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Naturally Leavened Bread
Traditional Caraway Rye
local whole rye flour, organic white flour, water, WWSDS, sea salt.
Cville Sourdough
organic wheat flour with germ water, organic whole wheat flour, WWSDS, sea salt.
Sunflower Flax
organic white flour, local whole wheat flour, focal buckwheat, water, honey, salt, WWSDS, toasted sunflower seeds.
Seedy Gluten free
tapioca & sorghum flour, garbanzo bean flour, local whole whole buckwheat flour, potato starch, water, apple cider vinegar, egg whites, flax meal, organic sugar, non-GMO sunflower oil, millet, flax and sunflower seeds, yeast, xanthan gum, sea salt.
Raisin Walnut
organic wheat flour with germ, organic whole wheat flour, WWSDS, raisins, walnuts, water, cinnamon, sea salt.
Kalamata Olive
organic wheat flour with germ, water, kalamata olives, organic whole wheat flour, WWSDS, thyme, sea salt.
- Whole Wheat Sourdough Starter (WWSDS) -
Our whole wheat sourdough starter is carefully fed twice daily and kept at a comfortable temperature and away from draft. Ingredients: organic whole wheat, flour, water. That's it.
Yeasted Bread
Raisin Pumpernickel
local organic wheat flour, raisins, rye flour, molasses, brewed coffee, water, cocoa powder, sea salt, yeast.
7 Grain & Seed
local organic wheat flour, whole wheat flour, rye, oats, barley and corn, millet, flaxseed, cracked wheat, water, sea salt, yeast.
local organic wheat flour, brown rice, buttermilk, whole wheat flour, cornmeal, oats, honey, brown sugar, water, sea salt, yeast.
Rosemary Italian
local organic wheat flour, extra virgin olive oil, water, sea salt, rosemary, yeast.
local organic wheat flour, extra virgin olive oil, water, whole wheat, sea salt, yeast.
Annville Mill White
local organic wheat flour with germ, water, yeast, sea salt.
local whole spelt flour, water, sea salt, yeast.


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13 Comments
Thanks for the tutorial! I can't wait to try this for a very flowy summer dress 🙂 Looks perfect for Burning Man too, now I just need to find the right fabric to take with me to the desert..
Jennifer, Workroom Social
Love your tutorials! And love this dress too.
emily marie
Lovely how-to and illustrations, Maddie. The dress is totally gorgeous on you!
Maddie Flanigan
Thank you!
This is such a gorgeous dress, Maddie. I love that back! Come about July this might be the perfect solution to my complaints about how hot I am.
juliana calado
Hi, Maddie!
I really love the looks of this, and I intend to do one this weekend.
There's beatiful silk in my stack I want to use, but it will surely need lining(it is really sheer!). Do you suppose it will work just the same with two layers of fabric? should I gather each layer separately and then sew them together before adding the twill tape?
I might even try a double sided dress!
beautiful post!
thank you,
juliana calado
oh, and I have another question!
step 3 is when we should finish bottom edge of dress, right? how about top edge, should it be done before shirring? or should we just zigzag, or overlock, or something like that?
thanks again!
Maddie Flanigan
So glad you're making this dress! Be sure to send me the photos of the final piece. I plan to do a recap post.
As for your question – it's okay to line it. The one in the photos above is 2 layers of crepe de chine. I would hem the self and lining at top and bottom edges separately and then gather as one ply. Does that make sense?
juliana calado
yes, perfectly. working on it, will send photos when done!
thank you lady *

subset: commoncrawl


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Academy of Business
The Jackson School District's Academy of Business introduces motivated students to the highly competitive field of business. It offers a focused pathway for students who would like to concentrate their studies in business and provides experiences and opportunities that will help students get accepted to the schools of their choice.
The Academy of business features rigorous courses with a focus on real-world applications of skills and concepts, internships and job shadowing via an Advisory Council of Business Leaders, guest speakers, field trips, regional, state and international competitions, completion of a hands-on capstone project, college credit opportunities and more.
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View the Course Progression for the Academy of BusinessHow Can I Talk to Someone More About the Academy?
Students may apply to more than one Academy, but must complete a separate application for each Academy.
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The cookies settings on this website are set to 'allow cookies' to give you the best experience of our website. If you would like to find out more about cookies or change your settings, please refer to our Privacy & Cookies policy. By continuing to browse you are agreeing to our use of cookies.
This tool allows you to compare the performance of M&G funds across different sectors and indices. You can also compare funds and their benchmarks in one graph.
The value of investments will fluctuate, which will cause fund prices to fall as well as rise and you may not get back the original amount you invested.
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Source: Morningstar. Performance figures are on a price to price basis with income reinvested. Performance figures may not reflect all relevant charges.
Neither Morningstar nor its Information Providers can guarantee the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or correct sequencing of any of the Information on the Web site, including, but not limited to Information originated by Morningstar, licensed by Morningstar from Information Providers, or gathered by Morningstar from publicly available sources. There may be delays, omissions, or inaccuracies in the Information.


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Life is fast.
Life goes by so fast which is enough of a reason to live, love and enjoy every single second.
When you look back on what has happened so far, there has been lots of challenge that you never thought you would survive, lots of heart ache that left you feeling like your heart was broken and finally just when you could not take one more thing, you are left with the joy and satisfaction of being alive.
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This level is destructive, stagnant and pointless, take every lesson as a learning lesson, stay clear on what you want and don't ever settle for less, by doing this you will become a world class racing driver.


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King me! Shaq to mentor Cousins?
Shaquille O'Neal has never exactly gone easy on the
Sacramento Kings,
regularly referring to the team as the
"Sacramento Queens," eliminating them from the playoffs
on the way to each of the Lakers' three championships during
the Shaq Era and penning this little ditty about Vlade Divac:
But the Kings might be willing to forgive all of that if the Big
Diesel can help get the most out of troubled big man DeMarcus
According to CBS Sacramento, O'Neal was
in Northern California on Wednesday and met with new Kings owners
Vivek Ranadive and Mark Mastrov in Menlo Park. Mastrov also happens
to be the founder of 24 Hour Fitness, a company that has
partnered with Shaq on 10 gyms in Florida and
The meeting was reportedly to discuss the future Hall of Famer
O'Neal mentoring Cousins, who has shown plenty of promise on
the court — averaging 16.3 points and 9.8 rebounds through
three NBA seasons — but whose issues with maturity and
authority have held him back since being drafted fifth overall out
of Kentucky in 2010.
The most notable of Cousins' off-court transgressions came
in January 2012, when then-Kings coach Paul Westphal
sent Cousins home from a game. Westphal later
released a statement that Cousins "lets it be known that he is
unwilling/unable to embrace traveling in the same direction as his
team" and had asked for a trade. Four days later,
Westphal was fired.
Then in December 2012, Cousins
was briefly suspended from the Kings for
"conduct detrimental to the team," stemming from a halftime
argument with Westphal's replacement, Keith Smart. Cousins then
fired his agent and hired one
who had previous beef with the Kings
organization. Smart was fired in May after his first full season as
coach, and the Kings
replaced him with Mike Malone.
Now, I'm not sure Shaq is necessarily a bastion of
maturity, but O'Neal told CBS Sacramento he was going to
"make DeMarcus Cousins the best big man in the game" —
and if there's anything Shaq knows a thing or two about,
it's being at the top of his game while also being a complete
The more daunting challenge for O'Neal, however, will be
getting Cousins to start respecting authority, and that may be a
task too big even for Shaq to tackle.


text:
It is refreshing to see the genuine attitude of respect and honor that the entire family and crew at Barrett & Crofoot show to each other. That simply speaks volumes about the leadership of an organization.
IVESCO Outlook Magazine
Barrett & Crofoot Feed Yard was founded in 1975 by E.C. Crofoot, Jay Crofoot and Ed Barrett. By 1980, we increased our capacity to 140,000 head with the acquisition of the East Yard and expansion of the West Yard. Our goal at Barrett & Crofoot is to produce the safest and healthiest beef product in the world, both for the consumer and the environment.
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QC Software's Approach to Reducing Waste in the Cold Supply Chain
Cold supply chains must be optimized to meet demand, reduce waste and improve safety. The Tier-1 Warehouse Control System provides product visibility throughout the network for better planning, regulatory compliance and higher profit margins.
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Jerry List
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text:
Onion Bread
susan tinney
Circa 1966. Woman's Day. Goes great with spaghetti, also good with roast beef.
★★★★★ 1 vote
2 Hr
20 Min
- 1
- pkg. active dry yeast
- 1 c
- water
- 2 tsp
- sugar
- 2 tsp
- salt
- 3 1/4 c
- all purpose flour
- 2 Tbsp
- melted butter
- 1/2 c
- coarsly chopped onion
- 1 tsp
- paprika, sweet mild
1In large bowl, put one cup of very warm water (105 to 115) Sprinkle dry yeast into water and stir until dissolved.
2Add sugar, 1 teaspoon of salt to water. Let sit a few minutes to proof.
3When yeast water mixture has proofed add 2 cups of flour and mix then beat well.
4Stir in 1/2 cup more flour.
5Turn out on floured board and knead until smooth and satiny, adding remaining flour as needed.
6Put in greased bowl, turn once, cover and let rise until doubled about 1 hour.
7Punch dough down and divide into 2 equal pieces.
8Pat each half into 2 greased 8 inch round cake pan or 2 8 inch square pans.
9Brush with melted butter and sprinkle onion on top.
10Press onion into dough with fingertips so surface looks dented.
11Sprinkle each with 1/2 teaspoon salt and 1/2 teaspoon paprika
12Let rise until doubled about 45 minutes
13Bake in preheated 450 oven for about 20 minutes
14Serve warm cut into wedges or strips
About Onion Bread
Course/Dish: Savory Breads
Other Tag: Quick & Easy


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Chapter 1: Days Gone ByMature
Despite not believing the rumours, I had put together a plan in my head- just in case. So, when the news confirmed it, I didn't need telling twice. I jumped in the car and whizzed down to the nearest Costco (a huge wholesale store) and spent an absolute fortune. I didn't care that it might be just a false alarm; you can't buy life. I bought tins and canned goods along with enough bottles of water to cure global drought!
Just under an hour later, I was back home again. I dropped off the food and water before dashing back out to the hardware store and buying a packet of nails, a hammer and a baseball bat. After going home again, I hammered the nails into the bat- making it a quiet but lethal weapon. Then, as I sat down, the realisation of what was happening set in.
I remembered all the idiots buying expensive jewellery, computers, TV's and the latest phones; for no other reason than they could and money was already starting to lose it's value. I guess I should have warned them, those people would have no doubt perished quickly- either from lack of protection, dehydration or famine. I could have saved a couple of them. I should have saved a couple of them.
I should have saved a lot of people.
Then again, most of the people buying pointless crap probably killed themselves when the power cut out a few days later.
Oh yeah! That happened next, the power died. Broadcasts, News and updates suddenly went. The population decreased quickly as power gradually cut out across America. The last update I saw covered it- the population had decreased massively. When power cut out in Atlanta, the story was the same. Everything was dead, in more ways than one.
You see, that's the fundamental flaw with apocalyptic suicide: If you get bitten you turn but if you die of any other cause you turn too. We could have dealt with the infection at first, there wasn't that many infected. Then the suicide frenzy came along and everyone killed them selves; becoming the undead. We're swarmed with them now, the suicide lot made short work of pretty much everyone. One person was all it took, the cities were 'safe zones'- thousands of people all in one place spelled disaster. Hundreds of thousands of people in one place, one of those now can't use their PC so they kill themselves. One undead holed up with countless people, it turns five others into infected- they all turn five more. Each.
Before we knew it, thousands of zombies are with thousands of people and making short work of them. Hundreds of thousands less humans; hundreds of thousands more infected. All because one idiot killed themselves. It was carnage.


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This content has been marked as final. Show 5 replies
1. Re: idmconfigtool.sh in OIM R2Ketan Solanki Sep 6, 2012 9:37 AM (in response to SunilU)I am going on work on same requirement (except I am not using OUD)
As the doc says: we need to run this tool to preconfigure LDAP sync, so I think following should be used
For OUD, there are additional suggested tasks
Please let me know how it works out for you :-)
2. Re: idmconfigtool.sh in OIM R2SunilU Sep 6, 2012 4:39 PM (in response to Ketan Solanki)Thanks Ketan. So I think here's the highlevel steps:
1. Prep FMW Store (OUD) for ob attributes, containers, OIMAdmin user, ACL etc.. - http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E27559_01/install.1112/e27301/oim.htm#CDDGJIBJ
2. Run ./idmconfigtool.sh in oim http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E27559_01/integration.1112/e27123/idmcfgtool.htm#CIHIJCIC with options ( - preConfigIDStore, -prepareIDStore, -ConfigPolicyStore, -configOAM, -configOIM etc..)
3. Run OUD specific tasks with the link you suggested - http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E27559_01/integration.1112/e27123/idmcfgtool.htm#CIHDAAFB
4. Enable post-install ldap sync in oim and test - http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E27559_01/integration.1112/e27123/oid_oim.htm#CHDGEGHJ
Does this sequence sound right? Please confirm. Thanks so much for your insights.
3. Re: idmconfigtool.sh in OIM R2Ketan Solanki Sep 6, 2012 5:07 PM (in response to SunilU)Thanks Sunil, order looks fine to me. I am still looking at few things
2. whether idmconfigtool is to be run with all commands? I don't think configPolicyStore,configOAM commands need to run.
4. In post-installation, i cannot seem to locate some metadata files and there location is changed in R2. File LdapContainerRules.xml mentioned on post-installation is discussed here http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E14571_01/doc.1111/e14309/cust_ldap.htm
Still jotting down all steps in single page. :-)
Good luck
4. Re: idmconfigtool.sh in OIM R2SunilU Sep 7, 2012 4:48 PM (in response to Ketan Solanki)Ketan,
Step 2 - I think -configOAM (creates the access gate in OAM) and -configOIM is needed. I'm not sure on -configPolicyStore either. I'm also looking into this link http://onlineappsdba.com/index.php/2011/11/23/idmconfigtool-oimoamfusionapps-integration-preconfigidstore-prepareidstore-configoam-configoim/
Just before Step 4 - there should be another step to configure OVD for split profile, if your requirement is similar to mine. http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E25054_01/fusionapps.1111/e21032/non_oid_dir.htm#CHDJCFDA . I wanted to keep AD as enterprise user directory and use OUD to store FMW schema attributes. I'm planning to use shadow joiner to merge both and provide a single view to OAM for Auth. When we run -configOIM it should be pointed against the OVD instance. I'm assuming LDAP Sync configuration can go directly against OUD.
Step 5 - Post-installation
Please let me know if this makes sense and sorry to throw too many links in this thread. This integration is messier than I thought initially and the documentation is strewn all over. If you would like I'm also available via sunilu@gmail to discuss more on this offline. Thanks for the help.
5. Re: idmconfigtool.sh in OIM R2jtellier Jan 29, 2013 8:59 PM (in response to SunilU)Hello,
I'm trying also to configure LDAPSync post install in OIM 11gR2 and I've stumbled on that thread while trying to find precisions regarding the confusing official doc. The steps you are pointing out make sense, but can you confirm that they work? Anything else I should know before proceeding?


text:
- Features
Attractive Aluminium Framed Glass Tower Display
Flat Packed in an MDF box for transport
Simple Assembly
Great looking unit, ideal for and retail display or perfect for the home hobbyist
These unit can be matched together with the same unit or similar units to form a row
Specifications Glass Tempered Safety Glass Top Lights 4 x 20watt Halogen Down lights Side Lights 4 x 20watt Halogen Spot lights Shelves 4 Adjustable Shelves Door Lockable Hinged Door Switchable Lights Yes Dimensions 1980mm High x 400mm Deep x 1000mm Wide Casters Included Feet Standard plastic adjustable feet Packaging Flat Packed in MDF Bo Technical Specifications Click on this link to download a drawing with all the dimensions BUYING GUIDE Code Description Height (mm) Depth (mm) Width (mm) Weight (Kgs) S500 Glass Tower 1980 500 500 87 S1000 Glass Showcase 1980 400 1000 121 GS500LT Black Glass Tower 1880 500 500 81 GS500LTS Black Glass Showcase 1880 400 1000 113 SBWC1000T Silver Glass Showcase with Storage 1980 400 1000 101 SWC500 Black Glass Tower with Storage 1980 500 500 87 SWC1000 Black Glass Showcase with Storage 1980 400 1000 182 BB500 Budget Glass Tower 1830 500 500 78 BB800 Budget Glass Showcase 1890 400 800 87 EXS500 Exhibition Glass Tower 1980 500 500 76 EXS800 Exhibition Glass Showcase 1980 400 1000 95
If you require a Hand Unload at your destination please make a note on your order. An Additional $45 surcharge applies to this, which will be charged after the purchase if it is not advised when placed
To Help with your purchase below are some approximate delivery costs. These are dependant on your location AND AVAILABILITY OF A FORKLIFT
DON'T HAVE A FORKLIFT? DON'T WORRY A HAND UNLOAD IS AVAILABLE AT $45Please advise in the notes section if a hand Unload is required.
Packing Examples
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We have a team ready to answer any questions and assist you real-time with your order. If you run into any trouble, please give us a call - Monday to Thursday 8am - 5pm and Friday 8am - 4pm.


text:
Welcome to Wedding Belles
Wedding Belles of Otley is a family run business located in a picturesque courtyard just off the Market Place in the heart of Otley, West Yorkshire. Our boutique is truly a hidden gem: luxurious, modern and spacious.
Wedding Belles of Otley is a family run business located in a picturesque courtyard just off the Market Place in the heart of Otley, West Yorkshire. Our boutique is truly a hidden gem: luxurious, modern and spacious.
With the exclusive use of our large private bridal suites you will be able to completely immerse yourself in one of the most wonderful shopping experiences of your life.
Our beautiful bridal boutique provides you with an exciting choice of wedding dress collections with prices ranging from £600 to £2,000. We also have a collection of ready to wear and ex-sample gowns from £200. All of our collections have been handpicked for their quality design and sumptuous fabrics and fantastic choice of design options, giving you the opportunity to make your gown truly unique.
Choosing your wedding dress is an amazing but also an emotional experience. With this in mind our dedicated bridal consultants are here to welcome you and put you at ease. Our focus is on delivering a first-class service to each and every bride and to ensure our brides and their families have an unforgettable experience.
Based in the heart of Yorkshire and within easy reach of Leeds, Harrogate, Bradford and Skipton, our stunning collections of bridal gowns are also complemented by beautiful bridesmaid dresses and sparkling accessories.
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From first vision to final fitting, our service really is a special and unique journey for each and every bride.
We strive to ensure we have a clear and transparent pricing policy and are therefore pleased to offer Wedding Belles brides a fixed fee alterations service so you can be assured there are no hidden costs and no nasty surprises along the way.
Come and join us for a glass of bubbles and a bridal experience to remember!
We look forward to welcoming you.
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text:
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Jason Kidd Top 10 Plays of Career
- published: 29 Dec 2015
- views: 535547
A countdown of Jason Kidd\'s Top 10 Career Plays. Relive this legendary point guard\'s greatest passes, layups, and clutch plays from his rookie season to retirement. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Honorable Mention: 11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mYIjEtWvto (go to 0:48) 12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G-9n0Fa5hU 13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMhSm6qYJvk 14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLE71vgeVUc 15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wACRl1UPmQ 16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZr6CCG7Zq4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About NBA Countdown: NBA Countdown provides opinionated lists of many different NBA Players top plays as well as other lists relating to the NBA or the game of basketball. I strive to create a a fair and unbiased list of plays but at the same time, everyone has their own opinion on lists and no opinion is right or wrong. I judge plays based on the context of the situation, the overall difficulty, and how aesthetically pleasing the play is. Performances are not counted as \'plays\'. This means that Kobe Bryant\'s 81 point game, Wilt Chamberlains 100 point game would not be listed on the top 10 career plays list. It is worth mentioning that there is no single definition of a \'play\'. For example, if someone made a nice block on defense then immediately drove down the court and poste...


text: Roger Scannura Flamenco Guitarist/Composer/ArtistRoger Scannura is an internationally recognized Flamenco guitarist and a leading exponent of Nuevo Flamenco.Scannura was born on the history drenched island of Malta. His early schooling began at the Franciscan Monastery of St. Theresa where he was tutored in European history, Latin, Fine art and art restoration. He has been immersed in music since early childhood and mastered the techniques and nuances of Flamenco guitar while in Spain for 12 years under the auspices of Pepe Habichuela and other gypsy masters. He has toured Europe and North America as a soloist and as a Music Director for several ␣amenco dance companies. He is also a founder of the acclaimed Toronto based dance company Ritmo Flamenco. Scannura with his group has performed for Prime ministers,Dignitaries as well as an assortment of celebrities including,Russell Crowe and Sting. Scannura has recorded eight cds of original flamenco music encompassing both traditional and modern styles.


text:
Knee pain problem
I m having the knee problem in my right hand legs.I have done the test of CT scan but the report is normal and i had eaten some medicines also but no effect pain is happening continuously and i cant do any more type of work bcz of these pain plz tell me which doctor should i consult this?
Answers (1)
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Dr. Chethan R S
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Hi...., knee pain has a number of different causes. Whatever the cause, exercise and keeping to a healthy weight can reduce symptoms... Rest and immobilize your knee joint for few days.... Apply alternate ice and warm compresses until the pain subsides.... Compress the knee with crepe bandage to reduce swelling if any.... Elevating the foot end also reduces the swelling.... Consider pain relieving medications for few days...Consult your orthopedician if symptoms Persists....
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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I dont have anything left but what about my future?
Yes, it is too late if you intention is to protect your personal assets from the past debt. A "legal entity" does not work in retrospect...so, as per the lease and vendors, you agreed to be personally liable...I would suggest that you contact an attorney of your choice to begin the debt negotiation on these matters.
Shawn Jackson Business AttorneyAsk a similar question
What you are referring to in law is called a "fraudulent conveyance" and if you are already insolvent and threatened with lawsuits, it's too late. You landlord won't consent to the assignment, and your creditors have relied on your personal assets.
A consultation with a bankruptcy lawyer so you can protect the maximum amount of assets would be in order.
The above is general legal and business analysis. It is not "legal advice" but analysis, and different lawyers may analyse this matter differently, especially if there are additional facts not reflected in the question. I am not your attorney until retained by a written retainer agreement signed by both of us. I am only licensed in California. See also avvo.com terms and conditions item 9, incorporated as if it was reprinted here.Ask a similar question
Yes, it is too late. What you need to do is negotiate with the creditors. Were any of the debts secured?Ask a similar question
As both attorneys stated, it is too late for that. It sounds like you may want to discuss the bankruptcy option. Bankruptcy can really help relieve the stress that you must be feeling. Most of us attorneys that practice Bankruptcy offer free consultations. You should take advantage of that.
Kevin A. Spainhour, Esq.Ask a similar question
The other attorneys' responses all provide sound advice; you can't go backwards. The only thing I might add is related to your options at this point.
Bankruptcy is a remedy designed to provide you with breathing room to start fresh and to create some order and control over creditors trying to get at your assets. But bankruptcy is not inevitable, nor is it something that needs to be done right away. Your conversations with a bankruptcy attorney should include alternatives that reflect whether your creditors are likely to pursue collections, whether you have any assets requiring the protection afforded by bankruptcy, and when you should file to provide you with the best protection. Filing draws a line in the sand and protects assets from debts up to the date of filing, but may not protect you from debts that arise after filing. Once you file, you must wait a number of years before you can file again (not something anyone wants to do, but serious unexpected events can occur, such as a serious health issue). If you haven't recovered financially and incur additional debt, you may not have a remedy to help.
Finally, hang in there. It is never easy to go through a business failure and the future may look bleak. Seek sound counsel who understands what it is like to suffer a small business failure and help you with the confusion you may be experiencing as you figure out what to do now and how to move forward.Ask a similar question
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WWE RAW Results – March 14, 2016
Complete WWE RAW results from March 14th — The Road to WrestleMania 32 continues!
WWE RAW Results – February 29, 2016
WWE RAW took place on Monday in Nashville, Tennessee at the Bridgestone Arena. This marks the first-ever Monday Night RAW that takes place on a "Leap Day." – RAW opens up with Triple H coming down to the ring with his World Heavyweight Championship belt. The Game cuts a promo on Roman Reigns and says […]
WWE RAW Results – January 25, 2016
Tonight's episode of WWE RAW takes place from Miami, FL and will feature the return of a "major star." – The RAW broadcast starts off with a video recapping Sunday's 30-man Royal Rumble match. We go to the arena and Vince and Stephanie McMahon come out to the ring. Vince cuts a promo on Roman […]
WWE RAW Results From Pittsburgh, PA (5/14)
Punk and Santino vs. Bryan and Rhodes in tag team action plus more.


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Teams lose sleep over Rio night races
By Rod Gilmour
KAZAN, Russia (Reuters) - As soon as the world championships concluded on Sunday, swimming's top nations were setting their sights on an all together different proposition -- how to deal with midnight finishes during the Rio 2016 Olympics.
Next year's Games schedule means some swimming finals take place at night, the result of broadcasters such as NBC seeking a peak audience in the United States.
In Kazan, the world championship finals normally finished at around 1930 local time, but Rio finals are slated for a 2200 start.
With media commitments, warm down, drug testing and the transport home, athletes in Rio de Janeiro will not be in bed until the early hours of the morning.
Of the top nations Reuters spoke to in Kazan, only Swimming Australia, who had originally opposed the decision, had seemingly cemented a plan to deal with late evening finals.
They will hold a week-long, pre-Rio training camp later this year, with a two-day Grand Prix meet in between.
The idea is to replicate what the athletes will experience in Rio. The swim meet will finish at midnight both days, a Swimming Australia spokesman said, with athletes going through recovery, media and drug testing procedures as they would in Brazil.
"As athletes and staff, we have to familiarize ourselves with what it means for us all to stay in those time frames," Jacco Verhaeren, Swimming Australia's head coach, told Reuters. Continued...


text: COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCE FOR LANGUAGES – WHAT IS BEHIND IT? 1 SESSION OUTLINE • • • • • • • • • • The need for a change Basics of CEFR e Background The new approach Competence as the Key Term Scales and Subscales Self-assessment and CEFR Projects within CEFR Issues and Critique CEFR and IELTS 2 Hands up! • Who owns a copy of the CEFR – the Blue Book? • Who has read it? • Who is familiar with its contents? • Who has already heard of the CEFR? 3 The World Is Changing 4 Traditional Approaches Recent Approaches • Memorization • Teaching English as it is • Teacher-centeredness • Learner-centeredness • Rote- learning • Learning rather than teaching • Short term study habits • Teaching technology and the internet • Structures as a course subject • Promoting autonomy and awareness • Teaching English as a means of communication 5 THE KEY CONCEPTS OF THE NEW CURRICULUM • • • • • • • • • • • • Learner Centered Approach Communicative competence Intercultural competence Study Skills Self-assessment Four language skills Cooperative learning Learning to learn Learner autonomy Cross curricular Socio-affective skills CEFR 6 The new curriculum has been prepared in the light of CEFR 7 What do these initials stand for? • C……………. • E…………….. • F………........ • R…………….. 8 COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK OF REFERENCES FOR LANGUAGES • COMMON • EUROPEAN • FRAMEWORK • REFERENCES 9 COMMON EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK of REFERENCE (CEFR) LEARNING, TEACHING,ASSESSMENT 10 What is CEFR ? Common European Framework of References for Languages: teaching, learning and assessment a single framework for all aspects of language teaching and learning: planning, instruction, and assessment & a common criteria for a description of language competencies. designed by the Council of Europe 11 WHY CEFR? • Mobility among the members of the Council of Europe • Paying respect to other languages and cultures • To assist learners, teachers, course designers, examining bodies and educational administrators to situate, coordinate their efforts and cooperate among educational institutions in different countries 12 Council of Europe Policy The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) was developed to support the Council of Europe policy How? "providing a common basis for the elaboration of language syllabuses, curriculum guidelines, examinations, textbooks, etc. across Europe" (CEFR, p.1) 13 13 Background 1970s work encouraged by the Council of Europe Notional-functional syllabus (Wilkins, Morrow) – Threshold – Waystage – Vantage – Learning target specifications 1986-2001 (European Union Council Resolution) 14 14 15 Pluralingualism and Pluriculturism What is important today is Not only… But also… 16 16 Council of Europe Policy The Council of Europe also attaches great importance to language learning – To preserve linguistic and cultural identity – To improve communication and mutual understanding – To combat intolerance and xenophobia 17 17 Council of Europe Policy The Council of Europe has principal ideas to develop its linguistic policy Which ones? 18 18 Council of Europe Policy Plurilingual and Pluricultural competences Transparency and coherence Learning throughout life Mobility and cooperation So, the CEFR purpose is … 19 19 CEFR: purposes The CEFR aims are 1. Elaboration syllabuses guidelines. of and language curriculum 2. Design teaching materials. and 3. The assessment proficiency of learning language 20 20 CEFR: characteristics 21 21 Main Factors to Take into Account 22 Competences as the Key Aspect Two main types to draw on 1. General Competence 2. Communicative Language Competence 23 23 General Competences Knowledge (declarative knowledge): academic and empirical Skills and Know-how Existential competence 24 Communicative Language Competence Linguistic competence (lexical, phonological, syntactical knowledge and skills) Sociolinguistic competence (sociocultural conditions of language use) Pragmatic competence (functional use of linguistic resources – production of language functions, speech acts etc) 25 Practice makes PERFECT!!! • Being more competent means to be able to carry out more and more activities competences activities 26 Level Division PROFICIENT 27 CEFR: levels Basic User http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ManualRevision-proofread-FINAL_en.pdf 28 28 CEFR: levels Independent User http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ManualRevision-proofread-FINAL_en.pdf 29 29 CEFR: levels Proficient User http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ManualRevision-proofread-FINAL_en.pdf 30 30 Subdividing Levels 31 CEFR: dimensions The CEFR is based in 2 dimensions: 32 32 Our communications Dimensions of our language 1. Reception 2. Production 3. Interaction 4. Mediation CONTEXT BODY LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE COMPETENCE 33 33 Sub-scale (Conversation) 34 Subscale – Turntaking (strategies) 35 Subscale – Orthographic Control 36 Subscale – Vocabulary range 37 Subscale -??? 38 Subscale - ??? 39 Subscale (substr.)- ??? 40 CAN DO STATEMENTS The levels are described in the form of Can Do statements e.g. "Can give directions" or "Can introduce him/herself" AND This gives teachers and students concrete goals from real life situations. 41 Self-assessment checklist 42 Teaching or Learning? 43 Sample Descriptors (Basic User-A1) GLOBALLY: Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases Can introduce him/herself and others SPECIFICALLY Can understand instructions addressed carefully and slowly to him or her and follow short simple directions Can ask and answer questions about personal details Can understand short simple messages on postcards Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help. Can ask people for things and give people things 44 Sample Activities - Learning to Learn (Cooperative Learning) Speaking production: B. 1. Can initiate, maintain, and close simple face to face conversation on topics that are familiar or of personal interest. Types of Holiday Activity.3. Work in pairs and talk with your partners and use the prompts in the box. I would prefer….. because I wouldn't prefer….. because e.g. What kind of holiday would you prefer? Why/Why not? 45 Sample Activities – Communicative Competence Speaking production: A.2.3: can handle very short social exchanges even though they don't understand enough to Keep the conversation going themselves. A.2. can express himself/ herself understood in short contributions, even though pauses, false starts and reformulation are very evident. 46 47 Sample activities - Speaking Interaction: A.2.3.exchange infromation about society and social life. 48 CEFR: purposes The CEFR aims to develop 4 projects 49 49 CEFR: purposes The Portfolio 50 50 CEFR: purpose The Dialang Project 51 51 CommonCEFR: groups of exams purpose 52 52 Specific documents CEFR: purpose 53 53 USE of CEFR in international practice • • • • • levels for school-leaving (A2,B1, B2), for University graduation (C2!), for migration (A1 minus to B1), for citizenship (A1 to B2) 54 Possible Issues • Terminology problems: synonymy or not? • Inconsistency? • Lack of definition • Gaps Inconsistency? • I can understand familiar names, words and very simple sentences, for example on notices and posters or in catalogues" (page 26) • "Can recognise familiar names, words and very basic phrases on simple notices in the most common everyday situations" (page 70) 55 Some Issues • Lack of definitions: Simple, the most common, everyday, familiar, concrete, predictable, straightforward, factual complex, specialised, highly colloquial, short, long • Ambiguity: Is a short text necessarily "easier" than a longer text? 56 Some Issues: synonymy Operations at A2 • Understand • Take • Get • Follow • Identify • Infer • • • • • • • • • Operations at B2 Understand Scan Monitor Obtain Select Evaluate Locate Identify 57 Some issues - FAQ 1. How can we ensure that we elicit target language features? 2. How can we check both what the learners are able to do and also what they freely choose to do? 3. How can we ensure that tasks at a given CEFR level are parallel? Is my B1 your B1? 4. We need banks of validated reading and listening tasks to illustrate CEFR levels 58 Limitations of the CEFR • Not enough information for test development – DIALANG experience • Lack of specificity as to how language • proficiency develops • No reference to specific languages - but see reference level descriptions: www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/DNR_EN.asp 59 CEFR and IELTS • "As we grow in our understanding of the relationship between IELTS and the CEFR levels, so the frame of reference may need to be revised accordingly." Taylor, L (2004a) 'Issues of test comparability', Research Notes, 15, 2-5. 60 CEFR vs IELTS - FAQ *Has the IELTS changed? No,it hasn't. *Some IELTS band scores are shown as borderline (e.g. it is not clear whether band 6,5 is B2 or C1). How should institutions and organisations interpret this? Our research shows that a C1 minimum threshold would fall between the 6.5 and 7 bands on the IELTS scale. Therefore, whilst many 6.5 candidates would be at C1, a number will be marginally below. *Does IELTS differentiate at C2 level? Band scores of 8.5 and higher are recognised as C2. Band 8 is borderline. 61 References • A Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Learning, Teaching, Assessment. — Strasbourg, 1986. • Common European Framework of reference for languages //Council of Europe: http://www.coe.int/ and http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/linguistic/Source/ManualRevision-proofreadFINAL_en.pdf • IELTS (official site) http://www.ielts.org • Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: изучение, преподавание, оценка / Департамент современных языков Директората по образованию, культуре и спорту Совета Европы; Перевод выполнен на кафедре стилистики английского языка МГЛУ под общ. ред. проф. К. М. Ирисхановой. — М.: Изд-во МГЛУ, 2003 62 Thank you very much Council of Europe and… Elena Golubovskaya, Associate Professor, English Language Department Higher School of Economics 63 63


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Rustic Cottage Collection Natural Bird Ornaments, 3-Pack
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Taguchi Methods for Robust Design
Through the theories, strategies, and broad range of case studies in Taguchi Methods for Robust Design, you gain exposure to the entire spectrum of robust design, and master its application. You also learn to prevent quality problems in the early stages of product development/design, to use the dynamic signal-to-noise (SN) ratio as the performance index for robustness of production functions, and to evaluate methods of data collection and analyze case studies of parameter design. Contents include: Types of SN ratios Basic dynamic-type SN ratios for continuous variables Various cases Non-dynamic SN ratios Classified attributes SN ratio with complex numbers Layout and analysis of Youden Square Incomplete data Robust technology department Case studies.
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text: Hy Gramps Team, first I like to say that Gramps is very good! My farther uses it very often and we both think its very useful! We found 2 things that we both think are not perfekt. - When I enter an Occupation for a Person (as an Event) and I do not know= =20 the Date when the Occupation took place, this event will not be displayed in the Detailed individual Report. Does it recommend a date ? We often don't know the exact information. - When I enter Events for a person, the order of the Events cannot be cha= nged. This looks very strange when I enter Events one on one when I read about= =20 them. I dream of a button where I can move an event up/down. That would be wonderful :-) Keep up the good work! Markus


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|Reviews for Two Sides of the Same Coin
| 6tailedninja chapter 1 . 8/6/2011
I really enjoyed this story, especially since you had Cissnei as a prominent character, I just wished that you didn't stop at one chapter.
| FullMentalPanic chapter 1 . 7/20/2011
Lots of action, some humor (particularly the bits where Cissnei thinks that the 'pipe' is a lame weapon and Siri wonders if princesses intern as office assistants on this planet), and good drama. I felt like everyone was in character (although Reno seemed a little more 'touchy' than usual) and I really liked the Zack Fair cameo and how it shows he was still trying to help and do the hero thing even then. Interesting how you gave him green eyes before mako infusions turned them blue. Very good ending because it has a deeper meaning as well with how Siri is serving the Republic which turns into the Empire and Cissnei is serving Shinra which has a lot of evilness in power. I liked reading it.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 21, 2010
|Filing date
|Jan 4, 2008
|Priority date
|Aug 1, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Burwell Goode
|Original Assignee
|At&T Intellectual Property Ii, L.P.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (15), Referenced by (2), Classifications (22), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/210,494, filed Aug. 1, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,327,675 entitled FAIRNESS CAPACITY ALLOCATION FOR AN MPLS-BASED VPN, which has been allowed. The aforementioned related patent application is herein incorporated by reference.
Computer networks are well known, and are used to interconnect computers at different locations so that they can share data and communicate with each other. Originally, most of the data carried on networks comprised textual data. More recently, multimedia data such as animation, voice and video clips have become more popular on the Internet. Multimedia networking products such as Internet telephony, Internet TV and video conferencing have also become popular.
The use of multimedia networking relies on hardware infrastructure, software infrastructure and application tools to support multimedia transport on networks. Multimedia networking is a relatively complex and difficult operation to accomplish. Compared with traditional textual applications, multimedia applications usually require much higher bandwidth. For example, a typical piece of 25-second 320�240 QuickTime movie could take 2.3 MB, which is equivalent to about 1000 screens of textual data.
Further, most multimedia applications require real-time traffic wherein audio and video data are played back continuously at the rate they are sampled. When the data does not arrive in time, the play back process stops and human ears and eyes can easily pick up the artifact. In Internet telephony, human beings can tolerate a latency of about 250 milliseconds. If the latency exceeds this limit users will complain about the quality of the call. In addition to the delay, network congestion also has an effect on real-time traffic. For non-real-time traffic, when the network is congested the transfer takes longer to complete. If no action is taken to remedy the congestion, the retransmission of lost packets aggravates the situation by further congesting the network. However, for real-time data transmission, if the network is congested, the real-time data becomes obsolete and is dropped if it does not arrive in time.
Networks, such as the Internet, are shared by thousands of users, and have limited bandwidth, unpredictable delay and unpredictable availability. These characteristics are in direct contrast to multimedia data which is high bandwidth, real-time and bursty by nature.
There are several known ways to transmit multimedia data, such as by utilizing dedicated links, cables and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks. However, it is desirable to use the Internet Protocol to transmit multimedia data, because it has become a ubiquitous protocol.
Dedicated links and cables are generally more expensive for transmitting multimedia data because they require special installation and special software. Without an existing technology like Local Area Networks (LANs) and/or Wide Area Networks (WANs), software development can be extremely expensive. While ATM may support multimedia data rates because ATM supports high bandwidth, is connection-oriented and can tailor different levels of quality of service to different type of applications, few users have ATM connections at their desktops.
On the other hand, the Internet is growing exponentially. The well-established LAN and WAN technologies based on the IP protocol suite connect bigger and bigger networks all over the world to the Internet. The Internet has become the platform of most networking activities. This is the driving force behind the development and implementation of multimedia protocols over an internet. Another benefit of running multimedia over IP is that users can have integrated data and multimedia service over a single network, without investing in another network and building an interface between networks.
Shared network resources are unpredictable in their availability. Real-time applications require adequate bandwidth when the transmission takes place. Therefore there should be some mechanism for allowing real-time applications to preempt the resources they need along the transmission path, within the limited bandwidth assigned for real-time traffic, and also there should be a mechanism to block real-time applications from using more aggregate bandwidth than was assigned for that class of traffic.
The Internet is a packet-switching network where packets are routed independently across shared networks. There is no guarantee that real-time data will reach the destination without being jumbled and jerky. Appropriate transport protocols should be used to take care of the timing issues so that audio and video data can be played back continuously with correct timing and synchronization.
The Internet carries all types of traffic, and each type of traffic has different characteristics and requirements. For example, a file transfer application requires that some quantity of data be transferred in an acceptable amount of time, while Internet telephony requires that most packets get to the receiver in less than 0.3 seconds. If enough bandwidth is available, best-effort service fulfills all of these requirements. When resources are scarce or overloaded, however, real-time traffic suffers from the congestion.
One solution for multimedia over IP is to classify all traffic, allocate priority for different applications and to make reservations. An Internet Service model named Integrated Services (IntServ) includes best-effort service and real-time service. The real-time service enables IP networks to provide quality of service (QoS) to multimedia applications. A Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), together with a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), a Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP), and a Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), provide a working foundation for real-time services. Integrated Services allows applications to configure and manage a single infrastructure for multimedia applications and traditional applications. It is a comprehensive approach to provide applications with the type of service they need and in the quality they choose. However, IntServ makes heavy demands on the network routers, and has not been widely implemented.
Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) is a network control protocol that allows a data receiver to request a special end-to-end quality of service for its data flows. Real-time applications use RSVP to reserve necessary resources at routers along the transmission paths so that the requested bandwidth is available when the transmission actually takes place.
Reservations are implemented through two types of RSVP messages: PATH messages and RESV messages. The PATH messages are sent periodically from the sender to the multicast address. A PATH message contains a sender template (data format, source address, source port) and traffic characteristics. This information is used by receivers to find the reverse path to the sender and to determine what resources should be reserved.
RESV messages are generated by the receivers and contain reservation parameters. The reservation parameters define what packets in the flow should be used by the packet classifier. RESV messages follow the exact reverse path of PATH messages, setting up reservations for one or more senders at every node.
The reservation states that RSVP builds at the routers are dynamic in nature. The RSVP daemon sends refresh messages periodically to maintain the reservation states. The absence of a refresh message within a certain time will destroy the reservation state.
The reservation process does not actually transmit the data and provide the requested quality of service. RSVP guarantees the required network resources are available when the transmission actually takes place.
Although RSVP sits on top of IP in the protocol stack, it is not a routing protocol, but rather an Internet control protocol. RSVP relies on the underlying routing protocols to find where it should deliver the reservation requests. When the RSVP-managed flow changes its path, the routing module notifies the RSVP module of the route changes. Therefore, RSVP can quickly adjust the resource reservation to new routes.
There are several reasons for not using IntServ with RSVP for IP telephony. Although IntServ with RSVP would work on a private network with small amounts of traffic, the large number of voice calls that IP Telephony Service Providers carry on their networks would stress an IntServ RSVP system. First, the bandwidth required for RSVP messages would be a significant part of the overall traffic. Second, RSVP router code was not designed to support many thousands of simultaneous connections per router.
It should be noted, however, that RSVP is a signaling protocol, and it has been proposed for use in contexts other than IntServ. For example, RSVP-TE is a constraint-based routing protocol for establishing Label Switched Paths with associated bandwidth and specified paths in an MPLS network. RSVP has also been proposed as the call admission control mechanism for VoIP in differentiated services networks.
Since IntServ with RSVP does not scale well to support many thousands of connections, the IETF has developed a simpler framework and architecture to support differentiated services (DiffServ). The architecture achieves scalability by aggregating traffic into classifications that are conveyed by means of IP-layer packet marking using the OS field in Ipv4 or Ipv6 headers. Sophisticated classification, marking, policing, and shaping operations need only be implemented at network boundaries. Service provisioning policies allocate network resources to traffic streams by marking and conditioning packets as they enter a differentiated services-capable network, in which the packets receive a particular per-hop forwarding behavior (PHB) based on the value of the DS field.
The primary goal of differentiated services is to allow different levels of service to be provided for traffic streams on a common network infrastructure. A variety of resource management techniques may be used to achieve this, but the end result will be that some packets will receive different (e.g. better) service than others. Service providers can, for example, offer a real-time service giving priority in use of bandwidth and router queues, up to the configured amount of capacity allocated to real-time traffic.
One candidate PHB for voice service is Expedited Forwarding (EF). The objective of the EF PHB is to build a low loss, low latency, low jitter, assured bandwidth, end-to-end service through DS domains. Such a service would appear to endpoints like a point-to-point connection of "virtual leased line". Since router queues cause traffic to experience loss, jitter, and excessive latency, EF PHB tries to ensure that all EF traffic experiences either no or very small queues.
For several decades, traffic engineering and automated rerouting of telephone traffic have increased the efficiency and reliability of the PSTN. Frame relay and ATM also offer source (or "explicit") routing capabilities that enable traffic engineering. However, IP networks have relied on destination-based routing protocols that send all the packets over the shortest path, without regard to the utilization of the links comprising that path. In some cases, links can be congested by traffic that could be carried on other paths comprised of underutilized links. It is possible to design an IP network to run on top of a frame relay or ATM ("Layer 2") network, providing some traffic engineering features, but this approach adds cost and operational complexity.
MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) offers IP networks the capability to provide traffic engineering as well as a differentiated services approach to voice and multimedia quality. MPLS separates routing from forwarding, using label swapping as the forwarding mechanism. The physical manifestation of MPLS is the Label Switch Router (LSR). LSRs perform the routing function in advance by creating Label Switched Paths (LSPs) connecting edge routers. The edge router (an LSR) attaches short (four-byte) labels to packets. Each LSR along the LSP swaps the label and passes it along to the next LSR. The last LSR on the LSP removes the label and treats the packet as a normal IP packet.
MPLS LSPs can be established using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), RSVP Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE), or Constraint-Based LDP (CR-LDP). When using LDP, LSPs have no associated bandwidth. However, when using RSVP-TE or CR-LDP, each LSP can be assigned a bandwidth, and the path can be designated for traffic engineering purposes. MPLS traffic engineering (MPLSTE) combines extensions to OSPF or IS-IS, to distribute link resource constraints, with the label distribution protocols RSVP-TE or CR-LDP. Resource and policy attributes are configured on every link and define the capabilities of the network in terms of bandwidth, a Resource Class Affinity string, and a traffic engineering link metric. When performing the constraint-based path computation, the originating LSR compares the link attributes received via OSPF or IS-IS to those configured on the LSP.
Differentiated Services can be combined with MPLS to map DiffServ Behavior Aggregates onto LSPs. QoS policies can be designated for particular paths. More specifically, the EXP field of the MPLS label can be set so that each label switch/router in the path knows to give the voice packets highest priority, up to the configured maximum bandwidth for voice on a particular link. When the high priority bandwidth is not needed for voice, it can be used for lower priority classes of traffic.
DiffServ and MPLS DiffServ are implemented independently of the routing computation. MPLS-TE computes routes for aggregates across all classes, and performs admission control over the entire LSP bandwidth. MPLSTE and MPLS DiffServ can be used at the same time. Alternatively, DiffServ can be combined with traffic engineering to establish separate tunnels for different classes. DS-TE makes MPLS-TE aware of DiffServ, so that one can establish separate LSPs for different classes, taking into account the bandwidth available to each class. So, for example, a separate LSP could be established for voice, and that LSP could be given higher priority than other LSPs, but the amount of voice traffic on a link could be limited to a certain percentage of the total link bandwidth.
RSVP version 1 lacks facilities for aggregation of individual reserved sessions into a common class. IETF RFC 3175 (Aggregation of RSVP for IPv4 and IPv6 Reservations) specifies several options for aggregated reservations: One method is to use Differentiated Services mechanisms for classification and scheduling of traffic supported by aggregate reservations. It is not only independent of the number of E2E reservations, it is also independent of the number of aggregate reservations in the aggregation region. One or more Diff-Serv DSCPs are used to identify traffic covered by aggregate reservations and one of more Diff-Serv PHBs are used to offer the required forwarding treatment to this traffic.
Sites sharing a common IP network may be divided into several subsets. A Virtual Private Net (VPN) may be defined to be a subset of sites. Two sites can only have IP connectivity if they both belong to one of these VPNs. (Note that a site may belong to more than one VPN.)
VPNs are well known in the art. One type of VPN is a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) based VPN. (Ref: IETF RFC 2547 and RFC 2547bis) An MPLS-based VPN typically includes multiple sites transmitting and receiving data across a Service Provider Backbone (SPB). Internal to the SPB are Provider Edge (PE) routers, which transmit and receive data into and out of the SPB. Routing of data from one PE to another PE within the SPB may include the use of Provider (P) routers. The P routers transmit and receive data from a PE router or another P router.
At each customer site there are devices that are used to communicate over the SPB. Those customer devices that are attached to PE routers are called Customer Edge (CE) devices. A CE device may be a computer, but typically it is a router, in which case we refer to it as a CE router. The PE router is attached to a CE device by being the endpoint of an interface or "sub-interface" (e.g., PVC, VLAN, etc.) whose other endpoint is a CE device.
Each PE router maintains several separate forwarding tables, known as VPN Routing and Forwarding tables, or VRF tables. When a PE router receives a data packet from a CE device, it looks in the VRF table associated with that CE device to determine how to route the packet. The VRF table associated with a particular CE interface contains only routes that lead to other CE interfaces (i.e., other sites) that have at least one VPN in common with the sending CE device.
CE routers transmit and receive data into and out of the customer network. These CE routers use VPNs to exchange information between customer devices at different sites. Typically, only the PE routers are aware of the VPNs. MPLS VPNs do not have defined end-to-end (CE-CE) connections, and therefore are substantially more scalable and easier to build and manage, than conventional VPNs.
MPLS VPNs offer a platform for rapid deployment of additional value-added IP services, including intranets, extranets, voice, multimedia, and network commerce. Privacy and security are provided by limiting the distribution of a VPN's routes to only those routers that are members of the VPN.
PE routers establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs) to the other PE routers. For each VPN, the VRF table in the PE router contains a label designating either a pointer to an outgoing interface on the destination PE router, or a VPN identifier to be used when the destination PE needs to look at its VRF to forward an incoming packet. The PE router places this VPN label on the packet. Then, if path to the destination PE is through a P router, the originating PE router places an LSP label on the packet, so that the VPN label becomes the inner label. Thus P routers never observe the VPN label. Typically, the penultimate Label Switch Router pops the outer label before sending the packet to the destination PE, so that the destination PE observes only the VPN label, from which it determines the outgoing interface. Then it pops the VPN label, sending the original packets to the correct destination CE router. This technology is well known in the industry.
Several VPNs may share an LSP between two PE routers. It is, therefore, possible for one VPN to transmit more than its share of traffic on an LSP, exceeding its committed rate, to the detriment of other VPNs. More specifically, the intermediate P routers do not observe the inner labels identifying a labeled packet as belonging to one or another VPN. Therefore, there is no simple way for the core of the network to determine how much capacity is being used by any of the VPNs.
In view of the foregoing it would be desirable to provide a method of allocating capacity to MPLS VPNs fairly, so that one VPN is not starved by the greediness of another VPN sharing the same LSP.
A method of providing fairness of capacity allocation in a network is presented. The method includes intercepting RSVP messages at a PE router, counting capacity requests for VPNs on an LSP, and rejecting an RSVP message when a VPN/LSP pair associated with the RSVP message has inadequate capacity.
The invention will be better understood by reference to the following more detailed description and accompanying drawings in which:
With the foregoing background in mind, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of fairly allocating capacity among MPLS-based VPNs and for a service provider to offer a guaranteed level of service to a customer.
RSVP Aggregation is a method to reserve network capacity for a tunnel, to be used by several or many microflows. RSVP is commonly used in coordination with Voice over IP call setup to determine whether there is enough capacity (network resources) for the call. RSVP at the end devices can be used in conjunction with RSVP Aggregation in the PE routers to determine whether there is enough capacity on an LSP to accommodate an additional call.
Aggregation depends on being able to hide end-to-end RSVP messages from RSVP-capable routers inside the aggregation region. This is easy to do within an LSP tunnel, since the Label Switched Routers (P routers) along the LSP will only observe and act upon the outer labels. When the PE routers act as the aggregation and deaggregation points, many of the complexities of RFC 3175 are obviated.
Call setup may be combined with RSVP in the following way: The originating customer device sends a setup message to the terminating customer device, which responds with a call proceeding message. Then the terminating customer device sends an RSVP Path message to the originating device. Since reservations are made separately in each direction, the originating device also sends an RSVP Path message to the terminating device after receiving the call proceeding message. Each customer device, upon receipt of the Path message, sends an RSVP Resv message to the originator of the Path message. If there are sufficient resources for the call, reservation confirmation will follow. Then the terminating device will ring the destination telephone. If the called party answers, the call will be connected.
On the other hand, if there are insufficient resources in either direction, a Resv Error message will be sent that will interrupt the call setup flow and cause the call to be blocked. Path Tear messages and Resv Tear messages will release any partially reserved resources.
When normal calls are disconnected, Release Complete messages and Path Tear messages are followed by Resv Tear messages that release the reserved resources.
Using the methods described in RFC 3175, it is possible to map all end-to-end reservations onto a single aggregate reservation between a given PE-PE pair. The RFC assumes the implementation of some unspecified algorithm to maintain the amount of bandwidth required on a given aggregate reservation by taking account of the sum of the bandwidths of its underlying end-to-end reservations, while changing the actual reservation infrequently.
As in basic RSVP aggregation, the token bucket parameters (defined by sender FLOWSPECS) of end-to-end reservations may be summed into the corresponding information elements in aggregate Path and Resv messages. The use of a leaky token bucket would be a version of the Guaranteed Services model. However, the Controlled Load option without the use of a token bucket model may be more appropriate. Whichever RSVP model is used, Aggregate Path messages are sent from the aggregator to the deaggregator(s) using RSVP's normal IP Protocol Number. Aggregate Resv messages are sent back from the deaggregator to the aggregator, thus establishing an aggregate reservation on behalf of the set of E2E flows that use this aggregator and deaggregator.
RSVP sends periodic refresh messages to maintain the state along the reserved path(s). In the absence of refresh messages, the state automatically times out and is deleted. RSVP aggregation also uses periodic refresh messages. This is known in the art.
This invention differs from prior art in that the PE router also keeps track of the aggregate capacity requests for each VPN separately, and rejects calls from a VPN if the required additional capacity would result in the aggregate capacity utilization of that VPN on the specific LSP exceeding the allowable amount.
Referring now to
Suppose a user wants to communicate from Site 1 of the second VPN 2 to Site 2 of the second VPN. The user equipment would transmit IP packets to the Site 1 CE router 14, which would forward the packets to PE3 router 54. The site 1 CE router 14 communicates along segment 74 to PE3 router 54. PE3 router 54 would place two labels on each packet. The inner label would identify the outgoing PE2 interface to Site 2-CE router 12. The outer label would identify the LSP through P2 router 62 to PE2 router 52.
PE3 router 54 communicates with P2 router 62 over segment 82. P2 communicates via the best available path to get to PE2, such as by communicating with P4 router 66 over segment 94, then from P4 router 66 to P3 router 64 over segment 96. The P3 router 64 would pop the outer label. The P3 router would then send the packet over segment 84 to PE2 router 52. PE2 router 52 would use the VPN label to determine the correct interface to send the packet to site 2 CE 12 over segment 72. Site 2 CE router 12 is resident within customer network 22 which is also part of second VPN 32.
Prior art MPLS-based VPNs do not facilitate the offering of a Service Level Guarantee, since it is not possible to prevent one VPN sharing a common LSP with another VPN from using some or substantially all of the capacity of the LSP, thereby limiting the other VPN. The present invention allows a VPN service provider to make a Service Level Guarantee to customers for the amount of capacity (e.g. voice capacity) available to the customer VPN while sharing LSPs with other customers.
The present invention accomplishes a fairness in the allocation of capacity on an LSP by having the PE routers intercept the RESV messages, count the aggregate requests for each VPN, and set the reject bit in the RESV message if capacity is inadequate on the VPN/LSP pair.
Alternatively, the PE routers could intercept the PATH messages, count the aggregate requests for each VPN on an LSP, and set a reject bit if the LSP capacity is inadequate. Since a typical real-time call involves one PATH message in each direction, and one RESV message in each direction, the two alternatives are equivalent in many cases. If the implementation intercepts the PATH message, then the PATH message will not pass through to the destination PE, and RSVP will not check the availability of resources beyond the destination PE (e.g., to the destination CE router). However, Call Setup might check the resources on the CE-PE link, so that end-to-end RSVP messages might not be necessary. In this case, the PE routers could intercept the PATH messages and the system would have acceptable performance. Both alternative procedures are within the scope of the invention, but hereafter, we will refer to the alternative that intercepts the RESV messages, because that method involves end-to-end RSVP checking for available resources and does not rely on other protocols for that function.
The RSVP messages are treated as any other data from the CE router, and placed on the appropriate LSP with the inner label designating the VPN. The P routers do not observe the RSVP messages. A PE router knows the capacity of the LSPs connected to it, because the PE router participates in the establishment of the LSPs using RSVP-TE or CR-LDP. When using RSVP-TE, a PE router can optionally increase the capacity of an LSP, if the links along the path are underutilized. A PE router can also decrease the capacity of an LSP, if the capacity is not needed, by using RSVP-TE. When there is sufficient capacity on an LSP for a particular VPN at a particular class of service, a call will be admitted and the PE aggregator function will increase the tally of resources in use by the amount required for the admitted call. The aggregator function in the PE router responds to RSVP TEAR messages by reducing the tally of resources in use.
The PE router enforces fairness among VPNs sharing the same LSP by counting the bandwidth consumed by each VPN for each of several classes of service (e.g., real-time voice class of service and premium data class of service) on each LSP. A configurable bandwidth minimum is reserved for each VPN and a configurable maximum bandwidth capacity is enforced for each VPN for each of several classes of service on each LSP.
Prior to the present invention, an LSP shared between two or more VPNs may have one of the VPNs consume a majority of the LSP bandwidth, thereby starving the other VPNs sharing the LSP. For example, referring again to
By way of the present invention, this scenario is avoided. While the above description involved only two VPNs sharing a single LSP, it should be appreciated that an LSP may have sufficient bandwidth to handle a large number of VPNs before having to have an RESV rejected due to insufficient capacity to handle any additional traffic.
By way of the present invention, a service provider can provide a service level guarantee for a customer's VPN, since one VPN is prevented from using a substantial part of the capacity of another VPN sharing a common LSP. Accordingly, a service provider is able to provide a service level guarantee to customers for the amount of capacity available to the customer's VPN while still sharing an LSP with other customers' VPNs.
A flow chart of the present invention is shown in
Alternatively, the processing and decision blocks represent steps performed by functionally equivalent circuits such as a digital signal processor circuit or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The flow diagrams do not depict the syntax of any particular programming language. Rather, the flow diagrams illustrate the functional information one of ordinary skill in the art requires to fabricate circuits or to generate computer software to perform the processing required to operate a distributed Raman amplifier in accordance with the present invention. It should be noted that many routine program elements, such as initialization of loops and variables and the use of temporary variables are not shown. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that unless otherwise indicated herein, the particular sequence of steps described is illustrative only and can be varied without departing from the spirit of the invention. Thus, unless otherwise stated the steps described below are unordered meaning that, when possible, the steps can be performed in any convenient or desirable order.
The method 200 begins at step 210, wherein a minimum bandwidth is assigned to each VPN for each reservable class of service. For example, the minimum bandwidth provides a guarantee that the LSP will be able to support a certain amount of multimedia traffic for each VPN.
At step 220 a maximum bandwidth capacity is assigned to each VPN for each reservable class of service for each LSP. This maximum bandwidth capacity defines the limit to the amount of traffic (corresponding to that class of service) that can be supported by the VPN on the designated LSP.
Step 230 defines the step wherein PE routers intercept RSVP (RESV or PATH) messages. The RSVP messages are sent by hosts through the CE routers and are used to determine whether bandwidth required for the multimedia data is available.
At the next step, step 240, the PE router tallies the requests for the LSPs. This step ensures that bandwidth requirements for the multimedia transfer will be available.
Following step 240, step 250 is executed wherein a determination is made, for each LSP and each reservable class of service, as to whether there is sufficient capacity associated with the VPN. If the VPN has insufficient capacity, such as the case when the LSP is being used in other transfers, then, as shown in step 260 the RESV is rejected. The call will be rejected if it would cause the total VPN bandwidth consumption to exceed the maximum capacity allowed for that VPN. The call will also be rejected if the LSP as a whole does not have enough additional capacity. If the VPN requiring additional bandwidth is not using its minimum capacity, but the total bandwidth requirement of the LSP would be exceeded, then call blocking will begin on other VPNs that are using more than their minimum allocations. On the other hand, if the LSP has available bandwidth capacity, then the RESV request is not rejected and the LSP is allocated to the associated multimedia transfer between two PE routers. Following execution of steps 260 or step 270 the process ends, as shown in step 270.
A method and system for providing fairness of capacity allocation in a network has been described. The method includes intercepting RSVP messages at a PE router and counting requests for LSPs, and rejecting requests when a VPN on a particular LSP has inadequate capacity. By way of the above-described method, a service provider is able to offer service level guarantees for customers.
While the present invention was described using certain protocols, the method may be further applicable to other protocols.
Having described preferred embodiments of the invention it will now become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating these concepts may be used. Additionally, the software included as part of the invention may be embodied in a computer program product that includes a computer useable medium. For example, such a non-transitory computer usable medium can include a readable memory device, such as a hard drive device, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a computer diskette, having computer readable program code segments stored thereon. Accordingly, it is submitted that that the invention should not be limited to the described embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
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|May 2, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 21, 2014
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 11, 2014
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20140921


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