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Scotland vs Samoa
... we went back to the hotel with Leaine and Frank to watch the Australia vs Wales game and I wanted Wales to win but they didn't. Me and Leaine went for a walk to see the Gateshead Sage building and then went back to the hotel. We had dinner at an Indian Buffet restaurant and I ate lots and lots of ...
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... we drove to our hotel where we were staying near the Tyne River. And then we walked over the Millennium bridge that goes over the Tyne. We had a walk around town where there were lots of All Black supporters.
Woke up at 7am after going to bed at 4am. Decided to bike to the rental car place as it would take ages to walk. Olly had two bikes so he rode the shittier one and I rode the other one while Darryn sat on the seat behind me trying to keep his legs out of the way. It was quite difficult but we got there eventually. Got our little VW Golf, got some car snacks and then headed north for Newcastle. Olly was guiding us with the data on his phone but about ...
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text: Acta Geodyn. Geomater., Vol. 9, No. 4 (168), 521–540, 2012 THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC GRANITE FROM THE KRUDUM MASSIF, WEST BOHEMIA Lucie NOVÁKOVÁ 1)*, Karel SOSNA 2), Milan BROŽ 1), Jan NAJSER 2) and Petr NOVÁK 3) 1) Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09 Prague, Czech Republic 2) ARCADIS Geotechnika Inc., Geologická 4, 152 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic 3) ISATech Ltd., Osadní 26, 170 00, Prague 7, Czech Republic *Corresponding author's e-mail: [email protected] (Received May 2012, accepted September 2012) ABSTRACT This paper investigates the matrix porosity and related properties of a leucocratic granite from the Krudum Massif, West Bohemia. The required samples were obtained from the 30-year old core of borehole KZ-25 (Material Documentation Depositories). In total, nine sample sets were taken from different depth levels within the borehole ranging from 18 m to 108 m. The hydraulic conductivity of the granite matrix was measured using a pressure cell whilst standard methods were employed to determine the dry density, connected porosity and total porosity. The pore size distribution was analysed using mercury porosimetry. The ultrasonic velocities were measured using a pulse source and oscilloscope. Dynamic Young's modulus, dynamic shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, static Young's modulus, uniaxial compressive strength and moisture were determined according to measurements of ultrasonic velocities and deformability in uniaxial compression. The morphology and structure of the pore network was studied using high resolution scanning electron microscopy. The overall porosity values defined by the different porosimetry methods follow the same trends although the absolute values differ according to the specific method. A logarithmic relationship was found to exist between hydraulic conductivity and porosity within the granite matrix. In addition, a slight depth dependence was noted in the porosity, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, and ultrasonic velocities of the granite matrix. The SEM images have allowed precise mapping and detailed description of the pore network. KEYWORDS: 1. leucocratic granite; matrix porosity; geomechanical properties; hydraulic conductivity; ultrasonic velocities; scanning electron microscopy INTRODUCTION The nature and origin of granites has intrigued earth scientists for hundreds of years (Pitcher, 1997). In order to obtain detailed information about the characteristics of a specific granitic rock it is important to study its physical, geomechanical, and chemical properties. These properties may be greatly modified where the rock is fractured. These data, in addition to an understanding of the present geological setting of the granite, are essential when planning the construction of artificial underground structures such as tunnels, radioactive waste repositories, and storage facilities for oil or natural gas. Schild et al. (2001) studied a granite matrix using a range of petrophysical methods to determine its porosity, permeability, and P-wave velocity. Hamm et al. (2007) concluded that the hydraulic parameters of fractured rocks need to be assessed precisely in order to understand the relationship between the hydraulic conductivity and fracture properties. A number of studies have shown that the ultrasonic pulse velocity test provides a useful and reliable non-destructive tool for assessing the structure of rock. The internal damage within a material may be seen from its mechanical characteristics as defined by the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength (Hassan et al., 1995) while structural irregularities may be detected by ultrasonic tests (Schild et al., 2001; Zinszner et al., 2002; Vasconcelos et al., 2008; Chaki et al., 2008; Nováková et al., 2011). The most popular and rapid method of pore structure analysis in a wide variety of porous materials is that of mercury porosimetry (Ritter and Drake, 1945). This technique enables the size and volume of mesopores and macropores to be measured in solid porous rocks. It is based on the property of mercury to behave as a nonwetting liquid in a variety of solid materials. The measurement of pore-size distribution is complicated by the fact that most porous materials are characterised by irregular pore shapes; this may be overcome if it is assumed that all pores have a common geometric shape (Felch and Shuck, 1971). A model for such pore surfaces was developed by Good and Mikhail (1981). In the model, pores are represented by cylinders. In reality, pore surfaces are very rough and contain void spaces that correspond to the entrance of branch pores. 522 Fig. 1 L. Nováková et al. A geological sketch of the Krudum Massif (modified after René, 1998). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and stereological analysis form valuable tools with which to characterise microcracks in granites (HommandEtienne and Houpert, 1989). The use of a highresolution microscope is comparatively inexpensive and may be undertaken on a considerable range of samples (Bogner et al., 2006). However, the imaging and analysis of single features (e.g. pores, cracks, microfissures) by electron microscopy is usually limited to very small areas (Helmuth et al., 1999). The strong relationship that exists between the rock microstructure and its physical properties was confirmed by David et al. (2000). Machek (2011) used SEM to determine cracks within granite rock and it was concluded that the majority of the granite matrix porosity could be attributed to grain-boundary and cleavage cracks. This microcracking depends upon the rock mineralogy, fabric, and microstructure (Akesson at al., 2004). By combining various methods it is possible to accurately characterise the rock, especially its composition and microstructures. In this paper, the results of a number of laboratory methods applied to samples taken from a single core are described and compared. The presented data form a small part of the comprehensive research project, "Research of an influence of a granite matrix porosity over a radio- active waste geological disposal safety including methodology and measuring devices development". The main objectives of this paper are to outline a coherent approach to investigating granite matrix porosity, to compare the applied methods, and to consider the implications of recent studies of granite matrix. 2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The studied locality is situated near town Krásno, 20 km southwest of Karlovy Vary town in western Bohemia (Fig. 1). Borehole KZ-25 was drilled in 1974 during prospecting for a nearby feldspar quarry (Vysoký Kámen Quarry). The borehole was located in the eastern part of the Krudum Massif. This massif is a broadly triangular granite body covering 50 km2. The central part of the massif comprises a porphyritic two-mica granite (the Třídomí Granite) while its western part is dominated by a two-mica granite (the Milíře Granite). The southern and eastern margins of the massif comprise the youngest and the most fractionated topaz-albite granite (the Čistá Granite) (Jarchovský, 2006). Postmagmatic brittle deformation has given rise to a suite of mineralogically distinct veins (barren quartz, quartz-cassiterite, quartz-wolframite, quartz-arsenopyrite, quartz-fluorite, and quartz-hematite) (Dolníček THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. Fig. 2 523 A cross-section through the area around Vysoký Kámen (modified after Jarchovský, 2006). The KZ-25 borehole was drilled about 90 m to the northwest of this profile. Table 1 Description of the rocks within borehole KZ25 (Pácal and Pavlů, 1979). Depth [m] 000.00 – 001.5 001.50 – 007.0 007.00 – 016.85 016.85 – 022.7 022.70 – 026.3 026.30 – 031.8 031.80 – 032.8 032.80 – 037.5 037.50 – 038.5 038.50 – 043.7 043.70 – 044.7 044.70 – 094.7 094.70 – 095.15 095.15 – 100.4 100.40 – 101.7 101.70 – 106.6 106.60 – 107.4 107.40 – 119.5 119.50 – 123.0 123.00 – 126.0 126.00 – 205.0 Rock Clay Eluvium of the leucogranite Weathered leucogranite Alkali feldspar syenite Alkali feldspar syenite with quartz Leucogranite Alkali feldspar syenite Leucogranite Alkali feldspar syenite Leucogranite Pegmatite Leucogranite Alkali feldspar syenite Leucogranite Alkali feldspar syenite Leucogranite Alkali feldspar syenite Leucogranite Granite with micas Aplite Li-topaz granite et al., 2012). The southeastern margin of the Krudum Massif is cut by the ENE-WSW trending Vysoký Kámen Fault. The western block uplifted along this fault and was then eroded (Jarchovský, 2006). The KZ-25 borehole was drilled in an area of leucocratic granite with alkali feldspar syenite layers lying on the basal Li-F granite (Jarchovský, 2006; Fig. 2). The leucocratic granite is medium to fine grained. In this granite, micas are rare and the Nafeldspar to K-feldspar ratio varies significantly (from 0.5 to 2.5). The granite is locally composed by alkali feldspar syenite, a rock with no micas and a low quartz content (Streckeisen, 1974) (Table 1, Table 2). Numerous small pegmatite bodies of veins of irregular shape and smudge-like pegmatite bodies were also found in the quarry (Rukavičková et. al, 2009). The location of the borehole has now been quarried for raw feldspar. 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3.1. SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS The KZ-25 core is stored in the Material Documentation Depositories of the Czech Geological Survey. The required samples were taken from this core at depth levels of 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 76, 88, 98, and 108 metres (Fig. 3), Figure 4 shows the polished samples prepared from these samples. The diameter of the original core is 150 mm while that required for most tests is 50 mm. Therefore, a new core with the required diameter was cut from the original. Samples with heights of 10, 20, 50, and 100 mm were then cut from the new core using a water-cooled diamante saw. In this paper, these samples are referred to as 'unsaturated'. A macroscopic petrological description of the samples was then conducted. To determine the chemical composition of the rocks within the KZ-25 borehole, chemical analyses of rocks were undertaken in the laboratory of Czech Geological Survey. 3.2. CONNECTED AND TOTAL POROSITY The required samples (h = 50 mm; d = 50 mm) were cut from the original core and then oven dried for 24 hours at 105 °C. During heating and cooling, L. Nováková et al. 524 Fig. 3 The studied samples from KZ-25 borehole. Fig. 4 Photographs of the polished samples prepared for SEM. the temperature was changed gradually by 0.3 °C/min so as to prevent any cracking that may result from the development of a high temperature gradient inside the sample (Reuschlé et al., 2006; Chaki et al., 2008). Following temperature equalisation, the specimens were water saturated under vacuum as proposed by ISRM (1977). The specimens were kept under vacuum for 24 hours before being submerged by water at atmospheric pressure for between 24 hours to several days to allow the saturation. The connected porosity (nISRM) was obtained by weighing the saturated msat and dry md samples, respectively (Eq. 1), THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. n ISRM m sat m d m sat m sat ´ 525 (1) where msat' is the weight of the saturated sample immersed in water. An alternative calculation of the connected porosity (nhc) was also undertaken to assess the influence of the measuring procedure: the value of msat measured after the hydraulic conductivity test was used in Eq. 1. The total porosity (nT), which includes isolated voids and microfractures, was calculated from Eq. 2, nT 1 d Gs (2) where specific gravity Gs was determined through a standard test procedure in a pycnometer and dry density ρd was calculated as a ratio of md and volume V. The moisture (W) was calculated using Eq. 3, where msat is saturated and md dry sample, respectively. m md W sat md (3) 3.3. MERCURY (HG) POROSIMETRY The Pascal 140+240 (Thermo Scientific) mercury injection system was used to determine the connected porosity of the samples. Porosity and open pore size distribution of each sample were computed using the PASCAL (Pressurization with Automatic Speed-up by Continuous Adjustment Logic) method and the Washburn (1921) equation (Eq. 4): pr = -2 µ cosΘ (4) where p is pressure, r pore radius, µ surface tension, and Θ contact angle. The apparatus uses pressure interval from 0.1 kPa to 200 MPa and from this it is possible to identify pores with widths ranging from 3.7 nm to 58 μm. The pressure applied depends on the size of the threshold controlling access to the void. The measurement of the injected mercury volume at different steps of increasing pressure gives the volume of pores for a range of thresholds. 3.4. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY The saturated samples (h = 50 mm; d = 50 mm) were placed in the pressure cell. Figure 5 shows a sketch of a sample during the test. Both upper and lower surfaces were connected to pressure controllers manufactured by GDS Ltd. The cell pressure was kept constant during all tests, at σc = 1000 kPa. The average effective stress inside the specimens corresponded to the average effective stress of the specimens in particular depths in situ. A constant pressure difference between upper and lower surfaces of Δ = 50 kPa was kept during the test and the volume of water that passed through the sample was recorded. Fig. 5 A sketch of the pressure cell and controllers used for the measurement of hydraulic conductivity. 3.5. ULTRASONIC VELOCITIES P-wave and S-wave velocities were measured vertically in the samples (h = 50 mm; d = 50 mm) using an apparatus that comprised two pairs of piezosensors, a precise impulse generator, and an oscilloscope. The two pairs of piezosensors, V103 and V153 (Olympus), were used as transmitter and receiver respectively. The resonance frequency of the sensors was 1 MHz. The contact between the sensors and sample was improved using ultrasonic couplant. The saturated and oven dried samples were measured in accordance with that proposed by ISRM (1978). Length to diameter ratio of 1 was used due to feasibility of hydraulic conductivity measurement. Dynamic Young's modulus Ed (Eq. 5), dynamic shear modulus Gd (Eq. 6), and Poisson's ratio (Eq. 7) were calculated according to (Zisman, 1933). Ed vS 2 3vP 2 4vS 2 2 v P vS Gd vS 2 v vP 2 2vS 2 2 v P 2 vS 2 2 (5) (6) (7) where Ed is dynamic Young's modulus, is density of the studied sample, vs is S-wave velocity, vp is P-wave velocity, Gd is dynamic shear modulus, v is Poisson's ratio. The calibration of the piezosensors was undertaken using radiation through three steel cylinders of the same class and the lengths 30, 60, and 90 mm. The delay of the wave on the piezosensors was calculated using linear regression and subtracted from all measurements. For P-waves it was 0.273 s, for S-waves 0.253 s. The measurement error was specified by repeated radiography of randomly chosen L. Nováková et al. 526 Table 2 The chemical composition of the rocks within the KZ-25 borehole (Hanák et al., 2010). Rock Type Depth [m] K-alkali feldspar syenite leucogranite 18.8m 26.4m SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO MnO CaO Li2O Na2O K 2O P2O5 F Ign. loss H2O(-) F(ekv) Total [%] 62.80 0.03 19.84 0.04 0.16 0.05 0.03 0.40 0.06 3.90 10.06 0.67 0.33 0.80 0.12 -0.14 99.28 leucogranite 36m leucogranite 58.7m leucogranite 75.5m alkali feldspar syenite 101.2m 75.90 0.04 13.64 0.04 0.20 0.06 0.03 0.38 0.05 4.23 4.01 0.38 0.23 0.50 0.05 -0.10 99.74 77.92 0.03 12.34 0.07 0.20 0.08 0.04 0.42 0.05 4.52 2.50 0.33 0.18 0.57 0.07 -0.08 99.31 74.48 0.04 14.05 0.17 0.22 0.05 0.06 0.37 0.04 4.43 4.25 0.41 0.20 0.44 < 0.05 -0.09 99.23 69.54 0.03 17.06 0.07 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.43 0.03 5.79 5.18 0.51 0.17 0.54 0.10 -0.07 99.64 78.12 0.02 12.43 0.04 0.16 0.07 0.03 0.33 0.04 4.16 2.54 0.31 0.23 0.78 0.12 -0.10 99.38 samples. The error was 0.8 % for P-waves and 1.3 % for S-waves. 3.6. DEFORMABILITY IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION This method determines the elastic parameters of rock. The cylindrical samples (50x100 mm) were loaded with uniaxial stress. During the experiment, both the transverse and longitudinal deformation of the samples was recorded by resistivity tensometers (20/120LY41 Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik) attached to the surface of the sample. The loading was implemented in five cycles with a constant gradient of axial stress of 0.5 MPa.s-1. The loading maxims were 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 % of compressive strength while the unloading minimum was set to 5 % of the compressive strength. Static Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were calculated following the methods of Zavoral et al. (1987). Static Young's modulus E and Poisson's ratio were determined from the hysteresis of the first and second loading loop (Eq. 8, 9). E 1,3 2,5 a1 a3 a2 2 (8) d1 d 3 d2 2 a1 a 3 a2 2 (9) where εai and εdi are appropriate average values of longitudinal and transverse deformation respectively, 1,3 and 2,5 are maximal and minimal values of corresponding loading and unloading stresses. Finally, the uniaxial compressive strength was determined as proposed by ISRM (1979). 3.7. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Nine polished symplex were studied using a scanning electron microscope (Quanta 450).The polished samples were made in orientation perpendicular to the borehole KZ-25. Following the fissure distribution plans, the fragments and polished samples were studied in their natural state and coated with gold. The secondary (SE) and backscattered (BSE) electron detectors were used for taking photographs of each sample. The SE mode is the most important because these electrons can be collected easily using a positively biased collector grid placed on one side of the specimen due to the low exit energy of a few electronvolts. Unlike SE, BSE move on straight trajectories and are not affected by electrostatic collection fields (Reimer, 1998). THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 527 Table 3 The connected porosities (nIRSM, nhc), mercury porosimetry (nHg), total porosity (nT), hydraulic conductivity, and dry density. Depth [m] 18 28 38 48 58 76 88 98 108 nIRSM [%] nhc [%] nHg [%] nT [%] 1.61 2.00 1.89 0.86 1.34 0.55 0.59 0.45 0.40 1.77 2.10 2.08 0.95 1.59 0.65 0.67 0.56 0.54 1.04 2.24 1.90 1.27 1.74 1.05 1.94 0.92 0.73 2.26 3.16 2.61 2.12 3.24 1.96 2.63 2.33 2.06 Hydraulic conductivity [m.s-1] 1.65×10-10 1.40×10-10 1.30×10-11 1.15×10-11 9.52×10-12 1.01×10-12 2.33×10-12 3.16×10-12 7.80×10-13 Dry density [kg.m-3] 2510 2540 2560 2585 2568 2564 2563 2552 2600 Table 4 The velocities of P-waves (Vp) and S-waves (Vs) of unsaturated, saturated, and dry samples. Depth [m] 18 28 38 48 58 76 88 98 108 Vp uns [m.s-1] 4173 4251 4577 5151 4830 5267 5441 5446 5441 Vs uns [m.s-1] 2569 2809 2957 3254 3163 3293 3393 3325 3475 Vp sat [m.s-1] 5564 5308 5357 5763 5415 5810 5786 5910 5830 Nine samples were taken from distinct depth levels. The morphology and structure of each of the pore networks were described using identical microscope settings: a detector with backscattered electrons, beam current 30.00 kV, working distance 10 mm, spot 8, and magnification 74x. The pore network was drawn manually from the highest applicable magnification in Corel Draw software. The number of pores and fractures were then counted. The final pictures were compiled by QuantumGIS software and the relative directions of the fractures were computed in MapInfo software. In addition, the specific types of microfractures and pores were investigated using the scanning electron microscope and variable magnifications of up to 5000x. More than 100 detailed photographs of the samples were taken to document the microfractures. 4. RESULTS 4.1. SAMPLING AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS The most common rocks within the KZ-25 borehole are leucogranite and alkali feldspar syenite (Table 1). The studied granite has enhanced amounts of albite and K-feldspar but average amounts of quartz. This type of granite is characterised by small amount of dark minerals, especially micas in this case. Table 2 presents the chemical composition of the Vs sat [m.s-1] 2870 3022 3157 3345 3621 3635 3511 3517 3485 Vp dry [m.s-1] 4031 4148 4582 4899 4867 5225 5194 5329 5361 Vs dry [m.s-1] 2557 2641 2900 3093 3228 3267 3237 3348 3368 rocks within the borehole. The average volume of SiO2 is about 70 wt %. The leucogranite samples contain more than 70 wt % SiO2, 12-14 wt % Al2O3, and 2-4 wt % K2O and Na2O. 4.2. CONNECTED AND TOTAL POROSITY The connected porosity of the samples describes the pores and fractures that are accessible by water whereas the total porosity also includes isolated voids and microfractures. Therefore, the total porosity should be greater than the connected porosity. The connected porosities nISRM and nhc were both calculated using same equation but with different weights of saturated sample depending on the method used. It is seen that the connected porosity nhc is greater than nISRM in all samples. (Table 3). The connected porosity is somewhat depth dependent with the highest connected porosity in the sample from 28 m and the lowest in the sample from 108 m. The total porosity was found to be highest in the sample from 58 m and lowest in the sample from 76 m. There is no correlation between the connected and total porosities (Table 3). 4.3. MERCURY POROSIMETRY The higher values recorded by Hg porosimetry reflect the fact that the measurements have been L. Nováková et al. 528 2.5 #18 m #28 m #38 m #48 m #58 m #76 m #88 m #98 m #108 m porosity [%], cumulative 2 1.5 2.24 1.94 1.90 1.74 1.27 1.05 1.04 1 0.92 0.73 0.5 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 poresize [nm] Fig. 6 The pore size distribution according to the mercury porosimetry. Table 5 Young's modulus (Edyn), shear modululus (Gdyn) and Poisson's ratio ( v ) of unsaturated, saturated, and dry samples. Depth [m] 18 28 38 48 58 76 88 98 108 Edyn unsat. [GPa] 39.58 44.59 51.12 63.93 57.78 65.55 69.73 67.87 72.54 Gdyn unsat. [GPa] 16.56 20.05 22.38 27.37 25.69 27.80 29.50 28.22 31.39 v dyn unsat. [-] 0.19 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.20 0.16 Edyn sat. [GPa] 54.52 58.45 62.97 72.07 73.77 79.84 76.37 77.38 77.16 obtained using high pressure in addition to the comparatively high influence exerted by the open surface pores. The only exceptions come from the samples at 18 m and 38 m, in which the Hg porosimetry is lower by almost 30 %. The highest porosity is associated with the sample from 28 m (Table 5), in accordance with that found by other methods. In general, the pore size distribution demonstrated by mercury porosimetry is characteristically similar for all of the samples irrespective of depth (Fig. 6). This trend is, however, impaired by the increases in porosity seen in the samples from 58 and 88 m. The cumulative curves in a semilogarithmic scale show two clear breakpoints. The first occurs between 200 and 500 nm while the second occurs at about 7000 nm. Figure 6 also suggests that Gdyn sat. [GPa] 20.67 23.19 25.51 28.93 33.67 33.88 31.60 31.56 31.57 v dyn sat. [-] 0.32 0.26 0.23 0.25 0.10 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.22 Edyn dry [GPa] 38.19 41.06 50.20 57.80 59.25 64.52 63.51 67.15 69.23 Gdyn dry [GPa] 16.41 17.71 21.53 24.73 26.75 27.36 26.85 28.60 29.48 v dyn dry [-] 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.11 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 the measured mercury porosity is significantly influenced by pores of less than 500 nm. The contribution of these pores into the sample porosity ranges between 0.25 % and 1.71 %. In contrast, the contribution of pores of greater than 500 nm was found to be quite similar for all the samples (between 0.48 % and 0.69 %). Thus, in terms of variability, the influence of the smaller pores is significantly higher. 4.4. HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DRY DENSITY The hydraulic conductivity corresponds to the depth within the borehole (Fig. 7: middle). The highest value of 1.65×10-10 m.s-1 was measured in the sample from 18 m while the lowest value of 7.80×10-13 m.s-1 was in the sample from 108 m THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 0 1 porosity [%] 2 3 4 1E-013 hydraulic conductivity [m2 /s] 1E-012 1E-011 1E-010 1E-009 2500 2520 density [kg/m 3] 2540 2560 529 2580 2600 10 20 30 40 depth [m] 50 60 70 porosity 80 nIRSM nhc 90 nHg nT 100 hydraulic conductivity dry density 110 Fig. 7 The porosity (left), hydraulic conductivity (middle), and dry density (right) to depth relationships. Table 6 The deformation parameters. Depth [m] Static Young's modulus [GPa] 48 49.2 58 50.5 98 59.9 108 56.6 Poisson's ratio [-] 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.19 (Table 3). The dry density shows the opposite patterns in top 50 metres, as these values increase with depth. In the deeper part, there is no clear trend (Fig. 7: right). The lowest value of 2510 kg.m-3 was calculated in the sample from 18 m while the greatest value of 2600 kg.m-3 was calculated in sample from 108 m (Table 3). Any way there is an increasing trend between 18 m and 48 m and an opposite trend between 48 m and 98 m. 4.5. ULTRASONIC VELOCITIES The results of the ultrasonic measurements of Pwaves and S-waves for unsaturated, saturated, and dried samples are shown in Figure 8. P-wave velocities vary from 4173 m.s-1 to 5446 m.s-1 in the unsaturated samples, from 5308 m.s-1 to 5910 m.s-1 in the saturated samples, and from 4031 m.s-1 to 5361 m.s-1 in the dry samples (Table 6). The lowest velocities were measured in samples from 18 m and 28 m while the highest velocities were measured in the samples from 98 m and 108 m. The velocities broadly increase with depth (Fig. 8). S-wave velocities vary from 2569 m.s-1 to 3475 m.s-1 in the Uniaxial compressive strength [MPa] 118 142 161 105 Moisture [%] 0.15 0.19 0.12 0.13 unsaturated samples, from 2870 m.s-1 to 3635 m.s-1 in the saturated samples, and from 2557 m.s-1 to 3368 m.s-1 in the dry samples (Table 6). The lowest velocities were again measured in sample from 18 m while the highest velocities were measured in the samples from 98 m and 108 m (although, in the saturated samples, this was in the sample at 76 m). Nonetheless, the velocities again broadly increase with depth (Fig. 8). All moduli were calculated using Equations 4 and 5. Dynamic Young's modulus, dynamic shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio were calculated for the unsaturated samples, saturated samples, and dry samples. There are significant differences between moduli of the saturated samples compared to those of the unsaturated and dry samples (Table 7). Dynamic Young's modulus for the unsaturated samples varies from 39.58 GPa to 72.54 GPa, for the saturated samples it varies from 54.52 GPa to 79.84 GPa, and for the dry samples it varies from 38.19 GPa to 69.23 GPa (Table 5). The lowest values were calculated in the sample from 18 m while the highest come in the samples from 76 m or 108 m. The highest L. Nováková et al. 530 2 velosity [km/s] 4 3 5 6 10 20 30 40 depth [m] 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 secondary waves saturated unsaturated dry Fig. 8 primary waves saturated unsaturated dry The P-wave and S-wave velocities to depth relationship. Table 7 Number of fractures and pores and their physical characteristics observed in polished samples from borehole KZ-25. Depth [m] Number of Number of fractures pores 18 28 38 48 58 76 88 98 108 30 78 128 90 109 58 121 88 65 602 703 1252 901 1538 1061 1437 864 911 Total 632 781 1380 991 1647 1119 1558 952 976 The shortest The longest The The widest Total length fracture fracture narrowest fracture of fractures [µm] [µm] fracture [µm] [mm] [µm] 78.80 448.20 1.17 10.07 12.10 3.05 605.40 0.49 19.69 29.04 10.20 461.90 0.75 62.30 26.62 20.62 976.40 1.01 74.54 16.94 3.85 668.00 0.58 54.88 17.77 3.07 1795.00 1.27 45.68 11.64 4.72 668.80 0.52 46.04 21.33 19.25 717.40 0.93 45.37 16.26 55.67 1847.00 9.64 72.48 12.26 dynamic Young's modulus of saturated samples was calculated at 76 m. The values of the moduli increase with depth in the studied borehole (Fig. 9). Dynamic shear modulus for the unsaturated samples varies from 16.56 GPa to 31.39 Pa, for the saturated samples it varies from 20.67 GPa to 33.88 GPa, and from the dry samples it varies from 16.41 GPa to 29.48 GPa (Table 5). Poisson's ratio for the unsaturated samples varies from 0.11 to 0.20, for the saturated samples it varies from 0.10 to 0.32, and for the dry samples it varies from 0.11 to 0.18 (Table 5). The lowest values were calculated in the samples from 28 m and 58 m while the highest values were from 98 m or 108 m. Figure 9 shows the THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 0 20 moduli [GPa] 40 60 80 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 531 0.35 10 20 30 40 Gdyn dry Gdyn unsaturated depth [m] 50 Gdyn saturated Edyn dry Edyn unsaturated 60 Edyn saturated dry 70 unsaturated saturated 80 90 100 110 Fig. 9 Young's modulus (Edyn), shear modululus (Gdyn) and Poisson's ratio ( v ) to depth relationship. progression of all moduli and Poisson's ratio within borehole. 4.6. DEFORMABILITY IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION Samples from 48, 58, 98, and 108 m were chosen in order to test their deformability. Due to lack of other samples it was not possible to perform the other tests. The static Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, uniaxial compressive strength and moisture were calculated by these tests. Static Young's modulus generally increases with depth and varies from 49.2 GPa to 59.9 GPa. Poisson's ratio varies from 0.24 to 0.19 and decreases between 98 and 108 m. The highest compressive strength was measured in the sample from 98 m while the lowest was measured in the sample from 108 m (Table 6). 4.7. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Figure 10 presents the SEM images from all the sampled depth levels. The three most common minerals are visible: quartz (dark grey, high relief); albite (dark grey, low relief); and K-feldspar (light grey). The images reveal the distribution of pores and microfractures in the granite. It appears that the majority of the pores and fractures occur in both albite and K-feldspar. The manually marked pore networks on the images (Fig. 11) documents, that pores and fractures are variously distributed within the rocks. A numer of fractures attain lengths of more than 1 mm (Figs. 10 a, b, c, f, h, i) and there is a network of interconnecting microfractures. The pore distribution does not appear to be depth dependent and may vary markedly within a given sample. The greatest numbers of pores occur in the sample from 38 m while the greatest numbers of fractures occur in the sample from 58 m. The least numbers of pores and fractures occur in the sample from 18 m (Table 7). The grain boundaries and minerals have been distinguished (Fig. 11) while the fractures and pores distributed in the minerals have been counted (Table 8). The highest grain boundary pore ratio occurs in the sample from 48 m. Illustrative views of the distribution of the pores and fractures within the borehole are presented in Figure 12 and 13. The relative direction of the various fractures was computed in MapInfo software. The rose diagrams were displayed in Tectonics_FP software. Figure 14 presents rose diagrams of the microfractures at different depths. It should be noted that these are not actual directions. There are two distinct orthogonal fracture sets in the granite samples from borehole KZ-25. Two sets of faults have also been found in granites in NE part of the Bohemian Massif (Nováková, 2008). The narrowest fracture with a width of 0.49 µm was found in the sample from 28 m while the widest fractured with a width of 74.54 μm was found in the sample from 48 m (Table 7). Measuring the length of the fractures is problematic due to the small visible area seen by the microscope. Nevertheless, the shortest fracture was measured in the sample from 28 m while the longest was in the sample from 108 m (Table 7). 5. DISCUSSION There has been much recent attention directed towards the properties of granite matrix. A number of papers have used local granites to investigate L. Nováková et al. 532 Fig. 10 SEM-microphotographs of polished surface of granite samples from borehole KZ-25. Q: Quartz, K-f: Kfeldspar, Alb: Albite. Table 8 Number of fractures and pores in the minerals. GBP-Grain boundary pores, fract.-fractures. Depth [m] Albite K-feldspar pores /mm2 fract. /mm2 area pores /mm2 18 28 38 48 58 76 88 98 155 223 499 238 587 491 397 172 10.5 36.5 74.0 19.9 63.0 51.3 65.3 21.7 5 6 5 11 6 5 1 6 0.34 0.98 0.74 0.92 0.64 0.52 0.16 0.76 0.59 0.25 0.27 0.48 0.37 0.38 0.24 0.32 447 365 589 619 909 420 678 509 43.4 27.8 47.2 53.0 68.2 46.5 61.8 52.7 25 37 70 66 83 38 68 54 108 433 40.2 10 0.93 0.43 375 44.0 41 Quartz fract. /mm2 GBP area pores /mm2 fract. /mm2 area ratio 2.42 2.82 5.62 5.65 6.23 4.20 6.20 5.59 0.41 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.53 0.36 0.44 0.39 0 115 165 44 42 150 362 183 19.9 28.4 32.5 18.0 23.4 45.5 24.7 0 7 17 2 2 5 21 14 1.22 2.93 1.49 0.85 0.78 2.64 1.89 0.00 0.23 0.23 0.05 0.09 0.26 0.32 0.30 0.00 2.28 2.15 8.68 5.69 1.41 1.38 1.31 4.81 0.34 103 18.0 6 1.05 0.23 1.49 THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 533 Fig. 11 Manually marked pore and microfracture networks and grained boundary with minerals in granite samples from borehole KZ-25. Q: Quartz, K-f: K-feldspar, Alb: Albite. microfracturing, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity (e.g. David et al., 2000; Begonha and Sequeira Braga, 2002; Möri et al., 2003; Lion et al., 2005, Nováková et al., 2011). Unless it forms part of a comprehensive project into, for example, the feasibility of a nuclear waste repository, these papers usually focus on a specific parameter which is studied by a single method or a set of closely related methods. In this study, the porosity has been obtained using three different methods. A comparison of these measured porosities shows that average value of nISRM is 1.08 % while average nhc is 1.21 % (Table 5). This suggests that some air bubbles remained inside the samples even after a long period of saturation under vacuum. During the hydraulic conductivity test, the remaining air was expelled and therefore nhc gives greater values than nISRM. Even higher values were obtained from mercury porosimetry with a mean average of 1.43 %. These nHg values may be explained by the size of the samples because more of the originally isolated microcracks are accessible from the surface in smaller samples. It is possible that mercury porosimetry overestimates the porosity as the results may be affected by the surface roughness of the samples (Onishi and Shimizu, 2005). The estimation of the total porosity nT gives a significantly higher value than that of open porosity, with an average of 2.49 %. It may be that significant part of the total porosity occurs within an interconnected network determined after hydraulic conductivity test. Despite these differences, the obtained porosities follow the same trends irrespective of the actual method applied. The connected porosity should depend on the rock type, in particular its chemical or mineralogical composition and fabric. The sample from the depth of 26.4 m contains 78 wt % SiO2, which is the highest recorded content within the borehole (Table 2). 534 L. Nováková et al. Fig. 12 Manually marked pore networks in granite samples from borehole KZ-25. The higher porosity values obtained by the mercury porosimetry in comparison to the standard methods may result from the use of high pressure during the measurements. However, given the size of the samples and the generally low porosity of the studied granite, the influence of open surface pores also ought to be considered. The mercury porosimetry revealed somewhat atypical characteristics in the pore size distribution in all of the studied samples. The existence of three distinct groups of pores is indicated by breakpoints on the curves. The real size of these pores and fractures, supposed to be as wide as 7000 nm, was also found by the SEM. It may be that these features in fact represent open surface pores induced during sampling and preparatory work. Furthermore, the porosity measured by the mercury porosimetry corresponds far more closely to those obtained by the other methods after excluding pores over 7000 nm. It is only possible to speculate as to whether the remaining two groups represent genuine categories of fractures and pores. A completely different perspective on matrix porosity is provided by the SEM. The manual tracing of pores and fractures is somewhat subjective. It does, nevertheless, provide useful spatial and structural information (Nováková et al., 2010). In order undertake further geological analyses, it is necessary to know the orientation of the samples. This is simply not known for the analysed core. During the original survey no borehole logging methods were applied that could have been used to orientate the core later. Furthermore, due to quarrying, the location of the KZ-25 borehole does not exist anymore. Despite this problem, the SEM images show the density and structure of both pores and microfractures with up to three significant microfracture directions identified. The information regarding the connectivity between fractures provided by the SEM is important for future THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 535 Fig. 13 Manually marked microfracture networks in granite samples from borehole KZ-25. modelling. The process of manual tracing is more precise than the automated drawings generated by special programs although it is clearly time consuming (Machek, 2011). Möri et al. (2003) defined four types of granite matrix pores: grain boundary pores, sheet silicate pores, solution pores, and crack pores. These types have all been identified in the SEM images from borehole KZ-25. However, after careful consideration, for the purpose of investigating the granite matrix we prefer to define the structures as either pores or microfractures. The former are defined as threedimensional cavities within the matrix while the latter are broadly planar gaps. This division allows an integrated approach based directly on pore shape. There is no clear linear depth dependence in relation to the number or length of pores and microfractures (Fig. 12 and Fig. 13). The narrowest fractures mapped from the SEM images were estimated to have widths of around 500 nm. Therefore, only the major microfractures were depicted. In addition, this corresponds to a breakpoint indicated by the mercury porosimetry (Fig. 6). The pores mapped from the SEM images represent the smallest category shown by the mercury porosimetry. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of the microfractures may still have been neglected. It is also necessary to note that the dimensions of most of the microfractures measured from the SEM images are apparent, as these microfractures occur at various angles to the image plane. The highest density of microfractures was found in K-feldspar (between 2.42 and 6.23 microfractures per square millimetre) while the lowest was found in albite (between 0.16 and 0.96). Quartz grains bear between 0.78 and 2.93 microfractures per square L. Nováková et al. 536 Fig. 14 Rose diagrams of microfractures in granite samples from borehole KZ-25. IRSM permability test mercury porosimetry total porosity 4 IRSM (best fit) permeability test (best fit) mercury porosimetry (best fit) total porosity (best fit) y = 0.29.logx + 5.35, R = 0.22 porosity [%] 3 y = 0.67.logx + 8.56, R = 0.71 y = 0.65.logx + 8.29, R = 0.73 2 y = 0.28.logx + 4.53, R = 0.19 1 0 1E-013 1E-012 1E-011 hydraulic conductivity [m/s] 1E-010 Fig. 15 The relationship between porosities and hydraulic conductivity. 1E-009 THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 537 6 y = -0.34x + 6, R = 0.91 ultrasonic velocity [km.s-1] 5 primary waves saturated saturated (best fit) unsaturated unsaturated (best fit) dry dry (best fit) 4 y = -0.76x + 5.77, R= 0.89 y = -0.71x + 5.61, R = 0.83 y = -0.33x + 3.7, R= 0.58 3 y = -0.4x + 3.57, R = 0.74 secondary waves saturated (best fit) saturated unsaturated unsaturated (best fit) dry dry (best fit) y = -0.41x + 3.51, R = 0.74 2 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 porosity [%] Fig. 16 The relationship between ultrasonic velocities and connected porosity (nISRM). millimetre (Table 8). The 28 m sample also demonstrates that the length and connectivity of the microfractures is important. A relatively low number of well connected long fractures contribute significantly to the hydraulic conductivity. Mori et al. (2003) stated the most important contributor to granite matrix porosity were tiny fractures that followed grain boundaries, called grain boundary pores. The grain boundary pores form up to 40 % of all microfractures in the matrix. Moreover, the grain boundary pores, where found, were observed to be both long and well connected in the KZ-25 granite (Fig. 11). There is an ambiguous relationship between porosity and depth that has been observed in all the results obtained by the various porosity methods. In contrast, the hydraulic conductivity is clearly depth dependent. The porosity and hydraulic conductivity trends are not always followed down the vertical profile and distinct local anomalies can be seen (see depth intervals 18-28 m; 48-58 m and 88-98 m in Fig. 7). This demonstrates that there is no precise correlation between these two parameters. It may be that the hydraulic conductivity can be influenced by a small proportion of the microfractures as these create preferential drainage pathways inside the sample. Porosity, on the other hand, is a volumetric characteristic and it is influenced by all the microcracks in the measured sample regardless of their contribution to the hydraulic properties. A logarithmic relationship was found to exist between porosity and hydraulic conductivity (Fig. 15). The presented porosity and hydraulic conductivity measurement methods are rather time consuming. It would be useful to have an easy but reliable method that provides rapid results relating to either granite matrix porosity or hydraulic conductivity on large quantity of samples. It is easy to measure ultrasonic velocities in both the field and laboratory. Therefore, it is promising that it may be possible to correlate ultrasonic velocities and porosity (Fig. 16) or hydraulic conductivity (Fig. 17; Najser et al., 2011). In borehole KZ-25, the velocity of both the primary and secondary waves decrease with an increase in open porosity. A change of 1.6 % (absolute value) in the open porosity is proportionally equivalent to a change of 1.2 km.s-1 in the primary wave velocity of the dried samples. Begonha and Sequeira Braga (2002) found a logarithmic correlation between P-waves and open porosity in a weathered granite with porosities of up to 10 %. The ultrasonic L. Nováková et al. 538 6 y = -0.2.logx + 3.47, R = 0.51 ultrasonic velocity [km/s] 5 primary waves saturated unsaturated dry 4 saturated (best fit) unsaturated (best fit) dry (best fit) y = -0,57.logx - 1,33, R = 0.86 y = -0,57.log.x - 1.51, R = 0.93 3 y = -0.29.logx + 0.19, R = 0.76 secondary waves saturated unsaturated dry saturated (best fit) saturated (best fit) dry (best fit) y = -0.33.logx - 0.54, R = 0.86 y = -0.34.logx - 0.69, R = 0.88 2 1E-013 1E-012 1E-011 hydraulic conductivity [m/s] 1E-010 1E-009 Fig. 17 The relationship between ultrasonic velocities and hydraulic conductivity. velocities decrease with increasing hydraulic conductivity. The observed relationship is logarithmic. It is in accordance with the observed logarithmic relationship between porosities and hydraulic conductivity. The laboratory measurements of ultrasonic velocities on dry, saturated, and unsaturated samples gave similar results. The velocities were seen to be very similar in the dry and unsaturated samples whereas vp were greater in the saturated samples. This comparison shows that dried samples are the most appropriate for ultrasonic velocity measurement. Similar results of the dry and unsaturated samples indicate that the drying process may be omitted eventually for general ultrasonic measurements. The ultrasonic velocities of both the primary and secondary waves initially increase with depth. However, the measurements of ultrasonic velocities in the samples below about 50 m provided rather uniform results. This may reflect subsurface weathering and therefore the results suggest the KZ-25 granite is weathered to depths of around 50 m. A similar conclusion can be drawn from the density profile presented in Figure 7. The samples all, with one exception, represent leucogranite (the sample at 18 m is an alkali feldspar syenite). The different mineralogical composition of that sample explains its slightly different behaviour. The majority of the studied parameters correspond with depth (e.g. high hydraulic conductivity, low density, slow ultrasonic velocities, and low values of moduli). The porosity of the sample at 18 m is, however, rather low when compared to the following near surface leucogranite samples and this low porosity was confirmed by the SEM images. It is possible that this reflects a greater amount of interconnected microfractures within the alkali feldspar. The high porosity samples of the leucogranite come from horizons with slightly higher amounts of SiO2 and lower amounts of Al2O3. The change in the mineralogical composition of the leucogranite again represents a possible explanation. THE MATRIX POROSITY AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF A LEUCOCRATIC …. 6. CONCLUSIONS The various porosimetry methods provided a range of values that followed similar trends. From the recorded data, it is noted that a logarithmic relationship exists between open porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The porosities, ultrasonic velocities, hydraulic conductivities, and bulk densities all show slight depth dependence. The mercury porosimetry showed the typical pore distribution in the studied granite. The mercury porosimetry suggested that some pores are wider than 7000 nm as they were also found by the SEM. The SEM imagery provides a unique view into the granite matrix and the applied resolution made it possible to map microfractures over 0.5 µm. For greater detail, a yet finer resolution is essential. The ultrasonic velocity measurements offer a promising method for indirect porosity and hydraulic conductivity estimation. The most reliable results appear to come from the oven dried samples but the unsaturated samples may be suitable for a rapid general estimation. These data enable us to construct new hypotheses that will now form the basis of the next phase of research into granite matrix porosity. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The project was funded by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic (Project Number: FR-TI1/367). For their participation, we are grateful to our colleagues at the Czech Geological Survey, Progeo Ltd., and NIR Řež Corp. We would like to thank Dr. M. René for his useful advice and Dr. K. Breiter for the geological description of the core. Thanks are also due to Dr. J. Schweistilová for the SEM, A. Jandečková for the mercury porosimetry analyses, and Z. Fiala for the uniaxial compression tests. Dr. M.D. Rowberry provided a critical review of the English. We also thank to three anonymous reviewers for improvement the manuscript. REFERENCES Akesson, U., Hansson, J. and Stigh, J.: 2004, Characterisation of microcracks in the Bohus granite, western Sweden, caused by uniaxial cyclic loading. 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The Ravens were missing a healthy number of key players from practice today, some expected and some not.
Cornerback Lardarius Webb (thigh), wideouts Marlon Brown (thigh), Brandon Stokley (groin) and Deonte Thompson (concussion), center Ryan Jensen (foot), defensive tackle Terrence Cody (knee) and linebacker Albert McClellan (shoulder) all sat out practice today.
That left Baltimore quite short at receiver. But the Ravens did get some help there, as Jacoby Jones returned to practice in a limited capacity, marking a step in his return from a sprained knee suffered in the opener.
Linebacker Arthur Brown (shoulder) and running back Shaun Draughn (ankle) also were limited in practice today.
Update: Stokley was later upgraded to having practiced in a limited capacity.


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Sustainable Development Target 12.1 implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP), all countries taking action, with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the development and capabilities of developing countries
How to achieve? Where is action needed?
For open data regarding this target see #SDG12 - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
Several articles of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda or the New Urban Agenda describe possible initiatives. If these articles are not listed here, then look them up via Search the Actor Atlas using one or more of these terms 10yfp developed-countries.
If you have questions, needs, ideas, answers, comments about "achieving this target near you" we recommend you to use also your neighbourhood's #WWlgu which can be found via Your community leading sustainable development? #WWlgu for #LocalizingSDGs.
In the media
Use #sdt121 on social media!
This short video explains why …
Target cloud
Discover the targets (and #tags) for each topic …
Tag cloud for sustainable development targets
Comments, questions & answers
The fringes
Do you have a question about this target in your country?
Do you have or know content to share about this target in a specific country?
Do you have an answer to a tagged question?
Then tweet or post the question, content or answer, with the hashtag constructed by adding the country's ISO code to #sdt121, for instance #sdt121DZ for a post or tweet about #SDT121 - implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on sustainable consumption and production (10YFP), all countries … in Algeria.


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Movies & TV / Columns
411mania Interviews: Mahershalalhashbaz Ali
Mahershalalhashbaz Ali is best known for his role as Richard Tyler on the USA series The 4400 and for his performance in the Oscar winning film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. This Sunday at 9 pm he co-stars opposite Julia Ormond in the Lifetime Movie Network original movie The Wronged Man as Calvin Willis, who in 2003 was exonerated for a crime he spend almost 22 years in jail for.
Al Norton: Let's get this out of the way at the start; can you pronounce your first name for me?
M Ali: Sure. It's Maher-Shalal-Hazshbaz.
Al Norton: What's the origin of the name?
M Ali: It's Hebrew. It's the longest name in the bible and it's the symbolic name for the prophet Isaiah's second son. You can find it in Isaiah, chapter 8, versus 2 & 3.
Al Norton: Was that a tough name to carry around as a kid?
M Ali: You know, I didn't know it was my name until I was 7 (laughing). Everyone used to call me Hershal, because it's in there somewhere. I learned when I was 7 that my full name was Mahershalalhashbaz.
I think when I got older and was an undergrad people started calling me the only thing that would fit on social security card, which was Mahershala. People started calling me Mahershala around then and it kind of stuck for a while. Right before I stepped into the professional world I felt like it was time for me to take on my name in its entirety because it was given to me and I just wanted to honor that. It was time for me to embrace it.
Al Norton: You've had a good career so far but do you think the name was ever a hindrance? Casting directors seem to make choices for a pretty strange variety of reasons.
M Ali: They do, for sure. I don't know if it's caused any issues but then again I would never know. They might think it would be difficult to market or this, that, and the other. The way I find peace in the industry is to focus on doing the best work I can do. I want to be the best actor I can be, I want to be the best person I can be. I feel like that will put me where I should be. There may hindrances and road blocks that pop up from time to time but my focus is always the same, it always has been the same. I think if you're supposed to have something in life, you end up having it, and if you're not supposed to have it, you don't.
Al Norton: How did you decide you wanted to be an actor?
M Ali: I really just fell into it. My goal was to graduate undergrad with a 3.0. My grandfather told me he was going to give me a decent amount of money if a graduated college with a 3.0 or better. I was really focused on my GPA and taking Spanish at the time and didn't feel like I would get the grade that I wanted in the second semester so I decided I'd start over my senior year and take Spanish 1 and 2 so right now I am going to take an elective. I just picked acting and it was a blast. Everything I did resonated with me, from Shakespeare to eventually doing a Zora Neal Hurston piece, and then my senior year I did my first play.
Right after my senior year I got the California Shakespeare Festival. I just kind of got into it and it felt right. Things happened for me, people pointed me in the right direction, and I ended up going to grad school for it, too. Basically I fell into it by not taking the second semester of Spanish when I should have.
Al Norton: I have to ask; did you graduate with a 3.0?
M Ali: I did. Over a 3.0. And I got the money (laughing).
Al Norton: Were you much of a sci-fi fan before The 4400?
M Ali: I've never really been a huge sci-fi fan. What I loved about The 4400 was that they did a really good job of making a drama with a science fiction back drop. I loved comic books growing up but never really considered them sci-fi. I did love Star Wars. There were certain movies, certain franchises. I have cousins and friends who were real sci-fi heads but I am not one of those. It was a great experience doing The 4400 and getting to play in a different world.
Al Norton: The great thing about sci-fi fans is their loyalty.
M Ali: Absolutely. They are really loyal and very, very serious about the most minuet details. To this day there are people trying to get The 4400 back on the air.
Al Norton: Was it frustrating to spend a few years as a part of the show and then not get a chance to finish telling the story in any way?
M Ali: I don't know if you think about it like that as an actor, and that may disappoint the fans to a certain degree. You're so focused on being in the moment that, just like in life, we're not thinking about how our story is going to end, how our family's story comes together. You have goals, short and long term, but I feel like it's the same in acting if you're doing a serial drama. You're focused on that episode, and maybe even that season. I think it was disappointing that the show was cancelled but those things have their life, their time to live, and the powers that be decided that was it.
Al Norton: How did The Wronged Man come to you?
M Ali: The casting director of The Wronged Man was the same who did The Curious Case of Benjamin Button – Lorraine Mayfield – and she called me in to meet with the director and producer and I had a really great meeting with them. They were concerned I might be a little too nice for the role so they wanted to see me read for it. I came back in a few days later and I guess they were happy with what they saw and I got the job.
Al Norton: Had you ever played a real person before?
M Ali: No.
Al Norton: What were some of the challenges, as opposed to playing a fictional character?
M Ali: As an actor you always feel a responsibility to be truthful but I think when you know they are going to see it, or people they know and love are going to see it, you feel a real responsibility to do their story justice and capture the essence of a story that actually happened. That's the challenge. You can't create everything from your imagination.
Al Norton: Did you get to meet Calvin Willis?
M Ali: No but I did get to see a lot of documentary footage of him plus I spend quite a bit of time with the paralegal who worked with him the two decades he was in prison. We got an opportunity to spend a few days together talking.
Al Norton: I am not sure what your feelings about the death penalty were going into the project but did doing this movie change them at all, or maybe reaffirm them?
M Ali: It's tough, it's complicated. If I had a daughter and someone God forbid did something to her, or to my family, I don't know if I am that forgiving to say "ok, I forgive you" after you spend a little time in prison. It's a very complicated thing. This story does show that there are mistakes and people have died because of those mistakes. I think it created more questions for me with the death penalty, and that's good; the more questions you have about how things exist in their current state, the more you fully understand them. The most questions usually lead to the best answers.
Al Norton: Did you just finish work on Predators?
M Ali: We just finished and it should be out July 9th.
Al Norton: Between the writer (Robert Rodriguez) and your fellow cast members (Adrian Brody, Lawrence Fishburne, Topher Grace, Danny Trejo), how much fun was that?
M Ali: It was a blast. It was an amazing experience. We were in the tropical rainforests of Hawaii stomping through the mud and getting rained on all day and then we ended up finishing in Austin, Texas. I really think this movie is going to be good. They had cut together a trailer while we were still working and it looked amazing. It's a great cast and along with the action elements and the sci-fi elements, and with Robert Rodriguez being involved, I think it's going to push it to another level.
Al Norton: For someone who might not think of themselves as the target audience for a Lifetime Movie Network movie, why should they watch The Wronged Man?
M Ali: I think because it's relevant. You have something that's based on a true story. There is a woman who spends two decades -twenty years of her life – dedicating to freeing a man she felt was innocent, and on the other side you've got a man who is in prison because justice has not been served. He's lost his family, his friends, his life. You get to see the story unfold as he is eventually redeemed.
This is something that could happen to absolutely anyone. The Innocence Project believes that there are potentially 40,000 people wrongfully imprisoned. Those kind of numbers go beyond color lines, beyond race, beyond class. This story sheds some light on that and therefore it's something that all audiences should be interested in checking out.
Don't miss The Wronged Man on LMN, Sunday at 8 pm.


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And it is a good sign that this masquerading knight- errant, this pretended champion of the rights of every other nation except those of the Irish nation, should be obliged to throw off the mask today, and to stand revealed as the man who by his own utterances is prepared to carry fire and sword into your homesteads unless you humbly abase yourselves before him, and before the landlords of the country.
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The use of ones feet as all purpose or utility limbs, often done by an individual who has lost their arms or hands or use of their limbs. Utilafeet are used for eating, writting, combing hair, typing, and of course basic locomotion.
"I know I should be more tollerant but I can't use that keyboard after Stacey used her utilafeet on it all day"
by mummbles March 30, 2006


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Item: NTP217
1,000 mg 30 Veg Tabs
Serving Size 1 Extended-Release Tablet
|Amount Per Serving
|%Daily Value
|Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng root) (standardized 15% [150 mg] ginsenosides)
|1000 mg
†Daily Value not established.
Other Ingredients: Di-calcium phosphate, stearic acid, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, silica and pharmaceutical glaze.
Directions: As a dietary supplement offering the consistent benefits of exact potency, one tablet daily or as recommended by your healthcare professional.
NOTE: If you are pregnant or nursing, consult your healthcare professional before using any herbal product. Keep out of reach of children.
Free from artificial colors and preservatives. Free from the common allergens yeast, wheat, soy and milk. Hypo-Allergenic
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1,000 mg 30 Veg Tabs


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Heffer Throws A Tantrum (A Rocko's Modern Life, I.M. Weasel, Camp Lazlo, Teletubies, Fireman Sam and Hey Arnold Crossover)
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Heffer Throws A Tantrum Part 1 is a fan-fiction episode of Rocko's Modern Life. With characters from Rocko's Modern Life, I.M. Weasel, Camp Lazlo, Teletubbies, Fireman Sam and Hey Arnold Crossover.
- Narrator: It's a very peaceful afternoon, and Rocko and Heffer were at the Video Store. While Rocko sees and picks up the 2002 release of A Day Without Ms. Beverly & Other Stories.
- Rocko: This is the 2002 VHS release of A Day Without Ms. Beverly & Other Stories.
- Narrator: Said Rocko.
- Heffer: What does it Have?
- Narrator: Asked Heffer.
- Rocko: It Features A Day Without Ms. Beverly, The Wee Jack Fest, Picture Day, The Crazy Saturday & Sunday Music.
- Narrator: Explained Rocko.
- Heffer: That is good stuff!
- Narrator: Exclaimed Heffer.
- Rocko: Now, remember, Heff, it's either a retail or rental. I Have to Promise this video store's clerk that i have got to either keep it or bring it back the following day.
- Narrator: Informed Rocko.
- Heffer: Will It Be Remade on DVD?
- Narrator: Asked Heffer.
- Rocko: No, Heffer, it's only on VHS.
- Narrator: answered Rocko scoldly.
- Heffer : WAHHHHHH!! I WANT IT ON DVD RIGHT NOW!!!!
- Rocko : YOU CAN BUY DVDS FROM THE STORE, TODAY! DO YOU HEAR ME?
- Narrator: Yelled Rocko angry.
- Annoying Orange: Leave Heffer Alone


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Home > Neighborhoods >
The South Boston Waterfront gets a lot of well-deserved buzz as the city's most exciting neighborhood.
Popular museums and art galleries, entertainment venues, excellent hotels, numerous restaurants, and the lively waterfront provide visitors and locals with plenty to do.
Seaport, the part of the neighborhood stretching along Boston Harbor, boasts glitzy waterfront restaurants and bars, concerts almost every night during the summer at the Blue Hills Bank Pavilion, a brewery, and departure points for Harbor cruises.
At the eastern tip of this area, Boston's Cruiseport welcomes cruise ship passengers to Boston from April to November.
South of Atlantic Ave, the arty Fort Point is sandwiched between the channel separating the neighborhood from Boston's Downtown Financial District on the west and the Massachusetts Convention and Exposition Center on the east.
Dotted with art galleries and the popular Boston Children's Museum, Fort Point boasts innovative chef-owned restaurants along Congress Street and adjacent streets, as well as terrific city skyline views across the channel.
In addition, the neighborhood - sometimes called the "Innovation District" - provides space to pharmaceutical research, technology, and financial services companies.
Converted lofts and sleek new waterfront condos also make this a popular residential area.
Blue Hills Bank Pavilion - Top concert venue during summer months
ICA Boston - a.k.a. Institute of Contemporary Art (100 Northern Ave at Fan Pier) - Cutting-edge art of every genre imaginable by living and recent artists, as well as lots of entertainment events such as movies, jazz concerts, and festivals. Free admission on Thursdays from 5pm-9pm, and for youth 17 and under anytime; free admission anytime if you have a Boston Discount Card.
Boston Children's Museum (308 Congress St) - Lots of hands-on exhibits plus a huge 3-story climbing structure make this museum a hit with kids and parents. Admission for $1 on Fridays, 5pm-9pm. Free admission with a Boston Discount Card.
Grand Circle Gallery (347 Congress St) - Spectacular vintage travel posters, black and white photos, and special exhibits; free admission. A personal favorite.
Boston Harbor Dinner Cruises - Spirit of Boston departs from the pier across from the Seaport Hotel. Look for discount offers from GoldStar.
Fort Point Open Studios - Best way to tour Fort Point galleries and artist studios. Open Studios held in May and in October.
Boston Fire Museum (344 Congress St) - Fascinating collection of antique fire-fighting apparatus. One of Boston's most unique museums.
Boston Tea Party Museum (Fort Point Channel) - Closed since 2001 after being struck by lightening, but scheduled to reopen during summer of 2012, bigger and better than ever.
Boston Convention and Exposition Center (415 Summer St) - New England's largest convention space, attracting around a million visitors each year. Lawn on D, a "playground" for adults, provides giant swings, lawn chairs, games, and music during warm months.
Harpoon Brewery - The largest specialty brewer in New england, Harpoon Brewery hosts tours, tastings, and Octoberfest, one of the most popular fall festivals in Boston.
Boston Cruiseport - a.k.a. Black Falcon Cruise Terminal - Departure point for cruises from Boston to ports in Europe, Bermuda, the Caribbean, and foliage cruises along the New England/Canadian coast.
Port of Call flags at Cruiseport in South Boston Waterfront
Both Seaport and Fort Point offer a wide variety of restaurant options.
In Seaport, waterfront restaurants and bars offering appealing Boston Harbor views draw large crowds, especially on summer weekends. A number of these restaurants are part of hospitality groups with a national presence - including Boston's own Legal Sea Foods.
More about Seaport restaurants
Fort Point, without the views, attracts smaller chef-owned restaurants, many of which emphasize innovative cuisine. Smaller doesn't mean obscure - renowned Boston chefs such as Barbara Lynch, Ming Tsai, and Joanne Chang have places here, along with other chefs you may not have heard of ... yet.
More about Fort Point restaurants
Yet another dining option is the Spirit of Boston, a luxury cruise boat departing across from the Seaport Hotel - perfect way to sightsee around Boston Harbor while enjoying a delicious dinner and, on some of the cruises, dancing.
South Boston Waterfront hotels provide excellent accommodations whether you're here for a convention, cruise, or just some Boston sightseeing:
Find out more about Hotels in South Boston's Waterfront, including the new Envoy Hotel, which boasts great views from its rooftop bar.
Return to Top - South Boston Waterfront
Boston's subway system provides excellent transportation along the South Boston Waterfront by way of the Silver Line, which runs from South Station in Downtown Boston to the Boston Design Center and Black Falcon Cruise Terminal.
Boston water taxis service several neighborhood locations: Barking Crab Restaurant / Federal Courthouse by the Moakley Bridge; East and West sides of the World Trade Center across from the Seaport Hotel; Blue Hills Bank Pavilion; Boston Design Center / Black Falcon Cruise Terminal. Water taxis will take you to points along the Downtown Waterfront as well as Logan Airport, just 10 minutes across Boston Harbor.
Land taxis - Plentiful.
Black Falcon Cruise Terminal - Best way to leave the city, with luxury cruises from Boston to ports in the Caribbean, Bermuda, New England/Canada, and even Europe.
When you hear Bostonians refer to the South Boston Waterfront, they're talking about the upper corner of the South Boston neighborhood - the area bordered by Fort Point Channel to the west, Boston Harbor on the north, and stretching over to the Black Falcon Cruise Terminal, also called CruisePort, on the eastern tip.
Although this area includes only a small portion of South Boston, its proximity to Downtown - a quick 5-minute walk across the Moakley Bridge, Summer Bridge, or Congress Street Bridge - makes it a natural extension of the Downtown Waterfront and convenient to Downtown businesses, hotels, restaurants, and attractions.
Traditionally, port and shipping facilities, marine industries, warehouses, tanneries, and other industrial buildings filled this area and then mostly fell into disuse - until the 1980s, a renaissance began.
Fast forward to now: Relentless efforts by Boston's late Mayor Tom Menino have made the South Boston Waterfront the most rapidly developing part of the city, with glittering new restaurants and commercial buildings (bringing thousands of jobs) overlooking Boston Harbor.
Even as recently as a couple of years ago, this neighborhood was quiet at night - but not anymore!
Boston Discovery Guide > Neighborhoods > South Boston Waterfront
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Guest reviews
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8.9 Excellent
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Town House puts you within a 10-minute drive of Hallgrimskirkja and Perlan. Guests can enjoy the spa tub or take advantage of nearby hiking/biking trails. Nice touches like bathrobes and Select Comfort beds with premium linens are offered up in all rooms.


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Movie poster All Things Fair (1995)
Lust och fägring stor
Poster 70x100cm as new/rolled RO original
Poster year:1995
Director:Bo Widerberg
Actors:Johan Widerberg Marika Lagercrantz Thomas von Brömssen
Find more:Ladies School Best Picture winner
4.0 / 5 from 8 ratings
Vintage Movie poster from a movie theater 1995. Rare, most were thrown away. Great quality in paper and colors, nice to frame on your wall.
Other posters you might like
Lithivm (1998)
Johan Widerberg
Under solen (1998)
Helena Bergström
- find more filmposters with shorter words. Try only LUST or OCH or FÄGRING or STOR
- if you can't find a movie title, try director's name or movie star
- look in the alphabetical list with 10.000 artists, movie titles, years
- find vintage movie posters with boxing, spiders, documentaries, Film Noir, musicals + much more with our category page
- search examples: Clint Eastwood, James Bond, Walt Disney, Star Wars, posters from the 1930's
|nordicposters.com: Help about year, price, poster size, condition, lobby cards | About Us | Contact Us


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March 05 2010
As per our usual monthly fare, we're satisfying your melodic cravings by bringing you the latest and greatest tracks of the month. These tracks are usually what are the hottest-played on Ministry of Sound Radio, which you can tune into on Austero (or stream on windows from here).
For March, we've got an amazing lineup, featuring amazing beats from Kissy Sell Out new album 'Youth,' the epic 'Strobe' from Deadmau5, the yet-unreleased hit, 'Good Times' (video below) from Seamus Haji V Mark Knight & Funkagenda, The Aston Shuffle's new track, 'I Wanna See You' and heaps more!
This digital-only download is out today so be sure to stream it from our website here and then grab it on iTunes now!


text: On The Media Published by On The Media The Kony that Ugandans Know Download this audio Want to embed this player? Use the code below. More info. <iframe frameborder="0" scrolling="no" height="130" width="100%" src="https://www.wnyc.org/widgets/ondemand_player/otm/#file=/audio/json/192761/&share=1"></iframe> Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Email a Friend Summary Transcript Summary Musa Okwonga is a writer and musician of Ugandan descent, he wrote about the Kony 2012 phenomena for British newspaper The Independent. He grew up hearing about Kony and he talks to Brooke about the sudden attention that Kony's received and whether the video's benefits make up for its shortcomings. Ballake Sissoko & Vincent Segal - Oscarine Transcript BROOKE GLADSTONE: Musa Okwonga is a poet, musician and a blogger based in Britain who recently wrote about the Kony 2012 phenomenon in The Independent. He grew up hearing stories about Kony. MUSA OKWONGA: My mother is from Gulu, which is a town that so many of the abductions, and my father, my late father who died when I was four, is from Kitgum District, which is just slightly further north of Gulu. So yes, they're both very much from that region. BROOKE GLADSTONE: Now, when this film was first being conceived that region was beset with catastrophe, but lately it's undergone something of a renaissance. What was your reaction when you saw this place and Kony all over the place last week? MUSA OKWONGA: Well, I was utterly bemused, to be honest. A Tweeter, I think her handle is @texasinafrica, commented that these days you can get cappuccino and pizza, you know, delivered to your house in Gulu. So it's very different than it was when Kony first started his reign of terror. And when I came home and saw that "Stop Kony" was trending on Twitter, my first reaction was a sense, I think, of relief that this story had finally, you know, gone viral and it was getting the attention of the people, especially young people on Twitter. But I also did think well, you know, why now? And I suppose that's why I watched the film, and the film only left me with more questions, if I'm honest. BROOKE GLADSTONE: What were the questions it raised for you? MUSA OKWONGA: Well, Invisible Children said, you know, the film's half an hour long, we can't get everything in. But I think that a half hour viral video that gives a sense of completeness, that gives the appearance of completeness, and so not to mention really explicitly that Kony had left Uganda in 2006, not to mention the name of President Yoweri Museveni throughout the entire video, when Museveni himself would be integral to any solution, was a huge omission. BROOKE GLADSTONE: He is the head of Uganda and wasn't particularly aggressive in pursuing Kony when he had the chance. MUSA OKWONGA: This is a man, President Museveni, who won power through military means in 1986-87 and then for the next 20-odd years was invaded by someone with far inferior forces to those that he'd ever faced before. So that to me was a real question mark. And the final problem, I think, which has been borne out by subsequent reaction in Northern Uganda to this video, is they didn't seem to really engage Ugandan NGOs or Northern Ugandan victims of his atrocities in what they were doing because there's just been shock and disbelief in Northern Uganda as a result of this video. BROOKE GLADSTONE: Right. There were rotten vegetables thrown at the screen during a, a recent screening. Obviously, the point of this film is to raise awareness. There's a general belief that unless you simplify things, then the awareness doesn't really seep into the general consciousness. MUSA OKWONGA: Nobody's particularly served by oversimplifying a story to the point where the omissions themselves become dangerous. So I don't think anybody has a problem with necessarily targeting Kony as a serious problem, but when you have quotes like, you know, Mr. Russell going on and saying that Joseph Kony is the world's worst war criminal, I think it's plain wrong because, actually, he's abducted 30,000 people over the course of 26 years. Now, there are people who've killed far, far more than that. I also think that in the half hour video, you can get plenty more in than just a somewhat binary narrative between good and evil. BROOKE GLADSTONE: Would you assess the general impact of the film as doing more good than harm? MUSA OKWONGA: I think so because fundamentally the world is a better place for more people knowing about what Joseph Kony has been doing for the last 26 years. BROOKE GLADSTONE: Why? Does it change the reality on the ground? MUSA OKWONGA: If we look at why it happened and how it happened, we can unpick these issues. So if we look at Uganda now, if we look at not only Joseph Kony and what he did for the people who enabled this reign of terror for 26 years, we can say, well maybe we shouldn't be pumping military aid towards these people unquestioningly. Maybe we should be asking further questions about governance within Uganda. BROOKE GLADSTONE: What do you think about the paternalism argument, that, you know, white teenagers need to come in on skateboards and set things right? MUSA OKWONGA: I don't like the "White Savior Complex" phrase, partly because it feels racist whenever it comes out of my mouth, if I'm honest. I think I do share some of the concerns about paternalism because this does look like a top-down solution. It does look like there has been little, very little consultation of people on the ground, NGOs, victims of the LRA, and so on. And the reason that paternalism is really a problem, actually, is because it means that you're building ill-fitting solutions for problems because you're not consulting people directly affected by them. That's where I have a real problem. BROOKE GLADSTONE: Musa, thank you very much. MUSA OKWONGA: The pleasure is mine. Thank you for having me. [MUSIC UP AND UNDER] BROOKE GLADSTONE: Musa Okwonga is a blogger for the British newspaper The Independent and other publications, and he's also a vocalist with The King's Will. BOB GARFIELD: This is On the Media. END SEGMENT A


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Manipur Police Constable Previous papers are updated. Download Manipur Rifleman past years model papers, Follower practice papers, solved papers on www.manipurpolice.org.
Manipur Police Constable Previous papers @ manipurpolice.org
Manipur Police constable Practice papers are uploaded. Candidates who are appearing for this exam are looking for the Manipur Rifleman past years model papers. Download Manipur Follower Model papers from our page govjobsonline.com. Applicants who want to get good marks in this examination, they Should make a perfect plan for the exam. Collect the Syllabus, Exam pattern and Previous papers. Read English news paper daily, to improve your knowledge. Refer the Exam question papers daily so that you can know your capacity. We updated last five years Manipur constable exam papers in this page. You can also refer the Manipur Rifleman Question papers from the Official website www.manipurpolice.org
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Manipur Rifleman Old exam papers
Candidates who applied for this examination are probing for the Manipur Rifleman Old exam papers. You can download Manipur Follower Question papers from this article. Candidates who want to get job in this bank should start the preparation by collecting Syllabus, exam pattern, Previous Papers and required materials in this page.
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Manipur Police Constable Practice papers
Name of the Organization: Manipur Police Department.
Name of the post: Constable, Rifleman, Follower.
No of vacancies: 3052 posts.
Job Location: Manipur.
Category: Previous papers.
Official website: www.manipurpolice.org.
Download Manipur Police Constable Rifleman Previous papers


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1.2 acres in Hubbard County, Minnesota
LL893 Nice river front lot within city limits of Park Rapids! Nice tree coverage and city water and sewer available. Adjacent lot is available for additional price.
From Hwys. 71/34 in Park Rapids, go S on 71 to a left on County Road 15. Follow to left on Edmond Drive to property.
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.