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On December 19, 2015, ROLAND, beloved husband of the late Mary Slatkoff (nee Kaufman); loving father of Barbara Lynda (Herschel) Budlow and Leslye Zina (Stuart) Solomon; devoted brother of the late Leonard Winston, Zelda Schrum and Kenneth Slatkoff; adored grandfather of Gregory (Casie) Solomon, Andrea and Stephanie Solomon, Gilbert (Sharon) Budlow and Paul E. (Lisa)… Read More
On December 19, 2015, ELMER J., beloved husband of Dolores R. Rhody (nee Lipkowitz); cherished father of Jeffrey (Laurie) Rhody; devoted brother of the late Donald Rhody and Erma Bressler; loving grandfather of Sam and Jake Rhody; cherished son of the late Jack and Jennie Rhody. Services at SOL LEVINSON & BROS., INC., 8900 Reisterstown… Read More
On December 14, 2015, KAREN LYN, born May 30, 1944, passed peacefully surrounded by her loving family. She is survived by Norman Pell, her beloved & devoted husband of 45 years, her three daughters, Bambi (Bennett) Zinman, Mandi Love and Alice-Jane Pell, two beautiful granddaughters Jasmine-Rae Love and Sophie Hani Zinman and many loving friends… Read More
On December 17, 2015, SYLVIA CECILIA (nee Schames), beloved wife of the late Selig Marks; devoted mother of Joseph (Linda) Marks, Steven (Jean) Marks and the late Joan Marks; dear sister of the late Fannie Jacobson, Ida Greenfeld, Harry Shames, Jack Shames and Rachel Shames; adored grandmother of David (Karen) Marks, Amy (Harold) Steinly-Marks and… Read More
On December 19, 2015, MELVIN, loving husband of Phyllis Gofstein (nee Schwartz); cherished father of Felice Stoller, Harris (Danielle) Gofstein, Warren (Melisa) Gofstein and Marty (Ashley) Jenoff; devoted brother of Tracy (Bob) Macon; devoted son of the late William and Ada Gofstein; adored grandfather of Makena Stoller, Cardin Stoller, Addisyn Gofstein, Juliet Gofstein, Chase Gofstein,… Read More
On December 17, 2015, ROSE H. (nee Levine), beloved wife of the late Daniel Friedlander; devoted mother of Wendy G. (David) Kaplan and the late Jerold Friedlander; dear sister of Harriet Tamres; loving daughter of the late Albert and Edith Levine; cherished grandmother of Alexis C. and Meghan D. Kaplan. Funeral services and interment at… Read More
On December 19, 2015, THEODORE "TEDDY", beloved husband of the late Eileen DeBois (nee Pollen); loving father of June (Robert) Jacobs and Richard DeBois; dear brother of the late Betty Awner and Stanley DeBois; adored grandfather of Reanna Jacobs, Cris (Kathryn) Jacobs, Jennifer DeBois Dickerson, Michelle DeBois and the late Daniel DeBois; devoted great-grandfather of… Read More
On December 19, 2015, EDWARD, beloved husband of Linda Copeland (nee Hutkins); cherished father of Larry (Shaina) Copeland, David (Amanda) Copeland and Benjamin (Jennifer) Copeland; devoted brother of Philip Copeland; loving grandfather of Miriam, Yehuda, Elisheva, Jacob, Shoshanna, Elon, Adam and Samuel Copeland; cherished son of the late Louis and Dora Copeland. Funeral services and… Read More
On December 15, 2015, Dr. BYRON S., beloved husband of the late Shirley R. Tepper (nee Rothenberg); loving father of Alan A. Tepper and Rachel S. (Bradford) Cox; adored grandfather of Anna Cox and Ryan Cox; devoted son of the late Murray and Rose Tepper. Funeral services and interment are private. Please omit flowers. Contributions… Read More
On December 15, 2015, SHIRLEY, beloved wife of the late Elliot Jacob Sless; devoted mother of Carol (Steve) Shemer, Ronald M. (Cookie) Sless and Barry A. Sless; loving sister of Ed Dragon, Thalia (Marty) Resnick, and the late Robert Dragon; adored grandmother of Susan (Scott) Levy, Michael (Lisa) Shemer, Fred (Jen) Shemer, Stacey (Neil) Seitchik,… Read More
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Climate change is a reality, and Canadians are increasingly concerned with how their country – with its rich but not inexhaustible natural resources – will both impact and be affected by the global climate change that has become a pressing issue. But to understand what scientists, politicians and others mean when they speak of "climate change" and "global warming" some basic background information is necessary, such as how the earth maintains a climate in the first place and what natural processes are at work, which affect the earth's temperature.
Earth's Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds our planet and is kept in place by the Earth's gravity. This mixture of gases is roughly 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases, in addition to water vapor. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.
Earth's Climate
Climate is the sum of weather conditions existing over a period of time–a month, a decade, a century or longer–and climate change results from a complex process that scientists are only beginning to understand. Our climate has been constantly changing since the Earth began, with periods of global warming and global cooling long before human beings (and their various activities) came on the scene. The natural global warming and cooling that has occurred in the past can offer useful insights into present processes.
The Greenhouse Effect
The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of radiation. Much of that radiation doesn't get past our atmosphere, but that which does is responsible for heating up the Earth. As the Earth warms up, it in turn emits Infrared radiation (IR) back into space. Now if it simply sent it all back, we'd be in trouble (and a lot colder). But actually what happens is that "greenhouse gases" in our atmosphere absorb the thermal radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and send the energy back to the Earth's surface, warming it to the relatively comfortable temperatures that we have now. Without this recycling of energy by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the Earth would be about 30 degrees Celsius cooler than it is now.
Solar Alternatives
The demand for photovoltaic panels has increased by 57% in the USA in 2007 and also is gradually enhancing on a regular monthly basis. The increase popular causes the renovation of solar innovation as a whole. The prices of solar batteries have declined on the average of 4% annually over the previous 15 years.
Several states in the country provide tax obligation credits and also refunds to houses that wish to set up solar power system which in turn have boosted industry where there is a huge demand for solar panel lead generation.
Global Warming
Averaged over all land and ocean surfaces, temperatures on Earth have warmed about 1.35F (0.75C) over the last century. Much of this warming has occurred since 1979. Global warming is thus the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 C (2.0 to 11.5 F) between 1990 and 2100. This relatively small change in temperature may seem unremarkable or even insignificant, but in actuality it doesn't take much to make an impact (think of how an increase of a few degrees in human body temperature can lead to fever and serious repercussions if the temperature rise goes unchecked). Even a change of less than one degree Celsius is enough to cause changes in weather patterns, rainfall and sea levels.

subset: commoncrawl


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Picture Of The Day for December 29, 2009
Misty's Christmas Challenge
Fans at EWP's Christmas Night event in Morristown, Tennessee, got a huge surprise as the event kicked-off. It was announced before the matches that they would not be seeing the Southern States Ladies Title match because the challenger, Rebecca Lynn, had not made it to the event. But with Champion Misty James in attendance, EWP management decided to post the popular wrestler at a table near ringside where she would sign pictures and DVDs for fans.
Trouble started, though, as the first match ended. Donovan Daniels (who is far from a favorite of EWP fans) made his way to ringside and told the people that he was going to give some "lucky lady" in Morristown a special Christmas present. He said he was going to pick a lady from the crowd and give her a kiss. After searching the crowd for several minutes he made his pick...and he picked Misty James!
Misty made her way to the ring asking fans if she should indeed kiss Daniels. What do you think their answer was?! As she got in the ring, Daniels puckered up for his kiss but got a thunderous slap in the face instead. Good for you, Misty!
The embarrassed Daniels began a loud tirade, whining that he was sick and tired of being made to look stupid and he accused fellow wrestler Ericules of putting Misty up to slapping him because, in his words: "Why else would a woman not want to kiss me?" He then challenged both Misty and Ericules to a match. This brought out one of Morristown's most-hated, none other than Misty's husband Beau James.
Beau wanted to know what in the world was going on, and after hearing all sides of the story James decided that the match would be a tag affair. But he wouldn't be teaming with Misty...he would be opposing her! With the team of Daniels and Beau James set to face Misty and Ericules, the bell rang and the match began.
And it began in a good way for Misty as she was able to escape or reverse every hold that Daniels tried to apply. Before long, Daniels was the one howling in pain as his G.L.O.R.Y. Girl opponent was painfully twisting, wrenching and abusing his left arm. But did Misty remain in control once husband Beau tagged in? We'll find out tomorrow...
Terry Maples
Terry Maples
Terry Maples
Terry Maples
Terry Maples
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text:
Approach the Grade Nine kids and ask them if they did it.
"Hey, you guys. I wonder what you're laughing about?"
Before they can answer you shove oe against the wall. The look at you angirily and then one says, "We were laughing about this picture." They hold up a picture and you can tell your about to get beaten by four teens three years younger than you.


text:
Never fear power drill fetish is here
Description: so she is one big but a little muscular momma that only wants to get fucked and has a bit of odd fetishes that she loves adores and needs so she can live of it. she grabed a bat at first and wanted to stuck it deep inside her ass and pussy so it did not fit it was too large and she wanted to sit on it but it did not stop there she grabbed a powet drill and started drilling her pussy and then asshole.
Duration: 04:59
Categories:boysfood fetish foot+fetish foot+fetish+fuck drilling+her+cunt fetish+sucking smoking+fetish teenie+gets+drilled cutie+gets+drilled an+ass+drilling secretary+fuck+here electric+powered+cock mature+blond+drilling
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text:
Sutherland Global Services Walkin For Freshers (Voice)
Company Name: Sutherland Global Services
Position: Freshers (Voice)
Education: Any Graduate, BCA, BBA, BA, B Com, B Sc, B.Pharma, B.Ed, BHM
Experience: 0 to 2 yrs
Location: Hyderabad / Secunderabad
Any Graduate.
Very Good Communication Skills.
0 – 2 years of experiance. Immediate Joiners
Fixed shift- 5:30pm to 2:30am
Fixed off on saturday & sunday
Transport Provided.
How to Apply:
Walkin Date : 30th,31st July & 1st Aug 2014
Time : 11:00 am – 3:00 pm
Walkin Address : Sutherland Global Service(Formally Apollo Health Street),9th floor Lanco Hills, Near Delhi public school, Rai durgam Junction, Manikonda, Hyd.
Get Daily Job Updates through Email – Click here to Subscribe


text:
Adult Grim Reaper CostumeProduct # FU1002
Product Includes
- Mask
- Hooded Robe
- Belt
- Gloves
Purchase Product
Product Measurements
Measured In: Inches|Centimeters
Costume Sizing Tips
|Robe Length
|50" - 56"
|Robe Length
|127cm - 142cm
Product Description
No stray souls will escape your clutches in this grim reaper costume! This scary adult costume includes a poly foam skeleton mask with a frightening face that is held in place with elastic. A pair of matching gloves with poly foam skeleton hands on top is included. The black polyester robe with an attached hood ties in the back for closure. A black sash ties around the waist to accent the costume. Our reaper sickle accessory is the perfect thing for completing this frightening grim reaper costume!
Recommended Accessories
Recommended Costumes
- Headless Horseman
- Scary Skeleton Pirate Costume
- Kids Scream Horror Costume
- Kids Dark Phantom Costume
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- Crypt Crawler Costume
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- Leatherface Costume
- Howling Werewolf Plus Costume
- Adult Ghoul Costume


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VILLAS CHEMAS is located 500 m from a sandy and pebble stone beach. The closest cities to the hotel are Corralejo (1200 m) and Puerto Del Rosario (30 km). Other cities: Gran Tarajal (66 km). To make your stay more comfortable a lounge is available. The staff in this 1 storey hotel speaks German, Spanish, Dutch and English. A heated fresh water swimming pool is available. Sunshades and sunbeds are available for an additional fee at the beach and free of charge at the pool. The hotel is within easy reach of tourist information, bus stops, bars and restaurants, markets, city centre, taxi stands, shops and disco. Distance from the hotel to: Playa De Sotavento (88 km), Betancuria/Mirador Morro Velosa (46 km), horse riding (17 km), airport (38 km), Cotillo/El Toston (20 km) and Parque Natural Dunas De Corralejo (2 km).


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is discretionary but will drastically multiply your chances of people actually reading your profile and contacting you. Write about yourself, your hobbies and upload some good photos of yourself.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 2, 1987
|Filing date
|Oct 28, 1985
|Priority date
|Oct 28, 1985
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Jonathan Ophir
|Original Assignee
|Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (89), Classifications (17), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the use of ultrasound techniques for the measurement of sound velocity in organisms. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for the estimation of sound velocity in medical diagnostics. The invention is especially concerned with measuring the travel time of ultrasonic pulses across known distances in the human body.
2. Background Art
X-ray diagnostic techniques, because of their increased toxicity to organic tissue, have been supplanted in many applications by ultrasound. Ultrasound has proved to be highly effective for producing images of the internal organs of the body. In addition, it has been found that certain pathological conditions in living organs cause changes in the velocity at which sound propagates in the organ. For example, cirrotic liver tissue is more dense than normal liver tissue. The velocity of sound in cirrotic tissue is therefore greater than that in normal tissue. Similarly, the increased tissue density in the region of tumors will result in an increased sound velocity in the tumor region. Measurement of sound velocity in the organ can thus be useful in the diagnosis of disease.
A simple method of sound velocity measurement involves the transmission of sound pulses through tissue regions of known dimension and recording of the time required for the pulse to traverse the region. The quotient of travel distance and travel time is computed to yield the velocity.
The transmission and reception of sound energy in medical diagnostics is accomplished with ultrasound transducers. These transducers contain piezoelectric crystals which produce an electric potential difference proportional to the amount by which they are physically deformed. Conversely, the application of an electric potential difference across the crystal causes a proportional physical deformation. As a consequence, the transducer may be used as both a transmitter and a receiver of ultrasound energy. An example of a practical embodiment of ultrasound transducers used in the medical field is described in an aritcle entitled "The U.I. Octoson--A New Class of Ultrasonic Echoscope" by Carpenter, et al., in Australasian Radiology, Vol. 21, No. 1 (1977) pp. 85-89.
These transducers are characterized by high directivity. In the transmit mode, a transducer will produce sound in a relatively narrow beam surrounding the transducer's axis of radiation. The transducer is correspondingly directional in the receive mode in that it will only respond to sound energy directed to it along a line nearly coincident to its axis of radiation.
One configuration that has been used in medical diagnostics requires a transmitting transducer and a separate receiving transducer arranged so that they are aimed at one another with their respective axes of radiation coincident. The body of the subject is placed between the transmitting and receiving transducers. Acoustical coupling may be accomplished in one of two ways. The subject may be required to stand immersed in a tank of water so that the water effects a coupling to the transducers. Alternatively, the transducers may be attached directly to the skin of the subject on either side of the body or an appendage thereof, and an acoustical coupling agent applied between the transducer and the skin to insure tight acoustical coupling.
The two-transducer configuration may be effective when used with body appendages, such as the breast or testes, where the transducers may be attached directly on either side of the organ of interest. Often, organs such as the liver are not so readily accessible. Use of the above recited configuration will require placement of transducers on opposite sides of the body and will require the ultrasound energy to traverse other organs and bone as well as the organ of interest. The quotient of distance and travel will thus yield a weighted average of the velocities in the various organs and bone traversed. In addition, refraction will occur at each tissue interface resulting in a bending of the path of the incident ultrasound pulse off the axis of radiation of the receiving transducer.
A second configuration that has been used in medical diagnostics is a modification of the first-described configuration in which a single transducer serves as both transmitter and receiver. A sound mirror, such as a steel plate, is placed in the position occupied by the receiving transducer in the first-described configuration and the transducer formerly used only for transmitting is now used also as a receiving transducer.
This second configuration does have a slight advantage over the first configuration in that only one transducer is required. However, the previously-described disadvantages still remain. Moreover, the sound pulse is now required to traverse the entire cross-section of the body twice, once as an incident wave, and a second time as a reflected wave. Consequently, attenuation of the pulse is doubled. The previously-recited problem with acoustical refraction is also exacerbated in that the pulse path must now undergo bending not only for the path of the incident wave, but for the path of the reflected wave as well.
A more sophisticated technique for sound velocity estimation is disclosed by Robinson, Chen and Wilson in "Image Matching for Pulse Echo Measurement of Ultrasound Velocity", published in Image and Vision Computing, Volume 1, Number 3, Aug., 1983. In this method, sound images of a tissue region are obtained from different angles. Sound velocity may be determined from the difference in position of the same feature in different images. This method works best when a well defined feature is available. In simulated tissue regions, known as "phantoms", a thin wire added to the region will provide such a well defined feature. Features normally appearing in living tissue are not as well defined and the resulting measurement is therefore not as accurate.
Accuracy in sound velocity estimation is extremely important in the analysis of tissue for pathological conditions. Using the liver as an example, sound velocity will be fairly uniform with variations due to both natural inhomogeneities and pathological conditions amounting to about 5%. Accuracy of estimation of velocity must be at least 0.5% provide adequate diagnosis of organ disease. Many factors affect the measurement accuracy, including the refraction occuring at the tissue interfaces, the limited accessibility of some organs, and the dispersive attenuation of ultrasound energy by the tissue itself. Sound velocity estimation in organic tissue requires a technique capable of overcoming these limitations while being relatively simple to implement and apply.
The invention takes advantage of the acoustical properties of organic tissue. The tissue contains a large number of "scatterers." These scatterers are inhomogeneities in the tissue which, being small compared to the wavelength of the sound frequencies involved, tend to reflect incident sound energy in all directions. Scatterers may be thought of as analogous to droplets of water vapor in fog which scatter and diffuse the light from automobile headlamps. The invention in a general aspect resides in a system in which pulses of ultrasonic energy are sent through a selected organism or portion of an organism. As an individual pulse passes between a transmitter and a receiver, its total travel time is noted. More importantly, as it passes along a straight line through a region of interest, its travel time along a plurality of segments of the straight line is also noted. From this information, the velocity of the sound through each of the segments can be determined. These data, in turn, are useful in identifying possible abnormalities or unusual conditions in the organism.
The high directivity of the ultrasound transducers as transmitters permits ultrasound energy to be directed in a relatively narrow beam toward selected points within the tissue. As receivers, the transducers receive energy within a narrow beam width, and may thus be aimed at specific points within the tissue. Transducers used in the medical ultrasound art are commercially available as individual transducer units, or packaged as a linear array of individual transducer elements. Transducer arrays may comprise as many as 200 individual transducer elements arranged side by side with their respective axes of radiation parallel. Spacing between these transducer elements within transducer arrays is typically about 1 millimeter.
The estimation of sound velocity in an organism begins by selecting a straight segment in an organism to lie along the axis of radiation of a transducer. The axis of either the transmitting transducer or the receiving transducer may be selected. For simplicity of description, it will be assumed that the straight segment lies along the axis of radiation of a transmitting transducer. Thus, a plurality of transducers may be so aimed as to receive scattered energy from spaced points along the straight segment as ultrasound pulses are transmitted. For each point from which scattered energy is received, the total travel time required for the pulse to be transmitted to the point, and for scattered energy to be received from that point is detected. Determined along with the travel time is a distance from the point to a reference point on the straight segment. The travel time together with the distance form one data pair.
The data pairs for each reflection point are fitted to an affine equation of the form
T=travel time
D=D distance to the reference point and
A and B are constants.
If the equation is plotted on rectangular time distance coordinates, A will be the slope of the equation and B will be the time axis intercept. A will have the dimensions of time divided by distance. The reciprocal of A, i.e., 1/A, will represent the estimated average velocity along the chosen straight segment.
Another aspect of the invention concerns a particular apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention. The apparatus comprises two separate linear arrays of transducers--one an array of transmitters, and the other, an array or receivers--joined at their proximal ends by the free ends of two arms which are pivotally connected at their other ends. The free end of each such arm is pivotally connected to the free end of one of the arrays, and the arms are preferably equal in length. Each array of transducers comprises a plurality of transducers arranged to transmit or receive, as the case may be, ultrasonic energy along parallel paths between the transducers and the echo points. This form of apparatus has ready application in medical diagnostics, where the two arrays may be placed directly on the body of a patient.
Another form of apparatus comprises transducers which rotate and transmit or receive at various rotational positions. Using this embodiment, a single transmitter can be synchronized with a single receiver such that the beams emitted by the transmitter reach echo points at the same time that the receiver is positioned to receive reflected energy from such echo points. By synchronizing both rotations, the echo points can be positioned along a straight line which penetrates an area of interest in an organism.
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the apparatus used for sound velocity estimation wherein a single transmitting transducer and a receiving transducer array are used.
FIG. 2 shows typical oscilloscope traces of incident and scattered energy pulses observed during the measurement process.
FIG. 3 shows a graph whereon data pairs are plotted and an affine equation is fitted to the plotted points.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment of the measurement apparatus wherein transducer arrays are used for transmitting and receiving ultrasound.
FIG. 4A shows an enlargement of a part of FIG. 5 wherein time and distance corrections are illustrated.
FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of the measurement apparatus wherein a single transmitting transducer and a single receiving transducer are used.
FIG. 5A shows an enlargement of a part of FIG. 5 wherein time and distance corrections are illustrated.
FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment of the measurement apparatus wherein the straight segment is selected to lie along the path of scattered energy traveling toward the receiving transducer.
FIG. 7 shows representative positioning means suitable for positioning the transducers used in the measurement apparatus.
FIG. 7A shows one implementation of angle sensors employed in the positioning means embodiment of FIG. 7.
In the present invention, transmitting means suitable for transmitting pulses of ultrasound into the body are preferably implemented by ultrasound transducers. Such transducers are commercially available either as individual units or in arrays of many transducer elements. Commercially available arrays may have as many as 200 transducer elements arranged linearly with a spacing of about one millimeter. An electrical pulse supplied to transducers of this type is internally applied to a piezoelectric crystal which is deformed responsive to the electrical pulse. The mechanical deformation of the crystal produces a pulse of ultrasound energy which is directed into the body. It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that any transmitting means embodiment capable of producing ultrasound pulses of pulse width or duration of approximately 0.25 microseconds to approximately 5 microseconds will be suitable for use in the present invention. Suitable transmitting means must further be capable of producing pulses of sufficient amplitude to overcome the levels of ultrasound attenuation encountered in organic tissue.
Receiving means suitable for receiving ultrasound energy scattered from points inside the tissue are preferably implemented by ultrasound transducers of the type disclosed above. Mechanical deformation of the piezoelectric crystal by received ultrasound pulses produces electrical pulses responsive to the deformation. The electrical pulse so produced may be amplified and observed by suitable observing means. Suitable receiving means must at least be sufficiently sensitive to respond to the amplitude levels of ultrasound energy scattered from points inside the tissue. Additionally, suitable receiving means must have sufficiently high frequency response to respond to ultrasound pulses of the short duration produced by the transmitting means.
The present invention further requires observing means suitable for observing both the transmitted ultrasound pulse as well as the received scattered energy pulse so as to measure the time interval between their respective occurrences. An example of suitable observing means is the cathode ray oscilloscope of a type ordinarily used in the electronic laboratory. An alternate embodiment of observing means would comprise an electronic counter started by the occurrence of the transmitted ultrasound pulse and stopped by the reception of the scattered energy pulse. At a minimum, suitable observing means must be capable of responding to pulses of the amplitude and duration supplied to the transmitting means as well as the pulses of amplitude and duration received by the receiving means. Additionally, suitable observing means must be capable of differentiating the received pulse from background noise and extraneous pulses. Finally, suitable receiving means must allow accurate measurement of the time interval between transmission of an ultrasound pulse and the received scattered energy pulse.
The level of accuracy required in the time observation will depend on the particular application. Velocity of sound in human organs is generally of the order of 1,500 meters per second. Many factors, such as the temperature of the organ tissue as well as the presence of disease, will cause variations in sound velocity. Generally, the variation of sound velocity in a particular organ will be of the order of 5% due to all causes. Hence measurement accuracy should be of the order of 0.5% or less for the velocity estimation to be useful.
Total distances traveled by ultrasound pulses in the human body will be of the order of 2/3 meter or less. Hence, the travel times to be measured will be of the order of 200 microseconds or less. Suitable observing means must be capable of measuring times of this order with an accuracy of �1.0 microsecond or less. The typical oscilloscope used in electronic laboratories having the capability of measuring time intervals with an accuracy of plus or minus a few nanoseconds (10-9 second is seen to be one embodiment of a suitable observing means.
Although disclosed within the context of velocity estimation in human tissue, the present invention will be equally applicable to velocity estimations in the organs of the lower animals. Additionally, the present invention may be used in inorganic media as well. The present invention may be used to estimate sound velocity in any medium having the acoustical scattering properties described herein. In media other than organic tissue, the sound velocities encountered and the percentage variations thereof will dictate other error criteria. These error criteria will place corresponding constants on the parameters of the observing means.
Referring now to FIG. 1, an embodiment of the invention is shown wherein a single transmitting transducer 12 and a receiving transducer array 14 are used to estimate the velocity of sound along the straight segment 22. Pulse generator 10 produces an electrical pulse with a duration between about 0.25 microseconds and about 5 microseconds to transducer 12. Transducer 12 is attached to the surface of the skin 9 and emits an ultrasound pulse which travels along path 13 through the fat layer 11 and further travels along straight segment 22 in the region of interest 20. Region 20 may be a particular organ in the body. Ultrasound energy scattered from reflection points along straight segment 22 may be received by transducer elements within transducer array 14. The outputs of the transducer elements 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35 and 37 are conducted into switch 16 where one of the outputs is selected to be conducted into oscilloscope 18. FIG. 1 shows 7 transducer elements for simplicity of illustration.
Initially, the output of element 25 is selected by switch 16 to be conducted to and displayed by oscilloscope 18. An incident pulse emitted from transducer 12 is displayed at 48 in FIG. 2 on trace 42 on oscilloscope screen 40. The incident pulse travels along path 13 to reflection point 24 and some of the energy of the incident pulse is scattered along path 13a to transducer element 25 of array 14. The energy received by element 25 is shown at 50 on trace 44 in FIG. 2. Element 25 receives scattered energy from scatterers surrounding point 24, hence the trace shows several jagged peaks at 50. The time T1 is measured from the highest peak of the pulse 48 to the highest peak of the pulse 50. The travel time T1 could also have been measured to the centroid of the scattered energy pulse 50. That is, expressing the scattered energy pulse 50 as a function of time f(t), the centroid occurs at a point Tc such that ##EQU1##
The time T1 must be paired with a distance to form a data pair corresponding to the point 24. A reference point is selected on the straight segment 22 and the distance from reflection point 24 to the reference point is recorded along with time T1 to form the data pair corresponding to reflection point 24. Any point on straight segment 22 may be selected as a reference point. The reference point may, for convenience, be one of the reflection points 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34 or 36. If point 24 is selected as the reference point, the distance recorded along with T1 would be 0.
Data pairs are collected for each of the remaining reflection points 26 through 36 shown in FIG. 1 in a similar manner. Referring now to FIG. 2, trace 46 shows the scattered energy pulse 52 which would result from the transmission of pulse 48. Pulse 52 represents the energy scattered from reflection point 26 to be received by element 27. A time T2 elapses between the transmission of pulse 48 and the reception of pulse 52 by transducer element 27. Switch 16 is used to select transducer element 27 for reception. If reflection point 24 is selected as the reference point, the distance recorded along with time T2, corresponding to point 26, is a spacing D between the points 24 and 26. Assuming that refraction equally affects energy passing to each of the transducer elements of array 14, D is just the spacing between the transducer elements of array 14. For the configuration of FIG. 1, a total of 7 data pairs would be collected. Using point 24 as the reference point, the distances recorded for each reflection point would be as follows:
______________________________________Point Distance Recorded______________________________________24 026 D28 2D30 3D32 4D34 5D36 6D______________________________________
If another reflection point was selected as the reference point, different distances would be recorded. For example, suppose reflection point 30 is so chosen. Then, the distances recorded would be as follows:
______________________________________Point Distance Recorded______________________________________24 -3D26 -2D28 -D30 032 D34 2D36 3D______________________________________
The travel times would be the same irrespective of the distances used. The change in reference point merely changes the intercept of the affine equation to be fitted but does not change its slope. As previously disclosed, it is the slope of the affine equation which is of interest in the present invention.
The foregoing description of the measurement technique has omitted the complication that a sequence of pulses must be emitted by the pulse generator and a sequence of scattered energy pulses must be received in order for the conventional oscilloscope to provide a persistent display. Alternatively, a storage type oscilloscope may be used wherein the screen 40 is adapted to store a single trace without the need for pulse repetition. As a further alternative, observing means other than an oscilloscope may be used so long as these observing means are capable of detecting the occurrence of the scattered energy pulses and measuring the time between their arrival to the respective transducer elements 25 through 37. Utilizing such alternative means, a single pulse could be emitted from transducer 12 and the occurrence of scattered energy pulses from points 24 through 36 recorded. Then the sequence of times between successively received scattered energy pulses could be recorded along with the distances between adjacent points to comprise the complete set of data pairs.
Referring now to FIG. 3, a plot of the seven data pairs is shown. A straight line is fitted to the data points, using the least squares method. The slope of the line has the dimensions of time divided by distance, and the reciprocal of the slope is the estimated velocity of sound along the straight segment 22. While a graphical illustration is used for clarity of understanding, the fitting of the data pairs need not require the drawing of the graph.
Let the N data pairs collected be represented as (Di, Ti), where each Di is a distance and each Ti is a travel time. The affine equation T=AD+B may be fitted to the data pairs by selecting the constants A and B to minimize the least squares error: ##EQU2##
The affine equation plotted on the time vs. distance coordinates will result in a straight line having an intercept on the time axis equal to B and a slope of A. The slope A, having the units of time divided by distance, will be the reciprocal of the average value of the velocity of sound along the transmitting transducer's axis in the region of interest.
Referring now to FIG. 4, a more complex transducer configuration is depicted. Single transducer 12 used in the configuration of FIG. 1 has been replaced by the transducer array 121 in FIG. 4. Transducer array 121 comprises transducer elements 4, 5, 6 and 7. Although only four transducer elements are shown for simplicity, a larger number could be used. The pulse conducted from pulse generator 10 is switched to one of the four elements of array 121 by switch 8. Thus, the velocity of sound may be estimated along several straight segments like that of straight segment 22 of FIG. 1 without the necessity of moving array 121 to a new position on the surface of the body. Additionally, elements of the receiving transducer array 14 will receive energy scattered from points at an angle other than 90�, thus requiring a correction to be made in the travel time measurement.
The correction is illustrated by estimations made of the velocity of sound along straight segment 221 in FIG. 4. A pulse emitted from element 4 of array 121 traverses path 131 and is scattered from point 91 along path 131a to element 25 of array 14. Subsequently, a second pulse is emitted from element 4 which traverses path 131 and is scattered from point 92 along path 131b to element 27 of array 14. Note that while paths 13a and 13b in FIG. 1 are essentially equal in length, paths 131a and 131b in FIG. 4 are not. Thus, in the configuration of FIG. 4, the difference in travel time from element 4 to point 91 to element 25, and the travel time from element 4 to point 92 to element 27, is not equal to the travel time from point 91 to point 92.
First, a distance correction is made wherein the effects of refraction are ignored. That is, it is first assumed that paths traveled by ultrasound pulses will not be bent by tissue interfaces and hence will follow the axis of radiation of the transducers. The assumption is thus made that point 91 lies at the intersection of the axes of radiation of elements 4 and 25. Similarly, it will be assumed that point 92 will lie at the intersection of the axes of radiation of elements 4 and 27. FIG. 4A is an enlargement of the region near points 91 and 92 showing a point 93 on path 131b. The distance D1 is equal to the spacing between elements in array 16. The angle R is the angle of intersection of the axes of the transmitting and receiving elements. R is derivable from the known and measurable physical positions of the arrays 121 and 14.
Let T1 be the travel time from element 4 to point 91, thence to element 25. Assuming point 91 to be the reference point, the first data pair will comprise the time T1 and the distance 0. Further, let T2 be the measured travel time from element 4 to point 92, thence to element 27. The time T2 will be corrected to account for the additional length D3 of path 131b. The distance D2 between point 91 and point 92 will be calculated as a first step in the correction process.
By an obvious trigonometric calculation, from FIG. 4A, D3 is:
D3 =D2 CosR
Additionally, the distance D2 is ##EQU3##
The time T=(T2 -T1) is just the travel time along straight segment 221 from point 91 to point 92, plus the travel time along path 131b from point 92 to point 93. Letting Ta be the travel time from point 92 to point 93, ##EQU4## The corrected value of T2, call it T2 ', is (T2 -Ta). Hence ##EQU5## The data pair corresponding to point 92 now comprises the corrected time T2 pl together with the distance ##EQU6## Note that when R=90�, T2 '=T2 and D2 =D1. Hence applying the correction procedure when R=90� no change to the value of the numbers in data pairs.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a configuration is employed wherein transmitting transducer 12 and receiving transducer 141 are each rotatable about an axis perpendicular to the straight segment as shown but are held in a fixed location. Thus, the paths along which pulses are emitted by the single transducer 12, and along which scattered energy is received by the single transducer 14 are continuously selectable over a range of angles. Shown are 4 possible transmitting paths 200, 201, 202 and 203, as well as 4 possible receiving paths 300, 301, 302 and 303. An illustrative straight segment 222 is shown along path 201. Since the transmitting and receiving paths in general will not intersect at angles of 90�. corrections analogous in an obvious way to that disclosed for the configuration of FIG. 4 must be made.
The single rotating transmitting and receiving transducer of FIG. 5 may be replaced by steerable phased arrays of a type well known and used for radar and sonar. Such steerable arrays for ultrasound may be implemented using linear arrays of nondirectional ultrasound transducer elements. The steering is accomplished using variable delay elements in conjunction with the nondirectional transducer elements.
A steerable transmitting array would be implemented by supplying a single electrical pulse through individual delay elements to each of the nondirectional transducer elements. The delay elements are adjusted so that the nondirectional energy emitted from the transducer elements reinforce in a chosen direction. Similarly, the electrical output of nondirectional receiving transducer elements are fed through individual variable delay elements and added together before being fed to the observing means. Adjustment of the variable delay elements will cause the receiving array to be sensitive only to ultrasound received along a single resulting direction. Adjustment of the delay elements in a manner well known in the radar and sonar art has the effect of moving the axis of radiation of the transmitting and/or receiving array without requiring actual physical rotation.
The correction of travel times and distances for the configuration of FIG. 5 is better understood by reference to FIG. 5A, in comparison to FIG. 4A. The difference in travel time measured in the configuration of FIGS. 5 and 5A will be the time required for ultrasound energy to travel a distance D2 from point 250 to point 251 plus a time required to travel a distance D3 from point 251 to 252. Points 250 and 252 lie on arc 260 and are equidistant from transducer 14. For a small angle S, arc 260 will be nearly a straight line intersecting path 302 at an angle approximately equal to 90�. Thus, for values of S less than about 5�, the correction, is made in a manner identical to that above disclosed.
The above disclosed correction process was based on the angle R being less than 90�. Further, in the configuration shown in FIGS. 4 and 4A, the reference point selected was the point closest to the transmitting array 121. The modification of the correction process to account for R being greater than 90� and for the selection of other reference points will be obvious so long as general nature of the correction is understood. Specifically, a distance correction is required so as to determine the true distance from a reflection point to a reference point on the straight segment. That distance will not be an integral multiple of the distance between transducer elements when R is other than 90� or if reference point is not a reflection point. Additionally, when the respective paths to the transducer elements whose axes intersect the straight segment are not equal in length, travel times associated with adjacent reflection points differ by an amount which is greater than the time required by ultrasound to travel between those points. A given travel time must thus be corrected by subtracting out this additional increment of time in a manner obviously analogous to that disclosed above.
In order to effect the corrections previously disclosed, some means of mechanically positioning and aiming transducers and transducer arrays is required. It will be obvious to one skilled in the mechanical art that many possible embodiments of such positioning means are possible. At a minimum, suitable positioning means would allow great flexibility in the placement of transducers on the surface of the body, and would further be able to sense and indicate the angle of intersection of the axes of the transmitting and receiving transducer elements.
FIG. 7 depicts a simple but workable embodiment of suitable positioning means. More advanced embodiments will be obvious to those skilled in mechanical design. The embodiment of FIG. 7 illustrates the characteristics required for suitable positioning means. Arm 900 is pivotally connected to arm 901 allowing rotation in a plane. Angle sensor 905 senses the angle between arms 900 and 901. Arm 901 is similarly pivotally connected to arm 902 with angle sensor 906 sensing the angle between arms 901 and 902. Finally, arm 902 is pivotally connected to arm 903, with angle sensor 907 sensing the angle of intersection between arms 902 and 903. The pivotal mountings constrain arms 900, 901, 902 and 903 to lie in the same plane. By adjusting the relative positions of arms 900, 901, 902 and 903, the axes of radiation of the transducer elements in array 14 may be made to intersect the axes of radiation of the elements of the array 121.
In a simple embodiment, angle sensors 905, 906 and 907 may be merely indicator dials by which the user may visually read the respective angles. An example of such an angle sensor embodiment is more particularly shown in FIG. 7A. In a more complex embodiment, these angle sensors may sense the respective angles electrically and produce an electrical representation of the respective angles to an electronic display or to a digital computer. Angle sensors of this type are well known to those skilled in the art of servomechanisms.
Array 121 is slidingly mounted on track 904, which is in turn rigidly mounted to and aligned with arm 900. In a similar fashion, array 14 is slidingly mounted on track 908, which is in turn rigidly mounted to and aligned with arm 903. This mechanical arrangement forces the axes of radiation of the elements of array 121 to intersect the axes of radiation of array 14 so that all intersection points lie in the same plane. Thus, given the lengths of the arms 900, 901, 902 and 903, the positions of arrays 121 and 14 on tracks 904 and 908 respectively, and the angles sensed by sensors 905, 906 and 907, the locations of intersection points of the radiation axes of the arrays 121 and 14 can be determined. Also, the angles of intersection of the axes of radiation are determinable by an obvious geometrical calculation. Finally, the mechanical arrangement of the positioning means of FIG. 7 allows placement of the arrays 121 and 14 at desired points on the surface of the body.
The foregoing detailed disclosure of the invention has been directed to configurations wherein straight segments were selected to lie along paths of incident ultrasound pulses transmitted from transmitting transducers. Measurement segments may equally well be selected to lie along paths traversed by scattered energy pulses traveling toward receiving transducers, as illustrated by straight segment 2222 in FIG. 6. An electrical pulse from pulse generator 10 is selectably switched by switch 509 first to transducer element 501 of array 500. Element 501 emits a pulse of ultrasound energy along path 700a to point 600 and ultrasound energy is scattered from point 600 along path 700 to receiving transducer 508. A second electrical pulse from pulse generator 10 is switched by switch 509 to element 502. In response thereto, an ultrasound pulse is emitted by element 502 along path 700b and scattered along path 700 to receiving transducer 508. In a manner like that disclosed for the configuration of FIG. 1, the first data pair, comprising the travel time from element 501 to point 600 thence to element 508, and the distance between points 600 and 601, is recorded. Data pairs are thus collected for points along the straight segment 2222 and plotted as previously disclosed.
Although the invention is described by illustration of specific implementations, the details thereof are not to be considered limiting except to the extent of the following claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|600/449, 73/626, 73/624, 73/597
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 23, 1985
Owner name: BOARD OF REGENTS, THE, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:OPHIR, JONATHAN;REEL/FRAME:004515/0609
Effective date: 19851206
|Oct 22, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 30, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 22, 1998
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 30, 1999
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 27, 1999
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19990602


text:
Skip to comments.Hispanics could make or break ObamaCare
Posted on 10/14/2013 5:01:16 AM PDT by sheikdetailfeather
Bryan Llenas reports from New York City
(Excerpt) Read more at video.foxnews.com ...
I'll bet that at least 3 million get signed up. Whether they know it or not.
I can smell amnesty from a mile away.....
How many are the fake Obama and Michelle 'followers' and 'friends'?
If they can fake enough voters to win several elections, they can get enough people to sign up.
Money will 'mysteriously' be spent, but we all know who will pocket them.
As many of us argued on this site for years, it was always intended that our loose border policy would eventually be used to destroy whats left of our liberties and justify creeping socialism.
I wonder where the brainstems who thought 'the more the merrier' are today.
Yes. I saw this on the weekend and thought.."Bingo!" They will push for amnesty big time to ensure their socialism happens.
The marxists are trying to turn the "hispanics" into another permanent angry underclass. They have had some success, but nothing like the resounding near 100% success that they have had with America's first victim group.
Many "hispanics" have a good work ethic. But the leftists are doing all they can to turn them against the "anglos".
Obama Knew This: Latinos Like Obamacare
Certain families, the Spanish-language ads said, will receive economic help from the government to pay for quality [health] insurance.
Hispanics could make or break ObamaCare
Why would they sign up for something they have to pay for when they already get it free from the taxpayers? Ding their tax return? they'll just get a new identity.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.


text:
Whistler, The Chancellor - Queenstown
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... the seats and carpets between flights. It's still in the air as I type so all is good for now. We started to see snow capped mountains as soon as we could view land from the plane. The pilot then informed us that we had to wait for 10-20 minutes before we were cleared to land. We literally flew over and around mountains ranges and rivers with dips here and there to both sides. It was like a ...
Routeburn Day 2 -Lake Mackenzie to Routeburn Falls
... interrupted by the fog and I imagine the views would be even more stunning on a clear day without the cloud. However, it was part of the Fiordland experience and we were thankful that they were not disgorging any of their contents upon us!
We had lost guide Hamish from our presence today as he had come down with a bug overnight and not set out with us on the track this morning. Instead, when we arrived at the lunch hut at Harris Saddle we found that one of the staff from the ...
.....and so we are back in Queenstown
Easy drive across and up to our Queenstown accommodation. Couldn't get into Earnslaw Lodge as there is a Harley Davidson event on and a dirt bicycle event and a food and wine festival! Most places have a 'no vacancy' sign out. We had booked at The Blue Peaks Lodge and Apartments. A view of mountains and the gondola going up the mountain -if you look sideways out the side! We were able to leave the car and our bags as the room wasn't quite ready. Wandered around the ...


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GraphicRiver Human Resources and Internet Service 7302148
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Commercial \ Shopping \ Services
Resource \ Employment \ Service \ Search \ Process \ Programing \ Social
Stock Vector - Human Resources and Internet Service 7302148 by enotmaks @ GraphicRiver
Stock Vector \ Conceptual \ Commercial \ Shopping \ Services
Development and internet service. Human resource and self employment – vector illustration
Layered: No; Graphics Files Included: Vector EPS; Minimum Adobe CS Version: CS.
Businessman with Components of Business; Analytics and Data Processing; Time Management - Pledge of Success; Analysis of Information on the Dashboard; Development Skeleton Framework of a Website; Design, Optimization and Creating Applications; Data Processing and Business Planning.
Keywords: SMM, agreement, blog, business, coding, commerce, design, designer, development, expert, flat, freelance, function, infographic, management, media, mobile, multitask, network, online, optimization, process, programing, resource, search, self employment, seo, service, social, vector.


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Dr. Michael R. McMullan has returned to the University of Mississippi Medical Center to direct a program offering specialized care to adults with hereditary heart disease. McMullan, a Decatur native and alumnus of the University of Southern Mississippi and the UMMC School of Medicine, rejoins the Medical Center after a seven-year absence in order to lead the state's only adult congenital heart program.
McMullan comes to UMMC from the Jackson Heart Clinic, P.A., where he had been a partner since 2007. After originally joining UMMC in 1998 as an assistant professor of medicine, he started the Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease Clinic. Over the years, he served as clinical chief of cardiology, director of the Cardiology Fellowship Training Program and, finally, as clinical chief of the Division of Cardiology, 2005-2007. For three years, he served as governor of Mississippi for the American College of Cardiology.
McMullan belongs to multiple professional organizations and has earned various teaching honors, including Department of Medicine Teacher of the Year and UMMC Clinical Professor of the Year; he was also selected to UMMC's Norman C. Nelson Order of Teaching Excellence and the Blake Academy for Excellence in Teaching.


text:
Tânia Sousa
E-mail: email@example.com
Phone: (+351) 217 227 801
5th edition: started on May 5th, 2017
Schedule: download here (available in portuguese only)
6th edition: starts on May 2018
Schedule: available soon
Classes: Fridays, from 5 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. and Saturdays from 9:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m
Duration: 42 hours
Increasing competition and the globalization of economies, alongside the growing need to improve competitiveness via efficient operations, raises new challenges and opportunities in how to organize and manage not only production but the entire supply chain.
In this context, the strategic and operations management of supply chains, understood as the integration of business processes from the final consumer, through the producers or service providers and even including primary suppliers, has developed as a promising tool to obtain competitive advantage in the market.
Good supply chain management enables the development of a link between the market, the distribution network, the production process and purchasing activity, in order to provide consumers with a high level of service at a reduced cost.
The Supply Chain Management program aims to produce managers who are capable of effectively analyzing and managing all the interactions and partnerships along the supply chain via a holistic approach.


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Photo: George H.H. Huey
Santa Barbara Island
Southwest of Los Angeles, Santa Barbara Island is the smallest of five islands in the Channel Islands National Park, known as North American Galápagos and home to more than 150 unique species. At Landing Cove, you can kayak, snorkel, and swim with garibaldi, the neon orange state fish. Note: SBI has dramatic cliffs, but no beaches.
How to get there: Take a private boat, or charter one through Truth Aquatics.
Be sure to: Check out the Sea Lion Rookery overlook to see the barking behemoths sun themselves on the rocks and swim through kelp-filled-waters.
Around The Web


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Need a T3 Test in Morgan City, LA? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable T3 Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
What is a T3 Test?
A T3 Test is a lab test that measures the T3 level. People in Morgan City, LA order the T3 Test for general screening or when tracking their levels.
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Looking for cheap and delicious Chu Cha? I used to visit the restaurant always when I am a kid and after so long I stepped back again to try their Chu Char there to fill up your hungry tummy without burning a big whole in the pocket. Their signature dish for the chu char is the Asam Curry Fish … [Read more...]
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Home › Forums › General Forums › General Lightweight Backpacking Discussion › Reward for finding Canadian missing in Australia increased to $100,000
more at link …
The family of a Canadian man missing in Australia for nearly a month has doubled the reward for finding him.
Prabhdeep Srawn disappeared May 13 during a bushwalk in the Snowy Mountains southwest of the capital Canberra.
backstory … more at link …
Prabhdeep Srawn was a reservist from 2005 to 2011, belonging to the 31 Service Battalion's Hamilton Company and had military training in extreme conditions.
"This is a safe and easy trail to walk, but he had chosen to walk out, on the day he went missing, when a blizzard hit. It threw him off course, and possibly blinded or whited-out the track completely and he couldn't find his way back, "
Think it better to withdraw my comment.
@eagleriverdeeLocale: Eagle River, Alaska
Well he will probably be found as that's a lot of incentive for people to go out and look for him. A month is a long time though. :(
@rcaffinLocale: Wollemi & Kosciusko NPs, Europe
> Well he will probably be found as that's a lot of incentive
Possibly not.
If he isn't just missing in (under) the snow, to be found after the thaw, than he will probably be off the side of the rolling tops. People sometimes attempt to drop down to the valley below under adverse conditions, but the sides are extreme alpine scrub for an awful long way. It looks easy – you can see the bottom in places, but getting there is often just not physically possible. People have attempted this before.
If my guess is correct, there is a lesson here. You may be very experienced in one set of conditions, but a total novice in different conditions.
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- 2nd Saturday SOUTH - March 11th
- Mark your Calendar: Next Knoxville SOUP - April 27th
- SKA Booth at Saturday South
- Legacy Parks & Appalachian Mountain Bike Club
- Advance Metal Fabrication
- It's a R-R-Ruff Life Dog Salon
- Labor Exchange
- Stanley's Greenhouses
- Wee Care Shoppe
- Tea & Treasures
- The Mattress Place
- Wood Realtors
- Candoro Marble
- William Hastie Natural Area
South Knoxville Alliance News
South Knox Spring Spruce Up Contest
Everyone's A Winner with this annual Business Beautification contest open to any business in the 37920 zip code area.Read more...
SKA Medication Take Back Event
On April 29th, the SKA will partner with Knox County Solid Waste for a Medication Take Back Event... and MORE!Read more...
Shop Local, Shop South on Nov. 12, 2016
SECOND SATURDAY SOUTH SELFIE CONTEST: Take a Selfie, Win a Prize!Read more...
Fall in Love with South Knoxville on Oct. 8, 2016
Check out our exciting lineup of 2nd Saturday South specials and our Selfie Contest!Read more...
SOUP's On - Thursday, October 6th
Join us at the Kerbela Temple - doors open at 6:00. A huge THANKS to all those who donated to this event.Read more...
About Us
The South Knoxville Alliance is composed of businesses and organizations within the 37920 zip code - South Knoxville, South of the River.
We have joined as active business and civic leaders to strengthen the area by promoting our many assets to fellow Knoxvillians, visitors and guests. Located just across the Tennessee River from downtown, South Knoxville is one of Knoxville's most unique districts - with various and sundry boutiques, a plethora of locally owned and operated eateries, and home of the nationally acclaimed Urban Wilderness.
We will promote South Knoxville through marketing, events and festivals. Check back often for our latest news.
Want to be a part of the excitement? Download and complete a copy of our membership application and send it to PO Box 9387, Knoxville, TN 37940 along with a $50 annual dues check.
Please check us out on Facebook, and, don't forget to 'Like' us on Facebook as well!
Come Explore!


text: WINNIPEG, MB, Jan. 23, 2013 /CNW/ - (TSX:NFI, TSX:NFI.DB.U) New Flyer Industries Inc. ("New Flyer" or the "Company"), the leading manufacturer of heavy-duty transit buses in Canada and the United States, announced today that Marcopolo S.A. has agreed to make a strategic investment of C$116 million to acquire 11,087,834 newly issued common shares, representing a 19.99% stake in New Flyer. Each common share will be issued at a price of C$10.50 per share, or a 20% premium to the 30 day volume-weighted average trading price of New Flyer's common shares on the TSX for the period ending January 23, 2013. 4,925,530 common shares will be issued to Marcopolo upon closing expected on or prior to March 1, 2013 for aggregate consideration of C$51.7 million with the remainder of the shares to be issued to Marcopolo at the same price per share in one tranche over the next 12 months following closing as determined by New Flyer based on its investment and financing needs and in certain other circumstances. The investment is subject to customary TSX approval. Founded in 1949, and headquartered in Caxias do Sul, Brazil, Marcopolo is one of the world's largest bus builders and is primarily engaged in the manufacturing of buses, bus bodies, and components with a product line covering a wide range of models including: coach, urban, micro-buses, and mini-buses. Marcopolo is listed on the Brazilian stock exchange (BM&F Bovespa: POMO3, POMO4). With anticipated annual net revenues of approximately US$1.9 billion in 2012, Marcopolo has a market capitalization of approximately US$2.8 billion and employs over 22,000 people around the world. Marcopolo manufactures over 32,000 buses annually - 60% are for the Brazilian market and 40% for international markets. Bus manufacturing is carried out directly by Marcopolo and through various joint ventures with companies like Daimler, Tata Motors, and others in seventeen plants located in Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, Australia, Colombia, Egypt, India and Mexico. Marcopolo also has a factory for bus parts and component fabrication in China. Further information is available on Marcopolo's web site at www.marcopolo.com.br. Marcopolo's most recent investments include: a 75% stake in Volgren, Australia's largest bus body manufacturer, and a 51% share of Metalsur Carrocerias S.R.L, an Argentine company which specializes in manufacturing intercity bus bodies through a Marcopolo controlled company called Metalpar. Marcopolo also owns minority stakes in the following Brazilian parts suppliers: Spheros (heating/ventilation/air conditioning), WSUL (seating foam), and MVC (plastics). Marcopolo's strategic plan has included a stated intent to enter the Canadian and US market and as such it identified New Flyer as an attractive investment given the Company's leading position in the public transit market, operational excellence, commitment to LEAN practises, and capacity to innovate and grow.


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So I just found this laying around and thought I'd share. A letter she once sent me. Just one of her fantasies.
so, you're naked. Tied up. Can't see.
you feel a cool wind blowing across your chest...and a hint of my perfume
my nails are tracing a light pattern across your chest.
you feel my breathing close to your hear...my hot breath on your cheek..
lightly the breath leads to your lips...and my lips meet yours..
I give them a soft peck...closing my eyes as that action alone let's my nerve endings jump
I pull back, and walk around you..you hear my footsteps...
you feel my hands running up your stomach , my breath in your neck as I kiss it
I lick your neck , then nip at it with my teeth, my hands running down to your navel,
I then bite a little harder, my hands going lower to your thighs, dragging my nails lightly up to your hip bones
I grab your chin and suddenly flip your head upwards to the side, and kiss you hard, as I move forward, my free hand grabbing your penis gently and slowly stroking it into life.
my tongue darting into your mouth, claiming it as my own, the mere action of your mouth against mine and my hand on your hot, hardening penis getting me unbelievably wet
I shove you back against the chair and back away slowly
for a brief moment, you just hear my excited breathing
then I move to your front, placing my hands on your thighs, going down onto my knees....I look up at your face...your mouth mesmerizing me to kiss it...but I withhold
I start licking up your thighs...slowly alternating between left and right - closing in on your penis...
I massage your balls, as I lick your inner thigh, with my other hand I spread your legs apart further, forcing myself deeper between them
I lightly blow on your penis, then lick and lightly suck your balls, moaning as I feel the heat of you so near my face, the musky scent of your arousal triggering an animal instinct that forces me to clench my legs together...
I start giving you a slow handjob....watching as moisture pools slightly at the tip of your penis...then I move in and lick it....
I tease the tip of your penis with my tongue, flicking out while pumping gently with my hand
finally, I take the tip into my mouth, pulling the skin down to exposure you more...I listen to your breathing, the slight moans from your throat...I see your stomach muscles tighten...and I suck and lightly nip only the tip of your penis, my other free hand reaching down to rub myself as I a misty haze of lust clouds my mind
your taste is divine...the gods of sex must've been jealous..
I then suddenly take most of your length into my mouth, sucking and slowly bobbing my head up and down..moaning as I feel you throbbing and growing harder in my mouth...
I run my teeth gently across the tip before going down on most of your length again, my hand following shortly after my lips, giving you a hand and mouth job at the same time, loving the feeling of the muscles hardening...
I stop....my desire to have all of you in me overpowering...
I remove the rest of my own clothing...sitting on your lap...moving closer while taking your penis into my hand...rubbing it against my now completely wet self....moaning in my own pleasure as I close in on your lips...kissing you passionately.....
I remove your blindfold and look into your eyes, as I lift myself slightly and guide yourself into me slowly...both our breathing coming through a little struggled....I keep eye contact with you until I slid most of you inside me, then place my hands on your shoulders...loving that you can't move...loving how you fill me up...how completely you fill me... and start riding you slowly....throwing my head backwards in the ecstasy of the moment
Your moans and facial expression causing me to move faster, I drag my nails up you chest and behind your shoulders, grabbing on a little hard, before moving forward and biting into your neck as I ride you harder....feeling the heat and wetness increase between my legs...your heartbeat increasing..matching mine.
and...that's what I leave you with....that scene
Hope you enjoy..
Sign Up
Profiles.xxx - The Free Adult Sex Chat and Social Network - Meet Adults in your local area and all over the world for chat, dating and sex!


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The Travel Town Wall Activity Panel Game lets kids navigate the maze of city streets with multi-colored buttons. Children drive in their spindle cars through the various lanes and alleys of this busy little town. A great game for imaginary play.
Size: 27 1/2"H x 17 3/4"W
Item AW06
This is a high quality long lasting wall toy that will keep kids occupied and having fun in your lobby without causing a ruckus to other people waiting in your rest area. If you have a retail store, wall toys are great because they don't take up a lot of space and this one has no loose parts making it not only safe but a kid magnet.
Built for Very High Traffic Areas like malls, indoor play gyms & other shopping center areas that cater to children.
Made in Canada by Keebee
Play products need to be washed and disinfected regularly and as required by frequency of use. Include the routine cleaning of your play area in the routine cleaning of your general facility. Wash on a regular basis to remove grim, dirt, dust, grease or messy fingerprints with any non-abrasive "all-purpose detergent cleaner" such as vinegar and water, Windex, Mr. Clean, etc. Solvents spirits or paint thinners may be used to clean greasy areas, pen or crayon marks, or other problem areas, providing that you rinse with warm, clean water to remove residue solvent afterwards.
The most common types of disinfectants are alcohol based and can be included in general all purpose cleaners. Be sure to read the label to ensure that the proper disinfectant properties are included in the cleaner
If you can turn a screwdriver, you can install Keebee products. Everything made comes with easy to follow assembly instructions (with words and pictures), and all the necessary hardware.
SensoryEdge specializes in waiting room toys, classroom rugs, children's furniture, and sensory based products. In addition to a great selection, we have many great reasons to buy from us. We have been the leader in this industry for more than a decade. A customer-centered shopping experience has always been our goal and we pride ourselves in giving you a great experience from start to finish. Shop with us today and see the SensoryEdge difference.
Here are just a few of the reason why you should buy from us:
The bottom line at SensoryEdge is we love our customers, and our customers love us!


text: Release Description: Defenders of Ardanias innovative new game concepts include light RTS elements, taking the popular genre to the next level. Players must oversee unit production and upgrades while assembling the most effective army from one of three playable races, each with unique locations, towers, and units. However, without magic, a fantasy game is little more than a toothless lion (or dragon, rather), so a wide range of spells will be available for players to decimate their enemies and protect their forces. Although Defenders of Ardania includes a single-player portion, the focus of the game is undoubtedly multiplayer, where two to four players can take each other on or compete against AI opponents via Internet, LAN, or PSN. The multiplayer component offers three different game modes where players can assume either the defensive or offensive sides - or both! Features: An intriguing new take on the massively popular tower defense genre: players lead both offensive and defensive operations Ardania: the world of Majesty with three playable races and their unique environments Attack: 24 varied units with diverse attributes to assemble into an offensive force Strong multiplayer component with a variety of game modes for up to four players Interactive environment that affects gameplay A wide range of offensive and defensive spells Genre: Strategy Publisher: Paradox Interactive Developer: Most Wanted Entertainment Release Name: Defenders.of.Ardania-SKIDROW Size: 1.05 GB Information: Code: http://www.gamespot.com/defenders-of-ardania/ Download: Code: RareFile: http://www.rarefile.net/5fl6xm4skcx8/sr-doa.iso Enjoy!


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Category page
11,788pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
This category contains a list of all weapons used in all Grand Theft Auto games.
This category has the following 39 subcategories, out of 39 total.
Pages in category "Weapons"
The following 172 pages are in this category, out of 172 total.


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Topic 7: Found Objects
(click here)
Prices on our website DO NOT INCLUDE VAT sales tax.
20% VAT will be added at checkout for all UK and EU customers.
|Techno Insiders Square stencil is designed by Seth Apter. The Techno Collection captures a trendy, techno feel. These "Insider" stencils presented in 4x4" packaging were created with flexibility in mind. This design fits perfectly inside the square shape on the 9x12 inch Urban Outsiders stencil. Each stencil can also be used on its own, either whole or broken into sections.
Other stencils in this collection:
PaperArtsy, Creaseys Farm, Church Lane, Brentwood, Essex. CM13 1RZ ENGLAND ~ VAT # 872804605


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*From the Department of Pneumology and Critical Care Medicine (Drs. Herth and Eberhardt), Thoraxklinik am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Germany; Cardiothoracic Surgery (Dr. Krasnik), Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Interventional Pulmonology (Dr. Ernst), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Correspondence to: Armin Ernst, MD, FCCP, Chief, Interventional Pulmonology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, One Deaconess Rd, Suite 201, Boston, MA 02115; e-mail: email@example.com
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) can reliably sample enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and in practice is mostly used to sample nodes visible on CT or positron emission tomography (PET). Few data are available on the use of endoscopic procedures to stage the mediastinum in clinical stage 1 lung cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the results of EBUS-TBNA in sampling mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer and a radiographically normal mediastinum and no PET activity.
From January 2004 to May 2007, patients highly suspicious for NSCLC with CT scans showing no enlarged lymph nodes (no node > 1 cm) and a negative PET finding of the mediastinum underwent EBUS-TBNA. Identifiable lymph nodes at locations 2r, 2L, 4r, 4L, 7, 10r, 10L, 11r, and 11L were aspirated. All patients underwent subsequent surgical staging. Diagnoses based on aspiration results were compared with those based on surgical results.
One hundred patients (mean age, 52.4 years; 59 men) were included. After surgery, 97 patients (mean age, 52.9 years; 57 men) had NSCLC confirmed and were included in the analysis. In this group, 156 lymph nodes ranging 5 to 10 mm in size were detected and sampled. Malignancy was detected in nine patients but missed in one patient. Mean diameter of the punctured lymph nodes was 7.9 mm. The sensitivity of EBUS-TBNA for detecting malignancy was 89%, specificity was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 98.9%. No complications occurred.
In conclusion, EBUS-TBNA can be used to accurately sample and stage patients with clinical stage 1 lung cancer and no evidence of mediastinal involvement on CT and PET. Potentially operable patients with no signs of mediastinal involvement may benefit from presurgical staging with EBUS-TBNA.
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Jesus Christ Died on the the cross, we just proclaim His story
THe glory belongs to God
The Word is relevant to all, not just those that understand.
Word Studies, ἀναγινώσκοντος, normally read, but also can mean recognize (BDAG)
Who is Phillip, in verse 6:5 we read of Phillip being chosen as one of the first seven "deacons", 8:5 we read of him going off preaching the Word to Samaria, He then preaches in various cities on his way to Cesarea, where he eventually remains (chpt. 21).
Eunuch, A proselyte (The Lutheran Commentary), Not a proselyte of righteousness because of the bodily mutilation, no circumcision possible, Proselyte of the gate, a stranger that lived within the gates of a Jewish city without being a member of the people
The Eunuch cannot understand what is being read unless without help, asks for a guide, point of the pericope is that life is a journey that requires a guide (Pervo), Scripture is not self interpreting (Pervo), Jewish scripture is interpreted in the Christian horizon
Phillip is miraculously carried away by the Spirit of the Lord, Phillip is a servant of God, a preacher of the Gospel, he goes where and when the Spirit leads him
Occurs in the desert (Pervo), the region in which Israel experienced direct contact with the divine
Major Elements/Themes
God's providence is evident (Pervo), Angelic direction leads to the Eunuch on the road, He was reading Isaiah, a key passage in early Christian theology, Water appeared just when it was needed for baptism
Precursor to Paul's conversion and the taking of the Gospel message "to the ends of the earth." chpt 13., a story foreshadowing the conversion of the Gentiles.
He was reading Isaiah 53
Returning from going to worship, narrator never says he actually worshipped, can't deduce he was a "God-fearer", official is moving away from the temple and toward the prophets (Pervo), This is progress in Lucan terms (Pervo)
Baptism, What is preventing the baptism?, Eunuch's not allowed to become Jewish, but nothing preventing him from becoming Christian (a sect of Judaism).


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Home | Food Articles | Food Trivia | Today in Food History | Recipes | Cooking Tips
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See also: Brownie Recipes
Brownies are basically bar cookies, usually chocolate.
The first printed Brownie Recipe: The 1896 edition of the 'Fannie Farmer Boston Cooking-School Cook Book' contains a recipe for "Brownies" - but they are molasses flavored, not chocolate.
The first printed Chocolate Brownie Recipe: In the 1905 revision of the same book there is a recipe for a Chocolate Brownie.
Brownies are dense squares of chewy chocolate cake, usually containing nuts.
December 8 is National Brownie Day
January 22 is National Blonde Brownie Day
February 10 is National Cream Cheese Brownie Day
May 9 is National Butterscotch Brownie Day.
Okmulgee, Oklahoma, held the world's record for largest pecan brownie. However, the town's annual Pecan Festival was discontinued in 2009.
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The typical asking rate per listing is in the $0's per square foot per year. The Thornwood region is going through a decline in rates. In the last 3 months, the median rate decreased $43 per sqft per year. That's a 100% decrease in rent.
In the last 90 days, 5 listings have been made available, which means leases most likley are leasing quickly. You'll want to be prepared to tour spaces as quick as possible. There aren't many listings below 2,000 square feet posted, so finding a space for a small business might be tough.
The standard measurement for office space in this area is around sqft. Most buildings in this region were built in 1998.
Trends and status of the commercial real estate market in Thornwood.
Market Report
Real time and historical data on commercial real estate listings in Thornwood.