text: Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Walid G. Aref Associate Professor, CS. Dept. XML Databases and Data Mining Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 1 Database Systems Research The objective of my research is: 1. Build efficient database engines for new data types: 1. 2. 3. 2. spatial/geographical databases semi-structured/unstructured web databases multimedia databases Develop algorithms to answer new database query types: 1. 2. data mining algorithms spatial query processing algorithms Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 2 Proposed Projects Building an XML-based Database System Prototype Data Mining of Event Traces in a Distributed System Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 3 XML &Web Databases XML as the Internet uniform language for information interchange Target: Seamless integration of databases/non-information sources view/query the web as a huge database Querying web structure and contents personalize/adapt based on customer's needs/patterns Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 4 XML/Web Databases: Phase 1 Design data model for XML document database Design algebra and query language for XML data model Build prototype XML database engine Design and prototype XML views for legacy relational database systems HTML pages Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 5 XML &Web Databases: Phase 2 Develop indexing techniques in XML databases Develop query processing and optimization techniques for XML queries Maintenance of user profiles for personalized views and query answers Some applications: Web mining: Clustering web users based on access patterns Web/site searching and mapping to an XML database modeling distributed system's topology and resources using XML Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 6 XML &Web Databases: Project Plan Phase 1 deliverables (duration: 18 months) Phase 2 deliverables (duration: 18 months) prototype XML database system search capability + views to relational db/HTML documents End-of-Phase-1 project report + possible publications/patent filings efficient prototype XML database system with indexing/query processing and optimization capabilities web site mapping into an XML database and db/web query engine with user profiling and web mining capabilities Final project report + possible publications/patent filings Estimated dollar value: $150K Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 7 Data Mining of System Event Traces Target: Find common event sequences detect irregular event patterns predict future events and attempt to prevent them Mining common event sequence patterns Mining user actions and responses Take into consideration system topology and structure Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 8 Data Mining of System Event Traces: Phase 1 Develop understanding of the Tivoli suite of Enterprise Management Software Get sample traces of events, user actions, along with the corresponding sample system/network topologies Analyze the data and design the needed structures and schemas Build a prototype data warehouse for event traces, actions, and topologies Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 9 Data Mining of System Event Traces: Phase 2 Apply existing data mining techniques Develop new algorithms for mining the traces given the system/network topologies Developing incremental data mining techniques of event traces Analysis of the data mining results Iterate through the above process Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 10 Data Mining of System Event Traces: Project Plan Phase 1 deliverables (duration: 18 months) Phase 2 deliverables (duration: 18 months) prototype data warehouse of distributed system event/action traces and system topologies Phase-1 project report + possible publications/patent filings prototype data warehouse with data mining capabilities new incremental algorithms for mining traces considering topologies sample study, results of mining the traces, and recommendations Final project report + possible publications/patent filings Estimated dollar value: $110K Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 11 Past Research Projects Distributed Scalar Storage Servers Using Network-Attached Storage Devices (NASD) Design and prototype of a distributed real-time file system (multimedia server) Past research with Panasonic/Matsushita (1 European patent granted, 3 U.S. patent filings) Several journal and conference publications Data mining in time-series databases in collaboration with IBM Almaden, San Jose two patent filings Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 12 Ongoing Research Projects Multimedia database systems (On-going) indexing techniques textual/caption annotation retrieval by content data mining of multimedia data ACM SIGMOD 95, IEEE ICDE 95, 3 U.S. patents Spatial database systems (On-going) Prototype systems Sand: Prototype spatial database system (University of Maryland, College Park, 1990) Spatial index attachment in Starburst extensible DBMS (IBM Almaden Research, San Jose, CA, 1992) Program committee member VLDB 2000 (Intl. Conf.) 13 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Elisa Bertino Professor Access control mechanisms for XML document sources Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 14 Long Term Objectives The objective of my research is: Development of tools supporting the specification of access control policies for XML documents Development of access control mechanisms for XML documents Development of automatic classification tools for XML documents Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 15 Impact The system we develop will support the access control administration for heterogeneous sources of XML documents The system will support a language for a high-level definition of access control policies The system we develop will support import/export of XML documents among different sources It will allows one enable selective distribution of documents to large user communities Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 16 Research Methodology We plan to develop the access control system and the administration environment on top of a DBMS supporting XML Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 17 Research Plan Definition of an access control model for XML documents Definition of an XML library for the encoding of access control policies and authorizations Integration of the Access Control Model with User Credentials mechanisms Implementation of the Access Control Model Secure Dissemination of XML Documents Extension of the Access Control Model to deal with Multimedia Data Development of Access Control Policies for Specific Applications (such as workflow systems) 18 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Past Research Formal definition of an authorization model for XML documents. Automatic classification of semi-structured and XML documents Relevant papers: E.Bertino, et Al, "An Approach to Classify Semi-Structured Objects". Proc. ECOOP 99. E.Bertino, et Al. "Controlled Access and Dissemination of XML Documents". Submitted for publication. E.Bertino, et Al. "An Approach for the Specification and Enforcement of Authorization Constraints in Workflow Management Systems", ACM Trans. On Information and Systems Security, Vol.2, No.1, pp.65-104, February 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 19 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess William J. McIver, Jr. Visiting Assistant Professor* Souk Nets: A Component-based Database Integration Paradigm Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 20 Long Term Objectives The objectives of my research are to: Develop a component-based paradigm tailored to database integration. Design a language to use within this paradigm. Develop a set of components for implementing database integration solutions. Optimize component container approaches for database applications. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 21 Impact Allow data integrators to leverage benefits of component-based software construction: Allow prefabricated functionality to be reused. Perform more robust reuse. Perform modular checking in the face of evolution. Produce a Component-based Paradigm tailored to data source integration: Current component-based approaches (e.g. EJBs) are lacking in this domain. Too low-level Imperative & tedious Current containers are inefficient for database access. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 22 Impact Enable better construction of database integration solutions: Rapid Robust Reusable Analyzable Fault Tolerant Evolvable Enable the construction of more efficient based database applications. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership component- 23 Research Methodology Conceptual Identify canonical use cases for this technology. Factor the domain of data integration solutions. Design a covering set of components to implement these solutions. Explore use of reflection, contracts, design patterns, and metadata approaches. Federation & Schema Integration, Global Query Language Approaches, Point Solutions, etc. Build in reasoning capabilities for composition, changes to interfaces, fault situations. Design a high-level, cross-platform language. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 24 Research Methodology Theoretical Extend the LINDA notion of Tuple Space (Gelertner & Carriero) Accomodate complex objects Object Spaces Employ WoFNets Semantics (Ellis & Keddara 1999) to interconnect Object Spaces. A Variant of Colored Petri nets Provides a formal semantics Supports dynamic change Applicable to handling evolution of requirements Possible applicability to the active networks paradigm Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 25 Research Methodology Theoretical (continued) Transitions in Souk nets constitute components. Structural and value transformations Filters Control flow Event subscription, notification and handling User defined transitions Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 26 Research Methodology Experimental Evaluate modeling capabilities of paradigm and language. Employ selected use cases. Conduct performance evaluations of run-time system. Iterate on language design and system implementation. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 27 Research Plan Schedule & Milestones Year 1 Identify a canonical set of use cases for database integration. Implement baseline prototypes of use cases for analysis. Complete the first version of the component paradigm. Year 2 Implement an environment based on the component paradigm. Begin an iterative evaluation process (through Year 3). Year 3 Implement a revised environment. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 28 Research Plan Deliverables Software artifacts from each milestone Results of each milestone reported in appropriate publications and conferences Software demonstrations Staffing & Budget (estimated) Principal investigators: 1 to 2 FTE. Graduate students: 3 to 4. Budget: $800,000. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 29 Past Research The Sanctuary Project A mediator-based database integration environment for CORBA and DCOM-based heterogeneous data sources. Supported by NSF grant IRI-9632595. Used to perform data migration from Unidata/VMARK CODASYL databases to O2 object-oriented databases; construct object-oriented applications atop CODASYL applications; support the integration of the object-oriented Catalyst software engineering environment with ODBC-compliant DBMSs. John Todd, Roger King, William J. McIver, Jr., Richard Osborne, Christian Och, Nathan Getrich, Brian Temple. "Building Mediators from Components." (To appear) Proceedings of The International Symposium on Distributed Objects and Applications (DOA'99). Edinburgh, Scotland. September 5 - 6, 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 30 Past Research Souk nets (preliminary work) Development of initial analytic/conceptual framework for component-based database integration. (Since April 1999) William J. McIver, Jr., Karim Keddara, Christian Och, Roger King, Clarence A. Ellis, John Todd, Nathan Getrich, Richard M. Osborne, Brian Temple. "An Overview of Souk Nets: a component-based paradigm for data source integration." (To appear) The Seventh International Workshop on Database Programming Languages (DBPL 1999). Kinloch Rannoch, Scotland. September 1st - 3rd, 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 31 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess W. Kent Fuchs Head & Professor Electrical & Computer Engineering Dependable Distributed & Mobile Computing Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 32 Long Term Objectives The objectives of my research are: Rapid recovery from failures Hardware and software faults Clusters of networks Mobile notebooks and hand-held devices Accurate and preventive diagnosis of faults Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 33 Impact Highly reliable computation and communication in changing environments Wired network Mobile support station Mobile hosts Mobile environment Homogeneous environment Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Heterogeneous environment 34 Research Methodology RENEW –– Recoverable Networks of WORK Workstations * Simple application development P1 P2 * Good performance * Transparent fault recovery P3 P4 W O R K Application User User requiring dependable computing * Rapid prototyping of new FT techniques * Standard benchmarks * Representative environments Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 35 Application MPI Message Passing Module Ckp. & Rec. protocol Job Fault Managem. Detection Process Ckp. Server Ckp. Operating System Computing nodes Operating System File servers Ethernet, ATM Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 36 Exec.Time[sec] 4000 NO Ckp Coordinated Comm-Induced Mesg-Logging 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 BT LU SP PCCM2 Seismic1 Seismic4 NOTE: Ckp period 5 min. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 37 PREACHES (Portable Recovery and Checkpointing in Heterogeneous Systems) X Program Local Disk (sec) btree flops20 nsieve swim tfftdp tomcatv mgrid 1.541 0.007 0.007 0.378 1.677 0.065 0.219 Remote Disk (sec) X Backup (sec) Checkpoint Size (KB) 3.87e-4 3.85e-4 3.83e-4 3.86e-4 3.85e-4 3.83e-4 4.34e-4 58653 52 52 14500 65595 2135 7517 5.668 0.020 0.018 1.401 6.033 0.263 0.857 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 38 Research Plan Recoverable Mobile Distributed Systems High availability and reliability Power and bandwidth conservation Checkpoint MSS2 MSS1-MSS2-MSS3 Checkpoint MSS2 MSS3 MSS1 HA Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 39 Past Research RENEW (Recoverable Network of Workstations) N. Neves and W. K. Fuchs, "RENEW: A Tool for Fast and Efficient Implementation of Checkpoint Protocols," IEEE FaultTolerant Computing Symposium, pp. 58-67, June 1998. PREACHES (Portable Recovery and Checkpointing in Heterogeneous Systems) K.-F. Ssu and W. K. Fuchs, "PREACHES –– Portable Recovery and Checkpointing in Heterogeneous Systems," IEEE FaultTolerant Computing Symposium, pp. 38-47, June 1998. RAMs (Recoverable Mobile Systems) B. Yao, K.-F. Ssu, and W. K. Fuchs, "Message Logging in Mobile Computing, IEEE Fault-Tolerant Computing Symposium," pp. 294-301, June 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 40 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Shimon Y. Nof Professor of Industrial Engineering Design of Middleware Protocols for e-Business Interactions Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 41 Long Term Objectives The objectives of our research are: Develop a set of collaborative workflow protocols for guiding and optimizing the performance of e-business interactions in heterogeneous, autonomous and distributed environments, e.g. network of ERPs, HelpDesks Develop complex problem-solving scheme/protocol via interactions among distributed knowledge-based systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 42 Long Term Objectives (continue) Design recommendations for knowledgebased protocols customized for the needs of particular enterprises and markets Design of an executable specification-tool for protocol development, which will translate interactions and flow definition of particular protocols into executable code, subject to the needs of the users and the organization Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 43 Impact In the emerging global e-business market, effective service availability, e.g., 24x7; Tivoli's Service Desk, is a key to success. The collaborative work protocol is a task administration protocol which will provide: Automation among interactions that include decision activities; automation of the process to provide service at minimum cost and maximum quality From our experimental results, specification and working environment of protocols will be identified, to design/select the right protocol for the right situation In complex decision-making processes, human interactions are required, e.g Help desk application. The protocol will reduce decision-making time/cost by extracting the right information Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 44 Research Methodology The research will employ a new version of TIE, Teamwork Integration Evaluation developed previously with NSF support. TIE's purposes: Compute performance measures of protocols completion time, e.g. transaction processing, negotiation penalty measures, e.g. # of aborted (time-out) connections messages queue of each party relative cost-quality model of the service system Model the interactions among parties in both synchronous and asynchronous mode. TIE is based on the MPI technique, it provides true parallelism analysis of the interaction behavior. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 45 Research Methodology (Continue) With MPI, TIE can run on both parallel machine like Paragon, Origin2000; or network of computers e.g., Suns, PC windows-NT To compare protocols' performance, experiments will be conducted under different environments with variable # of participants and service demand Use traditional e-business protocol "Contract Net" as base-line protocol Use IBM's Situation Manager to coordinate conditional, triggered actions Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 46 Research Plan for Three Years Develop specifications of protocols for e-business requirements, based on previous research (4 Months) Modify TIE for protocol evaluation, conduct protocol performance experiments, analysis (8 Months) Develop TIE description language for general modeling purpose; implement for target application (12 Months) Develop TIE conversion program for executable protocol code; apply for target application (12 Months) DELIVERABLES: BUDGET: Protocol models, TIE, Language, Converter Advisor + 2 students @ $50,000/ year Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 47 Past Research DPIEM -- Distributed Parallel Integration Evaluation Model Organizing/reorganizing resources among distributed networked organizations, based on parallelism theory of computing & communication (Ceroni and Nof, 1999, Research Memo No. 99-04, School of IE, Purdue University) ABMS -- Agent-based Manufacturing System General model of cooperation & collaboration among autonomous agents, resources and tasks. Shows the need to use workflow protocol to coordinate agents' tasks (Huang and Nof, 1998, Int'l Journal of Production Research) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 48 Past Research (continue) DAF-Net -- Data Activity Flow Net ; and AIMIS -Agent-based Integration Model of Information Systems A collaboration scheme and coordinated execution for distributed, heterogeneous CIM data activities (Kim and Nof, 1998, Int'l Journal of Industrial Engineering) Active database coordination of multiple CIM databases Monitors events/situations of interest and, when given conditions are met, an appropriate action is triggered. (Etzion, Dori and Nof, 1995, Int'l Journal of CIM) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 49 Concluding Thought "Many companies view each negotiation as a separate situation, but companies that take a more coordinated approach are making better deals and forging stronger relationships" (Harvard Business Review, May-June, 1999) Analogy for our research: We can significantly improve performance by interactions among participants if an effective, customized protocol is used to coordinate the interactions needed for particular environments Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 50 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Arif Ghafoor Professor, School of ECE Design and Development of Distributed Multimedia Systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 51 Long Term Objectives Design and development of models, tools, and techniques for multimedia information management including documents consisting of text, images, video and audio data Design and development of internetworking technology for QoS-sensitive distributed multimedia applications Analyzing the impact of multimedia technology on enterprise IT infrastructure Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 52 Impact The research will generate powerful multimedia information management and workflow models impacting flexibility, portability, and userconfigurabiliy The research will provide framework for the development of heterogeneous multimedia information systems and applications based on: workflow models QoS-sensitive resource management techniques integration across multiple platforms Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 53 Impact The generic Distributed Multimedia System (DMS): will allow the creation, sharing, management, secure and efficient access and delivery of multimedia documents will have potential utility in enterprise-wide IT infrastructures used for HIS, distributed manufacturing, business, CSCW environments etc. Experience with the system will allow to assess the effectiveness of workflow models, resource management techniques and network protocols This research has the potential to significantly enhance the current state-of-the-art of IT in terms of developing advanced multimedia applications and systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 54 Generic Layered Software Architecture for DMS Heterogeneity Multimedia Applications (workgroup, messaging, interactive) Distributed Information and Directory Management Configuration Management (broadcasting, multicasting, point-to-point) OS for End-System Architecture Network Layer Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 55 R&D Challenges for DMS Architecture Multimedia QoP Specification Translation Network - End-to-End Delays - Jitter Delay - Bandwidth - Packet Loss Rate Negotiation Run Time Resource Scheduling Workgroup, Messaging, Interactive OS - CPU Throughput - Memory Overflow and Reliability - Reliability - Resolution - Rate of Presentation - Display Area - Temporal Synchronization ( Intra/Inter ) Database - Storage Throughput/ Bandwidth - Storage Delays - Distributed Database Coordination Security - Intrusion Detection - Access Control Dependency Model Analysis and QoS Adjustment System-wide Resource Allocation and Scheduling Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 56 Proposed Prototype for DMS Multimedia Applications (Authoring, Browser, CSCW) Multiple PC Platforms Object Management Presentation Query Agent Processor Agent Network API Network (ATM, Fast Ethernet) Network API Video DBMS Video DB Oracle DB ... Network API Object Manager Centralized Directory Text DB Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Image DB Audio DB Distributed Multimedia Servers (SUN) 57 Research Tasks and Deliverables Task 1 and Deliverable 1: Development of networked distributed multimedia database servers Task 2 and Deliverable 2: Development of workflow model(s) and CSCW environment for a selected application domain (distributed manufacturing is a potential candidate) Task 3 and Deliverable 3: Development and experimentation of different QoS-sensitive resource management protocols Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 58 Research Plan Overall duration of the project: 3 years Tasks 1 and 2 will commence simultaneously and will continue for 1.5 years. Task 3 will follow these tasks and will continue for one year. Experimentation and system tuning will take six months. Deliverables 1 and 2 will be submitted after 1.5 year. Deliverable 3 will be submitted at the end of the project along with the complete software and final report. Two GRA's each year and one PI with 25% AY with two months summer each year Approximate Cost: $100K/year Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 59 Past Research The PI has established Distributed Multimedia Systems Laboratory, housed in the School of ECE, in 1992. A large number of research projects have been sponsored in the area of multimedia databases, multimedia networking and distributed multimedia systems by several government and industrial organizations. Detail of these projects and research publications can be found at the following URL: http://shay.ecn.purdue.edu/~dmultlab Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 60 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Jose Fortes Professor Wide-area network computing Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 61 Long Term Objectives Demand-driven identification, aggregation, management, and use of wide-area networked computing resources Address usage policy and performance issues Predictive application-performance modeling Metacomputing and wide-area distributed computing Resource management system for a production network-computer (PUNCH) used for real-world applications Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 62 Impact Enable sharing of resources (software, hardware, and personnel) across departments and institutions Provide resource management capabilities crucial to the long-term viability of communityspecific virtual computers enabled by PUNCH (e.g., DesCArtES, NETCARE) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 63 Impact Allow diverse resource management systems (e.g., Condor, Globus) to be accessed and used transparently via a web-accessible virtual computer Improve utilization and cost-effectiveness of high-performance machines by dynamically adapting resource management policies on the basis of estimated (predicted) application performance Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 64 Research Methodology Objective: Demand-driven resource management in a wide-area networked environment Challenges: Usage policies and performance issues intertwined dynamic, heterogeneous environment; multiple administrative domains A priori estimates for resource-usage required Interoperation with existing resource management systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 65 Research Methodology Approach: Metaprograms; application management Run-time cost/performance tradeoff decisions Predictive performance modeling via machine learning techniques Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 66 Research Methodology Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 67 Research Methodology Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 68 Research Plan Milestones: General-purpose performance-modeling system Core resource-management system design Language for scheduling queries and usage policies Deployment in PUNCH; initial evaluation Scalable, hierarchical architecture for resource management system Interoperation protocols for Condor and Globus Evaluation of system and policies in a production environment (500+ users and 50,000+ runs per semester) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 69 Research Plan Deliverables: Staffing: Predictive performance-modeling system Scalable, hierarchical resource management system Scheduling query and usage policy language module Interoperability module for external mgmt. Systems Two graduate students, one research scientist, one professor Cost: $200k/year Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 70 Past Research The Purdue University Network-Computing Hubs -- a WWW-accessible network computer that allows unmodified software to be used via standard WWW browsers. To date, 2,000+ users have generated more than 2 million hits and have initiated 100,000+ simulations On the Design of a Demand-Based Network-Computing System: The Purdue University Network-Computing Hubs. Nirav H. Kapadia and Jose' A. B. Fortes. 7th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing. July 1998. Pages 71-80. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 71 Past Research Predictive Application-Performance Modeling in a Computational Grid Environment -- an initial prototype of a machine-learning system that dynamically constructs models for tool resourceusage characteristics with respect to the usersupplied tool input Predictive Application-Performance Modeling in a Computational Grid Environment. Nirav H. Kapadia, Jose' A. B. Fortes, and Carla E. Brodley. 8th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing. August 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 72 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Alok R. Chaturvedi Associate Professor Shailendra Raj Mehta Director, Entrepreneurship Initiative SEAS - Synthetic Environments for Analysis and Simulations Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 73 Long Term Objectives The objective of our research is to: Conduct an interdisciplinary program of research related to business and economic modeling and simulation Create realistic virtual representations of firms, markets and economies Develop and evaluate computational models of human behavior Collaborate with government, industry, and academic institutions at national and international levels. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 74 Impact SEAS is a synthetically created economy with integrated goods and services, stock, bond, labor, and currency markets. In these markets two types of agents interact live: people acting as firms, regulators, intermediaries. virtual: artificially intelligent software agents behave like human agents in a narrow domain. This environment combines breadth (through artificial agents) and depth (through human agents) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 75 DoD's Synthetic Terrain for War Gaming .. Air C4I System Army C4I System Navy C4I System USMC C4I System Mix of Live, Virtual, Constructive Simulations Units, Platforms, Weapons & Sensors Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 76 SEAS War Gaming Environment Industry System University System Government System Consumer System Goods & Services Stock Labor Bond Currency Mix of Live, Virtual, Constructive Simulations: Economies, Markets, Industries, Firms Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 77 SEAS: Architecture UPDATE USER Decision Enabling Env. The Internet QUERY •Human or •Intelligent - RESPONSE Agents Commercial, Academic & Government Organizations LAN Scenarios REQUEST Visualization KNOWLEDGE BASES RESPONSE Netcasting AQUISITION IMPLEMENTATION EXTERNAL DATA •Rueters •Dow Jones •IDC SEAS Labor Markets Goods Markets Financial Markets Currency Markets SEAS SEAS Labor Markets Goods Markets Labor Markets Goods Markets Currency Markets SEAS Currency Markets Financial Markets Financial Markets Labor Markets Goods Markets Currency Markets Financial Markets Research Plan In the next three years we intend to refine the the computational models to incorporate more complex human behaviors. We would further develop the global economy and develop validation methods for large scale business simulations. We would request approximately $125,000 a year for three years. This money will primarily be used to fund a lab assistant, graduate students, and to acquire data from companies like IDC, Yankee Group, etc. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 79 Past Research SEAS is an ongoing project. The initial Infrastructure is already developed through funding from the Department of Defense, Intel, Ameritech, SAP, and the Institute for Defense Analyses. We have already developed some basic computational models of human behavior. Chaturvedi, A.R., and Mehta, S. R., "Simulations in Economics and Mangement," Communications of the ACM, March 1999 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 80 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Sonia Fahmy Department of Computer Sciences Design of Multi-Service Networks with Multicast Support Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 81 Long Term Objectives The research aims at developing protocols for: Traffic management for various services required for multimedia/real-time applications and bulk data to co-exist Multicast support for multi-service networks and feedback control mechanisms (e.g., explicit congestion notification and reliable multicast transport protocols) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 82 Impact The traffic management mechanisms and QoS architecture will allow multimedia/real-time applications and bulk data to share the same networking infrastructure, giving throughput and delay guarantees Multicasting capabilities will efficiently support collaborative applications, conferencing applications, distance learning, searching, and data distribution applications, even for large numbers of users The architecture and system developed can affect the services offered in the future Internet and intranets, improve their performance and support more complex applications The simulation tools and prototypes developed will provide a basis for the deployment of real-time multicast networks and applications Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 83 Research Methodology QoS support: Simulation tools will be developed and experiments will be performed to assess the throughput, fairness, buffer and link utilization, and packet loss for a set of carefully selected network configurations Selective buffer management policies will be designed and their performance evaluated Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 84 Research Methodology End system response to network state (including explicit feedback) will be designed and evaluated Mapping services to network element behaviors will be designed and evaluated Control and pricing issues will be investigated Prototypes will be built to conduct real experiments Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 85 Research Methodology Multicast support: Inter-receiver and inter-sender fairness will be defined within and among multicast groups = group member Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 86 Research Methodology Mechanisms for flow/congestion control will be designed for providing certain levels of reliability depending on the application type Services and explicit feedback notification will be supported for multicast sessions Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 87 Research Plan Milestones: 12 months: Buffer management study, response to feedback study 18 months: Fairness issues for multicasting 24 months: Control and pricing issues, service mapping study 32 months: Reliable multicast issues 36 months: Multicast extensions to feedback/services Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 88 Research Plan Deliverables: Architecture, pseudocode and performance studies for multi-service networks Architecture, pseudocode and performance studies for multicast support Prototype implementations 2-3 graduate research assistants required for 3 years Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 89 Past Research ATM-ABR traffic management: A rate allocation algorithm with delay control ABR parameter study and the effect of link bandwidth and round trip time on parameter values "The ERICA switch algorithm for ABR traffic management in ATM networks," Revised version submitted to IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, May 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 90 Past Research Multicast support for ATM networks: A feedback consolidation algorithm and performance comparison for point-tomultipoint connections Fairness definitions, a rate allocation and a feedback regulation mechanism for multipointto-multipoint connections "Feedback consolidation algorithms for ABR point-to-multipoint connections in ATM networks," IEEE INFOCOM 1998, pp. 10041013, and J. Computer Communications, 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 91 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Babak Falsafi Assistant Professor, School of ECE Impetus: Designing Next-Generation Distributed Enterprise Servers Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 92 Long Term Objectives Distributed Enterprise Server Architectures Network-Aware Architectures Shared-Memory Multiprocessors Server computing: Web, Databases, etc. Low-Overhead Integrated Network Interfaces Router Processor/Memory Architectures Distributed Discrete-Event Simulators Evaluating Large-Scale Distributed Systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 93 Impact: Distributed Enterprise Servers Problem Shared-memory programming, but non-uniform memory access latencies Complicates server programmability e.g., remote-to-local latencies factor of 5~10! Innovation Memory access prediction & speculation Places data next to consumer before access Remote latency => local latency Enhances large-scale distributed computing Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 94 Impact: Network-Aware Architectures Problem Architectural innovations do not benefit network applications! Static packet processing model Inflexible network hardware and protocol Innovation Network-aware proc/memory architectures Programmable network interface & routers Application-specific network protocols Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 95 Impact: Detailed Machine Simulators Problem: Simulating large servers Is both memory and compute intensive Detailed simulation => 10,000 slowdown Platform-specific solutions to speed up Innovation Fast, accurate, portable simulation Parallel & distributed simulation on a cluster Code sampling => reduce workload Dynamic refinement => model required detail Direct execution => run at native speeds Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 96 Research: Big Picture Server Application Enterprise Server Network Protocol P P ….. P Shared Memory Distributed Simulator PC PC PC …. Network Interface Network Switch/Router Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Network 97 Research Methodology Experimental evaluation Software Detailed simulation models Measurements using H/W monitors Distributed simulator of large-scale servers Network switch/router simulators Application-specific network protocols Hardware A cluster of desktops/servers Fast, high-bandwidth interfaces & switches Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 98 Research Plan Request funding 3 students for 3 years 3 years of PI salary for 2 summer months A cluster of desktops/servers Deliverables Designs for simple-to-program large-scale distributed servers Designs for network-aware systems Fast, accurate, & portable distributed simulators Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 99 Past Research Enterprise server design Cost-Effective Parallel Simulation Reactive NUMA => Sun Microsystems WildFire Published in ISCA 1997 Speculative Distributed Shared Memory Published in ISCA 1999 Published in ACM TOMACS, 1997 Network architectures Application-specific Coherence Protocols Published in Supercomputing 1994 Coherent Network Interfaces => ISCA 1996 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 100 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Kihong Park Assistant Professor (CS) DUNES Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 101 Long Term Objectives The objective of my research is: Efficient/scalable distributed system design Transparent dependency maintenance Off-the-shelf Integrated computation/communication control QoS-sensitive scheduling Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 102 Impact Development of software system support & tools Communication-sensitive load balancing library User-level push/pull caching library Distributed real-time scheduling library QoS-sensitive scheduling library resource contention resolution/arbitration Prototype System Deployment DUNES (Distributed UNix ExtenSion) SBS (Stratified Best-Effort Service) AFEC (Adaptive Forward Error Correction) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 103 Impact (Cont.) Fundamental understanding of distributed resource scheduling Integrated computation/communication control Distributed real-time scheduling Integrated network/end system scheduling QoS-sensitive scheduling Resource economy Fault-tolerance, security, and QoS Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 104 Research Methodology Top-Down Top: Modeling & Analysis Middle: Simulation framework, qualitative properties quantitative controlled study Bottom: System Building implementation, ultimate test, "buck stops here" Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 105 Research Plan Distributed real-time scheduling Integrated network/end system scheduling Computational resource economy Fault-tolerance, security, and QoS Implement as extensions to DUNES Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 106 Research Plan (Cont.) Investigate applicability of existing systems (e.g., DUNES) to Tivoli environment Investigate research Tivoli's research requirements w.r.t. novelty Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 107 Past Research DUNES NSF ESS-9806741; J. Cruz, C. Gong Prototype DUNES system (UNIX) Recent publications Towards performance-driven system support for distributed computing in clustered environments, Journal of Parallel & Distributed Computing, '99 DUNES: A performance-oriented system support environment for dependency maintenance in workstation networks, IEEE HPDC, '99 108 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Past Research (Cont.) Network QoS Architecture NSF ANI-9875789 (CAREER); S. Chen, H. Ren Prototype SBS system Recent publications An architecture for noncooperative QoS provision in many-switch systems, IEEE INFOCOM, '99 QoS provision in noncooperative networks with diverse user requirements, Decision Support Systems, '99 109 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Past Research (Cont.) Multimedia Traffic Control NSF ANI-9714707; T. Tuan, A. Balakrishnan Prototype AFEC system for real-time MPEG video/audio transport Recent publications Multiple time scale congestion control for selfsimilar traffic, Performance Evaluation, '99 Self-Similar Network Traffic and Performance Evaluation, Wiley, '99 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 110 For More Information Network Systems Lab www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/park/nsl.html email@example.com Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 111 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Sunil Prabhakar Assistant Professor Latency reduction in parallel and distributed systems. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 112 Long Term Objectives The objective of my research is: Develop techniques for overcoming network and I/O latency in distributed systems. This will be achieved through efficient data placement techniques effective replication techniques. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 113 Impact The proposed research will result in the development of data placement, replication, and access techniques that significantly improve the performance of distributed applications. Due to the high (network and I/O) latency associated with distributed applications, these improvements will have a very direct impact on overall system performance. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 114 Research Methodology The nature of our work is experimental. We will implement proposed placement and replication schemes on a collection of PCs with local disks, connected via various types of network interfaces such as 100Mb ethernet, Gigabit ethernet, and across the internet. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 115 Research Methodology The distribution and placement of data on the disks will be controlled and we will populate the system with data from real applications. Performance will be measured using this setup based upon the execution of real applications. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 116 Research Plan Year 1: identify and analyze a set of distributed applications to determine their data access patterns. Year 2: design and implement alternative placement and replication schemes Year 3: evaluate the alternatives Deliverable: The end product of the project will be a set of techniques, and tools for their implementation Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 117 Research Plan Resources: Graduate students Equipment: PCs, magnetic disks, high speed local area networks Estimated budget $150,000 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 118 Past Research Parallel I/O for relational and multimedia databases. We have developed state-of-the-art declustering methods for improved parallel I/O for range and similarity queries, as well as for multiresolution image browsing. "Efficient Disk Allocation for Fast Similarity Searching", S. Prabhakar, D. Agrawal and A. El Abbadi. 10th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures (SPAA 98), Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, June 28 - July 2 1998, pages 7887. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 119 Past Research Tertiary storage management We have developed highly efficient I/O scheduling algorithms for robotic storage libraries. We have also developed a novel mechanism for reliability of tertiary data. "Tape Group Parity Protection", T. Johnson and S. Prabhakar. 16th IEEE Mass Storage Systems Symposium MSS'99, San Diego, California, USA, 15-18 March 1999. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 120 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Catherine Rosenberg Associate Professor Multimedia Networks, Traffic Engineering and Mobility Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 121 A Diversified Experience August 1999 - Present: Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engg., Purdue University. Consultant to Nortel Networks on Broadband Satellite Network. January 1998 - July 1999: Head, Department of Broadband Satellite Networking, Nortel Networks, Harlow, UK. Twice awarded an Award of Merit. Expert for the European Commission. Sept. 1996 - Dec. 1997: Head, Department of Traffic Engineering, Nortel Harlow, UK. June 1988 - Aug. 1996: Assistant and then Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada. Consultant to France Telecom. March 1987 - May 1988: Member of Technical Staff, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, N.J., USA. Twice awarded an Exceptional Contribution Award. Oct. 1984 - Oct. 1986: Engineer, ALCATEL, Lannion, France. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 122 Long Term Objectives The objectives of my research are: Multimedia Broadband Networks (System Integration, Resource Management, Technologies) Traffic Engineering (QoS, Charging, Dynamic Provisioning, Design, Routing) IP Mobility Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 123 Impact and Research Plan Multimedia Broadband Networks System Integration: One of the real challenges of tomorrow's IT/Telecommunications is in the integration of technologies for providing seamless services. This can only be achieved by a 'system' team having an in-depth understanding of the issues at stake and a vision of the 'global picture'. Resource Management: Network Management is of utmost importance in today's world of IT/Telecommunications. At the heart of it is Resource Management which is key to provide cost-effective usage of the system while providing QoS. The Network Management paradigm has to be revisited in the context of wireless technologies including satellite. 124 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Impact and Research Plan Traffic Engineering QoS: QoS is key but its introduction in a IP network will have a tremendous impact on the complexity of the network management and network dimensioning. Charging: in a competitive environment where services cannot be subsidized, there is a need for better understanding the engineering cost of QoS and GoS as well as designing tools for dynamic charging to be used between Network Operators and ISPs. Design and Dynamic Provisioning: Tools are needed to measure the right performances and take automatic decisions to provision IP networks. This requires an indepth knowledge of IP networks and their design and routing. 125 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Impact and Research Plan Horizontal Integration for IP Mobility The question is: How to offer seamless IP mobility everywhere (indoor/outdoor, urban/rural, nationwide/global coverage) ? The answer being: By taking advantage of the full range of technologies in an integrated way (wireless, satellite, terrestrial) by combining micro mobility with macro mobility and managing them in an integrated and efficient manner. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 126 Research Methodology Team work, close links with industry and standardization awareness. Starting from a detailed and precise problem formulation to achieve a clear understanding of the solution space and create the most appropriate set of solutions. Innovative system/protocol/algorithm design. Use of analysis as much as possible. Use of simulation to assess performance impact of solutions. Development of testbed if appropriate. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 127 Past Research: Papers A. Girard, A. Meddeb and C.R; Design of Broadband Networks with Multipoint Connections, IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, submitted 7/99. C.R, End-to-End Resource Management Integrating Multiple Access, Bandwidth on Demand and Call Admission Control for ATM Geostationary Satellite Systems, IEEE Com Magazine, submitted 4/99. A. Conway and C.R; Weighted Fair Blocking Mechanisms, Performance Evaluation, submitted 3/99. S. Delas, R. Mazumdar and C.R, Cell Loss Asymptotics for Finite Buffers with HOL Priorities, IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, submitted 5/99. H. Yaiche, R. Mazumdar and C.R; A Game Theoretic Framework for Rate Allocation and Charging of Elastic Connections in Broadband Networks; IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, submitted 12/98. R. Mauger and C.R; QoS Guarantees for Multimedia Services on a TDMAbased Satellite Network, IEEE Com. Magazine, 7/97. S. Ramesh, C.R and A. Kumar; Revenue Maximization in ATM Networks Using the CLP Capability and Buffer Priority Management, IEEE Trans. on Networking, 12/96. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 128 Past Research: Patents T itle C o n n ectio n O rien ted R o u tin g C o n n ectio n less C o m m u n icatio n s N etw o rk C o n n ectio n less N etw o rk In teg rated C o nn ectio n A dm issio n C o n tro l A n d B an d w idh O n D em and F o r M u ltip le A ccess A T M L ik e N etw o rk In teg rated S ign allin g for A T M lik e N etw o rk s S atellite C o m m u n icatio n s R o u tin g A lg o rith m F airn ess an d A g g reg ation in T eleco m s N etw o rk s W est E arly B ird S p aceW E B M eth o d and A p p aratu s fo r D istrib u ted , H ierarch ical S atellite N etw o rk C o n tro l S tatu s/D ate D isclo su re F iled , 1 8 /4 /9 7 D isclo su re F iled 1 /8 /9 7 In v en tors C R et al C R et al D isclo su re F iled 2 /2 /9 8 D isclo su re F iled 1 6 /7 /9 8 CR C R et al D isclo su re F iled 1 6 /7 /9 8 C R et al D isclo su re F iled 1 1 /1 /9 9 C R et al D isclo su re F iled 3 0 /6 /9 9 CR D isclo su re F iled in F ran ce D isclo su re F iled 7 /9 9 D isclo su re F iled 7 /9 9 C R et al C R et al C R et al Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 129 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Aditya P. Mathur Professor Testing, Monitoring, and Controlling CORBA-based Distributed Systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 130 Long Term Objectives Provide a commercially viable methodology for testing CORBA compliant applications. Provide a methodology for monitoring and control of CORBA compliant applications. Provide a tool to support the above methodologies. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 131 Impact (1) TDS 1.1, developed at Purdue, will allow measurement of test adequacy for components and systems and assist in assuring high quality distributed applications. TDS is the only tool of its kind available today. Tivoli, BT Labs (UK), and Telcordia have indicated their willingness to use TDS 1.1 in ongoing projects. TDS 2.0 will allow distributed monitoring and control of distributed applications. TDS 2.0 is expected to be available for use in May 2000. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 132 Impact (2) Our research has the potential to create new jobs in the state of Indiana. A start-up company is considering commercialization of TDS 1.1 and its forthcoming versions. Availability of TDS 2.0 will provide a unique opportunity to entrepreneurs in the state of Indiana to set up commercial ventures such as Distributed Systems Test and Monitoring Laboratory, On-line Software Rental House, Component Quality Assurance, and Commercial Data Bank. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 133 Research Methodology (1) Develop new criteria to evaluate the adequacy of testing: Completed in May 98. Experimentally evaluate the adequacy criteria: Scheduled for completion in December 99. Collaboration with Tivoli. Develop a methodology for monitoring and control: Completed July 99. Collaboration with Telcordia and Tivoli. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 134 Research Methodology (2) Develop a method for the dynamic extraction of application architecture: Scheduled for completion in December 99. Collaboration with Telcordia and Tivoli. Develop a commercially usable tool that incorporates the above criteria and methodologies: Version 1.1 available in August 99, Version 2.0 available in May 2000. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 135 Research Plan (1) Implement a monitoring and control methodology: August 99-December 99. Implement dynamic extraction of architecture: August 99-December 99. Integrate the above into TDS 1.1, evaluate performance, refine/tune tool, and release TDS 2.0: January 00-May 00. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 136 Research Plan (2) Develop requirements coverage criteria, implement in TDS 3.0, evaluate it experimentally: August 00-December 00. Develop, implement, and evaluate tracing and test execution in TDS 3.0: August 00-December 00. Prepare TDS 3.0 release: January 01-May 01. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 137 Budget Staffing, Equipment, and Software: Graduate students: 4 Programmer: 1 PI: 1 Equipment and software Estimated cost: $400K over 2 years. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 138 Past Research Experimental evaluation of white-box coverage criteria. Sponsors: NSF, Telcordia, SERC. New methods for the estimation of software reliability. Sponsors: NSF, Telcordia, SERC. Listen Project to investigate the use of sounds in program monitoring. Sponsor: NSF. Use of parallel machines in testing software for ultra high quality. Sponsor: SERC, NSF. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 139 Past Research Over 70 publications have resulted from the above research. Technical reports are available in Technical Report Reading Room at: http://www.cs.purdue.edu/serc Sponsors have invested over $2M over 10 years in our research during 1988-1998. Lessons learned from past research are helping us direct the course of the ongoing research. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 140 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Jens Palsberg Associate Professor Software Security in Distributed Systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 141 Long Term Research Objectives Build safe, secure, and highly-optimized mobile code. Prevent mobile programs from leaking a host computer's secrets. Protect the intellectual property contained in mobile code. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 142 Potential Impact Safer web-based commerce. More secure wireless connections for laptop computers. Safer dynamically-configurable missioncritical networks. Mobility of platform-independent code without compromise of proprietary secrets. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 143 Research Directions (I) Typed Assembly Languages for compiling Java: to address security in low-level code. Can we optimize method calls to improve execution speed while retaining guarantees of memory safety? Can we have effective type-checking while retaining the expressiveness necessary to write useful programs? Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 144 Research Directions (II) Secure Information Flow Model: to prevent the leaking of secrets. Can we formulate a useful confinement property for distributed and concurrent systems? Can we devise an effective way of checking such a confinement property? Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 145 Research Directions (III) Software Obfuscation and Watermarking: to protect intellectual property. Can we make a quantitative and qualitative assessment of current software obfuscation techniques and tools? Can we embed a watermark in a Java program which is resilient to the standard attacks? Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 146 Research Methodology Our methodology is mostly experimental, and based upon earlier theoretical work. Completed preliminary experiments: A Typed Assembly Language for Java is up and running. The next version is underway. Two watermarking systems for Java 1.1 have been completed. Large-scale experiments are in progress. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 147 Research Plan Milestones: A certifying compiler from Java to a Typed Assembly Language. A confinement checker for concurrent and distributed processes. An efficient and resilient Watermarking System for Java. Staffing: 1professor, 1 post-doc, 5 students. Budget: $150,000 per year. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 148 Technical Reports (Summer 1999) Dennis Brylow and Jens Palsberg. "A Typed Assembly Language for Java." Sowmya Krishnaswamy, Minseok Kwon, Di Ma, Jens Palsberg, Qiuyun Shao, Christina Yi Zhang. "Experience with Software Watermarking for Java." Current Funding: NSF, IBM, CERIAS, etc. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 149 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Jan Vitek Assistant Professor SECURE MOBILE OBJECT SYSTEMS Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 150 Long term goals of the research: Technologies for engineering distributed objects applications adaptive location-aware high-assurance Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 151 Impact Facilitate the construction of large distributed information systems, e.g. workflow management in a large corporations. These systems are designed and implemented in a decentralized fashion, but some enterprise wide security policies must be enforced. Leverage object-oriented principles of reusability to reduce design and implementation effort. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 152 Research Methodology Sound formal basis Security properties must be studied in a formal setting. Concurrent process calculi and notions of behavioral equivalence Identify relevant security properties Properties preserved under composition Widely applicable language mechanisms for enforcement of security Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 153 Research Methodology ... backed by real systems SecureJava: Secure Composition of Untrusted Code High-assurance Java for composing untrusted or partially trusted classes. Type systems and compositional security properties. FOAM: Featherweight Objects and Agent Mobility Compact object and byte code formats and data compression tool integrated with RMI/JINI. Lightweight virtual machine design. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 154 Research Methodology ... backed by real systems DIGIDOC: Digital Protection for Active Electronic Documents Distributed infrastructure for the exchange and protection of active documents (workflow) incorporating protection mechanisms for policy enforcement. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 155 Past Research JavaSeal Secure mobile agent system implemented in Java. Support for the delivery of self-contained distributed application. [10 man years, Swiss SPP] Vitek and Bryce, "The JavaSeal Mobile Agent Kernel", In Agent Systems and Application'99. HyperNews Commercial digital content delivery system built with JavaSeal. Konstantas, Morin, Vitek, "MEDIA: A Platform for the commercialization of electronic documents. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 156 Past Research JAZZ High-density Java bytecode format and compression software. Horspool, Bradley, Vitek, "JAZZ: Tailored Compression of Java bytecode", IBM CASCON'98. SPL Secure object-oriented programming technology. ECOOP'98, OOPSLA'99, CSFW'99 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 157 Past Research SEAL Programming language for mobile computation. WIPL'97, JFLA'99, ERSAD'97 Language implementation and static analysis OOPSLA'97, ECOOP'97, JLMC'97, CC'97, ECOOP'95, ECOOP'94, CC'92, ICCL'92 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 158 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership: Exploiting Purdue's Technological Prowess Bharat Bhargava and Sanjay Madria Experimental Studies in Adaptable Distributed System Software www.cs.purdue.edu/faculty/bb Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 159 Long Term Objectives Investigate and develop adaptable distributed system architecture/implementation and conduct experiments that provide a single point of management and control for the myriad of interconnected components; applications, software, middleware, databases, and evolutionary platforms Investigate adaptable replica management schemes for version control, change management, consistent updates of software and data files Scalability experiments - horizontal (geographical distribution) and vertical (number of sites) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 160 Experimental studies - network behavior, reliability, interoperability , integration, and monitoring. Impact on quality of service (QoS) in emerging distributed applications such as ecommerce Software support for data compression , checkpoint/restart (recovery) and user authentication Solutions embedded in ESM and Galileo at Tivoli Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 161 Impact Our research will impact in development, evaluation, and experiments with enterprise support management (ESM) product for asset, change and network system management. Specifically, we will contribute to expert evaluation, expert views and expert mail agent in ESM. Our research on nested and workflow transactions will contribute to the efforts of Galileo at Tivoli. The integration of business process automation with other Tivoli products will be enhanced. Experience with collaborative software development and information systems reliability mechanism to deal with various types of failures (RAID) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 162 Our results are applicable to systems software used in electronic commerce transactions, trading of stocks, collaborative software, distributed file systems, multimedia/video conferencing. Our system will allow non-stop access to a customer to place an urgent order even if network router is down or sites have failed. We assume that a single transaction must travel across multiple unsecured networks that are not visible to network administrator or customer Automatically distribute updates of software or data across the multiple sites. Good for view maintenance in case of multiple business partners are involved. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 163 Centrally manage and monitor all network, application and system activity and adapt to various types, extent, and duration of anomalies Replication and version management of software under various anomalies to provide optimum availability Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 164 Research Methodology We develop, implement and experiment with algorithms, models and system software tools (Raid, O-Raid, P-Raid, MM-Raid, AVC, WANCE, active network engine, etc). We build prototype systems and software tools, develop bench-marks to evaluate distributed software performance/capability and transition to commercial grade embedded software We conduct a series of experiments over LAN and WAN using sites across the world using WANCE tool Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 165 Sample Experiments Replicated copy control (version management) experiment - to study the effect of copier transactions and mechanisms for refreshing out-of-date copies. Examine effects of partial replication. Study availability vs degree of replication using Raid system and TP benchmark Adaptability/Embedding experiment Identify cost of reconfiguration and adaptation. Is throughput reduced during adaptation? Overheads due to Embedding Vary failure parameters (frequency, duration, type, extent, timing) Measure cost of adaptation and benefits in terms of availability, response time, etc. 166 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership Research Plan Extend embedded capabilities in distributed system (Raid) and conduct experiments to deal with adaptability in update management (replica control) and remote software management. Algorithms to deal with site failures, network partitioning, and security. Measurement of reliable communication over communication software for replica management (change management), non-stop availability and transmission of large software objects over WAN/LAN Operating system changes for improving communication software support for embedded systems Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 167 Performance of adaptability and reliability schemes to deal with failures, constraints in system resources, heterogeneity and communication (LAN, WAN, MAN, Mobile) Deal with various traffic patterns of transactions, multiprogramming level, scalability to number of sites and distance among sites (WANCE tools) Experiment with distributed, collaborative and cooperative execution of business transactions Integration in the framework of ESM and Galileo Development of policies for adaptability at the application, system and network layer to meet varying QoS requirements. Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 168 Deliverables Guidelines for change management system adaptability, cost-benefits analysis and evaluation. (June 2000) Prototype implementation and experiments with technology transfer for various components of distributed software (ESM) (Dec. 2000) Software Tools (ANE, WANCE, mini-Raid) for experiments in scalability, wide area network, reliability, active networking and security (June 2001) Recovery and adaptation to failures of various types, duration, extent, timing in context of embedded ESM and Galileo (June 2001) Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 169 Past Research/Accomplishments Awards - Best Paper Award on Adaptability in Distributed Systems IEEE Fellow Award IEEE Technical Achievement Award for work on Distributed Systems 14 Ph.D., 20 MS and 15 undergraduates have worked on our projects. Projects (and student fellowships) are supported by various funding agencies NSF, Army, NASA including industries like IBM, AT&T, Unisys etc. IBM supported project - Integrated Analysis and testing of Distributed Software 170 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership RAID Distributed System - Reliability, Adaptability, Interoperatibility, Distributed Systems - IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Reliability - models, performance, implementation (book - Advanced Replication Techniques for Distributed Systems, 1996) Integrity - TSE, TKDE'99 Site failures- TKDE'99 Network partitioning- Computer Journal'98, Recovery- DEXA'97 Checkpointing- SRDS'98, TKDE'99 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 171 Adaptability Failures (VLDB) Formal models - IEEE TKDE'99, Information Systems,97 Adaptable communication software - ASSET'98, multimedia'96, Adaptable commit - IEEE RQD'99 Dealing with multiple heterogeneous data, algorithms, data models - Journal of Multimedia Systems'99 Interoperability Degree of autonomy Degree of consistency- IEEE TKDE'99 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership CORBA 172 Distributed systems Transaction processing - TKDE,99 Operating system support Communication software - Multimedia, 99 World Wide Web data management (Sp. Issue of WWW journal), DASFAA'99, FODO'98, IDEAS'99 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 173 Budget/staff Staff - Bharat Bhargava, Sanjay Madria, five graduate students and three undergraduates Budget - Direct costs $150,000 per year for 3 years - total $ 450,000 Purdue-Tivoli Partnership 174


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Reaction Kinetics and Structural Evolution for the Formation of Nanocrystalline Silicon Carbide via Carbothermal Reduction
Cheng, Zhe
MetadataShow full item record
Nanocrystalline beta-silicon carbide (ß-SiC) was synthesized at relatively low temperature (<1300C) by carbothermal reduction (CTR) reaction in fine scale carbon/silica mixtures. The fine scale mixing of the reactants (i.e., carbon and silica) was achieved by solution-based processing and subsequent heat treatment. The mechanism of the CTR reaction in the current system was investigated from different aspects. The condensates of the volatile species generated during the CTR reaction was collected and analyzed. The results supported previous investigations which suggested that the CTR reaction is a multi-step process that involves silicon monoxide (SiO) vapor as a reaction intermediate. The kinetics of the CTR reaction was investigated by isothermal weight loss study and by the study which determined the amount of SiC formed via quantitative X- ray diffraction (QXRD) analysis. The results of kinetic study were consistent with the "shrinking-core" model, in which the reaction between SiO vapor and carbon at the carbon surface to produce SiC is the rate-controlling step. In addition, several techniques, including XRD, gas adsorption analysis, laser diffraction particle size analysis, SEM, TEM, etc., had been used to study the structural evolutions of the reaction product of CTR. It was demonstrated that the evolutions of product structure characteristics such as crystallite size, specific surface area, specific pore volume, pore size distribution, particle size distribution, and powder morphology, etc. were consistent with each other and provided support to the reaction mechanism proposed.

subset: commoncrawl


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Heating cable floor heating:
1) heating cable advantages: each room a wire in series without joints, maintenance probability is small, long service life, no electromagnetic radiation, can avoid the installation of furniture.
2) heating cable disadvantages: high resistance wire heating, electromagnetic radiation, aging, use of electricity, linear heating, heating area, plate line state, when the pavement can not avoid the bed without legs, furniture, easy to cause the local temperature superposition, each room a line as long as part of a series of whole room system paralysis.
Carbon fiber heating:
1) advantages: carbon fiber heating can be divided into long fiber and short fiber to warm and warm, also belong to the non metal heating, long fiber is relatively safe, warm wire tray under the floor.
2 shortcomings: due to the plate line, the temperature difference between the temperature of the floor is relatively large, plastic wire skin temperature is easy to aging. Short fiber heating uneven heating, long time use of serious aging. Cost is higher, the joint needs to be treated strictly.
Above are their advantages and disadvantages, you can choose according to the actual situation of their own home.
Previous: Basic knowledge of electric heating , when and where we can use the electric heating ?


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Motel 6 Lake Charles On The Bayou
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Mother's Day
... the west side of Houston by 6:00 and miss the Monday morning traffic. San Antonia is the target destination for Monday. It is another place on my bucket list I have longed to visit. Looking forward to the Riverwalk and perhaps a riverboat ride and "The Alamo". I met Pee Wee when I was 10 and she always told me stories about her visit to the Alamo... I had beautiful Mother's Day wishes from friends and family. Today was a 10! Goodnight from Louisiana. Dianne. ...
Louisiana Bound
... br>
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We're Still in Louisiana
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Bartlett, William Henry
Bartlett, William Henry,1800–1854, English painter and illustrator. After four visits to the United States, Bartlett illustrated a book, American Scenery (1840), with panoramic vistas of the American landscape. During his travels, he also executed drawings of Jerusalem for a book about the Holy Land.
See study by A. M. Ross (1973).


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SHANKS: Who told you about the promotion?
MCBRIDE: PK (Richmond Manager Pat Kelly) called me into the office and told me we had made a trade with Gryboski and he told me I was going to the big leagues. He was actually funny cause he didn't let me know with a straight face so I didn't know what was going on when I walked into his office. So it was pretty neat.
SHANKS: What's it been like to see all your friends go up there?
MCBRIDE: It's been awesome. You see guys that you've played with and guys that you know and guys that are your friends. You see them up there succeeding and you're happy for them. That lets you know that you're going to get your turn eventually whenever your time is ready. Seeing those guys, for me, that are my friends and my age is just something that makes me ecstatic for them. Now I'll be one of those guys on TV.
SHANKS: Is it going to be good to be able to talk with Francoeur and Boyer and the rest just to know what they've been through and how that will help you, especially since they have done well?
MCBRIDE: Yeah it is. It's unbelievable how they are going to be able to help me because I won't be the first one to go through it. They are there and they'll let me know the ins and outs to take care of – and not even just all on the baseball field, but in the clubhouse and on the road and such. They can say, "Hey don't do this or do that." Then on the field, McCann, to be as young as he is, calls a great game. I trust him. It's only going to get better. I really look forward to talking with them. They've seen a little more than I have at this point. I can trust them.
SHANKS: And since they are veterans they get to go buy you some clothes, right?
MCBRIDE: (Laughing) Yeah, right. I'll just let Jeff take me out to eat.
SHANKS: How have you been pitching recently?
MCBRIDE: Pretty good. I've been throwing the ball good. I've given up some runs here and there, but for the most part I'll go have five or six outings in a row where I'll give up nothing and then I'll have one where I'll give up two or three runs. I was talking with some of our guys, and they were telling me that if I can just eliminate that one (bad) inning, and not give up a run in that inning, my stats would look so much better and indicate how I've been throwing the baseball. But I feel like I've been throwing the ball good. I could be better – always.
SHANKS: Is that comfort level there for you to be a reliever?
MCBRIDE: Yes it is. It is because I've had every role now possible. I've closed a game in Richmond. I've set up a game, come in the middle, and started a game. There's no situation they haven't put me through. So there's a good comfort level. I haven't totally found out how I need to get ready for the game. That's still some stuff I'm working on. But other than that, I kind of know where I need to be when I go in.
SHANKS: How are you doing against lefties?
MCBRIDE: I was doing terrible for a while. I don't look at stats much, but I looked at what lefties were hitting off me and I knew I had given up some infield hits and some bloopers. It kind of amazed me that they were hitting like .350 (earlier in the season) and I was like, 'you've got to be kidding me.' I started concentrating more on that, and I started to realize that I didn't just have to throw them fastballs and get them out and that I could bury them. Then they went like 1-for-the-next-20 off me. So I just had to realize that I didn't need to throw a fastball to them and give them something to hit. Go up there and put them away.
SHANKS: And now you may be in a situation where they may bring you in to face one lefty batter.
MCBRIDE: Yeah that'll be fine. A starter's mentality means you don't care if a guy's right-handed or left-handed. So I'd just pitch to get the guy out. Out of the pen, that lefty's the guy that's going to beat you. To me, it used to be just a hitter – no matter if they were a right-hander or left-hander. Now I've started to really bare down on them. I know how I need to approach them now.
SHANKS: What are you most looking forward to about today (Friday)?
MCBRIDE: Probably just walking out on the field in a big league uniform. I was in the second grade watching their worst to first season when (Sid) Bream scored (against Pittsburgh). So it hasn't sunk in yet and probably won't until I walk out on that field it.
SHANKS: Did you sleep at all last night?
MCBRIDE: I didn't. They had delays on my flight to Richmond. I didn't get in until 2:00 am, and then I had a 7:00 flight this morning. I doubt I would have fallen asleep before 2:00 anyway. I'm a little excited. My mom and dad are pumped. Everybody's excited.
SHANKS: I bet the whole town of Sylvania, Georgia is going nuts?
MCBRIDE: Oh, man it's ridiculous. It's awesome though. I think people were wondering whether or not I was going to make it or not. Well, people that don't know baseball don't know that it usually takes a good five or six years. So I think some of them had given up on me to tell you the truth.
SHANKS: Well with all these Atlanta kids up there now, we finally have representation from South Georgia.
MCBRIDE: That's right. I've got to take it for the small people down here in South Georgia. But those Atlanta boys can play some baseball too.
SHANKS: Do you feel that you're ready for what you are about to do?
MCBRIDE: To tell you the truth, yes, but I don't think you'll ever be completely ready. I think you can prepare on the field all you want to, but I don't think you can prepare for the feeling you're going to get. Pitching-wise, I feel like AAA was a great stop for me to face guys that are still good hitters. It's not the big leagues, but I'm very happy I went there and learned from some of the older guys. I've played with some guys that have been in the big leagues, and they really, really helped me out.
SHANKS: And as far as your development, with what you've been able to learn, you think you're ready for the situations you're going to face?
MCBRIDE: Yeah. I think in Macon and Myrtle (Beach), I never had an outing where I felt like I got my butt kicked. I pitched pretty well there. Then when you face better hitters (in AA and AAA), you've got to realize that everybody's going to give up runs. That's the thing I struggled with – I had never really gotten hit before (AA), and when I did I reacted negative to it. I just tried to do too much. But then I realized one bad outing is not going to kill you. Hey, they're paid to hit and you're paid to pitch. Today they were better than you. You'll get them next time. So the mental aspect is what I had to learn. One outing doesn't make you're whole season.
Macay McBride is featured in "The Georgia Boys," a chapter in Bill Shanks' new book "Scout's Honor: The Bravest Way To Build A Winning Team." Bill can be reached at email@example.com
BravesCenter Exclusive: McBride Interview
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text:
Adam Werbach
|Format: Hardcopy Black & White
|Also Available In:
|English PDF
|List Price: $7.46
|Source: Harvard Business Press Chapters
|Publication Date: Jul 6, 2009
|Product #: 3424BC-HCB-ENG
|Discipline: Social Enterprise
|Length: 36 p, English Hardcopy Black & White
Transparency is more than just a way to comply with legal responsibilities; it's how you attract societal resources to solve them. Sharing information openly with your constituents will open your business for ideas and innovations from every crack and crevice of your organization. By systematically measuring and reporting on your own sustainability, you will engage everyone--from your employees to your customers to your suppliers to your critics--in the process of building a truly sustainable enterprise. This chapter outlines the phases your organization must travel through to achieve greater transparency--a necessary step on the journey to building sustainability into core business strategy. This chapter was originally published as chapter 4 of "Strategy for Sustainability: A Business Manifesto."
To outline initial steps for increasing transparency in your organization in order to lay the groundwork for the generation and implementation of a strategy for sustainability.
Corporate strategy; Sustainability; Transparency


text:
ON THE MOVE-RBC Wealth Management hires advisers from Wells Fargo
May 2 (Reuters) - RBC Wealth Management, a unit of RBC Capital Markets LLC, said on Friday that it hired three veteran advisers from Wells Fargo & Co for its Leawood office.
The advisers, Seymour Krinsky, Ken Eidson and Kyle Doege, managed about $350 million in client assets at Wells Fargo and had fees and commissions of about $1.8 million.
A Wells Fargo spokesman confirmed the departures. (Reporting by Neha Dimri in Bangalore; Editing by Kirti Pandey)
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


text:
David Cameron's promise of a "private sector-led" economic recovery was undermined yesterday with figures showing that public sector job losses are not being matched by new work in private firms.
George Osborne is drawing up fresh plans to persuade firms to hire extra staff, amid government panic that public sector job losses are outstripping gains in the private sector in vast swathes of the country.
He is understood to be examining ways to remove barriers to job creation – and offer financial incentives to employers. Ideas being considered include high street banks offering new accounts that would provide instant payroll services, making it easier for the self-employed to take on staff.
Ministers are alarmed at the sluggish rate of growth in private sector work, particularly in areas heavily dependent on state jobs. In fresh evidence of a gloomy jobs market, it emerged yesterday that more than half of young black men available for work are unemployed. The rate has doubled in three years from 28.8 per cent to 55.9 per cent.
Across the UK, the number of public sector jobs fell by 275,000 in the last quarter of 2011, compared to the same period in 2010. Meanwhile the private sector created an additional 295,000 jobs. However, a breakdown by the Office of National Statistics shows some parts of the UK are suffering more than others.
The South-west is among the worst affected, with the 6,000 private sector jobs created there in the year to December outnumbered by the 37,000 posts lost in the public sector. In London, 28,000 state job losses were almost double the 15,000 private sector jobs created. The West Midlands lost 5,000 private sector jobs in addition to 27,000 public sector roles, mostly cut from local government.
In Scotland, where deep spending cuts are yet to bite, there were 23,000 fewer public sector employees but the private sector created 30,000 jobs.
John Philpott, the chief economist at the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, said: "The areas that are most dependent on the public sector for jobs, that's where the challenge to create private sector jobs is going to be difficult. Ultimately what determines whether employers are going to hire is whether there are decent market conditions for their goods and services."
He said the Treasury should consider reducing VAT, changing capital allowances for business and a net cut in income tax, to "boost people's earnings and get them spending".
Mr Osborne's plan in his first Budget, to waive national insurance on the first 10 staff hired, was a dismal failure: just 13,294 applications were successful up to the end of February.
Chris Grayling, the employment minister, said: "This government is determined not to leave any region behind, which is why we've introduced a series of measures specifically to help areas vulnerable to public sector job cuts."
He will be under pressure this week if new unemployment figures continue to show more people are being added to dole queues. Last month UK unemployment rose by 48,000 to 2.67m, or 8.4 per cent, its highest level for 16 years.Reuse content


text:
Ellen Chisa
Product Manager, Blade LLC.
Ellen Chisa is a Product Manager at Blade LLC. Previously, she worked as the Product Manager for Backer Experience at Kickstarter, and as a Program Manager for Office Mobile at Microsoft. She writes about Product Management on her blog: http://blog.ellenchisa.com/, and recently published an article on the disciplines evolution in acmqueue.
Previously (8):
Product Management Bootcamp
Find out which of your ideas are most viable by learning how to test them quickly and efficiently.
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Product Management
In this ten-week course, students will learn to navigate the product cycle, from evaluating users and managing a roadmap to creating an MVP and developing metrics.


text:
We had to uninstall Spiceworks from one server. But despite that to this day whenever that server is rebooted (and only when it is rebooted) it sends out a series of Spiceworks email notifications. How do we get it to stop doing that?
3 Replies
Apr 16, 2011 at 2:23 UTC
Petes PC Repairs is an IT service provider.
check spiceworks is fully uninstalled
log onto helpdesk email address and make sure evrything is deleted
if you dont need the email box at all then delete this aswell
Apr 19, 2011 at 10:16 UTC
Fabric Technologies Limited is an IT service provider.
As Peter said, make sure it is uninstalled. If you want, however, just configure the receive connector in Exchange to block email from the IP transmitting them.
Apr 22, 2011 at 2:36 UTC
I've already uninstalled Spiceworks, so there's obviously something working in the background creating these reports. But I don't see any unusual services. I'm just wondering what's causing this. Also, blocking the transmission of emails based on the ip of the server is not a solution for our situation.


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
ZAZZLE - Zazzle.comInternet United States of America
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
Ordered two T shirts for Grandson to give to his Uncle for Christmas. Placed order on Dec 14. They said that dark colors take longer so we ordered light colors. Shipping data shows was not processed for shipment for four more days. Dec 18-23 never left California. Shipping info shows stuck in Chelmsford MA since Dec 23. Today is Dec 28.
I did email them twice with requests for updates on shipping. Their terse reply simply stated that it was in transit.
I contacted shipper (UPS) and they told me that the company should have told me that the way they were sending this was time consuming and cheap. Not only the slowest UPS option but also that it is turned over to USPS in Massachusetts (because of the cheap shipping option) and I won't get it for several more days.
I ordered this on 12/14 and will not get it before December 31 from UPS' prediction.
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 12/28/2009 12:22 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/zazzle-zazzlecom/internet/zazzle-zazzlecom-christmas-order-never-received-internet-546239. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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text: For more information about NETBANX visit www.netbanx.com or follow us on Twitter @NETBANXServices.About Optimal Payments Optimal Payments is a global provider of online payment solutions. Trusted by businesses and consumers in over 190 countries to move and manage billions of dollars each year, merchants use the NETBANX® processing service to simplify how they accept and settle credit card, direct-from-bank, and cash payments; and the NETELLER® payment account to increase margins, capture new customers and increase their lifetime value. Being an independent provider has allowed the company to support tens-of-thousands of merchants around the globe across a wide range of industries. Optimal Payments Plc is quoted on the London Stock Exchange's AIM market, with a ticker symbol of OPAY. Subsidiary company Optimal Payments Ltd is authorised and regulated as an e-money issuer by the UK's Financial Services Authority (FRN 900015). About The Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation The Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation is the leading community -driven organization in Canada dedicated to creating a future without breast cancer. Our investments in innovative and relevant research and education have led to progress in breast cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care. Since 1986, we have been at the forefront of a nationwide movement supporting and advocating for the breast cancer community. Join us at www.cbcf.org. SOURCE Optimal Payments Plc.


text:
This pin is definitely the work horse of the jewelry industry. Its the pin of choice most designers reach for when making an earring. With a diameter that fits crystals, standard pearls and a host of glass and semi-preciousbeads, the 24 gauge, 2" head pin is ideal for wrapping and capping a few beads.
Sold in packages of 10 pins.


text:
This week saw the launch of Britain's latest community currency. But how does its value compare to other imaginative monetary adventures?
Bristol Pound = £1 sterling.
Bristol's new currency is available for use in selected independent stores in Bristol and aims to boost the city's economy. Stroud, Totnes and others have similar schemes.
Bitcoin = £7.70
Bitcoin is an electronic money system designed so that web users can transact without having to use traditional banking methods. Despite being made of binary, £158,000-worth of it was stolen last week from the Bitfloor currency exchange. Don't ask.
One Whuffie = several high fives
Term from a sci-fi book by Cory Doctorow in which currency is replaced by social credit. Since adopted in real life by people who really ought to know better.
One Euro = 80p
Fanciful invented on the idea that European nations could share a monetary union without a complete fiscal union. Whatever next, eh?
Looking for credit card or current account deals? Search hereReuse content


text:
Something In The Air
I walked away from the clearing until I could no longer hear their voices. I climbed up into the nearest tree and started running. I had no destination or goal. I just ran and ran. Running helped clear my head. Helped remove the images of what had happened to that poor creature after its death. Helped to subdue the anger and hurt that coursed through my veins. It would not be proper to kill ones saviour yet I wanted it more than anything in the world. To feel my blade sink into that flesh would be a heavenly release. It would be justice in its most raw form, an eye for an eye.
When I stopped running I was panting. I must have been running for a long time for that to happen. I looked around me but didn't recognise my immediate surroundings. I turned and slowly made my way back to the clearing hoping to track the group's direction of travel from there. When I reached the clearing it was as I expected. Empty. I dropped down from my tree and walked slowly over to the darma corpse. Its eyes were still ajar so I gently pushed them shut and offered a small prayer for the poor beast.
Tracking the group did not require much effort. The smell of that disgusting being, Valenstar, was still hanging in the air. It overpowered the scents of the rest of the group. It filled my nostrils and made me feel ill. There was something…off about it, about him. He was not normal. But he was not good either. There was the distinct smell of an evil undertone in his scent. He was not to be trusted.
I followed the group through the forest but stopped when I reached the edge of the forest where a town started. I could see the group in the town talking to a large man with a half made sword in his hands. Suddenly the sword was at Valenstar's throat. In that instant I strung my bow and notched an arrow, ready to strike down any who dared touch Lyra. Even when the sword was dropped in didn't lower my bow. I didn't like this situation. I was too far away to help her if many humans tried to harm her. I could kill several from the trees but not a whole village. I unnotched the arrow and dropped from the tree. I crouched down and silently made my way around the first few buildings being careful not to be seen. As the group walked away from the man with the sword I got Lyra's attention and pointed back to the forest. She nodded and I vanished back behind the buildings.
I waited just inside the forest for Lyra. When she arrived I took her hand and ran off into the forest. I stopped a few minutes later and let her catch her breath. Even when she was panting for breath she looked beautiful. When she caught her breath she moved closer to me and I gazed down into her eyes. I could see she was worried from the look in her eyes.
"What is it?" I asked. She looked away for a second, hesitating.
"Why did you react like that when he did that to the darma? Why did you leave me?" she asked with a hurt look on her face and in her eyes which cut right through me as effectively as any blade could.
"I…I was angry. What he did was wrong"
"But you left me. Why?"
"I didn't know if I could control myself. When I was walking towards the darma with that sword in my hand I had to fight to not kill him that instant. I didn't want you to see that. I didn't want you to think I was a monster. I understand if you don't want me to talk to you again. But I didn't mean to hurt you." I turned away from her and closed my eyes. I could hear her take a small breath. I felt her delicate touch on my arm as she turned my body to face her. I opened my eyes just as her soft lips gently pressed against mine. I lifted my hands to her face and kissed her back. It was the most amazing feeling ever. Her skin was soft and supple.
She broke apart from me and dropped down onto the soles of her feet again. I looked deep into her eyes and she blushed slightly. Just then I heard a twig snap. I didn't even think about it. I grabbed her hand and ran in the opposite direction. I stopped and grabbed her around the waist with one arm and used the other to climb up into the tree. I strung and notched my bow again ready for any threat. I tested the air and got a faint smell of Valenstar again. We waited in the tree top until nightfall, not a word spoken between us, just her arms locked tightly around my waist.