text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 20, 2005
|Filing date
|Sep 14, 2001
|Priority date
|Sep 14, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David Dubovsky
|Original Assignee
|Siemens Communications, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (25), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (45), Classifications (11), Legal Events (9)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to, and commonly assigned with, the following copending applications, each of which was filed on Sep. 14, 2001, in the name of David Dubovsky: Application Ser. No. 09/952,341, entitled"Methods For Generating Data Structures For Automatically Testing GUI Applications"; and Application Ser. No. 09/952,250, entitled "Environment Based Data Driven Automated Test Engine For GUI Applications."
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to methods and apparatus for testing computer programs. More particularly, the invention relates to data structures for use with an environment based data driven test engine for computer programs which have a graphical user interface (GUI).
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Computer programs consist of lines of individual instructions that are read and executed by a processor. Early computer programs were not "interactive". They consisted of a set of instructions that were designed to be read and executed starting with the first instruction and ending with a last instruction. If one of the instructions contained an error, the processor would halt the program when it tried to execute the defective instruction. The programmer would then need to review all of the instructions to determine which one was defective. Although this task of manually "de-bugging" a computer program was tedious, it was possible because early computer programs were relatively short.
As computer programs grew in length and complexity, automated de-bugging tools became necessary. An early de-bugging tool would simply identify which instruction caused the program to halt. This was generally sufficient for debugging a simple linear program, but in the case of looping programs, an instruction might function in some modes and malfunction in other modes.
Today, even "simple" computer programs are very large, often consisting of millions of instructions. Moreover, most of today's computer programs are "interactive", i.e. require interaction with the user of the program. Thus, a defective instruction in the program might only be discovered in the case of a particular user action. Furthermore, most of today's computer programs have a graphical user interface (GUI). A GUI typically includes various elements, referred to as "objects", including "windows", "menus", "icons", "dialog boxes", "lists", "radio buttons", "check boxes", "text entry fields", etc. De-bugging a program that has a GUI is doubly complex because, in addition to the instructions for the program to carry out computing tasks, the program also includes instructions for managing the GUI.
There are several known testing tools for de-bugging GUI applications. One such tool is WinRunner® from Mercury Interactive Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif. WinRunner® is a testing tool which verifies that GUI applications work as expected. By capturing, verifying and replaying user interactions automatically, WinRunner® identifies defects in multiple processes.
With WinRunner®, tests are created by recording user actions. As a test is recorded, check-points are created to compare expected outcomes with actual outcomes. Each time a test is recorded, a GUI map is created. The GUI map contains a list of all of the objects and object attributes used by the test. Each test is recorded using an editable test scripting language (TSL).
A disadvantage of most GUI testing tools, including WinRunner®, is that a separate test script must be created for each GUI application feature. Several thousand test cases (or steps) have to be executed manually with manual and/or visual verification of test results. Repetitive manual execution of test cases is required in order to verify correction of faults or to re-verify functionality of an application after any new production of the application under test. Record and replay operations for generating repeatable test cases require test script (code) modifications for each error found or new test case identified. The modifications themselves require thorough testing before the actual test result quality can be assured. New objects or fields that are added to the GUI application or objects that are moved or removed have a significant impact on all previously recorded test cases even though the behavior of the application has not changed.
Generally, the principles of data driven testing in the prior art include data for automatic test execution according to preprogrammed sequences. However, the data provided to drive the testing does not include data that can be used to define the environment. Taken together, the environment and associated behavior of GUI objects in that environment require specific code or test scripts to be generated and tested. New applications or modifications to an existing application under test cannot be implemented without significant test software development. A significant investment in manpower is required to implement, maintain and enhance the test software that is not reusable.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a data driven test engine for GUI applications.
It is also an object of the invention to provide a data driven test engine for GUI applications which is environment based.
It is another object of the invention to provide a data driven test engine for GUI applications which is automated.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a data driven test engine for GUI applications which tests all of the features in a single test script.
It is another object of the invention to provide the maximum flexibility for test case generation, maintenance and execution required during the development and test cycle of a GUI software project.
It is still another object of the invention to reduce the investment in manpower to implement, maintain and enhance automated test software.
It is another object of the invention to provide a data driven test engine for GUI applications where modifications to the test engine are required only when a new behavior of an object on the GUI is introduced.
In accord with these objects which will be discussed in detail below, the methods and apparatus according to the invention include a scriptable GUI test tool which generates a GUI map (or which includes a utility that generates a GUI map), at least one environment definition (parameter) file, at least one test data (driver) file, and an automated test engine. As used herein when it is stated that a GUI test tools generates a GUI map it is to be understood that the the GUI test tool may provide a separate utility which generates the GUI map.
A separate environment definition file is provided for each feature of the GUI. Each environment definition file provides the abstract details required by the test engine in order to support common processes for different applications. Because the test engine is not hard coded to know the details of the application or object being tested, specific variables are initialized and defined as external data via the environment definition file. Information such as Application Name, Launch Menu, Primary Window identification, Tab and related tab windows are identified in the "Environment" section of this file. The individual fields that appear in the application object are also defined in this file using the "Parameters" section. The behavior of the parameter is defined by assigning a "Type" definition that has already been implemented in the test engine. It is possible to maintain application version compatibility in a single environment definition file by identifying parameter elements that are new to a specific version of an application. The values found in the environment definition file are tightly bound to the logical names that are used in the GUI map.
The key to the structure of the test data file is the "Parameter" section of the environment definition file. The test data file is organized into rows of data where each row defines a single test and each column represents a parameter. Occasionally, multiple rows of data are required in order to facilitate or verify the results of an individual test. The data begins with a definition of the default values that are expected for each field (parameter). This single line of data is followed by one or more rows of individual data driven tests. Each row consists of standard fields and the data specific for each field of the object being tested. Standard fields include a Test ID, Preamble and Postamble action, Expected Result indication and a Comment. Preamble and Postamble actions are usually application specific and represent user actions required to establish a starting point for a test and the action to perform to execute the desired test. The test case ID is reported in a log file for tracking purposes. The expected results field indicates whether the test will pass completely or fail during data entry, during the execution of the preamble, postamble or during verification after the postamble action has been executed. Data that appears in the individual fields of a data driven test are specific for the parameter, operation or the use of the field. Fields can be ignored, changed, left alone or ignored for Query operations. Data can also represent multiple columns of a table structure.
The automated test engine (ATE) is composed of a plurality of library modules written in the scripting language of the scriptable GUI test tool. The ATE is driven by the test data file and uses the GUI map and environment definition file.
According to the presently preferred embodiment, the scriptable GUI test tool is WinRunner®. The environment definition files and the test data files are preferably generated with a spreadsheet program such a Microsoft Excel® and saved as comma delimited text files for use by the ATE.
The included CDROM appendix contains the following files:
Turning now to
As illustrated in
The GUI map 12 generated by the test tool 10 includes the logical names and physical attributes for each of the GUI objects. A separate environment definition (parameter) file 14 is provided for each of the y number of GUI application features. Each parameter file 14 includes a feature environment definition which may include menus, windows, tab references and miscellaneous variables. The parameter file 14 also includes up to n number of object environment definitions. Each object environment definition includes a logical name, an indication of its position in the data file 16, x number of object behaviors, and miscellaneous information. According to the presently preferred embodiment, the parameter file 14 is saved as a comma delimited text file but it is created and managed as a spreadsheet file. The column and row structure inherent in a spreadsheet file make it easier to manage than a delimited text file. Two examples of a parameter file are contained on the CDROM appendix as a tab in Microsoft® Excel® spreadsheet files entitled PeripheryBoards.xls and VoiceStation.xls.
A separate test data (driver) file 16 is provided for each of z number of tests. The number of tests is selected by the user. Each test may be simple or complex. Generally, each test data file includes a test case ID, a preamble action, a postamble action, an expected result, a test case comment, and test data for each of n number of GUI objects. Two examples of a driver file are contained on the CDROM appendix as a tab in Microsoft® Excel® spreadsheet files entitled PeripheryBoards.xls and VoiceStation.xls.
A single test engine script 18 is provided for each GUI application to be tested. The test engine script 18 interacts with the WinRunner® application 10 and the GUI map 12. It also reads from the parameter file 14 and the driver file 16. According to a presently preferred embodiment, a test engine script is composed of a plurality of library modules written in the scripting language of the scriptable GUI test tool 10. The test engine is driven by the test data file 16 and calls upon the GUI map 12 and environment definition file 14 during execution. An example of a test engine script is contained on the CDROM appendix as a number of text files in the directory entitled "engine".
Turning now to
The standard fields include a Test ID, Preamble and Postamble action, Expected (Desired) Result indication and a Comment. Preamble and Postamble actions are usually application specific and represent user actions required to establish a starting point for a test and the action to perform to execute the desired test. The test case ID is reported in the log file for tracking purposes. The expected results field indicates whether the test will pass completely or fail during data entry, during the execution of the postamble or during verification after the postamble action has been executed.
Data that appears in the individual fields of a data driven test are specific for the parameter, operation or the use of the field. Fields can be ignored, changed, left alone or ignored for Query operations. Data can also represent multiple columns of a table structure.
More specifically, line 1 includes the directory structure for the specific Excel® tab. Column "D" includes the Version ID for subdirectory management. Column "F" includes the Test Suite Directory name. Column "H" includes the Object ID—or, actually, the Name of the file
Line 2 begins a History of Change section specific for the tab. Additional rows should be added in order to maintain a reasonable record of the significant changes made to the data in this file. The History record should include the initials of the tester, the date of the change and a brief description of he change.
Three lines are copied from columns of the parameter tab (FIG. 4). All of the typeCode, logicalName and the fieldPosition columns are selected (and copied) from the parameter file and by using paste special with transpose enabled the columns are converted to rows. By selecting Column "G" in the destination file as the paste destination the information is accurately reproduced for reference while generating data for the test cases that will follow.
The standard data beginning with line 4 in
Turning now to
For the next row starting at 118: a test case ID is defined at 120; an optional TD reference is entered at 122; the preamble action required to open or access the object is entered at 124; the postamble action, if one is required, is specified at 126; the desired result is entered at 128; an optional comment is entered at 130; and "ignore" is entered for each parameter in the object at 132. As described in more detail hereinafter "ignore" is not always required in every field although sometimes it may be necessary.
In the last row of the test data, END is entered in Column A at 134 and the file is saved at 136. As mentioned above, the file is saved as a comma delimited text file for use with the test engine script. It will be appreciated that the native spreadsheet file will also be saved for further development.
The test case ID serves two purposes. First, it is used as a trace value in the log file that is created during execution of the test engine providing a means to relate the run results to the driver file input. Secondly, and more importantly, it allows test steps to be grouped into test cases providing a structure for a complete run sequence. A test case numbering convention is utilized to facilitate both of these issues. Normally the first test case facilitates the "Opening" of an object or the initial access to the object to be tested. This test case is usually numbered "0" or "1". Normally the last test case facilitates the "closing" of the object under test or the exit from the object and it is best to provide a very high number as the Test Case ID e.g. "99999". Since a test case may actually require more than one step, or row, in the driver file to complete the requirements for a test, it is necessary to be able to group test steps into test cases. This is accomplished by utilizing the following sequence for numbering the Test Case ID.
Initial step of a sequence for Test Case 1
Second step of a sequence
Third step of a sequence
Second sub step of step 2 of test case 1
Final step of the sequence for test case 1
Begin test case 2
2nd step
Final Step of test case 2
Note that it is possible for any one of the individual steps to be an actual "Test Case" as defined and documented in the Test Director. Therefore, an appropriate TdRef value can be assigned each of the steps. The TdRef value can be reused in each of the sequences since the TestCaseID is unique.
It is also possible to enter a "skip code" in a test case ID to be able to skip a Test Case. This simplifies editing of the driver file. A skip code is identified at run time to indicate a specific set of test cases that should not be executed. According to one embodiment of the invention, only one skip code is used at a time. According to alternative embodiments of the invention, multiple skip codes could be used and/or codes for performing (rather than skipping) tests are contemplated.
A reference to Test Director test case name includes the subject path to resolve duplicate test case names.
The Preamble Action is used to establish the initial conditions for an individual "step". It is expected that the preamble always works. Examples of preamble actions are: OpenBook, OpenChapter, SelectRow, NoAction, and Reload.
The Postamble Action defines the user action that will be performed after the data has been entered. Examples of postamble actions are: No Action, Apply, Commit, DeleteRow, Stop, Start, and Restart.
Expected Results defines what should happen as a result of this test case. The test engine is currently designed to detect only one fault per line. The values of the Expected Result fields are used to determine at which point a fault might (is expected) to occur. The presently preferred values for expected results are as follows:
The Comment Field is optional and it is used for any necessary comments that helps to clarify a Test Case. It will be appreciated that a comma should not be used in this or any other field since the file will be saved to a comma delimited text file.
Special Data Values are provided for parameter manipulation. These include:
default=There is to be no data input into the field but the default value should be expected as a result of the specified action,
nochange=The value that is in the field as result of the previous action should remain and the same value should be used as the expected result value for the specified parameter,
ignore=The field will not be changed and it will not be evaluated for expected result verification,
BlankQuery=The field is marked as NEED4Query in the parameter file but for a specific test case it will not be utilized. This is used when there are two fields that can be used for a query, but only one field is required.
Turning now to
The individual fields that appear in the application object are also defined in this file using the "Parameters" section. The behavior of the parameter is defined by assigning a "Type" definition that has already been implemented in the test engine. It is possible to maintain application version compatibility in a single environment file by identifying parameter elements that are new to a specific version of an application. The values found in this file are tightly bound to the logical names that are used in the GUI map.
The definition of each object to be tested includes logical names, menus, expected windows, tab window names, links, and object attributes. The parameter value types include edit, checkbox, list, displayonly, radio, and other types for specific applications
In particular, the parameter section of the file includes typeCode as supported by the test engine, logicalname as defined by the GUI map, fieldposition in numerical order, WinTabID (an environment reference to the tab that the field appears on), queryCode indicating the field which is used for query operations, and VersionID.
The specific file structure definitions for the parameters file include:
Referring now to
As mentioned above, an exemplary test engine script is provided on the CDROM appendix in the directory entitled "engine". The script includes several files and functions which are described generally as follows. Details of the functionality and the operation or use of these library functions can be found in the header section of each module and/or function within each module. Each module also contains a HOC (History of Change) section.
The file entitled "Actions" contains the functions to handle the PreAmble and PostAmble actions of the test cases.
The function "ApplicationSpecific" contains general functions that are always application specific. These functions are utilized by other modules of the test engine script. They must always be modified for specific operation of the application being tested.
The file entitled "Common2All" contains functions for all common procedure test cases. This module controls the main flow and logic for the test engine.
The file entitled "General" contains miscellaneous functions to handle loading of GUI map files, opening of the specific test object, file I/O and several wait functions required during test execution.
The function "EngineInit" is loaded automatically by WinRunner® (per the wrun.ini file). It initializes the physical GUI recognition parameters that have been carefully defined for the application. Usually this module applies to ALL versions of the application under test.
The file entitled "ParmSetCheck" has two functions 'SetField' and 'CheckField' which are used to handle the field value assignment and validation based on the input data. Application specific processing must be provided for recognizing error and success conditions.
The file "SiteInitVxx" varies between testers at each different test site (workstation/PC and User). It contains several global variable definitions that allow the individual tester to specify alternate parameters and characteristics that may be unique to the location and or purpose of the test (e.g. test engine development as compared to test execution). Most variables are defined as a constant in this file in order to insure that they do not get overwritten during test processing.
The file entitled "TestInit" defines all global variables required by the test engine.
The file "CustomSupport" provides the parameter Set and Check functions required to support the Custom Grid Objects Tables or other 3rd party vendor supplied object constructions or class structures.
The file entitled "obj_main" provides the interface between the individual Batch files and the test engine. Primarily it creates and initializes some more complicated path variables based on previous definitions and the formal parameter that defines the "Object Under Test"; forces a reload of the necessary library modules; and initializes the environment, exception handling and the main test engine.
The function "PrePostActions_Init" declares and initializes global variables that are usually application specific for the recognition and processing of user actions. The values defined here are used in the test data drive files and are processed in the module entitled "Actions".
The file entitled "Setbaselines" uses as input the Parameter File (environment and parameter definitions) for the Object Under Test. The information from the parameter file is read into specific test engine data structures in order to establish the "Environment" required by the test engine. The data in the parameter file also defines the structure of the required data drive files.
The file "PopUpHandler" contains functions that are used throughout the test engine. These functions are specific to dealing with pop-up windows that are presented to the user during the course of the operation of the application under test. Most of the logic in this module is application specific although the functions themselves are test engine specific. Initialization, activation, deactivation, recognition and processing of Error, Warning and Information pop-up windows is provided.
There have been described and illustrated herein methods and apparatus for environment based data driven testing of computer programs which have a graphical user interface (GUI). While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as so claimed.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 14, 2001
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Telecom is playing down speculation up to one third of its workforce could soon be sent offshore, as it seeks to slash costs to improve its bottom line.
Labour ICT spokeswoman Clare Curran said rumours are circulating that Telecom was using the pressures of operational separation as a smokescreen to mask its plans to "outsource and ultimately offshore" up to one third of its workforce.
In a separate report ComputerWorld said it understood that one of the project aims was for Telecom to outsource its "Technology and Shared Services" support unit with nearly 2000 permanent employees.
But Telecom spokesperson Ian Bonnar today slammed the talk as rubbish, saying the review was in its early stages.
Telecom is undertaking a review of its Technology and Shared Services support unit, of which there are about 1500 employees.
Any talk around jobs losses was sheer speculation, Bonnar said.
Bonnar confirmed a review of its partner technology was underway, and that those companies affected had been asked to come up with proposals moving forward.
This comes as HP's 10-year deal to provide Telecom with support services to build, manage and operate its systems, comes to an end and the telco considers whether it has the right partnership in place.
No deadline had been set for implementation, but it was extremely unlikely that it would be this year, Bonnar said.
A large part of Telecom's business was already outsourced and this, as well as moving jobs in-house could not be ruled out by the telco in the future, he said.
"It's too early to say what might happen and the kind of comments that are being made are wildly speculative," he said.
Telecom chief executive Paul Reynolds announced this month that the company planned to slash 200 management jobs by mid-year and that more lay-offs were likely.
The job losses are part of a programme announced last year that aims to slice more than $500 million from the business's costs by 2013.
More redundancies were expected in the next couple of years, he said.
Reynolds also recently sparked talk the telco could split, after comments made by the company that it would consider new structures to participation in the Government billion-dollar fibre broadband network.

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text: Next Story > Corruption Currents High Tide: From Avigdor Lieberman Resigns to Navalny Probed By Samuel Rubenfeld Samuel Rubenfeld The Wall Street Journal CANCEL BiographySamuel Rubenfeld Dec 14, 2012 2:15 pm ET Mike Lucas Russia launched a money laundering and fraud probe against opposition leader Alexei Navalny. Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman resigned in the face of an indictment charging him breach of trust. Most Pakistani lawmakers don't file tax returns. To Read the Full Story, Subscribe or Sign In Previous Construction Company Exec Arrested on Kickback Charges Next Obama Signs Magnitsky Act Into Law


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Bloomington – Matt Canada isn't expecting a great deal of sympathy with the predicament he's facing these days.
Indiana's Offensive Coordinator and Quarterbacks coach knows Ben Chappell will be under center when the Hoosiers open the season Sept. 3 against Eastern Kentucky. But there's a great deal of uncertainty about who will be his back-up.
Will it be one of the returnees? Redshirt freshman Adam Follett is a big kid with a strong arm who spent the spring as the team's No. 2. There's also sophomore Teddy Schell, who's just now getting back to full strength from an elbow injury and subsequent surgery that has limited him ever since he arrived on campus.
Or, could it be a true freshman? New arrivals Edward Wright-Baker and Dusty Kiel have both impressed Canada with their ability to pick up the offense, their presence on the field, and their potential.
"You look at them both – they're both Big Ten quarterbacks," Canada said of the two newcomers.
With a week and a half of fall camp now complete, Canada has done his best to give all five quarterbacks an opportunity to showcase their skills in both 7-on-7 and 11-on-11 sessions. There will come a point, though, where he'll have to zero in on the two or three that will make up the depth chart, because "you can't get five guys ready to be a quarterback."
That might prove to be a tough call, but Canada says he's fortunate in that the choice will be from a handful of good options, instead of trying to pick the best of some bad choices. All five quarterbacks have had their moments since fall camp opened, and at this point none of them would be a surprising choice as the team's No. 2.
"You can't have enough good players," Canada said. "No one is walking around going, 'I have too many good quarterbacks. Poor me.'"
Two of the good ones are the two new arrivals, Kiel and Wright-Baker. While the quarterback position is one of the more unlikely spots for a true freshman to bypass a redshirt season and instead play, both of IU's highly-regarded newcomers are making a case for the No. 2 job.
The 6'2", 220-pound Kiel had the benefit of graduating from high school early and making the trip from his home in Columbus, Ind., to observe each of IU's 15 spring practices. Wright-Baker didn't have that luxury and admits to being overwhelmed when fall camp got underway.
"We go out, and my first day was crazy," Wright-Baker said. "Everybody was everywhere."
Wright-Baker has since settled in and has been equally impressive as of late. Both young quarterbacks know there's a legitimate opportunity to crack the two-deep this fall, and potentially play should anything happen to Chappell during the season.
"The more we are learning, the better we're getting," said the 6'1", 205-pound Wright-Baker, who accounted for 31 touchdowns last year at Jeffersonville (Ind.) H.S. "We're getting the reps, and the No. 2 spot is open, and one of us has to take it."
Kiel is making a case for the job as well, although he's trying to avoid making that his primary focus during camp.
"If I'm pushing the guys around me, then that's good for me," said Kiel, who threw for 3,172 yards and 35 touchdowns last season at Columbus East. "I'd like to be the No. 2, but if Adam (Follett) is better or if whoever is better, then that's coach's decision. I'm here to compete and try to give 100 percent every day."
Both continue to do that, and as a result they're getting serious looks by their position coach as potential back-ups for Chappell. It remains very possible that one of the veterans could ultimately prove to be the choice at No. 2 and both Kiel and Wright-Baker will redshirt, but neither is going to make that decision an easy one for Canada or Coach Bill Lynch.
"We believe when you come in here, you're going to be at the bottom of the depth chart," Canada said. "The guys that are here, they're always ahead. They're our guys, they've been here, they've worked – I don't think there's any other way to do it.
"In the same breath, in recruiting and through time we say we're going to play the best guys. If you come in and prove you're ready to play and the best guy, then go."
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|This is a discussion on GTO vs Exploititive play within the online poker forums, in the Learning Poker section; Maybe someone can help me with something I may be missing. Why would you want to learn GTO play at nano/micro or small stakes? I'm
GTO vs Exploititive play
Maybe someone can help me with something I may be missing. Why would you want to learn GTO play at nano/micro or small stakes? I'm not even sure how much it would really apply at mid stakes in the games I play. I mean, it does against certain regs, but still I play mostly exploitative. I'm asking that because of learning tools that try and teach GTO in no-limit holdem. I tried to convince myself it might be a good base to use and operate from, but as a learning model it's severally flawed and you'd end up leaving tons of money on the table if you applied GTO strategy to these games.
Am I missing something?
No I don't think you're missing anything because I've been saying the same thing for years. I mean substantial losers at those limits might stand to benefit from it somewhat but exploitative play is approximately 785,300 times more effective in uNL and SSNL games. An understanding of game theory doesn't hurt and a rough facsimile of "GTO" play can be handy to fall back on in MSNL games against superior opponents (or if you're writing scripts for bots lol), but even in those games deviating from GTO is critical in targeting whatever weak link(s) the game is built around.
Maybe you can expand and make me a believer though.
I know there's a math movement of backgammon and other players trying to focus on GTO, or nash equilibrium solutions as they should more accuretly be called, to no-limit holdem. I completely understand how they apply to more closed systems like backgammon, I'm just not completely convinced they will ever apply to no-limit holdem. I've had debates about this with some of the top players in the world, and while I think it's an interesting study on some levels, I'm not sure of the practical application to a game that includes such a high level of psychology like no-limit holdem.
In games that psychology has a very minor influence, like backgammon or chess, I get it. GTO is what you should be striving for.
Like I said, I'm completely open to be convinced otherwise.
So, if there are solid arguments as to why I should re-think this, I'd certainly be interested to see them since re-thinking is a form of learning / improving.
That said, although I have no empirical evidence, when I consider the balance between how many players have highly exploitable flaws plus how often those situations come up vs. how often and how much I'd actually be exploited if I play in a way that is theoretically more exploitable, my admittedly purely subjective feeling is that it's pretty hard to imagine GTO actually being more profitable at the micros.
Btw, can you point me toward anywhere I can see pro-GTO arguments?
The bottom line is that if you are playing exploitatively in order to profit off the vast majority of players at your stake, by definition you can be exploited.
It is virtually impossible to play GTO because forming a GTO range in one spot depends greatly on knowing precisely how villains will respond, and it's not just on one street but all streets.
However, having a solid understanding of GTO concepts helps greatly in building starting points for, say, preflop ranges, c/c ranges, etc.
If you are playing exploitatively, then guaranteed your frequencies are way off -- in ways that will make you money against a ton of players, but in ways that can easily be attacked by thinking players pretty quickly. For instance, if you build a range where you are 3-betting AJ+/KJ+/QQ+ vs. BTN openers, then your range is totally unbalanced and totally sucks on any Broadway board.
Similarly, if you are always C-R your nut flush draws + overs, then your range is capped on so so many runouts that your c/c range is going to suck. And if your c/c range sucks, you are letting the BTN exploit you because he can then cbet ATC.
Im not even sure how one would only learn to apply GTO without understanding the game and its ideas. Like GTO makes huge assumptions about others playing, but it doesn't mean its not a nice baseline, it also removes a lot of plays that are fundamentally unsound.
But really our aim as players should be to play optimally, i.e. to play as optimally as possible given our opponents strategy and beliefs. is we can make exploitive adjustments, awesome! but if our opponent has the potential to make exploitive plays or we are unsure about how our range looks in a particular spot, balancing our range to protect ourselves seems like a good idea.
Also I think that GTO principles are pretty handy to use as reference points, i.e. Knowing what an optimal push/fold decision would be v nash callers, and that allows us to make more accurate adjustment in either direction. Or facing a river bet and knowing that the optimal bluffing freq is what evs % and we can then make inferences about whether we expect less or more than that in factoring to calling.
More over I'm not convinced that the two concepts are mutually exclusive, I don't see why learning some GT principles wouldn't round out a baseline understanding of the game.
re: Poker & GTO vs Exploititive play
"GTO makes huge assumptions about others playing" - Incorrect, it is basically a defensive approach that can't be exploited by any strategy so it doesn't assume anything.
GTO play is good as default and after you get reads on opponents you can exploit then when chance presents itself.
As a math-based player coming from limit, I was (unsurprisingly) a rock. I fared well against calling stations and maniacs, but got exploited by good LAGs. In an effort to improve my game against LAGs, I decided to learn to play HU. Learning to be a successful HU player was great for my full-table NL game (six-max or 10) and reduced how often I was exploited. In fact, I enjoyed the action so much that HU NL tourney play became (and remains) my go-to game.
Having said all this, my poker "home base" has been and always will be math- based (as opposed to intuitive, tell-based, or exploitative). When I heard about GTO poker, I was VERY excited because I was looking for ways to further reduce the "exploitatability" of my play. So I devoured "The Mathematics of Poker" by Bill Chen and Jerrod Ankenman and "Expert Heads Up No Limit Hold'Em" by Will Tipton. I sometimes wonder why I bothered with "The Mathematics of Poker" because I had already come to the conclusion that you (and others) have --- that GTO poker is, IMO, only nominally useful. Despite my reservations, I read "The Mathematics of Poker" from cover to cover, being sure I understood the concepts and the math. When I finished it, I still felt exactly the same way about GTO poker that I had after reading Tipton's book (which I read first because the math is somewhat simpler than the math n Chen/Ankenman's book) --- GTO poker is theoretically interesting but has, IMO, limited practical value.
The reason that I think the value of GTO poker is so limited is as follows: the equity calculations are incredibly dependent on ACCURATELY ranging your opponent's hand --- a skill that is widely employed but, IMO, rarely executed well. While the statement above devalues the practical application of GTO poker, it also devalues one of the central tenets of your poker analysis tools (based on what I've seen from you here at CC) --- that of hand-ranging.
Please don't misunderstand what I'm saying, as I think that hand-ranging is a valuable and useful skill in many situations/contexts. Having said that, I also think that basing poker decisions (fold/call/raise) based on equity calculations that are based on hand-ranging is taking things too far for most players --- including the large majority of winning players. I say this for two reasons: 1. Few people can accurately perform equity calculations at the table (even after hard-core use of pokerstove or any other equity calculation tool); and, more importantly, 2. Few people's hand-range assignment skills are good enough that their equity calculations are particularly useful. Online players with good analytical skills and a significant amount of HUD experience have a shot at reasonable hand-ranging against players they have a lot of data on. In all other cases, though, I question most people's ability to accurately/effectively hand-range. There are clearly some people that can do it accurately, and those people don't need GTO play or equity calculators to make good decisions at the poker table. For everyone else, I question the value of hand-ranging.
Please do not interpret my statements above as an attack on you or your teaching methods. I'm certain that you're both a better player than I am and a better teacher than I am. Furthermore, based on what I've read from you, I have reason to believe that your hand-ranging skills are very good. As a result, GTO poker would likely help you against players you have little data on/are unfamiliar with. Once you have enough data on your opponents, though, I agree with the central theme in this thread --- that exploitative is much more effective/profitable than GTO play if you have properly identified your opponent's tendencies. Until that time, however, GTO play is a reasonable approach for those people with proven hand-ranging skills. For most everyone else, I think it's much ado about nothing.
Best of luck.
P.S. I wrote the missive about my background to open this post so that you would understand that I'm a mathematically inclined player with an real math education, as I think that background is important in evaluating the usefulness of my post.
Any ways, I appreciate your comment. I don't have any GTO post that I could point you towards off hand though.
I do disagree that equity and hand ranges are not practical. It's funny you bring this up though because my wife and I were talking about "thin slicing" the other day and it's applications to poker (and other fields). She's reading the book Blink, which I read many years ago, so she had her head in how decisions are processed and made.
It was shortly after reading this book awhile back that I started having the idea about an equity trainer, and the power of pattern recognition in thin slicing situations that aren't computable at the poker table. I came up with the Ace Poker Drills Equity Trainer for this, which I think was quite an ingenious idea (pats self on back lol). However, I think it's too much to try and explain to the average Joe and why it will actually help you in game time decisions (it was difficult marketing the product, and I thought it might be so). It's had some success, but not as much as it should imho.
Any ways, my point is that most top level pros can put people on hand ranges pretty accurately on the fly. The better ones can understand their approximate equity in a given situation (this takes a lot of practice of course). Not sure if I need to state this, but I'm in no way saying playing high level poker is limited to excelling in these areas. For top online pros though, it carries a lot of weight.
In general I'm saying that these skills will get you a lot further than trying to apply GTO theory because 1) GTO will not translate into the highest EV for small stakes and under games, and most mid stake games, 2) You'd get more benefit from studying other skills before even worrying about GTO.
Just my opinion though.
This is actually a great tread that can give inputs to us beginners how two successful players have different approach, i have to say that because im still playing without hud that i need to play GTO and imo reading about game theory and learning deeper into the game really gives satisfaction itself beside improving , im currently reading sklansky and really enjoying doing it, i see that it wouldn't change my game much but im loving it...
I have read Jonh A book and after it i realize even more how playing without hud and without thinking about ranges can limit your profit and moving up stakes and can make your decisions difficult in some position that if you knew ranges you could have exploit it for more profit. Am i right btw? You can't think think about ranges if you don't have stats on your opponent right?
And another thing, didt want to PM you John, you are probably covered wit PMs, thank you very much for the opportunity to download and read your book, the part of taking notes is what i grasped immediately and start using it, and knowing that author is right there and having study group tread is great i still cant involve in it because playing without hud limits my ability to exploit the most what your book and tread can offer, any way without making this to long, THAN YOU!!!
exploitative play generally does bc your assuming someone unknown plays like most people and or guessing your reads and assumptions are right
You should play GTO when you dont have enough good information on opponents, and exploitable situations will come naturally against bad players playing to many hands easily dominated. so you will naturally make profit to some extent there.
My approach is to play solid while im running good and picking up playable hands getting good spots, I only bluff when I have too and I take into account my image and track my hands per orbit to ensure Im not over active at the table, this allows me bluff more effectively get credit for my raises,
Alternitively I might play over active deliberately if the players aren't inteligent enough to notice I switch gears, this is wear usually I can stack my opponent in a cash game if they are donkish


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See and be seen with the Blackburn Flea 2.0 Front and Rear Light set. A compact and easy charging light set designed for commuting. Ultracompact rechargeable Li ion light. Flea front light uses superbright white Nichia LEDs, which put out 40 lumens. Flea rear light uses four superbright red LEDs. Magnetic USB smart charger eliminates wires and ensures watertight housing. Flexible and compact mounting system. Standard, overdrive, and flash modes. Flea front light: 1 hr. high, 3 hr. standard, 5 hr. flashing run times. Flea Rear light: 6 hr. steady, 12 hr. flashing run times. LED charge indicator displays the amount of battery power left. Due to federal shipping restrictions regarding products containing lithium batteries, this product can only be shipped to the 48 contiguous states. It cannot be shipped to Canada, Hawaii, Alaska, Catalina Island, Puerto Rico, APO, FPO or international addresses. Thanks for your understanding.
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Rangers are alarmed that the influx of pickers - encouraged by celebrity chefs like Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall - will destroy the delicate ecosystem.
There has also been an increase in road accidents as deer, driven from secluded spots by the foragers, run in front of vehicles passing through the forest. Nick Baker, a senior forest keeper, said he had stopped between 100 and 150 mushroom-pickers one weekend to tell them they were breaking the bylaws. Car parks that normally have seven or eight vehicles now have 20 to 30, with pickers arriving in family groups.
The City of London Corporation, which manages the forest, said illegal fungi picking had reached record highs this year. The 1,728-hectare forest has been declared a Site of Special Scientific Interest, partly because of the diversity of its fungi.
Twelve keepers, who have powers of arrest, and other forest staff are mounting patrols and following tip-offs from the public, with six court cases pending. Pickers face fines of up to £200 for each offence.
Mr Baker said: "Part of it is down to the fact that it's been quite good weather for mushrooms. It's almost the 'in' thing to do, with the celebrity chefs having encouraged people to find food free. But most of it actually belongs to somebody.
"They pick poisonous mushrooms, edible mushrooms and mushrooms that they don't know what they are. We had somebody who collapsed and we had to call an ambulance. I can only assume she had been picking mushrooms and had put her hand to her mouth."
Forest services manager Keith French said: "Fungi play a vital role in the ecology of natural habitats. They are nature's recyclers as they break down organic matter from plants and animals."
Many are being picked before they have produced spores - putting next year's crop at risk. This has happened in the New Forest, which has seen a decline in mushrooms this year.
Fearnley-Whittingstall's River Cottage TV series often features advice from mushroom expert John Wright.Reuse content


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- Pool cabanas (surcharge)
- Picnic area
- Free parking nearby
- Breakfast service
- Coffee shop or café
- Shopping on site
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (meters) - 8280
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Luggage storage
- Conference space size (feet) - 89126
- On private beach
- Outdoor tennis courts - 2
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Bar/lounge
- Accessible bathroom
- Outdoor pool
- Terrace
- Marina on site
- Pool sun loungers
- Garden
- Free self parking
- Express check-out
- Free WiFi
- Pool umbrellas
- Meeting rooms 23
- Number of floors - 8
- Television in common areas
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Beach towels
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Multilingual staff
- In-room accessibility
- Spa services on site
- Snack bar/deli
- Elevator/lift
- Sauna
- Conference center
- Spa tub
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Golf course on site
- Free shopping center shuttle
- Year Built 2002
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Poolside bar
- Outdoor seasonal pool
Room Facilities
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Pillowtop mattress
- Bathrobes
- Premium bedding
- In-room massage available
- Room service (24 hours)
- Pay movies
- Free WiFi
- Iron/ironing board
- Refrigerator
- Turndown service
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Free bottled water
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea maker
- Hair dryer
- Daily housekeeping
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Cable TV service
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Desk
- Free toiletries
- Phone
- In-room safe
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- Up to 2 children 17 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Fee for buffet breakfast: USD 22.00 per person (approximately)
- Valet parking fee: USD 10.00 per night (in/out privileges)
- Pet deposit: USD 50.00 per stay
- Pet fee: USD 50 per accommodation, per stay
- Late check-out fee: USD 75.00
- Rollaway bed fee: USD 20.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- Deposit: USD 25.00 per stay
- .16 percent destination fee will be charged
- Resort fee: USD 28.04 per accommodation, per night
- Pool access
- Beach towels
- Health club access
- Fitness center access
- Sporting facilities or equipment
- Nearby fitness center access
- Business center/computer access
- Internet access
- Newspaper
- Phone calls
- In-room safe
- In-room coffee
- In-room bottled water
- Self parking
- Additional inclusions
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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State Board of Education Regular Business Meeting
May 7, 2015 @ 9:00 AM (EDT)
Indiana Government Center South - Auditorium
302 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, IN 46204
I. Call to Order
II. Approval of the Agenda
III. Approval of Minutes
IV. Statement from the Chair
V. Board Member Comments and Reports
VI. General Public Comment
VII. Consent Agenda
VIII. New Business – Action
IX. Best Practices - Innovations in Education - Student Successes
X. Discussion and Reports
XI. Board Operations


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Brook Byrd, a former Warhill High School student and junior at Christopher Newport University, recently won a prestigious Barry Goldwater Scholarship. She was one of only eight Virginians selected, as well as Christopher Newport University's first ever Goldwater Scholar. Byrd is an applied physics major and member of the University's President's Leadership Program. She was also awarded a highly competitive Research Experience for Undergraduates internship at Harvard University that she will participate in this summer.
This item was posted by a community contributor.


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Workout Ecstasy can help you: be more inspired and focused during your workouts maintain a steady pace while jogging or doing cardio exercise energize and focus your strength training sessions motivate and get more out of your exercise program exercise your brain while you exercise your body have spontaneous dance sessions at work or at home (in other words, just listen and move your body as you feel inspired to!) feel joy and ecstasy as you exercise Remember that … [Read more...]
Neurohacks was originally commissioned by a friend and colleague who works in the film industry and wanted effective tools to help movie makers cope better with long, odd hours – in other words to be able to wind down quickly in order to get some sleep, to feel refreshed, enthusiastic, and ready to work quite quickly in the morning, and to recharge and refocus as needed throughout the day. Here they are, four powerful tracks to hack your brain, designed to provide support whenever you need … [Read more...]
The Teachings of Wan-Tsu
This program combines advanced brainwave entrainment technology with powerful verbal guidance in an interactive, immersive style to enable you to: Become more connected to your life's purpose and to the guidance of the Universe. Learn methods of moving into greater receptivity and insight Access deep inner resources of resonance and healing. Learn how to invoke fire, earth, air, and water, in order to move into balance, centeredness, and expanded awareness. The Teachings of … [Read more...]
World Kirtan
Sound or vibration is the most powerful force in the universe. Music is a divine art, to be used not only for pleasure but as a path to God-realization. Vibrations resulting from devotional singing lead to attunement with the Cosmic Vibration or the Word. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (John 1:1). — Yogananda Paramahansa Why chant? Evokes ecstasy & bliss (drug-free) Opens the heart Focuses the mind Awakens ... quickens yet … [Read more...]
Profound Renewal
Profound Renewal combines advanced brainwave entrainment technology with powerful, deeply evocative verbal guidance to allow you to: Instantly release stress and tension. Feel completely revitalized in just ten or fifteen minutes. Experience more ease, relaxation, and flow in your daily life. Enhance your energy levels, your mood, your mental acuity, and your overall well-being. Maintain a state of calm focus while working (you can use Track 3 with eyes open). Help let go of … [Read more...]
Reasonance invokes a state of harmony and natural order and the benefits of listening are cumulative, yet it is you—by noticing their qualities and effects—who can allow for a really meaningful practice to unfold. Sound is a powerful "object of attention," but when your awareness is engaged with both the content of the session and with how it might inform the rest of your day, you can really multiply its many benefits. Here is a list of experiences reported by our testers: Centering It has a … [Read more...]
Workout Ecstasy
With Workout Ecstasy you will: be more inspired and focused during your workouts power your jogging or cardio exercising energize and focus your strength training sessions motivate and get more out of your exercise program exercise your brain while you exercise your body have spontaneous dance sessions at work or at home (in other words, just listen and move your body as you feel inspired to!) feel joy and ecstasy as you exercise Remember that exercise can and should … [Read more...]
Vaporizing Performance Anxiety
Use Vaporizing Performance Anxiety when:You are worried about an upcoming performanceYou have to lead a meeting that requires you to be centeredYou are about to take a testYou have a game coming upWhen you want to experience more flow Testimonials I love this track. Recently I had to do a public performance so put on my headphones and sat quietly and it helped me enjoy rather than stress about my performance. Highly recommend.~ Pam Parsons Dupuy Vaporise Performance Anxiety. … [Read more...]
The Gamma & Hyper-Gamma Program is designed to stimulate these ultra-activated brainwave states. By substituting the Gamma & Hyper-Gamma Program for your PMP3 Primary Meditation sessions every 3rd or 4th day, for example, you'll not only add refreshing new energy to your weekly practice, but also create a truly full-spectrum spiritual practice that includes all of the major brainwave patterns: Hyper-Gamma, Gamma, Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta, and Epsilon. Listen to the 5-Minute … [Read more...]
Epsilon Meditation
Why would you want to take your meditation practice to the very limits?Maybe just because you can. But also, there is evidence to suggest that these ultra-low frequency brainwave patterns can act as carriers for some of the ultra-fast frequencies found in highly advanced meditators and associated with extraordinary experiences and insights.The Epsilon tracks are thus one of the most experimental and cutting-edge aspects of the overall Profound Meditation Program. The feedback so far from early … [Read more...]
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When we think about Water Poverty - what do we actually mean? Well, we don't necessarily mean having no water - far from it, we mean having no clean, sterile, fresh water in which to use and consume. Some people surrounded by water are suffering from water poverty because the water is infested with disease and dirt and they cannot drink it.
Water purification is vital when it comes to consumption - but for years we have been 'sending' water to those who need it the most, and this has worked, but does not solve the problem, but makes them dependent on aid. The cost to buy water, box it up, put it on a pallet, then ship it internationally is hugely expensive. Once it arrives at the destination, it then needs to be moved to the town/village in need. The whole time being a target and potentially able to be stolen or controlled. A bottle of water gives someone enough water for a couple of hours, and in extreme heat and deprivation, maybe only an hour. Then what happens? More is needed.
Mother nature has an amazing transportation system - the clouds. She allows water to be moved from one place to the next and collected. However, due to agricultural run off, the water will still contain bacteria and clean water cannot be stored - it will get dirty! So this is where LIFESAVER comes in. The water needed to drink is already in the area - in the clouds, in the streams, rivers and lakes. LIFESAVER technology enables the filtration of that existing water to happen and filters out the disease, dirt and grime to produce sterile drinking water.
The cost of sending water all over the world and the dependence it places on the agencies delivering it has to stop. Adding chemicals like chlorine or salts is just putting more chemicals into the water, and the use of power, UV light or sun, does not kill any where near enough disease and bacteria to ensure the water is able to be consumed safely. The LIFESAVER bottle enables all of this to happen in three simple steps - fill, pump, drink.


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I have an upper dental prosthesis and I'm considering having an upper lip lift cosmetic surgery. Is the surgery performed without removing the prothesis? Is there any risk that after the surgery the prothesis could not be well fitted as it was before the operation? Does the surgery achieve the same esthetical good results as a surgery done on someone with their real teeth? Does it look natural even with the prothesis?
Lip Lift on Someone with Upper Dental Prosthesis?
Doctor Answers 2
Lip Lift with dental prosthesis
There is no reason why you could not get a lip lift with a dental prosthesis, unless your dentist thinks it is contraindicated.The more important questions are, would you benefit from it and what are you trying to accomplish? I have a short video comparing lip lifts and fillers and what to look for. You will get more upper teeth showing after lip lift, and this is something to consider. On the other hand, it does give you a nice reshaping of Cupid's bow.
Web reference: http://www.cosmeticsurg.net/procedures/Lip-lift.php
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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very disapointed in the game
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Mike Conno
Join Date: Feb 2009
Location: Lisbon, Portugal
Posts: 371
Gamertag: orig mike conno
View My Profile
I found the map helpful. The only time I had a problem with the map was during the Nekker and the Endrega contracts because the individual nests aren't marked and I ended up running around the whole forest looking for them. But I love games that make me work for a reward instead of holding my hand all the way. In real life you don't get an X to mark the spot - why should you get one here all the time? I agree with previous post that claim games are turning us (the players) lazy and whiny. So, to all of you out there that don't like this game or this genre - there are a lot more games and genres out there. All you need is to choose the one for you.
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Compared to the earlier color relatively fancy design, overwhelmed green nike blazers by the launch of the new Nike Air Max 90 shoes on more low-key, high-quality suede and nylon fabrics to create, all black upper with the same black tongue, laces as well as the inside, creating a dark hue will be in the end of the momentum, the other built-in full charge of air white outsole, not only giant good cushioning effect, but also in appearance also played a role in contrast embellishment. Like Diablo or understated style wearing friends, this pair of shoes would be a good choice.
Nike has launched a limited edition of this call 6.0DunkGyrizo SPD shoes, in fact, for the Beijing Olympics last summer, they sponsored BMX race athletes special. Technical characteristics: The shoes are SPD compatible with caps adjustable Velcro velcro straps to ensure a fixed role, Kevlar laces, grommets and durable rubber heel. This section Gyrizo shoes to choose from four colors: black gold with inlay; USA red, white and blue combination; Japan red; Chinese red and gold. Gyrizo one pair of sneakers for $ 219. Performance Testing: We Crankworx Festival in August last year to get Nike Gyrizo Festival sneakers, and has put in the shuttle,nike blazers footlocker downhill and dual rotary contest for the SPD shoes with casual style biggest concern is: whether the traditional urban mountain bike shoes as stiff. When the contest dedicated ground is destroyed or when you are firmly placed at the starting line, easy flexion soles will damage your feet. We found Gyrizo sneaker sole is extremely suitable for downhill riding, walking back and forth when wearing it is also very comfortable. This is the SPD cycling shoes rare condition. Gyrizo there is an ability to surprise us: it has anti muddy functions. When shoes stained with mud, the cyclist will gently wipe with a damp cloth only slightly, it will be able to return to the same, and dries quickly.
LEBRON11 Gamma nike blazer hi vintage suede Blue emphasis on new methods to achieve parcels, support and natural rhythm; and blue design symbolizes the indestructible force. Based on its inspiration tempered steel. In the high temperature treatment, the steel surface will have a layer of a blue oxide layer. After forging, forming a indestructible resilience, just as LeBron on the court playing style. LEBRON 11 Gamma Blue color reflects superior integrity, optimum strength and good impact resistance. LEBRON 11 Gamma Blue color using Nike Hyperposite technology effectively protect the feet, to withstand external shocks. Swoosh trademark flowing from yellow to represent the unique blue tempered steel spectrum.


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Free download of Wildlife Photography e-book: Sunday Dec 11th
Wildlife photographer and dpreview.com contributor Uwe Skrzypczak is making his book 'Wildlife photography: On Safari with Your DSLR: Equipment, Techniques, Workflow' available as a free download. The download will be available for 12 hours on Sunday December 11th. The German-language version of the e-book will be available exactly one week later. As a goodwill offering, Uwe Skrzypczak and his publisher Rockynook will be making the English language version of the book available again on Sunday December 18th (There will be another news story nearer the time). This will be the only legal method of getting the book for free, so please do not share other download links.
Click here to download the free edition of Uwe Skrzypczak's 'Wildlife photography: On Safari with Your DSLR: Equipment, Techniques, Workflow'
Availability - December 11th 2011
|Central European
Dec 10, 2014
Nov 22, 2014
Nov 13, 2014
Nov 13, 2014
I have found this site most helpful and have recommended it quite a few others. Please keep up the outstanding work on the reviews, new products, firmware updates, etc... But this offer is a joke, or a scam by the publisher sent as a part of an e-mail, long after it expired...Thanks
Just received the notice. Please allow a bit more lead time for time sensitive goodies as this. Merry Christmas.
It would have been good to recieve the email at least 2 days before publication, as it was recieved on 25/12/2011. which makes it a good Xmas present
Also just received the news letter on 24th...what a sham.
Well thanx for letting me know ON 23RD DECEMBER !
FYI you can read the ENTIRE BOOK online RIGHT NOW at the big search site. Rhymes with Poogle. Lol. Then you can decide whether or not you want to set your alarm for 3am to download. :)
Personally, I'd rather see DPR's multi-page in-depth camera reviews turned into pdfs for download.
Yes, there are indeed plenty of illegal downloads on the internet.
However, you get get the book legally this coming weekend.
Can dpr clarify what hours the English language version book will be available on Sunday December 18?
We'll post a news story tomorrow with the precise details.
The book will be made available this coming Sunday, this time with it hosted from our servers, which should be able to deal with the traffic spike.
downloaded your book on Sunday and forgot to say thanks!
Very interesting, even for non-wildlife photographers.
thank you Uwe,
great book, there was no problem downloading it from Western Australia, maybe because we are all up while everyone else is still asleep
kind regards
P.S: one of my friends already started thinking about going to Tanzania ( Ruaha National Park ) with his beloved Olympus DSLR
It was a lousy offer. Why wasn't it extended? Free publicity? The whole thing sucked.
got the download.
thank you for the christmas gift!
Merry Christmas, Uwe.
I find the attitude of some on here very sad. The fact that they could not download this book, even though there were many ways posted here to do so. They are acting like little children, plain and simple!
As for me, I say thank you to Uwe for the offer of the book, it is very nice. Merry Christmas to Uwe and all on this site!
It was worth posting the difficulty I encountered. Others posted link to Google URL, which I used as source download. I don't know if it was legal. If and when DPReview declare such download as illegal, I'd gladly delete the file. I think the Wildlife Photo would be helpful for ammatures.
At the point where the copyright owner, Uwe, has asked people to stop sharing the file, because the offer period is over, there's no legal justification for continuing to share the file.
I was lucky enough to get the download.
Hey guys, don't waste your time complaining about what I would honestly consider a $1.99 ebook.
nice scam. there was no way to download this unless it was the middle of the night. Sometimes do nothing is better than screwing up; even though the intention was right. This guy is banned from my book.
Joseph - I don't know how the site was able to differentiate the location of the requesting computer with respect to timewindow, but the point is it was only for 12 hour duration for each specific geography. Your search engine was not the culprit. The site was simply overloaded.
All day, never got through. Should extend the offer or upgrade their server...
I tried many times all day yesterday to download but all I got was a blank page, I assume due to the heavy traffic. Needless to say, I am quite disappointed. Do you plan to offer this again?
I eventually got it from Rapidshare yesterday - out of interest I downloaded it again 10 seconds ago!
It's a brilliant book!
I just downloaded it via the deposit files link.
Aussie time is 8.53 on 12.12.11
Hi... i also tried dozens of times too what a waste of time that was !!!
my guess is most people didn't get the free book ..website obviously couldn't cope with the demand they should have known that !!!
Man, I missed the party... :(
tried 50 times - didnt understand how the rapid link worked .... seems silly that they put up an offer which will be over subscribed ... so unable to download
|Fangorn Forest by cand1d
from Moss
|Yosemite Falls with Moonbow by Jonathan Shapiro
from Best Landscape of the Week 4
When Nikon released the full-frame D3 in 2007, it changed the professional photography industry. In this week's Throwback Thursday, Barney remembers a legend. Read more
The new stuff should have better red hues, improved sensitivity and finer grain - but don't worry - will still shift blues to green, greens to purple and yellows to pink.
Ricoh has introduced a new rugged compact camera with a 16MP CMOS sensor, 28-140mm lens, 2.7" LCD and built-in LED macro lights. Read more
This compact drone can shoot HD video using a 2-axis stabilized 12MP camera. Read more
The new Prynt Pocket can print a photo directly from their iPhone simply by inserting the phone into the printer, then snapping a photo. Each print will cost about 50 cents. Read more
Updates for Adobe Camera Raw and Lightroom CC bring support for the Sony A9 and Panasonic ZS70/TZ90, along with bug fixes.
The Triggertrap remote camera control system is no longer sold due to the company folding, but now users will be able to build their own. Read more
The Magic Format Converter comes with internal optics that expand the image circle of full-frame DSLR lenses for use on the Fuji medium format camera. Read more
The usually Apple-exclusive MacPhun software developer has announced that it will introduce PC versions of two of its most popular applications. Both Aurora HDR and Luminar should be available for the Windows operating system by the autumn of this year. Read more
Sony's newest G Master telephoto zoom, announced alongside the a9, is the first of the company's FE lenses to reach 400mm natively. We had one in California and photographed horses, portraits, and landscapes - check out how it did. Read more
Garmin has entered the 360-camera market with the VIRB, which captures 5.7K video at 30p as well as 15MP stills. Read more
German media reports that the founders of the company behind the Panono 360-degree ball camera have filed for bankruptcy at a court in Berlin. Read more
With a claimed 800 new custom parts, Microsoft's updated Surface Pro comes with the latest Kaby Lake processors, better battery life, a new hinge, plus the Surface Pen is updated as well. Read more
DW Photo is attempting to resurrect the Hy6 medium format camera, though the legal tangles of its development may stop it being branded Rolleiflex.
The Kodak EKTRA, the company's 'camera first' smartphone, is now available to purchase in the United States. Read more
Apple and Nokia have settled their years-old patent dispute. Apple will make an undisclosed payment to Nokia and sign a licensing agreement related to digital health products with the Finnish company.
David Gibson, one of Britain's best known street shooters, shares all.
Photographers from the SKYGLOW project travelled 150k miles and took 3 million photos in increasingly rare locations: those without light pollution.
The world's fastest 200mm was produced for 16 years. In that time, only 8000 were made.
Photokina, the biennial photo industry trade show in Cologne, Germany, has announced that it will become an annual event beginning in 2018, and expand its focus to additional areas of imaging technology. Read more
No mic socket? No problem. In this video, Daniel Peters at Photo Gear News shows you how to make a lapel microphone using just a smartphone and a pair of earbuds.
How does the iPhone 7 Plus stack up against the Arri Alexa cinema camera? Watch this short video to find out.
Canon Australia's video series "The Lab" is designed to make photographers experiment and think outside the box. In the latest video a group of photographers create images based on their sense of taste.
The GH5 is expected to get a firmware update this summer to support 400Mbps internal recording. NewsShooter explores what memory cards you'll need to make it work.
Microsoft's new Surface Pro offers Intel's latest processor generation and improved battery life.
Riding a mountain bike downhill is dangerous enough in daylight, but potentially lethal at night. Which is where drones come in.
Rumors abound that Canon (and maybe Nikon) may produce a mirrorless camera based using their existing DSLR mount. Does this guarantee immediate great lens choice or a perpetually second-rate experience? Read more
According to rumors, the next camera from Nest will be able to capture 4K video, though that resolution will be only used for 'virtual' pan and tilt functions.
Boundary's Prima 'fully modular' backpack is expandable to 30L and has a removable camera case and tablet sleeve. Early Kickstarter backers can get one for $189.
Stanley Greene captured 'brutally honest' photographs in the war zones of the Middle East, Chechnya and Georgia. He was also one of the few African-American photographers working internationally.


text: Divxturka.net is using Redbunker! Because Redbunker is better than Hotfile, Netload and Rapidshare ! Click here and buy REDBUNKER premium account! Plot: A family adopts a runt of a dachshund from a shelter. Only time will tell if little "Shelly" and her new family are up for the challenges of entering the nation's greatest wiener dog race, Wienerschnitzel's "Wiener Dog Nationals." One Nation, one race, one wiener. Genre: Comedy | Family | Sport IMDB rating: 7.7/10 from 27 users Directed by: Kevan Peterson Starring: Julian Feder, Jason London, Morgan Fairchild Release Name: Wiener.Dog.Nationals.2013.DVDRip.XviD-AQOS Size: 700 MB Video: AVi | 720x400 | 1192 kbps Audio: English | MP3 | 128 kbps Runtime: 1h 22mn Information: Code: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1535975/ Download: Code: Single Link No Extraction http://www.redbunker.net/xkyjpcriycem/aqos-wdn.2013.dvdrip.xvid.avi.html Enjoy!