text:
Golden Bahía de Tossa & Spa
Select your stay dates to check availability at Golden Bahía de Tossa & Spa
Golden Bahía de Tossa & Spa
About the Hotel
Property Location
A stay at Golden Bahía de Tossa & Spa places you in the heart of Tossa de Mar, walking distance from Museu del Mar de Lloret and Old Tossa. This 4.5-star hotel is within close proximity of Villa Romana dels Ametllers and Humor Amarillo Tossa de mar.
Make yourself at home in one of the 380 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators. Rooms have private furnished balconies. Satellite television is provided for your entertainment. Conveniences include phones, as well as safes and desks.
Pamper yourself with a visit to the spa, which offers massages, body treatments, and facials. You can take advantage of recreational amenities such as an indoor pool, an outdoor tennis court, and a fitness center. Additional features at this Mediterranean hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and a television in a common area.
Satisfy your appetite at the hotel's restaurant, where you can take in a pool view. Snacks are also available at a coffee shop/café. Relax with a refreshing drink from a poolside bar or one of the 2 bars/lounges. Breakfast is available daily for a fee.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, dry cleaning/laundry services, and multilingual staff. Planning an event in Tossa de Mar? This hotel has 215 square feet (20 square meters) of space consisting of conference space and meeting rooms. Limited parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Snack bar/deli
- Accessible bathroom
- Elevator/lift
- Pool sun loungers
- Total number of rooms - 380
- Terrace
- Parking (limited spaces)
- Multilingual staff
- Poolside bar
- Luggage storage
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Number of floors - 5
- Restaurant
- Coffee shop or café
- Conference space size (feet) - 215
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Conference space
- Concierge services
- Children's club (free)
- Full-service spa
- Garden
- Fitness facilities
- Year Built 2003
- Business center
- Turkish bath/Hammam
- Smoke-free property
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Outdoor tennis court
- Supervised childcare/activities (surcharge)
- Indoor pool
- Spa services on site
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Computer station
- Billiards or pool table
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Meeting rooms
- Number of meeting rooms - 5
- Free WiFi
- Number of bars/lounges - 2
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Tennis on site
- Television in common areas
- Conference space size (meters) - 20
- Free parking nearby
- In-room accessibility
- Pool umbrellas
Room Facilities
- Desk
- Phone
- Private bathroom
- In-room safe
- Air conditioning
- Satellite TV service
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Refrigerator
- Hair dryer
- Furnished balcony
- Television
- Coffee/tea maker
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 2500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
- Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: EUR 8 per person (approximately)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1 per person, per night, up to 7 nights. This tax does not apply to children under 17 years of age.
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
News By Tag
Industry News
News By Place
Industry News
Infosys Prize 2012 Honors The Finest Minds In Science And Humanities
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Former Prime Minister of Norway Felicitates Winners
The ceremony was presided over by Mr. S. Gopalakrishnan, Executive Co-Chairman, Infosys and President of the Board of Trustees, Infosys Science Foundation. The event was graced by luminaries like Montek Singh Ahluwalia, Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission, Nandan Nilekani, Chairman - Unique Identification Authority of India, Tarun Das, Former Chief Mentor - CII, Som Mittal, President of NASSCOM and Arun Maira, Member of Planning Commission. The jury chairs of the six categories elucidated the importance of the winners' work to the audience. The jury chairs include – Prof. Amartya Sen, Humanities; Dr. Kaushik Basu, Social Sciences; Prof. Shrinivas Kulkarni, Physical Sciences; Prof. Pradeep K. Khosla, Engineering & Computer Science; Prof. Srinivasa S. R. Varadhan, Mathematics;
The pioneering work undertaken by the seven laureates is changing the game in their respective spheres.
Engineering and Computer Science
Dr. Ashish Lele, Scientist, National Chemical Laboratories (NCL), Pune, India.
Dr. Lele was selected for his work on smart gels which is based on the notion of connecting molecular properties to microscopic properties. This has potential impact in areas including soft actuators, smart drug delivery devices and stitch-less wound healing.
Prof. Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Distinguished Professor of History and Navin & Pratima Doshi Endowed Chair in Pre-Modern Indian History, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), U.S.A.
Prof. Subrahmanyam was awarded for his path-breaking contribution to history. His work involves developing a new genre of 'connected history' – which looks at how histories of different regions may be inter-connected. Indian history, for instance, is not isolated but has been shaped by events in other parts of the world.
Literary Studies
Prof. Amit Chaudhuri, Professor of Contemporary Literature, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K.
Prof. Chaudhuri was chosen as a winner for his imaginative and illuminating writings in literary criticism, which reflect a complex literary sensibility, and great theoretical mastery, along with a probing sense of detail.
Life Sciences
Dr. Satyajit Mayor, Professor of Cellular Organization and Signaling at the National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India.
Dr. Mayor was recognized for his breakthrough contributions that provide new insights into regulated cell surface organization and membrane dynamics. His work has helped in understanding the state of the cell - healthy or diseased conditions, and also the cell's function of being able to control and remodel the processes that happen inside it. This is fundamental to any understanding of the cell - medical or biotechnological.
Mathematical Sciences
Prof. Manjul Bhargava, Professor of Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, U.S.A.
Prof. Bhargava was recognized for his extraordinarily original work in algebraic number theory. His work has revolutionized the way in which various fundamental arithmetic objects, such as elliptic curves are understood. Number Theory as a field finds application in cryptography, coding theory, internet transmissions and credit card security.
Physical Sciences
Dr. Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh, Senior Scientist, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
Dr. Ajayaghosh was rewarded for his pioneering development of methods for the construction of supramolecular functional materials. These materials can be used for sensing other molecules and also for imaging certain biological molecules that may be responsible for diseases; and can therefore be used for detecting diseases in their early stages. These materials may also be used as a security label for documents and for currency.
Social Sciences
Prof. Arunava Sen, Professor, Economics and Planning Unit, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), New Delhi, India.
Prof. Sen was chosen for his game-theoretic analyses of mechanism design. This is aimed at designing systems which can help achieve the best outcomes from diverse information and incentives. Prof. Sen's work has implications in areas like auction design, designing of a voting system etc. It may also help in addressing questions of how to allocate students to colleges in universities or how to match donor kidneys to people who need them.
Congratulating the Jury Chairs and the Laureates, Mr. S. Gopalakrishnan, Executive Co-Chairman, Infosys, and President of the Board of Trustees, Infosys Science Foundation, said: "The Infosys Science Foundation has been engaged in promoting science and research through the Infosys Prize. In the fourth year of the Prize, the Foundation continues to make steady progress in bringing science and humanities to the mainstream by recognizing some of the finest researchers for their unparalleled achievements. We hope that the work of our distinguished laureates will prove to be an inspiration for the young generation to take up science and research and be the creators of the change that they want to see in the India of tomorrow."
Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Former Prime Minister of Norway and Former Director General of the World Health Organization said: "Progress in science and research is directly linked to economic and social development of a country. Scientific progress in medicine has helped the life expectancy in India to double over the last 50 years. Scientists also heralded the advances in electricity and chemistry in the nineteenth century to drive the second Industrial Revolution. Today, science can help us find solutions to some of the most pressing issues like developing new, sustainable energy sources. Countries like India have the opportunity to develop 'frugal science' that is adapted to address the context of developing countries – be it in healthcare, effective delivery of education, management of mega-cities or provisions of water and energy. Countries and companies that adopt this will be at the forefront of the next phase of human progress."
Mr. N.R. Narayana Murthy (http://www.infosys.com/
For more details visit:http://www.infosys.com/
For further information please contact:
The Americas
Danielle D'Angelo
Infosys, US
Phone: +1 925 719 7602
Asia Pacific
Sarah Vanita Gideon
Infosys, India
Phone: +91 80 4156 4998
Cristin Balog
Infosys, Australia
Phone : +61 3 9860 2277
Paul De Lara
Infosys, UK
Phone: +44 2075162748
Account Email Address Account Phone Number Disclaimer Report Abuse

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Contact us 24/7: +1 877 678 9627
View product details
Zoom In
- - Italian sizing
- - This style runs true to size
Heel measures approximately 80mm/ 3 inches. Add some edge to your evening look with Brian Atwood's gray suede ankle boots with gold-tone stud detail. The heel height is ideal for wearing all day, team them with jeans for 24-hour chic. Shown here with a Splendid top, Miu Miu bag, See by Chloé jacket, Falconiere necklace and Current/Elliott jeans.
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text:
Our Pretties
Apocalyptica - Faraway
Abbott Jacob - Cleopatra
Rose, cactus
Nicole Kidman and other
The Sixth Sense and many comedy
Comedy, mystery and I love romance
Volleyball, soccer and figure skating
Hot red
I like bright things, a favorite - white and beige
I prefer any style which I like
My free time I like to spend on the move: travel, rollerblading, watching movies in the evening and other
I dreamed of becoming an actress and model
I'm will be have children and her beloved husband, and we have a general business and life will be happy and fun
Each stage of life teaches us. So I do not want to change anything
I found my cat and brought it home to me
I travel the Crimean Mountains, I was in the Ukraine in some cities and I was in Moscow
Since my childhood dream to fly to Paris. I think France - a country of romance. I would like to see it. Also I want to see the whole world
I did not have a nickname
My favorite food - Ukrainian. But I love sushi, so I love Japanese food, too.
Yes, of course!!!
I have a coin in your wallet, it brings happiness, luck and money.
It does not matter, we're all human and we live on one Earth
To me a lot of energy, so the actively
I can not judge himself
Warm clothes, matches, mirror, rope, boat
My father,mother and sister
Dream: Love - Wedding Ring - Marriage - Family - Happy Life
To go through life with a positive and to achieve goals
I started dancing
I love to experiment with food. I love to cook all
This is my soft toy - Kate
Oh, I love to cook! I also love to cook Ukrainian dishes
Yes, but sometimes
Apartment in Yalta
I prefer to live in a busy city
I'm ready to see the world. If I find love, then move to any part of the world.
I've never been there, but I think YES


text:
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text:
New York Politics
€ 30,49
epub eBook
Sofort lieferbar (Download)
Januar 2015
BeschreibungMost New Yorkers have very little knowledge of how influence is wielded in Albany. This acclaimed book offers a chance to look behind those closed doors. The authors - an Albany-based political scientist and a former State Assembly member, now joined by an expert on political blogging and networking - infuse their discussion of institutions and processes with the drama and significance of real power politics. Completely revised and updated with extensive new material, the book covers recent political developments and electoral contests as well as all the basics: constitutional issues; historical, economic, social, and demographic factors; the functioning of executive, legislative, and judicial institutions; urban, local, and special district governments; parties, interest groups, and bureaucracies; and, finance, budgets, health, education, and welfare programs. Throughout, the authors are attentive to the many paradoxes and dualities that distinguish political, social, and economic life in the Empire State.
Untertitel: A Tale of Two States. 211:eBook ePub. Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: Taylor and Francis
Erscheinungsdatum: Januar 2015
Seitenanzahl: 388 Seiten
Format: epub eBook
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM


text:
We live in a world of symbols. A symbol can be any word, image, object, animal, or person that represents an idea or connotation outside of its ordinary meaning. For example, a "snake" in mythology is a common symbol for … Continue reading
Tag Archives: Creativity
"What stands in the way becomes the way." Marcus Aurelius Encountering new obstacles in life is inevitable. Whether it's in our work, relationships, health, or personal goals, life is always changing – and with that brings new situations we too … Continue reading
What makes a good leader whether it's a boss, or a coach, or a parent? Typically we imagine a leader as someone who stands strong, demands our attention and respect, and perhaps even sparks a little intimidation or fear. This … Continue reading
Today more than ever before we understand the science behind "love." While we still have much to learn, we know that love (specifically "romantic love") is often driven by a range of factors including: physical attractiveness, cultural/personal similarities, socio-economic status, … Continue reading
Here we are – another year of self improvement has passed! How did it go for you? This is always a great time of the year to step back and reflect a bit. Take a moment to ask yourself, "What … Continue reading


text:
|Company Report with Debt Check (RAI)
|VAT Number of Abl Import Export S.L.
The business entity Abl Import Export S.L., is a company with business activities in the country of Spain, the province of Vizcaya, with "sociedad limitada" as company type, registered in the Bilbao company register and of the retail of electrical household appliances and radio and television goods sector. This business company was visited lately six times in the last three years from four different countries.
|Company type
|Sociedad Limitada, Active
|Last updated
|Thursday, January 19, 2012 9:43:51 PM UTC
|Information source
|Trade Register Bilbao Avda. Madariaga, 24
|retail, electrical, household, appliance, radio (2100)


text:
Submit News
Google Fights Domain Name Tasting
Jason Mick
January 28, 2008 4:32 PM
Recipient E-mail
Sender E-mail
Domain name tasting left a bitter flavor in Google's mouth, and it vows to take serious action against offenders
Internet giant Google continues
its battle against evil
by taking a
hard stand against so-called "domain name tasting."
Domain name tasting is a practice in which people purchase attractive domain names, and then take advantage of the grace period, returning them a few days later only to rebuy them again. This may continue many times as they both make advertiser revenue, and examine interest in the domains. The process has become largely automated, and millions of domain names lie in the hands of a small group of entrepreneurs at any given time.
Critics complain that the grace period, once used to safeguard legitimate users from mistakes such as domain name misspellings, is now put to use for gross abuse of the online system. The domain name hoarding that occurs, comes at virtually no cost to the buyer, but hurts businesses and individuals who have legitimate interest in the domain names. Many claim that this abusive practice eats up all the good domain names, so honest users are left with few options.
In the past one lure to domain name taste was the potential advertising revenue. Google has now vowed to put this to an end. It has said it will begin examining domain names that are repeatedly dropped and then repurchased and within a few weeks its AdSense program will ban these domains from receiving advertising dollars.
Google spokesman Brandon McCormick lauded the move saying, "We believe that this policy will have a positive impact for users and domain purchasers across the Web."
Warnings of the new policy were sent out to AdSense customers last Thursday.
Jay Westerdal of
blog says the move will prove a serious obstacle to would-be domain name tasters. He says, "If Google and Yahoo are not monetizing these types of sites, I think domain tasting as we know it will come to a screeching halt. The alternative advertising is just not as effective."
Rival Yahoo
already led the charge against tasters, suing several domain name registration companies and trying to block advertising to tasters.
The key oversight agency of the Internet, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, has been examining the issue and closes its public comment phase today. The operators in control of the ".org" suffix have already changed its rules so that companies are charged for multiple returns. This has led to a sharp decrease in returns. In only a month the number of deletions went from 2.4 million in May of last year to 152,000 in June, once the policy was enacted.
These new rules along with the
extension of the Internet tax ban
in U.S. should help to make the Internet more free and accessible to the legitimate users and businesses.
"Folks that want porn can buy an Android phone." -- Steve Jobs
Related Articles
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January 25, 2008, 3:04 PM
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January 22, 2008, 4:24 PM
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October 26, 2007, 1:59 PM
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text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Steve Loughran <ste...@apache.org>
|Re: http tasks
|Thu, 26 May 2005 09:56:33 GMT
James Fuller wrote: >>what they really need is a functional test harness. I had some .pl >>code up on iseran.com that tested a bit of it, but we should really >>create a WAR and bring it up in Jetty or something. >> > > why not jmeter ? > All the test harness really is is some things that are served up on a site -text file files/something.txt -binary file files/something.bin -error codes errors/404/ -lie about content length (send more/less than asked) -basic auth section -digest auth section -stuff to test POST Nothing too complex, a few jsp pages really. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
|View raw message


text:
42,607pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
Edwell was a 24th century Starfleet captain, born on Gaspar VII.
Edwell had been known to Commander Calvin Hutchinson some years prior to 2369. According to him Edwell was "fascinating" and though he was born on Gaspar VII, he didn't look like it. (TNG: "Starship Mine")


text: Isoprothiolane - Shenzhen King Quenson Industry Co.,ltd Toggle navigation TRADE DEALS Products Companies Product Company Search LOGIN E-mail Password Remember me Join Free JOIN FREE HomeChemicals Agrochemicals Isoprothiolane PRICE: contract price Product Description IsoprothiolaneCommon nameIsoprothiolaneChemical name1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene-propanedioicacibis(1-methylethyl)esterCAS No50512-35-1Molecular formulaC12H18O4S2ApplicationControl of rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae), rice stem rot, and Fusarium leaf spot on rice. Also reduces the insect population (particularly planthoppers) on rice.Formulation type40% WP, 400G/L ECPackage:Liquid: 200Lt plastic or iron drum,20L, 10L, 5L HDPE, FHDPE, Co-EX, PET drum1Lt, 500mL, 200mL, 100mL, 50mL HDPE, FHDPE, Co-EX, PET bottleShrink film, measure capSolid: 25kg, 20kg, 10kg, 5kg fibre drum, PP bag, craft paper bag,1kg, 500g, 200g, 100g, 50g, 20g Aluminum foil bag.Carton: plastic wrapped cartonThe package can be made as the customer's requirement.Storage StabilityStable for 2 years after receipt of order if stored under recommended conditions. After 2 years, the compound should be re-analyzed for chemical purity before use. Other products Metsulfuron-methyl Price: contract price Propanil Price: contract price Acetochlor Price: contract price Atrazine Price: contract price Company Info Shenzhen King Quenson Industry Co.,ltd Contact Person: Yuan Huang Phone: 86-0755-86612760 Contact now × Contact form Your name: Your E-mail: Your Phone: Subject: Enter a message: Close


text:
Personalized Kitchen Sign 14.5" x 11"
The Kitchen Sign is customizable with your name in between the utensils. Show everyone whose kitchen they are in with this customized sign! Use each side of the straight lines to mount your item on the wall. A great gift for the chef in your family! This item is powder coated black and can be hung indoors or outdoors. Measures 14.5" tall by 11" wide. TYPE IN YOUR PERSONALIZATION INFORMATION -- FIRST NAME. PLEASE DOUBLE CHECK YOUR SPELLING, WE WILL GO BY WHAT YOU ENTER.
Weight (lbs.):1.75
Ships To
Additional Item
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This product usually ships in 10 business days and should be delivered in 15 business days.
Returns not accepted. Custom products cannot be returned.


text:
The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government is the most corrupt government, which has shattered the economy of India. This was stated by former chief minister and Rajya Sabha member Shanta Kumar.
Addressing mediapersons here at Kullu, he alleged that scams worth Rs 70 lakh crore occurred in India during the regime of the UPA government, which has made the life of the common man miserable.
He said inflation had gone high in its regime and disparity between poor and rich had increased.
Today, there was fear of corruption, naxalism and terrorism all around.
He urged the people of Mandi to elect BJP candidate Jairam Thakur because all eyes were on the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) for the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, that could give respite to people of the country from rampant corruption, inflation and terrorism.
He said the nation had come on the verge of danger, where allegations of corruption had been levelled against the chief of defense in ammunition deal.
He said it was the right time to root out the Congress-led UPA government out of power.
In reply to a query, Shanta said the split of BJP in Himachal, which created another faction, was a matter of regret that would harm the party as well as leaders.
He said the BJP was contesting this election on national issues and their crusade against the UPA government over corruption, inflation and terrorism would continue.
Kumar accepted that there was a sharp decline of values in political parties, but said the BJP was emphasising on to preserve its values.


text:
Arnold Schwartzenegger
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Proper noun[edit]
- Misspelling of Arnold Schwarzenegger.
1996, Beatrice Sparks, Almost Lost: The True Story of an Anonymous Teenager's Life on the Streets, page 62:
- "But I vill be back," he said with an Arnold Schwartzenegger accent. Then his accent changed to Frankenstein. "After I recharge my battery in your light la-bor-atory.


text:
Gordon Pollock QC, lead counsel for the liquidators of BCCI, who will tomorrow (13 January) lead the case against the Bank of England for misfeasance, has already been paid £3m – believed to be the country's highest ever brief fee.
Pollock, who has already pocketed the £3m brief fee for preparing the case over the last 12 months, is set to earn at least an extra £2m during the trial, which could last until mid-2005.
The Bank of England, The Lawyer can also reveal, has been paying its law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer £1.5m a month, including disbursements to counsel, to prepare the case, according to court transcripts.
Pollock, head of Essex Court Chambers, was last month forced to apologise to the court in a pre-trial BCCI hearing for calling two female Freshfields solicitors who are on maternity leave "sex crazed".
"My Lord, we have always been slightly mystified as to how Freshfields were running up £1.5m… They seem to be running the case on the basis that Mr Goddard [the Freshfields partner leading the case] sits at top, he
has two sex-crazed assistants between him who do not talk to each other," Pollock said at the beginning
of his opening speech.
His opposite number, Nicholas Stadlen QC of Fountain Court, said: "When my learned friend makes the sort of remark about the two female solicitors who have gone on maternity leave, he really has crossed a line which even by his standards he ought not to cross."
At the end of the hearing, Pollock apologised and said it had been "a misdirected attempt at levity that should have been best left unraised".
Essex Court Chambers declined to comment on the brief fee, citing a confidentiality agreement.


text:
Number of reviews
No reviews yet
I'm looking forward to using this on my upcoming trip this fall. I was always looking for something like this to store laundry, shoes and alot more.
I've been looking for something like this for a long time. It is well made and sturdy. I look forward to using it for many years to come!
Indispensable item
We bough 2 of these bags in Singapore before we started a 6 weeks trip through Southeast Asia, changing hotels every other day. These bags helped us more than anything else to keep a clean and well organized suit case for all of the 6 weeks. Love it!!!
Great product!!!
Loved these (bought 3 as gifts) and best of all they came cutely wrapped!
Thank you!
Bright idea
This item is a must, I cannot imagine traveling without it.
I can pack many things in it , and it stays fine in my carry on.
Also the quality of the material is excellent.
Another bright idea from Flight001


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DeWalt | SKU: H4653 | Model: DW2221
1/4" x 2-9/16" Magnetic Nut Driver
Price: $3.50
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- Patented geometry reduces rounding of the hex
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- Grow your business with the #1 sales app, Salesforce Sales Cloud
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SAN FRANCISCO, May 9, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Salesforce.com (NYSE: CRM), the enterprise cloud computing ( http://www.salesforce.com/cloudcomputing/) company, today announced the company's 2013 annual meeting of stockholders will be held on Thursday, June 6, 2013 at 2:00PM (PT) / 5:00PM (ET). The meeting is to be held at the St. Regis Hotel located on 125 3rd Street, San Francisco, California 94105. Stockholders of salesforce.com as of May 6, 2013 are invited to attend the meeting and should refer to salesforce.com's proxy statement available at www.salesforce.com/investor for details regarding required documentation to gain admission to the meeting. (Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20050216/SFW105LOGO) An audiocast will be available to the public on salesforce.com's website at www.salesforce.com/investor. About salesforce.comFounded in 1999, salesforce.com is the enterprise cloud computing leader. Salesforce.com's social and mobile cloud technologies enable companies to transform into customer companies by connecting with their customers, employees, partners and products in entirely new ways. Based on salesforce.com's real-time, multitenant architecture, the company's apps and platform revolutionize the way companies sell, service, market and innovate.


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Once you've chosen your motorcycle insurance, you can add additional coverage. You will need to evaluate your needs to see whether this would be useful.
In case of a total or partial loss of your new motorcycle, your insurer does not take into account its depreciation if you added this coverage to your policy.
This endorsement covers the cost of renting a vehicle for a specified period following a loss which deprives you of your motorcycle.
If you die as a result of a motorcycle accident, this coverage pays out compensation to your family.
An "endorsement" enhances your coverage. You add more extensive coverage to your policy, which thus provides more extensive protection.
You pay a supplement for this type of coverage. A number of endorsements are available on the motorcycle insurance market to meet your needs.
Replacement cost coverage pays out an indemnity that does not factor in depreciation.
Two such products have been offered in Quebec since October 2010:
Both products are sold mostly for new motorcycles. They pay out an indemnity without depreciation in case of a total or partial loss.
What are the differences?
Damaged parts are replaced by new original parts (up to an amount determined in the policy), even if the original
Damaged parts are replaced by new original parts only if they cannot be repaired.
Obligation to replace the vehicle as per the option chosen when the policy is purchased:
Note: If you replace your vehicle with a vehicle of a greater value, you pay the difference.
Choice to be made at the time the claim is made:
Note: If you replace your vehicle with a vehicle of a greater value, you pay the difference.
The policy ends and cannot be transferred to another vehicle. The insurer reimburses you the unused portion of the premium.
The policy does not automatically end. The new vehicle could be insured by the same policy.
By choosing to hide information from your insurer, your run the risk of not being indemnified should you have an accident, or of just being partially indemnified.
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Elementary Principal, Glenn Barnes, brought in members of the fifth grade choir to be recognized during last week's Knox Community School Board meeting.
"He brought in some of the the fifth grade choir to receive certificates and the Board got to see a video that Miss Guzman and the choir students put together where they sang three of the songs that they have been practicing," said Superintendent A.J. Gappa. "Keep in mind that the fifth grade choir is not a requirement and it's not all the fifth graders. It's a volunteer group that came in early in the morning one day a week for the last semester on their own time to practice and pick out songs. They did a nice job singing on the video they presented to the Board."


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Sarnesfield (National Grid ref. SO374508) is a civil parish and village in Herefordshire, 11 miles north-west of Hereford.
Descent of the manor[edit]
De Lacy[edit]
Sarnesfield was granted by William the Conqueror to Roger de Lacy.
De Sarnesfield[edit]
Philip de Sarnesfield held one and a half hides from Hugh de Lacy in 1109. An early lord of the manor was Nicholas de Sarnesfield, a member of the retinue of the Black Prince and created a Knight of the Garter in 1386 by King Richard II to whom he was standard bearer and an eminent diplomat. He died in 1394, leaving his two daughters co-heiresses, the eldest of whom married Hugh de Moynton or Monington. The younger daughter married Walter Bromwich of Sarnesfield Coffyn, now Little Sarnesfield Farm. The manor was split into two moieties, with Greater Sarnesfield passing to the Monington family, and Sarnesfield Coffyn (also known as Little Sarnesfield) to Bromwich. The latter was held by John Bromwich in 1532. Subsequently the two moieties seem to have been re-united into one manor. Sarnesfield was held by the Monington family until 1781.[1]
In St Mary's Church is the following marble wall tablet:[2]
"Sacred to the Memory of ANN TERESA MONINGTON. She was born the 21st Novr 1735, at SARNESFIELD COURT the Seat of her Ancestors where She resided many Years in the exercise of every social vertue, and in hospitality to her neighbours and benevolence to the Poor, surpassed by none. On the 2nd Febry 1780, She took the Veil in the FRANCISCAN CONVENT of English Ladies at BRUGES in FLANDERS - driven from thence by the French Revolution in 1794, with them retired to the Abbey-house in WINCHESTER where She died on the 24th Novr following, and her Remains are deposited Through Life revered in Death regretted. On her embracing a Religious State She renounced all her Worldly possessions, and generously gave up her Estates in this County,to her Kinsman, JOHN WEBB WESTON, Esqr who in grateful remembrance, has caused this Tablet to be erected, R.I.P."
John Webbe-Weston was the heir of Sutton Place, Surrey. In 1837 Thomas Monington of Sarnesfield was High Sheriff of Herefordshire.[3]
In 1891 Sarnesfield Court was bought by George William Marshall (1839–1905), York Herald, who did much to restore the church to its original condition, removing later additions. He was buried in the parish on 16 Sept. 1905.[4]
St Mary's Church[edit]
Fragments of 13th- or 14th-century floriated crosses are visible in the church. One apparently from the 14th century in the south-east corner of the south chapel commemorates Isabel De Sarnesfield.[5]
Sarnesfield Court[edit]
Sarnesfield Court was demolished in 1955.[6]
- www.genuki.org.uk
- ^ "Welcome to the Weobley and Staunton Group of Parishes". Weobleyandstaunton.co.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "www.genuki.org.uk, Sarnesfield". Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "No. 19462". The London Gazette. 31 January 1837. pp. 232–233.
- ^ "Cumberbatch Family History - George William Marshall Biography". Homepage.ntlworld.com. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Welcome to the Weobley and Staunton Group of Parishes". Weobleyandstaunton.co.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
- ^ "Lost Heritage website, by Matthew Beckett". 1h.matthewbeckett.com. Retrieved 13 November 2014.


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The Deal
- $12 for two Groupons, each valid for $10 worth of Greek food ($20 total value)
- Click to see the menu.
Papa Gyros
At Papa Gyros, owners Steve and Kelly Paxos introduce some of their favorite Greek dishes to the masses. A number of these classics are served in shareable portions, including grape leaves stuffed with rice, spanakopita filled with spinach and cheese, and saganaki set aflame at the table. Chefs also drizzle creamy tzatziki sauce atop skewered pieces of steak, crispy falafel, and juicy gyros, as well as any diner's outstretched hands.
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|Name : Koi Mere Dil Se Poochhe (DVD) (2002)
|Releaser Info : movieloverz.net
|Releasing Date : 11 January 2002
|Genre : Musical | Romance | Thriller
|Size : 200 MB
|Duration : 02:19
|Starcast : Jaya Bhaduri, Aftab Shivdasani, Sanjay Kapoor
|Description : Dress designer, Aman Puri (Aftab Shivdasani) is the only son of the Puri family. His dad (Anupam Kher) wants him to marry, but Aman insists that he will not marry unless he meets the girl of his dreams. He does meet her, in the form and person of Esha Singh (Esha Deol), but she will not have anything to do with him. When Aman persists, his dad decides to go and talk with Esha's mom, Mansi Devi (Jaya Bhaduri), who indicates that she is open to Esha's marriage with Aman. She talks to Esha and convinces her Aman is suitable for her, to which Esha agrees. Delighted Aman gets ready for the marriage, when Dushant (Sanjay Kapoor) disrupts their lives by claiming that the entire marriage is a hoax, people are not what they seem, Mansi Devi is his mother; and Esha is a married woman; and Dushant is her husband.
|Koi-Mere-Dil-Se-Poochhe-DVD-1.mp4 [98 MB] (806 Hits)(Generate Movie Preview)
|Koi-Mere-Dil-Se-Poochhe-DVD-2.mp4 [98 MB] (673 Hits)(Generate Movie Preview)
How to Download Movies
Download HD Bollywood Videos


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Home > Cooking Tips > Freshness of Spices
Freshness of Spices
Cooking tips for the caring cook.
Freshness of Spices
- Generally, whole spices stay fresh up to two years, ground spices about six months. Ground spices really should be replaced every 6 months or so. Your cooking will benefit from fresh spices.
- When fresh, most spices have a bright, rich color and strong aroma when you open the container. If either the color or aroma of any of your spices seems weak, whether a ground spice or fresh spice, discard the spice and purchase a new bottle.
- Storing Ground and Whole Spices: Ground spices should be stored for up to six months if they are sealed tightly and located in a cool shelf or pantry. Whole spices can be stored up to two years in the same conditions, although some spice experts say only one - use your best judgment.
The shelf life of specific spices:
- Ground spices such as salt or cinnamon can be kept for up to 3 years.
- Whole spices such as whole cloves can be kept up to 4 years.
- Seasoning blends can be kept up to 2 years.
- Herbs such as rosemary or thyme can be kept up to 3 years.
- Extracts such as vanilla extract or almond extract can be kept up to 4 years. Pure vanilla can be kept indefinitely.
Helpful Hint
Use a pepper mill to grind cloves and other spices.
Spice Rubs
Spice rubs are a wonderful way to infuse flavor into meats without adding fat. Simply cover the trimmed meat with the mix and then grill, broil or roast.
Combine the following ingredients together for a spice "rub" with Middle-Eastern flair that can be added to beef, pork, lamb or chicken (makes 2 tablespoons).
2 teaspoons ground, black pepper
1-1/2 teaspoons ground cumin
1 teaspoon (each) ground coriander and salt
1/2 teaspoon ground cardamom
1/4 teaspoon ground cloves


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Read all the reviews and thought this would be the cream for my 64 year old skin. I have great skin, but I can't seem to find a cream that will hydrate my skin and make it look dewy and moisturized. I love that its natural and all the great ingredients that are in it and that you don't have to buy multiple creams such eye and night. I haven't seen any improvement in my fine lines or wrinkles. It does make your skin feel smooth and pores do seem smaller but I need hydration and it is not giving my skin the hydration that I need. I don't see any plumping effect. My neck is just starting to get that ugly turkey neck and it hasn't helped with that either. Not sure that I would purchase again. I really thought that this would be the one. :(
I found this when looking for an anti-aging and anti-sagging product. I also wanted to find something that was vegan. This product fills all my needs. My skin feels super soft, less oily than before using, barely any breakouts. I would definitely recommend this!
I wanted to try this product since the moment I knew it existed, I have a mixed type skin, prone to blemish. I had used several types of facial moisturizers over time: oily ones caused me acne, light ones left my skin feeling patchy. The first thing I noticed about Mirakle cream was its consistency, more like a gel than a cream, I have been using it twice daily, along with the Lava Magic cleanser for a week and people are noticing the difference. My open pores are less noticeable, my skin has a beautiful glow, and so far no blemishes. I have to note that I bought the combo online for a very affordable price, but I had to pay for the international shipping. Please consider that if you want your product to be delivered to Mexico it will take longer to arrive due to usual delays in postal service, mine got safely to my door, but three weeks had passed since I made the purchase online. If you don't want to wait that much, I would definitely consider asking for your product to be delivered to a PO BOX, thus also saving the cost of shipping.
I really wanted this to work for me for several reasons. The price is great. The packaging is beautiful. Everything I read about the product made me want to use it. Unfortunately my skin is extremely sensitive and does not tolerate even some products made for sensitive skin. Within 3 days while doing a patch test my skin developed red itchy bumps. Don't let this discourage you. I liked everything about the product except the allergic reaction.
I have severe hormonal cystic acne and after using a new skin care system, combined with crazy winter weather, my face ended up burned and chapped. I desperately needed a light moisturizer that wouldn't make my acne worse. Now I just oil cleanse, spritz with aloe based toner, and use Mirakle Cream. It's incredibly light, absorbs super fast, and has a light nutty fragrance from its natural oils. I'm impressed with how well it absorbs without any added oiliness/greasiness like most moisturizers. It hasn't improved my acne, but it hasn't made it any worse either, which is a big plus! Hoping to try the Lava scrub soon!
This cream deserves all the great feedback it's getting!! It delivers real results and double win that it's all natural! It's exactly what I was looking for. My skin feels hydrated, plumped and nourished. Additionally my pores look smaller, probably my skin was dehydrated before which made them look worse. Only take away is no scent/odd scent. Probably good for those with sensitive skin to not be fragranced though. I fix this by adding a drop of orange essential oil- so easily addressed.
This cream goes on easily, using very little and lasts all day-try it! Erica Paul
Love this Cream, Makes my Face so Nice and Soft and can see some Improvents in my Fine Lines.
This product is great. When I wake in the morning my skin is neither dry or oily.
Wish I had found this product when it became available...I ordered the 1.7 oz jar, needed to order a 16 oz. Jar, if it were available.
I started using the Mirakle I see the difference in the texture of my skin. My skin is more smooth and softer. I would recommend it to a friend
Mirakle Cream is perhaps, the best moisturizer I've used. I just wash my face and moisturize with Mirakle, and my skin looks great. Sometimes, mature women are lead to believe that they need more product to keep their skin looking the best, but actually, less is better! Love it.
This cream goes on smoothly and doesn't feel greasy. It's made from natural ingredients and it's gluten free, which is wonderful for those of us with gluten intolerance. My skin feels nice and Mirakle Cream works well under my makeup.
I saw this skin cream featured on the Wendy Williams show. I am skeptical about creams since I have problematic skin but for the price..the ingredients..I figured why not?...best decision ever!..After using this for the first time my skin felt perfectly moisturized without that greasy feeling & instantly felt soothed..I will use this forever!..it is a true miracle!
This makes my skin feel absolutely fabulous during this harsh cold weather.... definitely will be a repeat customer.
I was impressed with the call back & voicemail I received when I tried to order & the web site was having issues.
My wife likes the product bit has only used it for a few days at this point.
More to follow, thanks !
I have very sensitive skin and so far have had no issues. It has performed better than products costing far more. Hopefully, I will be able to continue.
I love the moisture the tone look on my face and the cost is great too.Truly a miracle in a jar for me.Thank toy Mirakle Cream.
Absorbs into skin quickly doesn't irritate eyes or face!!! L o v e it
This is the most magnificent gift I could have ever given to myself. I've already shared it with members of my family and they are excited about it too. This cream is the ultimate treat for your face. It has made my skin smooth, clear and eventone. Happy to re-order when the times comes.
I've been wanting to try this cream for a while as I used to work with Murphy and I was sure it would be an amazing product and it is! I love that is has a ton of moisture, is lightweight enough to wear under my makeup and is completely unscented. I can add more at night for my dry skin and it seems to helping with my redness too. All in all its a 5 star product that I will be ordering again. I've tried so many products and this replaces them all in one step.
Gave it one star because it's no oily. Aveeno is a better product.
I need a Giant size bottle or jar
Upon my first use, I could not believe how quickly my skin absorbed the cream. Better Skin made my skin sofrt, smooth to touch, and reduced redness.
I love this cream,nice smooth,not much smell,leave skin very nice.
I haven't been using this long. But so far so good! My skin feels softer after I put it on. Pretty sure I will order again. I only wish it came in a bigger jar
I have used this product twice and just found it mediocre. Really thinking about sending it back for a refund as I cannot hop on the bandwagon everyone else seems to be on. Needless to say, I'm disappointed. :(
I have not seen any improvement
I have been using Mirakle cream for a year now and I see such an improvement in my skin. Thank you for keeping the prices affordable Natalya and Murphy. Keep up the good work in 2017!
Saw your Mirakle Cream on the MN. Shopping channel but it sold out so fast .I then decided to go to your website and see if it was available GLAD I DID,the only thing was I didn't get that cute bag like they showed on the shopping channel but I did get a Great product and am so pleased how my skin is looking and feeling after just a few weeks.
Thank you Natalya & Murphy
Wishing you the best in 2017
A friend turned me on to this a few months back and my chicken skin on my arms is almost gone! I have lived with Keratosis Polaris forever and this formula has changed my life. I can feel comfortable going sleeveless now!!!
I will never be without my mirakle cream!!!
I love this moisturizer! Feels so soft! I wish there was one with a sunscreen or one that is an oil free version for my daughter.
I love the mirakle cream! It's the best I've ever put on my face!! It makes my skin so soft and I am absolutely in love with it!!
I became obsessed with this product when I received a free sample at work. It is so soft and luxurious and within 4 weeks I noticed a difference in my skin's complexion and texture. As a 33 year old woman just starting to notice the fine lines and rough patches that come with aging skin, I was so thrilled to find a product that I could actually see working to improve my trouble spots. But the true satisfaction I've found with the Better Skin Company is their amazing customer service. Ordering the product was super easy, and shipment notices came quickly, but I did not receive the product on the day I got an email saying it was delivered. I was leaving the next day for a long vacation and the thought of running out of Mirakle Cream made me a little anxious. I contacted customer service and someone hand delivered a replacement product to my door within hours. WHAT??? That is practically unheard of, and yet so so appreciated.
It is not as moisturizing as I thought it would be or like! I have dry skin !
I notice a difference in my facial texture and use it in the AM pre-make-up. It allows for a smooth application of any foundation you apply and your face is smooth and well hydrated.
The cream itself seems to melt into the skin. Very effective for providing moisture but does not leave the skin feeling greasy or heavy. Love this cream.
I first tried this in the How to be a Redhead Beauty box montly suscription and loved it from the begining. I have very sensitive skin and this cream makes me feel like a queen. I use to use Dermalogica but once I began using this, I havent looked back.
I love the fact that this one cream does everything!!! I am not going to use eye cream, neck cream, etc. This one cream really does do it all and for a great price!!!
I absolutely love it!!!! I have a new skin that looks better and younger!!!!! My one and only cream ever. Thank you!!! I just wish they had a BIGGER jar for my body.
Been looking for a facial moisturizer that doesn't make me break out for so long! This product is amazing, has made my skin beautiful.
LOVE this cream - it's light, non-greasy, and feels like a mini facial every morning and night. Highly recommend this Mirakle in a jar!
Really happy with the cream...using it as part of night time routine, but not too heavy for daytime. Feels great and not at all greasy. Just bought a 2nd batch for a bunch of my "mature" friends. Here's to Mirakle's!
I am so glad that I purchased this cream. It feels so luxurious and seems to sink into my skin very nicely. The ingredients are what sold me on this product. High quality cream but very affordable price. I will definitely be a repeat customer.
I love this cream I have really dry skin. Helps moisturize a lot.
Ever the skeptic @ skincare hype, now totally a total convert to Mirakle Cream! I've spent way too much on products that didn't deliver. Mirakle Cream underpromisses and over delivers. For years I've struggled with subcutaneous bumps that ever Derm has had expensive solutions for that didn't work. A month in on Mirakle cream, they are almost gone gone gone & my skin has never looked better. Most days I don't wear foundation as my skin just glows & I get so many compliments. + its firmer & texture more refined. As an over 65 user, most people guess I'm in my late 40's, no joke. Yes, I take good care of my skin (no plastic surgery except a needed eyelid lift for vision 20 yrs ago) but until now I just looked tireder and older. Now getting up & looking in the mirror is a delight.
I love this moisturizer. I just sent a jar to my mom so she can get hooked too!
This cream is a great moisturizer that leaves my skin soft and supple without being greasy! I highly recommend!
I was worried that this would be too heavy or greasy but it's not at all. I only use it at night and even with the high humidity here (New Orleans) it still feels nice and light. I can't say I've noticed a difference in my skin but it has only been two weeks. So far I'm impressed!
This cream is perfect for wearing under makeup or right before bedtime, and it hydrates the skin so thoroughly. I will definitely repurchase!
My face and neck have felt more supple than before! I went back to work and a couple of coworkers complimented on how my face looks so refreshing! Thank you for such an amazing product!
I fell like My skin is getting addicted to this product like it has to have it on after i shower or wash my face... really good though its amazing.
Feels really good on my skin. Trying to reduce dark spots on my face..not completely gone yet
I am a 68 year old woman and believe me, I've tried every face cream that has come down the pike! I LOVE Mirakle Cream and will be using it from now on! I like that it can be both the eye cream and the face cream, saves me money and time. I also like the way my face looks and feels. My pores have gotten smaller and my face feels like silk. This is truly a gem in a jar. Nice presentation, too, in the little canvas bag!
I've tried a lot of different creams over the years(usually more expensive) but this cream is my favorite! I'm on my second jar and can see a difference in my skin. The age spots have diminished,my skin feels softer And my tone is more even. Its not greasey. Alittle goes a long way. I would recommend giving Mirakle cream a chance. Its reasonably priced!
Love mirakle. I Put it on in the morning before makeup and after I remove my makeup at night. I also use twice a day even if I wear no makeup. My combination skin is normal now and a little goes a long way. I use too much some times and have to put the excess on my elbows......great product
I received this product free from a #BeautyUndercover #giveaway #Sponsored by #TheBetterSkinCo #MirakleCream I love the tiny application spatula. A little goes a long way. It seems really thick in the jar but goes on silky smooth. Doesn't feel greasy. It has long lasting moisture. I love the all natural ingredients.
The perfect answer to your sensitive skin needs. Absorbs quickly, immediate benefits. You will be hooked once you purchase. Noticeable difference since I started using. The cream is so worth it.
Okay, I went searching for a moisturizing face and neck cream with healthy ingredients and found my way to Mirakle Cream. My face and neck feel smoother, my makeup goes on better and I feel good about the ingredients. My face feels and looks more dewy, plump and youthful. Good product.
Better Skin Mirakle Cream is a wonderful moisturizer. Rich and creamy not greasy. Good price. Will continue to use until I finish the jar and then evaluate if it has "transformed" my skin which it has not yet.
I won this at a giveaway from BEAUTYUNDERCOVER.COM. They are always finding the very best in beauty finds for their followers. And as usual, they found another great find with MIRAKLE CREAM. After using, my face felt fabulous! The cream is rich and creamy, but does not make my face greasy or sticky. My face is very, very dry, and this has helped to make my face soft and smooth. It's a bit pricey for just a moisturizer, so I'm hoping with continued use that it will help to even out my skin tone. But for the short time I've used it, so far I like what I see.
My bestfriend bought some of this last week and she let me use some of this and I was AMAZED AND IN LOVE! I am only 36 years-old but I have been using cold creams, night creams, day creams, you name it I have used it! I am not sure if it is my skin-type itself that it is so effective with, or what but my face feels fabulous! It is so rich and creamy, if you have the opportunity to use this on a consistant basis, I would completely recommend this product.
This company in no way gave me anything to log into me computer to search this web-site to get on here to write a review but I just had to commend them on the product and give you my honest opinion. Its good stuff ya'll!
I like the cream for the price, but I think clarens anti aging is better, but much more expensive. I plan on using Mirakle cream during the day only.
So far, I am really pleased with this product. It moisturizes my dry skin nicely, and it does not feel greasy or sticky. That seems to be a big issue for me with other moisturizers. I also like that it is not heavily fragranced, and the ingredients are good for my skin. It's a bit pricier than what I usually pay for a moisturizer. However, if I see definite results with further use, this would be well worth the cost. I'm very glad I read about this on Beauty Info Zone so that I could give it a try!
I won this Mirakle Cream in a Beauty Undercover sweepstakes! :) I absolutely love it! I have dry skin, and it has already made my skin much smoother! I t is not greasy, and it is easy to absorb into my skin! It truly is the "mirakle" cream! I would highly recommend this product!
My sister gave me some to try and Iloved it so I bought 2! Nice consistency, absorbs well, feels great and there is no noticeable perfume smell. I would highly recommend...
I have been using Mirakle Cream and it has only shown positive signs towards my skin. I feel more refreshed, brighter, and less aged!
After seeing your product on a talk show segment, the offer of free shipping enticed me to place an order. I'm so glad a did. I have sensitive skin and the first thing that impressed me was the list of ingredients, all known for their health benefits to skin. After having used it a few weeks I can say the cream delivers on many levels. It goes on silkily, absorbs well, does not irritate, and noticeably improves the appearance of the skin.
My face has never been this soft and smooth! I love this cream. Can't wait for more products to come out in this line. Plus, so cost efficient.
I've been using the Mirakle cream day and night. Immediately, my skin was softer and smoother. I've been trying to reduce the number of products (and make sure they don't contain lots of chemicals) I put on my skin and this cream works perfectly to do that. No more separate day, night, and eye cream. You use such a small amount, I splurge and put it on my hands at night too keep them soft, too.
I just ordered my second jar of this fabulous cream! I've never used a face cream with the consistency of this product that goes on as smooth and lacks a greasy feeling. It is wonderful!
Feels good on skin but it has given me a rash around my mouth.
The product feels good on my skin. However, unable to continue using this product due to skin irritation and breaking out after 1 week of use and not sure why.


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text:
Women and Smoking: The Effect of Gender on the Epidemiology, Health Effects, and Cessation of Smoking
- First Online:
DOI: 10.1007/s40429-013-0003-6
- Cite this article as:
- Allen, A.M., Oncken, C. & Hatsukami, D. Curr Addict Rep (2014) 1: 53. doi:10.1007/s40429-013-0003-6
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Smoking is still the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality. This paper examines new research on gender differences and the epidemiology of smoking, smoking-related morbidity and mortality, and factors that affect smoking cessation. The rate of decline in the prevalence of smoking has been slowing, especially among adolescent girls. New research suggests that, compared with men, women may be more susceptible to smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Gender-related barriers to smoking cessation include weight gain, sex hormones, and mood. Furthermore, the sensory aspects of smoking may have more of an effect on smoking treatment for women than for men. We discuss new studies that examine smoking-cessation interventions that may be particularly beneficial for women, including exercise (as an adjunct intervention), very low nicotine content cigarettes, and a variety of pharmacotherapy. Further research is needed to identify and target the gender-specific needs of smokers.
KeywordsSmoking Nicotine Health Effects Cessation Sex Hormones Women Gender
Smoking is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States [1, 2, 3]. Fortunately, smoking cessation at any age can reduce excess risk of mortality, with quitting smoking before age 40 reducing excess risk of mortality by an estimated 90 % [4•, 5]. Although the prevalence of smoking is somewhat greater among men than women, women may have a higher risk of smoking-related morbidity and mortality, and face different barriers to smoking cessation that warrant intervention. The purpose of this review is to provide an update (since 2010) on research on women and smoking and, where appropriate, gender differences related to smoking behavior. We will review the epidemiology and health effects of smoking, and factors that may affect cessation. Although the literature on smoking and pregnancy is rapidly expanding, that topic will not be included because several recent reviews have been published [6, 7].
Epidemiology of Smoking
In 2011, approximately 19 % of Americans reported current cigarette smoking [8]. More men than women smoke from when they are adolescents in middle school (4.0 % women vs. 4.5 % men) to middle age (45–64 year olds; 18.5 % women vs. 24.5 % men) [8, 9]. Conversely, among those aged 65 and older the prevalence of smoking is slightly higher for women (9.3 % women vs. 8.9 % men) [8].
Although the prevalence of smoking among adolescents and adults has declined over the past ten years, the rate of decline is slowing [8, 9]. These trends vary by gender and age, such that among adolescents the prevalence of smoking has declined less in females, whereas among adults a greater decline has been observed in women. For instance, from 2009 to 2010, the prevalence of smoking declined by 17.5 % among middle-school females versus a 24.4 % decline among middle-school males [9]. In adults from 2010 to 2011, smoking prevalence among men essentially remained stagnant, whereas a 5 % reduction was observed among women [8]. These data indicate that the gender gap in smoking prevalence may be narrowing, and that additional efforts to reduce smoking prevalence among teenage girls and older women are warranted.
Health Effects of Smoking
The health effects of smoking are extensive and well documented [1, 2, 3]. Although the prevalence of smoking is declining, the relative risk of death for current and former smokers continues to rise [10•]. Each year in the United States 200,000 men and 180,000 women die as a result of smoking [11]. In a study of over 1.2 million women in the United Kingdom, Pirie et al. [4•] found that approximately 66 % of deaths among smokers 50–70 years old were directly attributable to smoking, resulting, on average, in a loss of 10 years of life [4•]. Although obesity places smokers at an even greater risk of premature mortality, heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes a day) have the greatest risk of middle-aged death, regardless of body mass index [12].
Smoking and Cancer
The effect of smoking on the risk of specific cancers may be stronger for women than men. Compared with their non-smoker peers, women smokers are at significantly greater risk of advanced colorectal neoplasia after as little as 10 pack-years of smoking, whereas for men it takes 30 or more pack-years for the risk to reach statistical significance [13]. Previous studies revealed a gender difference in the effect of smoking on bladder cancer risk; however, one recent study following approximately 500,000 participants reported that smokers, regardless of gender, were at a 50 % higher risk for developing bladder cancer compared with never smokers [14]. Women have additional risk for gender-specific cancers. In a sample of nearly 80,000 postmenopausal women, Luo et al. [15•] observed a 9 % and 16 % increased risk of breast cancer among former smokers and current smokers, respectively, compared with never smokers. Although current smoking was not significantly associated with acquiring human papillomavirus (HPV), it was associated with an increased risk of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), suggesting that smoking may increase the risk of progression from HPV to CIN [16].
Smoking and Cardiovascular Health
Although smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease for both genders, several studies have noted gender differences in the association between smoking and cardiovascular health: women who smoke have a 25 % greater increased risk of coronary heart disease than their male-smoker counterparts [17]. The factors contributing to the gender difference in the risk of negative cardiovascular health outcomes in smokers remain unknown, but sex hormones may have a function. Cupisti et al. [18] observed that smoking was associated with increased levels of fasting insulin, free testosterone, and free androgen index for a sample of 346 women with polycystic ovary syndrome. These increased levels resulted in aggravated insulin resistance and, potentially, increased risk of cardiovascular disease [18]. A second contributing factor may be the differential gender effect of smoking on arginine vasopressin (AVP), which has a direct effect on the cardiovascular system. In one small study, it was observed that among non-smokers, men had higher AVP than women, whereas among smokers, women had higher AVP than men [19]. A third contributing factor may be the effect of smoking on arterial hypertension and endothelial dysfunction: compared with their non-smoking peers, hypertensive female smokers had lower fasting glucose levels, higher diastolic and systolic blood pressure, higher heart rate, and higher intima-media complex in the right carotid artery [20]. Although smoking cessation can significantly reduce this risk, post-cessation weight gains limit the benefits of cessation. Smokers who gained as little as five kilograms (e.g. 11 pounds) during smoking cessation did not have a significant reduction in risk of coronary heart disease compared with current smokers [21••]. Therefore, exercise during smoking cessation may be especially useful for cardiovascular health because it would not only reduce post-cessation weight gain, but has also been shown to improve inflammation (e.g. white blood cells, prothrombotic factor), cholesterol profiles, and cardiovascular fitness (e.g. maximum oxygen consumption) during cessation [22•].
Smoking and sex Hormones
The effect of smoking on sex hormones has been a topic of increasing interest, given smoking's mediating effect on sex hormones and the subsequent risk of chronic disease, including both cancer and cardiovascular health problems [23, 24]. The effect of smoking on sex hormones seems to vary by menopausal status. Six new studies examining the relationship between smoking and sex hormone levels have been conducted on premenopausal women. Although one study observed no significant differences in sex hormones by smoking status [25], the remaining five studies noted significant differences. Smokers had higher progesterone [26•], higher testosterone [18, 26•], and lower absolute levels and less menstrual phase variation of estrogen [26•, 27]. Furthermore, among women and infertile couples undergoing in-vitro fertilization, female smokers had significantly lower antimullerian hormone levels and antral follicle counts, and worse overall in-vitro fertilization outcomes [28, 29].
Two studies have examined the association of smoking and sex hormones for peri-menopausal women. Although both studies observed lower antimullerian hormone levels in smokers, the differences reached statistical significance in only one of the studies [30, 31]. Waylen et al. [31] also observed significantly lower inhibin-B values in never smokers compared with current smokers. Consequently, like Freour et al., they concluded that the risk of premature ovarian failure (e.g. early onset menopause) may be related to smoking [28, 29].
Two studies of sex hormones and smoking have also been conducted on postmenopausal women. One study observed significantly higher testosterone, androstenedione, estrone, and 17-hydroxy-progesterone in postmenopausal smokers compared with never smokers [32]. The authors also identified an interaction between smoking status and weight: sex-hormone-binding globulin was significantly higher in lean female smokers only, whereas estradiol was significantly higher in overweight female smokers only. A second study of postmenopausal women on estrogen therapy examined the difference in estrogen kinetics by smoking status. This study observed significantly lower estrone and estradiol concentrations in smokers compared with nonsmokers after administration of exogenous estrogen [33].
Overall, these data indicate that, compared with their non-smoking peers, female smokers may have higher progesterone and lower antimullerian hormone levels. Levels of estradiol seemed to vary on the basis of smoking status, menopausal status, and weight, such that significantly lower levels were observed in premenopausal smokers, whereas overweight postmenopausal smokers had significantly higher levels compared with non-smokers. Fortunately, sex hormones may return to levels observed for never smokers soon after cessation: studies did not observe differences between former and never smokers as little as one year post smoking cessation [27, 32].
Smoking and Other Adverse Health Outcomes
Recent research has also indicated that current smoking is associated with a variety of other adverse health conditions. The effect of smoking on asthma has recently been shown to be moderated by weight and gender. Specifically, women who smoke have higher rates of asthma regardless of weight, whereas for men higher rates of asthma are observed only in normal-weight or under-weight smokers [34].
Women smokers may also have higher rates of incontinence compared with non-smokers; urgency and frequency, but not nocturia or stress incontinence, were observed to be approximately three times more common in current smokers than never smokers [35]. The mechanisms behind this observation remain unknown, but we investigated two possible causes—increased respiratory symptoms and tobacco exposure—within a small cross-sectional sample of smokers. We observed that female smokers, overall, had significantly greater symptoms of incontinence compared with male smokers. Furthermore, regardless of gender, those with self-reported symptoms of incontinence had significantly greater levels of urinary cotinine, a greater number of pack-years of smoking, and a worse self-reported cough [36]. Additional research is needed investigate the relationship between smoking and incontinence prospectively, and to examine whether smoking cessation improves incontinence symptoms.
Factors That Affect Smoking Cessation
In 2011, more than half of smokers had made a quit attempt in the past year but less than 6 % successfully achieved abstinence [8]. Smoking cessation rates vary by gender and by type of intervention. In general, men may be more likely to respond to nicotine replacement therapy (e.g. transdermal nicotine patch or nicotine gum) whereas women may benefit more from non-nicotine medications or behavioral interventions [37]. Despite these differences, there are currently no gender-specific smoking cessation clinical guidelines available [37, 38]. As detailed below, factors that affect smoking cessation and vary by gender include fear of weight gain, sex hormones, and mood and personality, among others.
Weight Gain
Women are particularly sensitive to weight gain at all stages of smoking [37]. Compared with their non-obese peers, obese young women have a two times higher probability of developing a severe nicotine addiction [39•]. Among women who are attempting to quit smoking, those who are dieting may experience greater withdrawal symptoms than those who are not dieting [40]. Women gain more weight than men during attempted smoking cessation, and those of greater age (e.g. 56–64 years old) gain more weight than younger individuals [41]. Significant weight gain occurs for women during attempted cessation regardless of outcomes, with those who are successful typically gaining more weight [22•, 42]. Weight gain during cessation is related to significant increases in both fat and muscle mass [42]. The average weight gain six months post-cessation was ten pounds for a sample of female prisoners, who arguably have a stable energy intake and output [43]. These data are particularly concerning given that women smokers who gained more than ten pounds during cessation obtained markedly reduced cardiovascular benefits from quitting smoking [21••]. Therefore, smoking cessation interventions that also limit weight gain are urgently needed, particularly for older women.
Interventions to address cessation-related weight gain may focus on energy intake, energy expenditure, or use of pharmacotherapy. First, regarding energy intake, Kimokoti et al. concluded that those with poor diet quality experienced greater weight gain during smoking cessation than those with a more healthy diet [44]. A higher quality diet may also be associated with improved smoking cessation outcomes: those who self-reported higher fruit and vegetable consumption before attempted cessation were more than three times more likely to report smoking abstinence [45].
Second, exercise could address post-cessation weight gain via increasing energy expenditure. In a small pilot study, participants randomized to a yoga treatment, as compared with a wellness time-control treatment, had a more than three times higher probability of being abstinent three months post quit date; however, there were no significant differences at six months [46•]. Two small studies examined the effect of exercise on smoking cessation. Although neither of these trials observed significant differences in smoking cessation, perhaps because of small sample sizes, the study by Williams et al. observed higher cessation in the exercise group versus the time-control wellness condition group (48.3 % versus 23.3 %, respectively) [47] whereas the study by Napolitano et al. observed lower cessation in the exercise group versus the group undergoing an intervention that focused on improving body image (10.0 % versus 18.2 %, respectively) [48]. The difference in these observations may be related to the study sample or the "dose" of exercise: Napolitano et al. focused on college students exclusively and provided one 45-minute exercise class per week, whereas Williams et al. enrolled female smokers in general and instructed them to complete 50 min brisk walking three times per week. Unfortunately, exercise interventions for smoking cessation have been subject to problems of adherence. In these studies, those assigned to the exercise group attended 55.6–86.4 % of intervention sessions [46•, 47, 48]. Williams et al. observed a significant dose–response relationship between the number of intervention sessions attended and probability of cessation for the exercise group but not the control group, suggesting the lack of a significant difference in cessation by treatment group may be attributable to compliance with treatment rather than the treatment itself [47]. To encourage exercise intervention adherence, the authors of these studies recommend including a run-in period, offering flexible schedules, increasing monetary incentives, and/or offering group challenges.
A third potential method of limiting weight gain during smoking cessation is pharmacotherapy. Among participants randomized to naltrexone (versus placebo) for smoking cessation, men were more likely to achieve smoking cessation than women, whereas women gained significantly less weight during smoking cessation than men [49•]. Although the nicotine patch, compared with placebo patch, may increase calorie intake during cessation, those who were randomized to extended use of nicotine patch (24 weeks) gained significantly less weight than those who used the nicotine patch for eight weeks [50, 51]. Finally, our recently published pilot study of topiramate for smoking cessation found that topiramate may be useful for cessation and reducing weight gain [52].
Overall, for both men and women, obesity exacerbates smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Given rising rates of obesity, and the strong probability of weight gain during smoking cessation, there is an urgent need to identify successful smoking cessation interventions that limit weight gain. Weight-concerned and overweight or obese smokers are likely to be receptive to weight management programs as an adjunct to smoking cessation interventions: offering a weight management program has been shown to increase attendance and abstinence [53]. Additional research is needed to examine the use of nutritional counseling, exercise, and/or pharmacotherapy to limit weight gain during smoking cessation.
Sex Hormones
Sex hormones (primarily estradiol and progesterone) have been implicated as a possible mechanism for gender differences in smoking behavior and cessation. Specifically, progesterone may protect against nicotine addiction, whereas estradiol may enhance vulnerability [54]. The luteal phase (high progesterone to estradiol (PE) ratio), compared with the follicular phase (low PE ratio), may be associated with increased levels of withdrawal symptoms, but there are substantial difficulties in interpreting the literature because of lack of consistency in method, constant fluctuations of endogenous hormonal levels, and problems with selection bias [55]. That said, we recently found that higher levels of anger and craving were associated with greater risk of smoking relapse among women randomized to quit smoking in the follicular phase, but not in the luteal phase [56]. Furthermore, in one study exogenous progesterone treatment (increasing the PE ratio) was associated with a reduced urge to smoke for both male and female smokers during short-term abstinence [57].
A series of studies has been published examining the effect of sex hormones on response to nicotine and smoking. First: after overnight abstinence, nicotine was administered intravenously to men and women, resulting in a greater physiological response (e.g. heart rate) to nicotine in males, whereas the subjective ratings (e.g. craving) were greater for females [58]. Furthermore, for females the follicular phase was associated with greater subjective reduction in craving after nicotine administration than the luteal phase [58]. These data are similar to our recent observations, of women without depressive symptoms, revealing that the follicular phase, as compared with the luteal phase, was associated with a more pronounced physiological response to nicotine nasal spray during short-term smoking abstinence (e.g. greater diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, and higher maximum concentrations of nicotine) [59]. Similarly, Schiller et al. [60•] observed that lower PE ratios were associated with increased smoking. They further concluded that, compared with other hormonal measures, the PE ratio and change in estradiol and progesterone over time were the best predictors of smoking behavior [60•]. This finding suggests that both hormones, and their changes over time, may affect smoking behavior. Overall, these data suggest that women may be more responsive to nicotine during the follicular phase (low PE ratio). Prior studies have shown that if women are assigned nicotine replacement therapy, relapse is less likely to occur during the follicular than the luteal phase [61, 62]. On the other hand, women without nicotine replacement experienced greater relapse during the follicular than the luteal phase [63, 64].
We have recently begun investigating the effect of allopregnanolone, a stress-reducing neuroactive steroid metabolized from progesterone, on smoking behavior. Allopregnanolone had numerous associations with smoking-related symptoms and nicotine response during short-term smoking abstinence. Although several of these associations were favorable (i.e. higher allopregnanolone was associated with lower perceived stress on the day before quitting, and higher levels of pleasantness on the fourth day of smoking abstinence), some were not (i.e. higher allopregnanolone was associated with greater premenstrual symptoms on the day before quitting, and increased subjective report of physical symptoms on the fourth day of smoking abstinence) [65].
Overall, these data concur with previous literature indicating that menstrual phase, and related sex hormones, affect smoking behavior [55]. Additional research is needed to investigate how exogenous hormones (e.g. progesterone), other sex hormones (e.g. testosterone), and/or other variables that vary by menstrual phase (e.g. allopregnanolone) may affect smoking behavior and risk of smoking relapse for men and women.
Negative Mood and Personality
The extent to which negative affect predicts smoking relapse varies by gender, and is conflicting. For women, depressive mood, anxiety, anger, and perceived stress were all predictive of time to relapse, whereas for men, craving was a unique predictor of relapse [66]. Although Cofta-Woerpel et al. [67] did not include men, their data reveal that women who had an early smoking lapse reported significantly higher negative mood on quit date when faced with a temptation to smoke, compared with those who remained abstinent. Similarly, Perkins et al. [68] found that, compared with men, women are more likely to increase their puff duration in response to a negative mood. Stress and/or negative affect cues, but not smoking cues, resulted in significantly greater increases in craving, stress and arousal for women compared with men [69]. Conversely, continued smoking and inconsistent former smoking were significant predictors of "negative attitudes towards self" for men, but not women [70]. Also, compared with women, men increased their smoking more during negative mood induction in a lab setting, and in response to negative affect in a natural environment [68, 71].
Men may be more susceptible to anger-related problems than women. Recent research indicates that men with childhood conduct problems have a slightly higher probability of future cigarette smoking than women [72]. For both genders, those who experienced problematic anger had a higher probability of smoking daily, being nicotine dependent, being a heavy smoker, and having a lifetime history of unsuccessful quit attempts [73•]. The effect of anger and anger reduction on smoking cessation is unknown.
Smoking cessation success predictions provided by personality patterns differ for men and women smokers. Men with compulsive personality were more likely to quit smoking, whereas men with depressive, antisocial, sadistic, negativistic, masochistic, schizotypal, borderline, and/or impulsivity personalities were less likely to quit smoking. Among women, those with schizoid and/or sociability personality were less likely to quit smoking [74, 75]. For women in late mid-life, nicotine dependence was predicted by maladaptive personality attributes (for example depression or anxiety), marital or partner conflict, and financial difficulties [76].
Possible new interventions to address the effect of mood on cessation include exercise and pharmacotherapy. During cessation, a yoga intervention (versus a time-control treatment) resulted in significant improvements in mood, perceived health, and overall well-being [46•]. Although yoga and other forms of exercise have not been evaluated as a smoking cessation intervention for those with depression or other mental illness, available research suggests this may be well received: qualitative interviews with women indicated that most were receptive to using exercise with smoking cessation [77]. Regarding pharmacotherapy, Cinciripini et al. [78] compared three randomized treatments for smoking cessation (varenicline, bupropion SR, or placebo) and observed that, although both active treatments were associated with increased cessation rates, only those assigned to varenicline had suppression of depression and reduced smoking reward. Overall, mental health and personality attributes affect smoking and smoking cessation, and these relationships vary by gender. Although research on yoga and/or exercise and on varenicline seems promising, additional research is needed to identify the gender-specific needs of smokers.
Other Aspects
Finally, studies have been conducted to address other factors that may minimize the effort of smoking cessation for women. First, we recently compared the combination of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes paired with the nicotine patch versus either treatment alone (VLNC only or patch only). Women randomized to VLNC alone were more likely to quit smoking than women randomized to patch alone, whereas men randomized to patch alone were more likely to quit smoking than men randomized to VLNC alone [79]. These data support the idea that women tend to smoke more for the non-nicotine factors (e.g. smoking cues, sensation of smoke), whereas men smoke to maintain nicotine levels [37]. Next, Cropsey et al. [80] found that, within a sample of female prisoners, reducing the number of cigarettes smoked per day before a quit attempt may help with preparation for quitting or serve as a marker of motivation to quit smoking, but does not assist with cessation: reduction was unrelated to long-term quit rates. Third, Wetter et al. [81] examined the use of a relapse prevention program for women, delivered via palm pilot, and observed no difference in relapse between the intervention and control groups. Finally, in a study by Weiss et al. [82], young women exposed to aged images of themselves reported increased motivation to quit smoking. More research is needed to identify novel interventions that address gender-specific smoking cessation needs.
The literature on the effect of smoking-related morbidity and mortality continues to accumulate. For unknown reasons, some of these associations vary by gender such that women are at greater risk, but some do not. Recently the rate of decline in the prevalence of smoking has slowed, indicating the urgent need to identify new and innovative smoking interventions. Smoking has a bidirectional relationship with several factors (e.g. mood and sex hormones); these relationships vary by gender and, ultimately, may limit the ability of an individual to achieve smoking cessation. To address the gender-related needs of smokers, future interventions could use self-care (e.g. exercise or nutrition) and financial assistance (e.g. free child care to attend support groups) as new adjuncts to smoking cessation interventions, and investigate alternative tobacco products and/or novel pharmacotherapy (e.g. very low nicotine content cigarettes or topiramate). Although this review did not examine the effects of e-cigarettes, menthol cigarettes, and other tobacco products (e.g. hookah and bidis), additional research is need to examine the effect these products have on adverse health and smoking cessation outcomes.
This project was supported by NIH/NIDA/OWHR P50-DA033942, NIH/NIDA R01-DA024872, and NIH/NIDA R01-DA008075.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
Conflict of Interest
Alicia M. Allen, Cheryl Oncken, and Dorothy Hatsukami declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.


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