text: Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 20 (5): 663-669, 2014 DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2014.10778 Journal Home-Page: http://vetdergi.kafkas.edu.tr Online Submission: http://vetdergikafkas.org RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessment of Gastric Helicobacter spp. in Fresh Gastric Samples of Naturally Infected Dogs by Scanning Electron Microscopy Ali SHABESTARI ASL 1 Hadi AMANIZAD 1 Alireza NEJAD PARTOVI 1 Mehdi JALILI 2 Dariush MOHAMMAD NEZHAD 3 Mohammad Hosein SOROUSH 4 Abolfazl BARZEGARI 5 Daryoush BABAZADEH 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz - IRAN Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj - IRAN Drugs Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - IRAN Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - IRAN Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz - IRAN Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz - IRAN Makale Kodu (Article Code): KVFD-2014-10778 Summary Different species of gastric Helicobacter-Like Organisms (GHLO) reported from dogs' stomach. The aim of present study was to morphological evaluation of gastric Helicobacter spp. in fresh gastric samples of naturally infected dogs. Thirty two gastric samples of the stray dog were taken at necropsy. The specimens were used for rapid urease test, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Light microscopy examination confirmed the presence of GHLO in 90.5% of stray dogs. 87.5% and 94% of gastric samples were positive in rapid urease test and PCR, respectively. Four distinguishable Helicobacter organisms were confirmed by SEM. Three strains of these organisms were inditified as H. felis, candidatus H. heilmanii and H. bizzozeronii because of their apparent morphological differences and PCR results. The last strain of these bacteria was not distinguishable with routine studies. The large-scale studies with fast and simple recognition methods are recommended to confirm the different types of canine gastric Helicobacter. The results of present study showed further investigation in canine GHLO is required because new species of Helicobacter reported. Keywords: Canine Helicobacter, SEM, PCR, Smear Doğal Enfekte Köpeklerin Taze Mide İçeriği Örneklerinde Gastrik Helicobacter Türlerinin Taramalı Elektron Mikroskopi İle Değerlendirilmesi Özet Köpeklerin midesinde Gastrik Helicobacter-benzeri Organizmalar (GHBO)'ın üç farklı türü olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, doğal enfekte köpeklerin taze mide içeriklerinde gastrik Helicobacter türlerinin morfolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Sokak köpeklerinden nekropsi sırasında otuz iki adet mide içeriği örneği alındı. Örnekler Hızlı Üreaz Testi, Işık Mikroskopisi, Taramalı Elektron Mikroskopisi (SEM) ve Zincirleme Polimeraz Reaksiyonu (PCR) ile incelendi. Işık Mikroskopisi ile köpeklerin %90.5'inde Gastrik Helicobacterbenzeri Organizmaların varlığı belirlendi. Köpeklerin %87.5'i ve %94'ü sırası ile Hızlı Üreaz Testi ve PCR pozitif bulundu. Dört adet Helicobacter bakterisi SEM ile tespit edildi. Bu bakterilerden 3 suş, PCR ve morfolojik farklılıklarına göre H. felis, candidatus H. heilmanii ve H. Bizzozeronii olarak tanımlandı. Bakterinin son suşu ise rutin metodlar ile identifiye edilemedi. Köpeklerin Gastrik Helicobacterlerinin tiplerini belirlemek için hızlı ve basit tanı metodları üzerinde yapılacak geniş çaplı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları yeni Helicobacter türlerinin varlığının bildirilmesinden dolayı köpeklerin GHBO'nın daha detaylı araştırılması gereğini ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Köpek, Helicobacter, SEM, PCR, Sürme preperat INTRODUCTION Helicobacter-Like Organisms (HLO) are live in stomachs of dogs, cats, pigs and other carnivores [1-8], and this genus İletişim (Correspondence) +98 912 3356659 [email protected] contains several species from a wide range of hosts [8-10]. HLO are assigned to cause gastric disease in humans 664 Assessment of Gastric Helicobacter ... and animals [1,8,11,12], but the exact role of these fastidious bacteria is not confirmed yet [2,7,8]. Until now, different Helicobacter species have been isolated from canine stomachs [2,4,13-15]; but it is not known whether these species are representative of all canine gastric helicobacters or which of them are most common [8,14]. Different studies have reported dissimilar ranges of contamination [3-6,16] and some of these reports were showed high prevalence (over 90%) of contaminations [17-19]. samples were used in diagnostic tests. First sample was immediately fixed and used in cytological study; second sample was placed in normal saline and stored in -20°C for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assessment; Third sample was used for Rapid Urease Test (RUT) and the fourth sample was placed on microtubule for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In spite of possibility to culture of canine gastric helicobacters, some of these organisms are not cultivable [8]; or we are not able to culture them. Candidatus H. heilmanii is a zoonotic microorganism which is a common cause of the chronic gastric inflammation in human (0.2- 6%) [8,11,20]; but the definitive culture of this organism has not been achieved to date and only two H. Heilmannii-like strains have been cultured from human gastric tissue [8]. The identification of these fastidious requires specific culture techniques and due to presence of non-cultivable species further diagnostic methods are needed [8,21]. Impression smears of gastric mucosa were prepared on an air-dried slide which followed by methanol fixation and stained by Giemsa (Merck, Germany) for detection of GHLO's at 1000 × magnifications. The rapid urease test (Difco, USA) was read within 12 h. The aim of present study was to evaluate the morphological characteristics of canine gastric Helicobacter spp. and investigate the presences of atypical Helicobacter strain(s) in fresh gastric samples of naturally infected dogs. MATERIAL and METHODS Admission and Selection of Dogs Thirty two dogs were randomly selected among the stray dogs that were euthanized in dog population control program which was organized by municipal employees in Tabriz city (East Azerbaijan province, Iran). All dogs of both sexes were seven months of age or older and lived in different locations of the city. Impression Smear and Urease Test Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM was performed on fresh samples of canine gastric mucosa. Gastric samples were immediately fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7.2) For SEM examination. Samples were dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. After vacuum drying and gold coating, the samples were studied by using a Leo-440i-SEM (Cambridge, UK) at Islamic Azad University in Tehran, Iran. PCR Amplification of 16S rRNA Gastric samples were investigated by PCR amplification based on 16S rDNA sequences. The samples were thawed and DNA was extracted by using the DNPTM KIT (Cinna Gen, Iran). PCR analysis on the 16S rRNA gene was performed in an Eppendorf Mastercycler (Bacteriology Laboratory of Veterinary Faculty, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran) using specific primers (Table 1). Finally, PCR products were examined using agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Impression Smears Sample Collection Gastric samples were taken at necropsy immediately after death (between April and October, 2010). Four gastric Presence of canine Gastric Helicobacter-like organisms in 29 of 32 stray dogs (90.5%) was confirmed by Light Table 1. Oligonucleotide primers which were used for PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA Tablo 1. PCR amplifikasyonu ve 16S rRNA dizin analizi için kullanılan oligonükleotid primerler Target Gene Reference Primer Sequence (5'…………….. 3') Amplified Fragment 16Sr RNA genes of Helicobacter spp. Germani [22] (f ): AAC GAT GAA GCT TCT AGC TTG CTA (r): GTG CTT ATT CGT GAG ATA CCG TCA T 399 bp ure B gene of H. felis Germani [22] (f ): GTG AAG CGA CTA AAG ATA AAC AAT (r): GCA CCA AAT CTA ATT CAT AAG AGC 241 bp ureB gene of H. heilmannii Neiger [23] (f ): GGG CGA TAA AGT GCG CTT G (r): CTG GTC AAT GAG AGC AGG 580 bp ureC gene of H. pylori Labinge [24] (f ): GGA TAA GCT TTT AGG GGT GTT AGG GG (r): GCT TAC TTT CTA ACA CTA ACG AGG 294 bp ureB gene of H. bizzozeronii Neiger [23] (f ): ACT AGG CGA TAC CAA CCT GAT TT (r): TTC TTC AGC TGC GCG GAG CAT GC 499 bp (f): Forward sequence, (r): Reverse sequence, bp: base pairs 665 SHABESTARI ASL, AMANIZAD, NEJAD PARTOVI, JALILI, MOHAMMAD NEZHAD, SOROUSH, BARZEGARI, BABAZADEH microscopy. In most cases, large resemble of GHLO was related to H. felis, candidatus H. heilmannii; but the size of one of these bacteria was much smaller. Rapid Urease Test 87.5% (n=26 dogs) among all necropsy samples were positive in RUT. 16S rRNA Sequencing About 94% (n=30 dogs) of gastric samples were positive in PCR. The presence of H. felis, candidatus H. heilmannii and H. bizzozeronii (Fig. 1, 2, 3) was confirmed by PCR. One of the strains was not distinguishable as a common canine gastric Helicobacter organism; but it was identified as a Helicobacter strain because of its positive 16S rRNA and the positive results of RUT (Fig. 4). The results of PCR indicated that candidatus H. heilmannii was most recognized Helicobacter-like organisms (n=16) and other common recognized strains were H. felis (n=10) and H. bizzozeronii (n=6), respectively. Scanning Electron Microscopy Four different helicobacter organisms were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Three of these organisms were confirmed as H. felis, candidatus H. heilmanii and H. bizzozeronii (Fig. 5, 6, 7) by PCR and SEM. The fourth strain (Fig. 8) typically varied from others by its small size and different shape (with 2-3 helixes). This strain morphologically was similar to H. canis and H. pylori but the RUT of it was positive. Furthermore, there were no positive PCR results for H. pylori [16]. The immunological reactions of the gastric mucosa in some gastric samples were notable and they were detected by SEM (Fig. 9). DISCUSSION The high incidence of Helicobacter organisms in dogs' stomach confirmed by different studies [2,4,7,13,17-19]. In spite of confirmation of H. pylori as a main cause Fig 1. PCR detection of H. felis, Lane 1: Negative control, Lane 2-8: DNA samples, Lane 9: positive control, Lane 10: 100 bp DNA marker Şekil 1. H. felis'in PCR tespiti, Şerit 1: Negatif kontrol, Şerit 2-8: DNA örnekleri, Şerit 9: pozitif kontrol, Şerit 10: 100 bp DNA marker Fig 2. PCR detection of candidates H. heilmanii, Lane 1-6: DNA samples, Lane 7: negative control, Lane 9 and 10: positive control, 100 bp DNA marker Şekil 2. H. heilmannii'nin PCR tespiti, Şerit 1-6: DNA örnekleri, Şerit 7: negatif kontrol, Şerit 9 ve 10: pozitif kontrol, 100 bp DNA marker 666 Assessment of Gastric Helicobacter ... Fig 3. PCR detection of H. bizzozeronii, Lane1: 100 bp DNA marker, Lane 2 and 3: negative control, lane 4: positive control, lane 5-9: DNA samples Şekil 3. H. bizzozeronii'nin PCR tespiti, Şerit 1: 100 bp DNA marker, Şerit 2 ve 3: negatif kontrol, Şerit 4: pozitif kontrol, Şerit 5-9: DNA örnekleri Fig 4. PCR detection of 16S rRNA in gastric biopsy specimens. Lane 1: positive control, Lane 2-4: DNA samples, Lane 5: Negative control, Lane 6: 100 bp DNA marker Şekil 4. Mide biyopsi örneklerinde 16S rRNA PCR tespiti. Şerit 1: pozitif kontrol, Şerit 2-4: DNA örnekleri, Şerit 5: negatif kontrol, Şerit 6: 100 bp DNA marker Fig 5. Electron microscopy scanning of Helicobacter felis in canine gastric mucosa Şekil 5. Köpek mide mukozasında Helicobacter felis'in elektron mikroskobu taraması of human chronic gastritis and gastric malignancy, the exact role of gastric helicobacters in dogs has not been established yet [2,7,8]. Six species of helicobacters including H. felis, H. bizzozeronii, H. salomonis, H. bilis, H. rappini (Flexispira rappini) and H. cynogastricus were cultivated in dogs [2,4,8,25-27]. It is unknown whether these species are representative of all canine gastric helicobacters or not [14]. Furthermore, some studies showed new cultivable Helicobacter strains in canine stomach [19,20]. 667 SHABESTARI ASL, AMANIZAD, NEJAD PARTOVI, JALILI, MOHAMMAD NEZHAD, SOROUSH, BARZEGARI, BABAZADEH Fig 6. Electron microscopy scanning of candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii in canine gastric mucosa Şekil 6. Köpek mide mukozasında candidatus Helicobacter heilmannii'in elektron mikroskobu taraması Fig 7. Electron microscopy scanning of Helicobacter bizzozeronii in canine gastric mucosa Şekil 7. Köpek mide mukozasında Helicobacter bizzozeronii'nin elektron mikroskobu taraması Fig 8. Electron microscopy scanning of Atypical Helicobacter in canine gastric mucosa Şekil 8. Köpek mide mukozasında atipik Helicobacter'in elektron mikroskobu taraması 668 Assessment of Gastric Helicobacter ... Fig 9. Electron microscopy scanning of canine gastric mucosa and infiltrations of immune cells Şekil 9. Köpek mide mukozası ve bağışıklık hücreleri sızmasının elektron mikroskobu taraması In spite of possibility to culture of canine gastric helicobacters, some of GHLO's are not cultivable [8,18]. The rates of success cultures of these organisms are quite low except H. pylori [18,21]. The culture of these organisms is important for better differential diagnosis of Helicobacter strains, phenotype description and whole cell protein profiles [27]. Additionally, culture of these organisms is essential for assessments of their sensitivities against different antibiotics; especially in recurrent infections. Because of difficulty in culture of these bacteria, PCR and DNA sequencing are being used for detection of various helicobacters [21]. SEM and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are useful methods for structural analysis of different gastric helicobacters. TEM can reveal better information about germs' ultra- structures; but it needs to consume more time and progressive method. There are a few researchers which are concerned with the morphological study of Helicobacter spp. in gastro- enteric specimens [21]. In addition, some studies showed the presence of various cultivable canine gastric helicobacters [19,25-28]. In some studies, obvious differences reported between dissimilar Helicobacter organisms [21,27]; but some researchers believe the differences are indistinguishable [26]. The studies indicated a need for accurate investigation about canine gastric helicobacters. Cytological examination is a fast, cheap and available method only for identification of Helicobacter presences in gastric samples. The motility of helicobacters at the fixation time and similarity of Helicobacter strains (especially canine GHLO's) caused a hard and accurate diagnosis of these bacteria simply by light microscopy. Therefore, accurate detection of different Helicobacter strains can be achieved by combination of impression smears with other diagnostic methods. Our SEM investigation on fresh gastric specimens showed the presence of four different strains of GHLO's which were distinguishable because of their apparent morphological differences. The ultra structural morphology of these bacteria indicated that H. felis was quite distinguishable because of its unique morphology and fibrils (Fig. 5). Candidatus H. heilmanii and H. bizzozeronii are quite similar. These bacteria are distinguishable because of tight, bluntly and fatty helical structure. Morphologically, H. bizzozeronii has more space between its helices (Fig. 7); meanwhile candidatus H. heilmanii is more compressed with closed helices (Fig. 6). Based on our results, morphological comparison of different Helicobacter species can be an indicator for an accurate detection of different types of gastric helicobacters. It seems that SEM is a fast, available and cheap method for determination of these organisms in the fresh gastric samples. Difficulties in isolation of some helicobacters can be a reason of not recall for culturing of all gastric helicobacters. Therefore, there is a need for diagnosis of all canine GHLOs' and also their effects and pathogenesis in canine and feline gastric mucosa [25]. It is recommended that large-scale studies with fast and simple methods for recognition and confirmation that would differentiate between dissimilar species of helicobacters (especially in fresh samples of naturally infected animals) are recommended. Acknowledgment We would like to express our deep gratitude to Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, for financial support of this study and all different research organizations for offering valuable theoretical and practical assistances to the research team in the present study. REFERENCES 1. Lavelle JP, Landas S, Mitros FA, Conklin JL: Acute gastritis associated with spiral organisms from cats. Digest Dis Sci, 39, 744-750, 1994. 669 SHABESTARI ASL, AMANIZAD, NEJAD PARTOVI, JALILI, MOHAMMAD NEZHAD, SOROUSH, BARZEGARI, BABAZADEH 2. Eaton KA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Tzellas N, Coleman BE, Paola J, Sherding R: Prevalence and varieties of Helicobacter species in dogs from random sources and pet dogs: Animal and public health implications. J Clin Microbiol, 34, 3165-3170, 1996. species in the canine gastric mucosa. J Vet Microbiol, 95, 259-270, 2003. 3. Fox JG, Lee A: The role of Helicobacter species in newly recognized gastrointestinal tract diseases of animals. J Lab Anim Sci, 47, 222-255, 1997. 17. Shabestari Asl A, Jamshidi SH, Mohammadi M, Sasani F, Bahadori A, Oghalaie A: Assessment of chronic gastritis in pet dogs and its relation with Helicobacter-like organisms. Pakistan J Biol Sci, 11, 14431448, 2008. 4. Jalava K, Kaartinen M, Utriainen M, Happonen I, Hanninen ML: Helicobacter salomonis sp. Nov., a canine gastric Helicobacter sp. related to Helicobacter felis, and Helicobacter bizzozeronii. Int J Syst Bacteriol, 47, 975-982, 1997. 5. Simpson KW, McDonough PL, Strauss-Ayali D, Chang YF, Harpending P, Valentine BA: Helicobacter felis infection in dogs: Effect on gastric structure and function. J Vet Pathol, 36, 237-248, 1999. 6. Prachasilpchai W, Nuanualsuwan S, Chatsuwan T, Techangamsuwan S, Wangnaitham S, Sailasuta A: Diagnosis of Helicobacter spp. infection in canine stomach. J Vet Sci, 8, 139-145, 2007. 7. Robic M, Artuković B, Beck A, Gudan A, Svetina A, Grabarević Z: Histopatological changes in stomachs of dogs with naturally acquired Helicobacter infection. Vet Arhiv, 77, 103-111, 2007. 8. Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F, Flahou B, Chiers K, Baele M, Meyns T, Decostere A, Ducatelle R: Gastric Helicobacters in domestic animals and nonhuman primates: The agents and their significance for human health. Clin Microbiol, 22, 202-223, 2009. 9. Seymour C, Lewis RG, Kim M, Gagnon DF, Fox JG, Dewhirst FE, Paster ANDBJ: Isolation of Helicobacter strains from wild bird and swine feces. Appl J Environ Microbiol, 60, 1025-1028, 1994. 10. Harper CMG, Dangler CA, Xu S, Feng Y, Shen Z, Sheppard B, Stamper A, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ, Fox JG: Isolation and characterization of a Helicobacter sp. from the gastric mucosa of dolphins, Lagenorhynchus acutus and Delphinus delphis. Appl J Environ Microbiol, 66, 4751-4757, 2000. 16. Ettinger SJ: Therapy of Arrhythmias. In, Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (Eds): Text Book of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 7th ed., 1321-1326, Saunders St Louis, 2010. 18. Shabestari Asl A, Jamshidi SH, Mohammadi M, Soroush MH, Bahadori A, Oghalaie A: Assessment of antimicrobial resistance of cultivable Helicobacter-like organisms in asymptomatic dogs. Iran J Vet Res, 10, 241-249, 2009. 19. Shabestari Asl, A, Jamshidi SH, Mohammadi M, Soroush MH, Bahadori A and Oghalaie A: Detection of atypical cultivable canine gastric Helicobacter strain and its biochemical and morphological characters in naturally ınfected dogs. Zoonoses Pub Health, 57, 244-248, 2010. 20. Van den Bulck KV, Decostere A, Baele M, Driessen A, Debongnie JC, Burette A, Stolte M, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F: Identification of non-Helicobacter pylori spiral organisms in gastric samples from humans, dogs and cats. J Clin Microb, 43, 2256-2260, 2005. 21. Stofel MH, Friess AE, Burnens A, Schmassmann A, Neiger R: Distinction of gastric Helicobacter spp. in human and domestic pets by scanning electron microscopy. Helicobacter, 5, 232-239, 2000. 22. Germani Y, Dauga C, Duval P, Huerre M, Levy M, Pialoux G, Sansonetti P, Grimont PAD: Strategy for the detection of Helicobacter species by amplification of 16S rRNA genes and identification of H. felis in a human gastric biopsy. Res Microbiol, 148, 315–326, 1997. 23. Neiger R, Dieterich C, Burnens A, Waldvogel A, Corthe´sy-Theulaz I, Halter F, Lauterburg B, Schmassmann A: Detection and prevalence of Helicobacter infection in pet cats. J Clin Microbiol, 36, 634–637, 1998. 11. Heilmann KF, Borchard F: Gastritis due to spiral shaped bacteria other than Helicobacter pylori: Clinical, histological and ultrastructural findings. Gut, 32, 137-140, 1991. 24. Labigne A, Cussac V, Courcoux P: Development of genetic and molecular approaches for the diagnosis and study of the pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori, agent of gastric inflammatory diseases. Bull Acad Natl Med, 175, 791-800, 1991. 12. Andersen LP: New Helicobacter species in humans. Digest Dis J, 19, 112-115, 2001. 25. Thompson MA, Strorey P, Greer R, Cleghorn J: Canine human transmission of Gastrospirillum hominis. Lancet, 343, 1605-1607, 1994. 13. Happonen I, Saari S, Castren L, Tyni O, Hanninen, ML, Westermarck E: Occurrence and topographical mapping of gastric Helicobacter-like organisms and their association with histological changes in apparently healthy dogs and cats. J Vet Med, 43, 305-315, 1996. 26. Hanninen ML, Happonen I, Saari S, Jalava K: Culture and characteristics of Helicobacter bizzozeronii, a new canine gastric Helicobacter spp. Int J Syst Bacteriol, 46, 160-166, 1996. 14. Cattoli G, van Vugt RV, Zanoni RG, Sanguinetti V, Chiocchetti R, Gualtieri M, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Gaastra W, Kusters JG: Occurrence and characterization of gastric Helicobacter spp. in naturally infected dogs. J Vet Microbiol, 70, 239-250, 1999. 15. Buczolits S, Hirt R, Rosengarten R, Busse HJ: PCR-based genetic evidence for occurrence of Helicobacter pylori and novel Helicobacter 27. Jalava K, On SLW, Vandamme PAR: Isolation and identification of Helicobacter spp. from canine and feline gastric mucosa. Appl J Environ Microbiol, 64, 3998-4006, 1998. 28. Van den Bulck K, Decostere A, Baele M, Vandamme P, Mast J, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F: Helicobacter cynogastricus sp. Nov., isolated from the canine gastric mucosa. Intl J Syst Evol Microbiol, 56, 1559-1564, 2006.


text:
National Estimates for Mental Health Mutual Support Groups, Self-Help Organizations, and Consumer-Operated Services
- First Online:
DOI: 10.1007/s10488-005-0019-x
- Cite this article as:
- Goldstrom, I., Campbell, J., Rogers, J. et al. Adm Policy Ment Health (2006) 33: 92. doi:10.1007/s10488-005-0019-x
- Citations
- 949 Downloads
The authors report on a 2002 national survey of mental health mutual support groups (MSG) and self-help organizations (SHO) run by and for mental health consumers and/or family members, and consumer-operated services (COS). They found 7467 of these groups and organizations—3315 MSGs, 3019 SHOs, and 1133 COSs—greatly eclipsing the number of traditional mental health organizations (4546). MSGs reported that 41,363 people attended their last meetings. SHOs reported a total of 1,005,400 members. COSs reported serving 534,551 clients/members in 1 year. The array of services and supports provided within each of these types (MSG, SHO, COS) is reported, and implications for the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health recommendations are explicated.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
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Emachinesredeem.comInternet USA
Emachinesredeem.com No Activation code for windows 8 Internet
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What a Strange Programme!
While I traversed the Waterloo Station,
I met a man with constipation,
He had a bike,
Or was it a trike?
And tweed clothing on for all to see.
While I swam the English Channel,
I met a man using a flannel,
He thought it was a float,
So he hopped back onto his boat,
Then got the ice cream and lemonade out.
Then I found myself in France,
Where I met a man in a wetsuit doing a dance,
I said, "Quelle danse est sa?"
He said "La Ra-ra"
Then he fell on the floor and slept in the sand.
I went into Shock,
When I saw a woman wearing, what could only be described as a frock,
Only to see,
That woman was me,
And I was swimming in the bargin bucket at Tescos.
It was then that I realised the People around,
None of them were making a sound,
They also remained quite still,
As if they were all quite ill,
Then I found myself in the mannequin display.
I have had a splendid day,
Watching the people come and play,
On a supermarket trolley,
I had a right old jolly,
Joy riding in the aisles, knocking the beans down.
I looked at my fun,
saying 'That was enough for one
day.' Athough tomorrow the sun will come out
and we shall all shout
Hip Hip Hooray! Another day watching TV!


text:
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PAUL OLSEN / COMPANY BROKER/ PAUL OLSEN DENVER999 18th St. Suite 3000, Denver, CO 80202 Internet United States of America
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The grand autopistas linking Barcelona with the rest of Spain and the French border were almost empty. Usually these motorways heave with lorries carrying goods from the city's industrial suburbs and the zona franca port into the rest of Europe. Not any more. I've just returned from the Catalan city and the difference from two years ago is stark. Not only are the roads emptier, but once booming Barcelona is eerily quiet and surprisingly rather faded.
Apart from Lionel Messi's chances in the Olympic football, the chat in the bars is about food and fuel prices, the number of en venta signs, crashing property prices and a fear of more job losses. Luckily, Spain's Prime Minister, Jose Luis Zapatero, has wasted no time in dealing with the crisis. For the first time since Franco's dictatorship, a prime minister interrupted his holiday to call an emergency cabinet meeting last week.
The details have yet to be disclosed, but the cabinet agreed a package including tax cuts and a mortgage rescue plan in an attempt to slow the downturn. So far, Zapatero's moves look clever. They include abolishing inheritance tax and giving VAT rebates, measures that will inject €7.8bn (£6bn) into the economy. Added to that, the government will provide €20bn in loans for state housing and small and medium-sized businesses over the next two years. The plans will pump around €40bn into the economy to try to avoid its first recession in 15 years. The government is also trying to speed up other tax breaks and credit lines announced in the spring.
As the latest figures from Eurostat showed last week, Spain's problems are among the roughest in Europe. Inflation last month soared to a record 5.3 per cent year on year, about one percentage point above levels in other EU states and its highest rate for 15 years. Growth was tiny at 0.1 per cent in the second quarter, the lowest since 1993 when Spain emerged from its last recession.
Once again, it's Spain's property market that is hurting most. Although the banks did not lend nearly as much in total as their UK peers, the credit crunch has hit hard because of huge loans to the property sector. As the bubble popped, hundreds of developers have gone bankrupt, taking construction firms and estate agencies with them. Spain's problems are worsened by an over-reliance on service industries, which drive two-thirds of the economy. Higher labour costs and inflation are making goods uncompetitive, which is why Zapatero is pushing through reforms to cut red-tape. Spanish unemployment – the EU's highest – rose by 475,000 in June while industrial output fell by 9 per cent: boom is turning aggressively to bust.
Like Gordon Brown, Zapatero is fighting to regain popularity, now at its lowest level since he became Prime Minister. Also like Brown, he has denied there is a crisis at all. But cutting inheritance tax and providing loans for state housing looks smart and may win him back some friends. It certainly makes Alistair Darling's attempt to boost the UK's mortgage market by hinting at a cut in stamp duty look ridiculous.
What else can Zapatero do? As a paid-up member of the eurozone, Spain's options are limited. Economists reckon it needs a 30 per cent revaluation to restore some sort of balance. But how? It can't devalue or exit the euro bloc easily, nor can it pump more money into the system without breaking EU rules.
Spain is not the only country tipping into recession: Germany, France and Italy all shrank in the first quarter – the first quarterly contraction in the 15-country economy since the euro was launched. Jean-Claude Trichet and his colleagues at the European Central Bank have clearly misjudged the severity of the downturn. Putting up rates a few months ago now looks unnecessarily harsh. Trichet should take a lead from Zapatero and get his people together before things get worse. As Citigroup's Michael Saunders puts it, Europe is now competing in misery.
Not all success stories start with a university degree
How refreshing to hear such intelligent advice, and so early in the morning. Kim Winser, chief executive of Aquascutum, was on Radio 4's 'Today' programme on Friday talking about the advantages of going straight into business rather than university. As she said, if you know what you want to do and are passionate about it, go for it. She obviously struck a chord; calls have been flooding in since the broadcast.
Winser tells me that when he heard she was going to M&S, her headmaster said: "I can't bear the thought of you working at a till." She didn't stay long at the till – she was the retailer's youngest-ever director and the first woman on the board. Then she turned Pringle around before being headhunted for Aquascutum. She's done rather a good job; sales are up 50 per cent at the flagship store and 100 per cent at the Harrods concession. It's also now one of the UK's coolest brands, dressing stars from Duffy to David Bowie.
Sir Richard should change the record and start accepting the new reality
Sir Michael Bishop is the man to listen to in the latest spat between Virgin's Sir Richard Branson and British Airways' Willie Walsh over BA's planned tie-up with American Airlines. As usual, Sir Richard is arguing the "oneworld" deal between BA, AA and Iberia is a "monster monopoly".
Unfortunately for Sir Richard, he's repeated his arguments so many times that he's beginning to sound like a cross between a parrot and Pavlov's dog. As Sir Michael wisely says, this time things really are different. The chairman of rival carrier bmi went even further, admitting that it would be hard for the US regulators to argue a case against a proposed anti-trust deal.
What BA and AA want is immunity from any anti-trust deal that would allow them to share on capacity, ticketing, scheduling and profits. This is the next best thing to a full merger, which is not allowed under US law.
The airline industry has changed enormously in the 12 years since BA and AA first tried to get together. There is now an "open skies" agreement between the EU and the US which broke the hold that BA, AA, Virgin and United had on transatlantic flights out of Heathrow. At the same time, there have been a number of links between airlines such as the Star Alliance of Lufthansa, Singapore and United, as well as the SkyTeam of Air France, KLM and Delta. Both have anti-trust immunity and both have relatively big monopoly positions in their home hubs. Star, for example, has about 80 per cent of the flights between Frankfurt and the US, while SkyTeam has almost as much from Charles de Gaulle.
Then, of course, there are soaring oil prices and troubled economies, which means there will be further consolidations if airlines are to stay profitable. Walsh is positioning himself for the next inevitable wave of takeovers.
Sir Michael is playing his cards carefully as he will play a big part in the next reshuffle, with Luft-hansa having an option to buy some of bmi if he decides to go. If Sir Richard wants to be taken seriously, he needs to find a new line.
- More about:
- Aquascutum
- Europe
- Southern Europe
- Spain


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Shiny, shiney. Note: Three different kinds of bolts in the box. We liked how they were all assembled versus a bag of nuts, a bag of washer, etc.
Oooo. The Husband's tools. I will have to get into these when he's not around to watch me.
The Husband out in the Machine Shed putting together the frame.
Proposed location, location, location.
The Husband adding the top piece.The top piece is a bit heavy and even though The Husband's soul purpose in life is to bug me, he chose to go with just having me help him move the rack from the Machine Shed to the location in the rain and not in the rain and heavy. How sweet.
Okay, after we know everything is together correctly, there will be a "owner addendum" to the instructions provided by the manufacturer post. The instructions provided weren't completely hideous just unclear. They were printed off on an ink jet printer that looked as if it needed new cartridges and cleaning so the pictures did not provide the necessary visual detail to clarify the written instructions. There were several un-assemble and reassemble moments because of this.
We have three more things to do before final positioning and getting out that really fun marker spray paint to mark the spots for drilling the ground mount holes:
Move the dirt pile;
Get out the squeegee and pretend to knock snow off the PV array to make sure the hot water system is out of the way; and
Put the PV array in it's Summertime position to confirm clearance for tilting and check for shadows on the hot water system.
Another note: This is going to be pretty slow going. Our schedule (The Husband's swing shifts, two houses 650 miles apart, one house getting ready for market, two lawns, blah, blah...) has got us stretched a little thin but we'll peck away at it. The tortoise wins the race. Or in this case, a hot shower.


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hDOUBLEh Model
Westchester StudiosPhotographer Male Mamaroneck, New York, US
My Website: www.regents360.comMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/JoeShaloub
Mayhem # 2699528
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I love taking photos of people, please message me if interested in taking a few shots to add to your portfolio. I am very flexible with payments and often times I offer free photos.
I haven't been using modelmayhem much, however, I will try to be on here more frequently. Mostly on here to Network with other photographers, makeup artists, stylists, and certainly models of course!
I am very thankful for those people who believed in me from the beginning and worked with me when I was just starting out. I have learned so much about photography throughout the years and I'm still learning and trying to get better today!
Although I took a few photography classes in college, I have to say there is nothing like the real world experience.
I thank all those who have been there with me on this journey so far and those who are still to become part of it, you all are truly special to me! Cheers ;)
I am located in Mamaromeck, New York, 15 minutes away from Greenwich Connecticut and 35 minutes away from Grand Central Station in NYC.
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text: The Model 722 was discontinued in 1962. However, 6mm Remington and .244 Remington ammunition are interchangeable. Remington initially chambered.244 Remington caliber rifles with a 1:12 rate of twist which is commonly used to stabilize the lighter bullets. If your rifle is marked: .244 Remington, you may not achieve superior accuracy with bullets over 100 grains.


text: Programming with the Mathematical and the Physical Uday S. Reddy School of Computer Science The University of Birmingham 1 Programming Language Semantics Building mathematical & conceptual models of programming language concepts. Draws upon • Linguistics • Mathematical logic 2 Example Bong game created by Jason Moey 3 History • Founded by Christopher Strachey (Oxford Programming Research Group). Jointly with Dana Scott. • Other major figures: – Gordon Plotkin (Edinburgh) – Robin Milner (Edinburgh/Cambridge) – John Reynolds (Syracuse/Carnegie-Mellon) 4 The General Picture Space of programs Semantic space 5 The General Picture Space of programs Semantic space 6 The General Picture Space of programs Semantic space 7 The General Picture Space of programs Semantic space More abstract Semantic space 8 Fully Abstract Models • A fully abstract model identifies all programs that have the same observable behavior. • Signifies that all aspects of the behavior have been captured correctly and accurately. 9 My Contributions • 1990 – Started looking at the "local variable" problem. • 1993 – Produced a new semantic model for interferencecontrolled imperative programs (object-based model). – – Journal version published in 1996. Proved fully abstract by Guy McCusker, 2002. • 1994 – "Passivity and Independence:" a mathematically cleaner version of the model. • 1995 – Extended to general imperative programs (joint work with Peter O'Hearn). – Proved fully abstract up to second-order types. • 1998 – Application to object-oriented programs. • 2003 – A model for heap variables (joint work with Hongseok Yang). 10 Other Developments • 1995 – Samson Abramsky refines my model into a "games" model. – Proves it intensionally fully abstract (joint work with Guy McCusker). • 1998 – Abramsky, Honda and McCusker apply the same ideas to heap variables. – Again proved intensionally fully abstract. 11 Other Developments • 1995 – The structure identified in "Passivity and Independence" also found to be present in an older model of O'Hearn and Tennent. – "Syntactic Control of Interference Revisited." • This model also has a "doubly-closed" structure. (Two forms of conjunction and implication). • 1999 – Leads to the logic of "Bunched Implications." 12 Other Developments • 1995 – In joint work with John Gray, found that "strict" state-transformation functions give a model with similar effect as my model. • 1997 – O'Hearn and Reynolds generalize the idea to "linear" functions. Prove it fully abstract up to second-order types. 13 Full Abstraction "Reddy's model was therefore the first example of a fully abstract semantics for a higher-order imperative language, though this was not known at the time; and it remains the only fully abstract model for an interference-controlled language that we are aware of." - Guy McCusker, 2002 14 This Talk • Focus on one of the issues that I had to grapple with: Mathematical and Physical entities • What it means in – philosophical and – scientific terms. • What it might mean for Computer Science as a discipline. 15 Mathematical and Physical The Science of Computing, in its origin, could be said to be a branch of Mathematics. • Mathematicians did calculations. • Developed algorithms for calculations. • Organized large-scale computations (via "human computers"). • Used early automatic computers to do mathematical calculations. 16 Insert logarithms book picture from Cogwheel Brain. "I wish to God these calculations had been executed by steam!" - Charles Babbage, 1821. 17 Difference Engine No. 1 Partly built in 1834. Cost £17,478. (The equivalent of 22 steam locomotives!) Would have cost another £15,000 for completion. 18 Difference Engine No. 2 Built in 1991 using Babbage's designs. Cost £240,000. 19 Computers are used today for a variety of applications that are not purely mathematical. Help fly airplanes. 20 Control spacecraft 21 Control satellites 22 Air traffic control 23 Railway control 24 Keck Observatory Deformable mirror that changes its shape 670 times per second to account for atmospheric distortion. 25 Consumer devices 26 • Computers are also used for a variety of applications such as: – Banking – Trading – Information Systems • Modeling abstract entities with a "physical sense." 27 The Mathematical and The Physical in Computer Programs 28 Programming Languages • Physical paradigm (Imperative programming) – Based on mutable entities: "variables". – Actions for modifying such entities. • Sources of inspiration: – – – – Traditional algorithms Instruction manuals Recipe books Turing machine model • Mathematical paradigm (Functional programming) – Based on functions for calculation • Sources of inspiration: – Recursive function theory – Lambda calculus model – Denotational semantics of programming languages 29 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 0 ACC ACC is a variable (memory location, a "physical" entity) Repeatedly apply the rule: ACC ACC + {list element} 30 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 0 ACC + 31 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 5 ACC + 32 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 25 ACC + 33 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 19 ACC + 34 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 26 ACC + 35 Imperative paradigm Example: To sum a series of numbers [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] 68 ACC { let ACC an integer variable; for each list element do ACC ACC + "list element"; } 36 Functional paradigm SUM [ 5 20 -6 7 42 ] = 5 + SUM [ 20 -6 7 42 ] = 5 + 20 + SUM [ -6 7 42 ] = 5 + 20 + (-6) + SUM [ 7 42 ] = 5 + 20 + (-6) + 7 + SUM [ 42 ] No variables involved. No actions to be described. = 5 + 20 + (-6) + 7 + 42 + SUM [ ] = 5 + 20 + (-6) + 7 + 42 + 0 = 68 Pure calculation! 37 What is a mathematical entity? • Mathematicians themselves have not produced a definition of the idea. • We can try to generalize from the kinds of things mathematicians study: – numbers, sets, functions, predicates. – Geometric objects: points, lines, shapes. • Generalizing: "ideas," "abstractions," "concepts," "Platonic" entities? • Not tied to time or space. • Freely transportable from one context to another ("copyable" and "discardable"). 38 And, what about physical entities? • Examples: – Particles, fluids – Coins, currency – People, machines • Also, abstractions of physical entities: – Bank accounts • Generalizing: "objects", "things", "materials", "agents". 39 Physical Entities • Physical objects have "identity" that persists through time. • They cannot be copied or duplicated. • Actions might involve changing state within an available space of states. • They might also involve transformation or reconfiguration. • Objects might have a limited life span (get created and destroyed). Happens often in computer programs. 40 Philosophical Interlude • Propounded a Theory of Ideas. • A "real" world of unique ideas. • Physical world is an imperfect reflection of it. Plato On Astronomy "These sparks that paint the sky,… we must recognize that they fall far short of the truth,… These can be apprehended only by reason and thought, not by sight. [Therefore] we must use the blazonry of the heavens as patterns to aid in the study of those realities…" 41 Philosophical interlude Aristotle admitted an external world. Universals abstract concepts properties Particulars substances "that is called universal which is such as to belong to more than one thing." 42 Philosophical Interlude • "Universal" and "particular" continue to be used in philosophical parlance. • Roughly correspond to "mathematical" and "physical" in my terminology. • The characterization of "particulars" is very much a live topic, cf. Russell's theory of "bundles." • Universals are just referred to as "properties." • Do mathematicians accept that everything they study is a "property" of other things that they don't study? 43 Newtonian Modeling Physical system State space Philosphiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 44 Mathematical Semantics of Computer Languages • Mutable physical systems go through states. state = instantaneous description of the system configuration A mathematical entity! • Actions as state transformation functions. Action = [State State] • The basis of Christopher Strachey's modeling of programming languages, 1971. 45 Shortcomings of Strachey's Modeling Works well for "global variables." Need support for "objects" and "ownership" of locations. Full abstraction fails for this reason. { let ACC an integer variable; ………… p( ); ………… External procedure } 46 Possible World Model The set of locations is not fixed. The "world" can grow when new locations are allocated. John Reynolds Further development by: Frank Oles Bob Tennent Peter O'Hearn 47 Possible World Model Worlds Semantic spaces 48 Possible World Model • For every world W: Action(W) = [State(W) State(W)] • Major conceptual leap: S IM PLE T YPES PO S S IBLE W O RLD S (S T R A C H E Y ) (R E Y N O L D S ) A c tio n is a se t A c tio n : W o rld s S e ts (a "fu n c to r") O p e ra tio n s o n S e ts: A B , [A B ] P ro g ra m p h ra se s d e n o te fu n c tio n s O p e ra tio n s o n F u n c to rs: F G , [F G ] P ro g ra m p h ra se s n a tu ra l tra n sfo rm a tio n s 49 Possible World Model • These "functors" are remarkably like ordinary sets. • They have a standard set theory based on intuitionistic logic. • Well-studied in category theory. • Remarkable that they fit so well with the programming language setting. 50 But all is not well! • The possible world model should have worked, but it did not. • Simple counter-examples to full abstraction. • The problem was that category theory didn't do its job. – The mathematics was inadequate to reflect the intuitions. • [O'Hearn and Tennent, 1993] "Relational parametricity and local variables." • Brian Dunphy's Ph.D. thesis shows that this is just categorytheory fixed up. 51 The Period 1990-93 • The possible world model was losing accuracy for unknown reasons! • Is the enterprise of building "mathematical" models for physical entities doomed? • Should we look for a more direct approach to modeling physical entities? • April/May 1992: Found a solution, two months before I learnt of the O'Hearn-Tennent work. • Took another two years to polish it and make it understandable. 52 Girard's Linear Logic • The beginnings of a mathematical framework for incorporating physical entities. • Normally, parameter symbols can be used many times: 2x 2 5x 7 • Linear language: a parameter has to be used exactly once. 5x 7 y • Seems like an impoverished language. Girard's genius was essential for making a useful system out of it! • Girard's explanation: The linearly used parameters are "resources" which are "used up" when they occur in formulas. 53 Girard's Linear Logic • The ideas of "resource" and "physical entity" are close. • Most linear logic models, however, involve a "process" interpretation. • All mathematical entities get reinterpreted as computational processes, interacting with other such processes. 54 Object-based Model Object: a programming abstraction that encapsulates physical resources and exports operations to manipulate them. Everything that occurs in an imperative programming language is an object: (Variables, commands, expressions and other higher-type entities). 55 Object-based Model A (pure) function on objects makes an object look like another one. 56 Object-based Model Function objects give rise to composition: A A B A AB "Composition as interaction" -- Samson Abramsky 57 Mathematical models for Objects A number of models for linear logic: Proof nets, Event-based models, Geometry of Interaction, Games Event: represents a single complete interaction between an object and its environment. [Plotkin, Nielsen, Winskel] Again a "mathematical" entity! A A B 58 Mathematical models for Objects The observable behavior of an object can be defined as a set of event sequences ("traces"). (deposit,30) (deposit,100) (deposit,20) (balance,150) (balance,120) (balance,20) (balance,0) A trace of a Bank Account object 59 Mathematical models for Objects The observable behavior of an object can be defined as a set of event sequences ("traces"). (deposit,30) (deposit,100) (deposit,20) (balance,150) (balance,120) (balance,20) (balance,0) A trace of a Bank Account object 60 Mathematical models for Objects deposit 100 Games models split up the "events" into more primitive "moves." balance? Allow the distinction between inputs and outputs. 20 61 Sharing, not Copying! The basic "event" model does not allow sharing. Games models do. [O'Hearn and Reddy, 1995] Possible world model using objects for worlds! 62 Philosophical Postlude … the objects which are mathematically primitive in physics, such as electrons, protons, and points in space-time, are all logically complex structures composed of entities which are metaphysically more primitive, which may be conveniently called "events." -- The Analysis of Matter, 1927. Bertrand Russell 63 Is Computer Science • a Mathematical Science or • a Physical Science? Computer Science deals with abstract concepts, like Mathematics does. It also deals with physical entities, like Physical Sciences do. Constitutes a synthesis of the two kinds of entities, giving rise to new abstractions of physical entities! 64 Thanks Peter O'Hearn, Bob Tennent, John Reynolds. Samson Abramsky, Radha Jagadeesan, Guy McCusker. Dick Kieburtz, Phil Wadler, Christian Retoré. Sam Kamin, Brian Dunphy, Hongseok Yang. ………… And all my friends and colleagues from whom I have learnt a great deal. 65 Thank You! 66


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Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi, the multiple-award-winning director of Iranian New Wave cinema, will lead the competition jury for this year's Montreal World Film Festival. The festival has been a booster of films from Iran in past years, including works by director Majid Majidi, which won the festival's grand prize three times in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Other jury members this year include Japanese actor-director Eiji Okuda, Quebe actor-producer David La Haye and others. The Montreal festival runs from Aug. 27 to Sept. 7. StaffReport Typo/Error
Follow us on Twitter: @GlobeArts


text: Next Story > MoneyBeat How Do You Solve a Problem Like Chrysler's Worth? By David Benoit David Benoit The Wall Street Journal CANCEL BiographyDavid Benoit @DaveCBenoit benoitda Google+ email@example.com Sep 24, 2013 3:54 pm ET For sale: Slightly used stake in Chrysler Group LLC. Price: Between $1.75 billion and $5.6 billion. (Good luck figuring out which it is.) To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Previous Biggest Banks Must Start Using New Capital Rules in Stress Tests Next AIG's Benmosche Backs Off Inflammatory Comments


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Here, have a dumpling!
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Catching Waves
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Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for lunch?
Is this restaurant good for dinner?
Is this restaurant appropriate for Kids?
Does this restaurant offer takeaway or food to go?
Is this a pizza restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Is this restaurant wheelchair accessible?
Is this restaurant family-friendly?
Can a gluten free person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Thanks for helping!
Great taste, big pizzas, nice guys working there. Was my standard meal on fridays until i had to go to the gym. The "kebab-roll" is also quite good!
If you're looking for a good Kebabrulle - look no futher.
This local Pizzeria located close to Old Råsunda Soccerstadium serves one of the more tastier. It's located on à small street which makes it kind of hard to find. Classic (typical) Swedish Pizzeria/ Kebab bar.
We are going at least once a month. The Kebabrullar (Dürüm) is our absolute favourite...it is spicy juicy and the quality is just great...and - it is hughe! The pizza is recommendable as well! The guys are always superfriendly. Only negative thing when sitting inside closer to the toilet is the smell...
Nice fat fish.
Still an excellet place for take out. Well worth it for the tuna.
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Talk:Kent Island, Maryland
|WikiProject Maryland
|(Rated B-class, Mid-importance)
|WikiProject Islands
|(Rated B-class)
|To-do list for Kent Island, Maryland:
In case anyone's interested, I dropped the section on tourism, the information I planned on adding here has been added to Wikitravel instead. There should at least be a brief mention of tourism on Kent Island here though.-Jeff (talk) 03:04, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
Please don't add yourself or someone you know if that person isn't notable, Wikipedia has rules against that. As a rule of thumb, it's safe to add someone if they already have an article here written about them. Just know that I happen to be from Kent Island, and I have this article on my watchlist, so chances are, if you add someone's name I'll recognize it (yeah, that's Kent Island for you :P), and know if that person's not notable.-Jeff (talk) 17:33, 12 December 2006 (UTC) Jeff,
Third oldest settlement[edit]
I don't believe the reported who is sited in the Washington post article did any due diligence at all for the claim of this being the third oldest English settlement in America. Massachusetts had a half dozen towns started by 1631 notably Salem (1629), Lynn (1629), Charlestown (1629), Dorchester (1630), and probably most famously Boston (1630). Weymouth and Gloucester were also founded earlier than 1631 but they were both abandoned (and later resettled). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 14:01, 27 December 2013 (UTC)
Ted Lerner[edit]
According to his article, he lives in Chevy Chase, can anyone verify where he actually lives?-Jeff (talk) 01:13, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
External link removed[edit]
An external link to http://www.setbb.com/kentislandmoms was removed twice from this page, once by another member, then by myself. This is considered link spam, a link that does not provide any extra info, and is just placed to advertise a site here. This is not a place to advertise.-Jeff (talk) 12:32, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
Move back to Kent Island, Maryland[edit]
This is the common name when disambiguation is necessary. Even though Kent Island is an island, it is usually thought of as a "town" and is commonly referred to as such.-Jeff (talk) 13:43, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
- I didn't get any responses so I went ahead and moved this back to its correct name.-Jeff (talk) 16:42, 25 January 2008 (UTC)
Notablility again[edit]
Because of problems with people adding their own names and/or friends names to the "Notable People" list, I think the best solution is to only list people who have Wikipedia articles.-Jeff (talk) 16:15, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
- I always double-check those with a google search (and/or look at the history on the topic itself to verify that the article wasn't added recently). Also, some of the articles are to a person who's really not related to the topic. Tedickey (talk) 17:16, 16 April 2008 (UTC)
First ranger in North America[edit]
I am no historian. I am a US Army Ranger. Mr Larry Ivers of Eagle Grove IA sent me a copy of Page - Rangers 621, "Colonial Wars of North America, 1512-1763, An Encyclopedia", Editor: Alan Gallay, Garland Publishing, Inc., New York & London, 1996, that states, "In 1634 and 1635, Edward Backler was hired as a "rainger" for Kent Island, a Virginia settlement in the upper chesapeake Bay, * * *" I have been told by historians that this may be the first written record of a mission given to a military Ranger in North America. American military Rangers fought in eight wars (beginning with the Pequot War of 1636-37 covering some 140 years)before there was a US Army, formed in 1776. Rangers have fought in every war since the Revolutionary War except the Spanish-American and WWI. In addition to some of the well known famous military Rangers such as Marion, Rogers, Mosby, Morgan and Darby's Rangers and Merill's Marauders of WWII; both Abraham Lincoln and Nathan Hale were Rangers. Army Rangers, today, are contining to serve with exemplary distinction and valor in the GWOT.
I believe it would be most appropriate to erect a historical marker on US 50/301 on Kent Island making it known that the first known military Ranger mission in North America was accomplished on Kent Island in 1636-37 by Edward Backler. Drive On! Bill Spies, an Army Ranger who was bred for, born, and raised in Talbot County, Eastern Shore of Maryland who probably was the last man to Captain a Skip Jack, the Joy Parks, illegally under full sail, throught Kent Narrows in 1957. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 05:06, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
- Interesting information, I had to move your comment down to a new section because new comments on talk pages are supposed to be at the bottom of the page. This seems like yet another interesting fact about Kent Island, and should probably be added to the article with the encyclopedia you cited as a source.-Jeff (talk) 12:28, 14 August 2008 (UTC)


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'Global Factors Have Become Very Important': Interview with Sunil Singhania
Jason Monteiro
21 August 2015
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What processes does Reliance Mutual Fund deploy to pick stocks?
Moneylife (ML): Reliance MF has about 15 equity diversified schemes (including close-ended schemes). What is the process that goes behind managing these schemes?
Sunil Singhania (SS):
We have schemes with different mandates—ranging from small-cap schemes to large-cap schemes. Some schemes are multi-cap and then there are the thematic schemes. So, every scheme will have its own philosophy and framework. Different sectors will have different parameters on the basis of which we pick stocks. Some, basically, will fall into deep value category; some would fall into the category of high growth and high return. So, there is a lot of science and art built-in rather than only numbers. Therefore, we have a lot of in-built processes.
ML: Can you please describe the process?
We have a team of 30 members, including fund managers, fundamental analysts, quantitative analysts, economic analysts, etc. Our attempt is to passively follow any company which has a market-cap of Rs100 crore-Rs125 crore. So, we track almost 1,300 Indian companies, out of which we extensively track 450 companies in-house. In-house tracking is very necessary because, if you look at brokers, they normally track the top 60-70 companies. We get a lot of support from the large brokers for the mega-cap companies; but, when you go down the list, we need to do a lot of work ourselves.
We also track 2,600 global companies on a passive basis across 20 markets. The idea is to know what is happening globally in terms of companies, in terms of sectors, and it also gives a lot of insights. The idea is to bet on companies that would sustain for the next 15-20 years. Then there is management quality, opportunity in the sector, the scale which the companies can achieve, the rate of growth, the efficient use of capital, etc.
ML: What do you look at in companies?
We publish a set of reports every Monday. We have almost 700-800 companies with the latest valuation along with the earnings estimates, the latest earnings figure, the price-to-earning (PE) ratio, etc. We don't go by a set formula. A company may look expensive because its growth rate may be high or the RoCE (return on capital employed) may be high. When you create a portfolio, you need to take into account several factors. You can't have all companies with high RoE (return on equity); in which case, it will become a very high PE portfolio. We need to have diversification. For example, in one sector, if five companies are good, you can't pick all the five. Therefore, picking stocks is based on the portfolio construction and the mandate of the scheme.
ML: Is this weekly tracking a reason for high portfolio turnover in certain schemes?
In most of our portfolios, there is hardly any churn. But what happens is that you get opportunities in the larger companies. Stocks may move up and down irrationally; so you might use this opportunity to create trades.
You have to take a call whether it is beneficial or detrimental. If I'm able to sell something at Rs600 today and buy it again 15 days later at a 10% lower price, I would do it, right? Being in the market every day, you tend to know what is causing the stocks to move up and down and whether a stock is fundamentally good or not. For example, if you look at the price volatility in the last week of May, it was all due to the MSCI Index re-balancing. You take that opportunity. There were so many companies which went up just because someone had to compulsorily buy and some went down because someone had to compulsorily sell. We will not miss such opportunities.
ML: Do you have a different method of evaluating small- and mid-cap stocks?
When picking mid- and small-caps, obviously, the return expectations are higher. At the same time, the risks are also higher. We are very clear, we will not pick mid-caps, unless we meet the company's management and we maintain a very detailed in-house database. So, if you input any company, you have everything available at the click of a button. All the research reports, all the annual reports, the interviews and interactions with the management are available to the fund managers. When we pick smaller companies, the understanding of the company needs to be much stronger. You have to put more effort, as these are not extensively researched by brokers. Therefore, our in-house research needs to be very strong. This is where due diligence and experience becomes very important.
ML: When the analysts meet the management, what are the areas they probe?
It would be different for different companies. It's all about the future potential. If you look at a capital goods company, you will have to figure out the estimated order book, going forward. Similarly, in some cement companies, the capacity utilisation is only 60%-65%. Now, growth is not picking up in cement. If you believe that India is growing faster, monsoon is good, Andhra is growing faster, there is a big thrust in railways, big thrust towards roads and other infrastructure projects, capacity utilisation in cement industry might go up, then these companies will do well.
ML: Apart from analysis of stocks, do you, and your team, invest with a market-timing perspective like varying your cash levels, based on market valuation?
Over the past three-four years, we have not felt the need, or reason, to increase our cash levels. So, across our schemes, we have maintained an allocation of 95%-98% towards equity. At a fund house-level, we meet every day; there is a discussion. Whether to increase cash or not is a function of euphoria. So, for the 15-odd schemes—one-year forward—we do not see that the markets have any euphoria built-in. But there are stocks which have this euphoria built-in which we analyse, on a constant basis. There is a lot of data generated. This is why we have built up our in-house infrastructure to identify such stocks.
ML: How do you handle stocks that have done really well and stocks that have failed to perform?
We have internal risk parameters. In large-cap companies, we go up to 8% as far as one single stock is concerned. In exceptional cases, we may have gone up to 9% but, generally, it is 7%-8%. In a mid-cap stock, we restrict the exposure to 5%-6%. So, the moment the stock does very well, we tend to cut it to these limits as a risk measurement tool. In other cases, when to sell is a reflection of a stock's fundamentals. The buying price is not important. So, even if the stock has gone up over 150% since we purchased it, and if we feel that is still the best stock given its fundamentals, we will continue with it.
If a stock-pick goes wrong, it is a much harder decision. But we will stick to the stock until we feel that the fundamentals may not justify holding on to the stock. So, even if the stock falls 10%-20% below the cost price, we will not be in a hurry to sell. We do make mistakes; everyone makes mistakes; but we try and ensure that the mistakes are not repeated. But some stocks also fall because of the overall market. You can't do anything about that.
ML: Are there any themes or sectors driving different schemes at the moment?
As a fund house, we are bullish on private banks and we continue to be quite optimistic about the pharma space. We like capital goods companies with good balance sheets, because we believe that when the country's economy revives, these will be in a better position. We are avoiding stressed companies which include infrastructure companies. We are bullish on smaller companies in cement. We continue to be equal weight on IT stocks. At the same time, we are avoiding regulated sectors which include oil & gas and, to some extent, metal stocks because it is more of a global play. In India, the cost escalation due to the mines now being auctioned has created a lot of stress. We are underweight on consumer staples across the schemes. Then, again, based on the scheme's objective, the fund manager will take a call.
ML: How important is corporate governance in rating companies?
Corporate governance is very important. At the same time, we need to remember that there is no clear definition of what is good corporate governance. Companies go through periods of ups and downs when they might tend to do some things which we might disagree with. Therefore, at different points of time, you will always have a difference of opinion with the management. And our job is to do what we feel is right. There is no doubt that corporate governance is important. But, at the same time, there is no easy formula to judge corporate governance.
ML: What, according to you, are the opportunities and threats to the Indian market?
The threat is two-fold; and I'm talking about major threats. A major threat would be if big financial catastrophe happens in the global market, like it happened in 2007-08. Some economists say that is a possibility. We do not see that. If it happens, India will definitely be affected because India depends on foreign flows. The second threat is if the government is not able to deliver on its promises—though this is the most promising government we have ever had. But, we are confident that they will deliver.
On the opportunities, I'll give you a big picture. There are 40 economies across the world which have crossed the trillion-dollar mark, in size. Of these, only 16 graduated to two trillion-dollar size, of which India is one. And, out of these 16 only three have been able to graduate to the four trillion-dollar size, namely, Japan, China and the United States. Our belief is that India can be the fourth or fifth country which will reach the four trillion-dollar size. An optimist, like me, will say that it will happen in the next six-seven years; a pessimist will say 10 years. So, the question is when rather than if. The current market-cap is roughly $1.3 trillion, if we take a 1:1 GDP to market-cap, we are looking at a $2.6 trillion wealth creation opportunity over the next 10 years. That is what we should look at. It took us 60 years to reach $1 trillion since independence; the next one trillion happened only in six years. From a broad perspective, that is what we need to look at.
Even at a 5% growth rate, we were among the world's fastest growing economies. Other countries, and other economies, are in a worse situation than India's. Here, we talk about growth—whether it will be 7% or 9%; we are not talking about whether growth will be 1% or 2% or negative.
Our view is that the interest rates are going to fall. I'll give you a perspective. Interest rates are almost 8% in India as per G-Secs yields. In the US, it is around 2.40%. The long-term average difference of interest rates between the two countries has been 4%, basically, due to the difference in inflation. The current gap is 5.50 percentage points. We believe that, from now to December 2016, there will be at least 100-150 basis points cut in interest rates. We will be the only economy with interest rates cuts. All other economies are under threat of interest rates moving up. We will be in a unique position.
ML: As far as the growth prospects of the Indian economy are concerned, where do we stand now?
The good thing is that the building blocks are in place. We now need only execution. The second thing we need is to remember that we are a very vibrant economy and, in that scenario, there may be a few things that get delayed. We expected a lot of things to happen very soon; but it takes time. Even in companies, where a new CEO is appointed, nothing is going to happen in just one year. The government is moving in the right direction. The ministries are now getting their act together. So, in the next six to twelve months, you should see execution.
ML: Has your fund management style changed, after the financial crisis in 2008?
Global factors were always important; but 2007-08 emphasised their significance. You can't take it for granted that growth will continue forever. You also need to think about 'what if it does not happen'. So, in 2007-08, no one was thinking about what might go wrong. Similarly, in 2013, no one was thinking about what might go right. We have started to analyse global factors more deeply. Obviously, some factors, such as volatile currency and raw material prices, will have greater impact. The March (2015) quarter earnings were disappointing; some sectors got hit because euro and pound depreciated significantly. Raw materials price swings also impacted several companies. This caused extraordinary losses. This becomes very important. Also, it was a mistake to assume that companies will get capital as and when they want. Many infrastructure and power companies suffered because of lack of capital. The most important factor is the risk the company is taking to create a sustainable business model. We are very clear now what the balance sheet strength is.
ML: Reliance Growth invests in a diversified portfolio of mega-caps, mid-cap and small-caps. How do you define the weightage to different cap sizes?
The objective is to invest 65%-75% in mid-caps; but, two or three years ago, we felt it would be better to invest in larger companies in banking and IT than in the mid-caps; this has worked out well. That is why there are more large-caps; otherwise, the objective is to have more of mid-caps.
ML: Which are the most influential books you have read?
Currently, I'm reading the autobiography of Elon Musk. I read a lot of financial books; but of late, I like to read autobiographies. For just Rs500-Rs600, you are able to get 25 years of experience of a super-achiever. I read a collection of articles by Michael Mauboussin recently. All the articles he wrote in 2014 are compiled in a book. That was outstanding. A lot of interesting themes were covered in his articles. I read a book Zebra in a Lion Country; this was very pertinent, from a situational perspective, in 2013. The book talks about how zebras move in herds and everyone wants to be in the centre of the herd, for safety. Equity investing also had become like that; everyone wanted to be at the centre, in 2013. Everyone wanted to be invested in the best companies, irrespective of valuation.
ML: Is this one reason why benchmark stocks have a high weightage in certain schemes?
When you invest in a company, you become a partner in the business. So, unless you are positive on the business, you will not want to invest in the company. It's not like you invest in a business and, from tomorrow, you start getting returns. You have to invest with a perspective. And that perspective is based on certain assumptions and a cycle. And that cycle might play out in the next one year or it might play out in the next three-four years. So, as an investor or fund manager, if you are clear about that, you will always make returns.
Alert me when a new comment is posted
V ganesan
2 years ago
all group companies of adag delivered pathetic returns even after two decades for reliance infra and one decade for reliance capital and reliance communications and reliance power. The fund manager says we do not see global crisis.And morgan stanley says 10 percent probability for sensex 26000 and 40 percent probability 37000 and 50 percent probability 33500 by december 2015.But in reality 10 percent probability acheived in shorter time.Only moneylife is giving caution at high valuation.History repeated.One more analysis fII BOUGHT STOCKS AT THE UNDERVALUATION AND THEY SOLD OVERVALUATION ONLY IN TIMES OF GLOBAL CRISIS.
Book Review of 'Beat the Crowd'
Debashis Basu
21 August 2015
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How to be a contrarian. Firstly, neither follow the herd, nor go against it
Kenneth Fisher is one of the longest-running columnists in
magazine and a self-made billionaire. With 1,000 people in one campus in Washington, 600 in California and 400 in the five other continents—mostly in Western Europe—Fisher runs a huge fund management business, managing over $68 billion belonging to 100 institutions and thousands of individual investors. He ranks 240 in
' list of billionaires, with an estimated net worth of around $3 billion. Ken's father was the legendary value investor Phil Fisher, a contemporary of Benjamin Graham. Most of Fisher's books have been reviewed in this magazine. This is his 11th book. His speciality is debunking many investing myths. His latest book,
Beat the Crowd
, is as fascinating as the previous ones, even though many facts in are similar to his
Only Three Questions that Count.
Why do so many people lose money in the stock market? "Few truths are self-evident, but here's one as close as they get: in investing, the crowd is wrong much more often than right," says Fisher. Most people follow the rest of crowd, go by popular opinions which steers them the wrong way. So, should you go against the crowd, given that they are almost always wrong? The way to make money in the market is not to always go against the crowd. The true contrarian neither follows the herd nor goes against it. He, or she, is an independent thinker steering clear of the many myths and misconceptions that lead people the wrong way. But, to think independently, you need access to enormous research that can separate the myth from the fact and continuously test new evidence and hypotheses. With hundreds of researchers, Fisher is able to test out every bit of useful and useless information round the year. Gems from that rich research are available in each of Fisher's books. This one is no exception.
One of the gems of this book is that the market does not care for anything that is less than three months for the short term and more than 30 months over the long term. In other words, what happened yesterday is pure noise, as is what will happen the next week or month. Similarly, long-term forecast that goes beyond two-three years is pure bunk. Too many factors could change in between and unseen factors could emerge. So, focus on the market and economic climate, the three-to-30-month timeframe.
Fisher, who popularised the price/sales ratio to select undervalued stocks, believes that the market is somewhat efficient. It is, indeed, continuously pricing in all available information. The book tells you what you should not be worried about, because they are already 'in the price'. If everybody else is worrying about something (Greece or China), you don't have to because they've done it for you; and it's been priced into the market. This does not mean that the market is perfectly priced. He gives examples of how, apart from bulls and bears, there are elephants in the market that reflect great opportunities or bad risks. Most investors overlook the huge elephants 'hiding in plain sight'.
Fisher, who has been writing the 'Portfolio Strategy' column for
magazine for more than 30 years, has done extensive statistical tests of different popular investment notions and found them of dubious value. On the other hand, he has discovered several contrarian investment themes that have worked well, so far. For instance, value stocks and small stocks do well early in a bull market while growth stocks and big stocks do well late in a bull market. Also, companies with very fat operating profit margins are strong late-market performers. For decades, people have completely forgotten about that. This is an elephant in the room.
Fisher has consistently pointed out that most investors get negative too quickly because they forget the past and pay attention to the media chatter which enjoys scare-mongering. He gives a long list of supposed events, assumed to be negative for the market but aren't. This is an Indian edition and priced reasonably. A must read.
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Nilesh KAMERKAR
2 years ago
You couldn't have timed this review better. . .
Personal Finance
Savings Interest Rates on a Decline
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21 August 2015
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Mesa Boogie Triple Rectifier
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Mesa Boogie Triple Rectifier, All-Tube Head, 3x channels, Multiwatt, 150/50 watts, class A/B, 6x 6L6GC, 5x 12AX7 & 3x 5U4 valves, 8x modes, rectifier switch, serial FX loop, slave out, includes 6-way footswitch and cover
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Offers include 21% Belgium VAT and are valid as long as stocks last. Shipping costs to Belgium are 2,50 EUR, free shipping on orders above 49 EUR. Please click here for international Shipping rates. We do not accept liability for typographical errors or inaccurate information of any kind. *RRP = manufacturer's / distributor's recommended retail price in Germany


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Aside from educating students, the safety of our students and staff is one of the main priorities of Wilson County Schools. Superintendent Sean Bulson formed a District Crisis Team in January 2013 to look at current procedures, research best practices and make adjustments to emergency plans. This team quickly expanded and now has representation from the school system as well as law enforcement, the fire department, emergency management, social services and emergency medical services. The District Crisis Team meets monthly to ensure that procedures and best practices are being implemented to keep our staff and students safe.
What's New This Year?- Meeting with staff at every school for input, feedback and new ideas related to all safety practices that have been put in place since 2013- Gathering feedback from parents and students about safety updates through meetings and surveys- Re-training hundreds of school staff in CPR/AED- Replacing 10 outdated buses with new ones- Enhancing emergency response process


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What do your spiritual convictions have to do with traffic jams, job anxiety, reading the newspaper, or arguing with your spouse? Everything, according to Marianne Williamson. It is the way we live in our everyday world that determines the shape of who we are.
"Not the book"
In their favourite café, a group of female friends meet regularly to discuss their troubles; but even friends can't always tell each other the truth. Cynthia is happily married to her lifelong sweetheart, but not even their present wealth and security makes her willing to reveal the abuse and trauma they suffered as children. Meriel's husband has abandoned her for another woman.
"Friends and Secrets"