text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 13, 1998
|Filing date
|Dec 24, 1996
|Priority date
|Dec 29, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Jim Paul Willard
|Original Assignee
|Votation, Llc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (99), Classifications (8), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/009528 filed Dec. 29, 1995.
The present invention relates to electronic voting systems, and in particular, to an electronic voting system that supplies audibly detectable prompts and records selection input in a manner that avoids any need for visual interaction.
Manually intensive balloting systems, i.e., those requiring hand counting of votes, have largely been replaced by electronic or electromechanical voting systems. Such conventional systems provide candidate and/or referendum type information in one of a variety of graphic forms that allow a voter to read the information and make selections in conjunction with the graphic presentation. For example, a popular electromechanical system used in many precincts involves supplying a voter with a computer-interpretable punch card that is used to record a voter's selection information. When the voter enters the voting booth, the card is inserted into a pocket, or slot, that secures the card in place. The slot has a variety of holes positioned over detachable punch tabs in the punch card. Candidate and/or referendum information is displayed next to the holes. To make a selection, the voter inserts a peg, or like device, into the hole aligned with his or her selection to detach the punch tab on the punch card that corresponds to the selected candidate. When voting is completed, the voter drops the punch card into a collection box. The cards are returned to a central location and fed through a punch card reader to tally votes.
A conventional electronic voting system may involve providing the voter with a full-face printed ballot on a plastic sheet. A full-face ballot is one wherein all candidate and referendum information is simultaneously provided such that no candidate or issue gains a particular advantage by virtue of its arrangement on the ballot. The sheet is mounted over an array of electromechanical or like switches and corresponding LEDs. Candidate and/or referendum information is provided such that press-points designated on the ballot face, corresponding to selecting a candidate and/or position on a referendum, are aligned over the electromechanical switches. Next to each press-point is a hole that receives a corresponding LED. When a voter enters a booth to vote and starts the voting process, the LEDs next to the press-points begin to flash. When the voter depresses a press-point next to his or her selection, the corresponding LED is turned on and stays on, thereby designating the selection, while the LEDs corresponding to the non-selected candidates are turned off. After the selections for each office and/or referendum have been selected, only the LEDs next to the selected items remain illuminated. The voter then strikes a "VOTE" button to electronically record the selections. The recorded information is typically recorded locally on a computer readable disk, or like memory, that is later returned to a central location for tallying.
The drawback of conventional voting systems described above, and others like them, is that a voter is required to interact visually with the system to make a selection. That is, the voter must rely on a graphical presentation of candidate or referendum information. Typically, this involves printing the names of the candidates, or the text of a referendum, on a ballot. Voters can make a selection only by taking action that involves interacting with the graphic presentation, such as pressing a button that is located next to a candidate's name. Consequently, individuals that are visually impaired, or are illiterate, are greatly disadvantaged. For instance, sight impaired voters must rely on the assistance of a poll worker or relative/friend (if they are allowed to enter the polling booth) to vote. This compromises the confidentiality of the voting process for these individuals and fails to ensure that a voter will select a candidate or referendum position which is actually his or her true choice. In the case of illiterate individuals, the prospect of embarrassment, or knowing that they will not be able to vote effectively, may result in their avoiding voting altogether.
In response to the foregoing problem, a system using Braille punch cards has been proposed. However, this system has been found to be only partially effective. Many sight impaired voters lose their vision later in life due to degenerative conditions or disease. However, Braille is typically taught to individuals who are congenitally sight impaired, or who lose the effective use of their vision early in life. It has been found that teaching Braille to an individual who has lost their vision later in life is largely ineffective either because the individual does not want to learn Braille, is no longer teachable, or has not developed the tactile facilities and sensitivity required to read Braille. Consequently, a Braille voting system has been found to be limited in its effectiveness.
Few conventional systems supply a voter with any audio responses. Some systems may indicate an audible alarm at the completion of an individual's voting process to notify poll workers to escort the voter from a booth and escort a new voter to the booth. Another conventional system that provides an audio signal to assist a voter is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,099 to Miyagawa. Miyagawa principally involves supplying a high-definition display unit for graphically depicting candidate information. The voter interacts with the display either to select a candidate, or to procure additional candidate information. Interaction is achieved by use of a graphical user interface (GUI) involving a hand-held pen that is pressed against the display. A tablet having an inlaid grid of transparent wires is overlaid onto the display, whereby the system can sense the position of the pen relative to the display. Miyagawa also describes providing speech guidance. However, the extent of such guidance is limited to directing a voter to enter a selection by interacting with the display. Hence, visual interaction is still required to successfully enter a selection. While the speech guidance includes announcing candidate names, the voter is still forced to enter all selections through the pen/display interface. Consequently, sight impaired and illiterate voters would still require assistance to vote using Miyagawa's system.
Accordingly, a need exists to provide a voting system that permits sight impaired or illiterate voters to select candidates and/or decide on referendum-type issues in a manner that does not require a graphical provision of ballot information or a visually-interactive response thereto. It is also desirable to provide such individuals with a means to vote whereby they can maintain his or her selections in secret. It is worth noting that some states are considering legal cases, brought by organizations representing sight impaired persons, to require that the states provide a system that permits sight impaired individuals to have equal and confidential access to the voting process.
The present invention overcomes the foregoing disadvantages by providing an audio ballot system. An audio ballot system in accordance with the invention provides a voter with an audibly perceptible prompt indicating candidate and/or referendum information, and also provides the user with a mechanism that allows the voter to make a selection without having to interact visually with system graphics. An exemplary arrangement involves providing a voter with a hand-held voter input unit having one or more switches. Each of the switches may correspond to a selection indication such as "YES" (to select an announced candidate) and "NO" (to reject an announced candidate). If the voter selects the announced candidate, the system proceeds to a next race, if the voter rejects the announced candidate, the system proceeds to a next candidate or supplies a write-in option, if allowed. In another exemplary arrangement, a voter can give an audible indication of his or her selection or rejection by saying "YES" (to select an announced candidate) or "NO" (to reject an announced candidate), respectively into a microphone connected to a speech recognition system or voice recorder.
Generally speaking, an electronic voting system incorporating the present invention includes a first means for audibly providing a voter with ballot choices; a second means for permitting the voter to indicate a selected ballot choice in a manner which does not require visual interaction; and a third means, responsive to the second means, for recording the selected ballot choice. In an exemplary process the invention involves audibly providing a voter with ballot choices; permitting entry of a selection in response to the ballot choices in a non-visually interactive manner; and recording the response.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the audio ballot system can utilized in concert with an existing system. Candidate and/or referendum data is provided by audible announcement and voters respond to the announcement without having to interpret visual information. Voter selection information captured during the voting session is translated into a format that conforms with the requirements of the existing system. This may involve generating a punch card or an optically scanable form. Or in a case where a stand alone booth is connected to, or stores an output on a computer-readable medium, may involve generating a signal or data item that is formatted in accordance with the voter data storage requirements of the existing system. Consequently, a stand alone audio voting booth can provided for complimenting an existing system thereby allowing blind, illiterate, or even non-english speaking voters to vote wherein the product of the voting is produced in a form that can be interpreted and recorded by the existing system.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, voting data is stored in a fashion that permits the detection and correction of data that has been altered, or otherwise tampered with. This permits the reconstruction of accurate voter data in the event that tampering takes place. In addition, an audit log is preferably kept that records all activity occurring in the system along with time stamp information. The audit log permits officials to review all voting, system and alarm activity that occurred during the election thereby providing a mechanism for proving that the voting system was operating correctly at the time the vote was recorded. If there is interference or tampering, the system will record alarm conditions or other system access activity in the audit log.
In still another advantage provided in accordance with the present invention, a voter can select a language in which all candidate and/or referendum information is to be provided. Providing a voter with information in this way is far less cumbersome than preparing and supplying printed information in a variety of different languages.
The foregoing, and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood upon reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary arrangement in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary voter input device in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 depicts another exemplary arrangement in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary process in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 5A depicts a critical data process for storing system and voting event data in accordance with aspects of the invention;
FIG. 5B depicts an exemplary data format for data to be stored;
FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary process for testing the validity of a critical data store;
FIG. 7 depicts an exemplary correct and detect process in accordance with another aspect of the invention;
FIGS. 8 and 9 depict exemplary processes for constructing an audit log; and
FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary process for redundantly storing critical data.
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary audio ballot system 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. An audio output device 102 supplies an audibly perceptible signal to a voter. The voter can respond to the output generated by the audio output device 102 using a voter input device 104. The voter input device 104 is designed to provide the voter with the capability to enter selection information without having to interact visually with the system. This can be achieved, for example, by embodying the voter input device 104 as a hand-held switch, or as a voice recognition device. Output generated by the voter input device 104 is received by a controller 106 which formats the data, as needed, for storage in a recording device 108. A ballot script 110 is included that contains election-specific candidate and/or referendum information that is either supplied directly to the audio output device 102, or to the controller 106 for subsequent output to the audio output device 102. The controller 106 performs general control functions for coordinating generation of audio output, receipt of voter input, and formatting and storage of voter input. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that any number of component arrangements and interconnections can be utilized to build the controller.
The audio output device 102 can be embodied in a variety of forms in accordance with exemplary embodiments of the invention. For instance, a voice synthesizer can be used to generate audio output. Such a voice synthesizer can be of the variety found in general purpose personal computers about which the audio ballot system can be constructed, or the voice synthesizer can be part of a customized hardware arrangement. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the audio output device is a simple audio player that plays recorded information supplied by the ballot script 110. Output supplied by the audio output device 102 can be generated through use of a loudspeaker, or through headphones, or a like personal listening device. In order to provide privacy in conducting the voting process, an arrangement using a loudspeaker preferably involves use of a soundproof voting booth. However, the latter may be cost prohibitive. Hence, it may be preferable to use headphones to supply voters with audible candidate and/or referendum information.
As mentioned briefly above, output supplied by the audio output device 102 can be supplied in a variety of languages. Accordingly, a first step in the voting process has a voter select a language using a voter input device. The voter input device is an important aspect of the present invention. A voter input device in accordance with the invention provides a voter with a mechanism or method for indicating his or her selections in a non-visually interactive manner. That is, the voter input device provides the voter with the capability to enter his or her selection or indication without having to respond to any visual cues, graphic symbols, or printed indications. Accordingly, the voter input device is preferably embodied as a hand-held device, a speech recognition device, or other like, non-visually interactive, means.
In one exemplary embodiment, the voter input device is a hand-held control device having one or more switches in the form of keys or buttons. The number of switches may depend on the particular scheme used for supplying audible candidate/referendum messages to the voter. For instance, in a timing-oriented scheme, the voter may be provided with a predetermined time period, following announcement of the candidate's name, in which to indicate his or her selection before a next candidate is announced. In such a situation, only a single button voter input device is needed wherein the voter presses the button during the predetermined time period to indicate selection, for example, of the announced candidate. In accordance with another exemplary arrangement, "YES" and "NO" keys can be provided wherein the voter accepts or rejects the candidate before a next candidate is announced. Alternatively, several numbered keys, each of which corresponds to a candidate, can be provided wherein a voter indicates his or her selection by striking an appropriate numbered key.
The key or keys on a hand-held input device can have distinctive tactile characteristics whereby a voter can distinguish one key from another. The tactile feature can be a Braille character, or other shape formed on the key's surface, that corresponds to the key's identity and/or function. The entire key can even be shaped to correspond with its meaning. For instance, the key can be configured in the shape of an "N" for no, or a "Y" for yes. Of course, a tactile form can be located next to a key. For example, using Braille characters, the function of the key can be spelled out at a position adjacent to the key.
FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary hand-held device 200 in accordance with the invention. The voter input device 200 has a plurality of keys, each of which correspond to a certain function. A signal generated by striking any one of the keys is transmitted via a connection line 202. The keys on the voter input device 200 can include a start key 204 for initiating a voting process and an end key 208 for concluding the voting process. During the voting process a voter can elect to start over by pressing a reset key 206, or seek assistance by pressing a help key 210. Entry of a favorable indication in response to a candidate or a referendum position can be made by pressing a yes key 212, while a negative indication is made by using the no key 214. A language for use in supplying the audibly detectable candidate and/or referendum information can be selected by pressing an appropriate key in a language selection section 216. Alternately, the yes key 212 can be used to affirmatively indicate a language preference when a desired language is announced. As depicted, the keys can have distinctive shapes to further identify a function to a voter. Alternatively, or in addition, the keys can have raised Braille characters (not shown) located adjacent to the keys.
In accordance with another exemplary embodiment of a voter input device, a voter can supply a response in the form of speech. In such a case the voter input device can include a microphone to capture the voter's spoken selection responses, and a speech recognition device for interpretation of the responses. The speech recognition device functions to interpret the response and then supply the interpretation to the system for selection recordation. The speech recognition device can operate by comparing a voter's digitized audible response to pre-recorded waveforms corresponding to candidate names, or can perform a recognition process to interpret the response thereby determining which candidate is selected. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a voice recognition system in accordance with the invention can be simplified by calibrating the system to a voter's voice response. This can be done in at least one of two ways. In one manner, the voter can be prompted to give a favorable indication (e.g., an announcement "PLEASE SAY `YES` INTO THE MICROPHONE" is made) and/or a negative indication, wherein the system temporarily records the voter's speech waveforms corresponding to the responses. The waveforms can then be used for later comparison to audible yes/no selection responses supplied by the voter. In a second scenario, the voter can be prompted to say a variety of sounds or words to calibrate the system to the user's particular phonetic speech characteristics. Once calibrated, the system may be more capable of recognizing the voter's response which can be, for example, a candidate's name. Speech recognition devices and techniques are well known to those skilled in the art and are not discussed further here. Use of a vocal response to enter a selection is not limited to use of a speech recognition device, however, for example, a voter's audible responses can simply be recorded by the system for later interpretation and tallying.
In accordance with another exemplary aspect of the audio voting system, a sight impaired or illiterate voter is provided with a capability to supply a "write-in" candidate name in response to a prompt. Consequently, illiterate voters who presumably cannot write, and blind voters, are afforded the opportunity to enter non-ballot candidates. Such a capability requires the provision of an audio response input device (i.e., a microphone). An option to enter a write-in candidate can be provided after the system has supplied all of the regular candidates without receiving a selection indication from the voter. If the voter affirmatively indicates that they would like to enter a write-in candidate name, the system may prompt the voter to say the candidate's name into the microphone following provision of a begin-recording tone. The system, in handling the write-in process, can use a voice recognition device, or invoke an audio recorder, immediately following the prompt and begin-recording tone to record the voter's response. This information can be collected and stored as an analog waveform (i.e., pure recording) or digitized and stored using a voice recognition system.
Voter responses entered into the system by a voter are stored in the recording device 108. The device may be located locally, e.g., within a memory in the system, or located in a remote location, such as a central tallying center. Multiple memories can be used to redundantly store the same information as will be described in greater detail below. The memory used to store the data can take the form of any of a variety of computer readable types such as tape, disk (hard or floppy), RAM, and/or CD-ROM.
As briefly mentioned above, candidate and/or referendum information provided to the voter via the audio output device 102 can be supplied by the ballot script 110. The ballot script contains recorded information that is specific to a particular election. For example, the script can contain the names and parties of candidates and descriptions of referendum issues. The ballot script 110 can be provided by supplying the voting precinct with a computer readable memory device, such as a floppy disk, that contains the information. Alternatively, the information can be downloaded to a voting booth, or a computer terminal attached thereto. The script ballot can also contain election specific control information for permitting the voting process to proceed according to a prescribed sequence.
An audio ballot system incorporating the invention can be constructed around a general purpose computer having an appropriate program running thereon. Alternatively, in a hardware-specific system, i.e., a hardware arrangement specifically designed to provide an audio ballot voting function, a microprocessor-based system, or an ASIC-based system can be employed. The system control logic coordinates processes such as the sequence of information presentation, coordinating speech generation, timing for receipt of input, and recording of input. Referring to FIG. 1, for instance, the controller 106 can initiate provision of audible candidate/referendum information from the audio output device 102 by relaying information from the ballot script 110. The controller then monitors the voter input device 104 for a selection indication, formats selection information in accordance with storage requirements, and then submits the formatted information to the recording device 108 for recording.
Another exemplary arrangement for providing an audio ballot system, is depicted in FIG. 3. An audio ballot and vote recording device 300 generates a signal for audio presentation of race information through a speaker 302. The audio presentation is controlled by audio ballot control logic 304. The audio ballot control logic 304 may be embodied in the form of a general purpose computer and accompanying computer program, or other device that can perform logical processing functions to control audio output, detect voter input, and process and record the input in a secure and accurate manner such that the recorded data may be verified if necessary. An audio ballot control panel 306 is provided as a voter input interface to the system. The control panel 306 includes a variety of electromechanical switches that permit the voter to interact non-visually with the audio ballot system. The audio ballot control panel 306 is not unlike the voter input device described above with respect to FIG. 2. In the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 3, a microphone 108 also is provided to capture a voter's spoken input. Whether supplied through the control panel 306, or through the microphone 308, input is detected by vote detection logic 310. The vote detection logic 310 detects the voter's input and signals the audio ballot control logic 304 with the voter's selection. This causes the audio ballot control logic 304 to present a next candidate choice or proceed to a next electoral race. The vote detection logic 310 also transmits the vote selection to vote record logic 312 where the vote data is recorded. If the voter chooses a write-in candidate, the voter input indicates a write-in option (that may be announced after the regular candidates have been presented) which involves having the voter say his or her write-in candidate's name into the microphone 308 whereafter the voter's voice input is stored by the vote record logic 312.
An exemplary process for conducting a voting operation in accordance with the invention is depicted in the flowchart shown in FIG. 4. The exemplary process begins with a legal announcement (step 400) that includes specifics of the election being held, such as the election type (primary, general, special, etc.), the state and precinct, the ballot style, and other information that, according to the particular jurisdiction, may be required to be presented to the voter. A ballot description announcement (step 402) is an overall description of ballot information (i.e., candidates and referendum issues) that is intended to give the voter advanced information concerning the number of races, candidates in those races, referendum issues that comprise the election, and otherwise mentally prepare the voter for the act of voting. It is intended that this announcement have the effect of presenting to the voter the basic information that a sighted voter would derive from observing a "full-face" ballot that is required in some political jurisdictions. A full-face ballot is a ballot in which all races and all issues are presented visually to the voter at once on a single ballot. The purpose is to not prejudice the voter to vote any particular way because of the ballot arrangement or presentation. The ballot description announcement (step 402) replicates this visual presentation through provision of an audio speech announcement that conforms, in effect, to the requirements of a full-face ballot presentation.
Audio ballot instructions (step 404) describe to the voter how the audio ballot operates and what actions must be taken to make a selection (e.g., how to operate a voter input device). If an audio input response is provided, the voter may be asked to supply a "YES" and "NO" spoken response that is recorded to calibrate the system in anticipation of affirmative and negative voter inputs supplied during the voting process. At the conclusion of the instruction announcement (step 404) voting begins. The audio ballot announces a first candidate race by initiating a race presentation process (step 406). This announcement provides the race (President, Governor, etc.), and announces the party and name of each candidate in the race. If a write-in vote is allowed, the announcement indicates that this option is available (e.g., "A WRITE-IN VOTE IS PERMITTED IN THIS RACE"). The audio ballot then offers the first candidate for the race being voted by performing a present candidate process (step 408). Presentation of a candidate during the present candidate process may involve controlling the audio output device to announce: "IF YOU WISH TO VOTE FOR (candidate name), DEPRESS THE `YES` BUTTON (or say `yes`) NOW". Immediately following the announcement, the system initiates a timer to clock a receiving interval during which a vote detect process (step 410) is activated. This process waits a predetermined length of time to detect the voter's selection indication of "YES" or "NO". If a "NO" indication is detected, the system immediately loops back to present a next candidate. If no vote action is detected within the timing window, the system can either reprompt the voter to enter a response, or can assume that the voter does not intend to select the previously announced candidate and loop back to the present candidate process (step 408) to announce a next candidate in the race. If a last candidate has been announced and the voter has not yet indicated a choice, a write-in option can be announced, if allowed, whereby the voter is permitted to announce his or her write-in candidate during a recording window. In some races, more than one candidate may be voted for. If this is the case, appropriate instructions are provided during the present race process (step 406), e.g., "VOTE FOR NO MORE THAN TWO OF THE CANDIDATES FOR SCHOOL BOARD," and the flow process is adjusted accordingly whereby the system presents candidates in a fashion that allows the maximum number of allowed votes to be recorded.
When a vote input indication is entered during the detect vote process (step 410) the system detects the vote indication (e.g., by voice or switch activation) and initiates a store vote process (step 412). Logical processing can be included in the store vote process to assure the accuracy and integrity of the of the information stored. Such processes are discussed in greater detail below. Following storage of the vote information, the voter is given a confirmation of his or her vote (step 414) by audibly announcing the voter's choice by issuing an announcement such as, "YOU HAVE VOTED FOR ---------- IN THE RACE FOR ---------- ". The process then determines whether there are any remaining candidate races or referenda on the ballot (step 416). If so, the process proceeds to present the next race (step 406). If there are no remaining candidates or issues/referenda to be decided by the voter, the voter is offered a choice of either concluding the voting session or reviewing his or her vote selections (step 418). Reviewing is provided by a ballot review announcement process (step 420) wherein the voter can be given the opportunity to change any one of his or her selections using existing processes (e.g., present candidate process step 408). At the conclusion of the review, the voter is returned to the review or conclude option (step 418). If the voter chooses to conclude voting, an end ballot process (step 422) is initiated whereby the voter provides a positive conclusion to the voting session. At this time, additional processing may be performed to record a voter's votes and an announcement is made informing the voter of the conclusion of the voting session. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing sequences can be altered or rearranged in a variety of ways to achieve the desired result of permitting a voter to non-visually enter, confirm, and/or change his or her selections.
Another aspect of a system incorporating the invention, involves providing an audio ballot system as a stand-alone system that can supply voting data in a format that complies with the requirements of an existing system. For example, in a punch card system like that described in the Background section above, a stand-alone audio ballot booth can be provided that has the ability to receive voter input in a non-visually interactive manner, which booth generates a punch card that reflects a voter's choices. The punch card can subsequently be deposited in a collection container for later tallying. In another arrangement, the stand-alone booth may generate an optically scanable form that conforms to the output of an existing voting system. Alternatively, the stand-alone booth can generate an electronic signal, or store voting information to computer readable memory, in a form that comports with the formatting requirements of an existing electronic voting system. Optionally, the stand-alone system can be connected into an existing system and supply voter data directly, which data has been translated into a form that conforms to the existing system's formatting and storage requirements. As a result, an audio ballot voting booth, in accordance with the invention, can be set up in a voting precinct station that uses an otherwise conventional system. In this way, a jurisdiction wanting to provide an audio ballot system need only procure enough stand-alone audio ballot booths to satisfy its requirements, rather than replacing the entire existing system.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, voter data is stored in a format that renders the data resistant to tampering. In accordance with preferred embodiments, tampering can be detected and true data recovered from the tampered data. Details of this storage technique are set out in commonly assigned co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 08/272,068 entitled: "Remote Recording Computer Voting System" and commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/619,457 entitled "DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM" which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Voter data and system events are processed and stored during system operation in the form of individual voter record data and audit trail data, respectively. Such a feature provides for ensuring that a system was properly functioning at the time a vote was cast and that the vote data is, in truth, what the voter actually intended. Detection of abnormalities can be achieved by evaluating the audit trail, which records alarm states reflecting illicit system access, and/or by performing a detect and correct process.
Conventional voting machines provide data integrity through redundant memory data storage. While the present system also preferably utilizes redundant data storage, this technique alone, without definitive processes to specifically define how differing data is resolved, is incapable of recovering accurate data. Consequently, conventional systems lack full integrity. Accuracy and integrity of voter data recorded in the audio ballot system is assured through the use of data processing mechanisms that produce stored voter data that can be checked for integrity, and if found to be altered, reconstructed to recapture the voter data.
Raw voter data and system event data stored in accordance with the present invention is formatted to include a data header, a data type, and word parity information for each word or byte of saved data. In addition, one or more checksums corresponding to the header, the voter/system data, and combinations thereof and other stored data elements, can be added to a stored record (i.e., the formatted record that is finally stored to memory).
An exemplary data processing method is depicted in FIG. 5A which shows processing performed to produce a header and checksum data for a stored record in the form of a critical data element shown in FIG. 5B. FIG. 6 illustrates a test valid data method that uses verification processes to check the accuracy and integrity of stored data produced by the aforementioned processing methods. The combination of header data, parity, and multiple checksums assists in ensuring that the stored data is accurate and true. If a data error were to occur, the combination of data elements is used to detect the data that is incorrect and repair the incorrect data.
FIG. 7 depicts a detect and correct process performed to correct stored data errors. The process used to detect and correct the voter record is a functional process similar to "bit detect and correct" processing that is commonly used in data communications processes to fix "dropped bits". The technique of detecting erroneous data involves generating a checksum on, for example, raw voter data. The checksum corresponding to the raw data is later regenerated from stored data and compared to a data checksum originally stored for the raw data. If there is a mismatch, it is indicative of erroneous data. Correction of the data involves generating and storing a parity bit for each byte of raw data. During correction, regeneration of parity bits for each byte of raw data of associated with the erroneous data is performed. A byte that is erroneous is located by comparing regenerated parity bits with parity bits previously stored for the byte. Once located, each of the bits in the byte are varied and the checksum recalculated until the data checksum calculation results in a recalculated data checksum value that is equal to a data checksum value previously stored for the raw data. Thereafter, the located byte in error is replaced with the altered byte that results in a data checksum match. This feature, incorporated within this invention together with the specified voter record content and the methodology used to tally election totals, provides an accurate and secure election system. These techniques are used throughout the system for any process that stores, reads, or uses critical data.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, an audit trail is maintained wherein system activity is systematically recorded in a manner that permits unusual activity to be revealed. An audit trail log is continuously updated and contains records of each system event that occurs in a time ordered sequence. Audit trail data is recorded just as voting data is recorded thereby permitting its reconstruction in the event of tampering. However, rather than raw voter data, the audit trail records system codes, or like information, identifying the system event involved. A data type indicator distinguishes a voter data record from an audit trail record. Audit data is also preferably stored in multiple data memories.
FIG. 8 depicts an audit trail processing functional block diagram whereby system event data is processed and logged. The logged data provides a mechanism whereby the complete operation of the system can be reproduced and the system's proper or improper operation confirmed. The audit trail is a time ordered digital recording of each system event that occurred during the election. A system event can include: (1) system start time, (2) operator commands, (3) test results, (4) start vote, (5) key card number issued, (6) key card number used, (7) electronic ballot input data, (8) voter start vote and stop vote time, and (9) external commands from higher level elements if they are used. Additionally all required operator inputs, such as system alert and failure detection responses, are logged. The system event data that can be recorded as audit log entries also include, but are not limited to:
A. Time of log entry
B. Time of event occurrence
C. Event category
1.) System Turn On
2.) Ballot Access
3.) Ballot End Access
4.) Vote Entry, Vote Confirmation Commanded
5.) Operator Entry
6.) Maintenance Monitor Entry
7.) Failure Detection Process
8.) On-Line Manual Test
9.) State Voter Record
10.) Pre-election Test Record
11.) Start Vote
12.) End Vote
13.) Certify Vote
14.) Security Alert
15.) Power Failure
16.) System Restart
17.) Commands
18.) Communication Processes
19.) Voter Help Processes
20.) System Shut Down Command
The data which comprises the audit trail can be used to completely reproduce all events occurring during the voting day. This audit trail can be reviewed during post election off-line processing in view of a legal challenge questioning the integrity of the election. This validates the operational integrity of the system during its operation and demonstrates system credibility. An exemplary process involved in generating the audit trail is shown in FIG. 9. The processes invoked during operation of the system initiate an audit log procedure to schedule an audit record processing function. When audit log data is combined with the voter record information, a complete audit of every precinct event can be reproduced whereby the operational integrity of the system can be verified and validated by an analysis of the operating historical records contained in the audit trail.
Another aspect of the present invention involves use of the redundantly recorded individual voter records to ensure accurate and true election results. This process is shown in FIG. 10. The vote tallying process operates using two or more separate processes to tally the votes. These separate processes produce a tally of each race from the voter records. These totals are then compared, and if equal, result in a certified election result. The purpose of this method is to ensure that the vote tally process has no logical errors that could cause an incorrect election tally. In practice, the two or more tally procedures would differ to ensure that while the tally function is the same, the actual logical processing used to check and total the votes is different. Alternatively, data can stored in a slightly different form in each of the redundant memories such that a single logical tallying process produces a same result from each copy if no tampering has occurred. These methods reduce the possibility of logical errors going undetected.
The redundant storage of voter records provides additional system security since votes are preferably tallied from more than one record. A system that maintains a running total could be subject to fraud by tampering if the vote totals are adjusted. However, to effectively tamper with the present system, each vote in each redundant memory would have to be found and individually adjusted to avoid detection by tallying logic. This is a near impossible task since many copies of each record are maintained throughout the system and each also contains unique checksums and parity data. Additional protection of the critical voter record data is afforded through the use of separate memory systems and/or devices that contain redundant copies of the voter records and the audit log data that shows how each individual voter record was processed by the system. The specific critical data process is preferably altered for each election (e.g., through software program instructions) so that a tamperer cannot reverse engineer the security methods and successfully tamper with data stored in a subsequent election.
Exemplary applications of the invention have been described. However, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate and recognize that the audio ballot system in accordance with the invention can be configured in any of a variety of ways using off the shelf or design specific components. Interconnection of such components can be accomplished in any of a number of ways to achieve a desired result. Furthermore it will be readily apparent to skilled artisans that the particular order and style of candidate/issue presentation and voter input detection is discretionary. For example, a wide variety of selection input techniques and sequences can be employed depending on the design of the voter input device and its method of operation in view of the format and timing scenarios involved with announcing candidate/issue information. Any and all permutations of the audio output non-visual input scenario are considered to be within the scope of the appended claims.
The invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments. However, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that it is possible to embody the invention in specific forms other than those of the embodiments described above. Embodiment of the invention in ways not specifically described may be done without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the preferred embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and should not be considered restrictive in any way. The scope of the invention is given by the appended claims, rather than by the preceding description, and all variations and equivalents which fall within the range of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Aug 14, 1972
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|Applied Futures
|Voting machine
|May 20, 1975
|Mar 29, 1977
|Evm Limited
|Electronic voting machine
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|Feb 23, 1993
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|Method and system for automated voting
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|Automark Technical Systems, Llc
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|Automark Technical Systems, Llc
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|University Of Iowa Research Foundation
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
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|Method for reading an optically readable sheet
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|May 25, 2010
|Bolnick David A
|System, method and computer program product for gathering and delivering personalized user information
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|Method for decoding an optically readable sheet
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|Nov 22, 2011
|Es&S Automark, Llc
|Ballot marking system and apparatus utilizing pivotal touchscreen
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|Avante International Technology, Inc.
|Optically readable marking sheet and reading apparatus and method therefor
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|Touch screen input and identity verification transaction processing system
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|Jan 10, 2012
|Agiletv Corporation
|Dual compression voice recordation non-repudiation system
|Jul 15, 2008
|Apr 24, 2012
|David Chaum
|Scan-integrity election systems
|Apr 1, 2010
|Sep 11, 2012
|Avante Corporation Limited
|Manual recount process using digitally imaged ballots
|Oct 15, 2010
|Sep 11, 2012
|Kevin Kwong-Tai Chung
|System and method for decoding an optically readable markable sheet and markable sheet therefor
|Dec 12, 2011
|Nov 19, 2013
|Populex Corp.
|Identity verification and document validity processing system
|Mar 14, 2008
|May 27, 2014
|Election Systems & Software, Llc
|Integrated voting system and method for accommodating paper ballots and audio ballots
|Feb 11, 2014
|Aug 26, 2014
|Election Systems & Software, Llc
|Voting station and voting system
|Jun 22, 2012
|Sep 23, 2014
|Everyone Counts, Inc.
|Mobilized polling station
|Apr 7, 2010
|Oct 21, 2014
|Onederland Technology Llc
|System, method and computer program product for gathering and delivering personalized user information
|Mar 28, 2012
|Dec 2, 2014
|Everyone Counts Inc.
|Systems and methods for remaking ballots
|Apr 18, 2012
|Feb 3, 2015
|Konntech Inc.
|Device and method for selection of options by motion gestures
|May 6, 2013
|Mar 31, 2015
|Election Systems & Software, Llc
|Integrated voting system and method for accommodating paper ballots and audio ballots
|Apr 2, 2013
|Dec 29, 2015
|Amazon Technologies, Inc.
|Audio input for structured languages
|Nov 21, 2014
|Apr 11, 2017
|Everyone Counts, Inc.
|Systems and methods for remaking ballots
|Jan 3, 2001
|Nov 15, 2001
|Mcclure Neil L.
|Precinct voting system
|Apr 11, 2001
|Feb 21, 2002
|Bolnick David A.
|System, method and computer program product for gathering and delivering personalized user information
|Dec 15, 2000
|Jun 20, 2002
|Chung Kevin Kwong-Tai
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Feb 7, 2001
|Aug 8, 2002
|Micheal Barnum
|Voting apparatus for disabled individuals
|Apr 26, 2001
|Oct 31, 2002
|Lane Poor C.
|Voter feedback and receipt system
|May 10, 2001
|Nov 14, 2002
|Biddulph David L.
|Voting system and method for secure voting with increased voter confidence
|Sep 26, 2002
|Feb 20, 2003
|Chung Kevin Kwong-Tai
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Nov 1, 2002
|Mar 27, 2003
|Nippon Columbia Co., Ltd.
|Electronic devices having operating buttons
|Oct 2, 2001
|Apr 3, 2003
|Barmettler James W.
|Voting ballot, voting machine, and associated methods
|Oct 24, 2001
|Apr 24, 2003
|Mcclure Neil
|Equal time ballot rotation
|Dec 31, 2001
|Jul 3, 2003
|Robert Bluemer
|Voter interface unit
|Mar 19, 2003
|Sep 25, 2003
|Dennis Vadura
|Systems and methods for electronic voting
|Apr 11, 2002
|Oct 16, 2003
|John Goci
|Voter interface for electronic voting system
|Jun 4, 2003
|Jan 29, 2004
|Cummings Eugene M.
|Ballot marking system and apparatus utilizing multiple key switch voter interface
|Jun 4, 2003
|Feb 5, 2004
|Cummings Eugene M.
|Ballot marking system and apparatus utilizing single print head
|Nov 1, 2001
|Mar 11, 2004
|Chung Kevin Kwong-Tai
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Dec 2, 2002
|Jun 3, 2004
|Alain Nimri
|Audio confirmation system and method
|Apr 7, 2004
|Oct 7, 2004
|Dennis Vadura
|Systems and methods for electronic voting
|Jan 17, 2003
|Nov 4, 2004
|Cummings Eugene M.
|Voting system utilizing hand and machine markable ballots
|Jun 4, 2003
|Dec 9, 2004
|Vanek Joseph M.
|Ballot marking system and apparatus utilizing pivotal touchscreen
|Apr 15, 2004
|Feb 17, 2005
|John Goci
|Voter interface for electronic voting system for the visually impaired
|Dec 1, 2004
|Jul 21, 2005
|Timecertain, Llc
|System and method for providing trusted time in content of digital data files
|Mar 22, 2005
|Jul 28, 2005
|Openshaw Mark Ii
|Voting method and apparatus
|May 4, 2005
|Sep 29, 2005
|Biddulph David L
|Voting system and method for secure voting with increased voter confidence
|Feb 22, 2006
|Jun 29, 2006
|Mcclure Neil L
|Precinct voting system
|May 11, 2006
|Nov 16, 2006
|Checkpoint Systems, Inc.
|Simple automated polling system for determining attitudes, beliefs and opinions of persons
|May 27, 2005
|Nov 30, 2006
|Steve Bolton
|Electronic voting system and method with voter verifiable real-time audit log
|Apr 23, 2007
|Oct 25, 2007
|Cccomplete, Inc.
|Confidential electronic election system
|Oct 13, 2006
|Apr 17, 2008
|Mary Ellen Theisen
|Voting-on-paper assistive device
|Oct 23, 2007
|Apr 24, 2008
|Cummings Eugene M
|Ballot marking system and apparatus utilizing multiple key switch voter interface
|Oct 22, 2007
|May 1, 2008
|Morganstein Sanford J
|Advanced Voting System and Method
|Dec 28, 2004
|May 29, 2008
|Cummings Eugene M
|Marking system and apparatus
|Jan 4, 2008
|Jul 10, 2008
|Victor Piorun
|Voting Apparatus and System
|Apr 12, 2007
|Oct 16, 2008
|Modern Polityllc
|Publicly auditable polling method and system
|Jul 15, 2008
|Nov 6, 2008
|David Chaum
|Scan-integrity election systems
|Mar 14, 2008
|Dec 18, 2008
|Steve Bolton
|Integrated Voting System and Method for Accommodating Paper Ballots and Audio Ballots
|Jul 27, 2004
|Jun 4, 2009
|Andreu Riera Jorba
|Methods for the management and protection of electoral processes, which are associated with an electronic voting terminal, and operative module used
|Apr 7, 2010
|Nov 25, 2010
|Bolnick David A
|System, method and computer program product for gathering and delivering personalized user information
|Mar 28, 2011
|Jul 21, 2011
|Populex Corp.
|Advanced Voting System and Method
|Dec 13, 2010
|Dec 22, 2011
|Leapfrog Enterprises, Inc.
|Method and device for audibly instructing a user to interact with a function
|Apr 18, 2012
|Apr 25, 2013
|Eugene Yu
|Device and method for selection of options by motion gestures
|Nov 3, 2011
|Jun 25, 2013
|Promptu Systems Corporation
|System and method of voice recognition near a wireline node of a network supporting cable television and/or video delivery
|Nov 1, 2001
|Sep 12, 2002
|Amerasia International Technology, Inc.
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Nov 1, 2001
|Jul 17, 2003
|Amerasia Int Technology Inc
|Electronic voting apparatus, system and method
|Feb 20, 2003
|Aug 28, 2003
|David Chaum
|Secret-ballot systems with voter-verifiable integrity
|Feb 20, 2003
|Jul 29, 2004
|David Chaum
|Secret-ballot systems with voter-verifiable integrity
|Apr 16, 2004
|Nov 4, 2004
|Barden Technologies, Inc.
|Voter interface for electronic voting system for the visually impaired
|Apr 16, 2004
|Aug 18, 2005
|Barden Technologies Inc
|Voter interface for electronic voting system for the visually impaired
|Dec 1, 2005
|Jun 8, 2006
|Time Certain, Llc.
|System and methods for providing trusted time in content of digital data files
|Dec 1, 2005
|Apr 12, 2007
|Time Certain Llc
|System and methods for providing trusted time in content of digital data files
|May 12, 2006
|Nov 23, 2006
|Checkpoint Systems, Inc.
|Simple automated polling system for determining attitudes, beliefs and opinions of persons
|May 12, 2006
|Apr 9, 2009
|Checkpoint Systems Inc
|Simple automated polling system for determining attitudes, beliefs and opinions of persons
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 24, 1996
Owner name: VOTATION, LLC, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WILLARD, JIM PAUL;REEL/FRAME:008390/0306
Effective date: 19961223
|Mar 12, 2002
|Request for reexamination filed
Effective date: 20020110
|Apr 15, 2002
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 3, 2006
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 12, 2006
|Expired due to reexamination which canceled all claims
|Oct 13, 2006
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 12, 2006
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20061013


text:
A Sonnet for my Deceitful Darling
Your hair gleams in the pale moon's glow,
I watch you breathing, even and slow,
Defenceless, trapped in your reverie
Aggravatingly blissful in your world without me.
You told me we would last forever,
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You splintered my hopeful dreams of tomorrow
But still, my love is unreserved,
And it is so fitting that you should deserve
Eternal affliction for my incessant sorrow.
Your blasphemous lips shall be smothered
Rest in torment, my dearly beloved.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The mission of Excel Academy is to prepare students to succeed in high school and college, apply their learning to solve relevant problems, and engage productively in their communities.
Excel Academy Charter Schools is a network of high-performing, tuition-free public schools serving students from Boston and Chelsea. Excel currently operates three middle schools: Excel Academy East Boston (founded 2003) Excel Academy Chelsea (2011), and Excel Academy Orient Heights (2012). At full enrollment as of 2015, each school will serves 224 students in grades 5-8. In fall of 2015, Excel Academy launched Excel Academy Charter High School with its first 9th grade class. The school will be fully enrolled in 2019.
As a regional charter school, students from outside of Boston proper and Chelsea are also eligible to attend Excel, although a majority of students are from East Boston and Chelsea.
Mr. Owen Stearns
Excel, Excel Academies, Excel Academy Public Charter Schools, Excel Academy Charter School, Excel Academy, Excel Academy Charter Schools
Also Known As
Excel Academy Charter Schools
Physical Address
58 Moore Street
East Boston, 02127
See more addresses
Main Address
2 Neptune Road, #148
East Boston, MA 02128 USA
Physical Address
58 Moore Street
East Boston, 02127
Educational Services and Schools - Other (B90)
IRS Filing Requirement
This organization is required to file an IRS Form 990 or 990-EZ.
How does this organization make a difference?
Self-reported by organization
Excel Academy is a growing network of high-performing tuition-free public charter schools in East Boston and Chelsea dedicated to educating traditionally underserved youth in these neighborhoods and providing them with the knowledge, strength of character, intellectual curiosity, and grit necessary to succeed in high school, college, and beyond. We are proud of our many accomplishments that help us prepare our students for college and beyond.
1) From seven consecutive years, from 2008-2014, Excel Academy East Boston was among the top five public middle schools in Massachusetts, based on our students' performance on the 8th grade MCAS exams. Five of those seven years our 8th graders were number one out of 450+ middle schools in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
2) Excel now operates three fully-enrolled 5-8 middle schools, each with 224 students: Excel Academy East Boston (founded 2003), Excel Academy Chelsea (founded 2011), and Excel Academy Orient Heights (founded 2012).
3) In fall 2015, Excel Academy opened its first college-preparatory high school, Excel Academy Charter High School. Upon matriculation at 5th grade or an upper grade, all students are guaranteed a seat at Excel through high school graduation. Excel's new high school building will open in East Boston in 2016.
4) In addition to success in our schools, Excel's graduates are succeeding in high school and in college. Thanks to the tremendous support of our 5-person Graduate Services Department, 65 percent of Excel Academy's college-age alumni are currently on track to earn a 2- or 4-year college degree. Nationally, only 8 percent of children from low-income families will earn a bachelor's degree within 6 years.
5) Excel has raised $10 million against a $12 million campaign goal since 2013. The multi-year campaign has provided the capital needed to pay for the construction of a new $26 million high school building; has provided the growth capital needed to scale our organization as our schools add new grades annually; and invests in the mission-critical work of our Graduate Services Department.
Self-reported by organization
What are the organization's current programs, how do they measure success, and who do the programs serve?
Program 1
Graduate Services & Post Secondary Support
Excel has built a multi-faceted and all-inclusive Graduate Services and Post Secondary Support Department that provides all students with the supports they need to succeed in both high school and college. Our program leverages the strong relationships we foster with Excel students and families to address the many barriers to higher education. We provide programming that is inclusive, comprehensive and targeted to meet the needs of our Latino, low-income, immigrant youth and their families that is traditionally not readily available to this demographic.
Program long term success
All Excel graduates will enroll and graduate from college and be productive members of their communities.
Program success monitored by
High school and college matriculation and graduation data for all Excel graduates.
Program success examples
Excel graduates are attending and graduating from college-pathway high schools and enrolling and graduating from colleges and/or universities.
Education, General/Other
Population(s) Served
Poor/Economically Disadvantaged, Indigent, General
Ethnic/Racial Minorities -- General
Program 2
Growth Capital
Unrestricted support needed to fund Excel's expansion to three fully-enrolled middle schools and one new high school.
Program long term success
College completion
Program success monitored by
Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education
Program success examples
Not available
Population(s) Served
Children Only (5 - 14 years)
Ethnic/Racial Minorities -- Other Specified Group
Self-reported by organization
Five powerful questions that require reflection about what really matters - results.
Excel Academy Charter Schools is a network of high-performing, tuition-free public schools serving students from Boston and Chelsea. Excel currently operates three middle schools: Excel Academy East Boston (founded 2003) Excel Academy Chelsea (2011), and Excel Academy Orient Heights (2012). At full enrollment as of 2015, each school will serves 224 students in grades 5-8. In fall of 2015, Excel Academy launched Excel Academy Charter High School with its first 9th grade class. The school will be fully enrolled in 2019.
As a regional charter school, students from outside of Boston proper and Chelsea are also eligible to attend Excel, although a majority of students are from East Boston and Chelsea.
Social Media
Funding Needs
Excel is currently in the middle of a three-year, $12 million capital campaign to raise money for the following three key areas: 1. Capital Fundraising for New High School Building: $7 million2. Organizational Growth Capital: $3 million 3. Graduate Services Department: $2 million Unfortunately, public funds do not fully support charter schools' capital expenses or allow for scaled growth. Our fundraising needs are focused on these important growth-related priorities. Start-up capital costs associated with opening new schools. Capital expenses related to the purchase of our new high school building. Ongoing operational expenses related to scaled growth at our middle schools and our high school during its early years. Supports Excel's network team that oversees Excel's expansion and centralizes administrative responsibilities
External Reviews
Source: greatnonprofits.org
The review section is powered by Great Nonprofits
The people, governance practices, and partners that make the organization tick.
Mr. Owen Stearns
Owen is Excel's Chief Executive Officer and served as founding board chair from 2003 until 2008. Prior to joining Excel as CEO, Owen was a strategy consultant for twelve years, working with nonprofit leaders to achieve large-scale social change through innovative strategies, strong organizational design and nimble leadership teams. He comes to Excel directly from the Monitor Institute, where he was an Associate Partner focused largely on educational issues. Prior to Monitor, he was a Senior Consultant with the Foundation Strategy Group (now FSG). He was also an early board member and eventually the Co-Director of The City School, which develops young leaders from public, private and parochial schools through a service-learning curriculum. Owen is a graduate of Amherst College. - See more at: http://www.excelacademy.org/about-excel/excel-academy-network-team#sthash.sGVgO25y.dpuf
Ms. Mary Elisabeth Swerz
Community Volunteer
Term: July 2012 -
GuideStar worked with BoardSource, the national leader in nonprofit board leadership and governance, to create this section, which enables organizations and donors to transparently share information about essential board leadership practices. Self-reported by organization
Does the board conduct a formal orientation for new board members and require all board members to sign a written agreement regarding their roles, responsibilities, and expectations?
Has the board conducted a formal, written assessment of the chief executive within the past year?
Have the board and senior staff reviewed the conflict-of-interest policy and completed and signed disclosure statements in the past year?
Does the board ensure an inclusive board member recruitment process that results in diversity of thought and leadership?
Has the board conducted a formal, written self-assessment of its performance within the past three years?
In order to support nonprofits and gain valuable insight for the sector, GuideStar worked with D5—a five-year initiative to advance diversity, equity, and inclusion in philanthropy—in creating a questionnaire. This section is a voluntary questionnaire that empowers organizations to share information on the demographics of who works in and leads organizations. To protect the identity of individuals, we do not display sexual orientation or disability information for organizations with fewer than 15 staff. Any values displayed in this section are percentages of the total number of individuals in each category (e.g. 20% of all Board members for X organization are female).
This organization reports that it does not collect this information.
This organization reports that it does not collect this information.


text:
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text:
Need an Iodine Test in College Station, TX? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable Iodine Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
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I Need Your Help GLP!!! For A Massive Financial Story I'm Working On!!!
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Okay guys, I'm calling up old banker friends and contacts today, even some old contacts at the Dallas Federal Reserve to get to the bottom of this, but I warn you, if my suspisions are correct, this could be huge...One of the biggest financial stories of the year!!!
What I need is for everyone who reads this to check the Cash in your Wallet or where ever, and see if you have any money there that has a series date after 2009???
None of the Banks have extra cash on hand, they are virtually running hand to mouth. Old bills that should have been retired because of wear and tear are staying in the system. When you can get cash at your bank, it's all old bills. And I know they printed a huge run in 2011, but I can't find where it has been made available to the banks for distribution. We're talking about Hundreds of Billions in cash being held out of our financial system right now...
And the question is...Why???
Help Me Out GLP, Take a quick look at your bills and let me know what you find. The printing run date is near the bottom on the front of the bills...
Out of ten 20s, two were printed in 2009, the rest between 2004 and 2006. Most look nearly brand-new. Whazzup?
I dunno, there is supposed to be a 2011 series, that would also apply to money printed in 2012 (until the new hundred dollar bill comes out) but I can't find any of it in the system. 90% of the cash they print is used to replace worn currency, but the cash supplies to banks, ATM's, and Business' seems to be tightening...
It just doesn't make sense why the Fed is tightening the cash supply out there right now...
Unless it's for tracking purposes...
The rule on cash withdrawals and deposits is they report anything over $10,000 in a one month period to the IRS, unless your deposits look structured, then they automatically report, and unless you are a business that consistently withdraws more than that for business' purposes, then they give you a waiver for the reporting rule.
But if you try to withdraw $8,000 from your average bank branch these days they are going to have trouble coming up with the money for you, and they are going to ask you questions...
So far as I know the reporting rules have not changed, so why all the trouble and all the questions?!?!?
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North Midlands XC league entry form 2016-2017 - Available Here
Minutes from the NMXCL League 70th AGM
Please note that all runners must be first claim and registered with England athletics, spot checks will be done during the race series
Overall Standings after 3 events
|2016/17 Fixtures
|15th October:
|Derby: (Markeaton Park) - Updated Results - Gallery
|12th November:
|Kettering: (Wicksteed Park) - Updated Results - Gallery
|3rd December:
Heanor: (Shipley Park) - Updated Results
|14th January:
|Nottingham: (Wollaton Park) - Results
|2015/16 Results
|10th October:
|Derby: Markeaton Park: (Results)
|14th November:
|Corby: Glebe Park: Results
|5th December:
Shipley Park: Heanor: Results
|16th January:
|Nottingham: Wollaton Park: Results
As agreed at the AGM , overall results will be based on finish position and athletes must compete in all four races to score overall.
The athlete with the lowest total from 4 races being the winner.
Masters awards for Men will be 40 and over, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60+ .
Women will be 35 and over, 40-44, 45-49, 50-55, 55-60.
One masters award only per athlete
New List of Past Champions! *updated Nov 2016: Thanks to John Heywood for compiling.
List of League Honourary Presidents - Now Updated by John Heywood, the official North Midland League archivist.
if you wish to contact us with regards to any of the following notices/requests
then please email
If you have any queries regarding results, please e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com


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text:
I had Mr. West eating from the palm of my hand, we were still sat at the table holding tumbler glasses of whisky and the conversation flowed with ease. Although, if Mr. West kept giving Amy the heated glare when he didn't think I was looking, then he may be leaving here with a broken hand and with no idea of how he managed it. It was amazing how my response to Amy had become in such a short time and without even making her mine in vampire terms. When they danced together I saw Mr. West touch her at every opportunity, examining her with desirable eyes and the scent of lust and wanting waffled off him.
Nathaniel, our host appeared then with the paperwork for Mr. West and I finally saw the end of the evening in sight. I checked through the paperwork before handing it over to Mr. West, outlining our contract and watched as he signed. Amy's eyes did not float over the paperwork which pleased me as she did not wish to find the meaning behind the meeting. I stroked her hand with my thumb, noting the weariness in her eyes and leant towards her ear, "not long now I promise." A shiver went through Amy feeling my cool breath on her neck, before I brushed my lips across her smooth skin. At the corner of my eye, I saw her pink cheeks as they blushed and this gave the clue to Mr. West who then finished his whisky.
"I will say farewell now, was pleasure to meet you Amy," Mr. West stood collecting his briefcase and putting the papers inside. "Alex, I wish you well in your new venture," Mr. West held his hand out for me to shake.
"Thank you, I hope you have a pleasant stay here." I take his hand and give it a hard shake with a silent warning.
"It was nice meeting you, Mr.West," Amy said, appearing at my side. I let go of Mr. West's hand and saw with delight as he flexed it a few times. "Thank you for the dance."
"No thank you," Mr. West left then going to his room in my hotel.
Amy sighed turning to face me, "will I ever see him again?"
"Not if I can help it," I say and lead her out of the restaurant to the elevator. "Thank you for tonight."
"It's part of our agreement." Amy smiled then went into the elevator pulling my hand.
I followed and caught her left hand looking at her ring. "Nice." The ring was simple and I hope did not cost very much from the quality of semi normal style.
We were alone in the elevator, Amy's pulse pumping her blood, her scent surrounded the confined space and all I wanted was her but I couldn't allow that and held myself together hoping that Amy didn't pick up on anything. I could feel her eyes on me and I remembered then to move my chest up and down. The doors finally opened, fresh air swooped inside allowing me to breath anything but Amy's scent.
"Goodnight Sir, Miss Amy, get home safe now," Edward waved us goodbye as we passed him in the lobby.
"Goodnight Edward," I call out and hold the door open for Amy. "I thought we could share the ride home."
"Oh, I can get a taxi," Amy stopped seeing my expression. "Thank you."
"No need to keep thanking me Amy, just accept it as my wife should." I say, as the limo arrives and our driver Marcus steps out approaching us.
"Good evening Sir," Marcus was a human in his fifties and in no danger of getting involved with Amy.
"How many drivers do you have?" Amy asked.
"Vincent, who normally drives, had to take leave for the good of his health," I answer smoothly and feel that something was amiss in the air. I stood where I was breathing in deeply, Amy carried on walking to the door of the limo when the familiar smell hit me.
"Don't!" I shouted but was too late as Marcus opened the backseat door of the limo. Amy cried out in horror, I was next to her grasping her back and turning her away from the bloody scene. A woman with red hair slumped on the backseat, lethal bite on her neck and blood dripped down her body. I flipped Amy around holding her head to my chest and held back the growl that wanted to escape.
It was chaos. The crowd on the sidewalk, hotel security, the cops were called and the press. We kept the door of the limo closed, not wanting anyone else to see the disturbing scene. Amy clung to me and kept her head to my chest I could feel her eyes watering. I needed to get her out of here fast. Marcus was pale, saying that he didn't know anything about the poor young woman and the cops blocked off the area covering it as they removed the woman. I didn't need to smell the woman to know who did this.
The killer was my recent ex-employee.
I could hear that the cops needed to speak with us and I moved Amy back away from the pressing of people. "Amy," I said gently bringing her face up and meeting my blue darkening gaze as I felt the pull of my power. "Blood. Blood covered her body."
"But her...her neck…"
"Was slit viciously by a knife." My voice was calm and doomed out any other noise and I wanted to push deeper but by the looks of her eyes I wouldn't need to.
"Excuse me sir may we have a moment of your time?"
I blinked and turned round to face the officer, "of course, but make it quick I need to take care of my wife as you can see she is still in shock.
The questions didn't take long and I soon had Amy in my private room in the hotel. Amy was remarkably calm as she spoke to the cops, keeping her story together and I was glad that I didn't need to push too much on her mind.
"Through that door you will find the bedroom and bathroom, go and rest I need to make some calls." I touch her face comforting her and she gave me a small smile.
"Okay Alex." Amy said softly and went through the door.
I waited until I heard the shower before I made the call and person picked up straight away. "Where is he?"


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Academic Advising: Undergraduate
Academic advising within the College of Health and Human Performance is provided by professional advisers. The college is committed to providing outstanding service to our students.
Advisers are integral to the College's goal of offering the highest quality educational experience to intelligent and motivated students. They are professional staff who work with faculty and staff in facilitating a student's academic and career exploration. Advisers provide leadership, guidance and information to students, departments, and faculty. They also work closely with faculty in the development, revision and implementation of curricula, and department and college policies.
As an HHP student, it is your responsibility to meet regularly with your academic adviser.
Undergraduate Academic Advising Office Hours
To view undergraduate academic advising office hours, please select your major below:
- Advising hours for Applied Physiology & Kinesiology AND Athletic Training majors
- Advising hours for Health Education & Behavior majors
- Advising hours for Sport Management AND Tourism, Event and Recreation Management majors
*UF Online or PaCE students should contact Alejandra Delgado directly at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Meet your adviser
Applied Physiology & Kinesiology:
DeEtta Rhodes
Florida Gym 100A
Health Education & Behavior:
Brittany Schambow
Florida Gym 11
Tourism, Recreation & Sport Management:
Dawn Shores
Florida Gym 330
Online Education
Alejandra Delgado
Florida Gym 246


text:
Author | Abhinn Shreshtha | Thursday, May 05,2016 1:13 PM
Private FM operator, Radio Indigo, has appointed Satyanarayana Murthy as CEO. Murthy was formally the National Marketing Head at Radio City, a post he held for 6 years. He has been associated with the private radio FM industry for nearly 10 years, which includes a stint at Radio Mirchi. He quit Radio City in February this year.
Murthy confirmed the appointment to exchange4media. He will be heading the business for all verticals within India Business Ventures, the parent company of Radio Indigo, which includes, along with Radio Indigo, Indigo LIVE Music and Indigo LIVE Events.
A part of the Jupiter Capital group, Radio Indigo has operations in Bangalore and Goa and has bracketed itself in the international music niche.
Aside from his career in radio, Murthy has also worked with L&T, Bharat Shell and Adlabs Films.
Media Sales Manager / Event Manager Diamond Magazines P Ltd.
required Ad Sales managers,Operations manager and Scheduling Executives, Hindi movies/Marathi movies/Punjabi movies content managers/providers ,Teleport ExecutivesManoranjan TV


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Singles Scorecard: Hear new songs from the Wanted, Jessie J and Sammy Adams
Boy band The Wanted is expected to perform new single "Walks like Rihanna" at its Riverside Theater concert Aug. 20. Photo by Frazer Harrison.
Evidently, even record labels took some time off around Memorial Day. The crop of new songs on iTunes is spare, but a couple of English acts--the Wanted and Jessie J--offered up their latest singles, while all-American rapper Sammy Adams unveiled a new track, "LA Story."
The Wanted
Single: "Walks Like Rihanna"
Gut reaction: An ode to an attractive lady who can't sing or dance, the boy band's latest is certain to become a rallying cry for ladies with no discernable talent, and appeal to teen girls who swoon to lines like "She'll be the girl of your dreams if you can close your eyes." But its a few steps back from strong first single "Glad You Came."
Grade: C
The Wanted performs Aug. 20 at the Riverside Theater, 116 W. Wisconsin Ave.
Jessie J
Single: "Wild"
Gut reaction: The British pop star is poised for a stateside breakthrough, but "Wild," with its slick but generic production and a clumsy Big Sean rap, should have been a wilder listen.
Grade: C+
Sammy Adams
Single: "L.A. Story"
Gut reaction: Piano pop + emotive chorus + chill rhymes = same old story.
Grade: C-
- Top of the Charts: Drake maintains No. 1 spot
- Top of the Charts: Fifth week at No. 1 for Drake
- Top of the Charts: Drake stays at No. 1
- Top of the Charts: Drake back to No. 1
- Top of the Charts: Justin Timberlake rockets to No. 1
- Top of the Charts: Drake takes over No. 1 spot
- Top of the Charts: Desiigner No. 1 for second week
- Top of the Charts: Newcomer Desiigner grabs first No. 1
- Top of the Charts: Rihanna still at No. 1 for ninth week
- Top of the Charts: Rihanna's streak rolls to eight weeks
Piet Levy is the Journal Sentinel's music writer. He has also been published in USA Today, the Chicago Tribune and the Washington Post.
Erik Ernst is a freelance music writer for the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. He blogs for Tuned In about country, folk, jam and American roots music.


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Elegante appartamento a Le Marais
Massimo di ospiti4
Camere da letto1
Dimensioni33 m²
- Internet Wi-Fi
- Cucina
- Lavatrice
- Biancheria da bagno
Dettagli dell'alloggio
|Rue Michel Le Comte, 75003 Paris, Francia
|Tipologia di alloggio
|Codice dell'annuncio
|Tasso di accettazione
|Tempo di risposta
|poche ore
|Calendario aggiornato
Gli ospiti potranno apprezzare il fascino storico e il comfort moderno di questo appartamento che dispone di una camera matrimoniale, un bagno con cabina doccia, una cucina compatta ma completa e una sala da pranzo/soggiorno con divano letto matrimoniale. Un bel tavolo da pranzo in legno per quattro permette agli ospiti di sedersi insieme per consumare i pasti cucinati in casa.
Con la stazione della metropolitana situata a meno di 3 minuti a piedi, gli ospiti possono raggiungere la Senna, l'Île de la Cité e la Cattedrale di Notre Dame in 2 minuti. L'affascinante, artistico quartiere di Montmartre si trova a 15 minuti di distanza, così come il Museo del Louvre.
Il Centro Pompidou, che ospita il più grande museo di arte moderna in Europa, è a meno di 5 minuti a piedi. Gli ospiti possono trovare un gran numero di ristoranti e negozi a 5 minuti dall'appartamento, così come un cinema e alcune gallerie.
Regole dell'AbitazioneFor any arrival on Sunday please ask first if it is possible. Do not send a firm request for any arrival on Sunday please because it is rarely possible.
|Numero massimo di notti
|3 mesi
|Check-in dopo le
|Check-in prima delle
|Su accordo
|Check-out prima delle
|Politica di Cancellazione
Le recensioni degli altri alloggi del proprietario
This cosy apartment in Bastille was just as described in Wimdu. Good Metro connections from Bastille or Voltaire. The flat had all neccessary things and a working Wifi.The rooms and Balcony on very quiet inner court side. The house has an elevator and all Access is controlled with badge for the safety. We had a very pleasant stay in Paris and the flat had a very important role in this. Our host Alex is a very pleasant and helpful person. We can gladly recommend this duplex flat as an alternative to a hotel room for 2-4 persons.
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
The apartment is really as you can see in the pics. It is full of all the tools for everyday needs and it is in a elegant building. Near to the flat there are some shops and caffes and in 3 minutes a big supermarket.
Alex is a great host. Everthing was fine. What else can i say ....
Location is great jus in the heart of Marais and in an area with lot of restaurants and shops .
The flat is clean and equipped with all you need
The main bed is not the best for a couple ( more a queen than a king size )
Alex is very precise
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
Merci Alex pour tout votre assistance et votre aide. Nous avons passe quelques jours tres agreable. L'appartement etait ideal pour nous et vous avez vite regle quelques petits soucis. Merci et a bientot j'espere.
Thanks Alex for all your help. We had a fantastic time in Paris. The apartment was just what we were looking for and you were quick to answer and resolve a few minor problems we encountered. Thanks again and I hope to be back soon!
Nice apartment in a quiet neighborhood. Not far from Place de Bastille/ metro station. Suitable for 4 people / small family. I recommend contact with Alex - very nice and helpful to others. It was very nice stay.
The Marais is the perfect central location in Paris. Close to the river, Metro stops and many main sites, but still in a small, quiet neighborhood with great restaurants and shops. Alex's apt. was a comfortable haven for a week of exploring Paris. Roomy and contained all the helpful elements from a hair dryer and great shower to a complete kitchen. Historically old with beamed ceilings, but modernly outfitted - the perfect combination. Surrounded by two courtyards, it was very quiet, but with two brasseries steps away and - importantly - a patisserie a few steps further. Fresh croissants every morning. A very safe neighborhood and the apartment - behind three locked doors - felt extremely safe. Alex accommodated our early arrival by allowing the cleaning lady to let us in so we never actually met him, but he was friendly and helpful on the phone. We would certainly return to this or other of his apartments. My one quibble would be that there were no English instructions. All notes were in French. It would have been very helpful to have more information on how things worked in English.
It's a nice, very quiet, actually one room apartment, efficiently furnished, although the kitchen equipment could be better (add tea towels, bread knife and chopping board) and the cleaner should be instructed how to clean/dust a room properly. We stayed 6 nights and it was OK for the two of us. I don't think the space is suited for three persons. The apartment is situated on the third floor at the far end of the building. From the main entrance to the apartment is quite a walk through a long, narrow passage leading to the three staircases. That's not a problem, but what struck me - and somehow worried me a bit - was that there were no smoke detectors to be seen. There is one fire extinguisher on the second floor, but in my opinion that's not enough. The neighbourhood is very lively with shops, restaurants, markets, metro, etc. We enjoyed our stay very much.
- Qualità degli alloggi garantita
- I proprietari sono contattati e verificati telefonicamente
- Un sistema di pagamento efficace e sicuro


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Teddy Plush Doll (£469)
One of the most beautiful of the Teddy Babe dolls, these plush sex dolls are the most cuddly and fuckable ever made. Much cheaper than silicone sex dolls, they are scarcely any less realistic, but much nicer to hold, carress, hug, and of course fuck!
Don't just look! You can touch, squeeze, lick, and suck these amazingly realistic tits from PipeDream. Enjoy the best tit fuck you ever had, time and time again. You can even put bras on these tits so you can have the fun of unstrapping them. Also sliding in and out of a masturbator whilst fondling and sucking these boobs is a great cheap alternative to buying a full sex doll.
Leticia Inflatable Doll (£129)
One of the most realistic inflatable sex dolls available in the UK, sweet Leticia has an ultra-realistic pussy as well as an ass so real and tight that you will spend countless hours pumping your load into it.
One of the prettiest doll faces outside of the premium range silicon models.
Soft breasts with beautiful life-like nipples.
BJ Betty is the next generation in realistic inflatable sex dolls. Combing the realism of luxury silicone dolls but retaining the price tag of dolls affordable to every man. BJ Betta has a truly pretty face that invites you to slide your penis into her mouth – a beautiful blowjob awaits you. As well as 3 realistic flesh orifices, this beautiful doll has life-like hair, eyes, hands and feet!
Mona Mountains Doll (£139)
A beautifully realistic doll with a pussy and ass that are as super tight as they are incredibly life-like.
The beautiful blonde hair on this doll is a particular stand out feature.
Double D breasts that feel so good to squeeze or even tit fuck.
Young and Hot Doll (£99)
This sexy young doll combines the affordability and convienece of a blow up doll, with the best features of an expensive realistic sex doll.
When inflated, the doll stands at a perfectly life-like 5ft 1 inches tall. A gorgeous and realistic face is combined with three ultra-realistic CyberSkin holes for you to enjoy.
Three sweet holes for you to fuck with this 5ft young and pretty sex doll.
Japanese Half-Size Doll ($703)
This beautiful life-like doll from Japan is half-size, and measure around 2ft 6.
The doll is made from vinyl material, with beautiful acrylic eyes and gogeously realistic polyester hair.
The doll comes in a fixed pose. Insertable ona-hole/masturbator is not included and can be ordered at the same site. Click on image for more details.
Penthouse have launched a range of reasonably priced and yet realistic sex dolls modelled on some of their famous porn stars. Although the faces are not as pretty and ultra-realistic as silicone sex dolls that cost $7,000, these dolls have amazing bodies and cost at a fraction of the price at just over $1,500. See the video of them being fucked and tell me you would not like to be able to do this to them every day for years!
Tereza Barkley Doll (£15)
Life-size inflatable doll based on the porn actress Tereza Barkley.
The face is an actual screen print of the pornstar.
Contains 3 holes, with the doll positioned in the doggy style manner.
Decent blow-up doll for the price. If you have a very limited budget or you just want to try a doll before spending on a more realistic one, this isn't a bad purchase.
Penthouse Exotic Doll (£79)
Superb life-size (4ft 8) inflatable doll that features ultra-realistic cyberskin pussy and ass orifices that are removable and can be used also as seperate masturbators.
Cut Asian style love doll with a realistic 3D painted face. You will surely want to kiss her luscious lips as you pound each of her tight holes in turn.


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Dusty is the type of girl that can take a dominating role and can be gentle and compassionate. Kattie obeys Dusty, not from intimidation, but because of her tender approach. Her gaze rarely leaves Dusty... Show more
Duration: 42 min 42 sec
cute girl and awesome vagina. more of her please. don't mind the bush at all.
Great piss actress but ugly bush, it is right down disgusting. Get it shave off Dusty, Please
Cute girl, great piss artist. I don't normally like hairy pussies but I do like hers! I would like to see a finger or dildo up her sexy little ass next...


text:
The successful coach believes that Friday's encounter will not be a walkover for the Euro 2012 finalists and has urged his team to remain focused
The Azzurri were held to a 2-2 draw by Bulgaria in their last qualification game, and Prandelli has stressed that they cannot afford to make the same mistakes again.
"I am waiting to see an Italy side alive to the fact that the stakes are high. We have to play at a high rhythm against Armenia in order to make the most of our qualities," Prandelli stated at a press conference.
"I'm sure we won't make the same mistakes as we did in September, but against Armenia we have to have commitment, because it will be a hard, physical encounter.
"We must respect the opposition, and play with the intensity the game deserves. Armenia are a developing football nation and shouldn't be underestimated."
Friday's encounter is scheduled to kick off at 17:00CET.


text:
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Locanda Alle Officine is a comfortable 3 star Hotel for business travelers and groups. It offers spacious, bright and quiet rooms. 38 rooms all fully equipped for your comfort, available with single, double and king size bed. Some rooms are also equipped for disabled people.
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