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This is a discussion on Walmart manager's bad joke within the Concealed Carry Issues & Discussions forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; I don't understand all these people drawing down on red hat guy just cause someone said he had a gun...the OP had a gun..what if ...
I don't understand all these people drawing down on red hat guy just cause someone said he had a gun...the OP had a gun..what if red had guy was a CCW as well and the stupid manager saw him printing and decided to be stupid and mention it? imagine if Red hat guy was OP and someone said over the radio that he has a gun? would he want someone drawing on him merely for having a holstered weapon?
Glock 19
Kahr PM9
Mossberg 590
Shodan, Jujutsu
Honestly in reading the OPS tale my first thought in real time, and act if this had been me, would have been to _immediately_ leave the items I'd paid for on the counter and put distance between myself and Mr. Red Hat _as well_ as the manager.
I can always return to the counter to pickup my not at all important nor valuable (as my life!) knick knacks.
I'd leave the area immediately and either go home (!), or if seconds later it became obvious to me that the event was a non-issue as related well then walk back over and pick up my stuff from the cashier....And tell him/her that I do not appreciate this kind of unprofessional 'joking' by his stores staff/management/who ever.
As to going hand to gun; Why?
Not being a police one doesn't have right nor as detailed in the OP any strong muchless lawful reason to go responding in any way to a man with a gun comment.
Rather than attempting to look around to verify and see what's going on with Mr. Red Hat, and by that thought of _action_ effectively engaging a potential threat placing one self with purpose and intent directly into danger (!)...Just simply turn on heel and leave by way of the path of least resistance and highest concealment.
But then I am not a cop and I don't have bulletproof skin either.
Others mileage may and reportedly do vary.
- Janq
"Killers who are not deterred by laws against murder are not going to be deterred by laws against guns. " - Robert A. Levy
"A license to carry a concealed weapon does not make you a free-lance policeman." - Florida Div. of Licensing
well written as usual janq...hand on gun was my first question when i read the op also...but he confirmed the thought process later stating he had only been carrying a short time...its easy to be guncentric and think in that direction as opposed to evaluation and safety when you havent spent too much time carrying or thinking about bad situations....
i still think the guy with the mouth needs a good tongue lashing and disciplinary action to correct an immature thought process and lack of understanding in the art of actions and consequences...
Indeed...That manager needs to be sat down and talked to by a fellow manager, ASAP.
Clearly he is ignorant in a very real world way of the realities that are modern and current.
Man with a gun calls happen at Wal-Marts around the nation monthly, only they most often are not in jest.
Man with a gun in these modern times is to my mind same as remarking man with a bomb or yelling FIRE!.
Do not do these things people because you will be taken seriously as being literal.
- Chicken Little
"Killers who are not deterred by laws against murder are not going to be deterred by laws against guns. " - Robert A. Levy
"A license to carry a concealed weapon does not make you a free-lance policeman." - Florida Div. of Licensing
Frankly, I would have been concerned he was talking about me at first... second thought would have been he was over-reacting to someone else legally carrying... during those thoughts I would have been looking pretty hard to figure out what the deal was but I sure wouldn't have been yanking my pistol out.
I think even thinking about drawing your gun without a credible deadly threat presented is akin to buying a ticket to the pokey. In a game of "he said, he said" the guy on video surveillance with the drawn gun is going to lose every time.
"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
You are not paranoid if They are actually out to get you, however, They probably are not and you probably are.
Don't mean to side track the jist....but how do you like the Taurus 1911? I've had a PT38S for several years and it's just great. I'm considering the 1911 .45 for my next handgun purchase.
You just can't fix stupid!
2 Chronicles 7:14 If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land.
I love the taurus 1911. Its a really smooth,accurate shooter. I've shot about 300 rounfd through mine and its never had a problem. only thing I am thinking about changing is replacing the sights with some kind of night sights. I wish I had gotten the taurus 1911 AR,that version has a tactical rail for mounting lights and lasers.
Like the "DUKE " alway's said " LIFE IS HARD, IT'S HARDER IF YOUR STUPID "
I'm always seeing this with guys in town (I live in Hawaii) acting like their going to fight as joke when they first meet as a joke. I know it's nothing like what happened here, but people drawing attention to themselves in negative ways is never smart...
A written letter to the both the area and store manager should follow this situation. That is unacceptable.
Wow, lots of armchair quarterbacks here....
To the OP, don't sweat the negative comments.
My advice: Has learning occurred? Then something positive came of the event. Don't forget it, get yourself mentally prepared for similar potential situations as this and definitely look at contacting the Wal-Mart manager about what happened.
Arkansas Concealed Carry Instructor #12-751
If guns kill people, then:
Pincels miss spel werds;
Cars make people drive drunk;
And spoons made Rosie O'Donnel fat.
Yeah I definetly learned from the experience. No matter how ready you think you are, your never ready for whats coming.


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The ferry transport service connecting Marina di Ravenna to Porto Corsini via the Candiano Canal is operated by START Romagna. The transport service runs every day at the times indicated below. In case of bad weather or other exceptional conditions, the transfer of pedestrians from one bank to the other is guaranteed by bus. All information (timetables and prices) about the service is shown at the embarkation points.
Autumn - Winter Timetable
From 10th September 2016
Daily (weekdays and holidays): 5am - 00.30am
For info and prices visit START Romagna website.
Edited by the editorial team
Contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.com
Last modified date: 03/04/2017

subset: commoncrawl


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Why We Still Need Utopias
I was recently struck by the description of a new movie in the Alien chain that is coming out in 2017. Alien: Covenant has as its current IMDB synopsis: "The crew of the colony ship Covenant discover what they think is an uncharted paradise, but it is actually a dark, dangerous world, whose sole inhabitant is the synthetic David, survivor of the doomed Prometheus expedition." We don't know what this "paradise" consists of-whether it is technological, ecological or otherwise-but, we do know that behind even a surface utopia, lurks yet another dystopia ready for millions of global eyeballs to fret over. Alien isn't the only decades-old dystopian franchise still churning out (probably unnecessary) sequels. We may or may not be getting another Terminator movie; as well. Though if we can't decide whether our aging movie stars can still sell dystopias, we have no reason to doubt that our young box office idols will continue find themselves in one nightmare or another as the "dystopian young adult genre," exemplified by the Divergent, Hunger Games, and Maze Runner series, amongst other one-offs, continues to crank out titles.
Propaganda in the Technologically Advanced Societies
The 20th century witnessed the concurrent rise of sophisticated psychological manipulation techniques and the technology necessary to disseminate them broadly. The French philosopher Jacques Ellul set out to study modern propaganda in the 1960s. What he found should be a warning to us all. In one of the most insightful and revolutionary works written on the subject, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, Ellul diverges from previous scholarship in that he considers propaganda to be a sociological phenomenon, one in fact that we cannot live without in modern technological society. Propaganda exists to adjust a normal person to an ever-changing social and technological environment which is profoundly abnormal given the vast majority of our evolutionary history.


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- Dettagli
brass, nickel-plated, glossy silver
- Descrizione
Bead chains are not only good for attaching catalogues or pens to a particular spot but also for putting together or hanging sample fans or signs. The chain can be easily cut with a shears or scissors. The clamp fasteners are squeezed around the beads and can be easily opened when you want.


text: Divxturka.net is using Redbunker! Because Redbunker is better than Hotfile, Netload and Rapidshare ! Click here and buy REDBUNKER premium account! Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 1 win & 19 nominations. Plot: Bilbo Baggins is swept into a quest to reclaim the lost Dwarf Kingdom of Erebor from the fearsome dragon Smaug. Approached out of the blue by the wizard Gandalf the Grey, Bilbo finds himself joining a company of thirteen dwarves led by the legendary warrior, Thorin Oakenshield. Their journey will take them into the Wild; through treacherous lands swarming with Goblins and Orcs, deadly Wargs and Giant Spiders, Shapeshifters and Sorcerers. Although their goal lies to the East and the wastelands of the Lonely Mountain first they must escape the goblin tunnels, where Bilbo meets the creature that will change his life forever … Gollum. Here, alone with Gollum, on the shores of an underground lake, the unassuming Bilbo Baggins not only discovers depths of guile and courage that surprise even him, he also gains possession of Gollum's "precious" ring that holds unexpected and useful qualities. Genre: Fantasy IMDB Rating: 8.3/10 from 230,522 users Metascore: 58/100 Directed by: Peter Jackson Starring: Martin Freeman, Ian McKellen and Richard Armitage Size: 700 MB x 2 Video: AVI | 640×272 | 1005 Kbps Audio: English | MP3 | 128 kbps Runtime: 2h 29m Subtitles: English, Spanish, French Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0903624/ Buy Redbunker Premium Account & Support me to post more stuff for you. Download From Redbunker Code: http://www.redbunker.net/1liul7tb098b/sparks-hobbit2012-xvid-a.avi.html http://www.redbunker.net/48xuis8xlfmh/sparks-hobbit2012-xvid-b.avi.html


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Your Chevrolet dealership isn't the only place to buy the best parts to repair your S10. It's not a regular occurrence that you find yourself in need of a replacement Power Steering Pump to fix your automobile. Make no mistake, you bought your S10 because you wanted to buy performance and American style both rolled up into one vehicle. Anyone who owns a Chevrolet knows that when it comes to maintaining their vehicle only the most superior replacement parts will do.
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Perspectives British Rural Policy and Planning Policy, 1994-97 (Perspectives on Rural Policy and Planning)
Rural planning has become a complex activity in which policies in one area have important ramifications in other policy areas. In addition these policies have been subject to rapid change in recent years. It is thus very important for all those involved in rural planning affairs to remain not only up to date, but to place recent developments in a longer perspective. This is the first volume in a series which aims to answer all these needs by providing an accurate and informed account of recent developments in British rural policy, and critiques of the implementation of policy and its impacts from published research finds. This book considers the period from the autumn of 1994 to the 1st May 1997 - the date when the Labour Party were elected to power for the first time since June 1979. Within the text, individual chapters are structured around thematic sectors and take a descriptive rather than an analytical approach. However, reference is made from time to time to the analytical devices employed in Gilg's "Countryside Planning". Two themes form the core of each section: first, legislative change based on actual changes and proposed changes; second, evaluation of policy effects by goverment agencies, pressure groups and books. The principal aim of the series is thus to update the reader on policy development and implementation, and to make general observations on policy impacts.
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APOSS SSC Result
Hold your breath… APOSS SSC Result is available Now !!! Andhra Pradesh Open School Society has announced APOSS 10th Class Results. Class 10th Open School Examination was conducted in the month of October 2016. Students, who participated in these exams, may check APOSS SSC Results through this page.
You may check this page to get complete information related to APOSS 10th Result. We the team of recruitmentresult.com is providing all related to SSC APOSS Exam Results below. You go through the steps that are well furnished here, to get apopenschool.org results easily from official portal.
Steps to Download AP Open School 10th Class Results:
You may check some essential steps that have been provided below for downloading the concerned score card and go through the given guidelines carefully.
- Initially all candidates are required to log on to official website of Andhra Pradesh Open School Society that is apopenschool.org.
- After that students are required to hit 'RESULTS OF SSC (APOSS) PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS, OCTOBER-2016' link that is available at the right side of the home page.
- After selection of above given link, a new page will available on your computer screen.
- Thereafter, enter the details like Hall Ticket Number and press "Submit" button.
- On following the above mentioned steps desired score card will be available on your digital screen.
- At last, save it or get a hard copy of your score card for future reference.
Check Here – How to Check Result Online?
APOSS SSC Result
Do you know this ?
- APOSS is also known as Andhra Pradesh Open School Society and is the 1st open state school in the country.
- Andhra Pradesh Open School Society organizes exams for various Academic courses which are added with vocational course.
- The main objective of this institution is to recognize the educational needs of the children/ persons of the State of Andhra Pradesh.
Download AP Open School SSC Results – Press Here
Important Instructions:
Board conducted 10th class exam every year for the students, who are not able to get education in the regular way. This year exams were held in the month of October 2016 and score is released in the month of November 2016. Qualified students may take admission in higher courses.
Read Now: How to Choose Right Career After 10th
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Candidates may join us on Facebook and Google Plus to get latest information about your exams and score card time to time. You may also get information in your mailbox by super scribing our free mail service. If you have any query regarding information given here, please ash in comment box that is available below.
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A cargo train on a route often ridden by Central American migrants heading to the US has derailed in a remote region of southern Mexico, killing at least six people and injuring at least 16, authorities have said.
Hundreds of migrants ride the roof of the cargo train known as "The Beast", braving brutal conditions for a chance at crossing the border into the US. The Red Cross said an undetermined number of people were trapped.
Tabasco state's civil protection chief, Cesar Burelo Burelo, said the incident happened at 3am on Sunday in an area surrounded by lakes and forest that was out of mobile phone range. He said eight carriages had derailed, although the authorities do not yet know what caused the accident.
A spokesman for Tabasco state government said six people had been killed and 22 injured, with 16 being treated in hospitals in nearby Choapas, Veracruz. He added that at least 250 Honduran migrants were on the train, which was heading north from the Guatemalan border. Earlier Luis Felipe Puente, national emergency service coordinator, said on Twitter that 35 people were injured.
The Red Cross said dozens of soldiers, marines and civilian emergency workers were trying to access the area, which ambulances were unable to reach. Officials were trying to establish air or water links to the scene.Mario Bustillos Borge, the Red Cross chief in Tabasco, described the rescue as "a complex situation" that was making it difficult to get rapid confirmation of the true number of dead and injured.
"There are some very high estimates, and others that are more conservative," he told a local radio station, without providing details.
While the number of Mexicans heading to the US has dropped dramatically, there has been a surge of Central American migrants making the 1,000-mile northbound journey, fuelled in large part by the rising violence brought to their homelands by the spread of Mexican drug cartels. Other factors, experts say, are an easing in migration enforcement by Mexican authorities and a false perception that Mexican criminal gangs are not preying on migrants as much as they had been.
Central American migration remains small compared to the numbers of Mexicans still headed north, but steeply rising numbers speak starkly to the violence and poverty at home.
About 56,637 non-Mexican migrants, most of them Central Americans, were detained by US patrols along the border with Mexico between October and May last year. That's more than double the 27,561 detained in the same period a year earlier. Meanwhile, the number of Mexican migrants caught at the US southern border decreased 7% in the last fiscal year, to 188,467.


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Chapter 2: What you don't do when your huge battle station is boardedMature
I step into the HR(Hologram room) We where standing in a fake replica of flight deck 32, which was the top of solar storm.
" Alright, we gonna have air combat, get ready to shoot down ships, and set up the anti craft turrets now, we have 2 minutes before shields buckle. I setup three fake turrets then all fake hell breaks loose. I take cover from huge lazer blast putting holes through the flight deck. I unclip the safter and walk out of my cover and start taking shots at the incoming fake troops. I aim for the heads knowing that is where the armour is weakest, they continue to fall until the begin to shoot back at me.
I roll out of the plasma, and bolts way. atleast i'm not dead yet. Where is everyone else? I ask myself taking shots from behind cover. I duck and a plasma shot and burns a hole through the cargo box I cowered behind. I move and jump up holding down the trigger. Luckily enough I kill the squad of holographic bastards. A ship lands and I recieve an order on my radio.
" Retreat do blast doors, lets hope we can bottleneck effect and kill them all." The sarge yells. Where the hell was the blat doors? I flip my heads up display down, reading there was only 25 of us out of 40, facing aproximately 75 hostiles. and I thought I sucked. I see the blast doors marked out on a marker and stealthily make it over avoiding fire and plasma canon fire. If this was real the the battel station would be heavily damage on this side, seeing that lots of power sources where exposed. I see my squad and join in.
" Your still in simulation?" They looked surpised.
"Stop fucking around and give suppressive fire!" The sarge yelled. I turn around and start firing at breaks in the make shift cover of cargo boxes.
" Grenade!"
" Shit!' I say and see it , I kick it and it explodes sending my backwards. The Heads up display flashes alive. Nice, i haven't died in the sim yet. I hear the plasma canon and we are all dead.


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Exercise bike inSPORTline Rapid SE
Exercise bike with manual resistance control suitable for home use, max user weight: 100 kg, 6kg flywheel, pulse sensors
Recommended accessory
- Description
- Parameters
- Alternatives (4)
Exercise bike inSPORTline Rapid SE
inSPORTline Rapid SE features a new design and extended functions. The resistance is adjusted by a control knob. A well-arranged LCD display shows all necessary exercise data including time, distance, speed, heart rate, burned calories, scan. Due to the adjustable saddle and handlebars the exercise bike can be easily adjusted to users' height.
Technical description:
- New generation of manual exercise bike
- Belt drive system ensures silent and fluent operation
- 6kg flywheel for fluent movement
- 8 resistance levels
- High quality durable frame
- Adjustable padded seat
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- For home use
- Weight: 25kg
- Dimensions: 94x54x131.5cm
- Maximum user weight: 130kg
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Computer functions:
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K tomuto produktu Vám nabízíme prodlouženou záruku
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Exercised body parts:
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|Manual EN


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Brett Baker
On Painting & Painters' Table
North Carolina-based painter Brett Baker (brettbakerpaintings.com) is represented by Elizabeth Harris Gallery in New York where he has had solo exhibitions in 2013 and 2015. Honors and awards include a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2002. In addition to being an artist, Baker is the editor of Painters' Table (painters-table.com), an online painting magazine. He writes frequently about art with recent subjects including Pat Passlof, Chaim Soutine, George Braque and Nicolas De Staël.
Lectures begin at 6:30 pm. Lectures are free and open to the public. Seating may be limited.


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NEW YORK (CBS 2) — Irish eyes are smiling as St. Patrick's Day comes on Thursday. Veteran Irish American entertainment critic Mike Farragher joins CBS 2 to talk about his new book "This is Your Brain on Shamrocks."
Interview: 'This Is Your Brain On Shamrocks'March 13, 2011 10:19 AM
John English (L) and Liam Finn from Ireland look on during the 248th annual St. Patrick's Day parade March 17, 2009 in New York City. The parade honors the patron saint of Irleand and marched for the first time on March 17, 1762, fourteen years before the Declaration of Independence. (Photo by Mario Tama/Getty Images)(credit: Mario Tama/Getty Images)
One Comment
Happy St. Patrick's Day !
Great Intvw – Nice to see other stories then just
crimes and depressing news –
Go Irish !
People consumed with their national identity bore me to tears.
I'd rather hear people whine about their mommy and daddy than listen to people talk about their national backgrounds.
I have one nation, and it's 'human'.
Comments are closed.


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Changes announced to chapter 14 of the supporting guidance to the RCVS code of professional conduct.
Guidance for veterinary surgeons and veterinary nurses (VNs) on client confidentiality and microchipping has been amended by the RCVS.
The amendments deal with situations when a client presents an animal registered in another person's name, and a new flow diagram has been added to provide additional practical advice for vets and VNs dealing with these types of situations.
Animals can be registered in a different name to that of the client for various reasons. For example, an animal may have been rehomed or sold, but the details on its microchip have not been updated; it could have been stolen; or the owners may be involved in a civil dispute.
Vets in practice may be unsure what to do in these situations. The new guidance informs veterinary surgeons about their options and provides advice on client confidentiality and data protection issues.
VNs employed by a veterinary surgeon or practice should discuss the issues with a senior vet in the practice before breaching client confidentiality.
The amendments apply to Chapter 14 of the supporting guidance to the RCVS code of professional conduct. The supporting guidance and flow diagram are available at: www.rcvs.org.uk/confidentiality


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Dr. Stephen Treat MD Patient Reviews
- Cardiovascular Disease Fort Collins, CO
Overall Rating
3 Patient Reviews
- Wait Time 10 minutes
- Easy Appointments
- Promptness
- Friendly Staff
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Bedside Manner
- Spends Time With Patients
- Appropriate Followup
Showing 1 - 3 reviews
1.0 of 5
November 21st, 2015
Terrible Cardiologist
I believe that Dr Treat is a dinosaur in the field of cardiology. He is not knowledgable about the new treatments available, he is condescending and dismissive. He is likely popular with senior citizens that were taught not to question a physicians opinion. I had my heart condition treated quite efficiently and effectively once I left his care. He calls new technology such as cardiac ablations "smoke and mirrors", simply because he incapable of performing them.
5.0 of 5
January 17th, 2015
Dr. Treat makes you feel comfortable is patient if you have questions. The best>
5.0 of 5
April 16th, 2012
Dr. Treat Review
I've met with Dr. Treat three times during the last year in re my coronary artery issue. He is an especially bright person with excellent training. Very confident, totally professional. I ask quite a few questions and can tell that he is a good listener and responds in ways that are clear, concise, and to the point. He's a good motivator as re life style issues and changes that are important to cardiac health. Seems to be a caring physician.
Health Guides
Nearby Doctors
Dr. Stephen Treat, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Fort Collins, CO.
Fort Collins, CO
Fort Collins, CO
Fort Collins, CO


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
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Federal vs. Private Student Loans: What's the Difference?
Learn more about your college financing options.
By: Navy Federal on April 3, 2015
A college education is an investment in your future that will last a lifetime. Arm yourself with knowledge about student loan options that can help make it affordable.
You may be familiar with federal student loans. These are loans funded directly by the federal government. Students (and their parents, for dependent students) must complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) in order to be eligible for federal student loans. The college or university to which you are applying may also require a financial aid profile. The FAFSA is available as of Jan. 1 and must be completed by the deadlines set by the federal government, your state and perhaps your school.
Private student loans are loans provided through private financial institutions, such as credit unions and banks.
Why consider a private student loan?
Many college financing experts recommend completing the FAFSA first to see how much federal aid you may qualify for, and then exploring options for private financing to help fill any gaps. You might want to consider a private student loan for a number of reasons:
- Your federal financial aid package may not be enough to cover the cost of your education.
- You may be able to obtain a lower interest rate with a private loan, since the rate for federal student loans is fixed and determined by Congress.
- You may become ineligible for federal financial aid if you fail to make satisfactory academic progress.
See the table below to compare the features of federal and privates student loans.
We'll help you make the grade
Navy Federal is committed to helping all its members succeed financially, and getting a good education can be an important step to a well-paying career.
Comparing Federal and Private Student Loans
|Federal Student Loans
|Private Student Loans
|Interest rate
|May be fixed or variable
|Repayment period
|Begins when you graduate, leave school or attend less than half-time
|Varies by lender; repayment may be required while you're in school, which may reduce your overall cost of borrowing
|Undergraduate students with financial need may qualify for subsidized loans; the government pays the interest while you attend school at least half-time
|Typically no subsidies
|Credit check
|Only for PLUS loans
|Loan approval is dependent on your creditworthiness; you may need a co-signer
|Tax breaks
|Interest may be tax-deductible (consult your tax advisor)
|Interest may be tax-deductible (consult your tax advisor)
|Repayment options
|Several plans available, including tying monthly payments to your income
|Varies by lender
|Prepayment penalty fee
|Varies by lender
|Loan forgiveness
|May be available to certain individuals who work in a public service field
|Typically not available
Source: Federal Student Aid, an Office of the U.S. Department of Education, studentaid.ed.gov


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Definition of omission
1a : something neglected or left undone There are a few omissions in the list.b : apathy toward or neglect of duty The police officer was reprimanded for the omission of his duty to inform the suspect of his rights.
2 : the act of omitting : the state of being omitted Her omission from the team was surprising.
Examples of omission in a sentence
There are a few omissions in the list.
the disk contains a selection of deleted scenes, and a couple of the omissions greatly add to the intelligibility of the movie's plot
Origin and Etymology of omission
Middle English omissioun, from Anglo-French omission, from Late Latin omission-, omissio, from Latin omittere
First Known Use: 14th century
OMISSION Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of omission for English Language Learners
: something that has not been included or done : something that has been omitted
: the act of not including or doing something
: the state of being not included in something
OMISSION Defined for Kids
Definition of omission for Students
1 : something left out There are some omissions in the list.
2 : the act of leaving out : the state of being left out I'm sorry for the omission of your name on the list.
Law Dictionary
Legal Definition of omission
1 : something neglected, left out, or left undone
2 : the act, fact, or state of leaving something out or failing to do something especially that is required by duty, procedure, or law liable for a criminal act or omission
Learn More about omission
See words that rhyme with omission Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for omission Spanish Central: Translation of omission Nglish: Translation of omission for Spanish speakers Britannica English: Translation of omission for Arabic speakers
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up omission? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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Justin And Selena Get Down And Dirty Dancing [Video]
Last week Justin and Selena went to a dance studio in Texas. Justin posted this raunchy video of them dancing...then took it down
Kane is joined by co-hosts Riley, Rose, Intern John and producer Erick. The high-energy, fast-paced program features music, conversations on the latest news and hot topics, Hollywood news, contests, call-in interaction with listeners, plus interviews with the biggest celebrities in music and pop culture. The show features signature segments such as "War of the Roses," "Hollywood," "The Tea," "John's Justice," "Ghosted" and "Moron Madness."
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text: Joomla Template Maker - Retail "Who Else Wants An Easy Way To Create Their Joomla Templates WITHOUT All The Hassle?" Here's a Complete Solution and you, DON'T need any HTML or PHP experience. What comes with the package? You receive the following: * Complete Windows Application * "How to" Movie * Documentation Package Quite Simply it takes your graphic images and creates a complete template zip file ready to load into Joomla. It does what it says quickly and cleanly. Technically - It creates a 100% width 'autostretch' 3 column layout. The layout is 3 seperate 100% tables 'stacked' vertically-the top table is for the header area, the middle table is for the Joomla left, center and right columns, and the bottom table is for the footer area. Additionally, the middle table will contain a 3 column 100% nested table. In addition we create the valid XML file and CSS descriptors all ready to run. I was totally amazed when I first started using Joomla. For what was a BRILLIANT Content Management System, it seems to me so complex when it came to designing the Templates. Arcane instructions left me bewildered. I really didn't know which way to turn. I began by 'buying in' ready made templates and trying to convert them. But there was something missing. Trying to embed my own graphics was a nightmare. What I needed was a simple way to take my own graphic headers etc and create a Joomla Template Package ready to rock 'n roll. Sure there were plenty of Dreamweaver Add-On's but I need something that would run directly from Windows - a kind of simple Q+A - Fill in the Blanks and Go. And so ..... I got it made and I'm passing on the benefits to you. Template Creation without even a sniff of Dreamweaver or any other HTML Editor. * Stand-Alone Windows Program * Creates Complete Zip Template package ready to upload * Includes creation of valid XML file - You need to add NOTHING. Download: (Size: 22,3 MB) Code: http://rapidshare.com/files/97681092/JoomlaTemplatemaker_-_Retail.rar


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This perfect journal/sketchbook to carry with you wherever you go; featuring a metallic copper gemstone print cover. Handmade. Interior: blank white. Made with recycled paper.... View full product details
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CANADA STOCKS-Rising gold lifts Toronto index
TORONTO, April 1 (Reuters) - Toronto's main stock index turned positive near the open on Wednesday, after falling 1 percent at the outset as rising gold prices helped offset weak oil prices and a grim U.S. private-sector jobs reading.
The S&P/TSX composite index .GSPTSE was up 1.16 point at 8,721.55. (Reporting by Jennifer Kwan; Editing by Theodore d'Afflisio)
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: Proposal:
Flames 2013 offseason plan.
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Originally Posted by
Wait, what? The moves Feaster made put the Flames 6th last in the league. I don't know how on earth you could consider that as 'making the rights moves' towards the playoffs.
Whether or not the goals layed out to Feaster were realistic is debatable. He was given the job of making the playoffs, and he made moves which gave the club a better chance at that. It strikes me that at the beginning of the season, the roster on paper seemed as good as, say, Ottawa minus Karlsson and Spezza, who are a playoff team. We can't say at the beginning of the season who will be a playoff team and who won't, but I at least thought that the roster had the chance if they played well. The ends don't always invalidate the means, in my opinion.
But digressing from that point, Feaster did not put enough impact players in the roster to make it into the playoffs. Likely, he could have done. He could have sold our assets and future draft picks to bring in high-talent players and made our roster extremely good in the short term. And we would have cried for his head even if we did manage to make the playoffs.
That is why I would say he made the right moves. Every step of the way he has made moves to try to improve our club in the short term without ever really hurting it in the long term. I would only say he'd failed if he'd invested some stake in our present success, going all-in the way Pittsburgh have. Otherwise, one could ignore his stated goals to the media and look at the fact that he's been trying to make the playoffs while improving our outlook for the future, rather than sacrificing one for the other.
Whether the Flames have improved their development process has yet to be seen. Similar situation with the drafting; it appears much better on paper, but until some of those picks actually play in the NHL, it's still too early to say with certainty. And the biggest reason for the perceived improvement in drafted comes from the fact that Feaster recognized his own failings when it comes to that area, and thus relegated those tasks to his subordinates, namely Weisbrod and Goulet.
Maybe if other general managers had had this sort of awareness and gumption, the organization would have fared better.
Sure, if you discount anything and everything he said before the most recent trade deadline.
Again, I guess our disagreement is on whether the Flames not making the playoffs means that Feaster's roster was never capable of making the playoffs. I mean, by this logic, Darryl Sutter's '04 roster was the best put together of the entire Western Conference. I don't know if that's true. Things have to come together for a team to have success at a coaching and individual player level. If things came together for the Flames this year, maybe things would have been different.
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Claybrook Side Table & Electronics Hub Assembly
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Daniela Melgoza
Chencho y Su Gran Dote
In this Nacho Libre-style comedy, Richard Villa stars as Chencho, a poor boy from Mexico who dreams of marrying the luscious Eloisa (Daniela Melgoza). Eloisa, on the other hand, can think of nothing worse than an arranged marriage with a hick like Chencho and flees to the United States, where a job awaits. The work, however, turns out to be at a strip joint, and Chencho may find himself more to Eloisa's liking when he catches up with her.


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A Book Full of Boredom. If anyone has an awesome one they want put on here, let me know.
A Book Full of Boredom. If anyone has an awesome one they want put on here, let me know.
I am hoping to get one or two of every letter- at least.
Starting with P.
Plenty of purple pandas wearing pink polka-dotted pants played at the park. In the park, a parade passed by. To the purple, polka-dotted pants wearing pandas, the parade appeared painstakingly planned. The pale pandas quit playing as the parade started. People parachuted past the pretty paradise. Parrots poked at the peacocks under pear trees. The pandas were all in pleasant awe. After the parade parted, the pandas peddled to a place to eat pancakes. They created a plan to prepare their own parades and created pictures. Their parade would be far from plain; with poppies, poems, possums, and pillows. Possibly even a portable saw. With all of the props and plans, this could possibly be a parade no person would ever put down.


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- Last login Nov 12, 14 @ 6:25 am
Whats up with all these suss threads vol. MAN THE FUCK UP HB
[Quote]2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Oh my god, so annoying.
someday you'll be senile trying to explain to your grandkids what supreme hats were and they'll be wishing you'd shut the fuck up too2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
I wanna be
[Quote] aside from the creepiness of referring to sex as sweet love, the ultimate celebration of a woman's beauty (lolwut), cassanova didn't get women into bed by being honest rofl. go read a book on picking up women2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Shots fired at Hypebeast Vol. JacobSever
isn't that the dude dating a 17 y/o who lives like 5000 miles away? oh teach me, master of human social interaction2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Origin of Man / Unexplained Mysteries
[Quote] ica stones are an admitted hoax, go look that up ;P besides, if you're some super advanced ancient alien human beings who can perform brain transplants and build ufos, what the fuck are you going to be wasting your time carving on stones for ancient aliens or whatever is just the history channel desperate as fuck for ratings btw, most of the people they interview are pseudo scientists talking out their asses2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Is it gay if a nigga carries an umbrella?
[Quote] its only gay if you care what people think and let it embarrass you... in which case ya you're a... hurb lol2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
How To Find A Purpose In Life
step 1: figure out what the fuck you want step 2: figure out what the fuck you have to do to get it2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
There won't be trumpets
not really a freak accident... more like negligence... sad though regardless2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
When keeping it real goes wrong vol. don't nut on another man's baby
can't we just solve our differences with rock paper scissors / thumb war / pokemon battles like gentlemen?2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
I been thinkin about the stars for a little bit
[Quote] astrology isn't a science pal2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Got any stories? Vol. Graduation parties
aint no party like dacota's grad party cause dacota's grad party got cake2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
God damb dat boi Thug ran for an hour AGAIN
i powerwalked for 2 hours bro what you have to say about that2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
Gretest Punk Band Ever?
bad brains... bad religion... misfits... black flag2 Weeks ago in Music Discussion
Hurricane Chris Performs "Halle Berry" Song At The Louisiana House of Representatives In A Suit! VOL
lol to the wat2 Weeks ago in Off Topic
lol truthonly trollin hard i dont even know who the fuck that kid is but he's ugly as sin and he's dating a chick at his level with two retardedly rich parents... sounds like success to me2 Weeks ago in Off Topic


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The Aztec creation myth has some variations, most likely was changed as time passed by, most of the versions have the same basic plots and components, next it's the most complete version , the myth of the 5 suns:
In the beginning there was nothing but a void, nothing existed, in that void the Dual God Ometeotl (also know as Ometecuhtli), Omecihuatl,or the Oldest God), created himself/herself. Ometeotl is called Dual God because He/She is male/female, bad/good, chaosd/order.
When Ometeotl created himself/herself, it was the beginning, since he/she was also able to create and destroy, he generated ollin (Sacred Movement) to impulse everything.
Ometeutl then gave birth to four children that came to represent the four directions: Tezcatlipoca (North), Huizilopochtli (South), Quetzalcoatl (East) and Xipe Totec (West). After they were burn, they started to create things.
As they started the creations, they found a problem, all of their creations would fall into the void of nothing, and got eaten by the dragon/serpent Cipactli, who carried on her body the whole universe.
The Aztec creation myth says that the four Gods decided that they wouldn't let their creations being destroyed by Cipactli and decided to kill her. During the attack Cipactli ate Tezcatlipoca's foot, but finally Cipactli was destroyed.
The Gods then pulled Cipactli's body in the four directions, setting the universe within her body free, from her head was created the thirteen heavens, her tail formed the Underworld, her middle body formed Earth, from her eyes were created caves and fountains. Flowers, plants and tyrees came from her hair, rivers from her mouth, hills and valleys came from her nose and shoulder created mountains, and more Gods were created as well.
But something was missing, the Gods thought,and that something was the Sun, but the Sun couldn't just be created, it could only come from the sacrifice of a God, Tezcatlipoca being the chosen one, the Aztec creation myth says.
But Tezcatlipoca was not strong enough and became only half Sun. During this age (First Sun age), the Gods, using ashes created giants and fed them with acorns.
After some years, Tezcatlipoca and Quetzalcoatl got into a fight, being the Sun knocked out at the end, as revenge, Tezcatlipoca sent jaguars to kill all of the giants.
The Second Sun, was Quetzalcoatl, during the Age of this Sun, humans were created and they lived on piñon nuts. Sadly all the calm just lasted for a few years. People started to become corrupt, and as punishment (or maybe revenge against Quetzalcoatl), Tezcatlipoca turned all humans into monkeys. Full of anger, Quetzalcoatl sent a hurricane that blew the monkeys away.
Another God that turned into Sun was Tlaloc, God of rain and water, but the Age of this Sun came to an end, again thanks to Tezcatlipoca. He stole Xochiquetzal (Tlaloc's wife), for this reason he refused to send any more rain.
The people beg for rain and drought started to swept Earth, still griffing, Tlaloc made rain fire, burning naway the world, and the Gods decided to replaced him.
The Age of the Fourth Sun started when the Goddess Calchiuhtlicue (Tlaloc's sister) was chosen, this made Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca jealous, and they struck her down the sky.
When Calchiuhtlicue was falling down, the Aztec creation myth says, water came down from the sky and flooded the Earth, destroying everything, leaving the world in darkness.
During the Fourth Age, more Gods were created and when the Sun felt, all the new and old Gods got together to chose which God should be the new Sun.
The God Tecuciztecatl (Son of Tlaloc and Chalchiuhtlicue) offered himself, but at the last minute, he got scared to jump into the sacred fire, so teh Gods picked the humble God Nanahuatzin.
When Nanahuatzin jumped, he was the most impressive Son of all, making Tecuciztecatl jealous, who also jumped right after Nanahuatzin, creating two Suns on the East.
The world was too bright and hot because of the two Suns, so the Gods threw a rabbit to Tecuciztecatl's face, his light dim and became the Moon.
Also, the Gods noticed that Nanahuatzin was too weak, and he was motionless, so they gave him their own blood, so he could have the energy for him to travel through the sky.
Thanks to the Aztec creation myth,now you know that when you look up to the sky, you are watching the humble God Nanahuatzin, the Fifth Sun.
Return From the Aztec Creation Myth To Scary Creation Myth Page
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Tait The Ball Buster 2008
Winemaker Notes
Critical Acclaim
The Ball Buster is a perennial Best Buy in these pages. There are 15,000 cases of Tait's 2008 Ball Buster, a blend of 76% Shiraz, 12% Cabernet Sauvignon, and 12% Merlot aged for 12 months in seasoned, predominantly American oak. Opaque purple-colored, it offers up a fragrant perfume of pencil lead, licorice, spice box, blueberry, and blackberry liqueur. Layered, savory, and long on the palate, this well-balanced, pleasure-bent effort will drink well for another 4-6 years.
Inky ruby. Sexy aromas of blueberry, mulberry and candied flowers, with a suave, spicy quality adding interest. Lush and creamy in the mouth, offering weighty but lively dark berry flavors and showing no rough edges or tannins. Finishes sweet and penetrating, with the blueberry note strongly repeating.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 11, 1986
|Filing date
|Jun 30, 1983
|Priority date
|Jun 30, 1983
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Eugene L. Berger, Richard A. Koseluk
|Original Assignee
|Nl Industries, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (31), Classifications (17), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for estimating well bore formation temperature by measuring the temperatures of the drilling mud within the drill string and in the annulus of the borehole and, more particularly, the determination of formation temperature and mud thermal conductivity by establishing a well bore thermal model.
2. History of the Prior Art
It has long been recognized in the oil industry that the collection of downhole data during drilling is of extreme value. Such information as to downhole environmental parameters aids in locating specific earth formations. Moreover, it improves the efficiency of the drilling operation by providing a "feed back" as to in situ temperature, volume, viscosity, resistivity and pressure conditions. This information often mandates modifications in the drilling operation. For example, the drilling mud consistency is directly affected by the cuttings from the drill bit. Thus, efficient drilling requires proper selection and maintenance of drilling fluid characteristics and the viscosity and flow rate of the mud is often varied in response to downhole conditions. The value of mud thermal conductivity is another parameter which is useful in mud selection and in controlling the mud flow behavior at the bit.
Certain downhole data is both useful from an efficiency point and may serve as a warning to prevent dangerous situations from arising. Downhole formation temperature is one such parameter. For example, an ever present danger in the drilling of a borehole is encountering earth formations which contain high pressure fluids such as gas or hot salt water. When a gas zone is penetrated, the high pressure fluids from the formation enter the borehole and displace the drilling mud back up the borehole toward the drilling rig at the surface. If the penetration of a high pressure formation and the ensuing direct intrusion of high pressure fluids back into the borehole is not detected quickly, for example, by a sudden temperature change, and controlled, it can result in the complete displacement of the drilling mud back up the borehole. This even results in the expulsion of the high pressure fluids out of the top of the borehole and is called a "blow out". A blow out can result in great injury to both property and life due to the high combustibility of the gas and other fluids egressing from a well bore and the violence with which they exit.
On the other hand, it is possible that, during drilling, a borehole may enter a formation which is highly porous and create a tendency for all of the drilling mud to flow freely from the borehole into the porous formation. This event is termed "lost circulation" and can result in the substantial loss of drilling fluids if the lost circulation is not detected very rapidly and preventive measures taken. Preventive action is needed upon the detection of an earth formation from whence such an event might be likely. It is thus desirable to detect such a formation as rapidly as possible in order to take the requisite remedial action to control mud flows. The accurate and rapid measurement of the formation temperatures along the borehole would enhance the aforesaid detection efforts as well as provide much needed data for locating specific earth formations.
The measurement of earth formation temperature in a measuring while drilling mode has been proven to be a difficult and costly endeavor. One technical problem of concern is the number of variables which are involved. One such variable is the thermal conductivity of the drilling fluid which changes constantly. The value of thermal conductivity, itself, is a useful parameter for enhancing the selection of drilling fluids as well as providing a vital link in the determination of formation temperature. With such data and proper extrapolations therefrom, abnormally pressured formations can be predicted and anticipated. Abnormally high pressured formations will induce a higher than normal formation temperature gradient. Such information would obviously be extremely valuable.
It is well known to "survey" the temperature of the drilling mud in a borehole to detect a "blow-out", "wash-out", a locked bit and indirectly the porosity and fluid content of the formation. A substantial increase in the temperature of mud can indicate the presence of hot salt water. A sudden decrease in the temperature of the mud can indicate the presence of the cooling effect of expanding gas. Such data does not, however, directly indicate the temperature of the earth formation around the borehole, because it has only been possible to make such measurements of the mud itself and not the formation in a measuring while drilling mode. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,327,527 (Arps) discloses a system for measuring the thermal gradients in drilling mud down in the borehole where the event in issue actually occurs. Temperatures of the mud are taken inside the drill collar and in the annulus of the borehole. This information is telemetered back to the well head and used to determine the presence of heat gain and heat loss to indicate both hazardous conditions and, indirectly, the character and drillability of the formation. It is well known that without further information, such readings do not indicate the actual temperature of the formation with any accuracy.
In actual practice the process is not as obvious as disclosed by Arps. Only recently, 1984, have effective downhole temperature measurements been made by measurement-while-drilling equipment. The thermal variations due to bit conditions, formation inconsistencies, bit motion which causes erratic fluid motion, and very high flow rates in modern day drilling practices, yield several conditions which make the teachings of Arp unuseful.
First, the high flow rates make the temperature differential along the annulus very small, and indicates that the temperature difference expected over the bottom 100 foot interval is less than 1�. This means that the estimation of the formation thermal conductivity taught by Arps is dependent upon an extremely small temperature difference. These thermal variations are masked by the thermal variations caused by the bit dynamics. The varying weight on the bit and the microscopic variations in formation hardness creates variation in drilling energies which create heat input to the drilling mud. These variations which can easily result in a few degrees of temperature variation, easily mask the thermal conductivity changes of the formation. These variations must be overcome by discrimination or compensation. Methods which accomplish this are not obvious, since these problems were not obvious to Arps.
The problem can be approached from an unique approach; that is from measuring temperature variations across the drill pipe when the drilling is stopped every 30 feet to add drill pipe. Other prior art approaches address that goal.
A prior art approach to determining earth formation temperature is the measurement of the ambient temperature at the drill bit with the drilling operation interrupted. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,455,158 (Richter, et al) sets forth apparatus for logging the temperature of a drill bit, drilling mud and earth formation. A temperature transducer is mounted directly in the drill bit for this purpose. The bit engages the earth formation and thus may reflect the temperature thereof once the effect of drilling mud is eliminated. Unfortunately, the time necessary for the downhole thermal conditions to sufficiently stabilize for an accurate "ambient" reading is several hours. This factor alone prevents the system from being widely used to determine earth formation temperature because it is not cost effective to repeatedly interrupt drilling for such long periods of time.
It is recognized that the drilling mud itself does reflect certain downhole thermal and geophysical conditions. Either the downhole temperature or surface temperature of the returning mud flow can indicate abrupt changes of temperature of the magnitude encountered prior to penetration of high pressure formations. Moreover, the cuttings returning in the mud are a good indication of the formation density. One such technique is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,701,388 wherein the drilling fluid temperature is measured at the surface to detect such zones and prevent lost circulation and blowout of the well. Such temperature measurements are made without regard to the thermal conductivity of the fluids and materials involved. For this reason, a determination of the actual formation temperature is not realistically offered or even suggested by the telemetered data. It is the quantitative change which alerts the operator, not qualitative information such as actual formation temperature.
It would be an advantage to accurately estimate earth formation temperature by downhole sensors without having to wait hours for the downhole ambient temperature to stabilize. The present invention overcomes the aforementioned prior art problems by providing a well bore thermal model incorporating the heat generation, heat transfer and heat storage parameters of the drill pipe, mud and bit. Borehole annulus and drill pipe temperature measurements are taken by downhole sensors over a relatively short time frame during which temperature differentials maximize. In this manner, drilling mud thermal conductivity can be calculated and earth formation measurements estimated in a single time span prior to thermal stabilization.
The present invention relates to a method of determining drilling mud thermal conductivity and earth formation temperature. More particularly, one aspect of the invention includes a method of and apparatus for determining the earth formation temperature while drilling a borehole comprising the steps of pumping drilling fluid into the borehole through drill pipe to transfer heat to the fluid from earth formations as they are exposed by the drill bit. The temperatures of the fluid inside the drill pipe and borehole annulus are measured. The flow of fluid inside the drill pipe is then interrupted preferably in the presence of float valves to prevent backflow of fluids into the pipe, drilling is interrupted (such as when normally adding another joint of drill pipe) and the temperatures of the fluid are measured during the interruption of flow. The thermal conductivity of the fluid is then determined as a function of the temperature differential of the fluid in the pipe and the annulus and the cessation of heat generation at the bit. The earth formation temperature in the borehole is then estimated as a function of the fluid thermal conductivity, the temperature differential of the fluid in the pipe and the annulus, a thermal model of the heat storage and heat transfer characteristics of the drill pipe, the drilling mud and the formation cuttings, and the cutting and fluid flow caused by vertical thermal gradients in the annulus.
In another embodiment of the invention, the step of measuring the temperatures of the fluid includes providing a first temperature sensor inside the pipe and a second temperature sensor outside the pipe in the vicinity of the drill bit. The step of determining the thermal conductivity of the fluid also includes the step of calculating a capacitance relationship between the thermal resistivity of the fluid and steel and the heat capacity of the fluid and steel. The step of calculating the capacitance relationship preferably includes the step of determining the ratio of fluid resistivity and steel capacitance to fluid capacitance and steel resistivity.
In yet another embodiment, the invention includes the step of determining the earth formation temperature, as set forth above, by establishing the maximum temperature differential of the fluid in the pipe and annulus following the step of interrupting the flow, preferably in the presence of float valves. The step of determining the earth formation temperature then includes the step of calculating an annulus relationship between the radius of the pipe, its heat transfer coefficient, the radius of the borehole and the thermal conductivity of the fluid. The step of calculating the annulus relationship includes the step of determining the ratio of pipe radius and its heat transfer coefficient to borehole radius and fluid thermal conductivity. The step of establishing the maximum fluid temperature differential includes calculating the ratio of the maximum temperature differential to the radius of the borehole and fluid thermal conductivity to pipe radius and its heat transfer coefficient.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference may now be had to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic, side-elevational view of a borehole drilling operation illustrating the determination of earth formation temperature and drilling mud thermal conductivity in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged, side-elevational, cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the drill collar of FIG. 1 incorporating means for measuring borehole and annulus mud temperatures;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged, schematic, cross-sectional view of a section of the borehole annulus of FIG. 1 illustrating the construction of a well bore thermal model in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the thermal model of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a plot of the estimated time response of the differential downhole temperature measurements when the circulation of FIG. 1 is interrupted; and
FIG. 6 is a plot of the differential time response of FIG. 5 illustrating the time frame for maximum temperature difference.
Referring first to FIG. 1, there is shown a drilling rig 11 disposed atop a borehole 12. A first embodiment of a system 10 for calculating formation temperature is carried by a sub 14 comprising a portion of drill collar 15 and disposed within the borehole 12. The system 10 is provided for thermal measurements of the mud in the borehole. Temperature readings are taken of the mud flowing within the annulus 16, defined as the region between drill string 18 and borehole sidewalls 20 as well as mud within the central annular passageway through the string itself. A drill bit 22 is disposed at the lower end of the drill string 18 and carves the borehole 12 out of the earth formation 24 while drilling mud 26 is pumped from the well head 28. Metal surface casing 29 is shown to be positioned in the borehole 12 above the drill bit 22 for maintaining the integrity of the borehole 12 near the surface. As described below, the present invention permits accurate calculations of formation temperature in a measuring while drilling (MWD) configuration.
The annulus 16 between the drill string 18 and the wall 20 creates a "theoretically closed" return mud flow path. Mud is pumped from the well head 28 by a pumping system 30 through mud supply line 31 coupled to the drill string 18. Drilling mud is, in this manner, forced down the central axial passageway of the drill string 18 and egresses at the drill bit 22 for carrying cuttings comprising the drilled sections of earth, rock and related matter upwardly from the drill bit to the surface. A conduit 32 is supplied at the well head for channeling the mud from the borehole 18 to a mud pit 34. The drilling mud is typically handled and treated by various apparatus (not shown) such as outgassing units and circulation tanks for maintaining select viscosity and consistency. The relative temperatures of the mud in the drill string 18 and the borehole annulus 16 is a function of many parameters which can provide much useful information. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, these temperatures may be measured during an interruption in the drilling operation to provide dynamic temperature response characteristics. This information in conjunction with a well bore thermal model permits determination of thermal conductivity of the drilling mud 26 and accurate estimation of the temperature of the formation 24. (See thermal condition studies by the Sandia National Laboratories "Advanced Wellbore Thermal Simulator GEOTEMP2", and Homes and Swift, Journal of Petroleum Technology, June 1970).
When the pumping of drilling fluids into the drill string is interrupted, the density of formation cuttings in the annulus tends to reverse the flow and cause fluids to move from the annulus back through the bit and into the drill pipe. The inclusion of float valves in the drill pipe just above the drill bit will prevent the hotter drilling fluids in the annulus from flowing back up the drill string. Also during the interruption of flow of fluids up the annulus, the formation cuttings suspended in the fluids in the annulus will tend to drift or slip back down through the fluid toward the bit. Thus, compensation must be made in the calculations for the thermal effects of these movements of the heated formation cuttings during the interruption of flow. Also, during the interruption of flow, the formation of cooler fluids above the bit will tend to fall replacing the lighter, hotter fluids close to the bit. Thus, compensation must be made in the calculations for the thermal effects of these movements of the annulus fluids. These compensations are accomplished by having the model allow heat removal by the circulation flow.
Still referring to FIG. 1, there is shown the sub 14 and drill collar 15 comprising a portion of the system 10 of the present invention in a downhole environment. The system 10 is constructed to generate a series of signals for telemetry to the well head 28 indicating borehole temperatures. This information is obtained from sensors disposed within the sub 14, as will be described in more detail below. The requisite telemetry, communication and analysis systems are, of themselves, deemed to be of conventional design, and are not specifically shown or described herein. The methods and particular apparatus necessary for the calculation of earth formation temperature and thermal conductivity of the drilling mud therein is, however, presented in detail and comprises the subject of the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown an enlarged, side-elevational, schematic view of one embodiment of sub 14 containing a borehole thermal sensor system 40 constructed in accordance with the present invention. The sensor system 40 is mounted and insulated within the drill collar section 42 through which the drilling fluid or mud 26 is directed to pass. The drill collar 42 includes a central aperture 44 through which mud 26 flows downwardly to the bit 22 and preferably comprises a conventional MWD mud resistivity sub or a near-bit mechanics sub. The system 40 includes highly accurate inner and outer temperature transducers 46 and 48, respectively, or the like. It should be noted that the accuracy of measuring the difference between the bore and annulus temperature is most critical. A one (1) degree error may result in a fifty (50) degree error in the estimated formation temperature, as will be discussed below. Thus, the accuracy of the difference measurement should be less than one tenth (0.1) of one degree to provide accurate downhole data. The temperature transducer must therefore be carefully designed. U.S. Pat. No. 3,122,016 to Fordham teaches how to use a differential thermocouple to measure extremely small differential temperatures.
Still referring to FIG. 2, there is shown one embodiment of means for sensing the differential borehole temperatures. Outer temperature sensor 48 is disposed within a recess 49 and may be secured in elastomer 49A adjacent a conventional mud resistivity sensor (not shown). A connector cable 50 extends through passage 51 in the side wall of the drill collar 15. The cable 50 is coupled to sensor 46, likewise secured adjacent a conventional bore mud resistivity sensor (not shown). Again, elastomeric potting may be utilized to secure the sensors and seal the connections. The sensors 46 and 48 are radially disposed one from the other wherein the function of indicating the exact temperature differentials may be determined for time based analysis.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a free-body thermal diagram of the drill string 18 and well bore 12 at the point of analysis where sensors 46 and 48 are positioned. The dynamic characteristics of the temperature are related to the heat transfer and storage parameters that cause the thermal measurements to lag the formation temperature. The heat transfer resistance is assumed, for purposes of this analysis, to be lumped as a single element. The energy storage is also assumed to be lumped as a single element. Such assumptions permit utilization of a classical differential equation solution.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a schematic of the free-body of FIG. 3 in the form of a thermal schematic circuit diagram incorporating the resistance and capacitance of the mud and of the steel. The heat transferred from the flow of drilling mud (Q) equals zero when the mud flow is stopped. The heat transfer area of the free-body section of FIG. 3 is thus 2πrdx, which defines the annular volume of the mud 26 in bore 44. The following nomenclature is thus incorporated for the schematic and calculations derived from FIG. 4.
rp =Drill pipe radius
rb =Drill bit radius
Cs =Steel heat capacity
Rs =Thermal resistance of steel
Cm =Mud heat capacity
Rm =Thermal resistance of mud
hp =Overall heat transfer coefficient across drill pipe (BTU/ft2 -�F.-hr.-ft.)
TA =Mud temperature in annulus (�F.) at pipe wall
TF =Temperature of formation (�F.)
fm (TF)=Apparent change in formation temperature (�F.)
TB =Mud temperature in bore (�F.) at pipe wall
ξ=Overall heat transfer coefficient across the annulus mud (BTU/ft2 �F.-hr.-ft.)
Lm =Thermal path length of the mud (ft.)
Ls =Thermal path length of the steel (ft.)
It may be seen that Rm =Lm /2πrb μ; and
Rs =Ls /2πrp hp
It is thus axiomatic that QFA =2πrμ(TF -TA) and QAB =2πrp hp (TA -TB).
It is possible by utilizing Laplace transforms and assuming first that the coupling term between the bore and steel may be neglected and that when there is no heat, storage QFA =QAB to derive the following equation for formation temperature:
TF (t)=(TA (t)-TB (t))(rp hp)/rμ+TA (t)
This equation may thus be solved with the available data and a calculated value of μ. It would be an advantage to make this calculation without first deriving μ.
The assumption is thus made that stopping circulation is equivalent to a step function. TF (t) is a unit step at T=0 and by taking the inverse Laplace transforms:
TF (s)=fm (TF)/s, where fm (TF)=TA (t=∞)-TA (t=o)
It may thus be seen that:
TA (t)≈fm (TF)[1-EXP[-t/Rm Cs ]]
TB (t)≈fm (TF)[1-Exp[-t/Rm Cs ]�[1/(1-Rs Cm /Rm Cs)]+Exp[-t/Rs Cm ]�[1/(1-Rm Cs /Rs Cm)]
TA (t)-TB (t)=fm (TF)[(1/((Rm Cs /Cm Rs)-1))�(Exp[-t/Rm Cs)]-Exp[-t/Rs Cm ])]
and the estimate of TF when allowing heat storage is:
TF (t)=(TA (t)-TB (t))�((Rm Cs)/Cm Rs)-1)+TA (t)
where K1 =(Rm Cs /Cm Rs)-1. This formulation permits estimation of formation temperature to be plotted against time as shown in FIG. 5.
It may next be seen that to derive the mud thermal conductivity, one may take the derivative of TA (T)-TB (T). ##EQU1## Reducing the above equation: ##EQU2##
For purposes of example, assume the following parameters for a well and mud circulation properties for a Gulf Coast well:
______________________________________Mud weight, lb/gal, (Wm) 10.0Steel density, lb/pt3, (Ws) 49.0Drill collar ID, inches, (2r1) 3.81Drill collar OD, inches, (2r2) 7.0Drill bit size, OD, inches, (2rb) 8.375Mud specific heat, BTU/lbm - �F., (-cm) 1.0Steel specific heat, BTU/lbm - �F. (-cs) .104Mud thermal conductivity, BTU/ft2 - �F. - hour - ft. 1.0u.)Steel thermal conductivity, BTU/ft2 - �F. - hour - ft. 30.0Path length of mud to the formation, inches (Lm) 3.0Path length of the steel, inches, (Ls) 1.59Cm = -cm � Mm = 1.0 � (Wm �2πr1 2 � 7.48) = 11.75Cs = cs � Ms = .104 � (Ws � 2π(r2 2 - r1.sup. 2)) = 22.11Rm = Lm /2πrb μ = .25/2π (8.375/24) 1 = .115Rs = Ls /2πrp hp = .1325/2π 3.81/24 (30) =.0044Tm = Rm Cs = (.115) (22.11) = 2.54 hours______________________________________
It may thus be seen that the formation temperature TF is approximately equal to (TA -TB)�48.8+TA as plotted in FIG. 5.
Referring specifically now to FIG. 5 and the above example, there is shown the time response of the temperature measurements when the circulation is stopped. Curve 60 represents the formation temperature as calculated from the equation TF (t)≈[TA (t)-TB (t)]�[(Rm Cs /Rs Cm)-1]+TA (t). From the previous analysis, (Rm Cs /Rs Cm)-1=48.8. Curve 62 represents the formation temperature assuming no heat storage, or replacing K, with Rm /Rs which equals 25.7. Curves 64 and 66 represent the annular and bore temperatures from the example above wherein TA ≈[1-EXP. [-0.3937t] and TB≈[ 1-1.0205 EXP [-0.3937t]+0.0205 EXP [-19.6076t]. It should be noted that in this example it took over 13.7 hours for the bore and annulus temperatures to reach steady state. However, the time response of the difference is much faster.
Referring now to FIG. 6, the difference of temperature between TA (t) and TB (t) is represented by curve 68 and becomes a maximum about 12 minutes after mud circulation stops. By using this maximum difference, the formation temperature can be estimated in accordance with the above equations to provide the top two curves 60 and 62 of FIG. 5. It is then not necessary to wait the prolonged period of time until conventional downhole thermal stabilization to determine formation temperature.
It may thus be seen that the calculation of mud thermal conductivity and formation temperature from mud annulus and bore temperature may be expeditiously performed when circulation of drilling fluids is interrupted. By utilizing the mathematical borehole model as schematically shown in FIG. 4, the requisite data is provided for such calculations. Mud thermal conductivity can thus be calculated immediately after drilling fluid circulation is stopped from the above defined relationship: ##EQU3##
Given the annulus and bore temperature profiles TA (t) and TB (t) when standing, formation temperature can be calculated from the above-defined relationship: ##EQU4## As set forth above, the most accurate calculation occurs when TB (t) and TA (t) have reached their final values. However, as shown herein, when TA (t)-TB (t) is at its maximum, as shown in FIG. 6, this permits an estimate of formation temperature in a shorter period of time.
The foregoing description of the invention has been directed primarily to a particular preferred embodiment in accordance with the requirements of the patent statutes and for purposes of explanation and illustration. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many modifications and changes in the specifically described and illustrated apparatus and method may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not restricted to the particular form of construction illustrated and described, but covers all modifications which may fall within the scope of the following claims.
It is Applicants' intention in the following claims to cover such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
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|Jan 7, 1958
|Gulton Ind Inc
|Device for remote temperature measurement
|Mar 2, 1960
|Feb 25, 1964
|Atlantic Refining Co
|Thermoelectric apparatus and method
|Dec 11, 1962
|Oct 18, 1966
|System for measuring kiln conditions using thermocouples in combination with a mathematical model
|May 25, 1964
|Jun 27, 1967
|Arps Corp
|Fluid temperature logging while drilling
|Nov 29, 1967
|Jul 15, 1969
|Texaco Inc
|Logging while drilling system
|Apr 2, 1970
|Jul 17, 1973
|Exxon Production Research Co
|Apparatus for determining temperature distribution around a well
|Jul 17, 1972
|Apr 30, 1974
|Texaco Inc
|Methods for thermal well logging
|Sep 8, 1972
|Apr 15, 1975
|Ivac Corp
|Electronic thermometer
|Nov 16, 1972
|Apr 22, 1975
|Allen Gerald F
|Physically realizable optimum predictor filter technique for transducers, sensors, and other massive devices, based upon inverse transfers function synthesis
|Mar 12, 1979
|Feb 2, 1982
|Schlumberger Limited
|Method of generating subsurface characteristics models
|Mar 12, 1979
|Jul 20, 1982
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method of generating subsurface characteristic models
|Apr 13, 1979
|Sep 21, 1982
|Dresser Industries, Inc.
|System and method for well-logging
|Jun 21, 1982
|Mar 26, 1985
|Trans-Texas Energy, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for monitoring and controlling well drilling parameters
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 6, 1989
|Jun 12, 1990
|Budapesti Muszaki Egyetem
|Process and apparatus for the determination of thermo-physical properties
|Apr 30, 1990
|Jun 16, 1992
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy
|Triaxial thermopile array geo-heat-flow sensor
|Nov 19, 1990
|Oct 27, 1992
|Board Of Supervisors Of Louisiana State University And Agricultural And Mechanical College
|Formation evaluation from thermal properties
|May 17, 1991
|Dec 21, 1993
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method of decoding MWD signals using annular pressure signals
|May 27, 1993
|Dec 10, 1996
|Compagnie Generale De Geophysique
|Method of processing signals for geophysical prospecting, the method making use of an improved wave field extrapolation operator
|Oct 23, 1996
|Feb 1, 2000
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling system utilizing downhole dysfunctions for determining corrective actions and simulating drilling conditions
|Oct 22, 1997
|Mar 27, 2001
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling system with integrated bottom hole assembly
|Nov 30, 2001
|Sep 14, 2004
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Method of predicting formation temperature
|Aug 29, 2002
|Sep 14, 2004
|Conagra Grocery Products Company
|Device and method for removing build-up on measurement gauges
|Mar 13, 2003
|Jun 14, 2005
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Determination of virgin formation temperature
|Jan 16, 2004
|Nov 1, 2005
|Conagra Grocery Products Company
|Method for removing build-up on measurement gauges
|Jan 29, 2007
|Mar 23, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|True temperature computation
|Jun 22, 2004
|Jun 8, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling wellbores with optimal physical drill string conditions
|Sep 25, 2007
|May 10, 2011
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Estimating formation temperature near a borehole and using same for estimating a property of the formation
|Aug 24, 2010
|Jun 4, 2013
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method and apparatus for controlling bottomhole temperature in deviated wells
|Oct 21, 2009
|Sep 24, 2013
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Distributed measurement of mud temperature
|Oct 4, 2007
|Jul 8, 2014
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Apparatus and methods for estimating a characteristic of a fluid downhole using thermal properties of the fluid
|Jun 21, 2012
|Dec 29, 2015
|Diamond Innovations, Inc.
|Cutter tool insert having sensing device
|Oct 3, 2011
|Jan 19, 2016
|Schlumberger Technology Corporation
|Systems and methods for detecting phases in multiphase borehole fluids
|Aug 29, 2002
|Apr 3, 2003
|Constantine Sandu
|Device and method for removing build-up on measurement gauges
|Jan 16, 2004
|Jul 29, 2004
|Constantine Sandu
|Method for removing build-up on measurement gauges
|Mar 13, 2003
|Sep 30, 2004
|Alexander Zazovsky
|Determination of virgin formation temperature
|Jun 22, 2004
|Dec 22, 2005
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Drilling wellbores with optimal physical drill string conditions
|Sep 25, 2007
|Mar 27, 2008
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Estimating Formation Temperature Near a Borehole and Using Same For Estimating a Property of the Formation
|Oct 4, 2007
|Apr 10, 2008
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Apparatus and methods for estimating a characteristic of a fluid downhole using thermal properties of the fluid
|Jan 29, 2007
|Jul 31, 2008
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|True temperature computation
|Oct 21, 2009
|Apr 29, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Distributed measurement of mud temperature
|Aug 24, 2010
|Mar 3, 2011
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Method and Apparatus for Controlling Bottomhole Temperature in Deviated Wells
|Sep 26, 2007
|Apr 3, 2008
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Estimating a formation property
|Oct 22, 2009
|Apr 29, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Distributed measurement of mud temperature
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|Jul 8, 2010
|Baker Hughes Incorporated
|Distributed measurement of mud temperature
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 30, 1983
Owner name: NL INDUSTRIES, INC., 1230 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS N
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