text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 31, 1989
|Filing date
|Nov 27, 1985
|Priority date
|Nov 27, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John R. Cockrell, Jr.
|Original Assignee
|Kay Chemical Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (27), Classifications (28), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to the cleaning of surfaces, such as the surfaces of ovens, which are subject to heat and are liable to soiling by baked-on organic food deposits. The soiling matter deposited on these surfaces consists of a complex mixture of natural fats and other organic deposits from the cooking of food. When heated at normal oven temperatures, this soiling matter is converted into a polymeric mass in which part of the organic material may also be carbonized.
The removal of this type of soil is a considerable problem, especially in restaurants where ovens are used to cook large amounts of food and the resulting soil levels are high. Removal of badly burned soils requires the use of highly alkaline, unsafe oven cleaners (typically based on sodium or potassium hydroxide) and/or laborious scrubbing and scraping. The time and effort involved are such a significant deterrent to regular cleaning, for example, on a daily basis, that restaurant ovens are often chronically soiled.
However, the most important disadvantage of these known products is the serious hazard to the eyes and skin arising from the use of caustic alkalis. It is a common practice for users to wear rubber gloves when applying a product of this type to avoid damage to the skin. Such products may also damage adjacent surfaces, such as paint, aluminum or wood, onto which they may be inadvertently applied.
Oven cleaners containing alkali materials less alkaline than caustic soda are known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,658,711, issued April 25, 1972 to Mukai et al., and British Pat. No. 1,275,740 published May 24, 1972 disclose the use of alkali metal phosphates combined with an amine component or "enhancing agent" and other optional ingredients such as, for example, surfactants, abrasives, thickening agents or suspending agents. However, such oven cleaners are not very effective in saponifying baked-on fat in a relatively short period of time and, consequently, are not efficient oven cleaners. Further, such products, when applied to soiled oven surfaces, must attack the soiling matter from the outer surface, while the most severe polymerization and carbonization are generally present in the interior of the soil layer, adjacent to the oven wall.
In contrast to oven cleaners, oven pre-treatment compositions which are applied to oven surfaces prior to further soiling and then removed after further soiling are also known. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,915, issued July 29, 1980 to Dillarstone et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,827,983 and 3,672,993, issued August 6, 1974 and June 27, 1972, respectively, to Mitchell et al., disclose the use of alkali metal bicarbonates, which Mitchell et al. suggests may be heated to decompose to the corresponding, more alkaline carbonates. However, when representative amounts of bicarbonates are heated at typical oven temperatures, the resulting dried films are pock-marked, fragile and, thus, easily damaged by scuffing or chipping when the oven is in use. Further, because the dried film does not remain continuous during the drying step, subsequent deposits of fats and other food soils burn onto the oven surface left exposed while the oven is in use.
It is evident that there is a need in the oven cleaning art for a pre-treatment composition which can be applied to an oven interior, preferably a cleaned oven interior, to produce an alkaline, food-safe coating which is continuous and adheres to all portions of oven surfaces, which remains continuous as the coating dries, preferably by heating, and which also forms a dried durable film, resistant to scuffing or chipping at typical oven heating temperatures, to prevent fats and other food soils from burning onto exposed oven surfaces. After soiling, the film and the accompanying spattered food soils should be quickly and easily removable, preferably by water alone or an aqueous solution.
It has been found, according to the present invention, that certain compositions, applied in aqueous form, are useful in forming an alkaline, food-safe coating which is continuous and adheres to all desired surfaces subjected to heat and liable to soiling, even to vertical surfaces. The coating of the invention also remains continuous as the coating dries, and the initially formed dried durable film is resistant to scuffing or chipping. Although preferred embodiments of the film at least partially rehydrate, these embodiments return to the dried, durable state at typical oven heating temperatures. Finally, the soiled film is quickly and easily removed with an aqueous solution or, surprisingly, water alone.
One aspect of the present invention is an aqueous composition useful for the pre-treatment of a surface which is subjected to heat and is liable to soiling by baked-on organic food deposits comprising:
a. a food-safe, inorganic thickening agent present in an amount sufficient so that the composition is capable of forming a continuous coating adhered to all desired portions of the surface, which coating also remains continuous as the coating dries; and
b. an alkaline, food-safe, water-soluble inorganic salt in an amount sufficient so that the composition is readily removable with water or an aqueous solution after the composition has been dried and soiled.
In another aspect of the present invention, a dried film, continuously adhered to a desired surface which is subjected to heat and is liable to soiling by baked-on organic food deposits, comprises:
a. a food-safe, inorganic thickening agent present in an amount sufficient so that the film is still continuous after drying; and
b. an alkaline, food-safe, water-soluble inorganic salt present in an amount so that the film is readily removable with water or an aqueous solution after soiling.
Still another aspect of the present invention involves a method for cleaning a surface which is subjected to heat and is liable to soiling by baked-on organic food deposits comprising the steps of:
a. applying to the surface an aqueous composition comprising:
i. a food-safe, inorganic thickening agent present in an amount sufficient so that the composition is capable of forming a continuous coating adhered to all portions of the surface, which coating also remains continuous as the coating dries, and
ii. an alkaline, food-safe, water-soluble inorganic salt in an amount sufficient so that the composition is readily removable with water or an aqueous solution after the composition has been dried and soiled,
to form a continuous coating on the surface;
b. drying the continuous coating to form a film;
c. allowing the film to become soiled; and
d. removing the soiled film by contacting it with water or an aqueous solution.
The inorganic thickening agent used in making the composition described herein may be any one of a number of natural and synthetic food-safe, inorganic materials, such as clays, silicas, aluminas, titanium dioxide (pyrogenic) and calcium and/or magnesium oxides. All of these materials are readily available commercially.
Various types of clays which are useful include kaolins such as kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, halloysite and endillite; serpentine clays such as chrysotile and amesite; smectites such as montmorillonite (derived from bentonite rock), beidellite, nontronite, hectorite, saponite and sauconite; illites or micas; glauconite; chlorites and vermiculites; attapulgite and sepiolite. Mixed-layer clays exhibiting intercalation of mineral sandwiches with one another may be used, such as, for example, mixed-layer clay mineral sheets of illite interspersed randomly or regularly with montmorillonite, or chlorite with one of the other types of clay, such as vermiculite. Other useful clays include amorphous clays, such as allophane and imogolite, and high-alumina clay minerals such as diaspore, boehmite, gibbsite and cliachite.
Various types of silicas which are useful include diatomite, precipitated silica and fumed silica.
Various types of aluminas may be used. Various types of calcium and magnesium oxides may also be employed.
The thickening agent preferably forms stable suspensions such that it stays suspended within the aqueous composition indefinitely without repeated agitation, such as shaking, by the user. Preferred thickening agents are clay materials, more preferably smectite clay materials having the following formulae:
______________________________________Mineral Formula______________________________________montmorillonite [Al1.67 Mg0.33 (Na0.33)]Si4 O10 (OH)2 *beidellite Al2.17 [Al0.33 (Na0.33)Si3.17 ]O10 (OH)2nontronite Fe(III)[Al0.33 (Na0.33)Si3.67 ]O10 (OH)2hectorite [Mg2.67 Li0.33 (Na0.33)]Si4 O10 (OH,F)2saponite Mg3.00 [Al0.33 (Na0.33)Si3.67 ]O10 (OH)2sauconite [Zn1.48 Mg0.14 Al0.74 Fe(III)0.40 ] [Al0.99 Si3.01 ]O10 (OH)2 X0.33______________________________________ *Na0.33 or X0.33 refers to the exchangeable base (cation) of which 0.33 equivalent is a typical value.
Of these smectite clays, montmorillonite clays derived from bentonite rock are particularly preferred. The chemical analysis for montmorillonite clay from Montmorillon, France is as follows:
______________________________________ Component %______________________________________ SiO2 51.14% Al2 O3 19.76 Fe2 O3 0.83 MnO trace ZnO 0.10 MgO 3.22 CaO 1.62 K2 O 0.11 Na2 O 0.04______________________________________
Montmorillonite has a three-layer plate-shaped crystalline structure. The three-layer sheets or platelets consist of a middle octahedral alumina layer and two outer tetrahedral silica layers. Because of lattice defects in the alumina, and less often in the silica layers, the flat planar surfaces are negatively charged and have associated cations (primarily sodium and calcium) to achieve electroneutrality. Montmorillonite hydrates in the presence of water and disperses to varying degrees, depending on the nature of the cations that are loosely held and exchangeable. As hydration proceeds, the individual platelets separate and eventually form a suspension which is stabilized by electrical interactions between clay platelets and which exhibits highly non-Newtonian rheological properties.
Most preferably, the thickening agent of the invention is selected from a group of complex magnesium aluminum silicates derived from natural smectite clays by a proprietary refining process and sold by R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. under the trademark VEEGUM�. Chemical analyses of these clay derivatives reveal the presence of the following compounds in the following ranges of amounts by weight percent:
______________________________________Silicon dioxide 62.0-69.0%Magnesium oxide 2.9-11.9Aluminum oxide 10.5-14.8Ferric oxide 0.7-1.8Calcium oxide 1.1-2.4Sodium oxide 2.2-2.6Potassium oxide 0.4-1.9Ignition loss 7.5-9.0______________________________________
A particularly preferred clay derivative is a grade commercially available from R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. under the trademark VEEGUM HS� and having the chemical analysis:
______________________________________Silicon dioxide 69.0%Magnesium oxide 2.9Aluminum oxide 14.7Ferric oxide 1.8Calcium oxide 1.3Sodium oxide 2.2Potassium oxide 0.4Ignition Loss 7.6______________________________________
VEEGUM HS�, in particular, forms excellent suspensions having increased viscosity in water without settling out over time or completely losing pourability.
The thickening agent and all other ingredients of the composition of the present invention are preferably food-safe, that is, non-toxic even when internally consumed at abnormally high levels over an extended period of time, such as 90 days. Preferably, the thickener is one that is classified by the Food and Drug Administration as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as a direct human food ingredient based upon "current good manufacturing practice conditions of use." 21 C.F.R. Ch. 1, �184.1155. An example of such a thickener is "bentonite" (Al2 O3.4 SiO2.nH2 O, CAS Reg. No. 1302-78-9), which contains varying quantities of iron, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations in corresponding commerial products, as described at 21 C.F.R. Ch. 1, �184.1155. VEEGUM HS� clay is a type of bentonite which contains magnesium cations.
The amount of the thickening agent present in the aqueous composition must be sufficient so that the composition is capable of forming a continuous coating, with essentially no holes or gaps, and which adheres when applied to all desired surfaces of interest, particularly to vertical surfaces. The amount of the composition must also be such that the coating remains essentially continuous as the coating dries. To achieve formation of a continuous coating, which remains continuous as the coating dries, the amount of thickener present in the composition of the present invention can vary widely depending on the amount of water-soluble inorganic salt present and on the amount and character of mixing used to combine the thickener with water. However, the amount of thickener is usually from about 0.5 part to about 10 parts by weight, preferably 1.0 to 3.0 parts by weight, more preferably 2.0 to 2.5 parts by weight, and most preferably about 2.2 parts by weight. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine an appropriate amount of thickener.
The preferred amounts of the thickening agent are sufficient to produce a viscous, but still sprayable, liquid. Depending on the amount and type of thickener used, it may be necessary to shake the composition well before spraying.
With respect to viscosity, compositions containing many of the thickeners of the invention do not have the viscosity characteristics of Newtonian liquids in which the viscosity is constant and independent of shear rate. Instead, in many cases, the viscosity profile of the composition is such that a certain minimum amount of shear stress is required before flow takes place. Such properties may be conveniently expressed in terms of a rheological measurement--yield value.
Experience has shown that the following Casson Equation basically describes the viscosity profile of most compositions suitable for use in the present invention.
ηD N =η.sub.∞N +(τo/D)N
τ=shear stress
τo=yield value (dynes/cm2)
D=shear rate (sec-1)
ηD =viscosity at shear rate D
η.sub.∞ =viscosity at infinite shear
N=exponent (commonly 0.5)
Assuming that N=0.5,
√ηd=√η.sub.∞ +√τo/D
and multiplying through by √D, remembering that η=τ/D,
√τ=√η.sub.∞ �√D+√τo
a plot of √τ vs √D should be a straight line with a slope of √η.sub.∞ and a y intercept of √τo.
For the aqueous compositions of the invention, the yield value before application to appropriate surfaces should preferably be greater than about 10 dynes/cm2 to prevent settling out of the contents of the composition, for example, during storage. However, the yield value should be somewhat less than about 2.5 dynes/cm2 immediately after application to assure a continuous coating with essentially no gaps or holes. Further, a recovery of the yield value to about 5 dynes/cm2 or higher shortly after application is desirable to prevent running or sagging of the coating. A balance exists between preventing undue sagging by prompt recovery of yield value, on one hand, and allowing sufficient time for initial flow of the composition onto the surface to form a continuous coating, on the other hand. For any given thickener useful in the present invention, one skilled in the art can routinely determine the proper balance.
Another embodiment of the invention comprises an aqueous composition not having the above-indicated yield values, but which is capable of forming a continuous coating adhered to all desired surfaces by application, for example by spraying, to a pre-heated surface.
The alkaline, water-soluble, food-safe inorganic salt of the aqueous composition can be any water-soluble salt preferably capable, either alone or in combination with a food-safe acid or base, of imparting moderate alkalinity to the composition and capable of forming, when commingled with the thickener in the composition of the invention, a dried film which is readily removable with water or an aqueous solution. Preferably, the water-soluble salt is also hygroscopic.
Examples of useful water-soluble salts include phosphates, such as monosodium phosphate, disodium phosphate and trisodium phosphate; condensed phosphates, such as sodium tripolyphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium acid pyrophosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate; and the corresponding potassium and lithium phosphates such as tripotassium phosphate; alkali metal carbonates such as sodium, potassium and lithium carbonates; and soluble silicates such as sodium orthosilicate, anhydrous sodium metasilicate, pentahydrate sodium metasilicate, 2.0 ratio sodium silicate, 2.4 ratio sodium silicate and 3.22 ratio sodium silicate. Although some of these water-soluble salts are acidic, it is intended that such acidic salts be used in combination with any suitable food-safe base. As used herein, the combination of acidic water-soluble salt and food-safe base is included within the meaning of the term alkaline, water-soluble salt. A preferred group of inorganic salts includes the phosphates, with tripotassium phosphate being particularly preferred.
The amount of the alkaline, water-soluble inorganic salt present in the aqueous composition of the invention can vary widely. The maximum amount that can be present is limited only by the solubility of the salt, which can be as much as 100-200 grams of the anhydrous salt per 100 grams of water (50-67% by weight).
The minimum amount is controlled by the concentration necessary so that the composition is readily removable with water or an aqueous solution after the composition has been dried and soiled. However, when low levels of inorganic salt are used, for example, less than 0.5%, an additional amount of at least one other neutral salt such as NaCl or KCl may desirably be added to maintain a sufficiently high yield value and to assure easy and ready removability of the dried film.
Further, it may be desirable to add minor amounts of a second salt which is hygroscopic to facilitate the at least partial rehydration of the dried film. It is desirable that the dried film at least partially rehydrate because this is thought to contribute to saponification by the film of spattered fat. Preferably, the minimum amount of water-soluble inorganic salt varies from about 0.05 part to about 3.0 parts by weight of the composition.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the amount of inorganic salt present in the composition varies from about 0.05 part to about 67 parts by weight of the composition, typically from about 5 to about 50 parts by weight, preferably from about 5 to 25 parts by weight, more preferably from about 5 to 20 parts by weight, and most preferably 10 parts by weight.
In further regard to amounts of water-soluble salt, it is contemplated that the composition of the present invention will often be used in ovens containing surfaces made of porcelain or stainless steel. Regarding those ovens having porcelain surfaces, it has been noted that using a composition of the present invention containing 15 to 25 parts by weight salt may etch the porcelain oven surfaces, which may be of aesthetic concern. It is believed that the relative proportions of the water-soluble salt and the thickening agent determine the degree of etching.
It has been found that, when using thickening agent levels of 2.0 to 3.0 parts by weight, the etching can be eliminated by using a lesser amount of salt, preferably from about 5 to less than 15 parts by weight, most preferably from about 10 to less than 15 parts by weight. For any composition, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily find an appropriate ratio of ingredients to prevent etching.
In an aqueous composition, prior to application to a desired surface, the amount of thickening agent and inorganic salt varies in terms of % by weight to the same extent as expressed above in terms of parts by weight.
The composition of the invention can further include a food-safe, alkali-stable dye. The dye, when present, helps the user of the invention to see the aqueous composition as it is being applied to appropriate surfaces which may be dimly lit, such as those inside an oven. In this way, over-application, under-application, or gaps in the continuous coating can be detected and prevented. Examples of suitable dyes include FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Yellow #6, FD&C Red #3, FD&C Green #3, FD&C Yellow #5 and mixtures thereof.
Aqueous compositions of the invention may be prepared by mixing the ingredients with water. The preferred mode of preparing these compositions is by preparing a suspension containing the thickening agent and, optionally, the food-safe, alkali-stable dye; preparing a solution of the alkaline salt in water; and, finally, combining the suspension with the solution to form the aqueous composition of the invention.
To prepare the suspension containing the thickener, the thickener is slowly added to water while agitating the mixture continuously. The rate of addition should be slow enough to avoid any agglomeration of the thickener because, with some thickeners, a rate of addition which is too fast can cause gels which do not readily disperse and cause a significant delay in production.
The temperature of the water used to make the suspension may vary widely, for example, from about 4� C. to about 60� C. The use of warm or hot water (from about 26� C. to about 60� C.) may accelerate the hydration of some thickeners and also produce a suspension of higher viscosity.
The type of mixing equipment employed is not critical, and either high or low speed mixing may be used. Examples of appropriate types of agitation for room temperature water (26� C.) include the use of a Waring Blender (3 minutes, 18,000 RPM for a 500 gram batch), an Eppenbach Homo-Mixer (15 minutes, 5,450 RPM for a 1,000 gram batch) or a Lightnin-type Mixer (30 minutes, 1,770 RPM for a 5 gallon batch). It should be noted, however, that high speed mixing, such as that obtained with the Waring Blender, will reduce the time required to obtain a smooth suspension and reduce the effect of water temperature, if any, on viscosity.
Once the suspension containing the thickener has been prepared, it is preferably diluted with an aqueous solution of the hygroscopic salt and subjected to an optional final pH adjustment and mixing. The final pH adjustment may be made with any food-grade acid, preferably an inorganic food-grade acid, or with minor amounts of strong alkali such as sodium or potassium hydroxide. Typically, the pH is adjusted with a food-grade acid such as phosphoric acid.
The pH of the aqueous composition of the invention prior to application to a desired surface can vary widely, with the lower end of the useful pH range relating to the releasability or easy removal of the dried soiled film and the higher end being limited only by the possibility of eye or skin damage. Typically, the pH ranges from about 11.0 to 14.0, preferably 11.5 to 13.0, more preferably 12.0 to 12.5, and most preferably is about 12.2 to about 12.3.
According to the method for cleaning a surface which is subjected to heat and is liable to soiling by baked-on organic food deposits, the aqueous composition is applied to the surface, preferably when the surface is in an unsoiled or cleaned state, to form a continuous coating essentially without any holes or gaps. The composition may be applied in any acceptable way, but is preferably applied by spraying, wiping, brushing or dipping.
More preferably, the composition is applied by spraying, for example, either with a hand-pump sprayer or with an aerosol spray container. If an aerosol spray container is used, the composition of the invention is packed together with about 1 to about 25% of a propellant such as isobutane, isobutane/propane, dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12), trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Freon 114) and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113).
After application of the aqueous composition to the appropriate surface, the resulting continuous coating is dried to form a continuous film adhered to the desired surface. The continuous coating is preferably dried by heating to drive off substantially all water to form a film which is initially durable and resistant to scuffing and chipping. However, the continuous coating may be dried by any one of several different methods, such as by allowing the coating to stand at room temperature for a predetermined period of time, heating the surface with which the coating is in contact, heating the convective air flow in contact with the coating, providing a forced flow of heated air or heating the surface prior to application of the coating.
Preferably, the continuous coating is dried by heating the convective air flow in contact with the coating, most preferably to a temperature from about 200� F. to about 550� F., for a time sufficient to form the durable film. Typical drying times range from about 10 minutes at about 400� F. to about 30-60 minutes at about 200� F.
When the coating is dried by heating, the initially durable film formed is resistant to chipping and scuffing, for example, by the insertion and removal of pans and other cooking implements into and out of an oven. By formation of such a durable film, the appropriate surfaces remain essentially covered by a protective barrier which, at the very least, physically protects the oven surfaces from burned on spattered food soils.
The continuous coating becomes substantially thinner as it dries. While the thickness of the wet continuous coating may typically vary between 0.2 and 50 mils, preferably about 2.5 mils, immediately after application, the initially durable film formed by heating the continuous coating typically only ranges from about 0.06 to about 15.0 mils, preferably between 0.6 and 1.5 mils, in thickness.
Substantially all of the water is driven from the continuous coating if it is dried by heating, and the resulting dried film typically contains less than 0.1% water at the conclusion of the drying step. However, if a hygroscopic inorganic salt is employed and if no heat is used to dry the initial coating, the dried film may still contain at least part of the original water, depending upon the ambient humidity and the particular hygroscopic salt employed.
Further, a film comprising a hygroscopic salt which is exposed to the atmosphere for a prolonged period of time may regain at least part of the original water, even if most of the water was originally lost during a drying by heating step. The physical consistency of the film in this hydrated state can be quite similar to that of stiff "cake icing" or a paste. The at least partially rehydrated film is thus not as durable as the initially dried film. However, it is found that, during normal use, the at least partially rehydrated film remains continuous and may be, of course, redried when the oven is heated.
When the film contains a hygroscopic salt which contains water either retained or absorbed from the atmosphere, the resulting state of hydration, as explained above, is thought to contribute to an ability of the film to at least partially saponify fatty food soils spattered onto the film, for example, during use of an oven used for the cooking or baking of food.
The composition of any dried film is the same as the continuous coating from which it is formed when expressed in terms of parts by weight. A dried, initially durable film generally comprises, expressed in percentage weight rather than parts by weight, from about 0.7 to about 99.5%, preferably from about 3.8 to about 37.5%, by weight of the thickener, and from about 0.5 to about 99.3%, preferably from about 62.5 to about 96.2%, by weight of the inorganic salt, immediately after the drying step.
After the drying step, the surfaces, covered with the dried film of the invention, can be used in the normal fashion and allowed to accumulate a substantial amount of spattered food soils and fats for a period of time up to several days or even weeks. When the user desires to remove the food soils accumulated on the film, such as when such a high level of soil as would be undesirable from an aesthetic or food quality standpoint has accumulated, the soiled film may be quickly and easily, i.e., readily, removed with water alone or an aqueous solution, preferably by wiping the surface with a wet cloth or paper product, sponge, scrub pad or brush.
Removal of the soiled film can be performed in less than about 45 minutes, preferably less than about 30 minutes and most preferably, in a few minutes (typically under 15 minutes, generally under 10 minutes, and often under 5 minutes), in comparison with the procedure used in cleaning surfaces with conventional oven cleaners and pre-treatment compositions, which often requires 1-2 hours, depending on the area of the surface to be cleaned, and, if a cleaner is used, two or more applications of the cleaner.
After the soiled film has been removed from the surface, the aqueous composition may be reapplied to the surface to further protect it from burned-on food soils and to continue possible saponification of spattered fatty food soils.
The following preparation illustrates how the aqueous compositions of the present invention may be prepared.
To 10,200 pounds of water in an ultra clean stainless steel mixing tank were added, with mixing, 8 pounds of FD&C Blue #1 Dye. With continued agitation, 460 pounds of Veegum HS� were poured through a 1/4-inch mesh galvanized screen into the water at a slow enough rate to avoid any agglomeration of the Veegum HS�.
To 5,250 pounds of water in a second ultra clean stainless steel mixing tank were added, with mixing, 5,250 pounds of anhydrous food grade tripotassium phosphate. The solution exhibited an exotherm to 170� F., and was cooled to below 120� F.
The contents of the second tank were added to the first tank with agitation. Agitation was continued until the temperature of the mixture fell below 90� F. The pH was 12.35 and the resulting 20,988 pounds of suspension are mixed at least one hour before draining and packaging.
An aqueous composition comprising 2.2% by weight Veegum HS�, 25% by weight food grade tripotassium phosphate, 0.04% by weight FD&C Blue #1 Dye, and 72.76% by weight water was sprayed, using a hand-held pump spray bottle, onto the cleaned interior surfaces of an oven in a relatively uniform, thin continuous film.
The oven was heated to about 400� F. for about 15 minutes to drive off the water in the composition and thereby form a dry, hard film which resembled dry plaster. Once dried, the coating was difficult to remove without the use of water and could tolerate incidental scuffing due to contact with cooking pans and racks on their way into or out of the oven.
After sufficient soil had collected on the dried film due to cooking to necessitate cleaning, the soiled dried film was removed rapidly and easily by wiping out the oven interior with a towel wet with water only. This operation was performed in a period of time under 10 minutes.
The aqueous composition was then reapplied and dried as described above.
The same procedure as Example 1 was followed using the same aqueous composition as in Example 1 except that only 10% by weight of food grade tripotassium phosphate was employed. The resulting composition exhibited a pH of 12.17 and achieved the same results as in Example 1.
The same procedure as Example 1 was followed except that the following four formulas (I, II, III and IV) were used in the place of the aqueous composition of the invention as described in Example 1.
______________________________________ I II______________________________________Sodium bicarbonate 1.4% w/w 1.4% w/wPotassium bicarbonate 16.0 16.0Kelzan � organic thickener 0.7 0.7Miranol L2M � surfactant 0.5 --Water 81.4 81.9______________________________________
Formulas I and II both contain the organic thickener Kelzan and bicarbonate inorganic salts. Upon preparing the above formulations, it was noted that they exhibited a tendency to decompose spontaneously at room temperature, liberating carbon dioxide gas and causing the pH to rise (as bicarbonate was converted to carbonate). The evolved carbon dioxide caused the pressure inside the hand-held pump type sprayer container to increase, forcing liquid product out around the cap when the container was placed on its side and causing an audible rush of released gas when the container was opened.
Formulas I and II were applied to steel panels and heated in a 400� F. convection oven. The resulting dry films were blistered, riddled with holes and extremely fragile. Touching the dried film caused portions of it to flake and fall off. Upon rehydration of these films at room temperature, thin brown liquids formed, indicating decomposition of the organic thickener Kelzan.
______________________________________ III IV______________________________________Sodium bicarbonate 1.4% 1.4%Potassium bicarbonate 16.0 16.0Veegum HS � product 5.0* 3.0*Miranol � L2M surfactant 0.5 --Water 77.1 79.6______________________________________
Formulas III and IV, containing an inorganic thickener and bicarbonate salts, were also applied to steel panels and heated at 400� F. The resulting dried films were pock-marked and fragile, but sufficiently strong to be used for further comparative testing.
A composition of the invention as described in Example 1 and compositions having Formulas III and IV as described in Example 3 were prepared and applied to the clean, cool interior surfaces of a commercial convection oven in a restaurant. With all racks removed, the compositions were generously sprayed on all inside surfaces, including sides, top, bottom, and door (except for glass window). Any overspray on the glass window of the door was wiped off to avoid blocking vision into the oven. The door was closed and the oven was heated to 400� F. for 10-15 minutes. The oven was turned off, the door opened, and the dry coating was inspected for bare spots. Any bare spots present were sprayed again with the composition. One or more days after applying the compositions, during which time a variety of foods such as meat, potatoes, biscuits, mushrooms, pies and cookies were cooked in the oven, a towel, scrub pad and very warm water were used to wipe out the interior of the oven with frequent rinsing of the towel and scrub pad.
Durable coatings resistant to scuffing and chipping and rapid, excellent cleaning were obtained with the composition of the invention. In comparison, the compositions of Formulas III and IV produced dried coatings that were very soft. Portions of these films were easily removed when incidentally bumped with a tray, such as a biscuit or bacon pan. Further, the films resulting from Formulas III and IV allowed some greasy food soil to get under the coating and burn onto the oven wall, requiring additional hard scrubbing to remove it.
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 25, 1931
|Jan 16, 1934
|F E Schundler & Company Inc
|Washing composition
|Feb 5, 1943
|Jan 23, 1945
|Bartel Alex
|Fireproofing grease ducts
|Dec 29, 1967
|Dec 1, 1970
|Uhlmann Carlo W
|Method for removing incrustation from metal surfaces
|Jun 3, 1970
|Apr 25, 1972
|American Home Prod
|Caustic alkali free oven cleaning composition
|Jul 30, 1970
|Jun 27, 1972
|Colgate Palmolive Co
|Method and compositions for cleaning ovens and the like
|Jul 9, 1971
|May 29, 1973
|Colgate Palmolive Co
|Cleaning compositions and method
|Jun 7, 1972
|Aug 6, 1974
|Colgate Palmolive Co
|Method and compositions for cleaning ovens and the like
|Apr 12, 1973
|Nov 5, 1974
|Fossati C
|One step method for removing waterinsoluble coatings applied to a substrate
|Jul 5, 1973
|Oct 7, 1975
|Meyer Hans
|Combustion chamber cleaning and corrosion preventing agent
|Oct 1, 1973
|Mar 2, 1976
|Lever Brothers Company
|Rinse composition
|Sep 29, 1975
|Apr 26, 1977
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Process for preparing a pyrophosphate-silicate detergent product
|Jul 23, 1975
|Apr 26, 1977
|The Procter & Gamble Co.
|Spray-dried granular detergent containing aluminosilicate, silicate, and pyrophosphate
|Mar 5, 1976
|Aug 9, 1977
|Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler
|Ion-exchanging aluminum silicate with hydrophilic surfaces
|May 10, 1976
|Aug 8, 1978
|American Cyanamid Company
|Process for formulating a non-caustic oven cleaner which will remove pyrolyzed fat efficaciously
|Feb 12, 1976
|Dec 26, 1978
|The Procter & Gamble Company
|Process for preparing an orthophosphate-silicate detergent product
|Feb 13, 1978
|Jun 12, 1979
|American Home Products Corporation
|Oven cleaning method and composition
|Dec 14, 1977
|Jan 22, 1980
|Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien (Henkel Kgaa)
|Pourable agglomerated aluminosilicate builder compositions for washing and cleansing agents
|Aug 7, 1978
|Jul 29, 1980
|Colgate-Palmolive Company
|Method and composition for cleaning ovens
|Jul 5, 1983
|Apr 23, 1985
|Economics Laboratory, Inc.
|Highly alkaline liquid warewashing emulsion stabilized by clay thickener
|Mar 23, 1984
|Jul 9, 1985
|Lever Brothers Company
|Alkaline cleaning compositions non-corrosive toward aluminum surfaces
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 1, 1990
|Aug 11, 1992
|Kay Chemical Company
|Cooking equipment pretreatment composition and method of use
|Sep 17, 1993
|Nov 15, 1994
|Ecolab Inc.
|Reduced misting oven cleaner
|Sep 15, 1993
|Dec 6, 1994
|Ecolab Inc.
|Food safe composition to facilitate soil removal
|Mar 31, 1993
|Feb 14, 1995
|Kay Chemical Company
|Oven pretreatment and cleaning composition containing silicone
|Jul 25, 1994
|Apr 18, 1995
|Ecolab Inc.
|Food safe composition to facilitate soil removal
|Nov 4, 1994
|Jul 18, 1995
|Eco Japan Co., Ltd.
|Ceramic-based detergent composition containing sodium and potassium oxides
|Nov 10, 1994
|Jan 2, 1996
|Kay Chemical Company
|Method for cleaning a oven surface with a composition containing silicone
|Feb 16, 1995
|Feb 27, 1996
|Ecolab Inc.
|Soil release coating for heat transfer surfaces
|Jun 7, 1995
|Sep 2, 1997
|Kay Chemical Company
|Oven pretreatment and cleaning film containing silicone
|Jun 19, 1997
|Sep 14, 1999
|Armor All Products Corporation
|Concrete cleaner and method for cleaning concrete
|Jan 28, 2003
|Nov 14, 2006
|Diamondite, L.L.C.
|System for cleaning and protecting windshields
|Jul 26, 2004
|Oct 16, 2007
|Palm Beach Motoring Access Inc
|Method of cleaning automobile painted surfaces and automobile glass surfaces
|Oct 6, 2009
|Jun 26, 2012
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Daily cleaner with slip-resistant and gloss-enhancing properties
|Nov 12, 2009
|Jul 17, 2012
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Composition and methods for removal of polymerized non-trans fats
|Jan 26, 2012
|Dec 11, 2012
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Ready to use thickened degreaser and associated methods
|Sep 2, 2010
|Apr 16, 2013
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Thickened oven cleaner comprising a glutamic acid salt or disodium ethanol diglycine chelant
|Nov 28, 2011
|Nov 19, 2013
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Soil resistant floor cleaner
|Nov 28, 2011
|Jun 28, 2016
|Ecolab Usa Inc.
|Soil resistant floor treatment
|Jun 6, 2007
|Dec 6, 2007
|Jeffrey Allen Odle
|Method for improving cleanability of surfaces
|Oct 6, 2009
|Apr 7, 2011
|Ecolab Inc.
|Daily cleaner with slip-resistant and gloss-enhancing properties
|Nov 12, 2009
|May 12, 2011
|Ecolab, Inc.
|Composition and methods for removal of polymerized non-trans fats
|Jul 24, 1991
|Feb 20, 1992
|Kay Chemical Company
|Cooking equipment pretreatment composition and method of use
|Mar 25, 1994
|Oct 13, 1994
|Kay Chemical Company
|Oven pretreatment and cleaning composition containing silicone
|Dec 14, 1995
|Aug 22, 1996
|Ecolab Inc.
|Soil release coating for heat transfer surfaces
|May 14, 1998
|Nov 26, 1998
|Henkel-Ecolab Gmbh & Co. Ohg
|Non-drying viscous agent for treating surfaces
|Jun 23, 2010
|Dec 29, 2010
|Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa
|Machine cleaning agent
|Jun 23, 2010
|Dec 29, 2010
|Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa
|Detergent for use in appliances
|U.S. Classification
|428/688, 427/234, 427/156, 427/327, 427/154, 510/198, 428/466, 510/528, 427/397.8, 134/19, 510/197, 428/704, 134/20, 510/400, 427/236
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 27, 1986
Owner name: KAY CHEMICAL COMPANY POST OFFICE BOX 18407, 300 SW
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:COCKRELL, JOHN R. JR.;REEL/FRAME:004522/0084
Effective date: 19860117
|Nov 3, 1992
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jan 14, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Mar 29, 2001
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
If you are avoiding gluten completely, make sure you choose a buckwheat flour that's labelled gluten-free.
Makes about 20
* 250g buckwheat flour
* 2 tsp baking powder
* a pinch of salt
* 250ml unsweetened almond milk or oat milk
* 2 large eggs
* 30ml rapeseed or sunflower oil, plus extra for frying
* 50g honey
* 50g pumpkin seeds
1. Put the flour, baking powder and salt into a bowl and combine them with a whisk.
2. Measure the almond or oat milk into a jug. Add the eggs, oil and honey and whisk together thoroughly so the honey dissolves.
3. Make a well in the centre of the dry ingredients and slowly pour in the dairy-free milk mixture, whisking as you go.
4. Keep whisking until you have a smooth batter. It should have a slightly gloopy consistency that will pour thickly but easily from a ladle (If it seems unmanageably thick, add a little water – if very thin, a little more flour). Stir in the pumpkin seeds.
5. Place a non-stick frying pan over a medium heat and brush with oil. When hot, drop in puddles of the batter with a ladle, making each one 6–7cm across – you should get four or five in the pan at a time. Cook for about one and a half minutes until the pancakes start to rise and bubbles are showing on the surface.
6. Flip over and cook for another one to two minutes until golden brown on both sides and cooked through. Repeat with the remaining batter, brushing the pan with a little more oil as you go.
7. Serve the hot pancakes straight away with marmalade, maple or agave syrup, jam or fresh fruit. Alternatively, dish them up with egg and bacon as an alternative to bread or toast.
* Plain buckwheat drop scones: If you don't have any seeds to hand, this recipe makes simple and delicious plain breakfast pancakes.
* Buckwheat blinis: leave out the seeds and honey. Add a splash of water to the batter to bring it to the consistency described above, then cook smaller spoonfuls – forming pancakes about 4cm across. Leave to cool before serving topped with smoked fish and a smear of horseradish.
More from River Cottage:
Extract taken from River Cottage Light & Easy, by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall, published by Bloomsbury, £25.00, Hardback. Photography © Simon Wheeler
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text: This family hotel offers 36 spacious rooms, a nice bar area, a TV lounge and a restaurant. Guests are welcomed to the air-conditioned beach hotel in a lobby and there is a hotel safe, cloakroom and lift access. Internet access (for an extra charge) and a car park are also provided.All guest rooms are fully equipped with modern amenities and services. Furthermore, all rooms feature a double bed, air conditioning, a mini fridge, and a private bathroom with a shower, bathtub and a hairdryer. There is also a TV and a hire safe (for an extra fee).


text:
David S is a pet lover who has cared for a vast number of different pets. He has cats, turtles, and tropical fish. In the past, he worked with stray dogs and cats, rodents, such as rats and hamsters, and he is knowledgeable about the biology of many species of pets.
David is a master fish keeper. He trained and worked at Capital Aquarium. His primary responsibility was to diagnose and treat fish and plant disease. He was also responsible for maintaining a breeding program for special fish. He was responsible for writing and maintaining newsletters for customers, as well as care guides for all of the species of fish sold.
David grew up on a farm has experience writing about farm animals, dairy animals, and exotic pets. He understands:
Pet Nutrition
Pet Disease
Pet Health
Animal Psychology
Behavior Psychology
Exotic Pets
Environmental Needs of Pets
And More.


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text:
Matthias Stoker has never been a particularly special boy. But when he happens along an old spell book in a world where magic has been forgotten, he may just be the only one who can bring it back.
Many years ago in the kingdom of Nordale, magic in its many forms was plentiful as ever. People who were born with the special gift of witchcraft used it for the good of the kingdom. Sorcerers were admired, with many people appreciating their talents. Nordale was a blissful land and many people delighted in everyday tasks for the greater good. But, of course, all things good must soon come to an end. Soon, groups of magic users calling themselves 'Moderators' began dabbling in dark magic, magic that had never been used before. People who were not happy with the kingdom realised that they now had the power to overturn the people in power. Riots began. Masses of non-magic folk swarmed the castle with pitchforks, accompanying the many magicians who had learnt the dark arts. One day a riot got utterly out of control. Soon, the protestors broke into the castle and massacred many of the inhabitants working and living there. That day, the King's wife and only son were killed. The King then passed a decree that every dark magic user in the land was to be found and banished from the kingdom. Any person found to be using dark magic was to be executed. Nordale slowly recovered after the loss of many of the leaders of its kingdom. But the king soon become madded with grief for the loss of his wife and son and killed himself as to join them. The King's brother, who was at the time of the attack living in the kingdom of Orton, solemnly stepped up to take the kingdom. As to not to be discourteous to the late King's last decree, he extended the act to include all magic users, no matter what kind of magic they were using. The kingdom of Nordale soon turned to sickness and poverty, but still the decree remained. The King became so obsessed with his non-magic land that he forbade anyone from the town ever to speak of magic, and wiped every recording of magic from every book across the land. Soon the people of Nordale simply forgot about magic and got on living as non-magic folk. Only a few recordings of magic remained, and these were kept out of the public's reach by the people in power in every age. No one out of the power of the land ever knew about magic again.


text: Gold Rock Finials (Set of 2) $25.00 each Geometric finials add a rockin' touch to your window treatments.Details, details Nod exclusive Set of 2 rock shaped finialsCompatible with Land of Nod Curtain Rods Rod sold separately More colors availableShow 'em what you're made of Cast resinExtras! Extras! Coordinates with our Between a Rock and a Lamp Base view full details


text:
By The HealingWorks Team "How many more people can begin to heal if we embrace a different story, one that says we will all fight for their rights to be safe and heal?" Click here for Six Months, Three Cities, Too Many Stories: a timeline…
Explore how we are changing the narrative in the news. This space is dedicated to highlighting HealingWorks community members who are being recognized for their efforts in the field.
Ask yourself, what would it mean if healing were at the center of media portrayals around young men of color who have been victimized? With your help we can start to change the conversation.Read More


text:
Speed up your debug routine!
Automated exception search integrated into your IDE
Tired of useless tips?
Command "C:/Progra~2/Git/bin/git.exe fetch --tags --progress https://email@example.com/project/repository.git +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*" returned status code 128:
stderr: fatal: Authentication failed for 'https://email@example.com/project/repository.git/'
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text:
Canseven Hotel
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Canseven Hotel Side
Travel Blogs from Side
No I Can't Think of a Clever Title
... concerts there. I was on the stage at one point but I don't project well enough for such a theatre :(
While the theartre has never been used as an arena for gladiators we had a couple rioaming around for photos. Anna took them on!!
We also came across a group of bikers on a tour of Turkey on BMWs who will apparently be following our itinerary for the next few days. We di come across them all day at each stop.
Kas to Konya
... if you don't stop them the food keeps coming as your wallet gets emptier, we said no to the feast offered but as the rain intensified so too did the food on our table. Then came the thunder, lightning, torrential rain, hail and wind and the shelter began to fail us. Too inclement to move and with half our lunch still untouched R&G sought shelter under the adjoining umbrella and we stuck it out til we were full and ...
We stayed last night outside Antalya near to the airport. It's a district of big monstrosities of hotels each trying to outdo the other in gaudyness. The picture is the view from our hotel room of the next hotel along. It's design is that of the Chrysler building in New York, which has a beautiful elegant tower, but they couldn't just copy it. This hotel has four of ...
It's raining, but at least the rain's warm! Before it started we walked around a bit and realised that the hotel isn't in Antalya at all, it's on the coast where the road turns inland to go over the mountains to Cappadocia, a place called Alara and in fact is over half way to Alanya, which is where we stayed when we first came to Turkey some 40 years ago. I think it's changed a ...
Turquoise Coast - Side
... Anatalya and after more GPS misguidance, found Aspendos (Aspestos is my way of remembering it) which was an ancient Greco-Roman city. founded around 1000 BC by Greeks on the Eurymedon River. The amphitheatre has been renovated and is still used today. (More pics)
Other places to stay in Side
Grand Prestige Hotel & SpaTitreyengol Mevkii, Side | 5 star hotelfrom $115
Barut ArumKumkoy Yolu PK.78, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $77
- I loved the Animation team!
- High Quality Hotel
- What a Fantastic place to stay!!
Horus Paradise Luxury ResortDenizbuku Mevkii, Side | 5 star hotelfrom $144
Nova Park HotelKumkoy Mevkii, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $155
Hotel TerraceKumkoy Mevki No:83, Side | 5 star hotelfrom $344
Sueno Hotels Beach SideAyiguru Mevki, Side | 5 star hotelfrom $171
Side Star EleganceKumkoy Mevkii, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $203
Linda HotelPK 69 Titreyengol , Side | 4 star hotelfrom $86
Venus HotelSorgun Beldesi Titreyengol Mevki, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $101
Side Star Park HotelSelimiye Mah, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $31
Diamond Beach HotelGundogdu Beldesi Dikilitas Mevki, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $47
Side Star Beach HotelSelimiye Mahallesi, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $164
Royal Dragon HotelEvrenseki Mevkii, Side | 5 star hotelfrom $301
- Large hotel with lots to d…
Miramare Queen HotelIlica Mah. 277 Sok No: 8, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $104
Gunes House HotelGullerpinari Mahhalesi Bulut Sokkak No: 7, Side | 3 star hotelfrom $86
Villa Side HotelKumkoy Mevki, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $148
Barut CennetKumkoy Yolu, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $121
Defne Star HotelArima Onsen, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $283
Paloma Oceana ResortIlica Mahallesi 1. Sokak, Kumkoy Mevkii Side, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $295
Febeach Hotel SideSahil Cad No 3, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $79
Barut AcanthusTurgut Ozal Cad, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $134
Sunprime Dogan Side BeachSarmasik Sok. No:10, Side | 2 star hotelfrom $43
Hotel Cats Garden1008 Sokak no 1, Yali Mah, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $32
Hotel Grand SideKumkoy Mevkii, Side | 4 star hotelfrom $154


text:
The real bonus came when Hurricane Dennis arrived. The vast majority of troglodytes that normally swarm over the Keys disappeared in a blind panic, leaving the place to the brave and the foolish. I was the exception. I was ignorant as I hadn't turned on the news for the previous five days as I roared down through Georgia and Florida on a borrowed Harley Davidson. By the time I arrived, Dennis had just left the building and had not done the damage expected to the Keys. The one thing it had done though was to cause such a swell on the seabed that the Spiegel, which had originally sank crooked, was now perfectly upright and we were about to be the very first divers to go down to it.
I tried to remain anonymous on the boat ride out to the site. There were a gaggle of Brits on board and normally if I'm spotted in these situations they tend to inform on me to a confused foreign captain and tell him that I'm going to ruin it for everyone by doing something stupid. As if. So I kept my head down and tried to look like a local by wearing a tiny pair of Speedos and reading Hemingway's The Old Man And The Sea. It didn't work. Even the locals got worried when they spotted they had "a reader" on board.
The dive master asked me how many dives I'd done and I mumbled something about more times than he had had sexual relations with his cousins and he got quite upset. When things calmed down the other dive master told me to look after the two novice Scots. Not wanting to make the situation worse I told them to follow me and proceeded to jump into the water without my mask. I tried to pretend that this was an old superstition of mine but you could see in their eyes that they knew they were in trouble.
We eventually went under and started our descent towards the magnificent wreck, three times the size of a football field. I'd just purchased a rather snazzy dive computer in South Beach and I hoped this might help me to remember all the crucial things that I'd forgotten about safety and stuff. The problem was that it was so complicated and I became so engrossed in the various readouts that I managed to smack my head on the side of the wreck.
By this stage the Scottish couple had realised that something was very wrong with me and were snapping away with their underwater cameras, determined to record this event as no one back home was going to believe them. Images of my photo in tight little Speedos appearing in Heat magazine made me swim away from them as fast as possible. Unfortunately they obviously thought that I was taking them somewhere interesting and followed me.
My attempted escape coupled with a very strong current soon took us well away from the wreck and from our dive boat. I tried to use the compass on my computer but only managed to get the local time in Hong Kong. Starting to panic, I signalled to the couple that I was going to surface to see where we were. Having reached the surface I realised that we were a good quarter of a mile from our boat. I dived back down, got them to surface and then we trod water and waited, like extras from Open Water, until a passing fisherman kindly picked us up and took us back to our boat. I don't know if this couple have managed to sell their story to any press outlet but this is my version and I'm sticking to it. If you see any photographs please remember that things look bigger under water.
- More about:
- Florida
- Harley-Davidson
- Sea And Ocean


text:
Craig Van Sickle
8,637pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
Craig Van Sickle was a writer on 24. He co-wrote one episode, "Day 5: 1:00am-2:00am," with Steve Mitchell, his partner in a production company. He previously worked with Steve on the series The Pretender where they both worked as writers, producers, and directors.
External links Edit


text:
8 Southall Street /16 Tan-y-Bryn. We, the Brynna Boys, used to run to school, Mr & Mrs Davies Head Master and thei two daughters, strict and friendly, firm and kind. I can only describe those happy days, Coronation year, getting our school free mug, watching on a black and white12 inch telly crammed into class. Those days long gone but memories will never die.
I have walked over every inch of the mountains, I have lived as Tarzan in Brynna Woods, I learned to swim down the river ducker and caught my first trout. I helped gather the harvest on all farms around. Held a horse at the Eagle pub on hunting days. Played snooker in Geeks, freezing cold, Aunty Bess's Fish and Chips shop, and Bessie Price for Gobstopper sweets and cakes, food for chickens, pigeons, goldfish, horses, cows you name it, Walt and Bessie Had everything at the General Stores.
Sung in the choir of St Peter's every Sunday, Roger Turner, Jimmy Evans, Philp Evans, Philip Dauncy, Ivor David.and myself, leading the way Enoc Read and Cliff Evans, Vergers. Phil's father Ron Dauncy ran the Friday Village Church Hall Dance, Rock and Roll, football Saturdays or weddings choir and Sadly funerals.
If you saw a funeral in Brynna, miners would start the top of Southhall Street and sing those songs that make the hairs rise on your neck, stopping outside the beareved house, Silence as the coffin comming out through the window onto the cart and singing to church and singing to the grave site. Welsh miners saying goodbye to old friends as only they could do.
The summer would bring long school holidays to play out the black and white TV shows in the woods or ducker or farm or mountain, Brynna, you have it all there with two rivers (Vawr and Fach) where trout would hide under stones waiting for gentle hands to tiddle out.
Collecting strawberries, hazelnuts, loganberries, fresh eggs and bacon from Cwm Cwc, passing by Ianto Howell's Old Mill farmhouse, seeing the water wheel turning, admiring his orchard full of apple trees to make the home-made cider, and some dark nights we would play the robber and steal just a few. The Brynna Commandos.
Who still can remember sleeping out in Twm Greens Garden! What a life we all shared those years of pals growing up in Brynna.
When sadly I hear that the Eagle pub is now closed it's so sad, the beating heart gone out of the village life. Silence creeps into people's lives, and they become so insular within society.
I was shocked at the Brynna Woods house prices, sky rocketed, I would never believe Brynna Woods Madness at prices only dreamers can afford, and did the council tell those buyers of the Ghosts of the Green Feeder in Brynna woods, even gypsys would not stay there long.
With the proximity of railway lines seems would not appeal to a woods romantic rambler !! More the ghost writers club. Strange there were never many birds nests in those woods compared to the Woods on the Ducker side. The old mine shafts, creepers on the trees, I saw my first Adder snake. The old Gypsy grandma warnings not to stay after dark, maybe old wives' tales to frighten kids But the Green Feeder pond has or did have a look of life gone seriously wrong. Arthur Hopkins and Mayo and I sat throwing bricks into this green-covered mess, ready to run if the dead miners, cows, dogs, cats came out of that pond, we were told that if you fall in you're dead.
I think as you get older and remember back then fear still has a direction of time locked within ones soul. Some Brynna boys remember the Gypsy boy who came into our class. Cyril Thomas, Arthur Hokins,and I were invited to hedgehog supper at the camp with him, laughing at us as I nearly died looking at this dead hedgehog his old Grandma prepared for the meal, mud encrusted the carcase, she looked at me and said "Best meat you will ever taste!". I never did!!
A memory shared byon Dec 11th, 2011.
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Back to canvas
Today, I present you with something different. Taking it all back to where I started, canvas. But these minis are just the hors d2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
Custom Munny toy
Many of you will have one of these toys knocking around that you haven't quite gotten around to painting. Well here's a fine example of Tymtym design, which might inspire you. Alternatively you could send me your toy, and I'll work my magic on it. [Image] tymtym [URL]2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
Custom skateboard deck
Back with the second installment of the series. This gem entitled2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
Custom vinyl bombhead toy
Hello world. This is part of a little series that I've recently been working on. The Bomb Head toy is the first installment of the series for your eyes to feast upon. I have customised this using a mixture of PVA glue and Citadel acrylic paints, yes, that2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
Kid Robot - Futurama
nice2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
Nike Air Book & Daft Punk Limited CD
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hahaha yep2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
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Mask!2 Weeks ago in Visual Arts
Krink markers!
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Visvim UK?
yeah dover street market is a good port of call2 Weeks ago in Europe
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text:
- Doctors
- Florida
- Port Charlotte
- Infectious Disease Specialists
- Dr. Mark O. Asperilla
You may also like
Ratings for Dr. Mark O. Asperilla
I've been a patient of this doctor for 21 years. He is the the very best and I hate to see him retire, but his health is more important. He has given all to his patients and will be surely missed.
dr asperilla closed the doors of his practice to retire mid Dec 2016 for health reasons.
Very caring he runs between the hospital his office as well as volunteers for those in need. So yes it may seem as he is rushing. Keep in mind the day you need him to rush to you he will be there.
I am a honorably retired United Sates Air Force Veteran as of 1 September 2006. I was awarded permanent Social Security Disability in October 2008 and 100% Permanent and Total Disability in December 2014 from the VA. My family and myself have lived in Florida since June 2012. In July 2012 my Primary Care Manager referred me to Dr. Asperilla. Dr. Asperilla diagnosed me with Walking Pneumonia and Bronchitis. That afternoon, I found myself in his Infusion Center receiving the correct antibiotic. Dr. Asperilla stated, " i should be feeling and breathing much better that night and the next day. He was correct on both prognosis and I received only 5 infusions instead of 7. I only needed 5 infusions and back in my combat boots after 5 infusions. I highly recommend Dr. Asperilla based on facts mentioned above! He has a free clinic in Port Charlotte, FL. on Tuesdays and Thursdays Because I have Medicare and Tricare 4 Life, I chose Dr. Asperilla to receive me as a new patient and pay nothing out-of-pocket! However, it wasn't about the money! For me it was about his gentle bedside manner, the personalized plan he develops and shares with each patient! Some of the Accolades he earned and was awarded: ( President of the Philippines) The Presidential Award For Filipino Individuals and Organizations Oversees 2014 (President of the United States of America): Ellis Island Medals Of Honor
I'm sixty six years old I've probably seen for 5 doctors in my life Dr Asperilla by far was the best I've ever seen my opinion you save my life by treating me for hepatitis C at no charge donating his time
The only thing good about this office is the staff. Very friendly and helpful. The doctor kept me waiting over an hour to spend less than five minutes with me. The staff had to clarify what I needed to do. Do not recommend seeing this doctor as patients are clearly not his priority.
Dr always seems rushed. Biggest problem is one nurse in infusion center who is emotionally unbalanced and takes it out on her patients. Spends a lot of time doing college work on her laptop - so she fails to look patients in the eye when she speaks to them. Shouts orders. Belittles patients. Terrible! Report her and you are treated even worse. No accountability because dr is too busy to follow through.
my family doctor couldn't find the problem doctor asperilla found the problem fixed it in five weeks liver problem life threating thank you doc
I called for the information about seeing the doctor and that's as far as I got because the lady who answered the phone was very rude. I was asking about information on what he does and she was short with me and now even though he's a good doctor I will NOT be making an apt to go there. Go staff. Good job
The Dr. was very good and thorough... the staff leaves ALOT to be desired.
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Memoirs of a Bangkok Warrior(1983)
A novel by Dean Barrett
DECLASSIFIED! Yes, Americans did fight another secret war in Asia! Now, at last, the long-suppressed details of that controversial war can be told. The setting is Bangkok, Thailand. The time is the mid-sixties. And the events are incredible. Join Whore House Charlie, Sgt. Jigaboo, Bumbles, Blinky, Agent Orange, Corporal Napalm, Hogbody, Butterball, Good Pork Betty, the Betel Nut Queen, Noy the Laundry Girl, Corporal Comatose, Doc Spitz and Lieutenant Pearshape in the wackiest adventures of the Vietnam or any other war era.
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September 1999 : USA Paperback
|Title: Memoirs of a Bangkok Warrior
Author(s): Dean Barrett
ISBN: 0-9661899-2-2 / 978-0-9661899-2-6 (USA edition)
Publisher: Village East Books
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January 1983 : Paperback
|Title: Memoirs of a Bangkok warrior
Author(s): Dean Barrett
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The major replicative DNA polymerases of S. cerevisiae (Pols α, δ, and ε) incorporate substantial numbers of ribonucleotides into DNA during DNA synthesis. When these ribonucleotides are not removed in vivo, they reside in the template strand used for the next round of replication and could potentially reduce replication efficiency and fidelity. To examine if the presence of ribonucleotides in a DNA template impede DNA synthesis, we determined the efficiency with which Pols α, δ, and ε copy DNA templates containing a single ribonucleotide. All three polymerases can replicate past ribonucleotides. Relative to all-DNA templates, bypass of ribo-containing templates is slightly reduced, to extents that depend on the identity of the ribo and the sequence context in which it resides. Bypass efficiencies for Pols δ and ε were increased by increasing the dNTP concentrations to those induced by cellular stress, and in the case of Pol ε, by inactivating the 3′-exonuclease activity. Overall, ribonucleotide bypass efficiencies are comparable to, and usually exceed, those for the common oxidative stress-induced lesion 8-oxo-guanine.
The stability of eukaryotic genomes partly reflects the fact that they are comprised of DNA rather than RNA, the latter being more sensitive to strand cleavage due to the presence of a reactive 2′ hydroxyl on the ribose ring. DNA polymerases maintain DNA content by preventing incorporation of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) during DNA synthesis [1]. This rNTP exclusion is efficient but not perfect, as revealed by several studies showing that polymerases insert rNTPs during DNA synthesis in vitro [1–14] and during repair of double strand breaks in DNA [15,16]. The probability that ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs) will be stably incorporated into DNA in vivo is increased by the much higher concentrations of rNTPs as compared to dNTPs in cellular nucleotide pools [2,17,18]. Indeed, during DNA synthesis in reactions containing rNTP and dNTP concentrations measured in yeast cell extracts, the major replicative DNA polymerases of S. cerevisiae, DNA polymerases α (Pol α), δ (Pol δ) and ε (Pol ε), stably incorporate rNMPs into DNA in amounts suggesting that rNMPs could be the most common of all non-canonical nucleotides introduced into the eukaryotic genome [18]. However, previous studies suggested that rNMPs in DNA may be removed by RNase H and FEN1 to maintain genome stability [19,20].
Discrimination against stable rNTP incorporation in vitro varies in the order Pol δ > Pol ε > Pol α [18]. In a model wherein Pol ε is the major leading strand replicase and Pol δ and Pol α primarily participate in replicating the lagging strand template [21,22], reviewed in [23] and also see [24], these rNTP incorporation propensities suggest that the majority of rNTPs may be incorporated into DNA during leading strand replication. For that reason, we recently investigated the consequences of rNTP incorporation into DNA in vivo in yeast strains encoding a mutant form of Pol ε (pol2-M644G) with an increased tendency to incorporate rNTPs into DNA [25]. When the RNH201 gene encoding the catalytic subunit of RNase H2 was deleted, this pol2-M644G rnh201Δ strain accumulated rNMPs in genomic DNA, progressed more slowly through S-phase, had elevated dNTP pools and an increased rate of spontaneous mutagenesis that included 2–5 base pair deletions in repetitive sequences [25]. These data indicate that rNTPs are incorporated during replication in vivo and are normally removed by RNase H2-dependent repair. Failure to remove rNMPs elicits a replicative stress response and destabilization of the nuclear genome. The deleterious effects could result from strand cleavage at rNMPs, and/or possibly from difficulty in replicating templates containing unrepaired rNMPs. Indeed, a previous study revealed that Pols α and δ had difficulty in replicating a DNA template that contained a tract of four rNMPs, but both polymerases were able to bypass given a sufficient amount of enzyme and time [26]. Here we complement our earlier studies of Pols α, δ and ε incorporation of rNTPs into DNA from cellular nucleotide pools by quantifying the efficiencies with which these polymerases bypass DNA templates containing a single rNMP. We find that all three polymerases bypass rNMPs, with efficiencies that are slightly reduced and comparable to those for the common oxidative stress-induced lesion 8-oxo-guanine (8-oxo-G) [27,28].
DNA modification and restriction enzymes were from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA), oligonucleotides were from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, IA), rNMP containing oligonucleotides were from Dharmacon RNAi Technologies Thermo Scientific (Lafayette, CO), and dNTPs were from Amersham Biosciences (Piscataway, NJ).
S. cerevisiae four-subunit wild type (WT) Pol ε and the N-terminal Pol ε152 fragment in both exonuclease proficient (Pol ε152 exo+) and deficient (Pol ε152 exo−) forms, were expressed and purified as previously described [29,30]. The catalytic subunit of S. cerevisiae polymerase Pol α was purified as described [31]. S. cerevisiae three subunit Pol δ was purified as described [32]. Oligonucleotide primer-templates (Table 1) were prepared as described [18].
For Pol α, reaction mixtures contained 20 mM Tris (pH 8), 200 μg/mL BSA, 2 mM DTT, 10 mM MgCl2, 1.5 fmol of Pol α, 2 pmol (67 nM) primer-template, 12 μM dGTP, 14 μM dCTP, 16 μM dATP, and 30 μM dTTP. These dNTP concentrations are those measured earlier [18] in extracts of the wild type yeast strains. For Pol δ, the reaction mixture contained 20 mM Tris (pH 7.8), 200 μg/mL BSA, 1 mM DTT, 90 mM NaCl, 8 mM Mg Acetate, 8 to 17 fmol Pol δ, 2 pmols (67 nM) primer-template and either cellular dNTP concentrations or 10-fold higher concentrations. For four-subunit Pol ε (1.7 fmol), Pol ε152 exo+ (4 fmol), and Pol ε152 exo− (13 fmol), the reaction mixture contained 40 mM Tris (pH 7.8), 200 μg/mL BSA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 100 mM NaCl, 8 mM Mg Acetate, 2 pmols (67 nM) primer-template, and either cellular dNTP concentrations or 10-fold higher concentrations. All components except the polymerase were mixed on ice and then incubated at 30°C for 1 min. The polymerase was added to initiate the reaction and aliquots were removed at 2, 4, 6 and 20 min. An equivalent volume of formamide loading dye (95% deionized formamide, 25 mM EDTA, 0.1% bromophenol blue, and 0.1% xylene cyanol) was added to terminate the reaction. This mixture was heated to 95°C for 3 min and the DNA products were separated by electrophoresis through an 8% denaturing polyacrylamide gel containing 25% formamide. A PhosphorImager and Image Quant software (Molecular Dynamics) were used to visualize and quantify the DNA products. The efficiency of insertion opposite individual template positions and the relative bypass probability were calculated as previously described [33].
The rNMP bypass parameters for Pols α, δ and ε were determined using DNA substrates whose template strands contain a single rG, rC, rA or rU in the same sequence context, corresponding to a dG in the all-DNA control template (Table 1). In the images shown in Fig. 1, this position is marked with a R, and it is designated as position zero in Fig. 2, with flanking template positions numbered as −1 for the preceding incorporation or with a plus for the subsequent incorporations needed for complete bypass. We also used a second template with a rG located at the immediate 5′ position instead (Table 1 substrates 6 and 12), referred to as 5′-rG, to examine bypass efficiency for the same base (rG) in a different sequence context. Reaction mixtures contained primer-templates in sufficient excess over polymerase to generate DNA products where the probability of termination of synthesis at each template position was constant over a 2 – 6 minute time course (with a few exceptions, as noted below). DNA synthesis reaction mixtures contained the physiologically relevant, slightly biased dNTP concentrations (12 μM dGTP, 14 μM dCTP, 16 μM dATP, and 30 μM dTTP) measured in extracts of the yeast strains used in our genetic studies [18,25]. In some cases, 10-fold higher dNTP concentrations were used to approximate the dNTP pools induced by cellular stress [34].
When copying the all-DNA control template (Fig. 1A, left), Pol α is moderately processive (Fig. 2A). However, when copying the corresponding rG-containing template, the termination probability after insertion opposite rG (position 0) is significantly higher (44% compared to 6.6% with the control template (Fig. 2A)). The termination probability also increased from 4.0% to 29% after extending the deoxyribo-primer terminus paired with the template rG (position +1). The efficiencies of subsequent incorporations required to completely bypass the rG are lower compared to the control template. As a consequence, complete bypass of the rG occurred with 51% efficiency of the corresponding dG in the all-DNA template (Table 2). The rG in the second sequence context (5′-rG) was bypassed with slightly higher efficiency (70%), and again with a significantly increased termination after incorporation opposite the rG and the following position (Fig. 2A). Similar extension reactions using templates containing rC, rA and rU demonstrated that Pol α also efficiently bypasses each of the four different rNMPs (Table 2). In each case, Pol α had difficulty in continuing synthesis after insertion opposite the rNMP and the next template position (Fig. 2A). When a second set of primer-templates was examined (Table 1, substrates 7–12), similar effects of rNMPs on synthesis by Pol α were observed (data not shown).
Quantifying yeast Pol δ bypass parameters under single hit conditions was not feasible with the primer-templates 7–12 (Table 1) because the GG dinucleotide sequence at the 0/+1 position is a strong "natural" pause site for Pol δ even when no rNMP is present. However, using primer-templates 1–6 (Table 1), which have a different template sequence, synthesis was processive enough (Fig. 1B) to quantify termination probabilities at the position of the rNMP and the two immediately surrounding positions (Fig. 2B). With these substrates, relative bypass efficiencies (Table 2) ranged from 62% for rC to 7.4% for rA and rU. These bypass efficiencies reflect a 2- to 3-fold increase in termination probabilities following insertion opposite the rNMP and the flanking positions (Fig. 2B), most especially with the rA and rU-containing templates. A 1.7-fold difference in relative bypass efficiency observed between the two different rG-containing templates indicates sequence context dependence (Table 2).
We previously reported [18,25] that, in reactions containing equimolar dNTPs (10 μM), yeast Pol ε can bypass a rG in a DNA template, but with 40% relative bypass efficiency and with difficulty in continuing synthesis following insertion opposite the rG and for each of the four additional template positions. When we measured rG bypass using the same primer-template but now in reactions containing dNTP concentrations measured in yeast, similar results were obtained (Fig. 1C), i.e., 39% relative bypass efficiency (Table 2) and increased termination at positions −1 through +4 (Fig. 2C). A comparison of bypass parameters for the rC-, rA- and rU-containing templates reveals a similar pattern of reduced relative bypass efficiencies and increased termination for several incorporations. Similar to Pol δ, Pol ε bypassed the 5′-rG more efficiently (85%) than the first sequence context examined (39%). rNMP bypass by Pol ε was generally more efficient (Table 2), as best exemplified by a 5-fold difference in relative bypass of rA (7.4% for Pol δ, 40% for Pol ε).
The above results show that Pol δ and Pol ε copy rNMP-containing templates less efficiently due to difficulty in extending primer termini paired with template rNMPs and when the next incorporation would involve template rNMP at the −2 position. Since Pols δ and ε have difficulty extending these non-canonical substrates, we tested if their extension, and therefore the bypass probability, would increase if the dNTP concentrations were increased to drive polymerization forward. We increased the concentrations of all four dNTPs by 10-fold, which resulted in a 8-fold increase in the efficiency with which Pol δ bypassed rAMP (from 7.4% to 56%, Table 2). This increase results from a reduction in termination following insertion opposite the −1 position, the rAMP and the next nucleotide (values are indicated by the arrows in Fig. 2B). In a similar manner, increasing the dNTP concentrations resulted in a 2-fold increase in the efficiency with which Pol ε bypassed rAMP (from 40% to 89%, Table 2), through a reduction in termination following insertion opposite −1 through +4 (arrows in Fig. 2C). We also tested if primer extension and relative bypass probability would increase if 3′ exonuclease activity was inactivated to eliminate potential idling at rNMP-containing termini. As an initial test, we measured the relative rAMP bypass efficiency of wild type (exonuclease-proficient) Pol ε and its exonuclease-deficient derivative. For this purpose, we used the 152 kD forms of the Pol ε catalytic subunit (Pol ε152 exo+ and exo−) that were previously demonstrated to be reasonable surrogates for the 4-subunit holoenzyme [30]. The relative rAMP bypass efficiency of Pol ε152 exo+ was 35%, comparable to the 40% bypass observed with the holoenzyme. The relative rAMP bypass efficiency of Pol ε152 exo− was 2-fold higher (Table 2).
All three DNA polymerases that replicate the yeast nuclear genome stably incorporate rNMPs into DNA during synthesis, and rNMP incorporation probability varies over a 100-fold range depending on the polymerase, the sequence context and the identity of the rNMP [18]. The present study shows that, in addition to introducing rNMPs into the genome, these same three polymerases can also bypass rNMPs in DNA templates, with efficiencies that vary depending on the polymerase and the identity and location of the rNMP. Polymerase dependence is apparent by comparing the relative bypass efficiencies for each of the five rNMP (columns in Table 2). Variations range from 7.4% to 85%, with Pol α being generally most efficient and Pol δ the least efficient. Bypass efficiency also depends on the identity of the rNMP (rows in Table 2), with a 1.5-fold variation seen with Pol α (51–75%), an approximate 3-fold variation seen with Pol ε (32–85%) and a 8-fold variation seen with Pol δ (7.4–63%).
Three types of sequence context effects are also apparent. One involves approximately 8-fold differences in relative bypass efficiency depending on the identity of the rNMP when flanked by the same neighbors (Table 2). The second is a 2-fold difference in relative bypass efficiency for the same rNMP (rG) when flanked by different neighbors (Table 2). The third context effect includes differences in dNTP insertion probability as bypass proceeds from −1 through +4 (Fig. 2). All three polymerases share a reduced dNTP insertion probability opposite the rNMP (Fig. 2, position 0). Thus, a 2′-oxygen on the sugar of the templating nucleotide of the nascent base pair reduces catalytic efficiency. Similarly, with all three polymerases and all rNMP-containing templates, dNTP insertion is also problematic when the template strand rNMP is paired with the primer-terminal base (Fig. 2, position +1). This reduced efficiency is not surprising, because the primer-terminal base pair of replicative DNA polymerases forms one surface of the nascent base pair binding pocket, whose geometry is critical for efficient insertion [35–37]. Reduced insertion is also observed at the −1 position (several examples depicted in Fig. 2), where the rNMP is in the single stranded DNA immediately adjacent to the nascent base pair binding pocket and will be the next template nucleotide to be copied. The fact that a 2′-oxygen on the sugar of this nucleotide reduces insertion is generally consistent with the fact that certain amino acids in DNA polymerases interact with this nucleotide when it is uncopied and as it is moved into position for catalysis [38–41]. Finally, dNTP insertion is reduced when the template-strand rNMP is embedded in the duplex template-primer at increasing distances upstream of the active site as bypass proceeds. Effects on the insertion efficiency of Pol α and Pol ε are seen for up to four base pairs (Fig. 2A/C). Theoretically, pausing at any of the rNMP or any of the four subsequent positions could slow replication folk progression. A better understanding of the effects of rNMPs in DNA on synthesis should be facilitated by crystal structures of DNA polymerases bound to primer-templates containing rNMPs at various locations as bypass proceeds, as recently accomplished for bypass of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer by Pol η [41].
We previously reported that a pol2-M644G rnh201Δ double mutant strain accumulates rNMPs in genomic DNA, progresses more slowly through S-phase, has elevated dNTP pools and has an elevated rate of 2–5 base pair deletions in repetitive sequences [25]. These data indicate that unrepaired rNTPs incorporated by pol2-M644G during replication in vivo elicit replicative stress responses and destabilize the nuclear genome. These phenotypes correlate with the difficulty Pols α, δ and ε have in bypassing rNMPs in DNA templates. Nonetheless, the single rnh201Δ mutant strain is not sensitive to HU, it grows relatively normal and its dNTP pools are only slightly elevated [25]. These data indicate that unrepaired rNMPs in the nuclear genome by the wild type yeast DNA replicases are tolerated relatively well. To place this tolerance in perspective, we compared the relative bypass efficiencies for rNMPs to published values for 8-oxo-G [27,28], a common lesion generated by oxidative stress and considered to be strongly mutagenic but not particularly cytotoxic. The comparisons (Table 2) reveal that Pol δ and Pol ε can bypass rNMPs at least as efficiently as 8-oxo-G.
The majority of the rNMP bypass efficiency values in Table 2 were determined at dNTP concentrations representative of unstressed cells. These may be minimal estimates, because rnh201Δ strains do have slightly elevated dNTP pools [25], and the values in Table 2 for Pol δ and Pol ε demonstrate that relative bypass efficiencies are increased in the presence of "stress-induced" dNTP concentrations. The increased bypass by Pol ε observed at high dNTP concentrations is also consistent with the fact that an exonuclease-deficient derivative of Pol ε copies the rA-containing template-primer 2-fold more efficiently than the exonuclease-proficient Pol ε (Table 2). Collectively, these results suggest that the proofreading exonuclease activity of Pol ε excises dNMPs inserted during rNMP bypass, and that this excision can be prevented either by inactivating the exonuclease or by promoting extension at the expense of excision.
We thank Katarzyna Bebenek and Jessica Williams for helpful comments on the manuscript, Amy Abdulovic for providing purified Pol δ holoenzyme, and Else-Britt Lundström for providing purified Pol ε enzymes. This work was supported by Project Z01 ES065070 to T.A.K. from the Division of Intramural Research of the NIH, NIEHS, by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Cancer Society, Smärtafonden and the fund for Basic Science-oriented Biotechnology, Medical Faculty of Umeå University to E.J., and by NIH grant GM032431 to P.M.B.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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SailNet Community (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/)
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- - Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/gear-maintenance/99300-recommendations-needed-baby-infant-pfd-harnesses.html)
Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Hi all,
Well I'm guessing this has been covered before, but I can't seem to find what I'm looking for with search. Maybe someone here can help with either the information or a link to another thread that I should read.
We have a new little one who will be going sailing for the first time soon on our 34 footer. He's 6 1/2 months old now, about 19.5 lbs, so "infant" PFDs will be the need for this season. I'd like to have a PFD for him as well as a harness. We may not use each of them all the time, but sometimes a harness is better than a jacket, other times the jacket is in order. I would like to have options.
Any specific recommendations on either a PFD or harness you particularly like for infant types? There are a lot out there, so it's a bit much to sort through.
Thanks for the help!
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
When mine were that small, I rigged a harness myself and tethered them so they could not leave the cockpit.
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
We have two of these on board, Cal June / Jim Buoy Child's Safety Harness
I have a Mustang Infant PFD if you want it, it yours, we have no need for it anymore.
Mustang Lil' Legends Infant Floater Life Jacket / PFD
In addition, if you can find space, a "pack & play" is great for the boat
Also something like a car seat or seat with harness can be useful such as this
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Belated congratulations on the birth of your son! Boys are a lot of fun.
Funny, I was going to say the exact opposite of Johnny. We gotthe Mustang PFD's for our boys, and feel good about their use. They make an infant version, too. I sewed a strap through the back to which the tether can be attached. My boys were 4 and 6 when we started sailing, though much like an infant, they still can't swim well.
With an infant, I think its a tough call as to whether a tether or a PFD is best. The tether and harness are designed to keep the baby from going overboard, while the PFD is meant to keep them afloat if they do go over. In the end, you have to do what makes you most comfortable, but with a child that young, I would probably insist on the PFD because it will get them into the habit early. I'd tether them, too, and I'd probably consider netting around the cockpit area. Not that netting is the be-all and end-all, but at $30-50, it seems a no-brainer.
With our new boat, we have a bigger foredeck and easier access to it, so I'd like to start letting my boys go forward. My plan is a jackline with tethers, the tethers being attached to the webbing loop that I added to the PFD (it's literally a loop that goes all the way through the arm holes of the PFD). I'll probably also add netting to the foredeck area.
With an infant, I'd be more worried about how to secure the seat/carrier, and how to keep him entertained while he's aboard. I've seen some jumpers that attach to the boom, and some other neat toys for little ones.
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
"Effective April 1, 2010, Maryland law states that all children under the age of 13 must WEAR a United States Coast Guard approved Personal Flotation Device (life jacket - Type I, II, III or V) while underway on a recreational vessel under 21 feet in length on Maryland waters. Recreational vessel includes motorboats, sailboats, canoes, kayaks, rowboats, and any other device capable of being used for transportation on the water, when the vessel is being used for other than commercial purposes. The life jacket must be the proper size for the child and must be in good and serviceable condition.
This requirement does not apply when:
A vessel is moored or anchored.
A child is below deck or in an enclosed cabin.
Also a child under the age of 4 must wear a PFD which features additional safety precautions, as appropriate for an infant, toddler, or young child, so as to:
hold the child securely within the PFD, including a strap that is secured between the child's legs to fasten together the front and back of the PFD;
maintain the buoyancy of the child, including an inflatable headrest or high collar; or
ensure the ready accessibility of the child from the vessel, including a web handle.
This does not apply to a vessel that is moored or anchored or a child who is below deck or in an enclosed cabin. "
Maryland Department of Natural Resources - Boating
Of course conditions/sea state, where you are sailing, type of boat, etc should all be considered when choosing where, when, what a child/infant should be in a PFD or Harness
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Shawn, that's interesting. I'll have to look at the NJ law. It says the requirement only applies to vessels under 21 feet. Your boat, my boat, and the OP's boat are all over that size. Well, my Albacore isn't but I will insist that they wear PFD's on that thing anyway.
I wonder if there's a regulation for larger pleasure boats.
Re: Recommendations needed - baby/infant PFD and harnesses
Once my kids could walk, we got them into PFDs. Crawlers, we tethered. In the car seat, we just strapped them in and secured the car seat. In dicey conditions, the little ones should be below. In good conditions, you are (or should be) keeping an eye on them. I've got six kids who have been sailing before most of them could walk. We managed not to lose any of them.
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