text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 4, 2003
|Filing date
|Jun 28, 2002
|Priority date
|Feb 22, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Frank Bondarowicz, Kevin R Calstrom, Gerald L Larson
|Original Assignee
|International Truck Intellectual Property Company, L.L.C.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (54), Classifications (6), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional application claiming priority of application Ser. No. 09/791,434, filed Feb. 22, 2001.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method for determining the condition of motor oil, and more particularly to a method of monitoring motor oil during diesel engine operation in implementing an economically efficient oil change regimen.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Truck fleet operation is a highly competitive and fleet operators are highly conscious of balancing preventive maintenance costs and fleet operational readiness with repair and replacement costs. While cost effective fleet management and readiness requirements demand the practice of preventive maintenance, some of these practices are based, for lack of individual vehicle information, on potentially overly conservative regimens derived from broad statistical studies. An example of such a practice is manufacturers' recommendations relating to changes of motor oil. A change of motor oil costs money and removes a vehicle from service. While frequent changes of motor oil doubtless extend the service life of a vehicle and are, up to a point, economically advisable, they can become wasteful and uneconomic if excessively frequent.
Changes of motor oil are necessitated by the fact that motor oil loses its lubricating properties with use. With loss of adequate lubrication an engine is exposed to wear and damage. The degree, and character, of motor oil degradation is related to a number of factors, including temperature cycling of the lubricant which relates to oxidation of the oil, and the possibility of the addition of foreign material to the oil (e.g. soot). Manufacturers' recommended oil change schedules are typically based on a conservatively short estimate of the useful life of the oil.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,987,976 reports the practice of modifying estimates of engine oil useful life by taking into account the conditions under which an engine operates. The '976 patent asserts that a short coming of such a method is that it does not indicate the condition of the motor oil at any given moment. Put another way, the method is a refinement of statistical methodology and is handicapped by the use of operator impressions of "operating conditions" (e.g. vehicle loads, prevailing air temperature, etc.), and the lack of quantifiable inputs relating to specific trucks.
In diesel engines, engine oil condition is primarily related to soot accumulation and molecular degradation due to shear and exposure to high temperatures. Soot is a by-product of incomplete combustion of hydro-carbon fuel, which can result from a number of factors, such as use of low volatility diesel fuel blends at low ambient temperatures and operation of an engine at a disadvantageous point on the engine torque curve. In a simplified sense, high engine loads over extended periods of time result in cylinder blow-by which adds soot to the oil and produces localized high temperatures in the oil leading to molecular degradation. Soot moves from the cylinder to the engine oil as a result of cylinder blow-by or by adhesion to the cylinder walls from which it is swept up by the piston rings into the oil. Soot becomes an issue in engine oil when the amount of soot overwhelms dispersants in the oil and begins to agglomerate into particles of sufficient size to damage the engine. Soot intrusion to the engine oil may be estimated as a function of Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), which serves as a proxy for engine load, and engine revolutions (n). C0 is a proportionality constant.
SOOT=C 0 ∫BMEP dn for n=0 to n=M (1)
Engine oil molecules are subject to shear due to the mechanical action of tappets, bearings and the oil pump. Shear may also depend upon the type of fuel injector used in the engine. Some fuel injectors employ high pressure engine oil, an additional shear contribution source. For a particular engine design, shear is a function of total revolutions of the engine, not vehicle mileage, since the last oil change. Ko is a proportionality constant.
Other factors are known to contribute to early oil wear, particularly if engine duty cycles are of short duration. Water can contaminate engine oil from air entering through the oil filler nozzle or from the engine cooling system. If an engine does reach or maintain a minimum threshold operating temperature, water which has contaminated the oil will not be forced by evaporation from the oil. While small amounts of water are not harmful, water combines with sulfur compound combustion by-products to form highly corrosive acids in the engine oil, particularly H2SO4. H2SO4 can overwhelm basic additives to the engine oil and damage an engine. While it is technically inappropriate to refer to engine oil as having a ph factor, water dispersed in the engine oil has a ph factor. Engine oil additives are designed to give water contaminants in the engine an elevated (i.e. basic) ph to neutralize low levels of H2SO4 dissolved in the water. Excessive intrusion of H2SO4 overwhelms the additives.
Another possible engine contaminant is ethylene glycol, which can escape from the engine coolant system. Fuel contamination is also a possibility. Both of these contaminants reduce the lubricity of engine oil and may indicate engine damage.
What is needed is a system implementing a model of engine oil deterioration the variables of which can be effectively measured during engine operation. Preferably the variables can be obtained with no, or a minimal number of, additional sensors.
According to the invention there is provided a method for generating indicators relating to the condition of lubricating oil in an internal combustion engine. A set of variables relating to operation of the internal combustion engine serve as proxy variables for brake mean effective pressure developed by the internal combustion engine. Operation of an engine is monitored to develop values for the proxy variables. Soot being added to the lubricating oil from the developed values and accumulated to provide an estimate of total soot in the lubricating oil. Lubricating oil temperature is periodically monitored and a history of the lubricating oil temperature measurements is kept to allow generation therefrom of an estimate of shear and oxidation of the lubricating oil. Accumulated estimate of soot is kept as a distance remaining until the lubricating oil becomes unsuitable for continued use in the internal combustion engine. Similarly, estimated shear is expressed as a distance until the lubricating oil is to be replaced. Additional factors may be monitored and similary used to determine the distance until an oil change is required, including the dielectric coefficient of the lubricating oil, temperature history of the oil and total cylinder firing events.
Additional effects, features and advantages will be apparent in the written description that follows.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself however, and preferred mode of use, further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view in partial cutaway of a truck tractor incorporating an engine and a control network.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a vehicle control network.
FIG. 3 is an overall flow chart illustrating the method of the present invention for determining timing of engine oil changes.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a fuel flow portion of the algorithm.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating the oil temperature portion of the algorithm.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating oil dielectric measurement.
FIG. 7 is flow chart of the algorithm combining the oil change factors.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a reset algorithm executed after an oil change.
The present invention extends the model of motor oil deterioration based on available sensor and engine operation telemetry, and provides a computer executed algorithm implementing the model based on the telemetry to generate direct indications of the appropriate time to change motor oil. As already described, in diesel engines soot accumulation, molecular degradation and oxidation of the motor oil are usually the greater factors in engine oil deterioration, although water and coolant infiltration can become major contributors, especially in cases where an engine is damaged.
While brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) provides an excellent indicator of soot blow-by, BMEP is currently difficult, and more importantly, expensive to measure in real time engine applications. BMEP may be estimated as a product of fuel flow and engine RPM. High BMEP is associated with high cylinder pressures produced concurrently with low engine speeds and high fuel flows. This allows use of an alternative formulaic model of for soot blow-by:
Here T corresponds to the time in engine operating hours since the last oil change at T=0. The formula may be adjusted for engine wear by changing the scaling factor C0 for total engine hours since an engine build or rebuild. If provided, a look up table can be used based on historical information. Greater blow by is expected from engines as wear increases. The basic engine wear algorithm thus is the sum of SOOT from equation (3) and SHEAR from equation (2).
A complete model must take into account the possibility of loss of oil or intrusion of foreign material into the engine oil. These factors can become important where an engine is damaged or is subjected to unusual operating cycles. For example, if an engine is operated for short cycles, and does not reach or maintain normal operating temperatures, water which has found its way into the oil will not be forced from the oil by evaporation. Where water remains in the engine if provides a solvent for sulphur-hydrogen based compounds produced as a by product of combustion and escaping around the pistons from the combustion chambers. Eventually, engine oil additives used to make water impurities slightly basic will be exhausted and the water in the engine oil will become increasingly acidic with attendant corrosion of the engine components. The model is improved by taking into account the temperature cycling of the engine oil. An approximation of the effect of the engine's temperature cycle is obtained by timing total engine operating time below a threshold temperature.
where t is the cumulative time below the temperature limit since the last oil change.
Engine oil contamination has less predictable effects than soot accumulation, oxidation and shear, and may render the algorithm outlined above valueless. A dielectric sensor within the engine oil may be used to detect the contamination of the oil by water or ethylene glycol. The algorithm may then be extended to cover contamination by impurities. The process accounts for the engine not reaching or maintaining the threshold temperature and indication of a high dielectric level. If a high dielectric coefficient is indicated and engine temperature is higher than the threshold limit, the presence of ethylene glycol is indicated and an alarm should be lit or sounded.
Fuel contamination, and the consequent dilution and loss of viscosity of engine oil can produce problems. In general, this may be caused by fuel injector malfunction and indicated by differential engine speed or cylinder to cylinder power imbalances.
Contemporary diesel engines usually incorporate engine controllers in order to more nearly optimize operation of the engines. Engine controllers are on board digital computers which are connected to a variety of sensors providing data relating to engine operation. Engine controllers may communicate with a more generalized body controller, which in turn may be programmed to provide more sophisticated, higher level treatment of the telemetry produced by the sensors and which may receive additional data inputs not directly available to the engine controller, such as miles traveled since the last oil change, which allow implementation of more sophisticated vehicle operation monitoring programs.
Referring now to the figures and more particularly to FIG. 1, a perspective view of a vehicle 11 and of an electrical control system 10 installed on the vehicle. Vehicle electrical system 10 comprises a twisted pair (either shielded or unshielded) cable operating as a serial data bus 18. One node of bus 18 is a body controller 30, which is a higher level data processing component of electrical control system 10. Body controller 30 manages a number of vocational controllers connected to bus 18 as nodes and disposed on vehicle 11. Preferably, bus 18 and the various nodes attached thereto form a controller area network (CAN).
Active vehicle components are typically controlled by one of a group of autonomous, vocational controllers, which include a gauge cluster 14, an engine controller 20, typically supplied with an engine 19, a transmission controller 16, an auxiliary instrument and switch bank 12, and an antilock brake system (ABS) controller 22, all of which are connected to body controller 30 over a serial data bus 18 and all of which are connected to bus 18 as nodes. The autonomous controllers include local data processing and programming and are typically supplied by the manufacturer of the controlled component. Bus 18 is typically a twisted pair cable usually constructed in accordance with SAE standard J1939 and is externally accessible via a diagnostic port 36. Although the autonomous controllers handle many functions locally and are functionally defined without reference to body controller 30, they nonetheless report data to body controller 30 and can receive operational requests from body controller 30. In this way, diverse operational aspects of vehicle 11 systems may be controlled or monitored by body controller 30. The body controller 30 provides higher level data processing capable of implementing programmed, adaptive routines to improve operation of vehicle 11, including the oil condition monitoring program of the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates the sources of data relating to vehicle 11 operation, this data can be provided to body controller 30. Engine controller 20 is the source of most of the required data. A series of modules 21A-21G represent sensors connected to engine controller 20 or events under the control of the engine controller. An ON/OFF indication 21A relates to generation of an indication as to whether the engine 19 is running. Timing indicator 21B relates to timing of the injection of fuel into the cylinder in terms of piston position. Cylinder event indicator 21C indicates a burn event in any cylinder. Fuel flow sensor 21D provides a fuel flow measurement. Oil temperature sensor 21E and oil level sensor 21F provide measurement signals for the identified variables, respectively. An engine oil dielectric sensor 21G measures the current dielectric constant of the engine oil. Sensors 21E-G may be combined in one instrument. A coolant temperature sensor 21H provides measurement of the temperature of the coolant.
Engine controller 20 both utilizes the values generated by the indicators and sensors for local purposes and provides for transmission of the data over bus 18 to body controller 30 for use in the oil change algorithm of this invention.
Some data used to practice the invention can come from other sources, including an instrument and switch bank 12, which incorporates a reset button 13 which is used to indicate that an oil change has been performed. Anti-lock brake system controller 22 is connected to a plurality of wheel speed sensors 23, which may be used to generate vehicle speed. The integral of vehicle speed over time is of course distance, which is an input to the full oil change algorithm. Alternatively speed may be measured from the propeller shaft extending from the transmission to a rear differential. A tachometer 17 generates a signal relating to engine RPMs from the engine crankshaft or camshaft. A tachometer 17 is usually realized using a crank or camshaft position indicating device and comparing that output against time. The raw tachometer signal then can be used to determine piston position in the cylinders and "timing" fuel injection. A gauge cluster 14 is connected to warning lights 15, which may be illuminated on demand from body controller 30. Body controller 30 tracks total miles traveled and times engine operation. Controller 30 provides a storage location for the program implementing oil condition monitoring and its execution.
FIG. 3 is an overall flow chart of the algorithm implemented by in the preferred embodiment of the invention which resides and is executed in the body controller using data supplied by other autonomous controllers. Execution of the algorithm begins upon an ignition switch being moved from an off to an on position, even without starting engine 19. Upon start 50 of the routine, determination of the presence of a dielectric sensor is immediately initiated at step 52. The presence of a dielectric sensor in contact with the engine oil has substantive consequences for the path execution of the algorithm takes.
If a dielectric oil sensor is present, an engine oil level check may be performed. This is done only if the engine is not running, and has not run for a period long enough to allow motor oil to collect in the vehicle sump. Oil level checking is done against two minimums, a first minimum sufficient to allow normal vehicle operation and a second minimum which allows operation but results in a warning to the driver. Failure to meet both minimums results in the derating or disabling of the engine and causes a caution to be issued to the operator to add oil. Accordingly, along the YES branch of the algorithm from step 52, indicating the presence of an oil dielectric constant sensor, step 54 provides for determining if the engine is running. If the engine is not running (the NO branch) oil level may be checked. The elapsed time since engine 19 has been shut down is monitored in a loop controlled by decision block 56. If sufficient time has elapsed for an oil level check to be performed the YES branch is taken from step 56, if however, the engine is started before the oil can drain the algorithm exits the loop from step 54. Once the YES branch is taken from step 56 the engine oil level is checked (step 58). If the oil level is above an acceptable minimum for normal operation the routine exits along the YES branch from step 60. If the oil level does not meet the minimum for normal operation, the level is compared to another, lower minimum level. If this second, lower minimum is not met (the YES branch from step 62), the engine may be disabled or derated (step 64) and the driver alerted to add oil (step 66). The routine is then exited. If the oil level is not too low for safe operation the NO branch from step 62 advances execution to step 70, where the driver is alerted to the low oil level condition.
Once the engine is started, monitoring of the engine oil dielectric constant may begin, provided a dielectric sensor is present. Returning to step 54 and following the YES branch, the algorithm moves to a series of steps, represented by execution step 72, used to determine the dielectric constant of the oil. The use of the dielectric constant is elaborated upon in greater detail with reference to FIG. 6. Oil temperature is measured at step 74. Steps 76 and 78 provide for comparing the measurements with reference values for departure from expected values. If the measurements depart substantially from the reference values it is taken as an indication either that something is potentially wrong or that there as been a change in operating condition of the truck.
Departures from expected values can of course occur in two directions, below or above expected values. The YES branch from step 78 is followed upon departure of the measurements significantly from expected values. A filter 80 for lower than expected values follows detection of an out of bound condition at step 78. It should be noted that the out of operational bound conditions used in steps 80 and 84 are not the same as the limit values used as triggers indicating a significant change in step 78. In other words, a short term substantial change in the dielectric coefficient, even if not outside of operating limits, is in itself a possible indication of trouble, depending on the direction of the change. If dielectric constant is lower than expected, it is taken as an indication that motor oil has been added since the last measurement or that the oil has been changed. The YES branch is taken from filter step 80 to step 82 to update the baseline value for the dielectric, that is, changing the value used for the comparison in step 78. If the values are not lower than expected, processing continues from step 80 to step 84, where out of bounds operation to the high side are checked for. Here a NO result is taken as an indication of possible water contamination of the oil (step 86). The condition variable is updated and the driver/operator alerted as to the condition. If the result in step 84 is a measured value above the operating limit the driver is alerted to the fact and advised to take immediate action.
A truck which does not have a dielectric sensor implements an abbreviated algorithm. This portion of the algorithm implements the basic soot and shear estimation model and is also implemented by trucks having dielectric sensors after completion of the dielectric constant and temperature measurements and the updating (filtering) of constants (step 90) used for comparison purposes at steps 76 and 78. By filtering, it is meant that a time weighted average of data points is used, with more recent measurements weighted more heavily than earlier measurements.
The model is described in greater detail below with reference to the detailed flow charts. The overall process of soot, oxidation and shear modeling begins with monitoring fuel flow (step 92), counting the number of combustion cycles (step 94), monitoring the oil temperature (step 96) and updating the estimated distance until the next oil change (step 98). Should conditions indicate the need for an immediate oil change (step 100), YES branch is followed and the driver is alerted (step 102). Along the NO branch from step 100 it is determined if the time for an oil change is imminent (step 104), and if so the driver is alerted with a yellow colored warning light (step 106 along the YES branch from step 104).
Each firing of a cylinder represents a soot contributing event. FIG. 4 expands upon steps 92 and 94 of the flow chart of FIG. 3, illustrating updating of the soot accumulation estimation for the motor oil. Soot addition is estimated as a function of fuel flow, load, coolant temperature and an injection timing factor. At each cylinder event a count of cylinder events (Num_of_events) is incremented by 1 (step 110). Then the current fuel flow is used to obtain an injection amount in milligrams (step 112). The injection amount (fuel_amount) is stored as a temporary variable (Temp). Increasing engine load is indicated by increasing fuel flow without a contemporaneous increase in engine RPM's. The load coefficient C_load is illustrated in graph 115, which represents an updatable look up table, as an increasing function of milligrams of fuel flow per piston stroke. At step 114 the temporary variable is updated by multiplying the current measured injected amount of fuel with the load coefficient producing an updated temp variable. Soot blow by is reduced by thermal expansion of a piston in a cylinder, and accordingly soot accumulation in engine oil is a falling function of engine temperature as indicated in graph 117, which represents a look up table. At step 116 the Temp variable is updated by multiplying Temp from step 114 with the temperature coefficient C_temp obtained from a look up table represented by graph 117. Soot transfer from cylinder to lubricating oil is a function of piston position. A look up table represented by graph 119 indicates the likely amount of soot transferred in a stroke based on how much of the interior cylinder wall is exposed when fuel is injected. This occurs because the oil film on the cylinder wall absorbs oil. The closer to top dead center that injection is initiated the less of the wall is exposed and accordingly graph 119 is drawn indicating that timing transfer coefficient C_time decreases as the injection timing approaches top dead center (TDC). Temp from step 116 is multiplied by C_time to update the Temp variable.
Finally, Temp is added to total fuel (Fuel_tot) at step 120 to generate an updated value for Fuel_tot. In effect, FIG. 4 illustrates an implementation of the equation:
Two provisional estimates of the distance to the next oil change, based on events and fuel flow, are then made. At step 122 the count of the number of events (Num_of_events) is used as a variable in equation (6):
And at step 124 Fuel_tot is used to generate an estimate of "Mile_fuel" in equation (7)
FIG. 5 illustrates measurement of oil temperature and utilization of the oil temperature data, expanding upon step 96 of FIG. 3. Excessive oil temperature contributes to oxidation of the oil. Step 130 indicates the reading of an oil temperature measurement. At step 132 the measured temperature of the oil is compared to an operating minimum. If the oil temperature does not yet exceed the minimum the routine is exited. Temperature measurements of the lubricating oil below a minimum threshold are disregarded to avoid skewing the calculated average toward a lower temperature. If the temperature exceeds the minimum, the YES branch is followed to step 134 where the measured temperature is compared to an maximum. If the temperature exceeds the maximum, the YES branch is followed to step 136, providing for alerting the driver and flagging an oil change. The NO branch from decision step 134 is followed to step 138, which provides for updating a variable tracking the operating history of the oil in the form of an oil temperature average.
Where Filt is a Filter constant with a value between 0 and 1 that determines how frequently the average is updated. A small Filt value means it takes a long time for the average to change and large value for Filt means that the average changes quickly.
Next, at step 140, a change interval is calculated based on oil operating temperature.
Equation (9) is applicable where the temperature measurement is in degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine. For temperature measurements in Kelvins or degrees Celsius substitute 10 for 18 in the equation.
Referring now to FIG. 6, steps 72 to 88 of FIG. 3, which relate analysis of oil dielectric constants on a vehicle equipped with the appropriate sensor, are expanded upon. Beginning at step 150, the voltage across the dielectric sensor is measured and equated to the dielectric coefficient. Next, at step 152, the temperature of the oil is taken. The dielectric "constant" or coefficient of the oil is a function of oil temperature. The oil's dielectric coefficient also tends to increase slowly over time. Using the measured temperature, a look up table 153 may be referred to in order to obtain a predicted value for the dielectric coefficient at the present measured temperature. Essentially, the dielectric coefficient should be close to recently obtained values, averages for which provide the values in look up table 153. Comparative curves for new oil and hypothetical recent values are illustrated exemplifying how the dielectric constant moves higher as the engine oil ages.
Oil, the dielectric coefficient for which changes upwardly suddenly has likely been contaminated. A sudden downward shift in the constant usually indicates that fresh oil has been added to an engine or that an oil change has been made. Step 154 provides for determining if such a sudden change in the dielectric coefficient has occurred by checking to see if the coefficient is between upper and lower bounds set based on the recent values for the constant. If the values remain within bounds the just obtained value is filtered into the values used for determining the most recent curve for look up table 153 (step 156) and a new oil change interval calculated (step 158).
If the newly obtained value for Die_coeff is not within bounds the NO branch is followed to step 160, which checks to see if the variation was below the limit. If YES, then oil has been added or the oil has been changed. Step 162 is executed to generate a new curve for look up table 153. Moving along the NO path from step 160 is indication that the oil's dielectric coefficient is outside of the bounds expected. At step 164 it is determined whether the oil's dielectric coefficient is also higher than the absolute dielectric limit. If YES, step 168 provides for alerting the driver and possibly derating or disabling the engine to avoid damage to the engine. If the oil's dielectric coefficient is not above the maximum limit the variation is still an indication of possible contamination and a change interval is recalculated as per equation (10) at step 166.
FIG. 7 is an expansion on steps 98-104, involving determination of the change interval for motor oil. The initial portion of the algorithm here involves a series of comparisons performed on the estimates for change internals already generated to determine the primary contributing factor to the deterioration of the motor oil. The system provides for initializing a variable Mile_limit to the absolute maximum permitted value, Mile_abs_max at step 180. While the variable names used here include the term "mile" the actual variable values may represent kilometers.
The comparison operations are as follows. At step 182, it is determined if the value Mile_die, representing a change interval estimate from either step 158 or step 166 relating to the dielectric constant for the oil, is less than Mile_limit. If YES, then step 184 provides for resetting Mile_limit to Mile_die and for setting a variable Limit flag equal to indicate that the dielectric constant controlled. Following step 184 or the NO branch from step 182, step 186 is executed where the value Mile_fuel, generated at step 124 and representing a change interval estimate based on fuel consumption and other factors, is compared to Mile_limit. If Mile_fuel is lower than Mile_limit, the YES branch directs execution to step 188 where Mile_limit is reset to the Mile_fuel change interval estimate and a flag is set to indicate the source of the Mile_limit value. Along the NO branch from step 186 the reset step 188 is skipped. Following step 188 or along the NO branch from step 186 the value for Mile_event is compared to Mile_limit. Mile_event is the value generated at step 122 relating to a change interval accounting for the total number of cylinder firings that have occurred. Again along a YES branch from the comparison step 190, a variable reset is performed where Mile_limit is reset to equal Mile_event and a Limit_flag is set indicating that the source of Mile_limit is the events estimate. The NO branch provides for skipping step 192, whereupon step 194 is executed, providing for comparison of the mileage change interval estimate based engine oil temperature cycling Mile_temp to the current value of Mile_limit. If YES, step 196 provides for resetting Mile_limit to Mile_temp and setting a flag to indicate that temperature measurements are the source of the current Mile_limit value. Following step 196 or the NO branch from decision step 194 execution advances to a series of steps, beginning at step 198, relating to actual calculation of the distance allowed until the next oil change.
A series of steps is now executed which relate to calculation of the distance left until a change is required and the mileage reading for that change. At step 198 the total elapsed miles (Elap_miles) since the last oil change is calculated. Next, at step 200 the mileage at which the next change should be done (Next_change) is calculated by adding Mile_limit to Oil change mile. The distance left until the next change (Miles_left) is then calculated at step 202 by subtracting Elap_miles from Mile_limit.
The value Mile_left is then used as an input to a series of steps used to determine if the operator should be advised of engine oil condition and the imminent or immediate requirement of an oil change. These steps involve operations comparing Miles_left to two preset values "Warn_miles", used to detect a need for an immediate oil change, and "Soon_miles" used to determine if an oil change will be needed soon (steps 204 and 208, respectively). Depending upon the results of the comparisons, steps 206 or step 210 may be executed to alert a driver of the need to immediately change the oil or that an oil change requirement will come soon (the YES branch from steps 204 or 208). The alternative of no warning is possible by the NO branches from both steps 204 and 208. The vehicle operator can initiate a query to the body controller 30 to find out the estimate of miles left until an oil change is required and what the limiting factor (e.g. shear, temperature, soot) is forcing the result. The operator can then schedule maintenance and adjust vehicle scheduling to match the estimate.
The oil change recommendation algorithm of the present invention must provide for qualitative improvements to engine oil provided either by the addition of oil to the engine or a change of the oil. FIG. 8 corresponds to box 82 of FIG. 3. The process begins at step 220, which determines if an oil change reset has been manually triggered. If YES, processing advances to a series of variable reset steps. If NO, processing moves to a second comparison step 222, which is used to determine if the measured dielectric has substantially changed from a filtered set of recently sampled values. If YES, program execution still proceeds along the set of variable reset steps. If the NO branch from step 222 is taken, the routine is exited.
A total of five variables are reset if an oil change or addition is indicated. Steps 224, 226, 228, 230, and 232 provide for reset for the variables: Oil_change_mile, which is set to the current odometer reading; Num_of_events, the count of cylinder firings, which is set to 0; fuel flow Total_kg_fuel, which is set to 0; Max_oil_temp which is set to the current measured oil temperature; and the base dielectric coefficient curve (look up table).
Resetting the dielectric coefficient curve requires a plurality of measurements. The dielectric constant measurement which is provided immediately after an oil change or an addition of oil will be inaccurate due to the presence of older, fouled oil on the sensor. Until the old oil has been flushed away after a change, or new oil added to old oil has been thoroughly mixed into the old oil, readings from a dielectric sensor will be subject to change. Until a minimum number of engine warm up cycles has occurred, the process remains in the measurement cycle. Reinitialization must also occur after an oil change since different oil formulations have different dielectric characteristics. Some oils exhibit an increasing dielectric coefficient with temperature and some exhibit a decreasing coefficient with temperature, and they all change at differing rates. Following the NO branch from step 234, dielectric measurements and oil temperature measurements are made (step 238) and the dielectric sample is filtered and added to the base curve (step 240). Once the engine oil reached the rated operating temperature (determined at comparison step 242) processing advances to increment the warm-up cycle count (step 244). Once a minimum number X warm-up cycles have been performed, sufficient to extend beyond the minimum mixing period for the oil, the collection of data is deemed complete (step 234) and the set_base_curve_flag is disabled (step 236), allowing look up table 153 to be used.
In equation (1):
"Co" is a proportionality constant;
"BMEP" is brake mean effective pressure;
"dn" is change in n;
"n" is engine revolutions; and
"SOOT" is milligrams of contaminants including unburned and partially burned hydrocarbon fuels.
In equation (2):
"SHEAR" is an index;
"Ko" is a proportionality constant;
"dn" is change in n; and
"n" is engine revolutions.
In equation (3):
"n" is engine revolutions;
"Mf" is fuel flow; and
"dt" is change in time.
In equation (4):
"d0" is a proportionality constant; and
"t" is time.
In equations (5-7) and steps 110 to 124 of FIG. 4:
"Num_of_events" is a program counter based on cylinder fuel injection events;
"Temp" is a temporary variable accumulating soot passed from cylinder to oil per cylinder event;
"fuel_amount" is the amount of fuel injected per cylinder event by weight in mg;
"C_load" is a load coefficient related to milligrams of fuel injected per stroke provided by table 115;
"C_temp" is a leakage coefficient related to coolant temperature provided by table 117;
"C_time" is a timing coefficient provided by a look up table 119 related to the difference time between fuel injection and the piston for the cylinder in question being at top dead center;
"Fuel_tot" is the accumulated material passed to engine lubricating oil, i.e. the proxy for SOOT implemented by the model of the invention;
"Mile_fuel" is the estimated odometer reading when accumulated material in the lubricating oil will require an oil change. The units can be miles or kilometers;
"Mile_current" is the current odometer reading in miles or kilometers;
"Oil_change_mile" was the odometer reading at the time of the last oil change;
"Max_fuel" is the limit of accumulated material allowed in the engine oil;
"Mile_event" is the estimated odometer reading in miles or kilometers when the number of cylinder events will reach the maximum allowed without an oil change; and
"Max_events" is the maximum number of allowed cylinder events.
In equations 8 and 9 and steps 130 to 140 of FIG. 5:
"Oil_temp" is measured oil temperature in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius;
"Filt" is a filter constant between 0 and 1 that determines how frequently oil temperature averages are updated;
"Temp_ave" is averaged oil temperature;
"Op_min" is a minimum oil temperature threshold;
"Op_max" is an upper limit oil operating temperature;
"Mile_temp" or mile temperature is the estimated oil change interval based on temperature history of the oil; and
"Target_mileage" is a change interval based on nominal temperature operating history.
In equation 10 and steps 150 to 166 of FIG. 6:
"Die_Coeff" is dielectric coefficient of the oil;
"Oil_temp" is oil temperature;
"delta" is the maximum change is dielectric value allowed since the last measurement;
"Mile_die" is the estimated oil change interval in miles or kilometers based on the oil's measured dielectric value;
"Mile_Target" is a target mileage interval between changes of oil necessitated by the dielectric coefficient of the oil;
"die_limit" is the maximum allowed dielectric coefficient for the oil;
"New_oil" is the new oil dielectric coefficient; and
"Latest_value" is the most recent measurement of dielectric coefficient.
New variable introduced in steps 180 to 210 of FIG. 7:
"Mile_abs_max" is the absolute maximum allowed change interval. Initially
"Mile_limit" is set equal to this value;
"Elap_miles" is elapsed miles, the difference between the current odometer reading and the odometer reading at the time the oil was last changed;
"Warn_miles" and "Soon_miles" are mileage values used in comparison steps.
The present invention provides for indicating timing of oil changes based upon measurement of engine operating variables. Most of the measurements are derived from existing sensors, with the possible exception of the addition of a dielectric sensor to the engine oil. Such a dielectric sensor can be substituted for existing level sensors. Obviously, low engine oil lubricating level from a dielectric sensor can also be a source of a warning signal to add oil.
While the invention is shown in only one of its forms, it is not thus limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 28, 1939
|Mar 4, 1941
|Sinclair Refining Co
|Lubricating oil
|May 10, 1940
|Jun 23, 1942
|Earl Holley
|Torque controlled engine
|Jul 7, 1941
|Jun 12, 1945
|Reggio Ferdinando Carlo
|Fuel metering device
|Sep 28, 1943
|Jan 3, 1950
|Niles Bement Pond Co
|Jan 14, 1980
|Aug 4, 1981
|General Motors Corporation
|Apparatus for measuring soot concentration in engine oil
|May 12, 1980
|Dec 22, 1981
|General Motors Corporation
|Engine oil indicator
|Jul 6, 1982
|Mar 19, 1985
|Nissan Motor Company, Limited
|Engine lubricating oil replacement timing monitoring system and method for an automotive vehicle
|May 30, 1989
|Oct 30, 1990
|Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
|Instrument for testing lubricating oil
|Dec 11, 1991
|Nov 16, 1993
|Computational Systems, Inc.
|Oil monitor with magnetic field
|Mar 14, 1995
|Feb 18, 1997
|Detroit Diesel Corporation
|In-situ oil analyzer and methods of using same, particularly for continuous on-board analysis of diesel engine lubrication systems
|Apr 25, 1997
|Aug 25, 1998
|Sandia Corporation
|Textured-surface quartz resonator fluid density and viscosity monitor
|Mar 7, 1995
|Dec 21, 1999
|Exxon Chemical Patents Inc.
|Crankcase lubricant for modern heavy duty diesel and gasoline fueled engines
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 13, 2002
|Jun 17, 2003
|Isuzu Motors Limited
|Engine oil degradation judging method and apparatus
|Apr 11, 2002
|Feb 1, 2005
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|System and method for executing diagnosis of vehicle performance
|Sep 23, 2004
|May 24, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for determining oil change based upon oil viscosity
|Apr 25, 2003
|Jun 7, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for determining oil change based upon oil viscosity
|Feb 27, 2003
|Jul 5, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for detecting ignition and engine conditions
|Sep 9, 2003
|Dec 20, 2005
|General Motors Corporation
|Automatic reset of lubricating fluid life monitoring system
|Nov 19, 2004
|May 30, 2006
|Sil Kyu Son
|Method for computing the quantity of injected fuel for an automobile engine equipped with an electrically controlled fuel injection system and an apparatus for detecting an exchange period for lubricating oils and constitutional parts
|Apr 25, 2003
|Sep 25, 2007
|Isuzu Motors Limited
|Fuel and method for evaluating fuel saving operation
|Nov 12, 2004
|Jun 2, 2009
|Predict, Inc.
|MEMS-based sensor for lubricant analysis
|Jun 2, 2004
|Dec 22, 2009
|The Cobalt Group, Inc.
|Method and system of managing service reminders and scheduling service appointments using mileage estimates and recommended recall bulletins
|Dec 1, 2006
|Nov 30, 2010
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institue
|Fault management system using satellite telemetering technology and method thereof
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jan 4, 2011
|Trico Corporation
|Flinger disc
|Jan 24, 2008
|Nov 1, 2011
|GM Global Technology Operations LLC
|Apparatus and method for determining remaining transmission oil life
|Jan 16, 2009
|Jan 17, 2012
|Trico Corporation
|Apparatus and methods for management of fluid condition
|May 19, 2008
|Jan 31, 2012
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Water reduction mechanism for an internal combustion engine
|Jan 22, 2010
|Apr 3, 2012
|Trico Corporation
|Portable lubricant filtration system and method
|Mar 24, 2010
|Apr 3, 2012
|Trico Corporation
|Apparatus and methods for lubricant filtration and drum pump filtration system
|Mar 4, 2003
|May 15, 2012
|Nevada Automotive Development Center
|Method and apparatus for a computerized integrated power bus
|Jun 3, 2008
|Jul 17, 2012
|Trico Corporation
|Lubricant dispenser with nozzle
|Aug 17, 2010
|Aug 7, 2012
|GM Global Technology Operations LLC
|Automatic engine oil life determination with a factor for degradation based on an initial volume of oil
|Jun 10, 2009
|Sep 18, 2012
|International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc
|Preventing soot underestimation in diesel particulate filters by determining the restriction sensitivity of soot
|Mar 27, 2006
|Apr 16, 2013
|Deere & Company
|Auto fluid condition alert
|Jan 13, 2012
|May 14, 2013
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Water reduction mechanism for an internal combustion engine
|Jul 19, 2012
|Oct 7, 2014
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Methods and systems for monitoring engine oil temperature of an operating engine
|Apr 13, 2011
|Feb 16, 2016
|Knorr-Bremse Systeme Fur Schienenfahrzeuge Gmbh
|Oil level indicator for a screw-type compressor
|Nov 22, 2011
|Mar 8, 2016
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Method and apparatus for estimating replacement of vehicle engine oil
|Apr 11, 2002
|Jun 12, 2003
|Jong-Won Eun
|System and method for executing diagnosis of vehicle performance
|Mar 4, 2003
|Sep 11, 2003
|Capps Rick W.
|Method and apparatus for a computerized integrated power bus
|Feb 27, 2003
|Sep 16, 2004
|Berndorfer Axel H.
|Apparatus and method for detecting ignition and engine conditions
|Apr 25, 2003
|Oct 28, 2004
|Taeyoung Han
|Apparatus and method for determining oil change based upon oil viscosity
|Jun 2, 2004
|Dec 9, 2004
|John Kelly
|Method and system of managing service reminders and scheduling service appointments using mileage estimates and recommended recall bulletins
|Sep 23, 2004
|Feb 24, 2005
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Apparatus and method for determining oil change based upon oil viscosity
|Sep 9, 2003
|Mar 24, 2005
|Gornick Henry William
|Automatic reset of lubricating fluid life monitoring system
|Nov 19, 2004
|May 26, 2005
|Son Sil K.
|Method for computing the quantity of injected fuel for an automobile engine equipped with an electrically controlled fuel injection system and an apparatus for detecting an exchange period for lubricating oils and constitutional parts
|Apr 25, 2003
|Sep 22, 2005
|Shinichi Ishiguro
|Fuel and method for evaluating fuel saving operation
|Nov 12, 2004
|May 18, 2006
|Niksa Andrew J
|MEMS-based sensor for lubricant analysis
|Dec 17, 2004
|Jun 22, 2006
|Larson Gerald L
|Interactive data exchange system for vehicle maintenance scheduling and up-time optimization
|Dec 1, 2006
|Jun 7, 2007
|Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute
|Fault management system using satellite telemetering technology and method thereof
|Mar 27, 2006
|Sep 27, 2007
|Deere & Company
|Auto fluid condition alert
|Jul 13, 2007
|Jan 31, 2008
|Trico Mfg. Corp.
|Flinger disc
|Jan 24, 2008
|Sep 18, 2008
|General Motors Corporation
|Apparatus and Method for Determining Remaining Transmission Oil Life
|Jun 3, 2008
|Sep 17, 2009
|Trico Corporation
|Lubricant dispenser with nozzle
|May 19, 2008
|Nov 19, 2009
|Ford Global Technologies, Llc
|Water reduction mechanism for an internal combustion engine
|Mar 30, 2009
|Apr 15, 2010
|Niksa Andrew J
|MEMS-based sensor for lubricant analysis
|Mar 24, 2010
|Oct 21, 2010
|Trico Corporation
|Apparatus and methods for lubricant filtration and drum pump filtration system
|Jun 10, 2009
|Dec 16, 2010
|International Engine Intellectual Property Company , Llc
|Preventing Soot Underestimation in Diesel Particulate Filters by Determining the Restriction Sensitivity of Soot
|Jan 22, 2010
|Jul 28, 2011
|Trico Corporation
|Portable Lubricant filtration system and method
|Aug 17, 2010
|Feb 23, 2012
|Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc.
|Automatic engine oil life determination with a factor for degradation based on an initial volume of oil
|Apr 13, 2011
|Mar 21, 2013
|Knorr-Bremse Systeme Fur Schienenfahrzeuge Gmbh
|Oil level indicator for a screw-type compressor
|Jul 19, 2012
|Jan 23, 2014
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Methods and systems for monitoring engine oil temperature of an operating engine
|Apr 25, 2012
|Aug 13, 2013
|Trico Corporation
|Lubricant dispenser
|Apr 25, 2012
|Aug 13, 2013
|Trico Corporation
|Lubricant dispenser
|Apr 25, 2012
|Aug 13, 2013
|Trico Corporation
|Lubricant dispensing nozzle
|Apr 25, 2012
|Jan 7, 2014
|Trico Corporation
|Lubricant dispenser
|U.S. Classification
|73/53.05, 701/29.5
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 22, 2002
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL TRUCK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COMPANY,
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BONDAROWICZ, FRANK;CARLSTROM, KEVIN R.;LARSON, GERALD L.;REEL/FRAME:013188/0549;SIGNING DATES FROM 20021015 TO 20021018
|Jun 22, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jul 2, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 12, 2012
Owner name: JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A., AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NE
Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:INTERNATIONAL ENGINE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COMPANY, LLC;INTERNATIONAL TRUCK INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY COMPANY, LLC;NAVISTAR INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:028944/0730
Effective date: 20120817
|Sep 12, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Feb 4, 2015
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Mar 24, 2015
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20150204


text:
Found another nice credit card sign-up bonus promotion the other day. Go to the link below and sign up. Make one purchase on the card and receive a $30 bonus within several days. No annual fee either so it is free money! Further details are shown below.
Amazon.com Rewards Visa® Card from Chase FreedomSM
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Guest reviews
Overall rating
6.8 Good
based on 26 reviews
Recent reviews
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Located in Ormond Beach, Florida, this motel is less than 1 miles from the Oceanside Country Club and a 10-minute drive from Daytona Beach. It features free in-room Wi-Fi. Cable TV and a seating area are provided in the colorful rooms at A1A Travel Inn. Daytona International Speedway and Daytona Beach International Airport are a 15-minute drive from this Ormond Beach motel. The A1A Travel Motel has free parking and outdoor seating.
Nothing Old, dingy, wierd... Electrical outlet right in the shower??? Really? No counter in the bathroom, even the bathroom curtain was old and dirty. That was not a $--- dollar stay!
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.


text:
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Pack less. Be more.
@kalebcLocale: South West
Sold: Gossamer Gear Mariposa Plus pack, size Large, the hipbelt is a size Large but could fit someone from 33"-42" waist. This pack is in excellent condition, no rips, tears, holes. This is the older model that comes with 2 carbon fiber stays, it does come with the sit pad and shock cord, it does not have a sternum strap (can be replaced), none of the straps have been altered/cut. On my scale it weighs 21.25 oz, that is 2.55 oz lighter than the new Mariposa Plus for reference. I ship USPS priority with tracking and use Paypal. The reason I am parting with it is my torso is about 1.5 inches too small for this pack, I am looking for the perfect fit.
@skinewmexicoLocale: Southwest
So……how much?
@kalebcLocale: South West
@socalmikeLocale: So Cal
I sent an email.
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text:
Judge Dismisses Challenge To Election Monitoring
A federal judge in Washington, D.C. has upheld a key part of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Shelby County, Ala., had sued to get out from under requirements that it send all of its election changes to the federal government for pre-approval to protect the interest of minority voters. A judge threw out the lawsuit saying that Congress had acted within its power under the Constitution.
DAVID GREENE, host: Here in Washington, a federal judge has upheld a key part of the 1965 Voting Rights Act that's been under challenge from prominent conservatives. Shelby County, Alabama challenged the law's requirement that any changes to voting procedures be pre-approved by the federal government. Now lawyers for the county say they'll appeal all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. NPR's Carrie Johnson reports.
CARRIE JOHNSON: More than 45 years ago, Congress decided it had to protect black people who were disenfranchised by poll taxes and other barriers. The result was the Voting Rights Act, one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement. Section Five of the law requires states like Alabama, with a history of discrimination, to get advance approval from the U.S. Justice Department before they make any changes to their election rules.
But as the years have passed, some states have bristled at the federal oversight. And three separate lawsuits, including the one filed by Shelby County, Alabama, are seeking to overturn that part of the law. Rick Hasen of the University of California at Irvine says all of those cases involve one critical question.
RICK HASEN: Whether or not there's still enough evidence of unconstitutional conduct by the states to justify the portion of the Voting Rights Act that requires these covered jurisdictions to get permission before they change any of their voting rules.
JOHNSON: The opinion by Judge John Bates, who was appointed by President George W. Bush, carefully traces the history of the law. The judge mentions a series of hearings in Congress which ultimately voted to re-authorize the Voting Rights Act in 2006.
The judge pointed out that it's true, notorious opponents of civil rights, such as the Alabama public safety commissioner Bull Connor, might be dead. But the judge said modern-day lawmakers had clearly decided voters in Alabama and more than a dozen other states still needed and deserved protection from discrimination.
Edward Blum directs the Project on Fair Representation, a non-profit group that helped Shelby County with resources to bring a lawsuit.
EDWARD BLUM: It makes no sense for Texas and Alabama to be required go to the Justice Department to pre-clear voting changes, but not Arkansas and Oklahoma.
JOHNSON: Blum says he's willing to take the Alabama case all the way up to the nation's highest court.
BLUM: Congress never made a finding that racial discrimination still exists in these covered jurisdictions and not outside of these covered jurisdictions, so that's why we think the law is unconstitutional in and of itself.
JOHNSON: A spokeswoman for the Justice Department says the department will keep on defending any and all constitutional challenges to the law, including a lawsuit filed recently by the Republican attorney general of Arizona. That case has been assigned to the same judge who threw out the Shelby County challenge.
Carrie Johnson, NPR News, Washington.
Copyright © 2011 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR's programming is the audio record.


text:
Telephone & Addresses
(1 - 4 from 17
Eddie Foo
91007 Arcadia CA
Eddie Foo
92108 San Diego CA
Eddie Foo (Age: 68)
91801 Alhambra CA
Eddie Foo, Arcadia, US, W Naomi Ave
View Eddie's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Yellow Page contacts
Network Profiles
(1 - 4 from 32
LinkedIn: Eddie Foo - Malaysia | LinkedIn
Lihat profil profesional Eddie Foo(Malaysia) di LinkedIn. LinkedIn adalah rangkaian perniagaan yang terbesar di dunia, membantu para profesional seperti Eddie Foo ...
LinkedIn: Eddie Foo - Singapore | LinkedIn
Eddie Foo. Group CFO at ECS Holdings Location Singapore Industry Information Technology and Services
LinkedIn: Eddie Foo Weng Keong - Malaysia | LinkedIn
Eddie Foo Weng Keong. Assistant Operations Manager at All Cosmos Industries Sdn Bhd Location Johore, Malaysia Industry
ECS Holdings Ltd : Hp Spin Off | 4-Traders
01.09.2011 ... expected to be an approximate 8% reduction in profit which is in turn expected to be offset by growth in other personal computer vendors arising from gains in market share. BY ORDER OF THE BOARD Eddie Foo Toon Ee ...
Management & Stakeholders
Eddie Foo - MarketVisual Knowledge Map
New Search: Eddie Foo : Knowledge Map; Knowledge Map of Colleagues. loading. ... Relationships of Eddie Foo, Mutual Connections, Positions / Titles ...
Business Profiles
(1 - 4 from 5
Eddie Foo | ZoomInfo.com
Find business contact information for Eddie Foo, Group Chief Financial Officer, ECS Holdings Limited and see work history, affiliations and more.
Eddie Foo: Business Profiles | ZoomInfo.com
Find business contact information for Eddie Foo, Resident Manager, Kim Realty and see work history, affiliations and more.
Eddie Foo | Helloworld Limited | ZoomInfo.com
Find business contact information for Eddie Foo, Financial Controller – ANZ, APN Outdoor and see work history, affiliations and more.
Eddie Foo | Novotel Melbourne | ZoomInfo.com
View Eddie Foo's business profile as Concierge Shiftleader at Novotel Melbourne and see work history, affiliations and more.
Private Homepages
Hairstylist Eddie Foo
With a real passion for hair, Eddie Foo is a master hairstylist and consummate professional. He strives to offer his clients complete satisfaction, and he uses...
The Singapore Elvis & Country Group Pages - The Singapore Elvis &...
Meet Elvis Presley and alt-country fans to sing the King's, Evergreen and Alt songs. We meet twice weekly for karaoke sessions on Saturdays from 1:30pm to 6:30...
EDDIE FOO PTY LTD ACN#158992799 Credit Profile provided by ASIC –...
Need to know more about EDDIE FOO PTY LTD (Registered) ACN#158992799 - Purchase an ASIC Extract today - CreditorWatch helping Australian ...
Celebrities & Politicians
IMDB Filmography: Gillian Kearney - Biography - IMDb
Gillian began acting at school and at the Liverpool Everyman Youth Theatre. Whilst attending, as a fourteen-year-old in 1986, she landed the role of ...
Gillian Kearney - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays
Learn about Gillian Kearney: her birthday, what she did before fame, her family life, fun trivia facts, popularity rankings, and more.
Books & Literature
Notes From The Underbelly - Risa Green - Google Books
More information to be announced soon on this forthcoming title from Penguin USA.
The Far East and Australasia 2003 - Eur - Google Books
EDDIE Foo CHIK KIN. ST Microelectronics Asia Pacific (Pte) Ltd: 28 Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park 2, Singapore 569508; tel. 64821411; fax 64820240; internet ...
A Collection of Plays by Mark Frank: Land of Never,I Swear by the...
UNCLE LEON: Take the eyes Eddie. Foo Man Chu is alright. (Puts arm around him.) TIRESIAS: If you say so. (Turns to China Baby) UNCLE LEON: Just keep ...
Related Documents
2007 - this domain
Mr Eddie Foo Toon Ee. Group Chief Financial Officer. Mr Foo Sen Chin ...... Eddie Foo Toon Ee. Company Secretary. Singapore. 14 April 2008 ...
Eddie Foo & John Chew's Families Pictures, Images & Photos |...
Browse Eddie Foo & John Chew's Families pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket
Eddie Foo Foo Pictures, Images & Photos | Photobucket
Browse Eddie Foo Foo pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket
Eddie Foo's Family Pictures, Images & Photos | Photobucket
Browse Eddie Foo's Family pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket
Susan & Eddie Foo Pictures, Images & Photos | Photobucket
Browse Susan & Eddie Foo pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket
Video & Audio
Eddie Foo' - YouTube
This is for fun, i guess ! but good job eddie . i know i suck ,just wait and see , you'll see, my airbending will improve ! Ahahaha .
Quest NDP 06 tribute to PC eddie Foo - YouTube
tribute played during NDP 06 for PC
Treat Me Nice - YouTube
Singapore Elvis, Eddie Foo, performed at Jurong Country Club. It will be a regular event for JCC for the next 3 months starting Nov 2011. Join us and pay tri...
(1 - 4 from 16
PM - Hazelwood mine fire: doctor links lung disease to toxic ...
GP Eddie Foo says Mr Briggs' specific respiratory illness has been difficult to diagnose. But it appears to be pulmonary fibrosis, a condition ...
Acquisitions and Disposals :: Changes in Company's Interest* Asterisks denote mandatory informationName of Announcer *ECS HOLDINGS LIMITEDCompany Registration...
ECS Holdings Limited
Eddie Foo Toon Ee Company Secretary . Please read our General Disclaimer & Warning carefully. Use of this Website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Website Use.
Singapore Exchange (SGX) Company Announcements: Company ...
28.05.2012 Company Registration No. 199804760R. Announcement submitted on behalf of, ECS HOLDINGS LIMITED. Announcement is submitted with respect to *, ECS HOLDINGS LIMITED. Announcement is submitted by *, Eddie Foo ...
Reports & Statements
(1 - 4 from 19
Amazon.ca: Mr Eddie Foo's review of Managing the Risks of...
Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased product reviews...
Google Groups: ot - dave grohl...
28.05.2004: Vin i...@like.snow alt music pearl-jam funny. i seem to recall you ripping on me
Wikipedia: Gillian Kearney - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... in a This Morning television interview, that she was seeing a final-year medical student called Eddie Foo, whom she had met whilst in Bristol.
(1 - 20 from 63
Eddie Foo | LinkedIn
Eddie Foo. Director, Sales Performance Management at ANZ Location Singapore Industry Banking
Eddie Foo | LinkedIn
Eddie Foo's Overview Connections 1 connection Name Search: Search for people you know from over 250 million professionals already on LinkedIn.
Eddie Foo | LinkedIn
Eddie Foo. Head, Talent Development Group - Asia Pacific Region at UPS Location Singapore Industry Transportation/Trucking ...
Eddie Foo | LinkedIn
View Eddie Foo's professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is the world's largest business network, helping professionals like Eddie Foo discover inside connections
Eddie Foo - Google-Profil
Eddie Foo hat auf dieser Seite noch nichts mit dir geteilt.
Thank You! « engineeringgrowth
29.04.2012 To Ms. Angelina Hoon, Ms.Lily, Ms. Anastacia Kim, Mr. Eddie Foo, Mrs. Violette Tan, Mr. James Chua, Mr. Stephen Officer, Mr. Julian Fung, Ms. Lily Yong, Mr. Ting See Hung, Mr. EK Lim, Hj Zakaria, Mr. David Ting, Ms. Shavon ...
ECS Holdings: '26 Quarters Of Consistent Growth – More To Come ...
15.06.2010 ECS chief financial officer Eddie Foo told investors at CIMB-GK Investment Centre that corporate IT spending froze in 2008/2009 and is now coming back. Government and businesses are raising their IT spending as the ...
Eddie Foo's Profile | Chill
Eddie's latest videos on Chill. … 0. Search. Eddie Foo.
Foo - Names Encyclopedia
Eddie Foo (1) Raymond Foo (1) Yuanming Foo (1) Ahsee Foo (1) Rita Foo (1) Henry Foo (1) Ronnie Foo (1) Alicia Foo (1) Alexander Foo (1) Alvin Foo (1)
Mr Eddie Foo Group Chief Financial Officer. Mr Eddie Foo is the Group Chief Financial Officer of the Company and is concurrently the Group Company Secretary.
Eddie foo. x'D on Twitpic
Embed this Photo. Copy & paste this code into your website
Dr. Eddie Foo | Caringbah Family Practice | OzDocsOnline
View Dr. Eddie Foo's profile including pictures, qualifications, descriptions and online services.
Mr Eddie Foo Toon Ee List of directorships (Present) 1. ECS
Appendix A Mr Eddie Foo Toon Ee List of directorships (Present) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ECS Computers (Asia) Pte Ltd ECS Enterprise Solutions Pte. Ltd. Pacific ...
Stellan Eddie Foo Jungmansgatan 1 C lgh 1001 Karlskrona - Ratsit
Gratis erbjuder upplysningar till privatpersoner och företag. Här finns taxeringsuppgifter på Stellan Eddie Foo på Jungmansgatan 1 C lgh 1001 i Karlskrona
Eddie Foo (@fooman278) • Instagram photos and videos
See Instagram photos and videos from Eddie Foo (@fooman278)
Eddie Foo | Free Listening on SoundCloud
Listen to Eddie Foo | SoundCloud is an audio platform that lets you listen to what you love and share the sounds you create.. 2 Followers. Stream Tracks and...
Eddie Foo (@eddiefoo92) Instagram photos and videos
Eddie Foo eddiefoo92 17h. Tavern in the Park. SHARE FOLLOW · Instagram photo by Eddie Foo (@eddiefoo92) 24/10/2015 Lights up. Lights up ! Tavern in the ...
Eddie Foo 1's profile - Hear the world's sounds
Explore the largest community of artists, bands, podcasters and creators of music & audio.
Eddie Foo Toon Ee: Insider trading activity
Eddie Foo Toon Ee. Date of relevant event: June 15th, 2012. Date of filing: June 19th, 2012. Long/Short position: Long Position. # of shares bought/sold or ...
Eddie Foo (@eddiefoo92) • Instagram photos and videos
Eddie Foo. E F Cafehopper -> Foodie -> Photography wechat ID:eddiefoo5167. 1,017 posts; 1,426 followers; 1,710 following. First try ice cream sandwich ...
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text:
Welcome to our Gallery. We hope the pages of our website will serve as an inspiration and source of encouragement.
You will find drawings and paintings portraying the timeless truths of scripture and the Christian faith. You will also find sketches of children, flowers, a new line of trees, along with a few still-lifes in our collection.
Many pieces of our artwork come with inspirational writing, written by the artist, Barbara Bosworth. Barbara is glad to personalize your selections with names, special dates, in memory statements, or scripture of choice.
The artwork on the following pages is the result of Barbaras faith walk and God-given gifts. The prints, card line, and bookmarks are available because of a dedicated team of friends and co-workers, who work side by side, sharing the faith, values, and ideals the work portrays. We are committed to providing you with a product line of the highest quality in both message and material, using acid free papers, mat boards
some of the best on the market.
We believe any of our selections will make wonderful gifts and provide you with a vehicle to share your faith. The scriptures standalone in their ability to bring vision, perspective, hope, refreshment and healing, to a sometimes confused and hurting world
it is a privilege for any of us to be able to share with others.
We look forward to hearing from you. Feel free to contact us with any questions you may have. God bless you as you browse our site!
The Heirlooms Gallery team
Click here for a map
Heirlooms Gallery exists for the purpose of sharing the love of Christ and encouragement of scripture through the designing of Christian Artwork and inspirational writings.
We strive to offer a high quality line of cards and prints that relate to people in both the joyful and precious moments of life and the seasons of struggle and disappointment.
We aim to glorify God, not only with our products and service, but also in giving. We are working towards 90% of our profits being offered toward Missions. We believe we have a call to become a stream of living water pouring out to the hungry and thirsty of the world…both spiritually and physically. We aspire to use all of our resources to serve God and His purposes for us.
All paintings and prints are signed by the artist.
©1991-2014 Heirlooms
Gallery. All rights reserved.
©1991-2014 Heirlooms Gallery. All rights reserved. Last Updated : May 2014
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text:
Wake Accessories
ActiveWake.com has all the right accessories to go with your new hobby! Check out the latest styles from Nixon Watches or Nixon Speakers.
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Ronix 2017 Limelight Capella 2.0 CGA Vest
Regular Price: $169.99
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Part 57530
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Brickipedia is currently undergoing a change with the naming of part articles and this article's name may be outdated.
|Design ID: 57530
|Years in production: 2007
|Pick a Brick price: N/A
| Available Colours:
| Appearances:
Dark Blue:
Part 57530 is a BIONICLE part introduced in 2007. It is exclusive to the BIONICLE theme and is called 'BIONICLE Mask Faxon'.
Dark Blue:
- 8914 Hahli (1)
- 8939 Lesovikk (1)


text:
Chapter 1
Snap! The tight string whipped back in place as the arrow pierced through the buck's thin skin. Its beady black eyes widened, and then it fell with a soft thump.
Selena picked up the buck carcass, "That should be enough for dinner," Selena decided, thinking of the does they caught earlier.
"Ok," Gyra approved, as she looked at Selena admirlingly.
Selena had a light blue robe on, along with bracers, greaves, and leather boots, which was her regular hunting attire, when she was out hunting. She was an exceptionally dazzling high elf. Long golden hair rested below her shoulders. The robe made her gentle blue eyes sparkle. She had pale skin with a golden hue, and her cheeks had a warm pink undertone. Her body and face were embodiments of perfection. Selena was in contrast was well-muscled. She was also one of the best archers in Ar'koen, the land of the high elves, but was also very skilled in swordsmanship; endowed with the tremendous vitality of elvish bodies. Her glossy longbow and quiver were strapped on her back. A longsword with a sapphire pommel was sheathed and strapped to her belt on her left hip. A sharp dagger with an ivory handle was strapped on the other side.
"I'll bet you that those deer are enough for to day's meal," Gyra pointed out with a grin.
Selena scoffed. "Yeah right," as they both glanced at the heap of deer. "Rytak will eat up all that deer at dinner today, and still ask for more." Selena smiled.
"Who's Rytak?" Gyra asked.
"You don't know him?"
"He's the wood elf that always visits us. He's coming tonight for dinner. My mother was best friends with his mother; but she died of grief over the loss of Rytak's Father.
"Anyways, he's young like us, maybe only 110 years old, and has wise judgment and a good heart. He eats a lot though."
Gyra chuckled, "He sounds nice."
Selena nodded, and they began trotting through the thick forest on their horses. Paran, which meant loyal and brave, was Selena's horse. Ar'koen horse breeders mixed a light calvary warhorse, with a typical archer horse, producing a fast, but strong, white horse, while Gyra rode a standard horse with midnight colored hair.
The beautiful scenery became obvious to Selena as they got closer to Estithar. Birds twittered and sang, while the flowing of the river and heavy beating of the waterfall added a drum to the chorus. Small animals scurried among the underbrush. The green grass and trees swayed slowly back and forth, as if dancing to the natural music of nature. Everything seemed right in the world.
"So what shall we do today at Estithar?" Gyra asked. Gyra lived in Estithar's neighboring city, Ka'sar, and was visiting Selena as usual.
"Hmmm. Well, I have battle training, and after we get back to my house I will do housework. And after Rytak leaves, then we can have some fun."
After riding for 15 minutes, they arrived at back Estithar. As they climbed up the hill, a brilliant sight came into view. A glorious castle made of marble and stone stood high. Three beautiful, main towers were in the middle of the castle while the other smaller ones were more effective in war. Curtain walls stood high, with dozens of sentries armed with bows keeping watch of the colossal structure. Hundreds of structures and buildings surrounded the castle, creating a vast city that was protected by a long moat-like river.
"Wow," Gyra said as she blinked several times, her mouth open in awe, "It looks more beautiful than the last time I was here. Did the architects change it?"
"Yes, they are always adding and changing it." Selena answered.
They rode up to the bridge, which was well guarded by a troop of 20 soldiers, who were ready to eliminate any unwanted guests.
Gauran, who was head of the troop, quickly identified Selena.
"Hello Selena," he said in a cheery voice.
"Hi Gauran, this is my friend Gyra, I think you've met her before."
"Hello Gyra. I see you've been hunting with our best archer," he winked as he looked at the deer stacked on the horses.
"Yes, quite so Mr.Gauran," Gyra winked back.
"All righty then! Good day to you!" Gauran bowed as the soldiers parted to let them pass.
As Selena and Gyra traveled a few feet, they could hear the guards chattering in hushed voices about them.
"Great looking women they are, what I wouldn't give to spend a few minutes alone with them!" a man said as all the others chuckled and whistled.
Gyra grinned, "Very rude they are!" she yelled intentionally.
The men instantly silenced. Out of the corner of her eye, Selena could see the men looking towards her and Gyra with shocked expressions.
Selena laughed, "Look at them! They were desperate for us, now they know they have no chance!"
Gyra smiled.
As they entered the city, chatter began to fill the air. The streets were filled with people. Merchants, blacksmiths, farmers, and townsfolk sold various items and wares, while children ran and played across the streets.
"Fresh fruits for sale!" a woman yelled.
"Chicken for 2 Ocers!" a man standing in front of chicken cages hollered.
"Sugar pies sold hereee!" another man shouted.
"Momma! I wanna pie!" a child blubbered longingly to his mother.
"No dear, we can't waste money on such sweets. We can only buy the important stuff," his mother told him as she patted him on the head. She looked weathered and wary, black bags resided under her eyes and she had a tiny.
With his face falling, the boy said, "Ok".
Selena told Gyra about the little boy and the sugar pies. "Go on," Gyra said tiredly, Selena you do this stuff all the time give it a rest Gyra thought. Selena walked up to the little boy's mother and said, "Excuse me Madam, Can I buy a sugar pie for your child?"
"Ummm, really shouldn't, he's had too much sweets today," the woman said weakly.
Selena smiled and looked at the woman with her eyebrows raised, "I heard what you said to him. Please let me buy him a pie."
"Oh, all right. Thank you for your kindness," the woman said resigning.
"You're welcome, and my name is Selena," Selena shook her hand.
The woman said, "I'm Ivar, it's nice to meet you,"
Selena tried to find the boy in the busy market. It was like trying to find an ant in a meadow. Resting on the wall of a store, the boy had his head in his knees.
Selena walked up and tapped him on the shoulder. He looked up frowning, and Selena said, "Hi! Would you like me too buy you a sugar pie?"
The boy's expression turned from condemned to Hellfire to having endless money.
Brightening up he smiled showing his small white teeth, "Yes! Thank you!" he smiled.
"My name is Selena, what's yours?"
"Nice to meet you Tom, now let's go get some sugar pies!" giving Tom a kind smile and a pat on the head.
Selena spotted the pie stand. They walked up to a small stand where fresh pies were stacked in neat rows puffing steam. Blueberry, apple spice, pear delight, cookie crumble, and chocolate puff were a few of the wonderful assortments. Selena spotted the sugar pies, they sat under a big sign that read Sugar Pies- 5 kurs!
"Here, you wanted a Sugar pie right Tom?" Selena gestured to the pies.
"Ummm…" Tom eyed the chocolate puff guiltily and suddenly became interested in his shoe..
"Or did you want the chocolate instead?" Selena smiled to Tom.
"Yes please!"
"Okay then."
"Hello! How are you today?" Selena said in her normal, cheery tone.
The man behind the stand greeted her back with, "Ughh, you woke me up from my nap, what would you like to buy, get on with it then I can have some peace and quiet."
Ok grumpy Selena thought
Selena tried her best to be polite after that unruly remark, "Sorry-
"You better be."
"All right then, Could I have a chocolate pie?"
"Alright that will be fifteen kurs," the man said.
"Fifteen kurs? I only have ten. I though pies were five kurs. Can I please pay you later?" Selena asked.
"Lady, I don't trust you. You think I'm a fool to believe you? Stupid brat." The main said with scorn.
The flames built inside Selena. What a foul man. He needs to learn respect. "Mister, all I wanted to do was buy a pie for this poor boy," she pointed to Tom, "Please, I will pay you later today." He man slanted his thick brows. His mouth turned into a frown. "Shut up lady, you either give me the fifteen kurs-"
"Excuse me, but may I pay for you, my beautiful lady?" a deep, masculine, but musical voice rang through the air.
Selena turned and found herself staring a handsome man. He had long light gold hair that matched his wonderful face; angular but gentle. His figure was muscular yet slender. He was tall as a young tree, lissome, and immensely strong. He wore a dark blue and green tunic and cape, with light armor, although he carried a great sword.
Selena blushed and said pleasantly, "Why yes! Thank you. I'm Selena."
"Thank you for letting me pay, my names Cay'ron," he said in his perfect tone.
Selena smiled.
"All right, here's fifteen kurs," Cay'ron said as he sorted some silver coins, "Now where's the pie the pretty woman wanted?"
"She isn't pretty, she's just a stuck up brat."
Another few drops of oil fuel Selena's fire.
"Well old man your crazy, now could you give me the pie?"
"Shut up loud mouth, now the pies thirty kurs!" People started to crowd around the stand to see what all the commotion was about. Tom watched intently.
"What? That's not fair? You can't raise the price just because I called u an old man!"
Leaning forward, "You called me a crazy old man," he flared, "and nobody calls me a crazy old man!"
He slowly pulled out a knife from under the stand, showing the sharp blade to Cay'ron. Slena held Tom and covered his eyes. With both hands on the handle of the knife, he raised his hand and jabbed downwards. Cay'ron stopped the man's knife in air by performing a move called Halt Death, which was from Ar'koen battle training. With his palms and fingers flat out, thumbs interlocked, Cay'ron made a V shape. The old mans arms stopped in Cay'ron's Halt Death. Swiftly, Cay'ron pushed him back, then punched him square in the face. The man dropped him knife, and Cay'ron picked it up. Punching him another time, the man fell, losing the protection of the stand. Cay'ron walked over to the fallen man. He kicked him in the face.
"Now it my time to return the favor." The crowd gasped at those words.
Cay'ron unsheathed his great sword from slowly its scabbard. It was a handsome blade; the hilt had many green emeralds, while the blade was pure silver. Cay'ron followed the man's exact moves, showing him the awesome blade.
"Now, if I were as jerky as you, I would stick this right in the middle of your head," Cay'ron made a prodding movement with his sword, "But I'm not." People sighed in relief. "Now let me buy the pie, for fifteen kurs, and I won't hurt you. And you should never ever, call Selena a brat. Ever."
Selena smiled and silently thanked him for that last comment.
The man wiped off the blood that dripped from the corner of his mouth and got back up from the floor. As he made his way back to his stand, Cay'ron dropped the coins on the countertop.
Staring at Cay'ron, the man said grimly, "Here's your pie, now get on with it!"
"Thank you," Cay'ron simply said.
Cay'ron took the pie and gave it to Selena.
"Here, your pie. I sure hope that old man won't bother us again," Selena heard the man grunt.
"Thanks. I have a feeling that man will stop for good, considering your skills! Hey, why don't you come over for dinner tonight? We have fresh deer meat." Selena offered.
Ummm, sorry Selena, but I have business to attend to. Maybe tomorrow?"
"All right, tomorrow at six in the evening."
Ok then, where shall I meet you? How about right here at this very same place?
"Six in the evening tomorrow, right here. Got it."
Selena's cheeks flushed pink when Cay'ron took her hand and kissed it.
"Good day Selena." Cay'ron bowed and left.
Selena replied after him, "Goodbye Cay'ron!" she yelled.
"What was that all about?"
"Oh, the old man who sold the pie said that a chocolate pie was fifteen kur. I only had ten with me, and this random man came up and wanted to buy for me. Apparently they got into a fight." Selena shrugged.
Gyra smiled with eyebrows raised.
"What?" Gyra questioned.
Gyra smiled again and said, "This random guy?


text:
Mobile App
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Institute of Research and Technology - DSIRT Perambalur - DSIRT
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Institute of Research and echnology is committed to be a leading engineering college recognized as the first choice of committed students known broadly both with in and outside academic circles by providing value based professional education to transform students resource into sustainable national assets.Globalization has driven the world to explore new frontiers and create new dimensions in the existing realms of Engineering & Technology was established in the year 2012 with Six Under graduate Degree Programmes and One Post graduate Degree Programme.The college is approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University,Chennai.Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Institute of Research and Technology is ethically devoted to pursue global standard of excellence by steadfastly imparting quality education in the realm of engineering technology and management with world class professionalism.From a modest beginning in 2006,Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Institute of Research and Technology has grown fully to impart quality education and cater the needs of the rural community of this socially, economically and educationally backward district of Perambalur. The college is recognized and approved by AICTE, New Delhi and affiliated to Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli. The Founder Chairman dreams of establishing this Institute as a world class nodal center of learning, research and training.
Overview 360° View
|Last Update
|02 Apr, 2016
|Many awards has been given to the college and respective students.


text:
Page 115 - Chapter Twelve
Narrow stone walls tugged at Balamor's robes as he dragged the limp body of Awkid Anvorbeard through the passage. Darkness consumed it's confines, the sounds of hush footsteps and breathing were alone. Balamor reached for the wall to feel for a widening in the tunnel, his fingers brushed over a large series of circle holes and he froze in his tracks. His calves were burning as he slowly crouched to check the floor, but there was nothing. He proceeded slowly dragging Awkid down the narrow interior. The adrenaline began to fade just as he could feel an opening in the wall his left. With the rest of his strength he pulled the dwarf through passage and collapsed. His lungs were churning with cold air when he sat up and reached his hands in front of him. The cold darkness left Balamor without sight as he searched Awkids body. Minutes passed before he could find the dwarfs boots. He reached beneath the laces of one of them and quickly removed the flint and steel that was tucked away. Tearing a swath of cloth from his robes he hurriedly wrapped it around the blade of his dagger.
Several strikes against the firesteel and the cloth ignited. A small flame illuminated the room in warm scarlet and revealed the sharp contours of the walls. Blood rushed from the deep wound in Awkid's stomach as he laid on the jagged stone floor. Balamor quickly put the flint and steel in his bag and cupped his small hands over the wound. He pressed against it but the bleeding was too heavy. Blood seeped through the cracks between his fingers and stained his hands in red. Awkid's breaths became wheasy and scarce; time was running short as Balamor scrambled to save the life of his cursed friend. The dwarf's right arm laid under sloppy wraps trailing in a streak of mud. Pale yellow bones were still connected from his shoulder to his fingers, laying on the floor motionless.
Balamor looked through his leather pack frantically, under a mess of spare veggies and papers he found his runes. Three stones whose surfaces were inscribed with an otherworldly language, there was only one of them Balamor needed, Raji. The flames nearly devoured the cloth around his dagger by the time he held the stone disk in his palm. His nerves sent his hands into an uncontrollable shiver, sweat gathered upon his bushy brow line. Slowly he placed one of his hands over Awkid's wound and let out a long breath.
The cavernous room flashed in yellow light before settling into a tender glow within the bounds of the ancient symbol. Cracks slowly stretched from within the deep grooves as the rune shook with some wild force raging to escape. Starting from the tips of his fingers Balmor felt his body begin to tighten. A mystical zephyr waved against his robes and the curly locks of his hair. His steel blue eyes began to roll back to bloodshot white as Awkid's wounds sealed shut. Cuts and bruises diminished to normal flesh and the blood pouring from his gut ceased. Balamor's short frame fell back against the cave wall and slumped with exhaustion.


text:
FEDERAL CARTRIDGE/VISTA Target
Federal 710 Game-Shok 22 LR Copper Plated Solid Point 40 GR 50Box/100Case
This quality line of 22 Long Rifle and Win Mag offerings provides a nice
smattering of standard bullet offerings. You can expect quality performance
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number 12 lead shot offering in 22 Long Rifle and a Jacketed Hollow Point
22 Win Mag. Game-Shok is the perfect small game hunting line-up for the
squirrel hunter in you.
Mfg Item Number: 710
Category: RIMFIRE ROUNDS
Caliber :22 Long Rifle
Bullet Type :Copper-Plated Solid Point
Bullet Weight :40 GR
Muzzle Energy :137 ft lbs
Muzzle Velocity :1240 fps
Casing Material :Brass
Sub Brand :Game-Shok
Rounds Per Box :50
Boxes Per Case :100
Mack's Prairie Wings is not responsible for typographical errors in pricing or product specification inaccuracies in our web site. Prices are subject to change without notice.
Copyright © 2017 - Mack's Sport Shop LLLP - All rights reserved. Site Developed and Maintained by Ability Commerce
Copyright © 2004-2017 - Mack's Prairie Wings, Inc. - All rights reserved. Site Developed and Maintained by Ability Commerce


text:
Was £60.00 Now £30.00
Size RangevariationSizeVariation_9
Regular 59
Petite 48
Casual stripes
We all need one (or three) striped tops in our wardrobe and this one ticks a lot of boxes. Flattering neckline, check, side vents for easy wearability, check and little extras, like a front pocket and exposed back zip, check!
- Jersey striped top
- Scoop neck
- Long sleeves
- Front top pocket
- Exposed back zip detail
- Side vents for ease
- 100% cotton, machine wash
- 69.5cm/27½ins long in Regular size M; 66cm/26ins long in Petite size M;
Product Reviews
Reviewed by 2 customers
- Comfortable
- Great Design
- Practical
- Well Made
Best Uses
- Casual Wear
Comments about Women's Jersey Striped Top:
Great with jeans
- Sizing:
- Feels true to size
- Comfort vs Style:
- Comfort Driven
- Bad Design
- Poor Fit
Best Uses
Comments about Women's Jersey Striped Top:
This top was quite close fitting round the waist and hip on me (my usual size S) which made the curve-shaped hem lie oddly and the hem looked lumpy. If the body had been looser it would have hung better but to size up, the shoulders would have been too big. So I sent it back.
- Sizing:
- Feels too small
Do you have questions about this product?You may contact Customer Service or...
get answers from real customers and in-house experts with AnswerBox.
2 Questions | 2 Answers
Displaying questions 1-2
Q:on the cream striped garment,are the stripes black or navy blue?Asked on 4/7/2017 by shian from Conwy
1 answer
Q:The info on this top says it has long sleeves, but the model shows 3/4 length sleeves. What length are the sleeves ?Asked on 10/22/2016 by Jackie from Windsor UK
1 answer
Displaying questions 1-2


text:
"Let's all make fun of Jews and have no one step in to stop it!"
It annoys me on this chat how jew jokes are fine but "faggot" is unacceptable. The only person who actually does anything about it when it happens is Blaine, while everyone else just seems to let it slide. This needed to be said.


text:
Publisher's Description+
From Audiotool: Ease CD Ripper copies the audio digitally--not through the soundcard, which enables you to make perfect copies of the originals. It can rip CD to MP3, WAVE, OGG, or WMA. Convert MP3, WMA, and OGG to WAV, convert WAV to MP3, OGG, and WMA. All in one. Version 1.6 may include unspecified updates, enhancements, or bug fixes.
What's new in this version:
Version 1.6 is a bug fixing release.
read more +


text:
Ship to
Dark Blue Silicone Rubber Anion Sports Bracelet Wrist Watch
Powered by 1x AG625 Button battery (Included)
Ergonomic design to fit any wrist.
How to set the time and date:
This unique watch can display month, date, time , minute.
1.Press "A" button twice. (Date and Time displays when press once)
2.When the month figure appears, press "M" to set the month.
3.Press "A" button once again, the date figure appears and press "M" to adjust the date.
4.Press "A" button once again, the hour figure appears and press "M" to set the time.
5.Press "A" button once again, the minute figure appears and press "M" to set the minute.
When you adjust one of among the month, date, time, minute, just keep press "A" button until the desired figure appears and press "M" to adjust. Press "M" to see the date.
Generally "A" button is to select the function. (Month, Date, Time, Minute) "M" button is to adjust the function.
Color: Dark Blue
Material: Silicone
Perimeter: 20cm / 8in
Net weight: 10g / 0.35oz
Package includes:
1 * Watch (battery Included)
Shipping Methods:
When you order from TOMTOP.com, you will receive a confirmation email. Once your order is shipped, you will be emailed with the tracking information for your order's shipment. You can choose your preferred shipping method on the Order Information page during the checkout process. TOMTOP.com offers different shipping methods for you:
|Shipping from Chinese Warehouse:
|Shipping Type
|Shipping Time
|Airmail and register airmail
|United States,Canada
|10-20 business days
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|15-25 business days
United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Japan, Belgium,
Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland
|20-30 business days
|Brazil and Mexico
|20-35 business days
|20-35 business days
|Other countries
|10-25 business days
|Singapore & China (EMS)
|All countries except those listed below
|6-10 business days
|Brazil and Russia
|10-25 business days
|Expedited Shipping(DHL)
|3-7 business days
|Shipping from Local Warehouses:
|Shipping Type
|Shipping Time
|UK Warehouse
|Royal mail without tracking number
|5-12 business days
|Can be delivered to UK & other EU countries.
|3-7 business days
|USA Warehouse
|Air mail with tracking number
|5-12 business days
|Can only be delivered to America.
|3-7 business days
|DE Warehouse
|3-8 business days
Can be delivered to worldwide. (But its shipping cost varies from
different countries. Recommend to choose if you are in Europe.)
The transit time depends on where you're located and where your package comes from. If you want to know more information, please contact our customer service. We will settle your problem as soon as possible. Enjoy shopping!
Payment Methods:
TOMTOP.com accepts PayPal, Credit Card, Western Union, Wire Transfer, QIWI and Yandex as secure payment methods:
1. PayPal
1) Login To Your Account or use Credit Card Express.
2) Enter your Card Details, the order will be shipped to your PayPal address. And click "Submit".
3) Your Payment will be processed and a receipt will be sent to your email inbox.
2. Credit Card
1) Choose your shipping address OR create a new one.
2) Enter your Card Details and click "Submit".
3) Your Payment will be processed and a receipt will be sent to your email inbox.
3. Wire Transfer
For orders more than $500, please contact us and provide us with the following information: your order number, the total amount paid, and the exact date of the wire transfer.
4. Yandex
Вы можете заплатить из кошелька в Яндекс.Деньгах или с привязаннойк нему карты. Комиссии нет.
1) Выберите страну, где был открыт ваш счет
2) Введите номер вашего QIWI кошелька
3) Введите номер, ваш пароль и нажмите на кнопку оплаты
4) Нажмите на "оплатить с QIWI", Вы будете перенаправлены на страницу с деталями платежа через QIWI
5) Введите номер ваш пароль и нажмите на кнопку оплаты
6) Ваш платеж будет обработан
7) Вы будете направлены на страницу с деталями заказа для подтверждения
Вы будете перенаправлены на сайт QIWI, чтобы произвести оплату с вашего QIWI Wallet.
1.Does TOMTOP check the products before shipping them to me?
Yes, for sure.
We have a professional Quality Control team. They will check carefully for each item we received from suppliers and manufacturers to avoid sending defective goods to our customers.
If a item is found defective in our QC test, it will be returned to the supplier / factory. So please don't worry about receiving a defective item because we are committed to being a trustworthy and reliable seller on international on-line shopping market.
2.Are Products Guaranteed / Is There A Warranty?
Yes, everything you buy from TOMTOP has a guarantee of quality and will exactly match the description on the website.
Factories that supply TOMTOP are strictly evaluated by us, and we provide you an even better reassurance of consistent high quality thanks to our in-house QC team. We double-check the contents of all orders carefully before dispatch to our customers. You can be confident about ordering from TOMTOP just as much as any western retailer.
3. How long dose it take to have my orders shipped after the payment is made?
1.Processing time 1-2 business days normally: During this period, we do strict quality-control tests and get the items carefully packed.
2.Sometimes the item in your order is really a hot seller and it may be just sold out at that time. It will take us 1-2 more days to get it available in stock again. In this case, The processing time will be 3 business days.
If you don't receive any shipping confirming over three days after the payment is made, please kindly contact our customer service . They will check for you.
4. What should I do if my items arrived damaged?
Rarely, rough handling by the courier can lead to physical damage to your goods, e.g. broken screen.
If this has happened, please follow these steps:
If possible, raise a complaint directly with the delivery representative of the courier company before you sign for the goods. They will advise you on the complaint procedure.
If you already signed for the packet, take photos showing the damage and contact the local office of the courier/delivery company to complain. They will have a complaining procedure which will enable you to get compensation.
Next, contact TOMTOP immediately with your order number and a full description / pictures of the broken item issue. We will contact the courier company from our end.
Once the courier company confirms that the case is valid, they will compensate TOMTOP, and we will pass on this compensation to you. The compensation varies from case to case and is different for each delivery company. In some cases you will need to pay to post the broken item back to TOMTOP in order for us to send out a new piece.
5. What should I do if my products go broken after a period of use?
If you encounter quality issues within the warranty period, you can ask for us. Every product has a specific warranty period(If it is not stated in the product listing, contact us).
In this case, please kindly provide us with proof as below:
The photos of original TOMTOP package with front and back sides
The photos or video of the defective item(s)
The photos, video or screenshot showing the malfunction of the defective item(s)
We will usually offer you a refund or send a replacement as soon as the problem is confirmed.
Sometimes you may need to ship the defective item back to us for free repair service or a new replacement. Customer should cover the return shipping fee, and TOMTOP is responsible for the shipping costs of arranging reshipment by air mail.
Monday to Friday, 09:00 AM - 06:00 PM, (UTM+8)
Monday to Friday, 09:00 AM - 06:00 PM, (UTM+8)
Question & Answer
Average Rating:
based on 2 Customer Reviews
Share your thoughts with other customers and get Tomtop Points, the first 5 reviews get DOUBLE Tomtop Points!Write a Customer Review
By h***n November 21, 2013
By w***e July 22, 2012
Pros: I search" anion watch" in google, there are a lot results, most of all are from, the price all are $0.99, it does not include the shipping cost, but i found it is cheaper here, $0.99, free shipping, so excited i was, so just placed an order, hope for it can reach my hands as soon as possible. Really low cost. Cons: did not get it so far, don't know. Bottomline: This is my first order from TOMTOP website, hope everything goes well for me, thank you a lot. --------Alex alice
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