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$$ – Affordable
Cake Delivery + Setup, Cake Tastings, Cakes + Desserts
Contact Info
HANDS DOWN - the best cake I've ever had. We loved every Maxie B flavor offered so much that we couldn't choose and had to have 5 different flavors for our wedding cake tiers. We love everything about Maxie B's from the service and staff - to the end product. Our cake was just... Read More as beautiful as it was delicious. We have literally gone to Maxie B's for every occasion since (and leading up to our wedding) because we can't get enough. Almost every guest came to us and complimented the cake during the wedding and afterwards because......it was that good. From our first tasting to our wedding day, we were not disappointed! Can't wait to celebrate our 1 year anniversary for another excuse to go back for more!
Maxi Bs cant get enough stars from us! From start to finish was an excellent happy experience. They were very easy to work with and the flavor is so delicious. We havent tried one flavor we didnt like. I am definetly not a red velvet person but after having theres i was like wow... Read More this is really really good. However our favorite was the lemon almond & the raspberry jam. We had high expectations with our wedding cake as that was the main focus for me (bride) on our wedding.. i was blown away! My guests were taking photos with it and of it!!! My expectations were definetly crushed with their amazing work. I recommend this bakery 1000%. You cant go wrong in anyway! Worth every penny. We felt we were under charged! Thank you Maxi Bs so much, it was so beautiful I wish I could share the photo! Thank you for working with us being 3.5 hrs away... we cant say enough! So glad we found you :)
Our experience with Maxie Bs was incredible! They were so accommodating, helpful and took great care to ensure that everything would be achieved as discussed. Planning a wedding in NC from CA was difficult but Maxie Bs really went the extra mile...from accommodating my tasting... Read More a few weeks out (during valentines weekend), helping to ensure cake portions and size were right from a guest attendance change all the way to placing the flowers perfectly on the cake. They were 5 stars all the way! Thank you for everything!
We used Maxie B's for our wedding cakes! We had 7 different round 9" cakes with a 2 tiered cake for us to cut. The cakes were, hands down, the best we ever had! Maxie B's was incredible and so easy to work with throughout the entire process. And we heard nothing but amazing... Read More reviews from all of the wedding guests!!
One of the best decisions from our wedding was choosing Maxie B's as out cake vendor! From the romantic cake tasting, to the professional and caring relationship with the designer, and of course the gorgeous cake the provided, we could not have been happier. Every single detail... Read More was handled by the bakery, and they did a magnificent job. This was one area that was completely stress free. They made everything so easy with quick communication and working with us and our desires from day 1. I recommend this place to everyone!!! Beautiful design, one of a kind cake, and don't even get me started on how delicious their cakes are!!!
Everything from our consultation to the end result went perfectly. Shannon was awesome and we got a lot of compliments on our cake and cupcakes! I can't wait for our first anniversary so I can go back and get another taste. Delicious and gorgeous!
Beautiful & Delicious!Reviewed on 10/30/2015 Lauren W
My family have always ordered cakes from Maxie B's for all family occasions. We always knew we would get a wedding cake from here when the time came. You do have to book early with them because they can get booked quickly during popular wedding months! We ordered a small 3... Read More tiered cake and then cupcakes in various flavors! Everything was delicious and the cake was beautiful. The vision we created with Shannon was executed perfectly! The cake tasting experience with Maxie B's was our favorite aspect of wedding planning! We can't wait for our one year anniversary cake, which Maxie B's includes as part of your cake package. Highly recommended!
MOUTH WATERINGReviewed on 8/13/2015 Furat S
The best cakes out there. My favorite part of the wedding and easily the most easy and generous vendors to work with!
I had a specific vision for my wedding cake, and Maxie B's designed a cake EXACTLY how I had described. They really take the time to ask questions to understand exactly what you want. There were 350 guests at our wedding, and every guest I talked to said it was the best wedding... Read More cake they ever had. I will get every single cake from Maxie B's because I really had an excellent experience.
We used Maxie B's for our wedding cupcakes and small personal cake to cut! They are very professional to work with not to mention their cakes are amazing!! We order a red velvet personal cake which is our favorite flavor. We chose 6 different cupcake flavors because we couldn't... Read More narrow the flavors down because they are all so good! You need to try the Carmel Pecan cake....to die for!
Great Cupcakes had by All!Reviewed on 1/10/2015
I was referred to Maxie B's by my maid of honor and we could not have had a better experience. They were thorough and clear about all options and plans. They have choices for every budget and the tasting was amazing! We did cupcakes and cookies for 175 people at a VERY... Read More reasonable cost. Highly recommended for anyone needing desserts for an event!
12/13/14 WeddingReviewed on 12/20/2014
When we were looking for a bakery to do our cake we had no idea where to turn. My then fiance found Maxie B's on the internet. He went there and got a couple different slices of cake and cupcakes to try at home. We were both hooked!!! They were way better than anything... Read More we had ever had. We were having a small ceremony and didn't want to spend a fortune but still wanted elegant and nice. So we booked a consultation and boy were we surprised. They give you 6 whole slices of cake to try and then bring home if you can't finish it. They were all delicious but we had narrowed it down. We decided to go with a two tier cake and 24 cupcakes done four different ways. We rented the stands from Maxie B's. They even gave us a few days after to return the stands which was so helpful. We still had family in town and it was a 45 minute drive. Everything was perfect and the guests including my 10 year old niece said it was the best cake she has ever had. We had a tiny bit left over so I'm good for a little bit. But I will definitely be going there as a my bakery! Thank you so much Maxie B's!!!
Amazing Wedding Cake and CupcakesReviewed on 10/17/2014 Kelly M
We worked with Shannon at Maxie B's for our wedding this fall. We had heard good things and they went above our expectations. The cake is utterly delicious and Shannon was so patient and accommodating during our tasting. We tasted about 15 cake flavors and were able to go... Read More home with all samples that were leftover. We ended up doing 150 cupcakes along with a 6 inch cutting cake for us and only cost us $550. This include cake stands for our cupcakes, delivery and tax. Wide variety of flavors too. The carrot cake and Guinness Stout Cupcakes are our favorites. Shannon was also wonderful to coordinate with us the week leading up and had all information in plenty of time. Highly recommend and you will not be disappointed. We stop by every time we are near Greensboro to grab a cupcake now.
Perfect!Reviewed on 10/08/2014
I love Maxie B's, so when I got engaged I knew I wanted them to make my wedding cake. I definitely don't regret using them. My cake looked perfect, and tasted even better! All of my guests were thrilled with it! I would absolutely recommend them to anyone in the Greensboro... Read More area.
Best Wedding Cake EverReviewed on 9/26/2014 Sarah B
Maxie B's goes beyond the average cake and deliveries the best tasting and looking wedding cakes ever. We ordered 5 average everyday cakes from them for our farm house cake table. Hummingbird, pineapple coconut, German chocolate, chocolate with cream cheese icing, and strawberry... Read More butter cream. We ordered them plain icing, as if we just walked in and asked for a cake. They were beautiful on our table and tasted so good. Our guest loved the variety and took slices home since we ordered more than needed. My husband and I ate cake for a week after our wedding! Maxie B's goes beyond cakes and the love and quality shine bright with them. I highly recommend Maxie B's for any budget and type of cake needed
Delicious CakesReviewed on 9/14/2014 Amanda T
I worked with Shannon at Maxie B's. She was great to work with and was quick to respond to my emails. Maxie B's has the most incredible cakes. They are moist and rich in flavor. Shannon has great ideas for how to make your wedding cake look beautiful and still stay within your... Read More budget. I was so pleased with how my cake turned out. My guests loved it and we had very little cake left at the end of the night.
Amazing Vendor!Reviewed on 8/23/2014 Tammy G
I had never been to Maxie B's until I started wedding planning. Maxie B's is a preferred vendor for my venue so that's what introduced me to this lovey establishment. Working with Shannon was amazing. I was an out of state bride so Shannon worked mostly with my sister in the... Read More beginning. She took my pinterest board and really came up with her own design and look and feel for our wedding cake and cupcakes. I came in at the end to confirm everything and I loved absolutely everything. The cakes at Maxie B's are amazing. I found my favorite southern flavors upon my first visit and I incorporated them into our southern rustic wedding theme! If you're looking for great-tasting, beautifully designed cakes... you'll get it at Maxie B's!
Classic Customized Wedding Cake & Groom's CakeReviewed on 8/19/2014 Shelby W
Maxie B's did a 4 tier white cake for our wedding with pug dog cake toppers that we found to personalize it. They had several photos for us to look through to get ideas from for the patterned tiers. It came together perfectly, not to mention the cake tastes amazing! We did 3... Read More flavors, apple, strawberry and a lemon pound cake. It was perfect for our summer wedding. I also got a groom's cake for the rehearsal dinner. They took my idea of Maryland blue crabs and brought them to life. It couldn't have been any cuter! The Oreo flavored cake was excellent, too!
Beautiful and DeliciousReviewed on 7/09/2014 Jenny
Maxie B's delivers the best of both worlds!! My cake was both beautiful and delicious. Shannon was incredibly helpful. We enjoyed going into the bakery (which is decorated beautifully) and trying out the cake. Shannon helped us create the cake that could capture the essence... Read More of the wedding and stay within our budget. Two of our recently engaged friends decided to use Maxie B's for their wedding cake after having it at ours (which makes me happy because I'll get to have more of their delicious cake in the near future!)
PerfectReviewed on 7/09/2014 Lenee S
Maxie B's and Shannon were wonderful to work with. The cake was beautiful and we received many compliments on how great it tasted!
Honest review!Reviewed on 7/07/2014 Alyson G
I had previously used Maxie B's for 3 different family birthday cakes so I was already impressed with their work. However, when I met with Shannon for the first time, I knew I was in for a treat (no pun intended!). I already had design ideas in mind, but she added details that... Read More made my design truly amazing! Not only was the cake absolutely delicious and was complimented by many, many guests, but the customer service at Maxie B's was also fantastic. A week before my wedding I was contacted saying the bride from the previous weekend had broken the cake stand I was going to use. I had a mini freak-out, but was rest assured that I would receive my cake stand fee as a refund. They also gave me another stand on my day that was perfect for our wedding details. I will definitely continue using Maxie B's for all my special events!
Above and Beyond!Reviewed on 7/07/2014 Morgan S
Maxie B's went above and beyond my expectations! Both the wedding cake and the grooms cake were spectacular!!! They took the images I gave them and not only made them a reality, but made them even prettier!!! They tasted just as amazing as they looked : ) Everyone was raving... Read More that it was the best cake they had ever had!! Thank you guys soooo much!!!
My Wedding CakeReviewed on 7/03/2014 Loren B
We chose to go with a small cake and a bunch of cupcakes. This option saved us a lot of time serving and more people had more options of cake. We had a fabulous cake tasting. They were very patient and helpful in making this decision. We were able to taste many different... Read More pieces of cake. I thought we were going to have little tasting squares, but they gave us whole slices of cake. We tried about 15 different kinds of cake. They even gave us to go boxes for the leftovers. I have been eating at this bakery for over 5 years now and their cake is always amazing. We decided to have our cake one flavor and then the cupcakes to different flavors. Our guest really enjoyed the options and the accessibility of the serving style. I would definitely recommend the bakery to anyone. They were very thorough and follow-uped many times. I believe we got a good deal as well. $500 for about 150 servings.
Tasty Wedding Cake and CupcakesReviewed on 6/26/2014 Shapera K
It was a pleasure working with Maxie B's for our wedding cake. From the initial cake consultation, to putting the final touches on our vision for the perfect wedding cake, the customer service was wonderful. It was more than just purchasing a wedding a cake, it was an... Read More experience. I had a vision and Maxie B's made it a true reality. Special thanks to Shannon for always responding promptly to any concerns we had and just being so helpful. The cake and cupcakes are amazing with that homemade feel and flavor and a variety to choose from. We look forward to making more memories and visiting the bakery on our one year anniversary to receive our anniversary cake!! We highly recommend Maxie B's for weddings, birthdays or even on a date night :-). Thanks Maxie B's
Best Cake EVER!!!Reviewed on 6/25/2014 Sharon W
We had Maxie B's do our wedding cake and I had them do our groomscake. Each cake was a work of art! Not only a work of art but absolutely the most delicious cake ever! Shannon was our wedding cake coordinator and was on top of everything. The cake tasting was the most... Read More enjoyable experience. The shop has a beautiful atmosphere and the staff are great. They did a great job of helping plan the wedding cake and keeping the groomscake a secret from my husband. I really think the groomscake was more fun to plan than the wedding cake! Everyone at Maxie B's had a great attitude and looked like they had fun at work. They handled everything with the caterer/venue coordinator and florist. I would absolutely recommend MaxieB's to anyone wanting a cake for any reason; wedding, birthday, anniversary. They also sell cake by the slice; so I recommend just stopping by for a snack!


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This modern, air-conditioned hotel was opened in 2003 and comprises a total of 125 rooms, of which 7 are elegant suites, in the main building and the annexe, over 4 floors. The spacious foyer houses several lifts, a safe, a currency exchange facility and a 24-hour reception desk. Further facilities include a playroom, a caf�, various shops, a bar, a buffet restaurant and an air-conditioned � la carte restaurant, where guests can sample Spanish culinary delights. Rooms are available for business guests for conferences, conventions and meetings. Guests may also make use of the laundry and room services as well as medical assistance. Children can let off steam in the playground and bicycle hire is on offer (for an additional fee). Those arriving by car may use the hotel car park.
This hotel is situated in the centre of the modern seaside resort of Matalasca�as, just a few minutes walk from the beach (1 km). The town centre with its countless shops, restaurants and bars is roughly 2 km away and a public transport stop can be found in the hotel's immediate vicinity. Seville airport is around 105 km from the hotel and Faro airport is around 185 km.
The comfortable rooms come with a spacious bathroom with hairdryer, a direct dial telephone, satellite/ cable TV, a kitchenette, a minibar, a hire safe, a sitting area and a balcony or terrace. The air conditioning and heating are centrally controlled.
In the grounds is a swimming pool with a paddling area, sun loungers and parasols. Further leisure activities include aqua aerobics, jet skiing, surfing, windsurfing, canoeing, horse riding, beach volleyball and minigolf. The daily activity programme keeps guests entertained.
American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard and VISA are all accepted methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Double bed
Central airconditioned
Central heating
Wheelchair accessible
Disabled bathroom

subset: commoncrawl


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Last year, it was to be a development so huge that it was nicknamed Neverland. Now, it looks more like "Never-happening".
An entire neighbourhood of houses worth more than $20 million is being sold in one of the country's most unusual real estate deals.
Eight houses in the St Heliers dress circle have hit the market and more on a street behind are expected to be listed soon in what could be New Zealand's biggest mortgagee sale.
All up, the BBG Trust Ltd owns 18 houses on Glover Rd and Waimarie St.
But some of the once-exclusive houses have been empty for years and other properties are vacant sites after a developer's enterprising plans came unstuck.
Financiers called a halt to funding on the huge land bank spanning a ridge near exclusive Riddell Rd where New Zealand's richest man, Graeme Hart, lives in a $20 million mansion.
QV listed the BBG Trust Ltd as owning houses in the two streets where some of Auckland's prime real estate sits on a ridge with extensive city and harbourfront views.
Greg Olliver, the reclusive and controversial Auckland developer, amassed the two-street landbank in the seaside suburb where he planned a new mini-suburb, dubbed by some as Neverland because of its scale and expense.
The first stage of the area's largest real estate project was to be 20 luxury apartments for $5 million each, stepped down a slope in five-tier blocks, with 70 carparks.
Mr Olliver was also planning his own mansion, Waimarie House, sitting atop the whole empire, so tall that it breached height limits.
QV lists him as owning one of the most expensive properties in Waimarie St with partner Sarah Sparks but it is not known if they are selling that house.
"He just went around those two streets and offered people crazy prices," said one local of the methodical acquisition a few years ago.
Mr Olliver's big plans were floated when property was hot and his fortune was pegged around $250 million.
Since then, tougher times have seen him take an entirely new direction.
In July, Todd Capital, which half-owned his Landco Land Developments, bought the rest of the company, raising questions about his plans for Long Bay and Ngunguru Sandspit.
But a Landco spokeswoman said this week plans for both properties were on track.
Final submissions were being made to the Environment Court on Long Bay and development should begin there next year.
Landco was keen to talk to the Government about Ngunguru, after the Department of Conservation was tipped as a possible buyer, she said.
"We need to talk to the new Minister of Conservation, Tim Groser, and see what his commitment is," she said.
Landco had no interest in the St Heliers properties because this was Mr Olliver's deal. The spokeswoman did not know if Mr Olliver was selling his own house.
Holleigh Mason of Kellands said this week many of the Waimarie St houses behind the eight Glover Rd places might be put on the market soon.
Westpac had called a mortgagee sale on the first eight on the ridge overlooking Glover Park and Guardian Trust wants the other six sold.
Open homes had brought hordes of people, some interested in buying all eight places but many keen to make a tender offer on just one.
* Tenders close on December 10.


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|Page (1) of 1 - 09/04/01
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The Middleware Company Announces Game Boy Advance Promotion(September 04, 2001)
The Game Boy Advance promotion offers the popular computer game free to each programmer, developer and architect who takes advanced Java training from The Middleware Company before Sept. 30. It was selected as a free gift because the game more immerses players in the experience just as in The Middleware Company interactive courses immerse participants in an experience of advanced EJB, J2EE and XML-based Web Services.
Five-day seminar-style courses are highly interactive to assure that participants take away higher recall and immediate gains in knowledge, skills and confidence to build and improve large distributed systems.
All The Middleware Company courses cost $2,395 except EJB for Architects. EJ for Architects costs $2,995, and is not recommended for beginners. Register online or get course details about The Middleware Company training events at http://www.middleware-company.com/schedule.shtml?pr83101.
Page: 1
Related Keywords:Game Boy, Middleware Company, game development
Source:Digital Media Online. All Rights Reserved


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SWorkz S104 EVO Battery Case Support (2)
$1.99 Flat Rate Shipping!
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This is a pack of two replacement SWorkz S104 EVO Battery Case Supports.
This product was added to our catalog on September 19, 2014.


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Brad Richards
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Blue Blooded
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Join Date: Oct 2010
Location: Stockholm
Posts: 2,810
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
First Man In
The guy has 2 91 point seasons. He was Over a PPG with Dallas as little as only 2 years ago.
With the way the Rangers play, I have no idea how Gaborik got 86 points in 2009 with us.
We play a grind it out style and try to bang in shots from the point that get deflected. If Tortorella opens up the offense a bit more ( Like tonight's PP) Richards will be back annually scoring 75+ points a year. As the PP goes, so does Richards. He's good for 20 goals and 40-50 assists per season.
Injuries has unfortunately hampered Gaborik and messed up his shot, but he has been able to revamp his game and gone from sniper to garbage goaler.
Look at the goals he scored in 09-10 and all the goals since, it looks like two different players. In 09-10 he often carried the puck, created space with his speed and sniped it with deadly wristers. His one-timers were from further out and had a lot more velocity.
Ever since his goals have been more about his quick release, i.e. being able to get shots off in crowded areas, and being able to hide from coverage. His wrister is still accurate, but it has lost a lot of power.
While the production was similar, the 09-10 Gaborik was a far more valuable player than 11-12 Gaborik. The old one put opposing defences on their heels since he could score from anywhere, the current Gaborik is forgotten by the opposition and is barely noticable on a shift-to-shift basis.
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Lee Holloway's file
None from Wisconsin
Lee Holloway is the chairman of the Milwaukee County Board of Supervisors. He represents the county's 5th District, which encompasses parts of Milwaukee's north side. He was elected to the board in 1992 and has served as chairman since 2004.
The PolitiFact scorecard
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Holloway played a role in getting a higher amount, but there's no evidence Walker was ready to take first offer


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Glass noodle salad with minced chicken, prawn/vegetables and peanuts in a spicy Thai dressing with squid rings.
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Lifesaving Lessons: Notes from an Accidental Motherby Linda Greenlaw
New York Times–bestselling author Linda Greenlaw tells of her greatest challenge: adopting a teenage daughter
The only female swordfish boat captain in the country and a survivor of the real Perfect Storm, Linda Greenlaw was not a woman to shy away from a challenge. Then came fifteen-year-old Mariah—the greatest force of nature/b>/i>
New York Times–bestselling author Linda Greenlaw tells of her greatest challenge: adopting a teenage daughter
The only female swordfish boat captain in the country and a survivor of the real Perfect Storm, Linda Greenlaw was not a woman to shy away from a challenge. Then came fifteen-year-old Mariah—the greatest force of nature Greenlaw has ever encountered. In this chronicle of becoming a mother to a troubled teenage girl, Greenlaw's fans will be delighted by her trademark candor and down-to-earth style of storytelling, and will see a side of her that's never been revealed before. New readers, and any parent of a teenage daughter, will find much to empathize with in this brave and heartfelt new memoir.
Editorial Reviews
"Book readers should rejoice...Greenlaw's writing sweeps the reader along not only for the incidents at sea but also for her candid reflections about them." — The Huffington Post
"A great read."
— The Boston Examiner
"From mishaps to fish tales, Greenlaw keeps her narrative suspenseful." — Publishers Weekly
"Fast-paced and lively." — The Portland Press Herald
"Greenlaw speaks with unquestionable authority when fashioning the salty atmosphere of swordfishing life. A vanishing slice of life caught with ardor and freshness." — Kirkus
"Greenlaw knows how to spin a good yarn...Seaworthy is a more reflective book, pondering not just the vageries of nature but the nature of success and self-defintion." — NPR.com
"Greenlaw is a remarkable woman who can hold her own, whether it's in the male-dominated fishing industry or on the printed page." — TucsonCitizen.com
"Pure joy." — The Florida Times-Union (Jacksonville)
"Even if you never really wanted to go to sea for months at a time on a fishing boat...you'll be caught from the very first sentence of this engrossing and illuminating book." — San Francisco Book Review
Praise for The Hungry Ocean:
"Anyone who loves the sea will love this book."
— Sebastian Junger, author of The Perfect Storm
"A beautiful book…A story of triumph, of a woman not only making it but succeeding at the highest level in one of the most male-dominated and most dangerous professions." — Douglas Whynott, The New York Times Book Review
Praise for The Lobster Chronicles:
"These true, interwoven stories of island life and lobstering are as engaging and uncommon as [Greenlaw's] adventures at sea." — Boston Magazine
Praise for All Fisherman Are Liars:
"You can't help but be a bit in awe of Greenlaw for her gutsiness, and she comes across as so darn likable you wish you were sitting at the Dry Dock next to her." — The Miami Herald
Product Details
- 9780670025176
- Publisher:
- Viking Adult
- Publication date:
- 03/21/2013
- Pages:
- 272
- Product dimensions:
- 5.92(w) x 8.34(h) x 0.94(d)
Meet the Author
Linda Greenlaw, America's only female swordfish boat captain, was featured in the book and film The Perfect Storm. She has written three New York Times bestselling nonfiction books about life as a commercial fisherman as well as a cookbook and two mysteries. She lives on Isle au Haut, off the coast of Maine.
Brief Biography
- Hometown:
- Isle au Haut, Maine
- Place of Birth:
- Stamford, Connecticut
- Education:
- B.A., Colby College, 1983
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|Clinical data
|Professional Drug Facts
|ATC code
|Legal status
|Legal status
|vitamin D3, activated 7-dehydrocholesterol
|CAS Number
|PubChem CID
|ECHA InfoCard
|Chemical and physical data
|Molar mass
|384.64 g/mol
|3D model (Jmol)
|Melting point
|83 to 86 °C (181 to 187 °F)
|Boiling point
|Solubility in water
|Practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol, methanol and some other organic solvents. Slightly soluble in vegetable oils. mg/mL (20 °C)
Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D found in food and used as a dietary supplement.[1] As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiency including rickets.[2][3] It is also used for familial hypophosphatemia, hypoparathyroidism that is causing low blood calcium, and Fanconi syndrome.[3][4] It is taken by mouth.[4]
Excessive doses can result in vomiting, constipation, weakness, and confusion.[5] Other risks include kidney stones.[6] Normal doses are safe in pregnancy.[5] It may not be effective in people with severe kidney disease.[6] After being converted into 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, it works by increasing the uptake of calcium by the intestines.[5] Food in which it is found include some fish, cheese, and eggs.[7]
Cholecalciferol was first described in 1936.[8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[9] Cholecalciferol is available as a generic medication and over the counter.[4] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 2.14 USD per 30 ml bottle.[10] In the United States treatment costs less than 25 USD per month.[4] Certain foods such as milk have cholecalciferol added to them in some countries.[7]
Medical uses[edit]
Vitamin D deficiency[edit]
One gram is 40,000,000 (40x106) IU, equivalently 1 IU is 0.025 µg.
Recommendations vary depending on the country:
- In the US: 15 µg/d (600 IU per day) for all individuals (males, female, pregnant/lactating women) between the ages of 1 and 70 years old, inclusive. For all individuals older than 70 years, 20 µg/d (800 IU per day) is recommended.[11]
- In the EU: 20 µg/d (800 IU per day)
- In France: 25 µg/d (1000 IU per day)
Many question whether the current recommended intake is sufficient to meet physiological needs. Individuals without regular sun exposure, the obese, and darker skinned individuals all have lower blood levels and require more supplementation.
The Institute of Medicine in 2010 recommended a maximum uptake of 4,000 IU/day, finding that the dose for lowest observed adverse effect level is 40,000 IU daily for at least 12 weeks,[12] and that there was a single case of toxicity above 10,000 IU after more than 7 years of daily intake; this case of toxicity occurred in circumstances that have led other researchers to dispute it as a credible case to consider when making vitamin D intake recommendations.[12] Patients with severe vitamin D deficiency will require treatment with a loading dose; its magnitude can be calculated based on the actual serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D level and body weight.[13]
Also, there is a therapy for rickets utilizing a single dose, called stoss therapy in Europe, taking from 300,000 IU (7,500 µg) to 500,000 IU (12,500 µg = 12.5 mg), in a single dose, or in two to four divided doses.[14]
There are conflicting reports concerning the absorption of cholecalciferol (D3) versus ergocalciferol (D2), with some studies suggesting less efficacy of D2,[15] and others showing no difference.[16] At present, D2 and D3 doses are frequently considered interchangeable, but more research is needed to clarify this.
Other disease[edit]
A meta-analysis of 2007 concluded that daily intake of 1000 to 2000 IU per day of vitamin D3 could reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer with minimal risk.[17] Also a 2008 study published in Cancer Research has shown the addition of vitamin D3 (along with calcium) to the diet of some mice fed a regimen similar in nutritional content to a new Western diet with 1000 IU cholecalciferol per day prevented colon cancer development.[18] In humans, with 400 IU daily, there was no effect of cholecalciferol supplements on the risk of colorectal cancer.[19]
Supplements are not recommended for prevention of cancer as any effects of cholecalciferol are very small.[20] Although significant correlations exist between low levels of blood serum cholecalciferol and higher rates of various cancers, multiple sclerosis, tuberculosis, heart disease, and diabetes,[21] the consensus is that supplementing levels is not beneficial.[22]
Mechanism of action[edit]
It is a secosteroid, that is, a steroid molecule with one ring open. Cholecalciferol is inactive: it is converted to its active form by two hydroxylations: the first in the liver, the second in the kidney, to form calcitriol, whose action is mediated by the vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor which regulates the synthesis of hundreds of enzymes and is present in virtually every cell in the body.
It is one of the five forms of vitamin D.[23][24]
7-Dehydrocholesterol is the precursor of cholecalciferol. Within the epidermal layer of skin,[25] 7-Dehydrocholesterol undergoes an electrocyclic reaction as a result of UVB radiation, resulting in the opening of the vitamin precursor B-ring through a conrotatory pathway. Following this, the pre-cholecalciferol undergoes a [1,7] antarafacial sigmatropic rearrangement [26] and therein finally isomerizes to form vitamin D3. It can be discussed whether cholecalciferol and all forms of vitamin D are by definition "vitamins", since the definition of vitamins includes that the substance cannot be synthesized by the body and must be ingested; cholecalciferol is synthesized by the body during UVB radiation exposure.
Cholecalciferol is then hydroxylated in the liver to become calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3). Calcifediol is then hydroxylated in the kidney, and becomes calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) or active vitamin D3.
The three steps in the synthesis of vitamin D3 are regulated as follows:
- Cholecalciferol is synthesized in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol under the action of ultraviolet B (UVB) light. It reaches an equilibrium after several minutes depending on the intensity of the UVB in the sunlight - determined by latitude, season, cloud cover, and altitude - and the age and degree of pigmentation of the skin.
- Hydroxylation in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver hepatocytes of cholecalciferol to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) by 25-hydroxylase is loosely regulated, if at all, and blood levels of this molecule largely reflect the amount of cholecalciferol produced in the skin combined with any vitamin D2 or D3 ingested.
- Hydroxylation in the kidneys of calcifediol to calcitriol by 1-alpha-hydroxylase is tightly regulated: it is stimulated by parathyroid hormone and serves as the major control point in the production of the active circulating hormone calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3).
Click on icon in lower right corner to open. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]
- ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531".
Industrial production[edit]
Cholecalciferol is produced industrially for use in vitamin supplements and to fortify foods. As a pharmaceutical drug it is called cholecalciferol (USAN) or colecalciferol (INN, BAN). It is produced by the ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol extracted from lanolin found in sheep's wool.[27] Cholesterol is extracted from wool grease and wool wax alcohols obtained from the cleaning of wool after shearing. The cholesterol undergoes a four-step process to make 7-dehydrocholesterol, the same compound that is produced in the skin of animals. The 7-dehydrocholesterol is then irradiated with ultraviolet light. Some unwanted isomers are formed during irradiation: these are removed by various techniques, leaving a resin which melts at about room temperature and usually has a potency of 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 International Units per gram.
Cholecalciferol is also produced industrially for use in vitamin supplements from lichens, which is suitable for vegans.[28][29]
Use as rodenticide[edit]
Rodents are somewhat more susceptible to high doses than other species, and cholecalciferol has been used in poison bait for the control of these pests. It has been claimed that the compound is less toxic to non-target species. However, in practice it has been found that use of cholecalciferol in rodenticides represents a significant hazard to other animals, such as dogs and cats. "Cholecalciferol produces hypercalcemia, which results in systemic calcification of soft tissue, leading to renal failure, cardiac abnormalities, hypertension, CNS depression, and GI upset. Signs generally develop within 18-36 hr of ingestion and can include depression, anorexia, polyuria, and polydipsia."[30]
In New Zealand, possums have become a significant pest animal, and cholecalciferol has been used as the active ingredient in lethal gel baits and cereal pellet baits "DECAL" for possum control. The LD50 is 16.8 mg/kg, but only 9.8 mg/kg if calcium carbonate is added to the bait.[31][32]
Kidneys and heart are target organs.[33]
Cholecalciferol is very sensitive to UV radiation and will rapidly, but reversibly, break down to form sura-sterols, which can further irreversibly convert to ergosterol.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Hypervitaminosis D, Vitamin D poisoning
- Ergocalciferol, vitamin D2.
- 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase, a kidney enzyme that converts calcifediol to calcitriol.
- ^ Coulston, Ann M.; Boushey, Carol; Ferruzzi, Mario (2013). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. Academic Press. p. 818. ISBN 9780123918840.
- ^ British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 703–704. ISBN 9780857111562.
- ^ a b WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. p. 496. ISBN 9789241547659. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ a b c d Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 231. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ a b c "Cholecalciferol (Professional Patient Advice) - Drugs.com". www.drugs.com. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Aviticol 1 000 IU Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)". www.medicines.org.uk. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ a b "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D". ods.od.nih.gov. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
- ^ Fischer, Janos; Ganellin, C. Robin (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 451. ISBN 9783527607495.
- ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ "Vitamin D3". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
- ^ DRIs for Calcium and Vitamin D
- ^ a b Vieth R (May 1999). "Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 69 (5): 842–56. PMID 10232622.
- ^ van Groningen L, Opdenoordt S, van Sorge A, Telting D, Giesen A, de Boer H (April 2010). "Cholecalciferol loading dose guideline for vitamin D-deficient adults". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 162 (4): 805–11. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0932. PMID 20139241.
- ^ Shah BR, Finberg L (September 1994). "Single-day therapy for nutritional vitamin D-deficiency rickets: a preferred method". J. Pediatr. 125 (3): 487–90. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(05)83303-7. PMID 8071764.
- ^ Armas LA, Hollis BW, Heaney RP (November 2004). "Vitamin D2 is much less effective than vitamin D3 in humans". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (11): 5387–91. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0360. PMID 15531486.
- ^ Holick MF, Biancuzzo RM, Chen TC, Klein EK, Young A, Bibuld D, Reitz R, Salameh W, Ameri A, Tannenbaum AD (March 2008). "Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 (3): 677–81. doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2308. PMC 2266966 . PMID 18089691.
- ^ Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, Grant WB, Mohr SB, Lipkin M, Newmark HL, Giovannucci E, Wei M, Holick MF (2007). "Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: a quantitative meta analysis". American Journal of Preventive Medicine (Meta-Analysis). 32 (3): 210–6. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2006.11.004. PMID 17296473.
- ^ Yang K, Kurihara N, Fan K, Newmark H, Rigas B, Bancroft L, Corner G, Livote E, Lesser M, Edelmann W, Velcich A, Lipkin M, Augenlicht L (October 2008). "Dietary induction of colonic tumors in a mouse model of sporadic colon cancer". Cancer Res. 68 (19): 7803–10. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1209. PMID 18829535.
- ^ Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, Anderson GL, Assaf AR, Brunner RL, O'Sullivan MJ, Margolis KL, Ockene JK, Phillips L, Pottern L, Prentice RL, Robbins J, Rohan TE, Sarto GE, Sharma S, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wallace RB, Whitlock E, Bassford T, Beresford SA, Black HR, Bonds DE, Brzyski RG, Caan B, Chlebowski RT, Cochrane B, Garland C, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix SL, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell FA, Jackson RD, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kooperberg CL, Kuller LH, LaCroix AZ, Lane DS, Langer RD, Lasser NL, Lewis CE, Limacher MC, Manson JE (February 2006). "Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (7): 684–96. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055222. PMID 16481636.
- ^ Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M, Gluud C (January 10, 2014). "Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 1: CD007470. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007470.pub3. PMID 24414552.
- ^ Cedric F. Garland, DrPH, Frank C. Garland, Edward D. Gorham, MPH, Martin Lipkin, MD, Harold Newmark, ScD, Sharif B. Mohr, MPH, and Michael F. Holick, MD (February 2006). "The Role of Vitamin D in Cancer Prevention". Am J Public Health. 96 (2): 252–261. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.045260. PMC 1470481 . PMID 16380576.
- ^ Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Mayne ST, Rosen CJ, Shapses SA (January 2011). "The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (1): 53–8. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2704. PMC 3046611 . PMID 21118827.
- ^ "Nomenclature of Vitamin D. Recommendations 1981. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN)" reproduced at the Queen Mary, University of London website. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
- ^ "cholecalciferol" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Norman, Anthony W. (1998) Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D:integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. Am J Clin Nutr;67:1108–10.
- ^ Okamura, W. H.; Elnagar, H. Y.; Ruther, M. & S. Dobreff. (1993). "Thermal [1,7]-sigmatropic shift of previtamin D3 to vitamin D3: synthesis and study of pentadeuterio derivatives". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 58 (3): 600–610. doi:10.1021/jo00055a011.
- ^ Vitamin D3 Story. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ "Vitashine Vegan Vitamin D3 Supplements". Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ^ Ting Wang; Göran Bengtsson; Ingvar Kärnefelt; Lars Olof Björn (Sep 1, 2001). "Provitamins and vitamins D₂ and D₃ in Cladina spp. over a latitudinal gradient: possible correlation with UV levels". J Photochem Photobiol B. Department of Plant physiology, Lund University, Sweden. 62 (1–2): 118–22. doi:10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00160-9. PMID 11693362. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ^ "Merck Veterinary Manual - Rodenticide Poisoning: Introduction".
- ^ Morgan D (2006). "Field efficacy of cholecalciferol gel baits for possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) control". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 33 (3): 221–8. doi:10.1080/03014223.2006.9518449.
- ^ Jolly SE, Henderson RJ, Frampton C, Eason CT (1995). "Cholecalciferol Toxicity and Its Enhancement by Calcium Carbonate in the Common Brushtail Possum". Wildlife Research. 22 (5): 579–83. doi:10.1071/WR9950579.
- ^ "Kiwicare Material Safety Data Sheet" (PDF).


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Marcus Rashford believes that the Jose Mourinho approach has made him a better Manchester United player. After the game against Chelsea last month, the United manager revealed that Rashford is one of his 'most trusted' players, and the teenage striker has stepped up in the absence of the injured Zlatan Ibrahimovic to help the Reds reach the Europa League final in Stockholm.
But the Academy graduate insists the key factor in his relationship with Mourinho has been the challenge of earning his manager's trust, and that desire has made a difference across the dressing room.
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text:
from £85 / night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
Streanaeshalch – Home 51522 Townhouse
- 3 bedrooms
- 6 sleeps
- min stay varies
Streanaeshalch – Home 51522
- Townhouse
- 3 bedrooms
- sleeps 6
- min stay varies
Top Review
Townhouse / 3 bedrooms / 3 bathrooms / sleeps 6
Key Info
- Beach / lakeside relaxation
- Nearest beach 4 km
- Child friendly
- Car advised
- No pets allowed
Description from owner
Very popular, well presented modern, riverside, three-storey town house. Sat in spacious shared gardens, on the banks of, and enjoying views over the the river Esk in a small, private and peaceful development. Off the beaten track with no passing traffic you are just 5 minutes drive, or 20 minutes walk from the hustle and bustle of Whitby. Tastefully furnished and equipped to a high standard this is a perfect location to enjoy both the beautiful Heritage Coastline and explore the pretty villages of the North York Moors National Park at any time throughout the year.
We regularly use the house ourselves, and for family and friends, which means we have always had high standards and have equipped the house so it is a true home from home.
The house itself has a great balcony which provides alfresco dining in the warmer months or an ideal spot to sit and watch the many and varied wildlife on the river (Herons, Seals, Kingfishers, Cormorants ... one vistor thinks he saw an otter).
Very popular, well presented modern, riverside, three-storey town house. Sat in spacious shared gardens, on the banks of, and enjoying views over the the river Esk in a small, private and peaceful development. Off the beaten track with no passing traffic you are just 5 minutes drive, or 20 minutes walk from the hustle and bustle of Whitby. Tastefully furnished and equipped to a high standard this is a perfect location to enjoy both the beautiful Heritage Coastline and explore the pretty villages of the North York Moors National Park at any time throughout the year.
We regularly use the house ourselves, and for family and friends, which means we have always had high standards and have equipped the house so it is a true home from home.
The house itself has a great balcony which provides alfresco dining in the warmer months or an ideal spot to sit and watch the many and varied wildlife on the river (Herons, Seals, Kingfishers, Cormorants ... one vistor thinks he saw an otter). Also not to be be missed are the evocative sights and sounds of the steam trains on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway as they steam past on the other side of the river in and out of Whitby, just wave and the driver will blow the whistle!. All in all a great place in a great 'year round' location, proven by its popularity, reviews and the number of return visits from previous guests.
Please note 'nightly prices' are based on a 2 or 3 night stay (and cover fixed cleaning costs), please contact if you want an accurate quote for longer than a 3 night stay.
Location description from owner
The Yorkshire region
Whether you are looking for peace and quiet or all the attractions of a traditional seaside resort, this area of England is the place to be. Along the costline you will find Scarborough, which lays claim to being Britain's first holiday resort, has a range of attractions including a medieval cliff top castle, the Sealife marine life centre and a broad sandy beach which is ideal for family fun on those warm summer days. The smaller surrounding seaside villages of Staithes, Runswick, Sandsend and Robin Hood's Bay, all within easy of Whitby, have a unique charm of their own and captivate thousands of visitors each year with their picture postcard charm and fabulous, clean beaches, all are well worth a visit.
Inland from the coast the Yorkshire Wolds are criss-crossed by quiet country lanes making it ideal for car touring and cycling. For walkers there are miles of easy walking on public footpaths including sections of the Wolds Way which passes close to the deserted medieval village of Wharram Percy. The historic City of York with it's magnificent minster, the National Railway Museum, Jorvik Viking Centre and famous "Betty's" tearoom is less than an hour's drive away.
Whitby is dominated by the cliff-top ruins of a beautiful 13th century Abbey (managed by English Heritage and open to the public), which was recently voted second in an RAC poll identifying the seven wonders of Britain.
Below the Abbey is a quaint maritime town, with old cobbled streets, intersting shops, picturesque houses and a sandy blue flag beach, is set among fine stretches of coast with spectacular cliffs and bays
199 steps lead down from the Abbey to the old town where you find an array of unique shops offering local crafts, famous Whitby Jet jewellery, maritime memorabilia and antiques.
A selection of diverse attractions includes the Captain Cook Memorial Museum, Victorian Jet Works, the Dracula Experience and Whitby Museum. Furthermore the town is full of Cafes, Restaurants and Public Houses.
Whitby is famous for providing the setting which inspired Bram Stoker to write his classic novel - Dracula. Dickens and Tennyson are also known to have enjoyed the hospitality of Whitby's ancient inns.
Whitby also hosts many events through the year (Tall Ships, Regatta's, Folk Music Festivals and 'Gothic' Weekends). Whitby has something for everyone.
More Less
- Great for children of all ages
- No pets allowed
- Cot available
- High chair available
Bed & bathroom
- Bedroom 1: Double Bed
Bedroom 2: 2 Single Beds
Bedroom 3: Bunk Bed
- 2 Family bathrooms, 1 Toilet Only
- Wi-Fi available
- Shared garden
- Waterfront
- Balcony or terrace
- Private fishing lake or river
- Internet access
- Central heating
- Cooker
- Fridge
- Freezer
- Microwave
- Toaster
- Kettle
- Dishwasher
- Washing machine
- Clothes dryer
- Iron
- High chair available
- Satellite TV
- Video player
- DVD player
- CD player
- Linen provided
- Towels provided
- Housekeeping Included
More Less
- Parking
- Not suitable for wheelchair users
- Check in time:03:00, Check out time:10:00
- If you have any questions about check-in or check-out times, please contact the owner/manager.
- Payment
- To be covered by Payment Protection this rental needs to be paid for online through Holiday Lettings using your credit/debit card or PayPal. Never pay for your holiday rental by wire transfer (such as Western Union or Moneygram) as this type of payment is untraceable.
- Smoking
- No smoking at this property
- Cancellation policy
View Policy
About the owner
Richard & Judith B.
- Response rate:
- 90%
- Calendar updated::
- 26 May 2017
- Years listed:
- 9
- Based in:
- United Kingdom
- Overall rating:
Languages spoken: English
This Townhouse has 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms and sleeps 6. It's been listed on Holiday Lettings since 25 Feb 2008. Located in Scarborough District, it has 31 reviews with an overall rating of 5. The average weekly rate varies from £350 to £750.
The Owner has a response rate of 90% and the property's calendar was last updated on 26 May 2017.
Map and how to get there
Guest reviews
– based on 31 reviews
31 reviews
- Excellent
- 28
- Very Good
- 3
- Average
- 0
- Poor
- 0
- Terrible
- 0
"Wow Just Wow"
It's the sort of home that you would buy in a flash if you could. Beautiful setting - probably the best view of all of the houses in the vicinity. The wonderful viaduct and river give a really unique feel. The house was equipped with everything and more needed. I think the owners really have thought about everything that anyone might need on a stay away from home. The weather was terrible during our stay but that didn't 'dampen' our spirit. Whitby and the surrounding area really are lovely. One tip - don't start to explore down single track roads like we did..we ended up in a muddy dead end more than once! We hope to be back in the summer!
Owner's reply: Such a lovely review, made the hard work of the annual winter decorating chores worth it!
"No better in Whitby"
When I was a child my family always had our summer holidays in Whitby. In my adult life, it was many years until I went back and now I can't imagine going on holiday anywhere else. I have stayed in other cottages in Whitby, but this one sets the bar very high. Richard and Judy Battersby were fabulous and communication was fabulous with my enquiry and subsequent booking. The cottage is decorated and equipped to a very high standard, you will not be disappointed with this cottage and my 2 year old daughter was delighted that the ducks came right up to the door. From sitting in the morning sunshine eating breakfast by the river, to 'crabbing' from the viaduct, to fossil hunting at Robin Hoods Bay and cycling through the Yorkshire Dales, it was the holiday that I want my children to remember the way I do from my childhood.
Owner's reply: Great review, and a repeat booking from this guest. We always aim to keep our standards high
"Great location with fantastic views"
Excellent value accommodation right on the bank of the River Esk. Lovely balcony overlooking the river, well equipped kitchen and comfortable beds. Make sure you take some bread to feed the ducks who visit the house daily! We will most definitely stay again when we decide to revisit the area.
Owner's reply: Once again, lovely to hear such glowing reviews, many of our guests stay with us again which is always great to see
"A truly great location and roomy accomodation!"
My family of 4 including 2 teenagers stayed for 2 weeks at the property just in time for all of the dafodils to bloom. We live in Canada and are used to large rooms so we were looking for a spot that would give us room to not feel crowded. There was tons of room for all of us. We never had to fight for a bathroom with 2 full and one half bath. The kitchen was very well stocked with tools for someone who actually cooks! No junky kitchen stuff! We were looking for a spot that we could walk from most days. The walk into Whitby on the Viaduct was just lovely! Very clever resident ducks would come waddling over when they hear us outside... We did our best to keep them fed! The welcome book had tons of really great suggestions for all kinds of things to do in North Yorkshire. The only real complaint was the lack of WIFI. My kids really missed being connected. A truly great location and roomy accomodation! I would definately stay again!
Owner's reply: Great to have such a glowing review, we always aim to keep our standards high and enjoy hearing that we have helped people have wonderful holiday
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Caring for your Arthur Price 18/10 Stainless Steel Cutlery Click here to view
I bought these steak knives to complement my existing Arthur Price cutlery, which I have had for many years. As the photo on the website does not feature steak knives, I was unsure what they would look like, but they match, so I am very pleased.
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Top 10 Cars of the Tokyo Motor Show
7. Toyota FCV-R Concept
Some might tell you that hydrogen fuel cell cars are about as relevant as Saab (and that they show as much promise), but the folks at Toyota are saying otherwise. To help get the point across, is the FCV-R concept car. Previous Toyota fuel cell concepts were just bolted on powertrains on to existing models, while this car appears to be all-new. And while slightly over-the-top it's not an unrealistic look at what a future Toyota fuel cell car could look like. Toyota has said its looking to deliver a fuel cell model to market by 2015 (this car has a 430 mile range) and after seeing the FCV-R, it seems like much less of a pipe-dream.


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Get an overview of this hotelHotel in New Bedford with conference center and 24-hour front desk
Popular property highlights
Situated in New Bedford, this hotel is 1.9 mi (3 km) from St. Anthony of Padua Church and 2.6 mi (4.2 km) from Buttonwood Park Zoo. New Bedford Museum of Glass and New Bedford Art Museum are also within 3 mi (5 km).
This hotel features a conference center, conference rooms, and laundry facilities. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a 24-hour front desk, free newspapers, and a TV in a common area.
Hotel Features
Room Amenities
All 113 rooms offer TVs with cable channels, plus hair dryers and phones.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!Opens in a new window
New Bedford Inn & Suites
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
New Bedford Inn & Suites features complimentary newspapers in the lobby, laundry facilities, and a television in a common area. 4 meeting rooms are available. Public areas are equipped with complimentary wired and wireless Internet access. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
New Bedford Inn & Suites has designated areas for smoking.
- Number of meeting rooms - 4
- Number of buildings/towers - 2
- Conference space
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 113
- Number of floors - 2
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Designated smoking areas
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms 3
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Conference center
- Free self parking
- Television in common areas
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Free Wi-Fi
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Microwave (on request)
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Air conditioning
- Access via exterior corridors
- Phone
- Microwave (on request)
- Refrigerator (on request)
- Daily housekeeping
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Television
- Cable TV service
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
If you have requests for specific accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when you book your room.
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Special check-in instructions:
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for USD 10 per stay.
- Pets allowed for an extra charge of USD 25.00 per pet, per night, plus a deposit of USD 25.00 per day
- 1 per room (up to 30 lb)
- Specific rooms only, restrictions apply
- Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Debit cards not accepted
No cribs (infant beds) available
No elevators
Optional extras
Hotel Name
- New Bedford Inn
We should mention
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Alcohol is not served at this property.


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text:
Buy Sheet Music by
Joe Young at:
Lyricist Joe Young, the writer behind such classic songs as Dinah, Im Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter and Im Sitting on Top of the World, was born in New York City on July 4, 1889.
He began his career as a singer for music publishing firms in New York and during World War I he toured in Europe as an entertainer for US Troops. His first major songwriting success came in 1914 with the song Dont Blame it All On Broadway. The song reached # 2 on the charts with a recording by the Peerless Quartet. He penned a second hit in 1914, again a top 5 recording by the Peerless Quartet, with the song When the Angelus is Ringing.
In 1916, he began a partnership with co-lyricist Sam M. Lewis that would last until the 1930s. Together the team wrote for the Broadway show Robinson Crusoe, Jr., which included Where Did Robinson Crusoe Go With Friday on Saturday Night? and Yaaka Hula Hickey Dula. Both songs reached the #2 spot on the 1916 charts with recordings by Al Jolson.
For the next 14 years, Young and Lewis would collaborate with composers Walter Donaldson, Jean Schwartz, Ray Henderson, Harry Akst and Harry Warren. The hits produced during this time include My Mammy, Rock-a-bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody, How Ya Gonna Keep Em Down on the Farm?, Dinah, Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue, Im Sitting on Top of the World, King for a Day, In a Little Spanish Town, Then Youve Never Been Blue, Laugh, Clown, Laugh and I Kiss Your Hand, Madame. One of the last Young-Lewis projects was an early talkie motion picture Spring is Here. The film included Crying for the Carolines, Have a Little Faith in Me, Bad Baby and How Shall I Tell?. The last Young-Lewis lyric written was for the song Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fonder.
After 1930, Young continued writing hit songs, but never collaborated with another lyricist. Working with composers like Fred Ahlert, Carmen Lombardo, Harry Warren, Mort Dixon, John Shiras and Bernice Petkere, Young wrote Youre Beautiful Tonight, My Dear, Youre My Everything, Ooh! That Kiss, Love Me Forever, That Torch Song, In a Shanty in Old Shanty Town, Lullaby of the Leaves, Snuggled on Your Shoulder, Cuddled in Your Arms, Was That the Human Thing To Do?, Something in the Night, Annie Doesnt Live Here Anymore, Im Growing Fonder of You, Im Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter, Youre a Heavenly Thing, Sing an Old Fashioned Song and Dancing With You.
Joe Young died in New York City on April 21, 1939. In addition to one of the great careers from Tin Pan Alley, he was a charter member of ASCAP in 1914 and acted as a director from 1926 through 1939.
Sam Lewis, George Meyer and Joe Young
EMI Mills Music, Inc./George Meyer Publishing/Warock Corp.
Joe Young, Fred E. Ahlert
Fred Ahlert Music Corp./Pencil Mark Music, Inc./RYTVOC, Inc.


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Do you decide to take him to the zoo instead, because its such a nice day?
Aah, the zoo. People forget about the zoo, but it's such a lovely place, isn't it? To stroll about the grounds, looking at this animal or that, introspectively comparing other species' genitalia to your own... Life is good, sometimes.
It really is a lovely day, isn't it? Just look at that sunshine. There's something special in the air, yessir.
So you're walking through the zoo, and chance upon the Reptile House. The Reptile House is always a bit boring -- none of the snakes or lizards tend to move around very much, but perhaps there's a washroom. In you go.
Nope. Washroom's closed for cleaning.
Luckily, there's the Monkey House next door. You decide to have a look in there.
Also closed for cleaning.
Allright, then, back to the main gate. Surely, there's one at the gift shop and snack bar.
On your way back to the main gate, your son sees the sign for the monorail which goes around the park. He's tugging at your sleeve, imploring you to take him on the monorail. Becoming a bit insistent about it, actually -- he's starting to make a scene.
Do you:


text:
EUR USD Daily
Resistance 3: 1.3850
Resistance 2: 1.3800
Resistance 1: 1.3750/60
Latest New York: 1.3621
Support 1: 1.3300
Support 2: 1.3250/60
Support 3: 1.3200
Rate two-way and presses to highs as stops above the 1.3580 area are cleared; more noted above 1.3660 and 1.3720. Cross-liquidation continues but rallies back hard as official bids absorb offers under the 1.3350 area yesterday. Traders note sovereign offers seen above the 1.3640 area but those absorbed so far. Aggressive liquidation by EURO-Sterling cross spreaders providing the main selling. Late longs are under pressure and can't ignore a break of the 50% fib defense numbers. Bears took a stand at 1.4700 area last year and likely have reached technical levels around the 1.3300 area so expect some firmness in this area. Correction lower is likely near it's end, likely at a buy point.
Data due Thursday: All times EASTERN (-5 GMT)
2:00am EUR German Trade Balance
5:00am EUR Consumer Confidence
5:00am EUR Unemployment Rate
6:00am EUR German Factory Orders m/m
Forex Analysis written by Jason Alan Jankovsky, featured by forexpros.com


text:
Guest reviews
Overall rating
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Based on 33 reviews
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Ky Hoa Hotel Saigon is just 4.5 mi (7.3 km) from the airport and offers a shuttle (available on request) for VND 550000 per vehicle roundtrip. Guests can grab a bite to eat at the restaurant and visit the fitness center for a workout. A garden and 6 outdoor tennis courts are other highlights, and rooms offer minibars and room service.


text:
By Sharon Silke Carty, USA TODAY
DETROIT For the first time in its history, Ford Motor (F) has used substantially all of its North American plants, trademarks, patents and even some intracompany debt as collateral to secure $18 billion in loans to help fund the company's attempt at restructuring over the next two years.
The loans highlight just how bad things are at Ford, which expects to burn through $8 billion in cash this year. Analysts say the automaker could use up an additional $5 billion to $8 billion next year. Without a cash infusion, the heavy costs of Ford's restructuring plan could have sent it searching for bankruptcy-court protection in a few years.
"At that cash burn rate, the $20 billion they had wouldn't have lasted long," said Shelly Lombard, an analyst at Gimme Credit. "This buys them several more years to get their act together."
Earlier this month, General Motors said it, too, would use machinery, equipment and special tools at its U.S. manufacturing sites to secure a $1.5 billion loan. That's in addition to a $4.6 billion secured loan it negotiated in July.
"Clearly, it would not be a first option for either company if they were in a better financial situation," said Mark Oline, an analyst at Fitch Ratings. "This gives them time and resources to address their structural issues and to face those problems. Restructuring is going to be a very expensive process."
Declining market share, rising raw material costs and massive pension and health care obligations have pressured both automakers' bottom lines. GM lost $3 billion this year through the end of September, and Ford lost $7 billion.
While many think GM may be on the brink of turning things around, the market may not get better for either automaker next year. Experts predict auto sales could fall to a 10-year low in 2007, and raw material costs will continue escalating.
Negotiations on new contracts with the United Auto Workers union begin in July, and industry watchers expect the No. 1 issue up for debate will be how to make the companies smaller.
The loans are good news and bad news for shareholders and debt investors. While it may give the company more time to turn things around, in the event it would file for bankruptcy protection anyway, unsecured investors would likely never recoup any of the money they've devoted to Ford. Fitch downgraded Ford's unsecured debt Monday, saying the chance that investors would get their money back dropped in half, from 68% to 34%.
Don Leclair, Ford's chief financial officer, said recently that the company was taking this step because, "It's the right thing to do."


text:
Mineral Ironwork Placemat
This item is currently out of stock.
This placemat will look great on any table! Bold, geometric patterns grace this placemat to bring you a pop of color while you're enjoying your food. Mix and match with other wonderful colors for a lively table set-up!
- Quatrefoil pattern
- Machine washable for quick and convenient care
- Machine wash cold with like colors, tumble dry low
- 13"L x 19"W
- Material: Cotton
- Color: Blue
Shipping & Returns
If you have the option to "Add to Cart", this item is available for shipping. If not, enter your zip code to find a store near you.
Questions? Visit our Shipping FAQS for more info about shipping. For questions about returns see our Returns Policy.


text:
This villa has everything you could need and a whole lot more! The pool area is fantastic. The villa owner Jeremy is just superb, he organised sooooo much for us from taxis, transfers, in house chefs and nothing was ever too much trouble. He was always a phone call away. A big thank you to him!
The rooms all have...
This villa was booked for a working trip to Ibiza, the villa was lovely and the host Jeremy was very accommodating, nothing was an issue and he made everything so easy for us. Would recommend to anyone that has a large group going to Ibiza.
Rates are calculated based on the latest information provided. Please contact the manager/owner to confirm actual rates for your requested dates.


text:
BSIP recruitment 2016 Technical Assistant 5 Posts : Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (BSIP) invites application for the position of 05 Technical assistant on contractual basis. Apply before 25th January 2016.
Name of post:- Technical assistant
Eligibility:- Uttar Pradesh
Job Location:- BSC, BFA
Pay Scale:- Rs 16000/- Per Month
Last Date:- 25th January 2016
Total No. of Posts:- 05 Posts
Age Limit:- The age of the candidate applying for the position of technical assistant should not less than 21 years and should not more than 30 years.
Qualification:- Candidates applying for the position of technical assistant should have BSC, BFA or with chemistry or physics as one of the subject / Diploma in instrumentation engineering / electronics engineering / mechanical engineering / electrical engineering from a recognsed university / institute.
Selection Procedure:- The selection of the candidates applying for the position of technical assistant will be on the basis of written examination and personal interview depending on the number of applications received.
How to apply:- Candidates applying for the position of technical assistant may apply in plain paper with self – attested photocopies of relevant certificates send to the Registrar Sahni institute of Pathaebotany, 53, University , 53, University road, Lucknow:- 226007 on or before 25th January 2016.
Click here to view the advertisement
Like Govnokri.com on facebook to get updated towards latest jobs.
General Instruction:-
- Last date for the submission of application is 25th January 2016.
- Date of examination is 2nd February 2016.
- The posting of the candidate will be at Lucknow.
- Only Indian national are eligible for this position.
- The number of vacancies are 05.
- The grade pay of the candidate is Rs 16000/-.
- The name of the organization is Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany (BSIP).
- The name of the position is Technical assistant.


text:
Alternative Titles
Synonyms: Patchin shite! Obaa-chan, Pacchin shite! Obaa-chan, Pacchinshite oba-chan
Japanese: パッチンして!おばあちゃん
Type: Movie
Episodes: 1
Status: Finished Airing
Aired: Mar 10, 1992
Producers: None found, add some
Licensors: None found, add some
Studios: None found, add some
Source: Unknown
Genres: Drama
Duration: 1 hr. 30 min.
Rating: G - All Ages
Score: 6.831 (scored by 12 users)
1 This score is not weighted. Please note that 'Not yet aired' titles are excluded.
Ranked: #104792
2 based on the top anime page. Please note that 'Not yet aired' and 'R18+' titles are excluded.
Popularity: #10887
Members: 122
Favorites: 0


text:
Technine Brewer Jacket - Men's - $98.98
Pick up the Technine Brewer Jacket to stay protected from harsh weather without compromising the blue-collar style you want to run on the hill. Andrew Brewer's signature coach's jacket features a tailored fit with a drawstring hood and hem, as well as a waterproof membrane and light insulation to keep you warm and dry all day. - $98.98


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 2, 2010
|Filing date
|Mar 30, 2005
|Priority date
|Mar 30, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jay Price, Allen J. Huotari, Manrique Brenes, Matthew B. McRae
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (27), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (1), Classifications (13), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates generally to networks, and more particularly to the estimation of the upstream data rate for users in a broadband network.
Voice over IP (VoIP) has the capability of substantially lowering costs with respect to traditional telephone service. Rather than use conventional analog telephone lines, a user having a VoIP-enabled telephone connects with other callers through the digital lines supported by the Internet. Because the connection is digital, a VoIP-enabled phone offers features and services that a conventional telephone typically cannot, such as sending images or videos in conjunction with voice communication. Moreover, as is the case with conventional Web-browsing, VoIP calls have the potential for the same toll, regardless of the length of the conversation and the distance called.
Although VoIP telephony has great potential, it also faces considerable technical challenges. In traditional telephony, a call is placed over a dedicated circuit. The traditional telephone network provides resources that guarantee the voice quality over this dedicated circuit set up to support the telephone call. In contrast, communication over the Internet is packet-based. Each packet has two parts: an information payload and meta-data such as the destination address. On the Internet, packets are forwarded by routers based upon the destination address. Each packet making up digital content could thus be sent from a source to a destination address over independent paths with arbitrary delays- there is no dedicated circuit as is the case for traditional telephony. The absence of a dedicated circuit does not impact traditional Web-browsing, however. A user wishing to download a webpage can wait until the various packets making up the webpage's content are routed through the Internet and then re-assembled to present the desired content.
But effective voice communication cannot occur with arbitrary delays on the digitized voice messages. Instead, effective voice communication can tolerate a maximum of approximately 100 to 150 milliseconds of delay between the time speech is uttered and the time it is heard by the listener. Greater delays hinder communication and violate the users' real-time expectations. But packets themselves hinder real-time communication. For example, suppose a VoIP protocol uses 500-byte packets. Assuming that voice is digitized at 8000 one-byte samples per second, each 500-byte packet would take 62.5 milliseconds to fill. Over 60% of the entire acceptable delay may thus be taken up by just filling the packet, which hasn't yet touched the Internet. To combat this problem, specialized voice compression and VoIP protocols have been developed such as H.323.
As the use of VoIP telephony expands into the home market, it must combat the restricted data rates typically available to a home-based Internet user. For example, consider the two most-commonly-used high-speed Internet access methods available for the home user: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem services. For both services, the available data rates and corresponding bandwidths are typically asymmetrically proportioned such that a user has a greater downstream data rate than an upstream data rate. This asymmetric division satisfies a typical Web-browser's needs in that content generally flows downstream from webpages to a user's web-browser rather than in the upstream direction. Depending upon the subscription purchased, a DSL provider will offer varying data rate packages to its users. For example, a DSL provider may offer a standard package providing a downstream data rate of 512 kbps and an upstream data rate of 128 kbps. In contrast to the conventional package just described, "premium" packages would offer greater downstream and upstream data rates, albeit in analogous asymmetric proportions. The upstream data rate for a cable modem service is more nebulous in that cable modem services do not offer the fixed data rates that DSL services can offer. Instead, the available data rate for a cable modem is affected by the use of the cable by others and will thus vary depending upon cable traffic. However, cable modems typically proportion the available data rate for any given user in an asymmetric fashion between upstream and downstream uses. Thus, typical upstream cable modem data rates will also often be in the range of 128 kbps.
As discussed above, the acceptable delay for VoIP telephony is approximately 100 to 150 milliseconds. The limited upstream data rate typically provided by high-speed Internet access methods such as DSL and cable modems is a factor in this delay. If too little upstream data rate is available, the voice data rate is slowed such that the acceptable delay limit will be violated. For example, VoIP implemented with a G.711 codec may require up to 100 kbps in upstream data rate. But note that a VoIP caller may also be emailing others while speaking. In particular, recall that VoIP also supports the sending of digital content such as video in addition to the voice communication. Thus, a VoIP call may also compete for the limited upstream data rate with the presence of other digital content being transmitted upstream. In addition, the VoIP caller may be sharing a modem with other users on a LAN who happen to be uploading content. Depending upon the available upstream data rate, the data rate of content besides voice data may need to be limited to provide adequate VoIP telephony service.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for improved VoIP systems that can estimate their available upstream data rate and adjust the upstream voice and non-voice data loads accordingly.
Embodiments of the present invention and their advantages are best understood by referring to the detailed description that follows. It should be appreciated that like reference numerals are used to identify like elements illustrated in the figures.
Turning now to
An integrated router 111 provides the interface between users on LAN 105 and nodes on Internet 115. Integrated router 111 may also be denoted as a residential gateway. The upstream data rate estimation disclosed herein is described with respect to an "initiator." For the embodiment illustrated in
To provide a more accurate estimate, initiator/integrated router 111 may initiate an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) TraceRoute message to a primary IP address or host name on Internet 115. As known in the ICMP arts, a TraceRoute message allows a user to trace the route between two computers from source to destination. As a message propagates through the Internet, it "hops" from router to router. Such hops may occur many times before a message reaches its destination. A TraceRoute message provides a results record for each hop of: a) the host name, b) the IP address corresponding to the host name, and c) the response time for each host name in the routing path that is traversed.
Integrated router 111 may thus use a TraceRoute message to determine a "nearest" host 150 with a public IP address on Internet 115. It is the path from the initiator such as integrated router 111 to nearest host 150 that is most likely to give an accurate determination of the upstream data rate for modem 110. As additional hops become involved, these hops will obfuscate the upstream data rate estimation. However, embodiments of the present invention may eliminate this interference through the identification of nearest host 150 and using its IP address to conduct the estimation.
Having identified the IP address for nearest host 150, initiator/integrated router 111 may proceed to transmit a sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packets to this target IP address. The packet size may be initiated at some suitable size such as 1000-1250 bytes. However, it will be appreciated that the packet size is arbitrary. The initiator begins by transmitting the packets at a suitably low rate that will be supported by the upstream data rate for modem 110. This rate is then increased until the upstream can no longer reliably transmit the packets. In this fashion, the upstream data rate may be "titrated" by the increasing rate of packet transmission.
To determine the point at which packets are being lost, a regular series of ICMP PING messages may be transmitted to the target IP address while the UDP packets are also transmitted. By examining the latency and packet loss of the PING messages, the upstream data rate may be accurately determined. Having determined excessive latency and/or packet loss in the PING message stream, the initiator may then decrease the UDP packet rate until the excessive latency/packet loss is diminished. The UDP packet rate may then be increased to perform additional measurement iterations for increased accuracy. As an alternative to the use of UDP packets as just described, the initiator could generate actual streams of data akin to those used an application such as VoIP. Having determined the upstream data rate, the initiator may then limit non-VoIP data traffic accordingly to assure a suitable QoS for VoIP calls.
The upstream data rate estimation process performed by the initiator may be summarized with respect to the flowchart shown in
However, if there is a reply to any of the TraceRoute messages, the nearest, second-nearest, and third-nearest public IP addresses may be determined in step 220. The suitability of the nearest IP address may be tested by a PING message in step 225. If there is no reply, the second-nearest IP address may be PINGed in step 230. If there is still no reply, the third-nearest IP address may be PINGed in step 235. Should no reply be received, the default upstream data rate value may be assumed in step 215.
However, if a reply from any of the PING messages is received, the UDP packet stream may be initiated at step 240 using a relatively low transmission rate believed to within the upstream data rate limitations. This rate may be denoted as x kbps. Concurrent PING messages are also transmitted in step 240. If a threshold value of latency and/or packet loss is determined in the PING messages, the upstream data rate estimate is set according to the x kbps rate in step 250. Should no threshold value be detected, the UDP packet transmission rate may be increased in step 255. For example, the rate may be increased according to an integer multiple N of 10 kbps. If a threshold value of latency and/or packet loss is determined in the PING messages, the upstream data rate estimate is set according to this increased transmission rate in step 260. If no threshold value is detected, N may be increased at a step 265, the UDP rate increased accordingly in step 270. The threshold examination of packet loss and/or latency occurs in step 275 such that steps 265 and 270 are repeated if the threshold is not reached. When the threshold packet loss and/or latency occurs, the upstream data rate estimate is set accordingly at step 280.
Note the advantages of such an upstream data rate estimation technique. A typical user of modem 110 will not be aware of the upstream data rate available for modem 110 nor will have the technical expertise to ascertain this upstream data rate from user manuals or the like. However, as discussed previously, a certain portion of the upstream data rate must be reserved for VoIP data traffic to satisfy the expected QoS for adequate telephone service. The user then has no intelligent way to modify or configure integrated router 111 to limit other upstream data traffic to provide the desired VoIP QoS because the limitation on the other upstream data traffic will depend upon the available upstream data rate. But an integrated router 111 configured to implement the data rate estimation techniques disclosed herein eliminates the need for a sophisticated user to ascertain the upstream data rate. Moreover, no matter how sophisticated a user may be, should modem 110 be a cable modem, the upstream data rate can only be ascertained in a dynamic fashion—a cable modem user cannot be guaranteed any fixed data rate as may be the case for a DSL modem.
Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that many modifications may be made to the embodiments described herein. For example, rather than implement the data rate estimation algorithm directly through integrated router 111, an external device such as processor 140 may command router 111 to transmit the PING and UDP packets. Processor 140 would then process the resulting delay differences between the PING packets and configure integrated router 111 accordingly to limit the non-VoIP packets so as to preserve a QoS-satisfactory upstream data rate for the VoIP packets. Moreover, the upstream data rate technique may be implemented into networks that do not incorporate an integrated router. For example, a non-VoIP-enabled router 300 may be used to connect a LAN 305 to Internet 115 as shown in
In an alternate embodiment, the upstream data rate estimation technique described herein may be performed by a VoIP telephone 400 that directly couples to a modem such as seen in
Although the preceding discussion has discussed the upstream data rate estimation technique with respect to routers and VoIP telephones, it will be appreciated that this technique may be implemented in any suitable network device. For example, a generic network device 500 architecture is shown in
Those of ordinary skill will appreciate that other data payloads besides UDP packets may be used to test the upstream data rate. In addition, the node receiving the data payloads need not be a nearest neighbor. Thus, although the invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments, this description is only an example of the invention's application and should not be taken as a limitation. Consequently, the scope of the invention is set forth in the following claims.
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|Packet transfer method for hierarchical packet network, hierarchical packet communication system, and gate node, edge node and mobile terminal for use with hierarchical packet communication system, as well as handover method and routing node for packet network
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|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 6, 2012
|Aug 25, 2015
|Sejent Corporation
|Measuring instantaneous bit rate in a network connection
|U.S. Classification
|370/232, 370/253, 370/235
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 26, 2005
Owner name: CISCO TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PRICE, JAY;HUOTARI, ALLEN J.;BRENES, MANRIQUE;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:016171/0323
Effective date: 20050330
|May 2, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4