text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 16, 2002
|Filing date
|Jan 29, 1999
|Priority date
|Jan 29, 1999
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Elmootazbellah Nabil Elnozahy
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (34), Classifications (11), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application Ser. No. 09/184,245 is related to a co-pending application entitled "DETERMINISTIC AND PREEMPTIVE THREAD SCHEDULING AND ITS USE IN DEBUGGING MULTITHREADED APPLICATIONS", filed Nov. 2, 1998 with the application assigned to the assignee of the present application.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to computer and information handling systems, and more particularly to replicated servers deployed in a distributed system. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system for enforcing consistency among replicated servers in a distributed system through the use of multicast and deterministic thread scheduling.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer networks allow users of data-processing systems to retrieve vast amounts of electronic information heretofore unavailable in an electronic medium. Computer networks are increasingly displacing more conventional means of information transmission, such as newspapers, magazines, and television. A computer network connects a set of machines and allows them to communicate with one another. Typical networked systems utilized widely today follow the client/server architecture. In network computing, a client is a process (roughly a program or task) that requests a service provided by another program, the server. The client process may utilize the requested service without having to "know" the working details of the server's operation or the requested service itself.
It is common nowadays to use remote procedure call (RPC) in implementing servers in a network-computing environment. Furthermore, remote procedure calls are often referred to as remote method invocation systems when the client and servers use an object-oriented paradigm for software implementation and communications. We shall use the terms remote procedure calls and remote method invocations interchangeably. In this model of execution, clients formulate their requests in the form of "procedure calls" or "method invocations" that execute on the server machine. The server implements the required procedure calls and methods. During normal operation, it waits to receive requests from its clients across the network. When the network subsystem delivers such a request to the server, the latter creates a "thread" to execute the client's request and generates an appropriate reply. A thread is a lightweight execution unit that lives in the server process's address space and shares its resources with potentially other threads that are executing other, possibly independent client requests. In this model, the thread starts executing at the procedure call specified by the client's request, and executes until the procedure call returns. The server then sends the value produced by the procedure call back to the client and deallocates the thread. This RPC model of execution has become the centerpiece of distributed computing standards such as the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), and DCOM (Distributed Common Object Model).
Server architectures are often configured to achieve reliability and high availability utilizing replication. In such systems, several processors or machines may be utilized to provide a service, with each machine replicating the service's state. Such machines are referred to as "server replicas" or simply "replicas". A client may communicate with a subset of the server replicas, where such a subset may include all, some, or only one of the available replicas. A client may select the subset randomly or via pre-defined selection criteria. It is thus necessary that all server replicas maintain identical states in order to ensure a consistent view of the information manipulated by the service, as perceived by the same client or by different clients.
Each replica has its own private implementation of the remote procedures that constitute the service. Execution of a client's request proceeds independently among the different servers and it is important to ensure that the states of the replicas remain consistent despite this independent form of execution. If a server replica fails, the remaining server replicas continue to operate, thereby ensuring uninterrupted service for the clients.
A problem faced by designers in implementing replicated services is to ensure that replicas maintain identical states that reflect client transactions with the service. For example, two different clients may issue two remote procedure calls to update the same record in a database maintained by a replicated service. If the two procedure calls are processed in different orders by two or more replicas, the values of the replicated record may become inconsistent.
There are two properties of RPC systems that may lead two different client requests to execute in two different orders at different server replicas:
First, the network may deliver requests to the server replicas in different orders. For example, if clients A and B send RPC's R and P to server replicas C and D, the thread executing RPC R at server C may start before the thread executing RPC P, if the network delivers R before P at C. Similarly, the thread executing RPC P at server D may start before the thread executing RPC R, if the network delivers P before R at D. Thus, if the network does not deliver the clients' requests in the same order at server replicas C and D, they will execute the requests in different orders and may become inconsistent.
Secondly, the thread scheduler inside each server may schedule the threads that are executing clients' requests in different orders. Conventional thread schedulers use timers to enable scheduling decisions, and since timers cannot be precise across different machines for pedagogical reasons, thread scheduling decisions will not be identical among different server replicas. Thus, even if the network delivers client requests in the same order among all replicas, the thread scheduling may not necessarily obey that order and the executions of the client requests on two different server replicas may thus be different.
All existing distributed computing standards are susceptible to the problem described above. In the past, ordered multicast protocols have attempted to address this problem. They ensure that all server replicas receive the same messages from the network in the same order. Then, execution within each server replica is serialized according to the order specified by the network, such that a request cannot start execution before the previous one finishes. This solution is not satisfactory because it eliminates the benefits of concurrency available within each server and reduces performance drastically. As a result, the resulting performance loss due to replication is large. Furthermore, in the prior art, there was never a coupling between the order specified by the multicast protocol and the execution order of the threads that execute the request. Based on the foregoing, it can be appreciated that a need exists for an improved method and system for implementing an ordering protocol in combination with a thread scheduling mechanism that ensures all replicas of server receive and execute clients' requests in the same order. The subject invention herein solves all of these problems in a new and unique manner that has not been part of the art previously.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved method and system for maintaining the consistency among replicated servers in computer networks.
It is another object of the invention to provide an improved method and system for maintaining the consistency among replicated servers in computer networks where clients and servers communicate via remote procedure calls.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide an improved method and system for maintaining the consistency among replicated servers in computer networks where clients and servers communicate via remote procedure calls, and where servers use multiple threads to execute multiple client requests in parallel and improve performance.
The above and other objects are achieved as is now described. A method and system is disclosed for maintaining consistency among the replicas of a server in a computer network, where clients and servers use remote procedure calls (RPC's) for communications, and where servers use multiple threads to execute client requests. The computer network is assumed to connect one or more clients to a replicated server. Each server replica among the group of servers replicates a particular network service to ensure that the particular network service remains uninterrupted in the event of a server failure. A client's request is formulated in a remote procedure call according to established art. Each server replica implements the desired service in the form of procedure calls or object methods, as is common in the art.
We assume the existence of an ordering multicast protocol that delivers clients' requests (the RPC's) reliably in the same order to all server replicas. Many such protocols have been proposed and implemented, and the current invention can be easily adapted to work with any protocol as follows. The multicast protocol delivers client requests to server replicas in rounds. During a round, each server replica receives the same set of client requests with an associated execution order that has been decided by the multicast protocol. The order by which the multicast protocol delivers the requests will be enforced among all service replicas. As common in the art, a multicast round can be empty, delivering no requests. Such empty rounds have been used traditionally to support failure detection and ensure execution progress.
In association with the multicast protocol a deterministic and pre-emptive thread scheduler based on instruction counters is utilized. The deterministic scheduler subdivides execution streams into instruction slices such that the number of instructions within each slice is pre-determined. All replicas switch threads according to a known algorithm (e.g. round robin) wherein the scheduling occurs at the end of each instruction slice. That is, every thread runs until the number of instructions within a slice expires or the thread voluntarily blocks. Therefore, all scheduling decisions are identical everywhere, eliminating nondeterminism due to time-based scheduling of traditional thread schedulers.
Furthermore, the deterministic scheduler incorporates new threads into the ready queue only during what is termed herein the admission control window (ACW). According to this scheme, the scheduler admits new threads only every m instruction slices, where m is a tunable implementation parameter that regulates the frequency of ACW's. It can be seen that thread executions among all service replicas will remain identical. Threads are admitted during the same ACW's at all replicas, and are scheduled to execute the same number of instructions between context switches. The result is an execution that will have the same output at all replicas.
The occurrence of each ACW is coupled with the arrival of a multicast round. That is, there is a one-to-one correspondence between multicast rounds and the ACW's. The new requests that arrive in a multicast round are admitted into the scheduler's ready queue. If the round is empty, the scheduler continues scheduling the existing threads.
The above as well as additional objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed written description.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives, and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative embodiment when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram illustrative of interactions between a client and replicated servers, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrative of the operation of a multicast protocol to order clients' remote procedure calls, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram depicting one implementation of an instruction sliced multithread scheduler in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting the logic flow of the method of ordered multicast in association with scheduling threads utilizing instruction slices in accordance with one implementation of the present invention.
With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to FIG. 1, there is depicted a detailed block diagram illustrating a client/replicated server architecture which may be implemented in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The client and servers depicted in FIG. 1 represent processes that may be generated from a high-level programming language (e.g., C++), which is interpreted and executed in a computer system at run-time (e.g., a workstation).
In the client/replicated architecture depicted in FIG. 1, client 92 is connected to a remote service via a computer network. The remote service executes applications at one or more different server replicas 84, 86, and 88 to reduce the likelihood of service unavailability due to process, machine or communication failures. Such replicas are identical and run the same software required to implement a particular service program. Client 92 can send remote procedure calls to any or all among replicas 84, 86, and 88. In particular, FIG. 1 depicts a situation, in which a client may direct its remote procedure call 24 to replicas 84, 86 and replica 88. The program service executes the RPC at each server replica and generates a result 34 that is communicated back to the client. The client can receive the result from all the replicas, although it is preferred to filter these so that only one result reaches the client (all results are identical).
With reference now to FIG. 2, there is depicted the operation of a multicast protocol as required by the current invention. The multicast protocol orders the remote procedure calls 44, 46 and 48 issued by clients 92, 94 and 96, and groups them in a multicast round 120. The round 120 is delivered reliably to all service replicas 84, 86 and 88, and therefore all replicas agree on the order in which clients' remote procedure calls should be executed. Thus, during a multicast round, each server replica receives the same set of remote procedure calls to execute in a specified order.
With reference now to FIG. 3, there is depicted one embodiment of a deterministic thread scheduler 31. Each server implements a copy of this scheduler. Scheduler 31 includes the traditional data structures required to support the scheduling mechanism as is commonly implemented in the art. These include a run (or ready) queue 30. Main memory of the data processing system contains data structures along with the code for implementing scheduler 31. All data structures are initialized in an identical manner across all replicas. Additionally, and unlike existing art, scheduler 31 includes an instruction counter 39 which is a register that counts down by one each time a thread executes one instruction on the CPU of each replicated server. The instruction counter serves to implement instruction slices, each consisting of a fixed number of instructions. Instruction counter 39 is given a chosen value, p, prior to the beginning of an instruction slice. When instruction counter 39 reaches zero, it generates an interrupt that activates the scheduler. This instruction counter 39 could be available in hardware in the form of a CPU register within a replicated server, or it can be emulated in software. The invention described herein works with either variety. Moreover, the scheduler's design departs from prior art in that it does not rely on timers.
The present invention implements deterministic and pre-emptive thread scheduling. Scheduler 31 allocates instruction slices on a CPU, where an instruction slice serves as a scheduling unit during which a thread executes a pre-specified number of instructions, p, before it is pre-empted. Thus, for the purposes of the present disclosure, scheduling by "instruction slice" means scheduling a thread based upon a number of instructions executed and not based upon a time of execution or number of execution cycles. The instruction slice is implemented with the help of instruction counter 39. At the beginning of a slice, instruction counter 39 is set to p. As the thread executes within the instruction slice, the counter decrements by one for each instruction executed. When the instruction counter reaches zero, an interrupt forces the thread to be pre-empted and scheduler 31 takes over. Scheduler 31 performs the necessary context switching and possibly brings in another thread to run, or decides to allow the existing thread to continue running. In either case, a new instruction slice begins by setting instruction counter 39 to p as already described.
Referring once again to FIG. 3, the state of a thread A 32 in queue 30 is uniquely determined by the initial state at the time it started, the stream of instructions that it has executed, and the input it has received. If the thread is given the same initial state, runs a given number of instruction and receives the same input during this run, the state of the thread will always be the same after executing the number of instructions in any different runs. In the prior art, nondeterminism occurred when the thread was pre-empted at some random location (e.g. as a result of timer expirations). The pre-emption may allow another thread B 37 to modify a shared variable 35 that thread A 32 will read later. Because the pre-emption orders the executions of threads A 32 and B 37, thread A 32 may read different values in two different runs, depending on whether thread B 37 gets to modify the shared variable 35 before or after thread A 32 reads it. This is uniquely determined by the pre-emption locations, which are not repeatable across the server replicas because of the imprecise nature of computer timers and their independence from the execution of the CPU.
In the present invention, pre-emption occurs at the expiration of an instruction slice. Therefore, pre-emptions will occur at the same locations during any run of the program at any server replica. Since pre-emptions are the source of nondeterminism that affect the outcome of the program, forcing them to occur at the same location within any program run at any server replica will force the program to yield the same results if it receives the same inputs. Consider the example above. If thread B 37 modifies the variable during its second instruction slice, while thread A 32 reads the variable during its third instruction slice, and assuming round robin scheduling, then it follows that thread A 32 will always read the shared variable 35 after thread B 37 modifies it. The outcome is thus deterministic across all the server replicas if the same value p is utilized to control the instruction slices.
Scheduler 31 also pre-empts a thread when it decides to relinquish the CPU before its instruction slice expires. This occurs, for instance, if the thread blocks on a synchronization variable or waits for some input as is commonly understood in the art. These events are deterministic on a uniprocessor because a thread always blocks or waits for input after the same number of instruction in each run, and therefore the deterministic nature of the scheduling is preserved.
The scheduling mechanism in association with the multicast protocol is used to ensure identical executions of all server replicas. To realize this property, it is necessary that the scheduling mechanism order the thread in a manner consistent with the order defined by the multicast protocol. If such consistency is realized, the threads will be all scheduled according to the same order that was defined by the multicast protocol.
To enable the aforementioned features, associated with this scheduling mechanism is an admission control window (ACW) 40 which represents the method for permitting new threads created when new client requests arrive to be placed in the scheduler's ready queue. ACW 40 has a predetermined value m which controls it's opening and closing. The value m decrements by one each time an instruction slice expires. After m instruction slices have expired, the server waits for a new multicast round. When a new round is available, a thread is created for each request available in that round, and the new threads are admitted into the ready queue 30. From then on, the deterministic scheduler ensures that the executions of the server replicas are identical.
Those who are skilled in the art will realize two features of this invention that radically depart from prior art.
First, the role of the multicast protocol here is not to enforce a certain semantic order on the execution of the client requests. Instead, the multicast protocol serves to define an identical initial order for the admission of requests into the server. In prior art, the order specified by the multicast protocol was binding in that the outcome of the concurrent execution should be identical to a serialization of requests according to the multicast order. This invention takes the view that what necessary is an identical order among all server replicas, even if this order is not identical to a particular sequential order. Some skilled in the art have observed that serialization is not necessary [see Cheriton and Skeen, Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, 1993], and this invention adopts the same view.
Second, the server couples the scheduling decisions with the order that is defined by the multicast protocols. In the prior art, scheduling and request delivery were always independent.
The selection of m thus controls how responsive the system can be to external events and client requests, while avoiding the utilization of timers that introduce non-determinism. The selection of m also must be coupled with the occurrences of multicast rounds. In particular, there is a one-to-one correspondence between a multicast round and an ACW. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that it is relatively straightforward in a particular implementation to tune the value of m to coincide with the frequency of occurrences of multicast rounds.
The frequency of occurrences of multicast rounds is adjustable. If there are no client requests available, a multicast round is nevertheless generated containing no requests. These empty rounds serve to synchronize the replicas by ensuring that all of them go through the same ACW's. These rounds also could be used for failure detection, as done in prior art.
A thread could block waiting for a local system service to complete (e.g. reading a file). When such blocking occurs, the thread relinquishes its instruction slice and is no longer part of the scheduler's ready queue 30. When the reason for blocking is no longer valid (e.g. a file read has completed), the readmission of the thread into the ready queue must be coordinated among the server replicas to ensure consistency. This is done as follows. When a thread is ready to resume execution at one replica, the latter announces this fact in the next multicast round (it appears in the round in addition to client requests). At some future rounds, all replicas will reach the point where that particular thread is ready to run everywhere. At that round, the thread is re-inserted again into the run queue.
The working of scheduler 31 and ACW 40 may be further understood with reference to FIG. 4. Following the logic flow of this embodiment, the processing of a thread scheduler is shown. Once the process starts, the scheduler 31 and multicast protocol stack is initialized at Block 50 and the counter variable n is set to zero. The n variable counts the number of active client requests currently executing in the server. The scheduler 31 then determines if a new multicast round is available in block 52. If so, the scheduler 31 admits new requests at Block 54. If a new request is available the n variable is incremented by one, which creates a thread to handle the request, adds a thread to the scheduler 31, and returns to Block 52. This process continues until no additional new multicast requests are available. The scheduler then checks at Block 58 to make sure that there are requests to be run. If there are threads in the queue, the scheduler then begins to execute each thread in slices in Block 62 beginning with the first thread. An ACW counter variable j is set to zero at this time at Block 60. The threads are made to execute p instructions (or one slice) or until the thread blocks or replies to the client in Block 62. After each slice is executed, the ACW counter variable is incremented by one Block 64. A check is made to determine if this counter variable has reached a predefined number m that determines when a new multicast round should be checked. The thread slices continue until this number has been reached. As shown in Block 66, when the ACW counter variable becomes larger than m, then the ACW opens and a new round of multicast is accepted as in Block 52. The entire scheduling process continues indefinitely.
The above combination of thread scheduling and multicast delivery ensures that server replicas 84, 86 and 88 execute clients' requests in an identical manner. By way of example, but not of limitation, consider the execution of a multithreaded program as a stream of instructions. New requests are admitted into the stream of instructions every m instruction slices. Since all replicas receive the multicast at the same point within the instruction stream, and since the multicast protocol ensures ordered and reliable delivery everywhere, then new requests are admitted at the same point within the instruction stream at all replicas. The corresponding thread thus starts at the same execution point within the instruction stream, and the thread scheduler at any replica ensures that it is scheduled in an identical manner. The interleaving of thread execution is also identical at all replicas through the use of deterministic thread scheduling.
It is also important to note that although the present invention has been described in the context of a fully functional remote method invocation system, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the present invention are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms to any type of information handling system, and that the present invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media utilized to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include, without limitation, recordable type media such as floppy disks or CD ROMs and transmission type media such as analog or digital communications links.
It should be noted that the CORBA standard currently does not support active replication to ensure automatic fail-over for high availability. The problem is difficult because CORBA objects are multithreaded and cannot produce identical executions when replicated. The present invention herein described offers a solution to this problem that enables active replication to be used in the context of a CORBA compliant system, resulting in the same high-availability that could be provided by traditional systems. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments, this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the disclosed embodiment, as well as alternative embodiments of the invention, will become apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. For example, although FIG. 4 illustrates the ACW as having a separate counter, it is possible to share a counter with the scheduler whereby the ACW opens after all the scheduled threads have been executed once. It is therefore contemplated that such modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.
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|International Classification
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|Jan 29, 1999
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ELNOZAHY, ELMOOTAZBELLAH N.;REEL/FRAME:009739/0075
Effective date: 19990129
|Nov 18, 2005
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 17, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 21, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 16, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 2, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140716


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Barra Sol Praia Hotel
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Barra Sol Praia Hotel
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Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Parents or a legal guardian traveling with children under 18 years must present the child's birth certificate and an identity card with photo (passport, for example) at the check-in. For international travels from Brazil, if just one of the parents is traveling with the child, she/he must present – in addition to the child's certificate of birth and identity card with photo – a letter authorizing the trip signed by the other parent with a notarial certification of signature. In case the parents or the legal guardian, as applicable, cannot or are unwilling to give this authorization, a judicial authorization is required. People who intend to travel to Brazil with children must consult with the Brazilian consulate before traveling for more information.
- Children 5 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.


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Separate names with a comma.
Discussion in 'Dog Health and Nutrition' started by dog4god, Jan 22, 2013.
How good are dental sticks for dogs teeth, do they work as I can not see me brushing my dogs teeth.
Dental Sticks in my opinion are a waste of money, they are very high in sugar and do not do alot to teeth as they are fairly soft aswell. You are better off buying some bones for the dog to chew or some other harder chews, there are alot on the market which are better than dental sticks. Also it is good to get your dog used to having its teeth brushed, as bones and chews wont keep them in perfect condition without the occasional brush.
My dogs have them but I'm making my own chews for them! Pig skin and tripe sticks etc
Useless and a waste of money.
I brush my dogs teeth but there are other products that you simply sprinkle on their food such as 'Plaque Off'.
Have to agree... mine used to have them years ago when they first came out I swear they would stick to the teeth :-/ No idea how they were supposed to work!
Talking to my vet about teeth he said that raw bones/ chews are good for the back teeth but not much will touch the front canines and little teeth (technical term!). He recommends brushing for the fronts which I don't do at the moment but thinking about it.
They are not only useless but full of rubbish and actually dangerous. I gave them to my dogs some years back and the very next day my Lab was vomiting a liquid watery substance (not proper vomit) and had an obvious stomach ache. She was fine after that scare but Im certain some of that dental chew lodged in her intestines for a period of time (they take ages to digest).
I usually think of them as eating haribos instead of brushing my teeth!
There was a threaad sometime ago about the rubbish that is in dentastix, I tried them only th once way before this and bought one packet only and with mine it seemed to give them an upset stomach.
There are other things that you can use where you dont have to brush Like plaque off and logic. Although mostly something hard to chew seems to do the trick now with mine.
Logic Oral Hygiene Gel Pet Toothpaste 70g - £6.52
For animals | SwedenCare
My older dog won't eat hard things like stagbar etc.
Is there anything thinner and bit softer that might work like fish skins or same size and thickness as those wafer thin dental chews (broad but thin) but healthier?
I got pizzle sticks to try but she not interested, thinking they might tempt her as they smell meaty.. luckily JJ likes them. I've not tried tripe sticks.. what is tripe anyway? .. and do they clean teeth?
p. s the middle dog in your pic (sleddoghotel) is gorgeous! reminds me of one I used to walk many years ago called Sian. was going down road with her and had crossed behind a young mother with child, the kid turned round and saw us and heard him say to his mum 'Don't look now mummy but there's a wolf behind us!"
Nothing will clean teeth like raw meaty bones - they're really the best things for the job.
If you don't fancy them though, rawhide chews are good at cleaning teeth, if you're happy to feed them - I know some people aren't. As are the Antos toothbrushes/crocs, cows ears, paddywack, pizzle etc.
Dried fish skins are good for teeth though, but they're extremely crunchy rather than chewy.
Tripe is stomach lining (usually a cows), and yes, dried tripe sticks are good for teeth cleaning - as are big fleshy chunks of raw tripe.
They are not worth the money cuz they dont work like they make u think they do.
Your better off buying rawhide chews and bones for your dog. Nylabones are also very good for cleaning teeth.
DuraChew® Bone - Bacon | Product Finder | My Pet Is | Medium Dog - up to 35 lbs | Nylabone®
Rawhide is actually very good at cleaning teeth - but rawhide does carry its own risks - the main one being choking and intestinal obstruction. There are many cases where dogs have died from rawhide and when I was younger our family dog almost choked to death on a rawhide stick - (she softened the whole chew and then thought she could swallow it) luckily we managed to pull it out of her throat So they should be given with caution.
I'm sure I ordered some paddywack to try with the P@H order it got delayed cos of weather.
I thought bones were bad they splinter. I heard many dogs choking and injuries to throat etc. I thought someone told me smoked bones bad when I asked about ones at supermarket. .. but alot of people seem to risk it and feed their dogs the bones and raw meat diet?
One of JJ's sisters had to be rushed to vets a week after they had taken her home as she choked on a bone and it damaged her throat trying to cough it back up. She was only 9 weeks old.
I have had to pull rawhide and pigs ears out of my dogs throat before because she had tryed to swallow it and it was too big. Cuz shes starved! Dogs should be supervised when they have any type of chews or are eating or playing with toys just incace, everything comes with a risk unfortunatly.
just a word of caution that paddywack from petsathome comes from china,india and god knows where else - i wouldnt feed it personally
have a look at the country of origin of the dried chews....
zooplus has a selection as well as other uk based companies i.e burns has venison ears, paddywack, sinews etc from venisonforpets, cant think of other right now but will edit as soon as i do
Smoked, roast and cooked bones are extremely dangerous and should NEVER be fed.
Raw bones are relatively soft and pliable, and perfectly safe to feed and pose no more of a choking risk than any other chew.
My dogs eat raw bones everyday, and so have all my dogs over the past forty years, and I've never had any problems.
Rawhide is often bleached, horrible to give that to a dog.
Try raw chicken wings a few times a week.
I thaught it was only the white rawhide that was bleached?
i only feed mine fish4dogs treats now and the occasional gravy bone
I feed mine~
F4D's fish skins (whoppers are the best for mine)
Antos chews from pets at home
pigs ears
dried tripe
I found some liver treats localy that someone makes and so they get those too and sometimes a gravy bone...they love them!


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One of the panels on the Great Tapestry of Scotland, a stitched history of the nation that was unveiled last week in the Scottish parliament, is devoted to A Satire of the Three Estates, a morality play by David Lyndsay, which was first publicly performed in 1552. The caption boldly proclaims it to be "the greatest Scottish play ever".
I was startled by the confidence of this proclamation. The objection is not necessarily that obvious rival candidates immediately leap to mind; Macbeth, despite its superstitious theatrical nickname, is not strictly a "Scottish play", but a play about Scotland written by an Englishman and therefore as ineligible for national top 10s as John Osborne's The Hotel in Amsterdam would be in a survey of Netherlands drama. My scepticism, however, was whether an entire theatrical tradition could be reduced to a single winning candidate.
The temptation, though, is to play the game elsewhere, beginning in the rest of what more or less remains the UK. In England, it seems wilful and implausible to look beyond Shakespeare and the subsequent run-off between Hamlet and King Lear. The latter takes my vote because of its greater poetic and psychological density and the advantage, in a nationalistic exercise of this kind, of being one of only 12 of Shakespeare's plays to take place in England, due to his frequent reliance for sources on legends and stories from wider Europe.
Although my choice is inevitably affected by a complete ignorance of Welsh-language drama, it seems to me that, at least with regard to scripts in English, Wales may have the unusual distinction that its greatest play is a radio drama: Dylan Thomas's Under Milk Wood (1954). Later adapted for stage, TV and film, the piece has certainly become the primary dramatic representation of Welsh speech and atmosphere – but I am happy to be corrected if this is simply a foreign perception. Another candidate of mine, Alun Owen's great TV play No Trams to Lime Street (1959), has the disadvantage of taking place not in Wales, but in Liverpool.
It is in choosing an Irish representative, though, that the selection becomes most complex. Technically, She Stoops to Conquer (1773), The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) and Waiting for Godot (1953) all qualify to be among the greatest – certainly, the most influential – Irish plays on the basis of the birthplaces of Oliver Goldsmith, Oscar Wilde and Samuel Beckett. However, all emigrated, and Goldsmith's and Wilde's comedies take place in England while Beckett's play is located in limbo and was premiered in Paris in a French text. Another remarkable Irish drama – Seamus Heaney's The Cure at Troy (1991), his adaptation of Sophocles' Philoctetes – is also disqualified by national confusion.
If we follow the regulations set by A Satire of the Three Estates, King Lear and Under Milk Wood by choosing an example in which both writer and play represent the nation, the choice narrows. George Bernard Shaw, though he emigrated to England, did write one specifically Irish script, but John Bull's Other Island (1904) is weakened for our purposes by not being even the best play by Shaw, let alone all the writers from the island. Which leaves, for me, a shortlist of JM Synge's The Playboy of the Western World (1907), Sean O'Casey's The Plough and the Stars (1926) and either Translations (1980) or Dancing at Lughnasa (1990) by Brian Friel. The O'Casey and the earlier of the Friels have the ammunition of dealing with vital aspects of Irish history (the Easter Rising and the 19th-century land seizures), although recent revivals of Lughnasa have strongly made the case that this may be the play in which Irish writing most fully achieves its long dream of matching Chekhov. The O'Casey play is probably the winner, especially if the other two parts of the writer's Dublin trilogy – The Shadow of a Gunman and Juno and the Paycock – are included.
While this game is merely speculation – and my selections are intended to invite objection and contradiction – it's striking how, even in cultures with long theatrical histories, a shortlist is fairly easily compiled, although this may reflect the narrow range of texts that are regularly studied and performed.
In American drama, for example, the debating candidates soon come down to a primary run-off between something by Eugene O'Neill – probably Long Day's Journey into Night (1956), which brings the poignancy of having been posthumously premiered – and either Death of a Salesman (1949) or The Crucible (1953) by Arthur Miller. Edward Albee would also get some votes, with my own ballot favouring the undervalued A Delicate Balance (1966), which captures 20th-century American neuroses, rather than the more celebrated Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962).
A case could also be made for two nation-defining epics of modern US theatre, written from previously marginalised perspectives: Tony Kushner's Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (1993) and August Wilson's The Pittsburgh Cycle (1982–2005). If contenders could enter 10 plays, the last would perhaps claim the prize, although this year's British revival of Fences, with Paulette Randall directing Lenny Henry, has provided further evidence – after a recent Denzel Washington revival on Broadway – that this single play from the cycle is fit to go into the ring with the established American classics. On balance, though, I would give the contest to The Crucible, which found in the Salem witch hunts a timeless metaphor for the struggles between state tyranny and individual conscience in the 20th century.
Anyway, those are my choices, from the theatrical cultures of which I have most experience. What have I missed?


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Tap the Power of Local Motion
SUSTAINABILITY FORUM on What Individuals Can Do
By Paul Steely White | Transportation Alternatives | September 23, 2011
"Every time I see an adult on a bicycle, I no longer despair for the future of the human race."
With Washington under the sway of climate change deniers, it is easy to feel despondent. The cure is to focus on local progress—to reclaim momentum and win real results.
In fact, New York City is stoking a revolution in its streets with very little help from Washington. Mayor Bloomberg and his innovative transportation commissioner, Janette Sadik-Khan, are making clean transportation a much more attractive option simply by giving more space and priority to bicycling and walking.
Biking in New York has doubled in recent years, and mass transit and walking are also on the rise. Bike lanes and pedestrian plazas, while just a part of the Mayor's larger climate change initiative, are now the most powerful and popular symbol of our greening city.
Next year the revolution will kick into high gear with the launch of North America's largest public bicycle-share system: 10,000 bikes spread over 600 stations in the first phase alone. Funded entirely by private investment, catalyzed by a small group of committed environmentalists, and supported by local community groups, this local initiative will make zero-emission transportation an easy and obvious choice for millions of New Yorkers.
Chicago, San Francisco, Minneapolis, and other cities are taking similar steps to make clean transportation more attractive than driving.
Just as the carrots of easier biking, walking, and mass transit are being deployed in more and more cities, so are the sticks. Local policies where the "polluter pays" can encourage cleaner choices in energy and transportation.With Washington deadlocked, it is easy to feel despondent. The cure is to focus on local progress.
Many cities and towns have raised parking fees in cooperation with neighborhood business improvement districts, and drivers generally support these higher fees so long as the revenue pays for local walking, biking, and transit enhancements. On the energy front, Maryland's Montgomery County took the bold step last year of introducing the nation's first local carbon tax.
While these revolutions in local transportation and energy policy will certainly reduce carbon emissions, they are not enough. To slow and ultimately stop climate change we need a much larger revolution in the form of a national carbon tax that would, across the board, make cleaner options like solar, wind, and geothermal more cost competitive with oil, natural gas, and coal.
So long as Washington remains deadlocked, your limited time and money are best spent working to support change at the local level. Compared to what it takes to move the needle on national or global policy, it's much easier to tip the balance on your own street, in your own neighborhood, and for your own city.
My recommendation is to work with your local bike advocacy group to win a new bike lane, or support parking reforms and streetscape beautification with your local business improvement district. Work with your local Sierra Club chapter to convince your elected officials to explore local driving and parking fees and taxes on dirty fuels that can subsidize green alternatives.
All the local actions do add up, influencing other cities, and, ultimately, national policy. Check out www.peopleppoweredmovement.org to plug into the local biking and walking advocacy group nearest you.
Please read our usage policy.
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18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
About the Listing
With over 3, 300 sq. ft. of quality construction, this home offers an expansive great room with a massive stone fireplace and captivating lake views. Master suite, spacious kitchen, breakfast nook, laundry, three-season porch, and vaulted ceilings encompass the main level. Amazing stonework throughout, lakeside deck and covered porches add to this already magnificent property. Set on three lots with over 571' of lakeshore and 5 acres of dead end privacy.
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Property Details for 18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 2 Full | 1 Three-Qtr
Lot Size: 5.00 Acres
Lot Dimensions: 295x270x571x408
Year Built: 2000
Garage Dimensions: 2 car
Garage: Tuckunder
Style: (SF) One 1/2 Stories
Water: Well
Sewer: Private
Square Feet: 3697
Above Ground Sq Ft: 2975
Below Ground Sq Ft: 722 (approx)
Room Information for 18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
Main Floor
Dining Room: 17x15.4
Family Room: 17.7x18.1
Kitchen: 15.4x13.9
Bedroom 1: 15.1x20
Three Season Porch: 13.6x23.5
Upper Floor
Bedroom 2: 9.9x15.1
Bedroom 3: 10.5x12.9
Sitting Room: 6.8x21
Lower Floor
Bedroom 4: 9.7x12.8
Den: 13.6x15.8
Dining Room Description: Kitchen/Dining Room
School Information for 18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
School District: Nevis
School District Phone: 218-652-3500
Interior Features for 18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
Appliances: Range, Refrigerator
Air Cond: Central
Heating: Forced Air
Fireplaces: Yes
Basement: (722 sq Finished) Walkout, Finished (Livable)
Exterior Features for 18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
Lot Description: Irregular Lot, Tree Coverage - Heavy
Lot Dimensions: 295x270x571x408
Roof: Metal
Zoning: Residential-Single
Financial Considerations for 18778 Emerald Shores Drive, Nevis, MN 56467
Tax Amount: $7,206
Taxes w/Assessments: $7,312
Tax/Property ID: 216600900
Tax Year: 2016
Monthly Payment = $0
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The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of the Regional Multiple Listing Service of Minnesota, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the owner of this website are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo or the Broker Reciprocity thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.


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Ian Dosser - Chairman of the Club Board
Ian joined the Club Board in 2004 on the formation of AFC Telford and is responsible for Finance and Business Development at the football club. He became Chairman of the Club in July 2013.
Ian has played a lead role in ensuring firm financial foundations for the club, with a small profit in 7 of the 8 seasons. Ian has led a number of significant negotiations on behalf of the club, including the 150 year stadium lease at a peppercorn rent, the addition of the five-a-side pitches and is currently negotiating with a number of parties regarding a key aspect of the overall Masterplan for the Bucks Head. These are all part of developing new streams of sustainable income for the club. Ian also manages the relationship between the club and a number of key partners and stakeholders. Ian is committed to the values of an inclusive, democratic community football club that relies on volunteers and strives for excellence and integrity both on and off the pitch.
Ian is also a Finance Director at the global IT firm Capgemeni who are the largest private sector employer in Telford as well as being the Club's shirt sponsor since 2004.
Win Pryce, Vice Chairman AFC Telford United
Win has served as Vice Chairman since the clubs formation in 2004.
He has supported the Chairman in his day to day role at the club and offered business advice and guidance to the Board of Directors.
He made and oversaw the decision to bring the catering in house in 2005 and the operation generates significant income for the club.
Win has helped the club to maintain some very important commercial relationships, and introduced several new sponsors to the club. His own companies have a considerable sponsorship deal with the club. Win has helped and guided the Chairman to successfully operate the club within its financial means since 2004. He represents the club at official engagements.
Win owns and runs several local companies and has supported several other local clubs and causes over the years
Ian Tyrer - Company Secretary
Ian has been involved in the football club since its inception in 2004. He was a key figure in the forming of both the football club and Trust in the spring of 2004, being involved with negotiations with the local authority and the banks to form the club and obtain the lease of the ground for the football club. However, Ian has been a life-long supporter of the Club watching matches at the Bucks Head since the late 1960's and witnessing Telford's first FA Trophy victory at Wembley in 1971.
Since then Ian has acted as Company Secretary of the football club. He has also been involved in both the administration and commercial functions of the club.
Ian runs his own accountancy practice, IJ Accountancy services.


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A 22-year-old man has died after launching a firework off the top of his head.
Devon Staples and his friends had been drinking Saturday night in the garden of a friend's home in Calais, eastern Maine, US, when he lit the firework and died instantly said Stephen McCausland, a spokesman for the state Department of Public Safety.
He explained: 'Apparently, he thought that was a great idea.
"His friends they thought dissuaded him from doing it, and the next thing they knew, he ignited the fireworks and he was killed instantly."


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Manhattan 164429. Headset type: Binaural, Wearing style: Head-band, Colour of product: Black, Silver. Connectivity technology: Wired, Cable length: 2 m. Headphone frequency: 20 - 20000 Hz, Impedance: 32 Ω, Headphone sensitivity: 100 dB. Microphone frequency: 30 - 15000 Hz, Microphone sensitivity: -54 dB, Microphone input impedance: 2200 Ω. Weight: 87.8 g
Practical headset with full features The MANHATTAN Stereo Headset combines quality performance, comfortable design with a good value. The padded foam ear cushions and single headband adjust to fit almost any listener. Its lightweight design with flexible boom microphone provides quality audio performance and hands-free online communications. An inline rotary control fingertip provides convenience for quick volume adjustments. A long, durable cable helps maintain a reliable connection from almost anywhere in the room.


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5/491 New South Head Rd
Double Bay NSW
Make an appointment with our new online booking systemBook Now
Principal Senior Podiatrist and owner of PodMed Podiatry Centre
Sam has been an Accredited Podiatrist since 2002, following completion of a B.Sc. Podiatry at the University of South Australia. His passion for sports medicine and health care was ignited while training for international competitions at the Australian Institute of Sport. Sam is a clinical podiatrist, specialising in lower limb biomechanics and postural alignment, sports injuries of the lower limb and children's podiatry. Sam has a very strong commitment to patient education and involving patients in their health care. He is driven by finding solutions to patient health problems; no challenge is too great or too small. Sam is a Member of the Australian Podiatry Association and of Sports Medicine Australia, and he is also an on-call Podiatrist to St. Vincent's Private Hospital.
Fees are an estimate only and are subject to your individual needs


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The Last Resort Inn offers guests a wide variety of lodging accommodations. Decorated with an eclectic flair, our bright and airy rooms, suites, and cottage are perfect for groups, reunions, families, couples or that much needed independent getaway! Our Inn offers three very different types of lodging. Our smaller historic rooms have one bed and accommodate two people only at great rate. In between the smaller historic rooms and the suites The Glenn and The H.M. Avery are available for the economic budget for a family of 3 or 4. The remaining suites, cottage and apartment include special features and are priced as such. We are an authentic Lake Michigan Inn, with original fixtures and some original furnishings. The Inn has a "Time Machine" feel, with individually decorated rooms much like you would find in a large doll house. All our rooms have a private shower and bath, some bathrooms may be smaller than others and some rooms have Jacuzzi tubs or Double walk-in showers; additionally, all rooms have Air Conditioning units. Please visit each room's description to get a good feel for the room. The Inn is open seasonally and we love to welcome guests from all around the world. Your Innkeepers Mary Hammer and Alberto Quiroga are artists whose artwork is displayed throughout the Inn, common areas, and even in some of the guestrooms. Guests may enjoy their extended continental breakfast on the wonderful decks outside or in The Inn Gallery! Mary considers the Inn her largest work of art. Watch a short aerial video here Enjoy an interactive 360 video here Our breakfast includes Alberto's FABULOUS homemade banana walnut bread (featuring blueberries when in season), freshly made yogurt parfaits, fresh cut fruit, hard boiled eggs, a variety of bagels, English muffins, cold cereals...and of course coffee, tea, milk and juice. A little bit of something for every one.
- Two night minimum on weekends.
- Three night minimum on most holidays.
- We reserve the right to require a two night minimum throughout the season.
- ATTENTION: Please bring your own beach towels. Bath towels are provided. ***see note in policies***
- Check Our Availability
#29 The Dollhouse Cottage
This charming studio cottage is separate from the Inn and has its own private deck and a Harbor view! Many couples have expressed that this is their first choice romantic get-a-way to create memories. With a hand crocheted coverlet on the King bed and electric fireplace to enjoy; a partial kitchenette, shower bath, TV, love seat with view of the Harbor…what more could you ask for! Two Person Maximum
Around the Inn
Click Pictures for Slideshow[nggallery id=1]


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Monitoring and Evaluation of Agricultural Policy Indicators
This study proposes a set of indicators for monitoring and evaluation of agricultural policy, patterned after the support estimates of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The main indicators are: producer support (incorporating indirect market support, and direct input support through irrigation, credit, and land transfer); general services support; and public expenditures for agriculture. The study finds that these indicators are viable measures of public support and may be consistently updated over time. Past trends in policy indicators suggest that price policy played the biggest role in agricultural support. Low to negative support to agriculture up to the late 1980s was due largely to indirect taxation of agriculture. From the 1990s onward though the protection structure swung in favor of agriculture resulting in expanding producer support, further enhanced by increasing budgetary outlays for agriculture, mostly toward provision of private goods (such as fertilizer subsidies). These patterns suggest resource misallocation, which may be remedied by rationalizing price policy as well as budgetary allocation from agricultural support services of DA (and land acquisition by DAR), toward provision of public goods such as R&D, extension, regulation, and participatory irrigation investments.
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|Date of creation:
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo St., Legaspi Village, Makati City,
Web page: http://www.pids.gov.ph/
More information through EDIRC
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Cororaton, Caesar B. & Cockburn, John & Corong, Erwin, 2005. "Doha scenarios, trade reforms, and poverty in the Philippines," MTID discussion papers 86, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Coxhead, Ian A. & Warr, Peter G., 1995.
"Does Technical Progress In Agriculture Alleviate Poverty? A Philippine Case Study,"
Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 39(01), April.
- Ian A. Coxhead & Peter G. Warr, 1995. "Does Technical Progress In Agriculture Alleviate Poverty? A Philippine Case Study," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 39(1), pages 25-54, 04.
- Caesar B. Cororaton & John Cockburn & Erwin Corong, 2005. "Doha Scenarios, Trade Reforms, and Poverty inthe Philippines: a CGE Analysis," Working Papers MPIA 2005-03, PEP-MPIA.
- IAN COXHEAD & Sisira Jayasuriya, "undated". "Economic Growth, Development Policy and the Environment in the Philippines," Wisconsin-Madison Agricultural and Applied Economics Staff Papers 430, Wisconsin-Madison Agricultural and Applied Economics Department.
- Ian Coxhead & Sisira Kumara Jayasuriya, 2000. "Economic Growth, Development Policy and the Environment in the Philippines," Working Papers 2000.15, School of Economics, La Trobe University.
- Ian Coxhead & Sisira Kumara Jayasuriya, 2000. "Economic Growth, Development Policy and the Environment in the Philippines," Working Papers 2000.15, School of Economics, La Trobe University.
- Coxhead, Ian & Jayasuriya, Sisira, 2001. "Economic Growth, Development Policy and the Environment in the Philippines," Staff Paper Series 430, University of Wisconsin, Agricultural and Applied Economics.
- Habito, Cielito F., 1986. "A General Equilibrium Model for Philippine Agricultural Policy Analysis," Philippine Journal of Development JPD 1986 Vol. XIII Nos. 1, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
- Ian Coxhead & Sisira Jayasuriya, 1994. "Technical Change in Agriculture and Land Degradation in Developing Countries: A General Equilibrium Analysis," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 70(1), pages 20-37.
- David, Cristina C. & Intal, Ponciano & Balisacan, Arsenio M., 2007. "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the Philippines," Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 48477, World Bank.
- Cabanilla, Liborio S. & Rodriguez, U-Primo E., 2006. "The Impact of a Philippine-US FTA: The Case of Philippine Agriculture," Discussion Papers DP 2006-06, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
- repec:phd:pjdevt:jpd_1986_vol._xiii_nos._1&2-j is not listed on IDEAS
- U-Primo E. Rodriguez & Liborio S. Cabanilla, 2006. "The Impact of a Philippine-US FTA : The Case of Philippine Agriculture," Development Economics Working Papers 22693, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
- Coxhead, Ian & Shively, Gerald & Shuai, Xiaobing, 2002. "Development policies, resource constraints, and agricultural expansion on the Philippine land frontier," Environment and Development Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 7(02), pages 341-363, May.
- David, Cristina C. & Balisacan, Arsenio M., 1995. "Philippine Rice Supply Demand: Prospects and Policy Implications," Discussion Papers DP 1995-28, Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
- Coxhead, Ian A. & Jayasuriya, Sisira, 1994. "Trade and Tax Policy Reform and the Environment: The Economics of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries," 1994 Conference (38th), February 8-10, 1994, Wellington, New Zealand 148111, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
- Cororaton, Caesar B., 1997. "Simulating the Effects of GATT-UR/WTO on the Philippine Economy," Discussion Papers DP 1997-06, Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)
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Pornhub knows exactly what you're watching, and how long you're watching it for.
And, since the streaming site gets more than 20 million visitors a day checking out everything from BBW to leprechauns, they've amassed a massive collection of data on the world's masturbatory habits.
That's why we know more women than ever are searching for porn these days, or that the word 'Easter' rises 4750 per cent during the Spring holiday. It's also why we know incest porn – worryingly – rises during the Christmas period, and that 'Thanksgiving blow job' is actually a thing.
But which type of porn, exactly, gets people off the fastest? Thanks to Vice and Pornhub, we've figured out it's – thankfully – not incest or Thanksgiving blow job.
The company looked at its data to see which categories of videos were watched for the shortest amount of time when compared to the average viewer, who spent nine minutes and 20 seconds on the site.
Compiling a list of porn categories and ranking them by average length of time, Pornhub produced a list, organised from shortest to longest-viewed videos, to see what category got people off the fastest.
The result? Redheads.
The 'Red Head' category took top spot for quickest finish, getting people off a full 163 seconds faster than the average viewer.
Things looked pretty different when the data was broken down by gender, though.
Women watched Hentai (Japanese-style animated porn) for 195 seconds longer than average, which Paul Bryant, a professor at Indiana University, told Vice is possibly because they're more into the stories. When it came to what got women off the fastest though, Bryant had no explanation at all.
Terms like handjob, solo male, Asian, and college had the shortest view time.
Of course, there's a few reasons someone might not spend much time watching a particular porn clip – either it was so great that the viewer got off straight away and stopped watching, or, worst case scenario, the video was so bad that the viewer clicked away immediately.
So, in order to ensure these two possibilities weren't taken into account when compiling the results, Pornhub cut out the outliers – either extremely short or extremely long view times.
Which leaves the question, would porn featuring college-aged Asian men jerking off be the secret formula to make a woman orgasm instantly? Food for thought…


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This full website whois and analysis report on Sospc.name was ran on May, 26, 2017.
Gandi SAS
We include detailed information like the server IP Address which is 220.127.116.11. Sospc.name resides at o2switch SARL in France. The domain Sospc.name was first registered on 01/03/2013 which was 4 years and 4 months ago and is set to expire on January, 01, 2018.
The Sospc.name Whois shows that the registrar is Gandi SAS - but a full analysis for Sospc is below to assist you in your research including Whois, Alexa traffic rank of 113291, and server details.
The official title of Sospc.name is: SOSPC
The official description of Sospc.name is:
It is 11:39 AM CEST when you ran this report for Sospc.name here on our website, IP-Adress.com. When it comes to Sospc.name, you can trust that if we have Whois information available for it, we will display it further below to assist in your research of Sospc.name. Feel free to run another Sospc related search, or start a new query.
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A couple from a rural area of Connecticut known as the Quiet Corner is setting out to paint a landscape in every New England county — many of the scenes depicting areas that have been conserved or are in danger of development.
A couple from a rural area of Connecticut known as the Quiet Corner is setting out to paint a landscape in every New England county — many of the scenes depicting areas that have been conserved or are in danger of development.
David Lussier and Pamela Simpson Lussier started their project, expected to last about three years, at the Town Farm on Drift Road. On Thursday, the paired joined Gail Braccidiferro MacDonald, a friend who will chronicle the characteristics and history of each stop, to show off the paintings the paintings they have created over the last few weeks.
The Lussiers stayed in Westport with friends who introduced them to the area. Their itinerary after leaving the SouthCoast hasn't been determined. But they plan to hold a launch similar to Thursday's in each of the six New England states before making their way to each of the region's 67 counties.
Town Farm was chosen to represent Bristol County, but Lussier said the group hasn't yet chosen locations in other counties. They will visit some areas during times of the year when their beauty comes out best, such as the Green Mountains in the fall or during winter snow, Simpson Lussier said.
The purpose of the project is to bring attention to the threat that development poses New England's landscape, history and culture. Along the way, they are teaming up with local land preservation groups and taking sponsorships from businesses, foundations and individuals to help with expenses.
"Painting New England" was modeled after "Painting Missouri," a seven-year journey by a painter and a writer through each of that state's 114 counties. The project for the Lussiers and Braccidiferro MacDonald will take three years because each will keep their everyday job. The Lussiers run the David Lussier gallery in Woodstock, Conn., and Braccidiferro MacDonald is an assistant journalism professor at the University of Connecticut.
By project's end, the trio plans to place paintings in exhibits across New England and write a book about their journey.
In a brochure of their project, they mention preservation efforts in Westport from the Trustees of Reservations, including seeking a 99-year lease for the Town Farm and the agricultural preservation of the Oscar Palmer Farm on Adamsville Road.
Westport ranks ninth among Massachusetts towns in agricultural land loss over the past 20 years, but the Trustees, along with the Westport Land Preservation Trust, have in recent years preserved 52 acres between Fisherville Lane and East Beach, the 35-acre Turtle Rock Farm, 90-acre Chapin White Farm and a 28-acre parcel north of Westport Point near Dunham's Brook.
"The natural landscape not only is threatened by development and sprawl," the trio said in an announcement of their project. "It is also under threat by climate change, diminishing quality of air and water, invasive species and other issues."
"Bristol County is a microcosm if the threat throughout New England," they said. "Each day, New England loses another piece of its heritage when a historic structure is demolished, a farmland converted to house lots or an acre of forest bulldozed."
E-mail Grant Welker at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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DJ mag has tipped it: "2008 will be the year King Roc claims his crown". His collaboration with Secretsundaze Giles Smith, Two Armadillos, has had huge success with tracks on Buzzin' Fly, Dessous, Four:Twenty, and King Roc's own label, Mutual Society, was described by IDJ as "the best thing he'd ever done". In just the first quarter of 2008 he toured China, Australia, Asia and Brazil, released two EPs that spanned techno to trip-hop, and started the preparation for a new live show for festivals, to be launched in 2009.
But to reach that point, he had to almost throw it all away.
It was a case of radical reinvention. In late 2006, King Roc - otherwise known as Martin Dawson - had had it with the music-writing process. Despite first starting in music as part of a three piece breakbeat / techno band (which also included now-huge UK DJs Tom Neville and Nick Sentience), he felt he was now trapped in a restrictive framework of 4/4 dance. He'd left the band to become a successful house producer - releasing on Simple, BuggedOut!, Love Minus Zero, Playtime, even oldschool German electroclash label Beautycase, and remixing classics like New Order and Future Sound of London. But it wasn't enough. He wanted to move outside the 4/4 framework, to be free to experiment with style, and to leave behind the restrictions of a dance DJ's career.
The first step was to look for new inspiration. Dawson had worked at Phonica, the "last London record store still standing" - the place launched the career of Get Physical's Heidi and Simple's Will Saul, and which had single-handedly over several years turned London onto minimal, deep techno and all the new European styles. And through Phonica, Dawson met a new collaborator, Giles Smith, to form one of his new projects, Two Armadillos. With Smith having co-promoted and been resident DJ of ubercool London party Secretsundaze, the two wanted to create something deeper, lighter, and housier than the electronica of the time. Their first EP, "Tunnel of Light", on Steve Bug's Dessous label lead to more collaborations to be released on Buzzin' Fly ("Nostalgia"), Four:Twenty ("Butterfly Bee"), and Secretsundaze Records ("Warriors"), and the first bookings for what will be a regular touring show in the last half of 2008.
But at the same time, Dawson was also looking for something bigger than music - hence his new Mutual Society project. A collaboration with Australian visual artist Seb Godfrey / Drunkpark, the goal of this project is to ultimately release King Roc's debut album in early 2009. But in the short-term, it's a platform for experimenting with the intersection of music and visuals - on a new mutualsocietymusic.com website to be launched late May 08, and across a set of five collectable Mutual Society vinyl EPs, the third of which is due out on the day of website launch.
Dawson describes Mutual Society as a throwback to "the hippy albums of the 70s" - a "cross between Pink Floyd and Twin Peaks" in the way it reinterprets the old-school concept album in a modern context. EP1, Lunaris, was about "chance, coincidence and randomness" - the staggering part that coincidence plays in the life of the average person. Ranging from the solo piano of "the beginning" to the pure techno of "lunar people", it drew raves from Laurent Garnier, Chloe, Lee Burridge and Will Saul. Second EP Communique, meanwhile, was about patterns, mathematics, and interconnectedness and ran from breakbeat to ambient - and it was described by IDJ as "King Roc's strongest release ever - full of emotive wonder that stops you dead in your tracks".
The third EP? Equilibrium is out end May and is about rejecting the distractions of modern life to be "in the moment". Inspired by the snowboarding landscape of Chamonix, France, it includes what amounts to a deep-house symphony, the 11-minute epic, Flow Parts 1&2 - echoing DJ mag's description of the Mutual Society EPs as "dreamy ... elegant ... gorgeous ... bittersweet ... melancholy". And it all leads up to the debut album, Chapters, and the festival shows for next year - a return to live bands, live instruments and real interaction with an audience for Dawson, and an opportunity to entirely re-think the EPs so far. For the album, each EP track will be radically rewritten - ambient will become techno, trip-hop will become chillout, with only the original melodies to remain.
Chapters, Dawson says, is about the process, not the goal. From live to electronic and back to live again, from groups to solo to new collaborations. Start, change, return, change - the journey always as important as the destination...


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Lenin and public education
Viewpoints and Perspectives
- Cite this article as:
- Korolev, F.F. Prospects in Education (1970) 1: 45. doi:10.1007/BF02354316
During 1970, the year which marks the centenary of the birth of V. I. Lenin, many periodicals are devoting articles and studies to the career of the founder of the Soviet State. Although Lenin's work in the political sphere is widely known, little is known outside the U.S.S.R. about the influence he had on the cultural —and the educational—development of his country. The following text outlines Lenin's contribution in these areas and helps to explain, in part, the rapid and widespread expansion of public education in the Soviet Union to which he gave impetus.
Copyright information
© Unesco 1970


text:
6 deadly symptoms you should never ignore
We all have aches and pains every once and awhile, but here are seven symptoms worth getting checked out by a medical professional featured on the Dr. OZ show.
1. Persistent nausea
Most people associate chest pain with heart attacks, but persistent nausea can be an example of referred pain -- the phenomena where you feel pain in one part of the body even though the cause is in another. Heart attack symptoms to watch out for also include pressure in the chest, pain radiating down the arm, shoulders or jaw, shortness of breath, feeling of impending doom, headache and dizziness.
2. Leg cramp that won't go away
A persistent leg cramp can be a sign of deep vein thrombosis. The pain can point to the fact that there is a clot in your leg, which could travel to your lungs. Other symptoms to watch out for include pain or swelling the calf, pain behind the knee or pain or tenderness in the thigh.
3. Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath can be a sign of asthma, even if you didn't know you had it. The muscles tighten around your airway during an asthma attack, which means less air is getting into your lungs.
4. Sudden pain in your upper right stomach
If you have sudden and increasing pain in the upper right part of your stomach and a fever, it could point to a gallbladder infection.
5. Blurred or double vision
The leading cause of blindness for people aged 20 to 74 is diabetes. If you notice double or blurred vision, go to your doctor.
6. A persistent headache
If you have a persistent headache plus pain above or behind the eye, neck pain or numbness on one side of the face, consult your doctor. In rare cases, these symptoms can point to a cerebral aneurysm.


text:
City Park Motel & Apartments
Select your stay dates to check availability at City Park Motel & Apartments
City Park Motel & Apartments
About the Hotel
Property Location
Located in Wagga Wagga, City Park Motel & Apartments is convenient to National Glass Art Gallery and Wagga Wagga Visitor Information Centre. This motel is within close proximity of Wagga Wagga Art Gallery and Victory Memorial Gardens.
Make yourself at home in one of the 27 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming is available for your entertainment. Bathrooms have showers and hair dryers. Conveniences include coffee/tea makers and irons/ironing boards.
Make use of convenient amenities, which include complimentary wireless Internet access and barbecue grills.
Take advantage of the motel's room service (during limited hours).
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include a business center, dry cleaning/laundry services, and laundry facilities. Free self parking is available onsite.
Hotel Facilities
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Laundry facilities
- Smoke-free property
- Total number of rooms - 27
- Free self parking
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Conference space
- Parking onsite
- Free WiFi
- Business center
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
Room Facilities
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Iron/ironing board
- Room service (limited hours)
- Air conditioning
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Hair dryer
- Coffee/tea maker
- Refrigerator
- Cable TV service
Hotel Policy
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: between AUD 8 and AUD 11 per person (approximately)
- Pet fee: AUD 15 per pet, per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


text:
Home >> Toys, Baby & Kids >> Sports & Outdoor Play >> Flying Toys >> Cubic Cyclecar Model Creative Wooden Puzzle Toy for Kids Adults
|Product Name
|Wooden Puzzle Toy
|Fit for Children
|above 6 years old
|Main Color
|Wooden Color , Dark Gray
|Oveall Size
|37 x 23cm / 14.6" x9.1"(L*W)
|Net Weight
|Package Content
|1 x Wooden Puzzle Toy
- Made of wooden material, great for children and adult play.
- Can encourage your children to study on their own initiative and try and experience success as well as failure in games and experients.
- Provides a more effective way for children to learn knowledge than forcing them to learn.
- Ideal as gift choice for children, which could help to build their creative ability and other abilities.
Other Choice (in stock)
- Child Assorted Color Hand Spinning Shooter Flying Saucer...
- $5.99
- Free Shipping
- Kids Flashlight Sound Moving Electric Colorful Plastic...
- $12.99
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- Battery Powered Flashing Light Plastic Airbus Model Toy for...
- $9.49
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- 2 Pcs Child Outdoor Pull String LED Light 5.9" Round...
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- 2 Pcs Children Outdoor Pull String LED Light Flying UFO...
- $5.99
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Shrimp SalsaA community recipe by gibralto
Not tested or verified by Nigella.com
Print me
Put shrimp in a bowl. All other ingredients in a blender or food processor till "chunky" stir in with shrimp and serve with tortilla chips. Party!
Mexican salsa with cooked small shrimp...You set the shrimp aside then blend all the fresh veggie ingredients in a blender or food processor with a compliment of Tortilla chips. Great starter with Margaritas or Beer or any cocktail. Substantial and a welcome side dish with alcoholic beverages or any kind.
Serves: 6
- ¼ kilogram shrimp (small, cooked)
- 3 tomatoes (fresh)
- 1 handful cilantro
- salt
- 1 jalapeno peppers (2 or 3 if you're a chilli head)
- 1 clove garlic
- ⅓ red onion
- 3 tablespoons water
- 1 lime (or lemon, juice of)
Shrimp Salsa is a community recipe submitted by gibralto and has not been tested by Nigella.com so we are not able to answer questions regarding this recipe.
Tell us what you think
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Your comment has been submitted.


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ED Magedson – Founder
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Colorado Technical UniversityChestnut St. Colorado Springs, Colorado United States of America
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 05/02/2012 10:57 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/colorado-technical-university/colorado-springs-colorado-80919/colorado-technical-university-i-applied-to-this-university-in-august-2011-with-the-intent-877120. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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Following a large delivery yesterday of Crocbands & Electros, all sizes and colours are now back in stock. We are expecting the remainder of our order which includes Classic, Baya, Translucent, Duet and Licenced Croc's to be with us within the next 3 days, so if what you are looking for is currently out of stock, this should be rectified very shortly.
If you would like a particular size or style reserved, just drop us an email ( email@example.com )


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