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Genetic history of North Africa
The genetic history of North Africa has been heavily influenced by geography. The Sahara desert to the south and the Mediterranean Sea to the North were important barriers to gene flow in prehistoric times. However, Northeast Africa and the Levant form a single land mass at the Suez. At the Straits of Gibraltar, North Africa and Europe are separated by only 15 km (9 mi). At periods of low sea-levels, such as during a glacial maximum, islands that are currently submerged would appear in the Mediterranean and possibly in between the Gibraltar straits.[citation needed]
These may have encouraged humans to "island hop" between Africa and Europe. During wetter phases of the Sahara, some Saharan inhabitants would have expanded north into southern parts of North Africa. West Asian populations would have also been attracted to a wet Sahara. West Asian populations could also migrate into Africa via the coastal regions of the Mediterranean.
As a result of these geographic influences, the genetic profile of North African populations is a complex mosaic of European, West Asian and Sub-Saharan African influences to variable degrees. Though North Africa has experienced gene-flow from the surrounding regions, it has also experienced long periods of genetic isolation in some parts, allowing a distinctive genetic marker to evolve in some Maghrebi populations, especially in some isolated Berber speaking regions.
Current scientific debate is concerned with determining the relative contributions of different periods of gene flow to the current gene pool of North Africans. Anatomically modern humans are known to have been present in North Africa during the Upper Paleolithic, 45,000 years ago, as attested by the Aterian culture. With no apparent continuity, 22,000 years ago, the Aterian was succeeded by the Iberomaurusian industry, whose lithic assemblages bore relations with the Cro-Magnon cultures. The Iberomaurusian was succeeded by the Capsian, a pre-Neolithic culture. Around 9,000 years ago, the Sahara desert entered a wet phase, the Neolithic Subpluvial, which attracted Neolithic peoples from elsewhere in Africa and the Near East.
In historic times, North Africa was occupied by various populations, including the Phoenicians (814–146 BCE),[1] Romans (146 BCE–439 CE),[2] Vandals and Alains (439–534 CE), and Byzantines (534–647 CE). In the 7th century, Islam was diffused in the area. Under the unifying framework of Islam, on the one hand, and the settlement of some Middle Eastern tribes together with the migration of the Moors of Andalusia into the Maghreb (after the Spanish Catholic Reconquista) on the other, a fusion took place that resulted in a new ethnocultural entity all over the Maghreb and Egypt and all contributed to the diffusion of the Arab-Islamic culture among the North African populations.[3]
Haplogroup E is the most prevalent haplogroup amongst the Berbers accounting for up to 87 percent of Y-chromosomes among some Berber populations. Haplogroup E is thought to have emerged in East Africa,[4] and would have later dispersed into North Africa and West Asia. The major subclades of haplogroup E found amongst Berbers belong to E1b1b1, which is believed to have emerged in North Africa. Common subclades include E1b1b1a, E1b1b1b and E1b1b1*. E1b1b1b is distributed along a west-to-east cline with frequencies that can reach as high as 80 percent in Northwest Africa. E1b1b1a has been observed at low to moderate frequencies among Berber populations with significantly higher frequencies observed in Northeast Africa relative to Northwest Africa.[5][6]
West Eurasian haplogroups, such as Haplogroup J and Haplogroup R1, have also been observed at moderate frequencies. A thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004), which analyzed populations from Algeria, concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both J1 and E3b2 main haplogroups) is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Berber–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East [5][7]
E1b1b1b (E-M81); formerly E3b1b, E3b2[edit]
E1b1b1b (E-M81) is the most common Y chromosome haplogroup in North Africa, dominated by its sub-clade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in North Africa 5,600 years ago. The parent clade, E1b1b, originated in East Africa.[4][8] Colloquially referred to as the Berber marker or Maghrebi marker for its prevalence among Mozabite, Middle Atlas, and other berber speaker groups, E-M81 is also quite common among North African groups. It reaches frequencies of up to 80 percent in some parts of the Maghreb. This includes the Saharawish for whose men Bosch et al. (2001) reports that approximately 76 percent are M81+.
This haplogroup is also found in small amounts in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, Sardinia and Canary islands. In Iberia, it is generally more common than E1b1b1a (E-M78),[9] unlike the rest of Europe, and as a result E-M81 is found throughout Latin America[10] and among Hispanic men in USA.[11] As an exceptional case in Europe, this sub-clade of E1b1b1 has also been observed at 40 percent the Pasiegos from Cantabria.[4]
Another theory by Gonçalves suggests that, since the percentage of E in Iberia is high in areas with little to no Moorish/Berber settlement, such as Galicia, Castile and Cantabria, the lineage may have been brought to Iberia by Neolithic or Mesolithic migrations. The cause for such migrations may have been the drying out of the Sahara and the movement of populations from Northwest Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar northward to more temperate Iberia. This theory suggests a pre-Islamic prehistoric migration from North Africa into Iberia that has left behind a genetic trace in the modern Iberian population. More research is required in determining how close the subclades of E carried by Iberian men are related to Maghrebis, and whether they are exactly the same subclade. This would help to determine whether E-M81's presence in Iberia is prehistoric or from more recent periods, such the Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus.
In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in Sudan, Lebanon, Turkey, and among Sephardic Jews.
There are two recognized sub-clades, although one is much more common than the other.
- Sub clades of E1b1b1b (E-M81):
- E1b1b1b1 (E-M107). Underhill et al. (2000) found one example in Mali.
- E1b1b1b2 (E-M183). Individuals with the defining marker for this clade, M81, also test positive, in tests so far, for M183. As of October 23, 2008, the SNP M165 is currently considered to define a subclade, "E1b1b1b2a".[12]
Mitochondrial DNA[edit]
Individuals receive mtDNA only from their mothers. According to Macaulay et al. 1999, "one-third of Mozabite Berber mtDNAs have a Near Eastern ancestry, probably having arrived in North Africa less than 50,000 years ago, and one-eighth have an origin in sub-Saharan Africa. Europe appears to be the source of many of the remaining sequences, with the rest having arisen either in Europe or in the Near East".[13] Maca-Meyer et al. 2003 analyze the "autochthonous North African lineage U6" in mtDNA, and conclude that:
- The most probable origin of the proto-U6 lineage was the Near East. Around 30,000 years ago it spread to North Africa where it represents a signature of regional continuity. Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghreb returning to the east in Paleolithic times. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghreb and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion.
A genetic study by Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004[14] argues concerning certain exclusively North African haplotypes that "expansion of this group of lineages took place around 10,500 years ago in North Africa, and spread to neighbouring population", and apparently that a specific Northwestern African haplotype, U6, probably originated in the Near East 30,000 years ago accounts for 28 percent in Mozabites, 18 percent in Kabyles, but has not been preserved in the southern Moroccan Berbers and accounts for 6-8 percent. Rando et al. 1998 (as cited by [1]) "detected female-mediated gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa to NW Africa" amounting to as much as 21.5 percent of the mtDNA sequences in a sample of NW African populations; the amount varied from 82 percent in Tuaregs (inhabitants of south part of the sahara and in contact for centuries with the sub-saharan population) to less than 3 percent in Riffians in north of Morocco. This north-south gradient in the sub-Saharan contribution to the gene pool is supported by Esteban et al.[15]
Nevertheless, individual Berber communities display a considerably high mtDNA heterogeneity among them. The Berbers of Jerba Island, located in South Eastern Tunisia, display an 87 percent West Eurasian contribution with no U6 haplotypes,[16] while the Kesra of Tunisia, for example, display a much higher proportion of typical sub-Saharan mtDNA haplotypes (49 percent),[17] as compared to the Zriba (8 percent). According to the article, "The North African patchy mtDNA landscape has no parallel in other regions of the world and increasing the number of sampled populations has not been accompanied by any substantial increase in our understanding of its phylogeography. Available data up to now rely on sampling small, scattered populations, although they are carefully characterized in terms of their ethnic, linguistic, and historical backgrounds. It is therefore doubtful that this picture truly represents the complex historical demography of the region rather than being just the result of the type of samplings performed so far."
Haplotype V, have its highest concentration among the Saami people of northern Scandinavia (approximately 59%). It has been found at approximately 10% among the Maris of the Volga-Ural region, leading to the suggestion that this region might be the source of the V among the Saami.
Haplogroup V is also found at higher than average levels in Cantabrian people (15%) of northern Iberia, and somewhat lower in nearby Basque people (10.4%). It also is found in particularly high concentrations (16.3%) among the Berbers of Matmata, Tunisia. The frequency of haplotype V is to be observed throughout the Mediterranean region, ranging from frequencies of close to 30 percent in southern Portugal to around 10 percent in southern France. Similarly, the highest frequency in Italy is to be found in the southern island of Sicily (28 percent).[18][19]
Additionally, recent studies have discovered a close mitochondrial link between Berbers and the Saami of Scandinavia, which confirms that Southwestern Europe was the source of late-glacial expansions of hunter-gatherers that repopulated Northern Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum and reveals a direct maternal link between those European hunter-gatherer populations and the Berbers.[17][20] With regard to Mozabite Berbers, one-third of Mozabite Berber mtDNAs have a Near Eastern ancestry, probably having arrived in North Africa ∼50,000 years ago, and one-eighth have an origin in sub-Saharan Africa. Europe appears to be the source of many of the remaining sequences, with the rest having arisen either in Europe or in the Near East."[21]
According to the most recent and thorough study on Berber mtDNA from Coudray et al. 2008, which analysed 614 individuals from 10 different regions (Morocco (Asni, Bouhria, Figuig, Souss), Algeria (Mozabites), Tunisia (Chenini-Douiret, Sened, Matmata, Jerba) and Egypt (Siwa)),[22] the results may be summarized as follows:
- Total West Eurasian lineages (H, HV, R0, J, T, U (without U6), K, N1, N2, X) : 50-80 percent
- Total sub-Saharan lineages (L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5) : 20-40 percent
- Total North African lineages (U6, M1) : 10-30 percent
The Berber mitochondrial pool is characterized by an overall high frequency of Western Eurasian haplogroups, a somehow lower frequency of sub-Saharan L lineages, and a significant (but differential) presence of North African haplogroups U6 and M1.
Until recently, some papers suggested that the distribution of the main L haplogroups in North Africa was mainly due to trans-Saharan slave trade.[23] However, in September 2010, a thorough study of Berber mtDNA by Frigi et al. concluded that most of L haplogroups were much older and introduced by an ancient African gene flow around 20,000 years ago.[24]
Autosomal DNA[edit]
On 13 January 2012, an exhaustive genetic study of North Africa's human populations was published in PLoS Genetics and was undertaken jointly by researchers in the Evolutionary Biology Institute (CSIC-UPF) and Stanford University, among other institutions.[25]
The study reveals that the genetic composition of North Africa's human populations is extremely complex, and the result of a local component dating back thirteen thousand years and the varied genetic influence of neighbouring populations on North African groups during successive migrations. According to David Comas, coordinator of the study and researcher at the Institute for Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), "some of the questions we wanted to answer were whether today's inhabitants are direct descendants of the populations with the oldest archaeological remains in the region, dating back fifty thousand years, or whether they are descendants of the Neolithic populations in the Middle East, which introduced agriculture to the region around eight thousand years ago. We also wondered if there had been any genetic exchange between the North African populations and the neighbouring regions and if so, when these took place".
To answer these questions, the researchers analyzed around 800,000 genetic markers, distributed throughout the entire genome in 125 North African individuals belonging to seven representative populations in the whole region, and the information obtained was compared with the information from the neighbouring populations.
The results of this study show that there is a native genetic component that defines North Africans. In-depth study of these markers shows that the people inhabiting North Africa today are not descendants of either the earliest occupants of this region fifty thousand years ago, or of the most recent Neolithic populations.
The data shows that the ancestors of today's North Africans were a group of populations that already lived in the region around thirteen thousand years ago. Furthermore, this local North African genetic component is very different from the one found in the populations in the south of the Sahara, which shows that the ancestors of today's North Africans were members of a subgroup of humanity who left Africa to conquer the rest of the world and who subsequently returned to the north of the continent to settle in the region.
As well as this local component, North African populations were also observed to share genetic markers with all the neighbouring regions, as a result of more recent migrations, although these appear in different proportions.
There is an influence from the Middle East, which becomes less marked as the distance from the Arabian Peninsula increases, similar proportions of European influence in all North African populations, and, in some populations, there are even individuals who present a large proportion of influence from the South of the Sahara in their genome.
A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of West Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa. Known as the Coptic component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. The Coptic component evolved out of a main North African and Middle Eastern ancestral component that is shared by other Egyptians and also found at high frequencies among other Afro-Asiatic populations in Northeast Africa (~70%). The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.[26]
Genetic influence[edit]
Y-chromosome DNA[edit]
The general parent Y-chromosome Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly known as E3b), which might have originated in the Horn of Africa or the Near East[5] is by far the most common clade in North and Northeast Africa and found in select populations in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean and South Eastern Europe. E1b1b reaches in Europe Greece and the Balkan region but, is not as high there as it is among African populations.[2].[5]
Outside of North and Northeast Africa, E1b1b's two most prevalent clades are E1b1b1a (E-M78, formerly E3b1a) and E1b1b1b (E-M81, formerly E3b1b).
E1b1b1a is the most common subclade of E1b1b and is present predominantly in Northeast Africa. It was originally thought to have been a marker of Neolithic migrations (perhaps coinciding with the introduction of Agriculture into Europe) from Anatolia to Europe, via the Balkans, where it enjoys the high frequency. However, Cruciani's latest study suggests that it actually arrived into the Balkans from Western Asia during the Palaeolithic, and then spread throughout Europe much later (c. 5300 years ago) due to a population expansion from Egypt. E1b1a is also found at low frequencies in this area.
A study from Semino (published 2004) showed that Y-chromosome haplotype E1b1b1b (E-M81), is specific to North African populations and almost absent in Europe except the Iberia (Spain and Portugal) and Sicily.[5] Another 2004 study showed that E1b1b1b is found present, albeit at low levels throughout Southern Europe (ranging from 1.5 percent in Northern Italians, 2.2 percent in Central Italians, 1.6 percent in Southern Spaniards, 3.5 percent in the French, 4 percent in the Northern Portuguese, 12.2 percent in the Southern Portuguese and 41.2 percent in the genetic isolate of the Pasiegos from Cantabria).[27]
The findings of this latter study contradict a more thorough analysis Y-chromosome analysis of the Iberian peninsula according to which haplogroup E1b1b1b surpasses frequencies of 10 percent in Southern Spain. The study points only to a very limited influence from Northern Africa and the Middle East in Iberia, both in historic and prehistoric times.[28] The absence of microsatellite variation suggests a very recent arrival from North Africa consistent with historical exchanges across the Mediterranean during the period of Islamic expansion, namely of Berber populations.[5] However, a study restricted to Portugal, concerning Y-chromosome lineages, revealed that "The mtDNA and Y-DNA data indicate that the presence of Berbers in that region dates clearly prior to the Moorish expansion in 711 AD, so it´s not recent there at all. ... Our data indicate that male Berbers, unlike sub-Saharan immigrants, constituted long-lasting and continuous community in the country".[29]
A wide-ranging study (published 2007) using 6,501 unrelated Y-chromosome samples from 81 populations found that: "Considering both these E-M78 sub-haplogroups (E-V12, E-V22, E-V65) and the E-M81 haplogroup, the contribution of northern African lineages to the entire male gene pool of Iberia (barring Pasiegos), continental Italy and Sicily can be estimated as 5.6 percent, 3.6 percent and 6.6 percent, respectively."[19] It has also been argued that the European distribution of E-M78 and its sub-clades is compatible with the Neolithic demic diffusion of agriculture, but also possibly partly from at least, the Mesolithic. For example, Battaglia et al. (2007) estimated that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. In support of this theory, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7,000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup.[30] More recently, two E-M78 have been found in the Neolitich Sopot and Lengyel cultures from the same period.[31]
High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula (Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J.) which seems supported by the most recent studies (including autosomal research).
A very recent study about Sicily by Gaetano et al. 2008 found that "The Hg E3b1b-M81, widely diffused in northwestern African populations, is estimated to contribute to the Sicilian gene pool at a rate of 6 percent." .[32]
According to the most recent and thorough study about Iberia by Adams et al. 2008 that analysed 1,140 unrelated Y-chromosome samples in Iberia, a limited contribution of northern African lineages to the entire male gene pool of Iberia was found : "mean North African admixture is just 10.6 percent, with wide geographical variation, ranging from zero in Gascony to 21.7 percent in Northwest Castile".[33][34] More recent extensive/complete studies, like «The Geography of Recent Genetic Ancestry across Europe», determined that Italians and Iberians, in fact, share very few common ancestors with other populations over at least, the last 2.500 years, unlike all the other European populations, present on the study, so North African contribution in both peninsulas is very likely limited (always a minority even in «hotspot» areas), many times constituted by ancient haplogroups, and in many cases, geographically not compatible with Moor invasion.
Mitochondrial DNA[edit]
Genetic studies on Iberian populations also show that North African mitochondrial DNA sequences (haplogroup U6) and sub-Saharan sequences (Haplogroup L), although present at only low levels, are still at higher levels than those generally observed elsewhere in Europe, though very likely, most of the L mtDNA that has been found in minor amounts in Iberia, is actually pre-neolithic in origin, as it was demonstrated by María Cerezo et al., (Reconstructing ancient mitochondrial DNA links between Africa and Europe) and U6 too, which also have a very old presence in Iberia, since Iberia has a great diversity in lineages from this haplogroup, it was already found in some local hunter-gatherer remains and its local geographic distribution is not compatible, in many cases, with Moor occupation area.[35][36][37] Haplogroup U6 have also been detected in Sicily and Southern Italy at much lower frequencies.[38] It happens also to be a characteristic genetic marker of the Saami populations of Northern Scandinavia.[20]
It is difficult to ascertain that U6's presence is the consequence of Islam's expansion into Europe during the Middle Ages, particularly because it is more frequent in the west of the Iberian Peninsula rather than in the east. In smaller numbers it is also attested in the British Isles, again in its northern and western borders. It may be a trace of a prehistoric Neolithic/Megalithic/Mesolithic or even Upper Paleolithic expansion along the Atlantic coasts from North Africa or Iberian Peninsula, perhaps in conjunction with seaborne trade, although an alternative, but less likely explanation, would attribute this distribution in Northern Britain to the Roman period. One subclade of U6 is particularly common among Canarian Spaniards as a result of native Guanche (proto-Berber) ancestry.
Genetic influences on Latin America[edit]
As a consequence of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Latin America, E-M81 is also found throughout Latin America[39][40][41] and among Hispanic men in USA.[42]
Ancient DNA[edit]
In 2013, Nature announced the publication of the first genetic study utilizing next-generation sequencing to ascertain the ancestral lineage of an Ancient Egyptian individual. The research was led by Carsten Pusch of the University of Tübingen in Germany and Rabab Khairat, who released their findings in the Journal of Applied Genetics. DNA was extracted from the heads of five Egyptian mummies that were housed at the institution. All the specimens were dated to between 806 BC and 124 AD, a timeframe corresponding with the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic periods. The researchers observed that one of the mummified individuals likely belonged to the mtDNA haplogroup I2, a maternal clade that is believed to have originated in Western Asia.[43]
In 2013, Iberomaurusian skeletons from the prehistoric sites of Taforalt and Afalou in the Maghreb were analyzed for ancient DNA. All of the specimens belonged to maternal clades associated with either North Africa or the northern and southern Mediterranean littoral, indicating gene flow between these areas since the Epipaleolithic.[44] The ancient Taforalt individuals carried the mtDNA haplogroups U6, H, JT and V, which points to population continuity in the region dating from the Iberomaurusian period.[45]
The E1b1b-M81 (~44%), R-M269 (~44%), and E-M132/E1a (~6%) paternal haplogroups have been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century. Maternally, the specimens all belong to the H1 clade. These locally born individuals carried the H1-16260 haplotype, which is exclusive to the Canary Islands and Algeria. Analysis of their autosomal STRs indicates that they were most closely related to Moroccan Berbers.[46]
See also[edit]
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
- Population history of Egypt
- Archaeogenetics of the Near East
- Ethnic groups of North Africa
- African admixture in Europe
- Genetic studies on Jews
- Genetic studies on Arabs
- Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula
- ^ "Phoenician Colonies". phoenicia.org. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
- ^ Nickerson, Jane Soames (1968-01-01). A Short History of North Africa, from Pre-Roman Times to the Present: Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. ISBN 9780819602190.
- ^ Rando (1998), "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Northwest African populations reveals genetic exchanges with European, Near-Eastern, and sub-Saharan populations" (PDF), Annals of Human Genetics, 62: 531–50, doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6260531.x, PMID 10363131
- ^ a b c Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Pascone, R.; Moral, P.; Watson, E.; Guida, V.; Colomb, E. B. (2004). "Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1014–1022. doi:10.1086/386294. PMC 1181964 . PMID 15042509.
- ^ a b c d e f Semino, O.; Magri, C.; Benuzzi, G.; Lin, A. A.; Al-Zahery, N.; Battaglia, V.; MacCioni, L.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Shen, P. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965 . PMID 15069642.
- ^ Kujanová, M.; Pereira, L. S.; Fernandes, V. N.; Pereira, J. B.; čErný, V. (2009). "Near Eastern Neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 140 (2): 336–346. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100.
- ^ although later papers have suggested that this date could have been as long as ten thousand years ago, with the transition from the Oranian to the Capsian culture in North Africa. SpringerLink - Journal Article
- ^ Arredi et al. (2004)
- ^ See for example Flores et al. (2004).
- ^ See the remarks of genetic genealogist Robert Tarín for example. We can add 6.1 percent (8 out of 132) in Cuba, Mendizabal et al. (2008); 5.4 percent (6 out of 112) in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6 percent in Portugal (Beleza et al., 2006), quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4 percent) among European contributors.", Silva et al. (2006)
- ^ 2.4 percent (7 out of 295) among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii, Paracchini et al. (2003)
- ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2008
- ^ http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/~vincent/papers/980656.web.pdf
- ^ Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Plaza, S.; Calafell, F.; Ben Amor, M.; Comas, D.; Bennamar, A.; Gaaied, E. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (3): 222–33. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x. PMID 15180702.
- ^ Esteban, E.; González-Pérez, E.; Harich, N.; López-Alomar, A.; Via, M.; Luna, F.; Moral, P. (2004). "Genetic relationships among Berbers and South Spaniards based on CD4 microsatellite/Alu haplotypes". Annals of Human Biology. 31 (2): 202–212. doi:10.1080/03014460310001652275. PMID 15204363.
- ^ Loueslati, B. Y.; Cherni, L.; Khodjet-Elkhil, H.; Ennafaa, H.; Pereira, L. S.; Amorim, A. N.; Ben Ayed, F.; Ben Ammar Elgaaied, A. (2006). "Islands Inside an Island: Reproductive Isolates on Jerba Island". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 149–153. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20473. PMID 16378336.
- ^ a b Cherni, L.; Loueslati, B. Y.; Pereira, L.; Ennafaa, H.; Amorim, A.; Gaaied, A. B. A. E. (2005). "Female Gene Pools of Berber and Arab Neighboring Communities in Central Tunisia: Microstructure of mtDNA Variation in North Africa". Human Biology. 77 (1): 61–70. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0028. PMID 16114817.
- ^ Gérard, N.; Berriche, S.; Aouizérate, A.; Diéterlen, F.; Lucotte, G. R. (2006). "North African Berber and Arab Influences in the Western Mediterranean Revealed by Y-Chromosome DNA Haplotypes". Human Biology. 78 (3): 307–316. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0045. PMID 17216803.
- ^ a b Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J. -M.; Crivellaro, F.; Benincasa, T. (2007). "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (6): 1300–1311. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049. PMID 17351267.
- ^ a b Achilli, A.; Rengo, C.; Battaglia, V.; Pala, M.; Olivieri, A.; Fornarino, S.; Magri, C.; Scozzari, R.; Babudri, N. (2005). "Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 883–886. doi:10.1086/430073. PMC 1199377 . PMID 15791543.
- ^ MacAulay, V.; Richards, M.; Hickey, E.; Vega, E.; Cruciani, F.; Guida, V.; Scozzari, R.; Bonné-Tamir, B.; Sykes, B.; Torroni, A. (1999). "The Emerging Tree of West Eurasian mtDNAs: A Synthesis of Control-Region Sequences and RFLPs". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 64 (1): 232–49. doi:10.1086/302204. PMC 1377722 . PMID 9915963.
- ^ Data from Achilli et al. 2005; Brakez et al. 2001; Cherni et al. 2005; Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004; Krings et al.1999; Loueslati et al. 2006; Macaulay et al. 1999; Olivieri et al. 2006; Plaza et al. 2003; Rando et al. 1998; Stevanovitchet al. 2004; Coudray et al.2008; Cherni et al. 2008
- ^ Harich et .al 2010, The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages
- ^ Frigi et. al 2010, Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations, Human Biology, Volume 82, Number 4, August 2010
- ^ Henn, B. M.; Botigué, L. R.; Gravel, S.; Wang, W.; Brisbin, A.; Byrnes, J. K.; Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Zalloua, P. A.; Moreno-Estrada, A. (2012). Schierup, Mikkel H, ed. "Genomic Ancestry of North Africans Supports Back-to-Africa Migrations". PLoS Genetics. 8 (1): e1002397. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397. PMC 3257290 . PMID 22253600.
- ^ Begoña Dobon; Hisham Y. Hassan; Hafid Laayouni; Pierre Luisi; Isis Ricaño-Ponce; Alexandra Zhernakova; Cisca Wijmenga; Hanan Tahir; David Comas; Mihai G. Netea; Jaume Bertranpetit (28 May 2015). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape" (PDF). Scientific Reports. 5: 9996. doi:10.1038/srep09996. PMC 4446898 . PMID 26017457. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
- ^ Cruciani et al., 2004, Phylogeography of the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup E3b
- ^ Reduced Genetic Structure for Iberian Peninsula: implications for population demography. (2004)
- ^ Goncalves, R.; Freitas, A.; Branco, M.; Rosa, A.; Fernandes, A. T.; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Underhill, P. A.; Kivisild, T.; Brehm, A. (2005). "Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics. 69 (4): 443–54. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. PMID 15996172.
- ^ Lacan et al. (2011)
- ^ "Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin" (PDF).
- ^ Di Gaetano, C.; Cerutti, N.; Crobu, F.; Robino, C.; Inturri, S.; Gino, S.; Guarrera, S.; Underhill, P. A.; King, R. J.; et al. (2008). "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics. 17 (1): 91–99. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMC 2985948 . PMID 18685561. "The co-occurrence of the Berber E3b1b-M81 (2.12 percent) and of the Mid-Eastern J1-M267 (3.81 percent) Hgs together with the presence of E3b1a1-V12, E3b1a3-V22, E3b1a4-V65 (5.5 percent) support the hypothesis of intrusion of North African genes. (...) These Hgs are common in Northern Africa and are observed only in Mediterranean Europe and together the presence of the E3b1b-M81 highlights the genetic relationships between northern Africa and Sicily. (...) Hg E3b1b-M81 network cluster confirms the genetic affinity between Sicily and North Africa."
- ^ Adams, S. M.; Bosch, E.; Balaresque, P. L.; Ballereau, S. P. J.; Lee, A. C.; Arroyo, E.; López-Parra, A. M.; Aler, M.; Grifo, M. S. G. (2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061 . PMID 19061982.
- ^ "The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had in fact a minor impact on modern populations both in Spain, and in Portugal", The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have had an impact on the population of the Iberian Peninsula, Elena Bosch, 2008
- ^ Plaza, S.; Calafell, F.; Helal, A.; Bouzerna, N.; Lefranc, G.; Bertranpetit, J.; Comas, D. (2003). "Joining the Pillars of Hercules: MtDNA Sequences Show Multidirectional Gene Flow in the Western Mediterranean". Annals of Human Genetics. 67 (4): 312–28. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00039.x. PMID 12914566. But very likely, most of the L mtDNA that has been found in minor amounts in Iberia, is actually pre-neolithic in origin, as it was demonstrated by María Cerezo et al., (Reconstructing ancient mitochondrial DNA links between Africa and Europe). "Haplogroup U6 is present at frequencies ranging from 0-7 percent in the various Iberian populations, with an average of 1.8 percent. Given that the frequency of U6 in NW Africa is 10 percent, the mtDNA contribution of NW Africa to Iberia can be estimated at 18 percent (though U6 has been found in many Iberian hunter-gatherer remains as well). This is larger than the contribution estimated with Y-chromosomal lineages (7 percent) (Bosch et al. 2001).
- ^ Pereira, L.; Cunha, C.; Alves, C.; Amorim, A. (2005). "African Female Heritage in Iberia: A Reassessment of mtDNA Lineage Distribution in Present Times". Human Biology. 77 (2): 213–229. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0041. PMID 16201138. "Although the absolute value of observed U6 frequency in Iberia is low, it reveals a discernible North African female contribution, if we keep in mind that haplogroup U6 is not very common in North Africa itself and virtually absent in the rest of Europe. Indeed, because the range of variation in western North Africa is 4-28 percent, the estimated minimum input is 8.54 percent"
- ^ GonzáLez, A. M.; Brehm, A.; Pérez, J. A.; Maca-Meyer, N.; Flores, C.; Cabrera, V. M. (2003). "Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 120 (4): 391–404. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10168. PMID 12627534. "Our results clearly reinforce, extend, and clarify the preliminary clues of an 'important very ancient mtDNA contribution from northwest Africa into the Iberian Peninsula' (Côrte-Real et al., 1996; Rando et al., 1998; Flores et al., 2000a; Rocha et al., 1999)(...) Our own data allow us to make minimal estimates of the maternal African pre-Neolithic, Neolithic, and/or recent slave trade input into Iberia. For the former, we consider only the mean value of the U6 frequency in Northern African populations, excluding Saharans, Tuareg, and Mauritanians (16 percent), as the pre-Neolithic frequency in that area, and the present frequency in the whole Iberian Peninsula (2.3 percent) as the result of the northwest African gene flow at that time. The value obtained (14 percent) could be as high as 35 percent using the data of Corte-Real et al. (1996), or 27 percent with our north Portugal sample."
- ^ Achilli, A.; Olivieri, A.; Pala, M.; Metspalu, E.; Fornarino, S.; Battaglia, V.; Accetturo, M.; Kutuev, I.; Khusnutdinova, E. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA Variation of Modern Tuscans Supports the Near Eastern Origin of Etruscans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (4): 759–68. doi:10.1086/512822. PMC 1852723 . PMID 17357081. "1.33% (3/226) in Calabria and 1.28 percent in Campania"
- ^ See the remarks of genetic genealogist Robert Tarín for example. We can add 6.1 percent (eight out of 132) in Cuba
- ^ Mendizabal, I.; Sandoval, K.; Berniell-Lee, G.; Calafell, F.; Salas, A.; Martinez-Fuentes, A.; Comas, D. (2008). "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8: 213. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMC 2492877 . PMID 18644108. "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6 percent in Portugal (Beleza et al., 2006), quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4 percent) among European contributors"
- ^ Silva, D. A.; Carvalho, E.; Costa, G.; Tavares, L. G.; Amorim, A. N.; Gusmão, L. (2006). "Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio De Janeiro population". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (6): 829–837. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20567. PMID 17039481.
- ^ Coco, C.; Magistrelli, P.; Granone, P.; Roncolini, G.; Picciocchi, A. (1992). "Conservative surgery for early cancer of the distal rectum". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum. 35 (2): 131–136. doi:10.1007/BF02050667.
- ^ Rabab Khairat; Markus Ball; Chun-Chi Hsieh Chang; Raffaella Bianucci; Andreas G. Nerlich; Martin Trautmann; Somaia Ismail; et al. (4 April 2013). "First insights into the metagenome of Egyptian mummies using next-generation sequencing" (PDF). Journal of Applied Genetics. 54: 309–325. doi:10.1007/s13353-013-0145-1. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- ^ Kefi R, Bouzaid E, Stevanovitch A, Beraud-Colomb E. "MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF PREHISTORIC NORTH AFRICAN POPULATIONS" (PDF). ISABS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
- ^ Bernard Secher; Rosa Fregel; José M Larruga; Vicente M Cabrera; Phillip Endicott; José J Pestano; Ana M González. "The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents". BMC Evolutionary Biology. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ Ordóñez, A. C., Fregel, R., Trujillo-Mederos, A., Hervella, M., de-la-Rúa, C., & Arnay-de-la-Rosa, M. (2017). "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science. 78: 20–28. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. Retrieved 21 April 2017.


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subset: commoncrawl


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I am looking for a serious critique for the whole chapter but am most interested in what the reader thinks of the characters and if the pacing is too fast. Anything you post will be much appreciated so thanks in advance. It's titled The City of Locked Doors.
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What happens when air masses meet?. What is an air mass?. Large volume of air with uniform temperature and humidity readings Gets its characteristics from where it forms Continental : forms over land (dry) Maritime : forms over water (moist) Tropical : forms near equator (warm)
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.
What happens when air masses meet?
Continental Air Masses
Tropical (cT)
Polar (cP)
Maritime Air Masses
Tropical (mT)
Polar (mP)
What happens when different air masses meet?
Boundary between two different air masses is a:
(about 50 miles ahead and 25 miles behind)
75 miles
temperature drops
skies clear
pressure increases
(about 30 mph)
Warm air moving into cold
Warm air moving in
1000 miles
Clouds: altostratus
Warm front
Cold Front
HINT: sudden burst of intense rain over a small area
Cold Front
HINT: this is a squall line
Cold front
Stratus clouds:
warm front
Clouds on Monday
Clouds on Tuesday
Warm front
Another squall line: COLD FRONT
Robin Brueckner 2004
HINT: low gray clouds, long period of light snow
Cold Front
Cold front
Sharp break between air masses
Stationary Front
Formation of an Occluded Front
Winds spiral clockwise out of the High and counterclockwise into the LowFronts are low pressure – lousy weatherAfter the front passes – happy weather


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Home › Forums › General Forums › Philosophy & Technique › stress fractures
Jun 15, 2014 at 5:57 pm #1317984
Diane PinkersBPL Member
@dipinkLocale: Western Washington
I've been living vicariously through reading blogs of thru-hikers. A trail-ending injury that has side-lined one of the folks I follow is a stress fracture of the foot. I'm guessing, the only way to prevent that is conditioning one's feet? How do you train your feet for day after day after day mileage? Can stress fractures be prevented?Jun 15, 2014 at 10:00 pm #2111826
Roger CaffinModerator
@rcaffinLocale: Wollemi & Kosciusko NPs, Europe
> How do you train your feet for day after day after day mileage
You KNOW what I am going to suggest, don't you?
Lots of day walks and weekend walks and multi-day walks.
> Can stress fractures be prevented
Um – I suggest that a 'stress fracture' is something you would only get from high impact. Not sure how you prevent that. Are there other similar forms of damage which can happen from 'ordinary use'?
CheersJun 16, 2014 at 12:28 am #2111836
Owen McMurreySpectator
@owenmLocale: SE US
Hopefully they're just off the trail temporarily.
I had a stress fracture in Airborne School a couple decades ago, and toughed it out the last week on just naproxen rather than be recycled through with another group.
Wasn't fun, and a thruhike is another thing altogether. I was much better after a couple of weeks off, though. Maybe they will be, too.
My feet were probably about as well "conditioned" as feet can get then, but like Roger said, impact. That's what we were practicing taking dozens of times per day…
Nowadays I have a "no jumping" rule.Jun 16, 2014 at 4:41 am #2111846
M BMember
Stress fractures are overuse injuries. Too much mileage too soon. Bones can adapt and thicken, but it doesnt happen overnight. Takes months and probably under good nutrition conditions too.
The runners proverb…increase mileage by only 10% per week…is often cited to help to avoid injuries.
Downhills,can be brutal if you drop your weight on your leg. Its common on the Appalachian trail to have terrace like "steps" built in for trail construction , (I guess this keeps water from running downhill and making a deep rut). These "steps", are horrible for downhills. Like pounding the leg bones with a hammer with every step. After so many miles, they give and stress fractures develop. Common injury there.
The answer is to use poles, slow down, let you weight down gently onto the downhill foot.Jun 23, 2014 at 5:14 pm #2114077
Adam GBPL Member
I've had a stress fracture before, thankfully while running and not on a thru hike. There were three main contributory causes
– Too many miles too quickly. Work up SLOWLY. I'd say increase a mile every few weeks for hiking or running
– Not switching out my shoes often enough. You have to replace your shoes every 500 or so miles. If you attempt to prolong their life to save a little money, you will suffer both physically and financially in the long run
– Overpronation. A little poor foot positioning over thousands of footsteps can exert stress in the same place over and over again. Unfortunately, there isn't much written on proper hiking form, which involves your entire kinetic chain from hips to toesJun 23, 2014 at 6:21 pm #2114103
Valerie EBPL Member
@wildtownerLocale: Grand Canyon State
Sorry to hear this…
I don't want to rain on your parade, but my stress fracture of the foot took a very long time to heal completely…yours may (I hope) be less severe.
Mine manifested itself as a very sudden, very sharp stabbing pain, as though I'd stepped on the blade of a kitchen knife that was sticking up from the ground. I had no prior warning before it happened — I just took another step, and BOOM. I was 5 miles from the car over difficult terrain (in the dark, too), so I probably compounded the situation by walking out on it. Maybe if you were closer to a road, yours won't have gotten exacerbated (I hope).
My whole foot (top & bottom) was a nasty purple/yellow bruise by the time I got home, and the Ortho doctor just recommended R.I.C.E. and staying off it. If I had it to do over, I think I would go to physical therapy — so that's something you should consider.
And yeah, it wasn't my smartest hike ever — I hadn't been hiking as much as usual leading up to it; I was stuck with someone significantly slower (so I was on my feet MUCH longer than I would normally have been for the same distance); I am a mild overpronater (hey Adam, I never knew that was a factor!); and I was wearing a pair of hiking boots that I didn't much like (too stiff).Jun 23, 2014 at 7:35 pm #2114127
Scott SMember
@sschloss1Locale: New England
I had a stress fracture in my foot a few years ago. My wife had one last year. A friend on the PCT had one. In all 3 cases, the fracture happened immediately after changing shoes either during a thru-hike or when running well over 20 miles a week. When I showed up at his office with my sfx, the first thing my sports med doctor asked me was "what did you change recently about your training?" So, my best advice would be, if you're changing shoes, give your feet a chance to get used to the new shoes before doing lots of miles.
Other than that, my doctor said to be sure to get enough calcium in your diet and take supplements if you're not.
The good news about stress fractures is that bones heal up completely in 6 weeks or so (usually–stress fractures in a few places take longer to heal), and once they heal they heal for good. I'd much rather have a stress fracture than a bad sprain or tendonitis. Those kinds of injuries can drag on forever.Jun 24, 2014 at 6:09 am #2114205
Jennifer MitolBPL Member
@jenmitolLocale: In my dreams....
Yeah, there's not a lot you can do to prevent stress fractures – except make sure your nutrition is good, you don't increase mileage too quickly, wear appropriate footwear, etc etc.
I would IMAGINE that poles would help reduce risks of lower extremity stress fractures, but that's just a theoretical statement, not one based in research.
+1 on stress fractures being WAY easier than tendinopathies, but regardless if you ever get one you should find out if you have a biomechanical fault somewhere that may be contributing to it. That's what a PT is for – not an ortho doc, not a podiatrist. Yes, I'm biased. And I freely admit it ;)Jun 30, 2014 at 7:24 pm #2116286
Mike MBPL Member
@mtwardenLocale: Montana
I had a stress fracture in my left heel, very not fun :( Mine happened out of the blue, was going for a short run (6-ish miles) felt like my achilles was a little sore so I slowed, wasn't getting better so I walked- within 10-15 minutes I couldn't put any (any weight) on my left heel. It was extremely painful (didn't help that I had to navigate three different airports the next day). It's possible that running on cement and paved roads contributed to this, hard telling- might have happen regardless.
I did learn a few things from my experience. If you can, get a air cast/boot so there is no pressure on the stress fracture. I didn't have that luxury because of my line of work, which didn't speed up the healing process. Take Calcium while you're healing. Don't take ibuprofen, it slows bone growth (healing). You can get an xray, but the stress fracture likely won't show up until 3-4 weeks after the bone starts knitting. It really doesn't matter because the "cure" is time-the bone knitting itself.
I was able to stationary bike after 6 weeks, walk after 8 weeks and run again after 10 weeks. It's not a quick heal. The good news is that it's very rare to have a stress fracture in the same location- as the bone knitted is stronger than before. The Spetsnaz (Russian Special Forces) will have their troops jump off of high objects w/ the intention of inducing microfractures, once healed the bones are stronger. Crazy Russians :)
Good luck
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Trudeau, Obama Share Orlando And Robert Hall Hostage Death Condolences
OTTAWA — Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has spoken with President Barack Obama to offer condolences for the loss of life in the mass shooting in Orlando on the weekend.
The Prime Minister's Office said Trudeau reaffirmed Canada's solidarity with the people of Orlando, families and friends of the victims and the LGBTQ community.
He and Obama agreed on the importance of fighting hate and intolerance, and the need to promote and protect pluralism and diversity.
Obama said he was grateful to the people of Canada for their support.
He also expressed condolences for the killing of Robert Hall by the Abu Sayyaf terrorist group in the Philippines.
The two men said they will continue working together in the fight against terrorism.
As news of the massacre in Orlando broke on the weekend, Trudeau issued a statement expressing shock and sadness.
"We grieve with our friends in the United States and Florida, and offer any assistance we can provide," he said.Also on HuffPost:
The Toronto sign in front of city hall is lit up in honour of the victims of the Orlando attack.
People in Toronto gathered in Barbara Hall Park to honour the more than 50 victims of a shooting at a queer nightclub in Orlando, Fla.
The park on Church Street is also where many events were planned for Pride month.
(Photo courtesy Gary Simpson)
(Photo courtesy Gary Simpson)
People gathered at the Vancouver Art Gallery to pay their respects to the Orlando shooting victims.


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Daria Musk Takes Over Google+ live from the Brill, 11/29
LIVE at Stonehenge is a new virtual concert series sponsored by Stonehenge, the Manhattan-based real estate company known for its innovative lifestyle programming that builds strong and supportive communities throughout their 3,000 unit portfolio and the neighborhoods they are located in. As part of their initiative to bring people together and to share and celebrate people's unique talents, they've utilized the popular social media platform Google+ Hangouts.
On November 29 at 8pm, the live simulcast series will premiere, featuring Google+ sensation Daria Musk performing at KMA Studios in the storied Brill Building at 1619 Broadway in Times Square. The Brill Building, owned by Stonehenge and its partners, has a legendary music history. Its tenant KMA Studios has recorded many great artists including Whitney Houston, Beyonce, Jay-Z and others.
Daria, a talented singer-songwriter from Connecticut, has a growing fan base, with over 2.1 million followers on Google+ since her debut performance on the popular social media platform in the summer of 2011.
A select group of Stonehenge residents and friends will be in attendance at KMA studios with the public invited to attend virtually, via Stonehenge's Google+ page, www.gplus.to/stonehengenyc
Daria Musk is a singer/songwriter whose invitation to Google+ in summer 2011 sparked the idea to perform a live concert via Google+'s video chat feature, "Hangouts." Musk went global overnight. An instant world-wide hit and inspiration to coders and engineers, Daria became the voice that launched a thousand lines of code as 9,000 viewers from 100 countries were allowed access to watch her perform live via video chat. She is model for major tech innovations and Google engineering evolutions including the new "Hangouts On Air" broadcasts by Google. She's now been featured in Billboard Magazine, Entertainment Tonight and Good Morning America and has given her first TED Talk, hit stages and panels for SXSW, CMJ, BMI and more. www.dariamusk.com and www.google.com/+dariamusk.


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U.S. stocks rose on Friday as some positive economic data boosted the S&P 500 to record levels for a second straight day and put major indexes on track for strong gains in both the week and the month. The Dow Jones industrial average was up 0.49 percent at 16,351.94, the S&P 500 was up 0.48 percent at 1,863.17 and the Nasdaq Composite was up 0.27 percent at 4,330.511.
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The loss-making television broadcaster has agreed a deal with its main shareholder Time Warner to raise new debt and issue share warrants to help cover the company's financing needs. Continued...


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How to Land an SBA Loan
Get the basics on the most common Small Business Administration programs and whats involved in securing the funding.
March 2011
With all of the uncertainty around maintaining a predictable flow of capital to businesses, a commercial loan provided by a bank but guaranteed by the federal government almost sounds too good to be true. Standing behind such loans is one of the responsibilities of the U.S. Small Business Administration's (SBA) Guaranteed Loans Program.
So, why do many businesses intentionally bypass the SBA and take their chances through the normal commercial bank underwriting process? This article examines the pros and cons of major SBA loan programs and helps CPAs determine if an SBA loan is the best alternative.
Understanding SBA Loan Programs
The SBA offers several primary loan programs geared toward supporting different aspects of the small business community. To qualify as a small business under current law, a business must demonstrate that it has less than $15 million in tangible net worth and two years' net income after taxes of less than $5 million. From this point, various SBA programs have other qualification criteria. Here are summaries of the most popular programs:
7(a) Loan Program
This is the SBA's primary and most flexible loan program, with financing guaranteed for a variety of general business purposes. Under this program, the SBA guarantees loans made by participating commercial lending institutions. Possible loan maturities are available up to 10 years for working capital and generally up to 25 years for fixed assets.
504 Loan Program
This program provides long-term, fixed-rate financing for expansion or modernization. It is backed by the SBA but delivered by Certified Development Companies (CDCs) — private, nonprofit corporations set up to contribute to the economic development of their communities.
Proceeds from 504 loans must be used for fixed-asset projects, such as:
The 504 program cannot be used for working capital or inventory, consolidating or repaying debt or refinancing. Interest rates on 504 loans are pegged to an increment above the current market rate for five-year and 10-year U.S. Treasury issues. Maturities of 10 years or 20 years are available. Fees total approximately three percent of the debenture and may be financed with the loan. Generally, the project assets being financed are used as collateral. Personal guarantees from the principal owners are required.
Microloan Program
This program provides small, short-term loans for working capital or the purchase of inventory, supplies, furniture, fixtures, machinery and/or equipment. It is designed for small businesses and nonprofit child care centers and is delivered through specially designated intermediary lenders (nonprofit organizations with experience in lending and technical assistance).
Loan terms vary according to the size of the loan, the planned use of the funds, the requirements of the intermediary lender and the needs of the small business borrower. The maximum term allowed for a microloan is six years. Interest rates vary, depending on the intermediary lender and costs to the intermediary from the U.S. Treasury. Generally, these rates will be between eight percent and 13 percent. Each intermediary lender has its own lending and credit requirements. Generally, intermediaries require some type of collateral and the personal guarantee of the business owner.
In recognition of the important role small business plays in a healthy economy, lawmakers passed the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (PL 111–240), which expands loan programs through the SBA, strengthens small business preference programs for federal government projects, provides incentives for exporters, offers a variety of small business tax breaks and includes some revenue raisers. For more on the changes resulting from the bill, see the JofA articles "Act 2 for Business Tax Incentives" and "Highlights of the Small Business Stimulus Act."
Why Consider an SBA Loan?
For many businesses, the benefits of an SBA-guaranteed loan include having access to capital where traditional commercial loans may not be available. Startups and young businesses without a sustained history of financial performance may find an SBA-guaranteed loan especially attractive. For businesses with cash flow issues, an SBA loan can restructure debt at better terms by providing longer loan maturities and lower payments. Businesses without sufficient collateral to obtain a traditional commercial loan may find an SBA loan particularly useful.
It is very difficult at this time for lenders to underwrite the strength and long-term viability of a borrower's ability to repay the proposed debt. In this unusually challenging economic cycle where real estate values are declining, it is also difficult to ascertain the future value of collateral," said Jan Roberts of Capital Solutions, a firm based in Birmingham, Ala., specializing in SBA loan advisory services. "SBA provides the backup 'insurance' in order to be able to service the borrower's loan needs." Capital Solutions is managed by Roberts, Nicole Reed and Mike Vance, who are loan originating agents for Foundation Capital and other SBA CDCs.
This article has been excerpted from the Journal of Accountancy. View the full article here.


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|Rick Moynihan <r...@calicojack.co.uk>
|Re: AW: Using ant as a cross platform java process launcher
|Tue, 24 Apr 2007 17:38:47 GMT
Matt Benson wrote: > --- Rick Moynihan <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > >> firstname.lastname@example.com wrote: >>>> So my questions to the ant community: >>>> >>>> * What is commons launcher doing that ANT alone >> isnt? >>> Personally I havent heard from commons-launcher >> before. As you said it >>> seems >>> that commons-launcher is a modified copy of >> ant-launcher. So the best >>> place >>> to ask this would be (IMHO) the user@commons list. >>> >> I have already made inquiries on the >> user/dev@commons lists, and I have >> also tried contacting the project developers >> directly. Unfortunately I >> have had little response, which I why I feel that >> perhaps there is some >> interest within the ANT community. Hence my posting >> here. > I haven't noticed your inquiries, but I follow those > lists. I have recently become a Jakarta committer, > and it is my intention to try to become more involved > with commons development, especially with regard to > components forked from Ant (e.g. exec). So I would > encourage you to post JIRA issues and nag commons-dev > for attention. Launcher is counted among commons > proper, but if there is little attention to it it's > probably considered to be in maintenance mode. > > HTH, > Matt Thanks for responding. Here's a link to a short thread of discussion I started on the commons-dev list. http://email@example.com%3e I am still open to the shepherding process, and the nagging etc it entails :). I have decided to follow the issue up here primarily because I wonder why these features could not also be part of ANT? I also think that commons-launcher has a large potential community of users within the larger ANT community. What does maintenance-mode mean? I'm guessing it means that the bugs against it aren't fixed, but that the source is still integrated with Apache's continuous integration/build-system and maintained (in so far as ensuring it always builds). Is this correct? Thanks again, R. > >>> >>>> * Can ANT be used as a launch process for Java >>>> processes/daemons without significant problems? >>> The ant-launcher is implemented in the package >> oata.launch [1]. It was >>> designed >>> as a replacement to the very heavy start scripts >> (bat,sh...). So it >>> focused on >>> Ant's needs. >>> The launcher [2] does not start any new process - >> it uses the current >>> one. So I dont think that you can launch >> processes/deamons with the >>> launcher. BUT: maybe a buildfile with >> <exec>/<java> and fork="true" >>> would help. >>> >>> As this is beyond Ant's focus I would not say that >> there are no >>> significant problems. But _maybe_ it works ;-) >>> >> Thanks for the code pointers. I'll be sure to take >> a look at them. >> >>>> * Is there any interest within the ANT community >> to support this >>>> use-case natively within ANT? >>> Mmmh - there was a discussion earlier. The only >> future I would see is a >>> base or utility class without any Ant specific >> stuff in ant-launcher >>> which could be reused in Ant's own launcher. I >> think that was the >>> intention in commons-launcher. >>> >>> But Ant does not want to depend on a 3rd party >> library in that core >>> area. Have in mind: 400+ projects are using Ant >> for their bootstrapping >>> just in Gump ... And having a circular dependency >> between Ant and >>> commons-launcher is also not a good thing ... >> Obviously I understand that ANT is a critically >> important piece of >> infrastructure for a huge number of projects, and I >> understand that >> ANT's primary focus is and always will be as a build >> tool. >> >> My only point is that *MAYBE* if it is not too much >> work, ANT can be >> adapted to also fill this role. I have looked at >> other projects such as: >> >> * http://classworlds.codehaus.org/launchusage.html >> * >> > http://wrapper.tanukisoftware.org/doc/english/introduction.html >> However I personally feel that reusing ANT build >> files for this sort of >> thing is a more elegant solution, as it can leverage >> knowledge of ANT >> for configuration of classpaths, properties, etc... >> >> *If* the ant-launcher could be modified to support >> this use-case without >> any external dependencies etc, I feel it would >> nicely fill a need in the >> Java community. Obviously adopting ANT to a task it >> was not designed >> for is not a decision that should be taken lightly, >> but I feel it would >> be valuable, and can't see why it should impact >> ANT's use as a build tool. >> >> At the end of the day, I like commons launcher and >> would be completely >> happy with it, if it had a community behind it, >> willing to fix the few >> bugs I have encountered and drive some more >> features. >> >> So, my current options appear to be either: >> >> 1. Suggest the ANT project adopts the use-case of an >> application launcher. >> >> 2. Patch commons-launcher myself (which I may well >> do) and persuade the >> project maintainers to accept my patches (unlikely >> given the projects >> lack of developers/community). >> >> 3. Fork commons-launcher and maintain it outside of >> Apache. >> >> The first suggestion is the lowest cost to me, as it >> means others can >> maintain, run and manage the project. I appreciate >> that many factors >> are likely to prevent this. If ANT can be modified >> in the manner you >> suggest, what are the barriers? >> >> The other two options require a significant >> investment of my (and >> hopefully others) time. >> >> What does the ANT community think? >> >> >> R. >> >> > --------------------------------------------------------------------- >> To unsubscribe, e-mail: >> firstname.lastname@example.com >> For additional commands, e-mail: >> email@example.com >> >> > > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around > http://mail.yahoo.com > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com > For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: email@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
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text: solution pixwords francais pixwords facebook Pixwords 2 lettres solution Pixwords 7 lettres solution Pixwords 8 lettres solution Pixwords 18 lettres solution Pixwords 16 lettres solution Kitchezen- Nut Milk Bag Warning: DOMDocument::loadXML(): Start tag expected, '<' not found in Entity, line: 1 in /home3/troncoso/public_html/wp-content/plugins/premium-seo-pack/modules/title_meta_format/init.social.php on line 475 9450 SW Gemini Dr #90261 Beaverton, OR 97008-7105 email@example.com YouTubePinterestTwitterFacebook Kitchezen- Nut Milk Bag Home About FDA Compliant Products Register Warranty Gifts & Coupons Contact us Buy Now MENU CLOSE back What makes our nut milk bags better? Make fresh almond milk at home rich in And start nourishing yourself everyday! ORDER NOW New Ultrasonic Welded Nut Milk Bag-150 Micron Monofilament Mesh – Exclusive to Amazon Nut Milk Bag ReviewsWhy Nutnet Nut Milk Bag?It´s Better When It´s HomemadeWhat Can We Do For You? Nutnet Nut Milk Bag (™) is a product of Kitchezen (™), a family owned and operated company located in Beaverton, Or, USA. All material including content, copy, graphics and photographics are under copyright notice. No use without written permission. © 2014 Kitchezen - Nourish yourself everyday. | Developed by Wordpressboss


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Mobile App
ITM Institute of Management & Research
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ITM Institute of Management & Research is situated at Behind Madhi Mandir, Ghorpad Road, Near Dragon Palace, Kamptee, Nagpur-441 001.Maharashtra. INDIA in Nagpur.
Courses Offered
- 2 Years
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ITM Institute of Management & Research - IOMR
ITM Institute of Management & Research (IOMR) proffers MBA, MCA, PGDM courses. The college was established in the year 2008 by the esteemed Wardhaman Bahu Uddeshiya Sanstha, Nagpur. Their main objective was to churn out professionals who are highly skilled in the art of entrepreneurial management. They achieve the same by providing an appropriate academic ambience to the students. At the same time they also provide opportunities for research to the students, making them a part of the knowledge producing community along with the faculty. All in all, they aim at producing individuals who are industry ready managers. They also envision to provide an all-round development to every student that comes into the university. They achieve these with the help of the highly educated young faculty who not only helps the students academically but are also excellent mentors to them. The IOMR is a part of one of India's top academic institutions, the ITM Group of Institutions has changed the lives of thousands of students and professionals- developing knowledge, accelerating careers and nurturing leadership in over six thousand alumni, since our inception in 1991. The team is committed to give the Best Quality Education with the help of young, experienced teaching staff with innovative pedagogy and concentrate in Student's Overall Development with specialized training and extra-curricular activities.
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The college has a nicely build campus, rendering all modern amenities.
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The IOMR college aims at ensuring a good placement for every student who graduates from the Institute. In adherence to this, they have an active placement cell catering to the needs of every single student interested in taking up campus recruitment. Along with this, they also get support from the Corporate Relations Cell. Together, these maintain contact with some of the best recruiters across the country throughout the year and ensure their students good internships as well as course end placements. They have a record of 100% placement at all the campuses of ITM University.
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The spacious IOMR campus has been strategically placed in an atmosphere which would be perfect for the students to learn as well enjoy their time in the university. In adherence to their principle of an all round development, they provide the best possible sports facilities ot the students. This includes both indoor and outdoor games, to help the students relax and get some exercise after a hectic day. Their academic facilities include well furnished classrooms,tutorial rooms and seminar halls to provide the students with a comforable learning environment. They also provide a 24 hour internet access along with a computer lab to keep the students and the faculty abreast with the recent advancement in the field of management around the world. they also provide a well stocked library having all the important national and international journals for the same purpose.
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Chiropractors have been helping individuals with their back problems for years. Incredibly, many individuals do not assume they prefer one. They regularly deal with neck and back pain, when in most cases a straightforward change can make all the difference. If you are wishing to find some relief and also find out about chiropractic options, maintain reading.
Chiropractic care is one of one of the most effective methods of dealing with subluxation. When a vertebra is subluxated, the discs and vertebra change and also suggestion from one side to an additional. This causes the entire back to flex and also curve. Early chiropractic treatment can be really helpful in remedying this condition and preventing surgery.
Attempt working out regularly if you are having troubles with your back. Being lazy will only make the issue worse than it already is. While you want to boost your degree of exercising, refrain from points that could lead to excessive stress being placed on that area.
Do you struggle with exhaustion? Sometimes tiredness is caused by tense neck and back muscle mass. By repositioning your back, the nerve circulation is raised which permits the muscular tissues in your back and also neck to loosen up permitting you to relax conveniently while you are sleeping; thus, improving your fatigue by obtaining the essential remainder.
Being expecting can cause subluxation of the spine for a variety of factors. The abrupt gain in weight and also change of pose could trigger troubles and spine discomfort. Furthermore, when you are pregnant, your sleep habits and also positions could alter. On top of all that, your ligaments will normally loosen to suit your increasing baby. All this amounts to some very good factors for chiropractic treatment during pregnancy.
Getting chiropractic care while pregnant makes for an easier maternity and quicker recovery. Great chiropractic care could aid you prevent damage to your very own spinal column. It can likewise aid your child's main nerve system develop and work properly. Recent research studies indicate that regular chiropractic care results in a quicker and easier labor.
Do not let your resting habits trigger also worse pain in the back. A great idea is to put a rolled up towel or cervical cushion under your neck when going to sleep. They allow your head drop instead of being pushed forward.
Your footwear could make or damage you when it pertains to chiropractic care troubles. Wearing the incorrect footwear does not permit the spine to maintain itself. Then, this could trigger a stack of problems in your back. Ideally, a great pair of sneakers is the way to go. Likewise, stay clear of heels whatsoever costs.
Do not be stunned if after a chiropractic adjustment that your body feels even worse. It will certainly disappear. For some individuals, therapy provides them an instant boost of time, but also for others it could seem to worsen the problem. Actually provide it time. The pain will subside, and also you'll begin feeling a lot much better.
When it involves getting quality chiropractic treatment, it actually does pay to get individual recommendations from those you trust. Speaking to personnel which have undergone treatment with a given professional could give you the direct insight you prefer. Making sure to take this step will certainly aid you avoid low-grade treatment carriers and obtain the type of therapy you desire.
Find out about your back issues from your chiropractor. Normally, exactly what is occurring to your spine isn't really something that happened overnight.It's typically dued to damage that has actually built up over time. One visit will certainly not immediately fix your concerns. Ensure your treatment is consistent with your care. This likewise implies sticking with your therapy plan. Afterwards strategy concludes, go in for normal month-to-month visits to stop recurrences or other problems.
If you check out a chiropractic physician who talks about "subluxations," includes handouts about nerve interference in their waiting spaces, or speak about the manner ins which chiropractic treatments could assist heal practically every clinical issue, go out prior to you sign a contract. Chiropractic treatment is advantageous for musculoskeletal issues, and also little else.
Jot down every one of the pains you are having prior to going to the chiropractic doctor. Do not forget anything, even if it appears unrelated Often weird discomforts can be connected to locations of back pain. Your chiropractic practitioner will certainly wish to know where you are really feeling the most awful, and also this list will certainly can be found in useful.
When looking for a new chiropractic practitioner, ask your friends and family for advice. You could generally expect a truthful response from loved ones. Ask that they see and also how much they pay for a see. It's usually smart to see a professional that somebody you count on has actually had individual experience with.
Lots of people with back concerns rest on their sides. To do this without experiencing more discomfort, keep your neck on the exact same degree with the rest of the back, and maintain a cushion underneath your head as well as neck. Likewise place a pillow in between the knees, and flex them to minimize reduced back strain.
A chiropractic specialist needs to take a complete as well as thorough inventory of your medical history. This information should include traumatic occasions that have occurred in your life as well as any diseases you currently have. To be able to provide you with the very best feasible outcome, it is necessary for the chiropractic practitioner to have a total medical picture of your health and wellness.
When lifting things, never spin as you are raising. Twisting while you are lifting is dangerous because your muscles are straining and also your spinal column is under stress. This puts you in danger for unexpected back contraction or pulled ligaments and ligaments which can serious discomfort that can last for days.
Back pain has actually been around as long as humans, but chiropractic treatment has not. Of course, these days it is conveniently offered and is supplying wonderful assistance to lots of people. This article has given you some excellent ideas to obtain you on the right track to finding counsel. Use this info making a modification.


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Hope Kept Me In Denial Of My Daughter's Eating Disorder
By loving mom, Cindy Crowe
Two years ago, I caught a glimpse of my 12-year-old daughter as she dashed past me on her way outside to workout. Wearing a tank top and shorts, she looked alarmingly long and lean. I asked my husband if he thought she looked thin and he replied, "Of course not, she has just grown taller." Knowing that he is the overly cautious half of our parenting team particularly when it concerns health issues, I was satisfied with his "expert opinion" and tried to put the image of my lanky baby girl out of my mind.
Over the course of the next few months, there were signs that all was not well with our 12-year-old but, like Laura Collins author of Eating with Your Anorexic: A Mothers Memoir, I was not listening for signs of a mental illness or anorexia and did not hear the conversation that my daughter was trying to have with me in the months leading up to her diagnosis.
Everyone thought her behaviour was consistent with that of a normal pre-teen.
When she complained of "not feeling quite right" I coached her to push through the tough times and assured her it would build character. When she wanted to become a vegetarian I selfishly thought it would help me to eat better. On the days when she told me soccer practice had not been rigorous enough, she would ask to do an additional workout when she got home from school, I obliged knowing exercise is a wonderful antidote to a stressful day.
She started to watch cooking shows incessantly and regularly offered to cook meals for the family. After dinner, we would often hear the thump, thump, thump of her doing jumping jacks in her bedroom. In the midst of all this, we had our annual family reunion and not one person commented on her weight or her obsession with exercise. Everyone thought her behaviour was consistent with that of a normal pre-teen.
Over the next few months, I hoped that the behaviours I was observing were through the lens of the anxious parent that I tend to be. None of the other significant adults in my daughters' life seemed concerned. Hope is a wonderful thing and I am a hopeful person by nature. Being hopeful feels good. Unfortunately, hope is not the basis of a sound health-care strategy when a loved one is on the verge of a mental health crisis.
You hope you are imagining the behaviours; you hope that your strong family bonds mean your child is immune from developing a mental illness; because you have never uttered the word diet in her presence, you hope she would not know the meaning of the word; you hope that the reason she hasn't had her period for five months is that she never got to the point of having it regularly before it disappeared; you hope that it is "just a phase"; you hope that it is all in your imagination because you do not have time for this in your busy life; and you really, really, really hope that your intuition is wrong as the prospect of managing this disease is terrifying. It is now obvious to me that hope is a thinly veiled cousin of denial.
In retrospect, the only thing I might have done differently for my daughter's sake is to have hoped just a little less and accepted reality a lot more.
It was a beautiful fall day when I knew with stunning clarity that our daughter had a life threatening illness. That day I stumbled upon a months worth of school lunch snacks hidden away in a dark basement cupboard. At her annual physical in the afternoon and I learned that she had dropped 15 lbs in three months. In spite of all my hoping, our daughter had anorexia.
Once we were through the acute crisis phase of our daughter's illness, I reflected on the months leading up to her diagnosis, when the signs and symptoms -- which are glaringly obvious to me now -- first emerged. Anorexics are good at hiding their illness and it easily disguised. As her mother, surely there was something that I could have done to prevent or slow the decline of her mental and physical health, right?
In retrospect, the only thing I might have done differently for my daughter's sake is to have hoped just a little less and accepted reality a lot more. Scott Schinaman, Program Clinician at Walden Behavioral Care states that "the mortality rate for anorexia is high not only because anorexia has the highest suicide rate of any psychiatric illness, but because it creates medical complications that can be fatal.
After scouring countless books and articles, I know now that when you suspect your child has an eating disorder you should act immediately because the longer you wait to begin treatment the more established the disorder can become. The sooner your loved one begins to receive medical attention their chances of recovery improve tremendously.
After two years of treatment with outstanding professionals our daughter is generally doing well. Her recovery is ongoing. I never stopped hoping that our daughter would have a positive health outcome and will always be hopeful for new discoveries to help manage mental illness and eating disorders. I have learned that hope alone is not a strategy for recovery from a life-threatening illness but just one piece of a treatment plan.
Frame Of Mind is a new series inspired by The Maddie Project that focuses on teens and mental health. The series will aim to raise awareness and spark a conversation by speaking directly to teens who are going through a tough time, as well as their families, teachers and community leaders. We want to ensure that teens who are struggling with mental illness get the help, support and compassion they need. If you would like to contribute a blog to this series, please email email@example.com
The Maddie Project is a community effort in support of youth struggling with depression and other mental health related concerns. Driven by community collaboration and events, the project's goals are to raise awareness by sparking conversations about youth depression and mental health concerns as well as to help provide uninhibited access to support for youth and their families.
The Maddie Project was founded in April 2015 in memory of Madeline Grace German Coulter. To date the project has engaged 100s of thousands in active conversations around youth mental health and has raised over $1 million dollars in partnership with North York General Hospital Foundation towards the development of Maddie's Healing Garden and support of other child and adolescent mental health services at North York General Hospital.
To learn how you can get involved or contribute visit themaddieproject.ca or follow us on Twitter or Facebook
One in five Canadians will experience mental illness in their lifetime Source: Canadian Mental Health Association
Nearly half of those who feel they have suffered from depression or anxiety have never gone to see a doctor about this problem. Source: CMHA
Latest studies showed more than 1.3 million young Canadians have a mood disorder or addiction. Two-thirds had symptoms before the age of 15. Source: Statistics Canada, Government of Canada
Suicide is among the leading causes of death in 15- to 24-year-old Canadians, second only to accidents. In 2012, 261 Canadian kids and teens took their own lives. Source: CMHA, Statistics Canada
LGBTQ youth face about 14 times the risk of suicide and substance abuse than their heterosexual peers Source: CMHA Ontario
First Nations youth are at a higher risk. The suicide rate among First Nations youth is roughly five to seven times higher than that of the general population. Source: Parliament of Canada study, 2014
People with mental illness and addictions are more likely to die prematurely than those without. Mental illness can cut 10 to 20 years from a person's life expectancy. Source: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Contending with her bipolar disorder brought Yashi Brown to poetry, and with it, she's trying to end the stigma of mental illness.
If you need help, visit ementalhealth.ca to search for services in your area. Or call the Kids' Help Phone at 1-800-668-6868, it's Canada's only free phone counselling service for youth under 20.
More From Frame Of Mind:
- To Teens In The Darkness: Tomorrow Needs You, We All Need You
- Mental Illness And Teens: It Impacts Every One Of Us
- How I Discovered My Strength In The Throes Of Mental Illness
- Why I Talk About My Depression (And You Should Too)
- Losing My Daughter Taught Me The Importance Of Empathy In Mental Health
- Understanding Teen Suicide Helps Make Sense Of The Heartbreak
Follow HuffPost Canada Blogs on Facebook
Follow The Maddie Project on Twitter: www.twitter.com/maddie_project


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2016 is the International Year of Pulses!
Pulses take pride of place ! The UN has declared 2016 "International Year of Pulses" (IYP) so they have the place of honour in our plates all around the world.
Pulses does have super-powers. That's why the United Nations and the FAO point out that they have the ability to be part of the solutions to many problems related to today's world nutrition. We can quote:
- Food security: pulses culture is suited to most local conditions through their many varieties. They can be grown by local farmers for their own food, to feed the animals as well as for sale. They can be stored for a long time, which is important for improving food security. Finally, their low cost makes them accessible to all.
- Health: pulses are rich in fiber, plant proteins, vitamins and minerals and poor in satured fats. It is proofed that pulses have an important role in the prevention of diseases such as cancer, diabetes and heart disease.
- The environment: pulses have a decisive role in agriculture. Indeed pulses are the only plants that have, by nature, the ability to capture nitrogen from the air and fix it in the soil in order to reuse it. They thus make it possible to enrich the soil with nitrogen without outside input of fertilizers. Plus, they promote the biodiversity of the soil on which they are grown. Pulses also have a low carbon footprint and moderate water requirements.
What is a pulse ?
by Pulse Pledge
These amazing things you didn't know about pulses
by the FAO
Sources and informations : FNLS (Fédération Nationale des Légumes Secs), the UN, the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation),GPC's Love Pulses, the WFP (World Food Program).


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PHOENIX (AP) – Isaiah Thomas scored 15 of his 22 points in the fourth quarter to lead the Phoenix Suns to a come-from-behind 107-95 victory Sunday over the Golden State Warriors, leaving the NBA with no unbeaten teams.
Fellow reserve Gerald Green added 16 of his 19 points in the final quarter, when the Suns surged ahead after trailing by eight through three.
Stephen Curry scored 28 points but just six in the second half, when he was plagued by missed shots and foul trouble.
Draymond Green added 22 points and nine rebounds for the Warriors (5-1).
At Los Angeles, Kobe Bryant and Jeremy Lin each scored 21 points as Lakers rallied to beat the Charlotte Hornets 107-92 for their first victory of the season after five straight losses.
Carlos Boozer added 16 points in Byron Scott's first win as Lakers coach. Their victory left Philadelphia as the NBA's only winless team at 0-7.
Al Jefferson scored 23 points and Kemba Walker added 17 for the Hornets, whose two-game winning streak ended.
Miami's Luol Deng scored a season-high 30 points, and Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade added 20 each as the Heat beat the Mavericks 105-96 to stay unbeaten against Dallas since the 2011 NBA Finals.


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Morning Ireland Monday 4 August 2014
Rebecca Collard, freelance journalist based in Jerusalem, discusses the latest in the Hamas-Israel conflict
Bryan Dobson reports from Flanders ahead of a special ceremony in Liege in Belgium to commemorate the outbreak of the First World War, one hundred years ago today
Tom Burke, Secretary of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers Association, discusses the legacy of World War I
Morning Ireland's Series Editor Shane McElhatton pays tribute to World War I veterans
Elaine Keogh discusses the hospitalisation of four teenage girls after an aerosol can accident
Presented by Clodagh Walsh
Presented by Darren Frehill
Presented by Deirdre Purcell
Click here to listen back to Jackie Fox's series on the construction industry, 10 years after the crash
Jackie Fox spoke to some of the 121,000 tradespeople who lost their jobs when the construction industry collapsed almost 10 years ago
Were you listening? Test yourself on the week's news. No prizes, just the satisfaction of being right.


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Chapter One:
Frost Princess
All I can remember...is that I was afraid.
The girl floated deep in her silent prison of the frozen pond. Her skin was pale as fresh snow while long spiky white hair tinged with silver fanned out around her like halo. Her clothing consisted of a long brown cloak, a yellow top covered with a boy's brown vest and a pair of brown pants. Her eyes were closed and her body was limp. She looked peaceful. She was beautiful. She looked as though she was sleeping instead of a body whos soul had been claimed by the clutches of death.
Then...the moon came out...and I wasn't afraid anymore.
Suddenly, the full moon's glow flooded through the ice and washed the watery grave in a bright, mysterious light. The girl's eyes slowly opened. They were as deep blue as the purist sapphire.
Next thing she knew, her whole body had broken through the ice's frozen surface. Lungs gulped in large amounts of frozen winter air and coughed as the air painfully but slowly restored them to their full potential.
It was at that moment when she felt only air beneath her bare feet. The girl was floating. Only about three feet off the ground but floating none the less.
As soon as her feet were back on the ice, she caught something at the corner of her eye. Turning around, she saw that it was a long staff made out of wood with a curved head. She bent down and picked it up running her fingers over the smooth bark. To her amazement, it started quickly glowing in a blue glow. Sparks exploded from the bottom and she shielded her face with her arm. Her eyes widened in surprise as new frost spread over the frozen ice. She looked to the staff then to the ice again. A smile came over her face. Walking onto the snow covered bank she tapped a tree trunk with the staff. Frost started covering it almost like magic.
The girl let out a happy laugh. She spent the next few minutes running and flying over the pond, dragging the staff behind her and turning the forest around it into a winter wonderland instantly. She stopped her joyful cavorting for the time being and looked around in wonder at the magical world she had created.
She looked up at the sky, noticing for the first time how bright the full winter moon was.
My name is Jaquelin Frost. I know because... the moon told me