the tummy. If, however, you have excess (loose) skin (you are likely to have this after pregnancy or weight loss) then the surgery needed is a tummy tuck that also removes the extra skin. With extra skin, you would have looser skin after Liposuction alone.
Flat Tummies with Liposuction
You can't removed excess skin with liposuction. Liposuction is generally used to help shape your body, and though it does this by removing fat, it is more about sculpting than removing. If you feel that you skin is saggy, liposuction will probabably not achieve the results you want.
Liposuction and Tummy Tuck are 2 very different operations
Although Tummy Liposuction and Tummy Tuck may be done on the same area of the body, they are two very different operations with different indications (IE reasons to operate), different goals and different capabilities.
LIPOSUCTION will remove and sculpt the fat under the skin. It will NOT do the job of a Tummy Tuck. It will NOT bring split tummy muscles together. It will not narrow the waist, remove all loose tummy skin, lift a sagging Mons pubis. None of these things a well-done Tummy Tuck WILL do.
If your goal is to remove a localized fat collection and look better in clothes but risk having obvious loose, maybe even hanging skin, then a liposuction is for you. On the other hand, if your goal is to end up with maximal tummy tightness and flatness, but at the cost of a transverse scar (hidden in the underwear), then nothing but a Tummy Tuck will get it for you.
Choose wisely.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Parents! Here's A List Of Things You Should Teach Your Children At An Early Age
So I came across a really interesting yet factual parenting guideline (for those of you with young children) that I absolutely agree with! Courtesy of Zindagi Gulzar Hai! Provided below are 13 IMPORTANT tips that parents should really pay attention to.
1: Warn your Girl Child Never to sit on anyone's laps no matter the situation including uncles.
2: Avoid Getting Dressed in front of your child once he/she is 2 years old. Learn to excuse them or yourself.
3. Never allow any adult refer to your child as 'my wife' or 'my husband'
4. Whenever your child goes out to play with friends make sure you look for a way to find out what kind of play they do, because young people now sexually abuse themselves.
5. Never force your child to visit any adult he or she is not comfortable with and also be observant if your child
becomes too fond of a particular adult.
6. Once a very lively child suddenly becomes withdrawn you may need to patiently ask lots of questions from your child.
7. Carefully educate your grown ups about the right values of sex . If you don't, the society will teach them the wrong values.
8: It is always advisable you go through any new Material like cartoons you just bought for them before they start seeing it themselves.
9. Ensure you activate parental controls on your cable networks and advice your friends especially those your child(ren) visit(s) often.
10. Teach your 3 year olds how to wash their private parts properly and warn them never to allow anyone touch those areas and that includes you (remember, charity begins from home and with you).
11: Blacklist some materials/associates you think could threaten the sanity of your child (this includes music, movies and even friends and families).
12. Let your child(ren) understand the value of standing out of the crowd.
13: Once your child complains about a particular person, don't keep quiet about it.


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Video: Whoopi discovers she doesn't like tax hikes
posted at 8:23 pm on March 6, 2009 by Ed Morrissey
The moment of truth comes at about 3:30 in this edited clip from The View today, but there are more goodies here, too. Before we get to Whoopi's explicitly but mildly Howard Beale-esque rant, another member of the View quartet attempts to lecture Obama critics on respect for the office of the Presidency — which brings a snort of scorn from Elizabeth Hasselbeck, who wonders when suddenly dissent stopped being cool.
Wallow, my friends, in the warm flood of hypocrisy.
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|Integrated multi-touch trackpad
|Integrated multi-touch trackpad enables easy navigation with gesture support to enhance your Windows experience. Tap, swipe, drag, zoom, and click with ease.
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Birds: The Final One NOAW!
July 5th, 2009
Daemon looks at the downed Articuno... somewhat in disbelief. Then she cheers up, "take that Articuno! We'll gladly take those 9001 exp points."
Roy takes notice at this, "how? what? huh?"
Ego replies to Roy, "every n00b knows Samuel Oak's Articuno gives 9001 exp points."
Roy just shakes it off, "whatever that is... am I the only sane person in this world?"
Daemon looks over at Roy, tilts her head and says, "well that ruined Amature Psychology NOAW! Where will I find a new crazy person?"


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Hamas: 'Israel Has Eight Years Left'Hamas' Interior Minister claims Palestinian Arabs to 'liberate' Israel by 2022.
PA Official: Jews 'Defile' Al-Aqsa (Temple Mount)In wake of continued anti-Semitism on Mount, PA official claims Jews make Judaism's holiest site 'impure.'
Islamic Group Denounces Jerusalem Discovery as 'Fake History'Islamic Waqf Trust claims Israel "fabricates history to strengthen its claim on the holy city."
Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa is in DangerMufti of Jerusalem calls on Muslims to come out en masse to the Al-Aqsa Mosque and "protect" it from "the occupation."
Arab Group: Kotel is a Muslim Site, And Jews Don't Belong ThereAn Israeli Arab group says, Israel is "defiling the holiness" of the Kotel - as defined by Islam - by conducting Jewish prayers there.
Terrorists Warn Israel: Harming Al-Aqsa Will Open Gates of HellThe Popular Resistance Committees terrorist organization threatens Israel against harming the Al-Aqsa mosque.
Arab League: Don't Touch Muslim Temple MountAs Jews fast and mourn the Temple, Muslim Brotherhood members in Egypt will be protesting about their "holiest site" on Temple Mount.
Al-Aqsa Sheikh: Jerusalem will be Muslim ForeverA preacher at the Al-Aqsa Mosque denounces A-G's statement that Israeli law must be applied to the complex.
PA Slams A-G for Saying Israeli Law Applies on Temple MountIslamic official says that statement that Israeli law must be applied to Al-Aqsa Mosque is a "violation against Muslims and Palestinians."
Abbas Calls on Muslims and Christians to Visit JerusalemPA Chairman Mahmoud Abbas: There's no prohibition in the Koran to visit Jerusalem. Muslims and Christians should come.
Egypt's Mufti Defends Al-Aqsa VisitEgypt's Grand Mufti, Ali Gomaa, defends visit to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, says it was a personal, not an official visit.
Egypt's Grand Mufti Visits Al-Aqsa MosqueEgypt's grand mufti visits Al-Aqsa mosque, ignores cleric's call to avoid visits to Jerusalem "because of the Zionists".
Israel: Arab MKS 'Deliberately Spread Dangerous Libel'Israeli spokesman Mark Regev strongly condemned Arab MK Ahmed Tibi's remarks in Doha, calling his statements "dangerous libel."
Former PA Mufti Warns Against Israeli 'Break-In' to Al-AqsaEkrema Sabri, who served as Mufti of Jerusalem, warns that Israeli extremists are planning to break into the Al-Aqsa mosque.