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Under the new system, starting today, paramedics attending serious but non-life-threatening cases will no longer have to respond within 19 minutes.
Instead their performance will be assessed against new guidelines, such as how heart attack or stroke victims are once they get to hospital.
Health campaigners and unions said the changes affecting the category B calls will lead to fewer ambulances and paramedics, which will risk lives.
Rehana Azam, of the GMB, said: "We are concerned that ambulance trusts have in effect got the green light to scale back the service they provide. The Government is taking a real risk that people in serious need of medical attention may not get help quickly from now on."
Ambulance services must still res- pond to three-quarters of all category A calls - those that are immediately life-threatening - in eight minutes.
But Ms Azam argued a category B call could still lead to deaths. "Paramedics attending 999 calls never know for sure what they face until they arrive," she said. "It's foolish to play with lives."
The four-hour A&E waiting time target will be replaced by eight indicators, including "patient experience".
Health Secretary Andrew Lansley said: "These bring a more rounded approach to quality than the four-hour target, which had a narrow focus on a single process measure."Reuse content


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If you are qualified, you may be admitted to a program of advanced study in the beginning or middle of your junior year (or at the beginning of your senior year following participation in a junior year study-abroad program), leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Romance Languages and Literatures.
Admission to senior-level Honors work in Romance Languages and Literatures is by application only.
Prerequisites to entering RLL's honors major in Romance Languages and Literatures
- Demonstrated superior ability in both oral and written languages of study, and to present evidence of serious interest in research
- A cumulative GPA of at least 3.5 and a RLL Major GPA of 3.5 before acceptance to the honors major and maintained during pursuit of honors
Requirements in the program
- Normal major requirements in RLL must be completed
- Composition of a thesis in one of the Romance languages of study (40 pages minimum)
- Enroll in ROMLANG 498 in the fall term of their senior year
- Enroll in ROMLANG 499 in the winter term of their senior year
- A presentation and discussion of your thesis and of an agreed-upon set of related readings with members of the faculty (Thesis defense)
Interested students should contact Linda Burger, firstname.lastname@example.com for the current RLL Honors Advisor contact information. Admission to senior level honors work in Romance Languages and Literatures is by application only. In addition to the application form, students should submit a copy of their transcript, a one- page statement of purpose, and a sample essay.
Not what you're looking for? Return to the Majors and Minors page.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Retirement Rock
Films about senior citizens are generally real downers. Either someone ends up languishing with Alzheimer's (see The Notebook or Away From Her) or someone kicks the bucket (er, The Bucket List), or both. Even the ones that are supposed to be life-affirming end up being overwhelmingly depressing. I avoid these types of films, but Young at Heart has me intrigued. The trailer for this film has a senior citizens' chorus belting out The Clash's "Should I Stay or Should I Go" in front of an audience and teases covers of Sonic Youth, Talking Heads and The Ramones. The latter has me particularly excited, as it promises a clichéd (but hilarious) rendition of "I Wanna Be Sedated." This is the kind of affirmation I need, to know that I won't merely be wading through Medicare paperwork and fighting off neurofibrillary tangles after the age of 60, as much of geriatric cinema will have us believe. Young at Heart follows the chorus as they work together to bring their mirthful cover songs to audiences in prisons, medical facilities and concert halls. This documentary promises genuinely warm senior moments with a solid soundtrack and none of the bleakness we've come to expect from elderly themed movies. See it as part of the Magnolia at the Modern series at the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, 3200 Darnell St. Showings are 6 p.m. Friday, 2 and 5 p.m. Saturday, and 2 and 4 p.m. Sunday. Tickets are $8.50. Visit themodern.org/magnolia for more details.
Fri., July 11, 6 p.m.; Sat., July 12, 2 & 5 p.m.; Sun., July 13, 2 & 4 p.m., 2008
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text: Intracellular antibody-bound pathogens stimulate immune signaling via Fc-receptor TRIM21W.A McEwan, J.C.H Tam, R.E Watkinson, S.R Bidgood, D.L Mallery, L.C JamesNature immunology2013During pathogen infection, antibodies can be carried into the infected cell, where they are detected by the ubiquitously expressed cytosolic antibody receptor TRIM21. Here we found that recognition of intracellular antibodies by TRIM21 activated immune signaling. TRIM21 catalyzed the formation of Lys63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin chains and stimulated the… (More)


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Billy: AppearancesMature
I scanned the room once more. It was jam-packed. Jam-packed with people in shells. Beneath the deceiving appearances lay cowards. I knew no one here had the capability to deceive, to torture, to kill, as I did. Not even that Ian guy. He could throw his weight around all he liked. He wouldn't fool me.
They have no idea, I thought. Except maybe that idiot French girl who'd helped scoop Li up off the floor.
I realized with a start that Ian's eyes had fallen upon me. Every fibre in my body wanted to glare daggers at him. Big-shot. Thought he was so great coz he was tall and looked like... like a man. Unlike me, who was seemingly trapped in the body of a seven-year-old for all of my existance.
Naturally, I grinned back, making sure the smile lit all the way to my eyes. But somehow I knew Ian didn't buy my smirk at all. He turned his head towards someone else.
Soon as I was unwatched, I got the funny feeling that Ian had just stared straight past me and into my mind.
Melina had tagged along with Li, and they were sitting in the corner, Li dabbing at his face with an already bloodied tissue. The sad part was they seemed to be marveling in horror at how much blood was coming out of him. That was nothing. I'd seen more blood come from a finch. I pitied the pair of them. So weak. I could already imagine myself kneeling over either of them, a knife or a handy sized axe in my hand, hacking at their necks, their arms, their legs...
I crossed my arms over my chest, shook the goreish thoughts away and started to wander through the crowd once more, my trademark cheery grin pasted on my face again.


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The Houben Hotel
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TravelPod Member ReviewsThe Houben Hotel Ko Lanta
Perfect place to unwind, with awesome customer service. Will never forget Shana, the ever cheery host who acceded to our every request. We will definitely head back to The Houben in future!
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TripAdvisor Reviews The Houben Hotel Ko Lanta
Travel Blogs from Ko Lanta
A taste of Thailand
... slicing in Thai cooking. I noticed that the most prominent ingredients in Thai cooking are garlic, chilli, ginger and lemongrass; garlic and chilli though are important ingredients in South East Asian cooking - it was very much the case in Bali. I then got to have a short 5 minute break while they cleaned the kitchen and prepared the meat before the cooking stage. It is incredible how quick Thai cooking is. We must have spent a maximum ...
And another perfect day
... s excellent adventure while laying on the beach. Just weird to think of them being in Greece and us in Thailand, but it is so good to know what they are up to each day. Up to beach restaurant for lunch then back for more reading and lazing by our pool. Thunderstorm hit really hard late in the afternoon and lasted for about half an hour. It ...
Easy Rider
... and out to be top dog and no one (and I mean no-one) ever indicates! Living in a country such as the UK where big brother is watching and health and safety rules and regulations are now sacrosanct; this small measure of freedom was just what we wanted!
Lanta old town was just a small village really with the ubiquitous gift shops, cafes and cold drinks stands, but the bigger restaurants in particular had the most wonderful view ...
Koh Lanta
On Tuesday 14 January 2014 we took a minivan to Koh Lanta. Three hours and two car ferries later we arrived at the very laid back and chilled out island. This is what we were here for – some relaxation! Not that the last six months have been very hectic or anything!
We stayed at Klong Dao beach which is a very long spaced out beach at the top of the island. The ...
The 'Getaway' island
... cheap, and easy to get around. Then I had a moment to myself, thinking back to the first day in Bangkok wondering how on earth I would get from Pai, and Chiang Mai all the way down the country down to Malaysia. And I was here, my last night in Thailand right at the end of this leg of the journey. It's crazy! I thank the copious amounts of Chang beers in Thailand for helping me through it all. Most travel decisions were made whilst drinking or being ...


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2016-2017 Staff
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Daniela Jaramillo
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Hi, I'm Daniela! I'm an avid protector of the environment and love animals. One day I'm going to be a veterinarian and travel the world. Most documentaries intrigue me and 80's romantic comedies make my heart melt.
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My name is Marilene Rivas and I am a hobbyist photographer; I enjoy writing and browsing through other photographers' images during my free time. I am interested in psychology and love to invest time into the "Myers Briggs 16...
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Zac Jacobson
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Hey guys! My name is Zac, and I'm super excited to be News Editor of The Wave! I am a sophomore, and it's great to be here. As a member of the Bak MSOA Alumni, I was assistant editor-in-chief on their newspaper, The Portfolio. I am obs...
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Arts and Entertainment Editor
Hi there, I'm Jazmin. You may be wondering why the biography, well that's so you can get to know me! I'm a proud nerd, who enjoys the spectacular creations of Doctor Who, Harry Potter, and Marvel and DC Comics, along with their...
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Hey. The name's Erin. My typical weekend includes many books, lots of writing, and tons of pizza. I'm a geek extraordinaire; astronomy, zoology, and everything in between. Despite my aptitude for the sciences, creativity is...
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Faux Bois Log Planter {4131}
This log planter would look great filled with a small forest of mixed plantings or simply a few potted pieces as shown. Made of heavy cement, the surface is textured in a faux bois pattern then hand-painted for extra detail. 12.5" long, 5" tall & 6" deep. Hand-painted detail will vary. Imported.
Pin It


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Happy Photo Booth knows it and you know it even face-flattering smartphone photo apps can't compete with feathery pink boas when it comes to making you look good. Let your partygoers enjoy show-stopping, impromptu pics all night long with a locally - made booth adorned with chick interior decor.
Majority of our packages includes premium dress-up props, touch screen monitors, a scrapbook for preserving your memories, unlimited photos, and a flash drive or DVD with all the pictures. After each vogue-ing session, your guests will be able to admire their immortalized image on a single-print 6x4 postcard or a dual 2x6 photo strip. Photo Booths are available for rental use in San Diego, Los Angeles, Orange County, Ventura County and the surrounding areas, there isn't a single sepia-toned mobile app around that can compare to this flashy deal.
Ready to book? Have questions?
Send a direct message here.
Copyright © 2001-2017 OneWed Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2001-2017 OneWed Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Birkitshi - Eagle Hunters In A New World
Ill Tides
Clean War
New Words For Old Wounds
Loose Limbed EP
Her Warmth
Music For Film Vol. I
Leave Me Sessions Subscription Series (11 Albums)
Empty EP
Heavy EP
Leave Me Like You Found Me
Emptied Animal
A Hound's Heart
The Sum Of Its Parts OST
The Old Believers Original Soundtrack
The Waiting Room (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Thunder May Have Ruined The Moment
And The World Is Still Yawning
And The World Is Still Yawning Remixes
And The World Is Still Yawning B-Sides
Blood Memory
Blood Memory Remixed
Plumed & Desiccated
Ledabella (Free Download)
William Ryan Fritch California
William Ryan Fritch is a composer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and producer currently based in Oakland, California.
His compositions are characterized by his unique range as a multi-instrumentalist and audio engineer, allowing him to realize large ensemble arrangements found in folk, Indie-rock, electronica,
Hip-hop, World and orchestral music as a solo endeavor. ... more
Streaming and Download help


text:
Introduction to IBM SPSS Decision Trees (V19) SPVC
Who should attend
This intermediate course is intended for:
- Analysts building prediction or decision models for which many predictor variables of different types may be involved
- Survey and Market researchers who need to perform automated decision or segmentation analysis
You should have:
- Familiarity with the Windows interface
Knowledge of basic statistics through regression (topics covered in Statistical Analysis Using SPSS) is very useful.
Those with advanced statistical training in predictive models (for example discriminant, logistic regression covered in Advanced Statistics Using SPSS for Windows or Market Segmentation Using SPSS) will gain more from the seminar.
Product Description
This is the self paced training version of ""Introduction to IBM SPSS Decision Trees"" classroom course. Introduction to IBM SPSS Decision Trees is a two day self-paced training course that covers the principles and practice of the tree-based decision and regression methods available in IBM SPSS Decision Trees. A general introduction to the features of the IBM SPSS Decision Trees module and an overview of decision tree based methods will be covered. These methods (CHAID, Exhaustive CHAID, CRT, and QUEST) are used to perform classification, segmentation, and prediction modeling in a wide range of business and research areas. The techniques are discussed and compared, analyses are performed, and the results interpreted.
If you are enrolling in a Self Paced Virtual Classroom or Web Based Training course, before you enroll, please review the Self-Paced Virtual Classes and Web-Based Training Classes on our Terms and Conditions page, as well as the system requirements, to ensure that your system meets the minimum requirements for this course.
E-Learning IBM Self-Paced Virtual Class (SPVC)
Price (excl. tax)


text:
Sustainable Living Ferments in Fair Park
Anyone who has ever been to the State Fair of Texas knows that with all of the lights of the Midway, all of the fryers bubbling and all of the custodians gathering up visitors' cast-off corn-dog sticks, it is far from functioning off-the-grid. But just across from the fairgrounds at The Reading Room, 3715 Parry Ave., is something dedicated to living life without wires. Janeil Engelstad's Y'UTOPIAS: An Almanac (of sorts) of Sustainable and Off-The-Grid Living in Texas is, essentially, a collection of photographs, videos and portions of interviews from Engelstad's time spent throughout Texas with those living sustainably and off-the-grid. Ranchers' and farmers' alternative methods and lives are exposed and celebrated in the exhibition, while weekly food demos provide visitors an opportunity to learn how the pros do it. Y'UTOPIAS is open from 1 to 5 p.m. Thursdays through Sundays during the State Fair. Admission is free. Visit thereadingroom-dallas.blogspot.com.
Thursdays-Sundays. Starts: Oct. 7. Continues through Oct. 21, 2012
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text:
26.91 Acres For Sale
471 Highway 81 E, Mcdonough, Georgia 30252 - Henry County
$599,000 26.91 Acres
Property ID 3129490
Two Parcels
850' of frontage on GA Highway 81 East
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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216 Greenough Dr, Head Of Chezzetcook, NS, B3E 1L4
Shelly Monroe is an independent, personal travel consultant associated with Travel Professionals International. TPI is a Canadian based company that recently celebrated 16 successful years in business. Shelly has a passion for travel and with her expertise and attention to detail; she will help you plan the perfect trip whether that is a weekend getaway or a trip of a lifetime. Sweet Escapes Travel is a full service agency specializing in Sandals and Beaches Luxury resorts, Caribbean All-Inclusive packages, Europe, Italy & Greece specialist, Disney, group travel, destination weddings and honeymoons, Trafalgar, Insight Coach tours, cruises, hotels, rental vehicles and flights worldwide. Sun all-inclusive Caribbean packages, Sandals, Beaches, Couples , Air Canada vacations, West Jet vacations, Transat Holidays, Nolitours, Walt Disney World, affiliated with all the cruise lines-Carnival, Celebrity, Cunard, Crystal Cruises , Disney Cruises, Encore Cruises, Holland America, Princess, Royal Caribbean, Oasis of the Seas, MSC, Norwegian, Regent Seven Seas, AMA Waterways, Viking River Cruises, ScenicTours, Variety Cruises. Gap adventures, Goway, Boomerang, Contiki, Collette, International Golf vacations, Alio, Holiday House, Funsun Vacations, Travelbound, Avis rentals, Alamo, Italy, Greek Islands.
645 Bellefontaine Rd, Head Of Chezzetcook, NS, B0J 1N0
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Beauty Advice Clinic will help you look great on your wedding day. Located in Windsor, we cover the surrounding areas of Berkshire.
38 High Street, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 4AN
Youngmans Oxford is a luxury barber shop in central Oxford next to Queen's colle More info
Rear of 81 High Street, Entrance off of Castle Street, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 0BX
Offering a unique wedding service for that very special day. Bridal make-up & br More info


text:
Designer Collection by
Ray-Ban, the most recognizable name in eyewear. This iconic collection includes classic shapes with genuine and authentic style. Rock star famous and legendary cool. Make it your own.
Ray-Ban makes some of the best sunglasses and sunglass lenses available. Your glasses will come equipped with optical-grade reading lenses in the strength you've specified. These are the exact same lenses you would custom order at a high-end optical store. Your glasses will come ready to wear, with the original RayBan lenses carefully wrapped separately.
- *Companion case included with each frame.
- *Micro-fiber cleaning cloth included with each order.
- *Note: Not available for sale outside USA.
- Optical grade plastic
- Lightweight optical quality plastic
- Distortion free
- Thin profile
- Scratch resistant coating
- UV protection
Sizing and Details
|Frame Measurements
|Frame Width
|134mm - 5 1/4 in
|Nose Bridge
|18mm - 3/4 in
|Temple Arm
|145mm - 5 3/4 in
|Horizontal Lens
|52mm - 2 1/8 in
|Vertical Lens
|37mm - 1 3/8 in
Lens are not Ray Ban
I was excited to find quality bi-focal sunglasses that had a 1.75 magnification as so many only had 1.50 and 2.00. When I received the glasses, I was disappointed to find that the lens were a " reasonable facsimile" to the Ray Ban lens made by a third party. They did include the original Ray Ban lenses which was nice. Overall, they are ok.
Paula Olivero Location: Bradenton Beach, FL January 06, 2017
Dedicated to delivering the very best
shopping experience on the web. Seriously. Seriously.
About Us
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- (800) 238-0904 Toll Free
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text: Alfred - Modern Rock Riffs - Authentic Guitar Tab Edition - eCD (2012) Publisher: Alfred | Language: English | Full Scans | 266.00MB | .AIFF/.PDF 57 Pages | ISBN: 0739085905 Audio (Stereo, PCM | 1 411.2 Kbps | CBR, 44.1 KHz, 2 channels) Genre: Video Training This book and CD kit is a one-stop library of over 40 of the most classic, signature acoustic riffs and intros! Every riff is accompanied by a brief lesson and a demonstration recording. And the exclusive TnT software also lets you loop sections for practice, slow tracks down or speed them up without changing the pitch, and even change the key. In an attempt to make the TnT software work correctly on Lion, I tried copying All the Win files into the Mac folder and All the contents from the Win/xtra folder in to the Mac folder - I get a couple of errors but the app does start up, however, it doesn't seem to do anything once started. - still working on it. But I don't think it really matters with this set, they just play the riff, there are no with/without/full performances/vocals here. So you could use the Amazing Slowdowner or Capo or something like that. Code: http://shareflare.net/download/50150.514d134116655fbd86ab47d12b1f/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part1.rar.html http://shareflare.net/download/76831.70875e9a8ce49e34ce0b8d092dc6/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part2.rar.html http://shareflare.net/download/11606.12d6a65f2eb1242c93e7a963e75c/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part3.rar.html http://shareflare.net/download/79171.70927149868b14d8120913b1f759/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part4.rar.html or http://letitbit.net/download/75178.70875e9a8ce49e34ce0b8d092dc6/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part2.rar.html http://letitbit.net/download/13595.12d6a65f2eb1242c93e7a963e75c/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part3.rar.html http://letitbit.net/download/71865.70927149868b14d8120913b1f759/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part4.rar.html http://letitbit.net/download/58282.514d134116655fbd86ab47d12b1f/Alfred.Acoustic.Rock.Riffs.part1.rar.html


text:
Coolest Kids Party Ideas and Photos
Kids party ideas and photos by: Debbie from California
There are so many cool kids party ideas for an army theme. Here is what we came up with for invitations:
We wrote our invitations in Army slang – "Attention Marine Recruits! You are invited to Cody's OOH-Rah 8th Marine Corps Boot Camp Birthday Party. If you decide to attend, your presence is requested at 1600 hours at the neighborhood park. Please wear appropriate attire, as a few good men do! You will be motivated and challenged to complete your boot camp training during this social function…so arrive mentally and physically prepared to have an Ooh-Rah good time! Please RSVP to the Party Commander at 111-9999, by Thursday 1300 hours. Semper Fi!"
The day of the party, after all of the young recruits arrived, they attended their flight training indoctrination class where they assembled and decorated their aircraft (paper airplanes with stickers).
After initial flight training was completed, it was off to do "Carrier Quals". The student pilots stood in formation, waiting their turn to land on the Navy Carrier (USS PICNIC TABLE). Their approach was from 10 feet out to sea, whereby they had to launch and fly (throw) their aircraft, trying to land closest to the "x" aircraft parking spot, without hitting the control tower (box on picnic table). The student pilots who most closely landed by the "x" after 3 landings, were awarded their wings (real military squadron patches purchased from military surplus store.)
On to Basic Training Boot Camp! Each recruit was quickly briefed as the Drill Sergeant (my hubby-a real life Marine) explained and demonstrated how to successfully complete the Boot Camp Obstacle Course. They ran up and down stairs, performed drop and rolls, low crawls, ran "tires" (chalk drawn circles), ran though the maze (path through picnic tables), and carried heavy backpacks for 100 yards (packs filled with rocks) to reach the finish line. After they completed the obstacle course each recruit graduated Basic Training and received their "Stripes" (real military stripes from military surplus store).
Just like in real military life, after completing Basic Training, they were shipped off to War – "Tug of War" that is! Teams were selected and many "battles" were won and lost.
Following the "War", the young soldiers were sent to the Tank Battalion, where they donned their Marine Combat Helmets (Snowboard helmets covered in Camouflage plastic). Climbing into their Armored Tanks (Cardboard boxes painted "Camouflage" with spray paint, complete with a huge cannon made from a black painted gift paper roll and two Big Guns which were Nerf shooters), they then took aim and shot at an enemy tank (remote control toy tank) and at bull's-eye targets. The two soldiers who were determined to be "Expert" shooters (had the most accurate shots-kept track of points) were awarded Marine Corps patches (from military surplus store).
After working so hard through these greulling kids party ideas, it was finally "Chow time"! Each soldier was given pizza and lemonade rations to enjoy. Rumble, vroom, rumble…. then came the Tank Cake! The Tank Cake was a huge hit. The cake was made from one rectangle cake pan and a Wilton Car Cake Pan. I placed the "ground" (rectangle cake) down first, then positioned the "tank" off one edge of the "ground", so it looked as though it were climbing up an incline. I cut the "tank" from the Car Shape by cutting a sharp perpendicular triangle from both the sloping front and back windshield. I used homemade frosting; creating a tan, light brown, muddy green, and green. It was applied "blotchy" so as to look like camouflage. Details were done with black frosting using a decorative tip. Wheels were Ding Dongs…and were a "hot item" with the boys.
A small piece of advice: make sure you have an equal number of Ding Dongs for each child. I lucked out unintentionally because I could cut them in half and had just enough for each boy. I put 3 on each side, but if I made the cake again, I would put at least 4 on each side. The "tracks" were individual sections of Hershey Chocolate bars broken apart. They were adhered with frosting onto the Ding Dongs on the sides and under the wheels, and then to the graham crackers at the top of the wheels. The graham crackers (cinnamon) sections made up the wheel track covers. The ground was frosted muddy green and covered with crumbled graham cracker crumbs to depict sandy dirt. Lights were yellow M&M's. I had some small Marine men toys and sandbags that I added for embellishments. The boys especially loved "the Big Gun" which was an evergreen Taper Candle.
When it was lit…wow! Looked really cool! The boys gathered around with eyes huge with amazement, big smiles on their face while licking their lips. They grunted "Happy Birthday", then dug right in!
As the boys left with big smiles on their faces, they received their "sea bags" (plastic camouflage bags) filled with MRE Crackers (Meals Ready to Eat Crackers from surplus store), Mini green marine men, a parachute man toy, a USA patch, and a dried fruit ration (fruit snacks).
Our kids party ideas for Thank you cards were handmade with the front flap of the card showing a picture of a tank pointed directly at you stating, "You were Right on Target". The inside stated, "Your gift was Dynamite!" and showed sticks of dynamite. All in all, a great birthday party – lots of happy little Recruits and one very Happy 8 year old! I hope you enjoyed my kids party ideas!
Thanks for all the great kids party ideas on this site!


text:
One could argue - and I would, against all comers and without reservation - that James Joyce was the greatest writer of the last century. Joyce was also the lucky subject of one of the best literary biographies of any century: Richard Ellmann's "James Joyce," first published in 1959 and extensively revised in 1982.
Taking on that legacy is a tall order. In his own "James Joyce," biographer Gordon Bowker tries to do so and comes up short.
The first challenge confronting any Joyce biographer is separating fact from literary fiction.
Given its autobiographical inflections, both Bowker and Ellmann draw parallels between Joyce's life and his work. But as Ellmann cautions, even with a roman à clef like "Ulysses," "no key quite fits. Art lavishes on one man another's hair, or voice, or bearing, with shocking disrespect for individual identity."
Bowker ignores that caution sign, starting from discreet images in novels like "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man" and then concluding that such "impressions suggest that young Joyce already enjoyed a rich inner life, a world already peopled by many of the characters who would find their way into his adult fiction."
That's a remarkably naive reading, suggesting that any adult novelist writing about childhood is faithfully transcribing what the child already knows rather than imaginatively re-creating the past. More attuned to Joyce's artistry, Ellmann recognizes the difference.
Worse, Bowker makes strained connections between fact and fiction; at one point, for example, he suggests that the long walks taken by Joyce's father "foreshadow the wandering narrative line which snakes through most of his son's fiction."
As one might expect from such readings, Bowker's literary interpretations can be shaky. Two examples:
Discussing a poem Joyce wrote as a child, Bowker quotes an overblown line comparing an Irish hero to an eagle, claiming it has "Shakespearean resonances" and "that drawing of literary parallels was a pattern established early in his creative conscience." Conversely, Ellmann quickly dismisses Joyce's eagle image as "automatic."
Discussing the memorable conclusion to "The Dead," Bowker reads snow-covered Ireland as an embodiment of "general despair" in "a nation rendered sterile by imperialism and suffocating religion."
Ellmann - having quoted from a contemporaneous letter in which Joyce admits he has been "unnecessarily harsh" on Ireland - rightly sees this healing snow as a symbol of "mutuality" and "connection" between the living and the dead.
Ellmann isn't just a better reader of Joyce's fiction. He is also a more perceptive reader of Joyce's life.
Here is Bowker on why Joyce left Ireland: "Apartness had long been essential to Joyce's posture, and exile would fulfill his sense of separation." True, but also a truism.
Here is Ellmann's more precise and insightful comment on the same theme: "Joyce needed exile as a reproach to others and a justification of himself."
Bowker quotes sparingly from the voluminous correspondence among Joyce and his ever-widening circle; the results can be misleading, particularly as Bowker also spends little time sketching the colorful characters within it and doesn't always footnote.
Ellmann quotes generously from that correspondence and properly introduces those who wrote it. Ellmann also devotes much more attention to the vast trove of literature and philosophy that obsessed Joyce and haunts his fiction.
Particularly during his account of Joyce's final two decades, Bowker provides useful updates to what Ellmann wrote, thanks to more recent biographies of Nora and Lucia Joyce, Stuart Gilbert's often catty journal and materials involving "Ulysses" publisher Sylvia Beach.
Bowker also draws helpful connections between biographical details in Joyce's life and fragments of "Finnegans Wake," where even the most intrepid and devoted Joyce reader can always use more help.
But spread over more than 600 arid pages in a shrunken font, that's slim pickings, particularly when Ellmann's masterpiece is still in print and can be ordered through your favorite local bookstore - just in time for Bloomsday.
Mike Fischer is a local writer and lawyer.


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Daily Advertiser (Newspaper) - June 23, 1943, London, Middlesex Advertifer, Nufob. 3878. THURSDAY, June 23, 1743- TV*. 2 i �=^p===f�pp^ H I S Morning f.ifd for France, lliP^S^wS-i the Duke of Bedford's Yacht, with WMzl\ Matilda, Wilds, for Gibraltar ; and t".e Ruyfen, De Long, for Eaft i India. Arnv'd, the Loyal Herbert, a Herbert, from Exon; ant! the Ann, Wind Robinfon, from Liverpool. South-South-Eaft. An ExtraS of a Letter from the Hague, dated June Z5. � The Arrival of General Diemar at this Place ccc.dions ' frefh Deliberations, that Officer being fent to prefs their i High MightinefTes caufe their Troop: t-> pais the ' Rhine, which thofe People who are in tr.e Frencu Inte-� reft fay,' was not the Defign of tie Majority of the * Provinces", elpecially of thole vvhieh nave their Country's ' Welfare moft at Heart. It was indeed hop'd tnat this 4 Princefs would have contented herfelf with employing ' thefe Troops in the Auftrian Lmu Countries, as flic � would thereby have been enabled to h^ve withdrawn as '� many of her own from thence ; in the mean tirjae the .� zoooo Men. furnifhed by the RepubJick will affemble * in the Camp marked out between Maftricht and Namurc, ' and whilit the States General are deliberating about tne * Difpofition of them, fomething may happen in Germany � which may change the Face of Affairs. ' All the Reports which have been current of a Treaty � of Accommodation between the Court ot Turin and � that of Spain, are abfolutely without Foundation. Thefe * who know the Genius of the Court of Turin, and who * are acquainted with its Intereft, which can no othcrways * fuffer than in putting itfelf, like the Wafer in the Midft of t\i$ two Irons, between the two Branches of the Houfe of '* Bourbon, have never given Credit to tiiem, no more than � to the Report which ibme People have fpread about, that ' the Court of Naples had at length yielded to the Inftances ' of that of Spain, and had confented to fend into Ro-' magna the pretended Spanifh Regiments wnich are in * its'pervice;-the Reafon given for not believing this Re- * port, is, becaufe the Englifh have in very piain Terms 4 declared, that they will not fuffer themfeives to be ue- * ceived by this Artifice. The Emperor now fees very clearly that France makes � a Tool of him, and that (he docs not even conceal it : for though Mor.fieur Bro&lio eameftly preffts M:.rfhal � SeckendorfT to join him with the Imperial Troops at * Ingpl-idt, pretending by that Means t..cy'would in the * be*;. i'vianner fecure tnemkaves, he had evidently nothing morc'in view r.ian the better to fecure his own precipitate � Retreat, a.nd i'.ive, if poihbie, tne Honour of the French � Army.' Yefter.dav arriv'd a Mail from France. Paris A-la-main, Jane 29. The Regiments that were in Lorraitu, Frav.che-Comie, &c. together with the Houfhold Troops which were to h :Vl gone upon the Rhine, have received"Orders to march into Provence, unJ;r the command of Marlhal MaKlebois j; Advice having occn receh ti, tnat the Englifh, Fleet in tne Mediterranean had on board between, iz and 15000 t�,aad Forces, who were to make a Defcent upon the Coalt of Pi-ovence, ,3s fou as Hoftilities were begun upon the Main. They write from Bavaria, that I coo Bavarians, and a Squadron x)f Dragoons, were, made Prifoners of Wut by 800 Pandours, being betrayed by their Commander, who had quitted the Party of the Queen of Hungary to take that of the. Emperor ; but however, to puruih nis Perfidy, that Prineefs caufed him to be beheaded. Letters from the Army upon the Rhine of the 20th inflant advife,..that on the 18th the Engliih began to pafs the Main three Leagues from our Army, of wpich Marlhal Noailles being informed, detached the Regiment oi French Guards, with two other Regiments of Foot, preceded by Huffars; thefe laft found 860 Men already pstfed, upon, whom they fixed : When the reft of our Detachment arrived, the Engliih repafled the River, having tnree of their Men killed, and five taken Prrfoners. We like-wife had fome Men killed and wounded ; the Aid de Camp of M. de. Clennont receiv'd a Wound in his Breaft. Marfhal Noailles has caufed Cannon to be planted on the Backs of the Main, to prevent the Allies from making a fecond Attempt to. pafs that River. Parity June \\. This Day the Royal Academy of Surgery :held their- yearly Adembly, when che Secretary *ead tire-Names.of the Corn-fpoiidents deceas'd, and: thofe of the. Mtdi^uers ahociated fince the publick Meeting 1742, which are as follow, viz. Correjpondents deceas'd; Monf, de Vb.lpelier^s, M. L. and Surgeon of Beaecaire, &c. . Cor-tefpodtnti affociateal; Monf. Collin de la Crpix, Phyfician and Surgeon of the Royai: Wofpital ofPhalihourghi; &c; Monf: "SerresJ Surgeonj and Royal1 Demchltrator of Mbnt-pelher, &c. Monf. Medaion, 'M: D.. Ph^flcfan"'. to the Army, &c. Monf. Aiary, A. MV Lieute.ni?^:tO: the king's Firft.Surgeon at Verikilles, &;c. -Monf. E^roorier, A-fM: Surgeon,. andKing's Pttofeffar of MbntpeUier,. See. Felloes admittedi Shtfrjeld.Grace, M. D'- and- qna-of the Surgeons of the Gharitabk Infirmary of Dublin. Afterwards the Awdemy decLitJd,- that the Prizes- upori thi Snbje?l-of Refolutive Remedies, were obtain'd ; - the firft Prize by Monf. Ponder, Lieutenant to the King's Firft Surgeon at Aix in Provence j the fecond Prize by Monf. Hugon, Surgeon, at Aries; Monf. Mopilliers jun. Surgeon, of Augers, had the Accefiit. The Academy propotcs as the Subject of the Prize of 1744. Emollient Remedies ; the Memoirs to be written in Latin or French, and direct-to Monf. Quefnay, or Monf. Hevin, Secretaries. T;.^ Prize is an Admiffion into the Academy, and a Medal ot Ten Pounds Value. All except Members may be Candidates. LONDON. Yeflerday's French Mail advifes, thru the William and Mary, Capt. Palgrave, and the Mary, Capt. Cranford, are taken and carried into Malaga ; and the Ship commanded by Capt. Darjenfield, is like wife taken and c rried into Cadiz. Letters from New-York, dated May 6, advife, that his Majefty's Ship the Launcefton, Capt. Warren, has taken three Prizes, one of them a Brigantine laden with Powder and AminanitioH for La Guerre, the fecond of 300 Tons, and the third of 250, both laden with Hides, Cochineal, Money, &c. the firft he fent to Jamaica, and the two litter to Antigua, which Prizes are,- of very confiderable Value. Ycflerday was held a General Court of the Eafl-India Company, when it was unanimously agreed to divide Four per Cent, at Chrifrmas next for the H-lf-Y.-sr's Dividend, and to impowcr the Directors to build Ships on Account the Company ; of at the fame Time, a Dividend of Three and a Half for the Half-Year due at Midfummer was declared to be payable the 29th of July. On Monday laft was brought to Town under a ftrong Guard, a M:in from Derby, charg'd with high Treafon, in order to be try'd at the Courc of King's Bench for the faid Crime. Yefterday a Woman was committed to Newgate by Col. De Veil, for ftealing from Mrs. Heltcr Wheeler's Lodgings, a great Quantity of Wearing Apparel, to a confidence Value, and fome Money. L ft Night the new Performances at Goodman's Fi.kls Wells, met with great Applaufe from a very genteel Audience. Days apppined for holding the Summer Affizes for the Places following, viz. HOME CIRCUIT. Lord Chief Juftice Lee and Mr. Baron Reynolds. Hertford, Monday July jS, at Hertford. EfTex, Wednefday July 20, at Chelmsford. Kent, Tuefd.iy July 26, at Rochefter. SttfTex, Saturday July 30, at Lewis. Surry, Thurfd.v Augiift 4, at Kingfton upon Thames. OXFORD CIRCUIT.. Mr. Baron Carter and Mr. Baron Clarke. Berks, Monday July 11, at Abingdon. Oxford, Wednefday July 13, at Oxford. "Glouceltcr, Saturday July 16, at Gloucefter. City of Gloucefter, the fame Day, at the City of Gloucefter. Monmouth, Thurfday July 21, at Monmouth. Hereford, Saturday Juiy 23, at Hereford. \Vorcefte.r, Wednefday July 27, at Wcrcefter. City of Worcefter, the lame Day, at tr.e City of Worcefter. Salop, Saturday July 30, at Shrew/bury. Stafford, Wednefday Auguft 3, at Stafford. WESTERN CIRCUIT. Mr. Juftice Burnett and Mr. Serjeant Hujfey. Southampton, Tuefday July 12, at Winchefter. Wilts, Saturday July 16, at New Snrum. Town *nd County of Pool, Tnurfday July 21, at the Guildhall of'the fame Town. Dorfct, the fame Day, at Dorchefter. City and County of Exeter, Monday July 25, at the (-uildhall of the fime City. D--von, the fame Day, ?t i^e Caftle of Exeter. Cornwall, Tuefday, Auguft 2, at Bodaiyn omerfet, Tuefdr.y Auguil 9, at Wells. City of Briftol, Saturday Auguft 13, at_ the Guildhall of the fume City. MIDLAND CIRCUIT. Lord Chief Juftice Willes and Mr. Juftice Wright. Northampton, Tuefday July 19* at Northampton. , Rutland, Friday July 22, at Oakharn. Lincoln, Monday July 25, at the Caftle of Lincoln. City of Lincoln, the fame Day, at tne City of Lincoln. Nottingham, Thurfday July 28, at Nottingham. Town'of Nottingham, Juiy 29, at theTown of Nottingham. Derby, Saturday July 30, at Derby. Leicefter, Wednefday Auguft 3, at the Caftle of Leicefter. Borough of Leicefter,. Auguft xr at the Borough of Leicefter. City o/Coventry, Saturday Auguft 6, attheCity of Coventry. Warwick, the fame Day, at Warwick. NORTHERN C I R C U I T. Mr. Juftice Den if on and. Mr. Serjeant Birch. City of Y?rk, Monday July 18* at the Guildhall of the feme - City. Yorkfhire, the fame Day, aruhe Caftle'of York. Durham, Thurfday July 28, at the Caftle of Durham. Towri of Newcaftle upon' Tyne, Tuefday Auguft 2, at the Guildhall of the fame Town. Northumberland, the fame Day, at-the Caftle "of Newcaftle upon Tyne. Cumberland, Tuefday Auguft 9, at the City of Carlifle. Weftmorland, Monday Auguft 15, at Appleby. Lancashire, Friday Auguft 19, at the Caftle ef Lancafter. On Monday next a Cricket-Ivfrtch will be pjay'd the Artillery-Ground, London, between eleven G-.:-i! r en from Chiflehurii. and-Bromley in Kent, and eltVvn (j; ntlci men of London,' icr a coM:- t R.fort of Gentlenv.u Ladies to fee Cough's art'-ficd-- illuminated M .1 j Gr~eft hoafe m Long-L.me, near /!dt rlgate-Strr -r ; CurioliWs o profecutt all Perfons whatfoever of whom they fhall have Notice, who uSall hereafter buy any "live Cattle at Mile-End marefaid, oir eli'ewhere near the City of London : And to the End that no Perica m:y pretend Ignorance, the faid Inhabitants have order'd tnis Notice to- be advtrtis'oT in (be publick Papers. .* Hole, The Penalty is dovbk the Value of the Goods bought. ;
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(Cooking Accessories - Griddle & Grill)
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Little Barrie
The inevitable indie-funk wave has crashed on American shores, and its salty foam's getting critics all moist and breathless. We Are Little Barrie is a sly, hopelessly hip introduction to the trend: a tightly wound amalgam of Meters-like funk and Donovan-esque Northern soul psychedelics that's as authentically British as Austin Powers' snaggletoothed mug. Which is to say, not very, but it's fun as hell, and who cares as long as it makes you randy, baby?
Truth is, the Nottingham, U.K., trio nods toward American ragmop revivalists like Galactic and G. Love for its modern context but steps out with a vintage jangle-funk boogie that echoes back through the decades. From Staxx to Sly to the Godfather, Little Barrie parlays its black American influences into all the white moves, Brit style -- sort of a leaner, sweatier Gomez. Lead vocalist/guitarist (Little?) Barrie Cadogan pulses with minimalistic, wiry soul, high-impact in voice and syncopated strumming, taking tracks like "Free Salute" and "Long Hair" into anthemic heights. The two-man rhythm section is a masterfully understated match, walking bass lines and lingering ride cymbals sticking these tracks together like Krazy Glue. There's crazy potential for mass appeal here, so long as you take your funk with a Brit lilt and your soul with indie insolence.
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When Time decreed a year had passed, when Ceryŭa, cursed as half-man, had died in the cold season and been resurrected by She, who loved him eternally, the Goddess attended to the oldest of Her foes. With Her children, She came to the edge of the world and drew up from Irkalla, Chaos, who now hated and feared His dear Sister:
"Ye who could have been one and eternal with Me, but have betrayed Me in all ways known in the world," said He in fury. "Ye who take a lowly creature to lie beside, a creature whose life lasts but a year and must be made anew like filthy clay, and who locks Me away amongst monsters, out of a world that was once Mine – and should be again! – what business have Ye with Me, Oh Sister whose goodness I still crave?"
The Goddess, unyielding in Her grace and power, said this:
"I love all who came from Me and all who honour Me. Ye, brother, who proclaimed to be Lord – Lord over Me, the most good and redeemable! – thou camest not from Me and so I despise thee. Though I deemed ye defeated for much time, I see now that thou art succeeding over me, for My hatred of ye makes me weak and is a part of Myself I so despise. No more, say I, shalt thou do so. I order your confinement, brother, bound by the magick of My blood in the deepest abyss of the Living Earth, that of Abydon, where thou shalt suffer, to look upon the beauty of My world from below but feel none of it, devour none of it, love none of it. By magick thou canst breed no creature from your seed, thou shalt have no companion as thou did in the Nightmare Sea. Ye shalt endure your own madness, know it and hate it as I so do. This is My word, and so let it be."
On Her word, Demetra did break apart the Living Earth to hold the world's foulest being. Chaos, weakened then and weakened still by the great power of the Five, fought futilely but was thrown down into the Chasm of Abydon, bottomless and flowing with the most potent of all magick. There, Gaea closed the chasm but for an inch for Chaos to see from and desire through, and there he remained, in an embrace so that he could bane Her no more."


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Differential gene expression profiling of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells during adipogenic development
Adipogenesis is the developmental process by which mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) differentiate into pre-adipocytes and adipocytes. The aim of the study was to analyze the developmental strategies of human bone marrow MSC developing into adipocytes over a defined time scale. Here we were particularly interested in differentially expressed transcription factors and biochemical pathways. We studied genome-wide gene expression profiling of human MSC based on an adipogenic differentiation experiment with five different time points (day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 17), which was designed and performed in reference to human fat tissue. For data processing and selection of adipogenic candidate genes, we used the online database SiPaGene for Affymetrix microarray expression data.
The mesenchymal stem cell character of human MSC cultures was proven by cell morphology, by flow cytometry analysis and by the ability of the cells to develop into the osteo-, chondro- and adipogenic lineage. Moreover we were able to detect 184 adipogenic candidate genes (85 with increased, 99 with decreased expression) that were differentially expressed during adipogenic development of MSC and/or between MSC and fat tissue in a highly significant way (p < 0.00001). Subsequently, groups of up- or down-regulated genes were formed and analyzed with biochemical and cluster tools. Among the 184 genes, we identified already known transcription factors such as
Comparing differential gene expression profiles of human MSC and native fat cells or tissue allowed us to establish a comprehensive differential kinetic gene expression network of adipogenesis. Based on this, we identified known and unknown genes and biochemical pathways that may be relevant for adipogenic differentiation. Our results encourage further and more focused studies on the functional relevance of particular adipogenic candidate genes.
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are easy to isolate from bone marrow aspirates. In cell culture, they can be expanded as clones showing multilineage differentiation potential
Human adipocyte development can be studied
In recent years, new cellular and molecular insights into adipogenesis have been obtained by combining MSC as an
During adipogenesis derived from MSC, the gene expression profile represents a unique, albeit not totally deciphered, pattern of transcription factors, allowing for the differentially induced regulation of specific pre-adipogenic genes to form pre-adipocytes. These regulatory factors promote further downstream target gene expression, responsible for the formation of typical adipocytes.
The overall goal of our study was to analyze the pattern of gene expression of human bone marrow MSC differentiation into adipocytes during a defined time scale. We were particularly interested in differentially expressed transcription factors corresponding to biochemical pathways involved in the process of adipogenesis. Therefore we report genome-wide gene expression profiling of three human MSC lines on adipogenic differentiation at five different time points (day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 17) in reference to normal human fat cell tissue. Thereafter, the expression profiles of all cells were analyzed using the online SiPaGene database for Affymetrix microarray expression data, which was set up for chip comparison experiments
Isolation, culture and surface marker presentation of human MSC
Human MSC were isolated from bone marrow aspirates and expanded in standard culture media containing selected batches of fetal bovine serum and 1 ng/mL basic-FGF. Cultures showed the typical fibroblast-like cell morphology of MSC growing in a swirling pattern during primary culture (Figure
Figure 1
Morphology and surface marker presentation of human MSC (A-C)
Morphology and surface marker presentation of human MSC (A-C). Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were isolated from bone marrow aspirates. During primary culture (A) and up to passage 3 (B) they showed a typical fibroblast-like morphology and grew in a swirling-like pattern. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated a homogenous MSC population (C). As expected, MSC were negative for reactivity to antigens CD14, CD34 and CD45, but positive for reactivity to antigens CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD166.
Osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic potential of MSC
Expanded MSC were routinely tested for their multilineage potential by inducing these cells towards osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Osteogenic differentiation could be demonstrated in the osteogenesis assay by staining for alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity as well as by intense von Kossa staining of a calcified bone matrix. On day 21, induced cultures showed clear signs of enhanced AP activity (Figure
Figure 2
Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human MSC (A-H)
Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human MSC (A-H). On day 21, alkaline phosphatase staining of osteogenically induced MSC cultures demonstrated an enhanced AP activity (A) when compared to control cultures (B). On this day, von Kossa staining of osteogenically induced cultures was positive indicating a formation of mineralized bone matrix (C), whereas control cultures stained negative (D). TGFβ3 - induction of chondrogenesis, on day 21, resulted in the secretion of cartilage proteoglycans as shown by alcian blue staining (E), and of cartilage specific collagen type II (G). Control cultures showed no secretion of both extracellular matrix molecules (F, H).
Figure 3
Adipogenic differentiation potential of human MSC (A-F)
Adipogenic differentiation potential of human MSC (A-F). First the adipogenically induced human MSC lipid droplet formation became visible at day 5 (A). The number and size was continuously increasing until day 15 (B). Control cultures, even at day 15, showed no lipid droplet accumulation (C). Oil red O staining of lipid-droplets clearly confirmed adipogenesis at day 5 (D), 15 (E) and 20 (F).
Figure 4
Control of adipocyte differentiation by FACS studies
Control of adipocyte differentiation by FACS studies. The adipocytic differentiation was also monitored using flow cytometry with different markers. After growing 14 days some of the cells were harvested and marked with the monoclonal antibodies CD26, CD29, CD49b, CD55, CD73, CD90, CD140a (all Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA), CD49f, CD120a (both Serotec, Raleigh, NC) and CD105 (Caltag, Buckingham, UK). As a negative control, cells were incubated with the corresponding irrelevant mouse IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b or IgGM mAbs - therefore, cells became visible in the background. But only if a gene expression is changing in relation to the background after 14 days, can the result be positive. In Figure 4 the cells were colored early in the beginning with a blue marker and after 14 days with a red coloration. Only mAb CD140a clearly showed an increased gene expression after 14 days.
Differential gene expression profiling of human MSC during adipogenesis
To investigate the adipogenic differentiation program of human MSC, we performed differential gene expression profiling using the genome-wide Affymetrix GeneChip technology. Three adult MSC donors and three native fat cell donors were used in this study and up-loaded to the online chip comparison database
Subsequently, as part of a two-step approach (see Methods), we identified genes with either consistently increased or consistently decreased expression in each of the five group comparisons and therefore are of interest in the context of adipogenesis. Among the 54,675 probe-sets of the genome-wide GeneChips we found 184 genes to be differentially expressed in a highly significant way (p < 0.00001, see Additional files
Additional file 1
Genes presenting increased expression values during adipogenesis of human MSC. Candidate genes whose mean signal expression values were increased during adipogenic development of human MSC were selected with help of SiPaGene database. The mean values of early (day 1 - day 3) or late (day 3 - day 7 - day 17 - fat) adipogenesis candidate genes are given in comparison with day 0. Affymetrix gene IDs are organized incrementally, in combination with a SD-value (SD: Standard deviation). Using SiPaGene each of the five performed MSC comparisons are working automatically with four different t-tests (see Methods). Only the strongest p-value is included for each ID and the most significant change (corresponding comparison) is highlighted in the file.
Click here for file
Additional file 2
Genes presenting decreased expression values during adipogenesis of human MSC. Candidate genes whose mean signal expression values were decreased during adipogenic development of human MSC were selected with help of SiPaGene database. The mean values of early (day 1 - day 3) or late (day 3 - day 7 - day 17 - fat) adipogenesis candidate genes are given in comparison with day 0. Affymetrix gene IDs are organized incrementally, in combination with a SD-value (SD: Standard deviation). Using SiPaGene each of the five performed MSC comparisons are working automatically with four different t-tests (see Methods). Only the strongest p-value is included for each ID and the most significant change (corresponding comparison) is highlighted in the file.
Click here for file
To check for correct annotation of the target sequences of the identified probe sets shown in Additional file
Additional file 3
Table S1 (increased genes) and Table S2 (decreased genes). Controlling of Affymetrix probe set annotation. Control for the correct annotation of target sequences (which is not shown) for Affymetrix probe sets shown in the Additional file
Click here for file
Finally, we confirmed by quantitative RT- PCR that the gene expression of known adipogenic marker genes were increased in adipocytes, generated not only from primary layers, but also from strictly individualized clones (Figure
Figure 5
Quantitative RT- PCR-analysis
Quantitative RT- PCR-analysis. RNA from primary layers and clones was extracted before differentiation induction (day 0) and 14 days after addition of the adipogenic media. Here we tested the discussed adipogenic marker genes IGF 1, AOC3, PPARG, CEBPA, FASN, APOPE, FABP4, LPL, PLIN, ADIPOQ and GHR for up-regulated expression using quantitative RT-PCR-technology. For gene names see Additional file
Cluster analysis of adipogenic gene expression profile
Hierarchical cluster analysis of genes was performed using the clustering tool GENESIS. As shown in Figure
Figure 6
Hierarchical cluster analysis of adipogenic gene expression profile
Hierarchical cluster analysis of adipogenic gene expression profile. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the 184 candidate genes (85 with increased expression, 99 with decreased expression) selected as relevant by SiPaGene. Clustering of genes and experiments resulted in two main groups, namely undifferentiated MSC at day 0 and all other experiments. The latter main group was subdivided in the native fat tissue group and the group of adipogenic induced MSC at day 1, 3, 7 and 17. The MSC group was further divided in two groups: in the first, we found all MSC cultures induced for 1 and 3 days (early adipogenesis) and 2 out of 3 MSC cultures induced for 7 days. In the second subgroup, we observed all MSC cultures stimulated for 17 days (later adipogenesis) and the third day 7 culture (see also the dendrogram). Colours represent relative levels of gene expression: bright red indicates the highest level of expression, and bright green indicates the lowest level of expression. On the right site gene names are included.
K-Means clustering and database - assisted biochemical pathway analysis
For the 184 genes that were selected (Additional files
Figure 7
K-Means cluster analysis of adipogenic gene expression profile
K-Means cluster analysis of adipogenic gene expression profile. 184 candidate genes possibly associated with adipogenesis were clustered into 16 different groups (C: Cluster) depending on the individual expression levels (K-means clustering method). The intensity is shown by numbers on the left border, the expression levels are illustrated by means of the cluster images.
Figure 8
Cluster analysis with corresponding adipogenic genes
Cluster analysis with corresponding adipogenic genes. The number and names of the corresponding Cluster genes are listed in Figure 8. It became possible to observe the expression profiles of different cluster genes (known or unknown for adipogenesis) and to find further early and late stage adipogenesis marker genes with similar qualities. Detailed mean signal values of human MSC at day 0, 1, 3, 7, 17 and of native fat tissue are also given in Additional files
It was also feasible to observe the expression profiles of different cluster genes (known or unknown for involvement in adipogenesis) and to find further early and late stage adipogenesis marker genes with similar qualities. For example, cluster 5 included the early stage adipogenesis genes
Table 1
Adipogenic candidate genes and their involvement in biochemical pathways.
Candidate genes
PPARG signalling pathway
Adipocyte differentiation pathway
Adipocytokine signalling pathway
Lipogenesis pathway
Insulin-like signalling pathway
Apoptosis(factors related to, or no pathway)
The 184 selected genes were analyzed in different online databases (DAVID, KEGG and iHOP), for example in gene studies and the gene products were subsequently in biochemical pathway studies performed. Genes, up-regulated during adipogenesis were of most interest. This Table 1 shows pathways and corresponding genes. For gene names and mean signal values see the Additional files
Therefore our main focus was on up-regulated genes: only some of the decreased genes will be discussed here and are shown in Table
The PPAR-Gamma signalling pathway
We found at least three essential transcription factors of the PPARG signalling pathway to be up-regulated: the
Additional genes implicated in adipogenesis
We also found up-regulation of at least three subsequent adipogenic target pathways: (1; Table
The Insulin-like signalling pathway
Furthermore, genes encoding signalling cascades that are involved in carbohydrate metabolisms as well as in cell growth and cellular interactions were also found to be up-regulated. Accordingly, during the observed time period a strongly up-regulated expression was found for the human MSC
The Apoptosis pathway
We detected a whole set of apoptotic factors which were up- or down-regulated during adipogenesis. Apoptosis factors or modulators with increased expression during adipogenesis were the
Other molecules that have not yet been described in the context of adipogenesis
Finally, new candidate genes coding for proteins and possible regulatory factors, which may be related to the adipogenesis of human MSC, have been identified. In particular, strong up-regulation of gene expression was found for the human receptor protein
In this work we have isolated from bone marrow aspirates human mesenchymal stem cells characterized by their surface marker profile
The PPARG signalling pathway has been intensively studied over several years and scenario through which various adipocyte transcription factors interact with adipogenic target genes have already been proposed
It is very likely that C/EBPA and PPARG direct the final phase of adipogenesis by activating expression of adipocyte-specific genes, such as fatty acid synthetase, fatty acid binding protein, leptin and adiponectin. However, the mainstream interaction between PPARG as well as the RXRA receptor, another gene product was found to be up-regulated during adipogenesis in our study via ligand-binding, results in a conformational change, namely in the formation of a special heterodimeric protein structure. The remaining functional domain within the complex binds to various peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) and therefore activates transcription of adipogenic target genes via phosphorylation events, or, alternatively, causes induction of co-activator and co-repressor complexes
Further highly expressed genes (all named by the gene name) were grouped together according to their known biological function and pathway. The lipogenesis group includes
As expected we found the adipokine and adiponectin metabolism (ADIPOQ) to be up-regulated.
In addition, cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and other transforming growth factors interfere with adipocyte differentiation. As expected, not all typical examples for adipocytokines (e.g. leptins, TNF-α, Interleukin-6 (IL6) or resistin) are expressed in all types of tissues identically
During the adipogenic maturation process, media containing insulin may have resulted in the development of insulin-independent mechanisms
During adipogenic differentiation, we found that the expression of
Strikingly, we detected increased expression of members of the angiotensin II modulator family, such as the
The regulatory factor
We also found up- or down-regulation of a number of transcripts coding for factors implicated in apoptosis such as
We detected the up-regulation of genes, whose encoding factors yet are unrelated to adipogenesis, such as
As a follow-up strategy it will be important to identify regulatory networks related to specific transcription factors. Search tools like rVISTA
Adipogenesis is the developmental process by which multipotent MSC differentiate into mature adipocytes. We confirmed observations by others that several molecular factors and biochemical pathways are involved in this complex process of adipogenesis. However and to go beyond the state-of-art, we analyzed the entire gene expression profiles of human MSC during adipogenesis over a defined time scale and compared the findings with the expression profile of native fat cell tissue as a reference. In this regard our emphasis was on differentially expressed genes coding for key molecules and transcription factors of fat cell development and on the involvement of such factors in biochemical signalling pathways. A battery of known (
Using the online chip database SiPaGene it was possible to establish a comprehensive kinetic gene expression system and a network of adipogenesis genes, which otherwise could only be found using multiple special search approaches.
Isolation and expansion of human MSC
Human mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from iliac crest aspirates obtained from informed and consenting patients undergoing orthopedic surgery (Trousseau Hospital, Tours, France) or diagnostic examinations (examined to exclude hematopoietic neoplasmas and histologically diagnosed as normal; Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany), following a procedure approved by the local ethical committees. As previously described
Isolation of native fat tissue
Fat tissue samples were harvested from three informed and consenting patients with osteoarthritis of the knee during joint replacement surgery from healthy areas of normal subcutaneous fat tissue. The donation of fat tissue was approved by the ethical committee of the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
Flow cytometry analysis
To verify the presentation of typical human MSC marker and a lack of remaining hematopoietic CD45+ cells, flow cytometry analysis was routinely performed on culture amplified human MSC. Cells were collected from confluent layers at the end of P2 after incubation with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA for 5 minutes. Single-cell suspensions were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) before staining. For direct staining, cells were centrifuged (250 g, 5 min) and re-suspended in cold PBS/0.5% BSA. 2.5 × 105 cells were incubated for 15 minutes on ice in the dark in cold PBS/0.5% BSA with titrated concentrations of R-phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated monoclonal mouse anti-human CD34, CD73, CD166 antibodies or monoclonal fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated mouse anti-human CD45, CD90, CD105 antibodies. All antibodies except CD105 were purchased from BD-Pharmingen (Heidelberg, Germany). Monoclonal CD105 was purchased from Acris Antibodies (Hiddenhausen, Germany). Cells were then washed twice by centrifugation (250 g, 5 min) and re-suspended with cold PBS/0.5% BSA, before proceeding with flow cytometry analysis. Dead cells and debris were stained with propidium iodide (100 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) and excluded from measurements. Acquisitions were performed on a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) and data was analyzed using CellQuest 3.3 software (Becton Dickinson)
Verification of MSC multilineage potential
The multilineage differentiation potential of human MSC (n = 3, P3) was analyzed by applying standard protocols used by Pittenger et al.
This cycle of three days of induction and 2 days of maintenance was repeated three times. Control cells received only maintenance media. Osteogenesis was induced for up to 28 days in Iscoves's/DMEM/Ham's F12 medium (Biochrom) supplemented with 1% FBS, 100 nM dexamethasone, 10 mM β-glycerolphosphate (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.05 mM L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (AsAP; Sigma-Aldrich). Control cells were cultured in media without the latter three substances. To form high-density micromass cultures for chondrogenic induction, 2 × 105 MSC were centrifuged and subsequently cultured for up to 28 days in a defined medium consisting of DMEM (4.5 g/l glucose), ITS+1 (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 nM dexamethasone, 0.17 mM AsAP, 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.35 mM L-proline (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β3 (TGFβ3; R&D Systems, Wiesbaden, Germany). Controls were cultured without TGFβ3.
Histological methods and immunohistochemistry
To demonstrate adipogenic differentiation, oil red O (Sigma-Aldrich) staining of lipid droplets was performed. To verify osteogenesis, visualization of alkaline phosphatase activity with Sigma fast BCIP/NBT (Sigma-Aldrich) and von Kossa staining (Sigma-Aldrich) of a bone-specific mineralized matrix, was carried out. Chondrogenesis was shown by staining of cartilage proteoglycans with alcian blue 8GX (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) counterstained with nuclear fast red (Sigma-Aldrich), and by immunohistochemistry using the EnVision+System, Peroxidase rabbit kit AEC (Dako). Cryosections (6 μm) were incubated for 1 h with primary rabbit anti-human type II collagen antibodies (Acris). Subsequently, samples were treated according to the manufacturer's protocol and counterstained with hematoxylin (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).
RNA isolation and microarray analysis
To gain RNA for gene expression profiling, human MSC from 3 different donors signed hBM19, hBM10, hBM9 (n = 3 donors, P1) were adipogenic stimulated for up to 17 days as described above. At day 0 (unstimulated MSC), 1, 3, 7 and 17, total RNA was isolated applying protocols of the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) including DNAse digestion. To isolate RNA from three native fat tissues, 1 mg tissue was added to 1 ml TriReagent (Sigma-Aldrich) and mechanically homogenized using an Ultra-Turrax (IKA, Staufen, Germany). Then the RNeasy Mini Kit was used for RNA isolation. In general, the RNA was checked for integrity and purity with the Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Böblingen, Germany) and NanoDrop spectrophotometer (NanoDrop products, Wilmington, DE, USA).
Total RNA from each individual donor and sample was used for genome-wide gene expression profiling. Hybridization on HG-U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide microarrays (in total 18 GeneChips) was performed according to standards supplied by the manufacturer (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA). In brief, cDNA was synthesized from 5 μg of total RNA and submitted to
Quantitative RT- PCR - analysis
RNA from primary layers and clones was extracted before differentiation induction (day 0) and 14 days after addition of the adipogenic medium. The MSC were lysed directly in the culture dishes and total RNA was isolated using RNeasy Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, CL). TaqMan low density arrays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA,
Gaining an adipogenesis expression profile of human MSC
Initially, data obtained from all 18 microarray experiments were processed with Affymetrix GCOS 1.4 software. In pairwise chip comparison analyses each of the three native fat tissue samples and of the three individual adipogenic stimulated MSC cultures on day 1, 3, 7 and 17, were compared with each of the three not induced MSC cultures on day 0 (5 [native tissue, adipogenic induced MSC on day 1, 3, 7, 17] × 3 [donors] × 3 [not induced MSC on day 0] = 45 pairwise chip comparisons).
Subsequently, GCOS signal values, detection calls and detection p-values (absolute data) as well as the signal log ratios, change calls and change p-values (pairwise chip comparison data) were uploaded into the online database SiPaGene, where single group comparisons and gene retrieval were performed
Our Affymetrix probe set annotation data set is always adapted in parallel to the newest provided version (version 46) - there is also an on-going discussion whether oligonucleotide sequences should be remapped to the latest genome build in order to avoid mistakes like ambiguous probe matching.
In more detail, for each of the selected five group comparisons (always consisting of one baseline group with the three donors of a not induced MSC culture at day 0 and of three experimental donors of either native fat cells or adipogenesis induced MSC at day 1, 3, 7 and 17) new statistical values were generated. Corresponding to the up-loaded Affymetrix data (absolute or comparative data) for each group, we used the following information:
the absolute signal, the mean value, the median value, the standard deviation and the present detection call, and for each group comparison as well, we used the total signal log ratio (SLR) and the total fold change (FC), the change call increase, the change call decrease and the no change values were calculated. Furthermore, Welch t-test analyses on signals between two groups as well as on SLR values of pairwise comparisons of chips within the same group or between groups were performed as part of each group comparison.
Selection of candidate genes
With our strategy to perform the five different single group comparisons, we targeted building up a special differential kinetic group comparison profiling during adipogenesis. In this way, the progress of adipogenesis could be examined, including native fat tissue as a reference tissue. But we used a two step-approach to identify genes whose expression was increased or decreased in each of the five group comparisons and which are therefore of interest in the context of adipogenic development of human MSC. We expected that the gene expression of our candidate genes would be significantly increased or decreased in at least one comparison and be present at each of the five group comparisons.
During the first step, adipogenesis selection parameters were utilized to select from all 54,675 probe-sets of one comparison analysis, whereas during the second step, the selected increased or decreased candidate genes were analyzed in greater detail. Genes were selected as relevant only when fulfilling the specific standards. SiPaGene presents default query parameters to select increased expression data sets or decreased expression data sets. It also provides the usage of distinct query parameters for single group comparisons, for example to determine the minimum false discovery rate. In this study, we modified the queries for the default parameters of increased and decreased expression and compared as a very last step the findings with the results in accordance with default parameters of minimum false discovery (Bonferroni correction).
Concretely, we mainly analyzed the combination of the different statistical values (e.g.: mean value, median value) between the experimental group and the baseline group and also took into account parallel further combinational values like the increased or decreased value. To find genes whose expression was increased during adipogenesis, we used SiPaGene default parameters but additionally defined FC >= 2. Criteria for decreased expression were also the already defined default parameters with the additional criteria FC <= -2. In addition, the increased/decreased values had to be at least greater than 50% and the p-values of different Welch t-test analysis at least <= 0.00001. All candidate genes were verified by repeating the data analysis, but using different selection parameters or just default parameters of SiPaGene. Finally, the selected candidate genes were compared again with each other to remove double genes or probe-sets and to eliminate false positives via the Bonferroni correction.
Further characterization of candidate genes
Genes meeting all the criteria were further analyzed by hierarchical clustering using GENESIS 1.7.2 software
In principle two main strategies were applied to detect information about candidate genes with increased or decreased expression. One possibility continued with functional clustering or K-means value analysis (kinetic comparison values) of gene clusters, while the second approach started with biochemical pathway analysis.
Quite often we searched for unknown genes or transcription factors, which showed a similar expression pattern to factors belonging to an already described or biochemical important pathway related to adipogenesis. Using functional clustering it often becomes easy to find unknown clusters of up- or down-regulated genes during a large scale selection or better genes or groups of genes, which lead to an identical biochemical pathway. Although we had already done a pre-selection with SiPaGene, we first used the cluster building strategy to confirm our results and afterwards tried to find more significant subgroups. Therefore all candidate genes detected using the cluster building strategy were further analyzed with help of public biochemical databases such as DAVID and KEGG or via literature databases like iHOP or in general with help from known scientific literature.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
AM carried out assembly of data, data analysis and interpretation and drafted main parts of the manuscript. TH, PC and MS conceived of the project and participated in its design and coordination. BD and JR carried out the cell culture, multilineage assay, flow cytometry analysis and contributed to the collection and interpretation of microarray data. In addition, JR helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The authors gratefully thank Goetz Edinger, Anja Wachtel, Guido Moll and Johanna Golla for excellent technical support. This study was supported by grants from the 6th European Union Framework Program (GENOSTEM consortium, LSHB-CT-2003-503161) and the National Genome Research Network in Berlin (NGFN, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, 01GS0413).
Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells
Specific lineage-priming of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells provides the molecular framework for their plasticity
Mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications and biological characterization
Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out
Adipogenic differentiation of adult equine mesenchymal stromal cells
Adipogenesis in a myeloid supporting bone marrow stromal cell line
Comparative transcriptomics of human multipotent stem cells during adipogenesis and osteoblastogenesis
Novel insights into adipogenesis from omics data
Temporal gene expression changes during adipogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells
The proteomic analysis of an adipocyte differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Epigenetic programming of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue
A deep investigation into the adipogenesis mechanism: profile of microRNAs regulating adipogenesis by modulating the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway
miR-27a is a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation via suppressing PPARgamma expression
Promoting effect of glucocorticoids on the differentiation of human adipocyte precursor cells cultured in a chemically defined medium
Adipose tissue cellularity in human obesity
SiPaGene: A new repository for instant online retrieval, sharing and meta-analyses of GeneChip expression data
Specific plasma membrane protein phenotype of culture-amplified and native human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Genesis: cluster analysis of microarray data
DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment
A gene network for navigating the literature
In vitro chondrogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells
Osteogenic differentiation of purified, culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro
C/EBPalpha induces adipogenesis through PPARgamma: a unified pathway
Activated liver x receptors stimulate adipocyte differentiation through induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression
Cyclin G2 regulates adipogenesis through PPAR gamma coactivation
Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis
Cloning of the human cholesteryl ester hydrolase promoter: identification of functional peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor responsive elements
Transcriptional Control of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is a PPARgamma agonist in an ECV304 cell line
PPAR-gamma: adipogenic regulator and thiazolidinedione receptor
Uncoupling of obesity from insulin resistance through a targeted mutation in aP2, the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein
Absence of perilipin results in leanness and reverses obesity in Lepr(db/db) mice
Perilipin promotes hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated adipocyte lipolysis via phosphorylation-dependent and -independent mechanisms
Adiponectin--a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome
Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway
Relationship of insulin resistance and adipocytokines on serum alanine aminotransferase in presurgical morbid obese patients
Adiponectin and leptin up-regulate extracellular matrix production by dermal fibroblasts
UVA-activated 8-methoxypsoralen (PUVA) causes G2/M cell cycle arrest in Karpas 299 T-lymphoma cells
The function of apolipoproteins L
Acetyl-CoA carboxylases 1 and 2 show distinct expression patterns in rats and humans and alterations in obesity and diabetes
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the pathogenetic roles of insulin resistance and adipocytokines
Identification of FLRT1, FLRT2, and FLRT3: a novel family of transmembrane leucine-rich repeat proteins
Development of insulin-responsive glucose uptake and GLUT4 expression in differentiating human adipocyte precursor cells
Overexpression of stomatin depresses GLUT-1 glucose transporter activity
Partial primary deficiency of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I activity associated with IGF1 mutation demonstrates its critical role in growth and brain development
Protein kinase B/AKT 1 plays a pivotal role in insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP7) blocks vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in human vascular endothelial cells
IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 associate with the cell binding domain (CBD) of fibronectin
Local angiotensin II-generation in human gastric cancer: correlation with tumor progression through the activation of ERK1/2, NF-kappaB and survivin
c-Src-mediated phosphorylation of AP-2 reveals a general mechanism for receptors internalizing through the clathrin pathway
The emerging role of the endocannabinoid system in endocrine regulation and energy balance
Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a putative LPS-induced TNF-alpha factor (LITAF) from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata
Scara5 is a ferritin receptor mediating non-transferrin iron delivery
Structure and function of the melanocortin2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP)
Hexokinase-2 bound to mitochondria: cancer's stygian link to the "Warburg Effect" and a pivotal target for effective therapy
rVista for comparative sequence-based discovery of functional transcription factor binding sites


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IBS & Ulcer with bleeding
I am a patient of chronic Irritable bowel syndrome & have Ulcer also.I have report of it,in my stool I realize blood also.Please suggest me what should I do. 2 years ago I have done micro surgery of my gallbladder stone.My pain in abdomen since last 2 years with loose stool 2-3 times in a day & pain 5-7 times in a day for 2-5 seconds duration. Please suggest me where I shall do my treatment & what food & medicine should I take. Thanking you.
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Hi there.. you have inflammatory bowel disease- ulcerative colitis which is an autoimmune disease which is due to genetic and environmental factors combined effect..please consult gastroenterologist and treatment includes immunosuppresant agents and along with it you have to do diet control like low residue/low fibre diets, and low FODMAP.. Nutritional deficiencies are present in IBD due to Malabsorption, diarrhea, and GI blood loss. Deficiencies of B vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids, and key minerals such as magnesium, zinc, and selenium are extremely common and so multivitamin supplements,foods rich in vitamins and minerals have to be consumed..
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Carlo Diano
LOCATION: Padua, Italy
Professor of Greek Literature, University of Padua, Italy. Author of Lettre di Epicuro e dei suoi; editor of Epicuri Ethica.
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in a strict sense, the philosophy taught by Epicurus (341–270 bce). In a broad sense, it is a system of ethics embracing every conception or form of life that can be traced to the principles of his philosophy. In ancient polemics, as often since, the term was employed with an even more generic (and clearly erroneous) meaning as the equivalent of hedonism, the doctrine that pleasure or happiness is the chief good. In popular parlance, Epicureanism thus means devotion to pleasure, comfort, and high living, with a certain nicety of style. The nature of Epicureanism Several fundamental concepts characterize the philosophy of Epicurus. In physics, these are atomism, a mechanical conception of causality, limited, however, by the idea of a spontaneous motion, or "swerve," of the atoms, which interrupts the necessary effect of a cause; the infinity of the universe and the equilibrium of all forces that circularly enclose its phenomena; and the existence of gods conceived as beatified and...


text: 2009 three CD set, the latest installment in the critically acclaimed 12 Inch/80s series. This set showcases Electronic, Synth and drum machine 80s genres from Electro to Synth pop to New Romantic to New Wave to Hip Hop, all in their full-length, extended mix glory. Featuring a mix of the classic and the underground, this back to basics collection includes seminal '80s tracks from such legends as New Order, Human League, Simple Minds, Grandmaster Flash, Soft Cell, Japan, Afrika Bambaataa, Heaven 17, Yazoo, Frankie Goes to Hollywood and many more.


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|06-02-2011 07:04 AM CET - Sports
The Dow Group™ PGA TOUR professional Keegan Bradley wins Hewlett-Packard Byron Nelson Championship
Press release from: The Dow Group
- Bradley and fellow Team Dow™ member Tommy "Two Gloves" Gainey eclipse $1m in earnings
- Three members of Team Dow™ in the FedEx-Cup top 100
- Dow Performance Risk Model used when choosing sponsorship opportunities
IRVING, TX. – Keegan Bradley, a graduate of St. Johns University and a founding member of Team Dow has won the Hewlett-Packard Byron Nelson Championship. Keegan survived both a playoff with tour veteran Ryan Palmer and gusty, 25 mile an hour winds to shot a -2 under par 68 at the challenging Tournament Players Course in Irving, Texas. This is Keegan's first victory after joining the PGA Tour only 5 months ago.
The Dow Group, a pioneer in the field of human resources risk management, advises global entities on their investments in human capital
At the beginning of the 2011 PGA Tour season, Team Dow went public with its proprietary Dow Performance Risk Model™ through its sponsorship of four PGA TOUR professionals. The Dow Group chose golfers to sponsor by using the same methodology it applies when advising its clients on their investments in executive talent.
The Dow Performance Risk Model identified four professionals, only one of which had any previous PGA TOUR experience, for The Dow Group to employ. These sponsorships were meant to demonstrate the Dow Method in a highly competitive, very public setting. The results speak for themselves.
- Rookie Keegan Bradley has his first PGA TOUR win and is now ranked 20th in the FedEx Cup standings. Keegan has climbed to 19th on the PGA TOUR official money list having earned just shy of $1.8m.
- Tommy "Two Gloves" Gainey ranks 32nd in the FedEx Cup standings and 34th on the PGA TOUR official money list having earned just shy of $1.3m.
- Rookie William McGirt ranks 99th in the FedEx Cup standings.
- Rookie Bobby Gates has three top ten finishes so far this year.
The Dow Performance Risk Model identifies and then quantifies the most likely barriers to an individual achieving their optimum performance potential. In doing so, The Dow Group assists management in selecting, deploying and optimizing their varied investments in human capital.
The Dow Group is a boutique outsourcing and consulting firm based in Dallas, Texas. The firm offers a suite of risk management solutions to companies looking to better manage their investments in human capital. Company holdings include αlphaHR™, hedgefundHR™, The Empower Network and Dow Executive Coaching. For more about The Dow Group and Team Dow visit us at www.thedowgroup.biz.
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Astros fall to Angels 6-5 after late rally; wild card lead narrows
David Freese hit a go-ahead two-run double in a three-run eighth inning to help the Los Angeles Angels rally for a 6-5 win over the Houston Astros on Wednesday to close in on the second AL wild-card spot.
Houston's lead over Los Angeles fell to 1 1/2 games. The Astros are 2 1/2 games behind AL West-leading Texas, which plays later Wednesday in Oakland.
In the eighth, Mike Trout hit a leadoff double off Will Harris (5-5) before David Murphy drew a walk with one out and Harris was replaced by Pat Neshek.
Freese's double sailed just beyond left fielder Colby Rasmus on the warning track and made it 5-4. Carlos Perez's RBI single made it 6-4 and chased Neshek.
Trevor Gott (3-2) induced the last two outs of the seventh for the win and Huston Street allowed one run in the ninth before retiring Jed Lowrie for his 40th save.
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Florida couple Joey and Chad Mudd are facing serious charges after it emerged that they were bribing their two kids, aged 13 and 14, with both weed and cocaine, to convince them to do their chores and get good grades in school.
Joey, 34, even admitted smoking weed with her kids on a few occasions and dad Chad was no better, admitting that he had snorted coke with his kids in his truck.
All jokes aside, this is obviously terrible parenting and the duo are quite rightly in serious sh*t after authorities got wind of what they were up to, and they have now been charged with two counts of child abuse.