text: CH 511 – The History of Christianity 2 The Reformation in Germany Slides based in part on The Story of Christianity by Justo Gonzalez Germany at the beginning of the 16th century (1501) • Most "churchly" of European lands • Virulent anticlericalism was little in evidence • Papal authority remained greater in Germany that in any other leading European country, apart from Italy • Lay piety and devotion ran mostly in traditional channels • Pilgrimages and Masses for the dead more popular than ever • Veneration of the Saints (Mary, Anne) was prevelant • Many new churches, chapels, chantries • Devotional literature readily available; regular preaching was common • Cannot be said that Germany was in a state of incipient revolution against the venerable rule and governance of the Roman Church But beneath the surface… • Strong currents of discontent and disaffection over the Roman Church's fiscal problems • Renaissance popes lived beyond their means, often on the edge of bankruptcy; the papacy required immense sums to maintain its political standing in Italy • To meet expenses, the papal curia devised new and more oppressive taxes, fees and fines which bore heavily on the higher clergy who, in turn, passed them on to the lower clergy, and, ultimately, the laity • "Rome" had become a byword, especially in Germany, for venality and avarice • Fiscalism was compounded by the typical vices: simony, nepotism, pluralism, absenteeism and concubinage The state of parish clergy • Minimally educated (knew barely enough Latin "to say an adequate Mass") • Often wretchedly poor • Frequently living with concubines, for which they were fined annually by their bishops • Morale of clergy was very low • Though these shortcomings were not unprecedented and were, perhaps, no more excessive than in earlier periods, the perception of them was more and more intolerable by an increasingly literate and educated laity Religious "Awakening" on Eve of Reformation • The Council of Constance (1415) had ushered in an Awakening of sorts; the institutional church suddenly faced with demands to truly conform itself to the "pure apostolic church" pictured in the New Testament • Thoughtful people wanted not less religion but "better," which meant more biblical • Christian Humanists, like Desiderius Erasmus, envisioned a moral and spiritual renovation through the inculcation of "sacred and humane letters" – that is the study of Holy Scripture and the liberal arts; ad fontes ("to the sources") program of reform • Irony: the Roman hierarchy failed to exercise moral and spiritual leadership; and the clergy on the parish level were incapable of exercising it Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) Popular Religion on Eve of Reformation • More "earnest" than "encouraging" • Deep sense of terror; living in the "Last Days" • Thoughts of death, purgatorial pains and universal judgment meant an intense preoccupation with personal salvation • The Church taught that one's eternal destiny would be determined by how effectively one had appropriated the church's sacrament graces in order to bring about truly meritorious works • Opened tender consciences to the question: "Have I actually performed God-pleasing works?" Why did the Reformation take root in Germany? • It presented a clear message of religious consolation for the anxious conscience • Held out hope for relief from ecclesiastical abuses, especially for people who for both spiritual and material reasons felt aggrieved with the Roman Church • Satisfied, or promised to satisfy, the needs of many people who earnestly desired the consolations of the Christian religion • The people who embraced the Reformation, on the whole, were not rapacious foes of the medieval church, but sincere seekers after salvation Johannes Reuchlin (14551522) • Celebrated Humanist accused of heresy for defending the rights of Jews to maintain their own scholarship • His trial (1520) united the German humanists and drew a line of cleavage between them and conservatives in the Roman Church Martin Luther (1483-1546) Luther's Resume • Born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, Germany (second son and one of eight children) • His father was a copper miner; both parents were of simple, conventional piety (not prone to excess, zeal, or rigor) • His father was an ambitious man, moving his family to Mansfield, were he won civic respect and considerable prosperity in the mining industry; determined to give Martin an education fitting for a career in law • Martin entered the University of Erfurt in 1501, the most humanist of German universities; came to share in the humanist movement's enthusiasm for the study of ancient languages, especially Greek, and its criticism of Scholastic theology on the basis of the Bible and the Church Fathers • The young Luther had a strong sense of sinfulness and anxiety in keeping with the age; but perhaps more pronounced in Luther • Graduated with Master of Arts in 1505, entered law school • Profoundly moved by the sudden death of a classmate; and then had a narrow escape from a lightening bolt while returning to Erfurt from a trip home • His narrow escape from death caused him to make a vow to St. Anne to become a monk, much to the chagrin of his father • Left law school in July 1505 and entered the monastery of Augustinian hermits in Erfurt, confident that the monastic life was the surest path to his soul's salvation Johannes von Staupitz (14601524) • Vicar-General of the Augustinian Order in Germany • "If it had not been for Dr. Staupitz, I should have sunk in hell." (Martin Luther) Augustinian Order • Recently reformed by Andreas Proles • Enjoyed deserved popular respect, representing medieval monasticism at its best • The order made much of preaching and Bible study • Included in its number the great 14th century scholar, Gregory of Rimini, whom Luther came to value most highly as the one Scholastic theologian who was free from "any taint of Pelagianism" • Augustine of Hippo's anti-Pelagian treatises were, of course, also important for Luther's theological development • Luther would always credit his mentor, Staupitz, as having initiated the Reformation (though Staupitz never actually embraced it) Brother Martin • Ordained to the priesthood in 1507 • Transferred to Wittenberg in 1508, where at the command of his superiors he lectured on Aristotle's ethics and prepared himself for a professorship in the university that had been established there (1502) by the Saxon elector, Frederick III "the Wise" (1486-1525) • Made a memorable pilgrimage to Rome for his order in the winter of 1510-1511 • In 1512, Luther became a Doctor of Theology and was appointed successor to Staupitz as university professor of bible Frederick III, the Wise, Elector of Saxony (1486-1525) Luther's exegetical lectures • • • • Psalms (1513-1515) Romans (1515-1516) Galatians (1516-1517) Hebrews (1517-1518) • In addition he was appointed director of studies for his own cloister (1515), district vicar in charge of eleven monasteries; he was a regular preaching in his own cloister and in the Wittenberg parish church Luther's tormented soul • In spite of all his monastic strenuousness, Luther found no peace for his soul • Sense of sinfulness before a holy and righteous God overwhelmed him • Was not relieved by the sacrament of penance; only aggravated his sense of sinfulness; Staupitz helped him by pointing out that true penitence begins not with the fear of God, but with love to God; Luther would later say that Staupitz first opened his eyes to the Gospel Intellectual Influences • Early on, Luther devoted himself to the later Scholastics, the "Nominalists" – particularly Ockham, d'Ailly, and Biel • To them he owed his dialectical skills, his distrust of speculative reason that transcends the limits of revelation, and his emphasis on the will of God as the sole ground of salvation (the Nominalist taught that salvation ultimately rested on God's free acceptance) • The study of Augustine and late medieval Augustinianism led him to rapidly grow in hostility to the dominance of Aristotle in theology Luther's Study of Romans (1515-1516) • By the time that Luther lectured on Romans, he had become convinced that salvation is a new relationship to God, based not on any human work of merit but on absolute trust in the divine promise of forgiveness for Christ's sake • The Gospel was the radical message that God "justifies the ungodly" through faith apart from works, raising up selfconfessed sinners and reconciles them to God • The redeemed person does not cease being a sinner, yet is freely and fully forgiven • Works flow from the new life in Christ, not out of compulsion because salvation depends on such works, but out of gratitude because salvation has already been assured Luther's 1517 Disputation against Scholastic Theology (97 Theses) • Attack on the entire Scholastic body of thought, including both Thomism and Scotism, as well as the via moderna (Ockham) and the Nominalists; he left no stone unturned • Declared that all talk of merit in salvation – whether Thomistic or Nominalist – was ultimately blasphemous and heretical (Pelagian) • He thus overthrew the basis of all that he considered worksrighteousness in the church's traditional teaching • He did not stand alone; in the University of Wittenberg were many who supported his opposition to Aristotelianism and Scholasticism in favor of lectures on the Bible and the church fathers Luther's early supporters • Andreas Bodenstein of Karlstadt (1480-1541) • Nikolaus von Amsdorf (1483-1565) Luther's Protest Against Indulgences • In late 1517, Luther finally took up the cause that would win him immortality – indulgences • Pope Leo X (1513-1522) had earlier issued a dispensation allowing Albrecht of Brandenburg to hold at the same time the archbishoprics of Mainz and Magdeburg and the administration of a third bishopric in Halberstadt • Albrecht's dispensation cost him a great sum, which he borrowed from the Augsburg banding house of Frugger • To repay his load, Albrecht allowed the sale of indulgences in his district, to which he was allowed to keep half of the proceeds • The sale of indulgences had taken place since 1506, for building the new basilica of St. Peters in Rome Johann Tetzel (1465-1519) • Dominican friar • Infamous for selling indulgences in Brandenburg, just across the border from Electoral Saxony Luther's motives – Pastoral and Theological • Luther was unaware of the deal between Albrecht and Pope Leo, but protested on pastoral and theological grounds: indulgences create a false sense of security and thus are destructive of true Christianity • As Tetzel approached Saxony, he was refused permission to enter, yet many members of the Wittenberg congregation crossed the borders to buy letters of indulgence • Luther preached against the abuse of indulgences and prepared his memorable "Ninety-five Theses" • On October 31, 1517, he sent copies to Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Bishop Jerome of Brandenburg, in whose jurisdiction Wittenberg lay; whether he also nailed a copy to the castle church door in Wittenberg is a matter of controversy The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) The Ninety-Five Theses • Written in Latin and intended for academic debate • Far less inflammatory in tone and content than Luther's earlier 97 Theses • However, Luther was now attacking a lucrative source of revenue for the church, and touching sensitive questions of papal authority • His theses do not however deny the right of the pope to grant indulgences; rather they question the extension of indulgences to purgatory, and imply that the pope (upon hearing the reasoning of the theses) would repudiate the practice • Within weeks the Theses were translated into German and disseminated throughout the empire • Luther had not anticipated the uproar Johann Maier of Eck (1486-1543) Luther in debate • Luther's one-time friend, Johann of Eck, charged him with heresy; answered Luther's Theses in a tract entitled Obelisci; Luther replied with his own tract entitled Asterici • By 1518, formal charges were being drawn up against Luther; he was then summoned to appear before the general chapter of the Augustinians in Heidelberg • Luther's "Heidelberg Theses" argued against fee will and the control of Aristotle in theology; he also outlined a "theology of the cross" • At Heidelberg, Luther won some new adherents, most importantly Martin Bucer and Johannes Brenz (who would later become reformers in Strassburg and Wurttemberg respectively) Martin Bucer & Johannes Brenz Leo X responds to Luther • June 1518 – Commissions a censor and examination of Luther's books; the Dominican Sylvester Prierias drafts a reply: • "He who says that the Roman church cannot do what it actually does regarding indulgences is a heretic" • "The Roman church is representatively the college of cardinals, and moreover is virtually the supreme pontiff" Luther's Protector – Frederick the Wise • Luther's case would have ended in his speedy condemnation had he not been under the powerful protection of his prince, the elector Frederick III of Saxony • How far Frederick actually sympathized with Luther (at this early stage) is uncertain; but at all events he was pround of his Wittenberg professor and averse to sending him to Rome where he would have faced certain condemnation • Frederick secured for Luther a hearing before the papal legate at the Reichstag in Augsburg • The legate, Cardinal Cajetan, was ordered by the pope not to debate with Luther, but to have him arrested if Luther failed to recant Tommaso de Vio "Cajetan" (14691534) Luther's hearing (October 1214, 1518) • Under pressure from Frederick, Cajetan adopted a more conciliatory policy; permitting Luther a hearing without debate • Cajetan then ordered Luther to retract his criticisms of the completeness of the papal power of indulgence; Luther refused • On October 20, Luther fled from Augsburg, having appealed ot the pope "to be better informed" • In November, back in Wittenberg, Luther appealed to a future general council; that same month Leo X issued a papal bull which defined indulgences in the same sense in which Luther had criticized them Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560) Imperial Politics • In late 1518, the Emperor Maximillian lay dying, and the turmoil of a disputed election was looming; he would later die in January 1519 • Pope Leo X looked with disfavor on both the candidacy of Charles of Spain and that of Francis of France, because of their designs on Italy; he thus sought the good will of Elector Frederick of Saxony, whom he would gladly have seen chosen • He was no longer of a mind to go after Frederick's favorite professor, Martin Luther • Leo X sent his nuncio, Karl von Miltitz (from Saxony) to Wittenberg with a golden rose to present to Frederick • Miltitz flattered himself that he would be able to heal the ecclesiastical dispute; but he went too far Miltitz interviews Luther • On his own initiative, Miltitz disavowed Tetzel, and then held an interview with Martin Luther from January 4-6, 1519 • Luther agreed to keep silent on the questions in dispute if his opponents did likewise, and then to submit the case, if possible, to learned German bishops, and then write a humble letter to the pope • However, Luther's colleage Karlstadt had agreed to a public disputation with Johann Eck, and Luther soon found himself drawn into combat Leipzig Debate (June-July 1519) • Karlstadt was no match for Eck • Luther was finally compelled to break his silence and enter into debate himself • However, Eck's skill at debate drove Luther to make damaging statements that his positions were in some respect those of John Huss, and that in condemning Huss the revered Council of Constance had erred • To Eck, this was a forensic triumph, declaring that anyone who could deny the infallibility of a general council was "a heathen and a publican" Luther's Condemnation • Luther had already rejected the inerrancy and infallibility of the pope • Now his rejection of the infallibility of general councils seemed to place him entirely outside the pale of Catholic thought • His position seemed to allow final appeal only to the Scriptures • Eck felt that the whole controversy could now quickly come to an end by a papal bull of condemnation, which he set himself to secure • Leo X finally issued this bull, Exsurge domine, on June 15, 1520 • Luther responded by publicly burning the bull Luther in the "thick of battle" • Luther had many supporters among the humanists, including some who were rallying behind him to lead a national conflict with Rome; Luther however renounced physical force • He saw his task as liberating Germany from a papal system of control that he was coming to regard as "Antichrist" • In May 1520, he wrote his first substantial tract outlining the doctrine of justification by faith alone, entitled On Good Works • Also written in 1520: • To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation • Babylonian Captivity of the Church • The Freedom of the Christin Luther burns the Papal Bull and the Canon Law (1520) Charles V (1500-1558) • House of Hapsburg; grandson of Emperor Maximilian • Also grandson of Isabella of Castile, making him the heir apparent to the Spanish throne (would become Charles I of Spain), and master of a considerable portion of Italy and the new territories in the Americas; • Also heir to the Netherlands and the Austrian territories of the house of Hapsburg • Elected in June 1519 to succeed Maximilian as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (i.e. Germany) • In Germany, however, Charles authority was greatly limited by the territorial powers of the local princes • Charles was a relative unknown, and no one was certain how he would side in the religious struggles of the day Diet of Worms (January 1521) • Charles called a Reichstag to meet at Worms, partly to prepare for the outbreak of war over the rival claims of France and Spain in Italy, and partly to adjudicate the "Luther-issue" • The papal nuncio, Aleander, pressed for a prompt condemnation of Luther, especially after the papal bull Decet pontificem was issued in January 3, excommunicating Luther • But Luther had wide popular support in Germany, and Frederick, a master of diplomacy, argued that Luther never had an adequate hearing; Frederick and many other nobles believed he should be heard by the Reichstag prior to any action by that body Diet of Worms… • Charles wavered between the two options, believing that Luther was a damnable heretic, but politician enough not to oppose German sentiment too sharply or throw away the possible advantage of making the heretic's fate a lever in bringing the pope to the imperial side in the struggle for France • Luther was thus summoned to Worms under the protection of an imperial safe-conduct; his journey to Worms was a popular ovation • In April 1521, Luther appeared before the emperor and the Reichstag Diet of Worms… • Before Luther was laid out a row of books, and he was asked whether he would recant of them or not • Luther requested time for reflection; a day was given to him • On the next afternoon he was once more before the assembly • He acknowledged that much was said "too strongly" during the heat of controversy, but that the substance of what he had written he could not retract, unless convinced of its wrongfulness "by the testimony of Scripture or by clear reason" • The emperor could hardly believe his ears, that anyone could deny the infallibility of a general council, and so cut the discussion short "I cannot do otherwise. Here I stand." Luther at Worms, 1521 The Fallout of Worms • Luther alienated the emperor, but won the respect of much of the German nobility; he further endeared himself to his own prince, Frederick of Saxony • Charles honored the safe-conduct, and Luther started on his journey home • A month later he was put under the ban of the empire and ordered to be seized for punishment and his books burned; Luther lived out the rest of his life under imperial condemnation as a heretic and rebel • Frederick had Luther "kidnapped" by admirers as he journeyed home to Wittenberg, and brought secretly to Wartburg castle, near Eisenach, where for months his hiding place was unknown Luther at Wartburg • He went under the pseudonym, "Knight George"; he grew out his tonsure and grew a beard • From Wartburg, his attacks in writing on Roman practice only grew more intense • But the most lasting fruit of his enforced retirement was his German translation of the New Testament, begun in December 1521 and published in September of the next year • Meanwhile, back in Wittenberg, the young Philip Melanchthon began a small volume of work called Loci communes or Cardinal Points of Theology; with its publication began the systematic presentation of Lutheran theology; it would be enlarged and modified in many later editions Luther's Theology The Word of God • Scripture as the starting point and final authority for theology • Luther's Doctrine of Scripture was based on the Gospel of John's testimony that "the Word was with God, and was God" • Supremely, the Word of God was none other than God • Christ is the Word of God incarnate • Scripture testifies to Christ, the Word • What makes the Bible the Word of God is not that it is infallible, not that it can serve as a source of authority for theological religious debate, but rather the Bible is the Word of God because in it Jesus, the Word incarnate, comes to us • It was not the church that made the Bible, but the gospel, Jesus Christ, that had made both Bible and church • Final authority rests not in the church nor in the Bible, but in the gospel, in the message of Jesus Christ, who is the incarnate Word of God The Knowledge of God • Luther agreed with traditional theology that it was possible to know something about God by purely rational or natural means • However, knowledge about God is not true knowledge of God • One does not get to know God by speculation – what Luther referred to derisively as "a theology of glory" which seeks God in things that humans consider most valuable and praiseworthy (creating a God after our own image) • In contrast, Luther suggested that the God of revelation is very different in that God's highest self-disclosure takes place in the Cross of Christ – "a theology of the Cross" • In the Cross, God destroys our preconceived notions of divine glory; a radically different way – weakness, suffering, a stumbling block Law & Gospel • God is made manifest in two ways: Law and Gospel • Word of Judgment & Word of Grace – the two always come together: one cannot hear of grace without hearing also of judgment • Justification by faith, the message of God's forgiveness, does not mean that God is indifferent to sin; on the contrary, sin is repugnant to divine holiness, and speaks a word of divine judgment • But God also speaks a word of forgiveness , which does not contradict the judgment of the law; rather in showing the gravity of sin, the gospel is then surprisingly good news • This constant dialectic between Law & Gospel means that the Christian is at one and the same time both sinful and justified The Church & Sacraments • Luther was not an individualist; he was convinced that the church was an essential element of the Christian message • The Christian life was not that of an individual's direct communion with God, but rather that of a Christian life to be lived within the community of believers ("mother church") • The "universal priesthood of believers" meant not that each person was one's own priest , but rather that each Christian was a "priest" for the entire community; it was intended to strengthen the community of believers, not weaken it • Within the life of the church, the Word of God comes to us in sacraments • For a rite to be a true sacrament, it must have been instituted by Christ, and it must be a physical sign of the promise of the gospel Baptism • Baptism and Holy Communion (for a time he thought perhaps Penance too); other rites were beneficial, but ought not be considered sacraments of the gospel • Baptism, a sign of death and resurrection, is the sacrament in which we are made members of the body of Christ; faith is essential to baptism, for without faith the sacrament is not valid • However, this does not mean that one must have faith before baptism, as in the case of infants who are incapable of faith • The initiative in baptism is always God's, therefore it is appropriate to baptize the infants of believers, who are then raised in the context of faith, are taught the faith, and exhorted to have faith Communion • Luther rejected a great deal of commonly accepted doctrine regarding the Mass (i.e. Communion); he was particularly against private masses, to the idea of communion as a repetition of the sacrifice of Calvary, to the notion of merit, to the doctrine of transubstantiation, and to the reservation of the sacrament • Nonetheless, he continued to believe in its supreme importance and to the presence of Christ in Communion • While insisting on the need for the "preached Word" he was convinced in the necessity of the "visible Word" in Communion as the center of Christian worship • The question of the manner of Christ's presence cause controversy not only with Catholics but also with other Protestants Christ's Presence in Communion • Luther categorically rejected transubstantiation as a pagan theory, which inspired other unscriptural ideas such as the Mass as a meritorious sacrifice • The Medieval idea of the Mass as sacrifice was contrary to justification by faith • On the other hand, he was not ready to reduce Communion to a mere sign or symbol; he took the words of Jesus at the institution as very clear and undeniable proof of his physical presence in the sacrament: "this is my body…this is my blood" • Affirmed that in Communion believers truly and literally partake of the body (and blood) of Christ • The bread is still bread, and the wine is wine, but now the Body and Blood of the Lord are also in them The Two Kingdoms • God established "two kingdoms" – one under law and the other under the gospel (state and church) • The state must operate under the law, its main purpose to set limits to human sin and its consequences • Christians ought not to expect the state to be ruled by the gospel, nor the state to always support orthodoxy, nor require that the state always be ruled by fellow believers in order to obey them • In the kingdom of the gospel, civil authorities have no power; Christians are not subject to the state with regard to religious matters • However, as Christians are citizens of both kingdoms, they are obliged to obey both An Uncertain Decade "Luther is now to be seen as a convicted heretic. He has twentyone days from the fifteenth of April. After that time, no one should give him shelter. His followers also are to be condemned, and his books will be erased from human memory." EDICT OF WORMS (1521) Luther at in Exile at Wartburg • By burning the papal bull, Luther had challenged papal authority; At Worms, by refusing to recant, he had challenged the authority of the emperor and the Reichstag • Hidden at Warburg after Worms, Luther spent his time in writing; meanwhile his collaborators in Wittenberg continued the work of reformation • Foremost among his collaborators was Andreas Karlstadt and Philip Melanchthon Karlstadt & Melanchthon Luther's early reluctance • Luther's fear of God and of unwarranted innovation meant that he had been hesitant to take concrete steps towards visible reform in the church • In his absence (while he was still in exile), his followers were not so hesitant • A number of monks and nuns left their monastic communities and were married; worship was simplified and in German; masses for the dead were abolished, as were days of fasting and abstinence; Melanchthon began to administer communion in "both kinds" • At first Luther supported these changes, but soon began to question the excesses that were reported to him from Wittenberg • When Karlstadt and his followers began tearing down images of saints in the churches, Luther recommended moderation The Zwickau Prophets • Then three layman from neighboring Zwickau appeared at Wittenberg, declaring themselves to be prophets; they claimed that God spoke to them directly, so they were not in need of the Scripture • Melanchthon was at a loss as to how to answer their claims, and asked Luther's advice • Luther felt so strongly that nothing less than the gospel was at stake that he decided he must leave the safety of Wartburg and return to Wittenberg; he informed Frederick the Wise of his intentions, telling him that he was counting, not on Frederick's protection, but on God's • Politics was in Luther's favor, and he was able to return without being arrested and executed by Charles V The Attitude of the Emperor • Charles V was determined to stamp out the Lutheran "heresy" • But he was threatened by more powerful enemies, and could not allow himself the luxury of alienating those among his German subjects who supported Luther • Charles V's most dangerous enemy was Francis I of France, who was threatened by Charles's rise in power, for he was now both Charles I of Spain and Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and holder of vast territories that practically surrounded France • Shortly before the Diet of Worms, Charles had clashed with Francis in Navarre; from 1521-1525, Charles was repeatedly at war with Francis The "Italian War" of 1521-1526 • Combatants: Francis I, Charles V, Papal States, Republic of Venice, and Henry VIII • Exacerbated by papacy's need to ally itself with Charles in order to suppress Lutheranism Adrian VI (1522-1523) • Last non-Italian pope until the late 20th century • Born in Utrecht (from the Low Countries) • Charles V's tutor; ushered in a program of reformation that he hoped would respond to the critics of the church and steal Luther's thunder • Died a year and half after his election Clement VII (1523-1534) • Signaled a return to the policies and temperament of Leo X • More interested in the arts and Italian politics than ecclesiastical matters • Soon there would be serious friction between Clement and the Emperor, Charles V Battle of Pavia (1525) • The King of France was captured by Imperial troops, and the conflict between the two most powerful monarchs seemed to come to an end; Charles and Francis then signed a peace treaty However… • Back in France, Francis saw the terms of the treaty as overly harsh, and he conspired with Clement VII for his support against Charles • Charles was hoping for both Clement and Francis's support to hold back the Turkish menace on his eastern border and to help stamp out Lutheranism; but instead both Francis and Clement declared war on Charles • In 1527, imperial troops, mostly Spanish and German, invaded Italy and marched on Rome; the pope was forced to flee • Since many of the troops were Lutheran, the sack of Rome took on religious overtones • In 1528, a French army, with English support, came to the pope's aid and forced the imperial troops to withdraw; Charles then sued for peace, first with the pope, and then with Francis Turkish Threat in Austria (1529) • Once again Charles was preparing to take strong measures against "heretics" in his own territories, when the Turks, led by Suleiman, marched on Vienna, the capital of Austria • The fall of Vienna would open up the whole of Germany to Turkish invasion • This forced Charles and his German subjects to set aside any religious differences and join in a campaign against the Turks • The defense of Vienna was successful, and Suleiman was forced to withdraw • It was only after the siege of Vienna that Charles was finally able to turn his attentions on Germany and the Lutheran issue Meanwhile, during Charles's long absence from Germany… • The Knights Revolt (1522-23) • Many Germans of the knightly class, who had become impoverished over the years, blamed their conditions on Rome and saw Luther as their champion; Luther in no way encouraged them • Soundly defeated by the German princes as Trier; Luther and his followers saw this as an unnecessary tragedy The Peasants' Revolt (1524-25) • For decades, the conditions of the lower rungs of German peasantry had been worsening • There had been peasant rebellions in 1476, 1491, 1498, 1503, 1514 – but none of these was widespread • The rebellions in 1524 and 1525 were different because of their religious overtones, because many of the peasants believed that the teachings of the reformers supported their economic demands • Luther himself refused to extend the application of his teachings to the political realm in terms of revolution; yet there were many who disagreed with him on this point • Foremost was Thomas Muntzer, a native of Zwickau, whose teachings were similar to the "prophets" from his village who had created such a stir in Wittenberg Teachings of Thomas Muntzer (1489-1525) • He claimed that what was most important was not the written word of Scripture but the present revelation of the Spirit • His spiritualist doctrine had political consequences, for he taught that those born of the Spirit must form a theocratic community in order to bring about the Kingdom of God • Luther had Muntzer removed from Wittenberg, but Muntzer returned and join the peasants in their rebellion The Twelve Articles (Summary) 1. 2. 3. 4. Every municipality shall have the right to elect and remove a preacher if he behaves improperly. The preachers shall be paid from the great tithe. A potential surplus shall be used to pay for the poor and the war tax. All other tithes to be abolished. It has been practice so far, that we have been held as villain, which is pitiful, given that Christ redeemed all of us with his precious bloodshed, the shepherd as well as the highest, no one excluded. Therefore, it is devised by the scripture, that we are and that we want to be free. It is unfraternal and not in accordance with the word of God that the simple man does not have the right to catch game, fowls, and fish. For, when God our master created man, he gave him power over all animals, the bird in the air and the fish in the water. 5. 6. 7. 8. The high gentlemen have taken sole possession of the woods. If the poor man needs something, he has to buy it for double money. Therefore, all the woods that were not bought…shall be given back to the municipality so that anybody can satisfy his needs for timber and firewood thereof. One shall have understanding (pretty much reduce) with regard to the covee which keeps increasing from day to day to how our parents served in accordance with exclusively the word of God. The nobility shall not raise the peasant's corvee in excess of what was established at bestowal. Many properties can not support the levies (lease fees). Honest men shall inspect these properties and shall determine the levy upon their discretion so that the peasant shall not do his work in vain, for every person is worth his pay. 9. New rules are ever made for the great outcry "große Frevel" (a fine that had to be paid to the court). One does not punish with regards to the subject but at discretion. It is our opinion that we shall be punished by old, written penalty with regards to what was done and not to favor. 10. Several have appropriated meadows and acres (community land that was at the disposition of all members), that belong to the municipality. Those we want back to our common hands. 11. The "Todfall" (a sort of inheritance tax) shall be abolished altogether and never again shall widows and orphans be robbed contrary to God and honor. 12. It is our decision and final opinion that if one or several of the articles mentioned herein were not in accordance with the word of God, those we shall refrain from if it is explained to us on the basis of the scripture. If several articles were already granted to us and it emerged afterwards that they were ill, they shall be dead and null. Likewise, we want to have reserved that if even more articles are found in the writ that were against God and a grievance to though neighbor. Luther's attitude towards the Peasants' Revolt • Luther was at a loss as to what his position to be; this may be complicated by his "two kingdoms" doctrine • When he first read the Twelve Articles he addressed the princes, telling them that what was demanded was just, because the peasants were sorely oppressed • But when the peasants took up arms, Luther tried to persuade them to follow a more peaceful course • Finally, an exasperated Luther called on the princes to suppress the movement by force • When the rebellion was drowned in blood, Luther urged the princes to be merciful; his words were unheeded • More than 100,000 peasants were killed Outcome of the Rebellion • Catholic princes blamed Lutheranism for the rebellion • Most moderate princes began to take measures to curb the "heresy" in their territories • Vast numbers of peasants, convinced that Luther had betrayed them, either returned to the old faith or became Anabaptists • While Germany was undergoing such turmoil, Catholic moderates throughout Europe were forced to choose sides between Lutherans and his opponents; the most famous of these was Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) The Literary Battle between Erasmus and Luther • Erasmus wanted to stay out of the controversy, but since he had frequently criticized the corruption and ignorance of the clergy, he didn't have the luxury to remain silent • Erasmus had looked with favor upon the early Lutheran movement; but did not find the resultant discord much to his liking • Erasmus had never advocated a "radical reformation" in theology, and therefore, when forced to speak out, was bound to take the side of Luther's adversaries • Yet instead of attacking Luther on such issues as justification by faith, the mass, or the authority of the pope, he raised the issue of FREE WILL • Luther, a follower of Augustine, affirmed the doctrine of predestination, seeing it as the corollary of justification by faith and the free gift of God • Erasmus attacked him on this point, publishing a treatise entitled, On the Freedom of the Will • Luther responded with his classic book, The Bondage of the Will, in which he applauded Erasmus for focusing his attention on a "fundamental issue" and not a peripheral matter like the sale of indulgences, the relics, saints, etc. • He nonetheless defended his position with characteristic vehemence, essentially making Erasmus and the rest of the humanists out to be Pelagians • Many humanists at the point abandoned Luther; Melanchthon (Luther's "right hand") nevertheless maintained cordial relations with Erasmus and his friends Imperial Diets • Diet of Nuremberg (1523) – In Charles V's absence, the Reichstag adopted a policy of tolerance towards Lutheranism, in spite of protests of the legates of both the pope and the emperor • Diet of Spire (1526) – Charles again was indisposed due to war with Francis I and Pope Clement; the Reichstag formally withdrew the Edict of Worms and granted each German state the freedom to choose its own religious allegiance; Austria and southern Germany opted for Catholicism, while the north began to implement Lutheran Reformation • Second Diet of Spire (1529) – The renewed threat of imperial intervention provoked the moderate princes to join the ranks of the staunch Catholics; the result was the Edict of Worms was reaffirmed; this prompted the Lutheran princes to present a formal "protest" – thus receiving the name "Protestants" Diet of Augsburg (1530) • Charles finally returned to Germany and was able to attend • Whereas Charles had refused to listen to Luther at Worms, this time he requested an orderly exposition of the points at issue in the Lutheran Reformation • The document that was presented, written by Philip Melanchthon, is now known as the "Augsburg Confession" • It was intended only to represent the Protestants of Saxony, but other princes and leaders also signed it, and thus it became the instrument whereby most Protestants presented a united front against the emperor • When the signatories refused to recant, an infuriated Charles ordered that they must recant before April of the following year, or suffer the consequences A Dire Situation… • The survival of Protestantism was threatened • If Charles joined his Spanish resources with those of his German princes, he would easily crush any Protestant prince who refused to recant • The Protestant princes decided their only hope was to offer a common front; after long hesitation, Luther finally agreed that it was licit to take up arms in self-defense against the emperor The League of Schmalkald • Philip of Hesse & John Frederick I of Saxony The Empire threatened yet again… • Both sides were making ready for a long and cruel war, when international events once more forced Charles to postpone action • Francis I was once again preparing for war against Charles, and the Turks were planning to avenge their earlier failure to take Vienna • To counteract such powerful enemies, Charles needed a united Germany; the circumstances demanded negotiation rather than war Peace of Nuremberg (1532) • Stipulated that Protestants would be allowed to remain in their faith, but could not seek to extend it to other territories • The imperial edict of Augsburg was suspended; in return the Protestants offered their support against the Turks • They also promised not to go beyond what they had declared to be their faith in the Augsburg Confession • Despite the agreement, Protestantism continued to advance into new territories


text:
Job Description
Specific Responsibilities:
– Write, review, and manage delivery of scientific content for a range of medical communications that meet client needs, internal quality standards agreed specifications, budgets and timeframes
– Act as Lead Writer for one or more major accounts and be the main point of contact on matters of scientific content for the client and authors
– Monitor quality, style, and accuracy and provide timely, consistent, and constructive feedback
– Ensure that projects reflect a thorough understanding of clients' objectives and maintain broad awareness of developments in relevant therapeutic areas and disciplines
– Participate fully in briefing and brainstorming meetings
Managerial Responsibilities:
– In conjunction with the Scientific Director, help develop writers within an account team to achieve their full potential
– Coach and mentor junior writers as required
– Assist the Scientific Director in preparing and updating SOPs/training modules and in delivering editorial training in relevant therapy area/discipline
– Support team working principles within Medical Communications, accounts team, and other departments and collaboration between business units by attending team and editorial meetings/tutorials
For more information on CACTUS, visit our website at http://www.cactusmed.com
Desired Skills & Experience
– PharmD, MD or PhD preferably in the life sciences
– Minimum of 3 years' experience in medical writing within in a medical communications agency or publishing environment
Other Skills:
• An excellent understanding of the pharmaceutical industry and the drug development process
• Experience in data handling and analysis
• Excellent writing, editing, and organizational skills
• Proficiency with Word, PowerPoint, and other Microsoft packages
• Ability to work in a team environment
• Ability to simultaneously manage multiple writing projects
• Ability to work independently
• Excellent spoken and written communication skills
• Ability to present clearly and confidently to the highest level of client
Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA
Email your CV along with a cover letter to Bonnie Abrams at firstname.lastname@example.com. Please mention "Senior Medical Writer" in the subject line of your email.
Company Description
Cactus Communications is a leading provider of communication solutions. CACTUS works with pharmaceutical companies, clinical research organizations, medical communication companies, academic institutions, writing and editing service providers, and individual researchers and contributes to their success by offering effective documentation services. The efficiency of our robust, scalable ISO-certified systems and the in-depth experience of our team of professionals allow us to consistently deliver value and provide a wide spectrum of services tailored to meet our clients' ever-changing communication needs.
With offices in the US, Japan, India, South Korea, and China, CACTUS has processed more than 160,000 documents from 43,000 clients across 107+ countries in the last 10 years. Our full-time in-house staff consists of over 280 people and represents a diverse group of people from India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the US, Germany, and Brazil. We also work with over 900 contractors from around the world. We have 37 BELS-certified writers/editors in-house (BELS: Board of Editors in the Life Sciences), one of the largest groups of certified editors in the world.
Global corporate website: http://www.cactusglobal.com
Additional Information
- Posted:
- July 16, 2013
- Type:
- Full-time
- Experience:
- Mid-Senior level
- Functions:
- Writing/Editing, Research, Training
- Industries:
- Writing and Editing, Pharmaceuticals, Research
- Job ID:
- 6439382

subset: commoncrawl


text:
So, no San Diego for us this year. I was asked in an email as to what happened, why wouldn't we be coming to San Diego? Here's my response. It's a little different to the rant I sent back though, but you'll get the gist.
First off we had the financing all set up only to see it all fall through because some idiot felt that I'd not been in my current day job long enough to warrant financial approval. Work wise I could get the time off, but without the funds then why bother? That was done after we'd been told it had all been approved and was set in place - hence we told people were coming, made plans etc etc and now that's gone for a burton. We're trying our hardest to get it all in place, but at this stage the stark truth is that it's going to fall through because we simply just can't afford it. No-one is more angry about it than I am - my first book and I won't see the launch. There's no funding for projects like these. Trust me, we've tried. Along the way we've been told that, at the age of 38 I'm too old, that we're not going to be considered because I've written about Americans, that I can't be considered because I've already finished the book. Every excuse under the sun has been given for why the various bodies that fund the Arts and writing here in both South Australia and Australia refuse to assist us in seeing our book launched. Having said that I'm open to corporate sponsorship and I'd be happy to wear whatever shirt or hat you want and place links all over the main site. Fire me an email and let's nut out a deal.
The Andru/Esposito book is weeks from appearing. It'll be ready in time for San Diego, so if you're in America then you'll probably see/own a copy before I do. Such is life. I signed off on it a while back and I'm now thinking of going back and doing a total re-write as I'm not happy with the end result and the format. Nothing new there. I'm never happy with my work and once it's done I can spend years picking away at it if given half the chance. Still, all in good time. The Mooney book has been picked up by TwoMorrows and I've been told it'll be published in February 2007. It's coming along a little too well - it's full of great stuff and some killer artwork. In between doing all of this I'm busily writing articles (both comic book and non-comic book related) and working a day job in order to get some steady cash in as writing pays me nothing. Part of the reason why I probably won't make SD is because I'm over $10,000 in the hole for the Andru/Esposito book and I'll be paying that off for a fair while to come. Thankfully the Mooney hasn't cost that much, both in lost time and artwork.
The biggest problem I was faced with the A&E book is the sheer number of people who appeared more than happy to rip me off for material - artwork and research alike. They must have figured that I needed the stuff and as such they took me to the cleaners. A classic example is this: A comic book professional had three Ross Andru pages from the '80s. There was nothing special about them but on the back of the pages were some pencil roughs/layouts. I asked if he'd be willing to scan the rear of the pages for the book and was told this, "No, but if you BUY the pages I'll scan them." So I bought the pages at a grossly inflated price, got them in and scanned them myself. Said professional then contacted me and said, "Seeing how you got the pages from me I think it's only fair that you send me five copies of the book and give me a credit." My reply was, "You can just f*ck off. I paid too much for the pages, but seeing how I BOUGHT them, well they're mine now." Then the professional quoted me to work on the books cover (not artwork, just colours) - $8,000. That was one person out of many. That's what I've had to deal with. A good number of people were kind with their time, efforts and products. The rest, well it's just extortion under another name.
Perhaps they figure that me being in Australia means I'm either backwards or far enough away that I won't, or can't, do anything about it. Now with the Mooney book I've learnt. If someone wants too much I just let it go and move on. I've gotten a fairly decent amount of Mooney items and thankfully all of his friends have been as generous with their time and research material/knowledge as Jim himself has been and continues to be. One email to Stan Lee and there's the intro. Same with most people. Some have demanded money/products in return and those people I'm just avoiding from now on. I can't afford to keep spending huge amounts of cash to do these projects, but I'll keep doing the projects. Hence the need for a day job.
The books have been a great journey for me and I don't regret writing them at all. In fact I want to do many more (if you know of an artist who wants a book done, or an article then drop me a line - I'm your guy!). If I had my time again I'd do things differently, but they've been a great learning experience in more ways than one. I'm now better suited to write these books, both as a writer and as a person. I like to think I've grown as a writer over the years and I've certainly become a lot more savvy when it comes to cutting deals - I'm happy to pay for stuff I want/need, but I'm not going to be gouged anymore. There's a huge list of people whom I should thank, people who've come along for the ride on both books, who've been more than generous with their time and knowledge. And, well, why not thank them? Why make this a totally negative post, full of bad news? The reality is it's not been a totally negative experience. After all I've gotten to speak to many artists and writers who I grew up admiring - and who I still admire - and I've made some life-long pals along the way.
In no order at all I'd like to thank the following, and when (if) you buy either book then direct your applause to the following, without whom these books just wouldn't be happening:
First up - Jim Mooney and Mike Esposito. Those two go without saying.
Will Murray - he's been there from day one of the Andru/Esposito book with suggestions, input, encouragement and well, he also suggested the title. Without Will I doubt I'd have finished the first book and I owe him a great debt of gratitude which is long overdue and which I'll start repaying this week.
For the Andru/Esposito book:
Bob McLeod, Alex Toth, Len Wein, Josef Rubinstein, Don Perlin, Dick Ayers, Neal Adams, Dick Giordano, Mark Evanier, Jim Mooney, Gene Colan, Michael T. Gilbert, Pat Bastienne, Peter David, Alex Saviuk, John Romita, Sal Buscema, Marty Thall, Murphy Anderson, Stan Goldberg, Nick Cuti, Dave Hunt, Jerry Bingham, Norm Breyfogle, Michael Dunne, Lyle Tucker, Jonathan Mankuta, Dusty Miller, D.D. Degg, Ger Apeldoorn, Joel Adams, Cary Burkett, Al Bigley, David Anthony Kraft, Hayley Timms, Chad Eglinton, John Morrow, Eric Nolen-Weathington, Jose Luis Garcia-Lopez and Jim Amash.
Michael Netzer, Michael Eury, Tony Isabella, Roy Thomas and Marv Wolfman all went above and beyond. All five were part of the project from start to finish, all five contributed encouragement, assistance and their time and efforts freely along the way and those five are the lifeblood of the book.
For the Mooney book:
Stan Lee, Steve Gerber, Al Bigley, Mark Waid, Joe Sinnott, Bill Schelly, Gene Colan, Michael Eury, Richard Howell, John Romita, Fred Hembeck, Mark Evanier, Tony Isabella, Roy Thomas, Craig Shutt, Michael Netzer, Dr. Michael J. Vassallo, Norm Breyfogle, Bob Almond, Mark McKenna, Jim Tournas, Bill Black, Clifford Meth, Jim Reeber, Chad Eglinton, Ray Cuthbert, Ray Falcona, Jeff Sharpe, Louis Lachance. All of whom I contacted and mentioned the book and all of whom said similar things back, along the lines of, "For Jim? Anything you want, just name it!"
You'll notice some names are repeated - that's because some people are damn good guys. Chad Eglinton especially - he's donated time (and as such money) to edit both books for free. Without his efforts the books wouldn't read anywhere near as good as they do.
Not to mention my darling other half and the Kidlets. They've put up with me staying up late, working all weekends and generally being a pain in the arse. You guys are killers!
Perhaps I should do a name and shame section...hmmmm
So now you know. Unless a miracle happens, it's no San Diego for us this year. Hopefully next year.
Controversial! Fun And Also Games! First Comic Book related blog to be featured in the Australian National Library's Pandora archive. 2016 Rondo Award nominee. Pop culture, music, film and comic book expert. Would be willing to write for biscuits.
Logo and banner designed by the amazing Michael Netzer.
Saturday, June 17, 2006
Posted by Daniel Best at 6:47:00 am
1 comment:
- S.Bove said...
In my class on comic art I talk about how fortunate the new generation of creators are in that the history of this great industry is now being written for them to experience. Please keep going. I would love to see a book on Starlin, Rogers & Perez, that whole 2nd generation Marvel & DC crowd. I'll be buying a copy of this and any other book you write.
- Monday, June 19, 2006 6:00:00 am
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text:
If you want to be not like others set the track Kansas - Dust In The Wind as a ringtone for your mobile phone. It's a real hit! To download Kansas - Dust In The Wind ringtone, you have to choose one of the convenient ways of downloading: by WAP and QR codes or via PC. And remember all content on our site is free!
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text: I have a serious and very annoying problem.Ever, since I got Windows 7, whenever watching a movie it freezes (once every 10 minutes, for 3-4 seconds). Also, last night, I found freezess when I listen to music and I'm not a computer, so I guess this is due to some safety mode or something because it happens like 10 minutes after I go AFK. Here is a list of things already tried: Spybot found and destroyed Spyware doctor Avira Windows Media Player set BS Player VLC Player to clean the hard disk of the things that I use to remove some useless programs To stop all tasks Manager To set the power settings so it will be under the Ministry of Defence, but not balanced mod and make it never stop (such as lights, sleep mod, etc.) To switch to other codecs /> Nothing Listen Read phonetically


text:
A market leading specialist energy management consultancy are looking for a software analyst to join them on a permanent basis.
You will assist with the creation, specification, development and implementation of new and improved software and online systems (external and internal) to improve productivity, and to bring new functionality to service offering.
You will provide a professional data support service to all customers of our in-house software systems and ensure that all requests for support are dealt with in a timely and efficient manner.
Your Responsibilities
- Management of the development process
- Management of the JIRA incident recording system
- Analysing business/client needs and identifying areas of improvement or new/increased functionality.
- Discussing suggested improvements or new ideas with the various stakeholders.
- Creating specifications for agreed development work.
- Following through the specifications to delivery including, testing, liaison with developers, and implementation.
- Creation of all relevant documentation for new functionality or systems.
- Training of relevant staff/clients in the use of new functionality where appropriate.
- Assist with the improvement and transformation of the current development process into an improved, more organised, robust process which is much less reliant on key development staff.
- To work closely with the rest of the support team to ensure good communication and a joined up approach.
- To provide advice and guidance to customers on the use of in-house software systems, including training for both internal and external users.
- To log support calls and document their outcome to facilitate the resolution of queries, escalating any issues to management where necessary.
- To pro-actively provide information to users on the progress of outstanding support calls.
- Testing of in-house software.
- To provide at all times a professional, courteous and rapid response to all users.
- To undertake such other work which may be assigned and which is consistent with the nature of the job and the level of responsibility.
- To maintain personal and professional development to meet the changing demands of the job, participate in appropriate training and support other staff in their development and training.
- To develop and maintain active and progressive working relationships with all members of the company
- Previous experience of /exposure to in-house software systems
- Ability to learn new systems quickly
- Advanced Microsoft skills, especially MS Excel including features such as pivot tables and the vlookup formula
- Knowledge of SQL would be a benefit but not essential
- Ability to take responsibility for issues and their resolution
- Experience of data validation, manipulation and management
We welcome your application.
- Marketing leading management consultancy
- Growth plans for career progression
- Exciting varied role


text:
H.R.3625 - Next Step in Reforming Welfare Act107th Congress (2001-2002)
|Rep. Cardin, Benjamin L. [D-MD-3] (Introduced 01/24/2002)
|House - Ways and Means
|Latest Action:
|01/24/2002 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions)
This bill has the status Introduced
Here are the steps for Status of Legislation:
- Introduced
Subject — Policy Area:
- Social Welfare
- View subjects
Summary (1)
Text (1)
Actions (3)
Titles (4)
Amendments (0)
Cosponsors (44)
Committees (1)
Related Bills (0)
Summary: H.R.3625 — 107th Congress (2001-2002)All Bill Information (Except Text)
There is one summary for H.R.3625. Bill summaries are authored by CRS.
Shown Here:
Next Step in Reforming Welfare Act - Amends part A (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) (TANF) of title IV of the Social Security Act (SSA) to revise and extend the TANF program, with changes: (1) continuing certain grants, including State family assistance grants; (2) providing additional grants for States with low Federal funding per poor child; (3) making reduction of the extent and severity of poverty and the promotion of self-sufficiency among families with children an additional purpose of TANF; and (4) replacing the caseload reduction credit with employment credit to reward States in which families leave welfare for work Amends SSA title XX (Block Grants to States for Social Services) to increase funding for the social services block grant, and SSA title IV part A to provide for an increase in general child care entitlement funding.
Introduced in House (01/24/2002)
Authorizes the Secretary of Health and Human Services to award grants to: (1) States and counties to pay the Federal share of the costs involved in improving the administration of low-income family with children support programs; and (2) nonprofit organizations and localities to promote participation in, and distribute information about and develop service centers for, low-income family with children support programs.
Amends SSA title IV part A to: (1) change assessments for individual responsibility plans; (2) require State TANF plans to account for how the State intends to establish goals and take action to improve initial earnings, job advancement, and employment retention for individuals in and individuals leaving the program; (3) direct the Secretary to provide grants to States and localities for certain related research, evaluation, technical assistance, and demonstration projects; and (5) change work related requirements.
Amends SSA title IV parts A and D (Child Support and Establishment of Paternity) with respect to a family formation fund and increased child support payments to families.
Amends the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 to waive the five-year limited eligibility of qualified aliens for Federal means-tested public benefits in the case of TANF and SSI (SSA title XVI (Supplemental Security Income)) benefits.
Amends SSA title IV part A to ban the use of Federal TANF funds to replace State or local spending that does not meet the definition of qualified State expenditures.


text:
Gorgeous dark haired babes Apolonia and Lexi Dona feature on We Like to Suck today and start this horny scene by undressing each other and licking each others pussies. This naughty pair want someone else to play with so our horny stud appears! They suck his cock and share his big dick before Apolonia gets her pussy filled with dick while licking Lexi Dona's pussy. The girls switch positions and Lexi bends over and takes it doggy style, then they work their mouths back onto our guys cock. Going from pussy to mouth these hot babes take a facial as they both get cum over their lips and faces!
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text:
World war 1 vocabulary you need to know Nationalism A feeling of intense loyalty to one country or group Ethnic groups People who share the same language or beliefs Development of big armies for tools
of diplomacy Militarism All vocabulary and definitions from The American Journey a 6th grade social studies book Alliance System The defense agreement among nations Entente An understanding among nations Balance of Power A system that prevents any one country from dominating the others propaganda information designed to influence opinion autocracy Rule by one person with unlimited power Convoy Teams of navy destroyers Front the line of battle thanks for watching my prezi!! by Ryan Bergin
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text:
Unplugged ´2010
Watch in HD
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- Writers: Michelle King, Robert King
- Stars: Alan Cumming , Archie Panjabi , Chris Noth , Christine Baranski , Graham Phillips , Josh Charles , Julianna Margulies , Makenzie Vega , Matt Czuchry
The firm is representing Caroline Wilder, the wife of a famous rock star who wants a divorce so he can marry a younger woman. Max Wilder is worth $40 million but is refusing her request for support of $300,000 a year. They're in court when they learn Max is comatose after a motorcycle accident that morning. Under the terms of his will, Caroline is responsible for his estate and not his fiancé. When it turns out Max may have been poisoned, the police suspect Caroline is responsible. At the office meanwhile, rumors are rife that decision day is coming: Will and Diane will make their decision about who stays at the firm, Alicia or Carey.
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Choose Your Support
Online SupportQuestions about your order or about the website?
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Since all A-dec carts feature durable compounds, stain resistant materials and rugged hardware such as a solid steel base to maximize stability, you can be sure your Cascade Cart will easily withstand the daily rigors of your practice for years to come. For flexible and convenient instrumentation delivery, choose the duo or assistant's carts. In addition to the worksurface, both carts include a rotating arm that delivers assistant's instrumentation precisely where you need it. On the duo cart, the control unit rotates as well, so both carts can accommodate either right- or left-handed operators. The utilities of these carts can be mounted to the wall or in your cabinetry, allowing you more room to move around. And with 4 durable, smooth-rolling casters, you can easily position your cart during procedures and quickly move it out of the way when it's not in use.


text:
Feb 04, 2014
Extreme Washington Lobbyist David Jolly: We Should Attack Syria
One of the most shocking moments from last night's debate was Washington Lobbyist David Jolly's extreme position that the United States of American should attack Syria. Watch yourself:
Syria wasn't the only issue where Lobbyist Jolly showed his extremism that is out of touch with the values of Pinellas residents:
- On Social Security: Extreme Lobbyist Jolly said Social Security is "Not Guaranteed." Lobbyist Jolly previously said "Everything should be on the table, including private accounts," – a disastrous idea that would force seniors to gamble with their retirement in the Stock Market. Jolly also lobbied for an extreme group whose founder supported privatization.
- On Marriage Equality: Extreme Lobbyist Jolly opposes legalizing gay marriage.
- On a Women's Right to Choice: Extreme Lobbyist Jolly supports overturning Roe v. Wade and opposes a woman's right to choose.
- On Immigration: Extreme Lobbyist Jolly opposes a pathway to citizenship.
"Extreme Washington Lobbyist Jolly aligned himself with the same radical fringe that was responsible for the shutdown of our nation's government," said David Bergstein of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. "It's already clear that Lobbyist Jolly is out of touch with Pinellas' values – urging an American attack against Syria, opposing a woman's right to choose, and advocating for a radical privatization of Social Security that would force seniors to gamble with their retirement in the stock market."


text:
THOMAS INCE produced an exquisite goal and turned in a five-star show as Blackpool kept up their impressive start.
Watched by his dad — ex-England star Paul — the 20-year-old dazzled in the sun on the day Barnsley celebrated their 125th birthday.
The home side led through a Craig Davies strike — his fourth in five games — but Ince cancelled it out with a superbly taken effort.
Then Ince jnr turned on the style as both sides entertained a bumper crowd.
Barnsley manager Keith Hill said: "For us to be able to compete against the best team in the league is great. Blackpool will win this league.
"It was a fantastic game, and an excellent advert for what Ian Holloway has done and what we are trying to do.
"It was superb that the fans turned up in their numbers to celebrate the 125th anniversary and saw a very good game of football."
Blackpool boss Ian Holloway said: "We kept going and we should have won it in end. There were some fantastic players on show.
"We came from behind but that's something I expect from our lads — we don't ever drop our heads.
"There were times his team worried me as well. But I'm very excited about the way we are looking."
Barnsley's in-form striker Craig Davies collected a clever ball from Jacob Mellis and fired in a low angled effort.
Not to be outshone Ince then picked up a super pass from Angel Martinez, glided into the area and slotted in a sublime shot.
Both sides continued to attack with flair and kept the crowd enthralled.
Only an unbelievable save form Ben Alnwick stopped Ince having the last laugh in front of his proud father.


text:
I was born in Belaugh and have lovely childhood memories.
As I recall, at the time there was only 2 girls, myself and Rosemary Basted - all the other kids were boys.
We had lovely times on the farms and in the river which ran down the bottom of my garden, there were 4 cottages where I lived with my parents and Aunt Nellie, The Misses Fields (Eva and Jean) lived one side, Ned Durrant and his father the other and Mr and Mrs Thomson on the end, who had 2 boys Bob and Colin [ chummy].
We all went to Coltishall School in a Taxi.
There was at that time a shop, but no pub or anything else so all main shopping was done in Wroxham which we had to go to on a bus - and it was a long walk to the top road. We had Sunday School in the Old School that my mother and aunt Nelly went to as girls and I was Christened in the Church on the hill.
A memory shared byon May 7th, 2012.
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The Pacers' roster is in ruins. Their season may not be far behind.
NBA commissioner David Stern lowered the boom Sunday for the wild melee that ended Indiana's game with Detroit on Friday. Ron Artest is gone for the season. Teammates Stephen Jackson and Jermaine O'Neal will miss 30 and 25 games, respectively.
All of which is devastating for the no-one-to-blame-but-themselves Pacers. But Sunday also could be a positive milestone in sports. Maybe now, teams will think twice about the personalities of the players they employ. Maybe character will count for something. Maybe talent won't be everything.
"We must affirm that the NBA will strive to exemplify the best that can be offered by professional sports, and not allow our sport to be debased by what seem to be declining expectations for behavior of fans and athletes alike," was how Stern put it.
The suspensions are not staggered, which means that the Pacers (at least until Jackson and O'Neal return) have gone from NBA championship contenders to one of the weaker teams in the league. A once-promising team now will need an incredible effort just to contend for a playoff spot.
By hitting a franchise where it counts – in the win column – Stern has sent a clear message: Sign emotional, potentially out-of-control players at your own risk.
Indiana is reeling not because its players lacked talent, but because they lacked maturity.
By now, any athlete who still thinks the proper response to getting hit by a cup of ice is to charge into the stands and start randomly attacking innocent people (Artest's primary offense) has a room-temperature IQ. The good news is, he probably has a future as an ESPN analyst/apologist.
We figure the players have gotten the message.
With any luck, so too have the teams, some of which would sign a homicidal maniac if they thought he would deliver at crunch time.
I posed the following question to three NBA executives Sunday: If last week someone hypothetically described the incident that played out in Detroit, which current player would you first think was involved?
All three just laughed. The answer was obvious.
"I bet 80 percent of the NBA would name Artest," said an Eastern Conference general manager.
Choosing between character and talent is "the most difficult part of our job," said a Central Division player personnel director. "You have to weigh a lot of [factors]."
Perhaps now qualities such as professionalism, maturity and self-control will carry a little more weight.


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Charming detached villa with 3 bedrooms and a bathroom on a small, but nice and private corner plot. it has a jacuzzi for 5 persons in the garden as well as an outside kitchen. with central heating and air conditioning. all together makes this into a lovely and easy to maintain property. now reduced from 232,000 to 189,000€!
We can help you to get a mortgage on favourable terms. A residence permit can be obtained with the purchase of this property. Please ask our team for more information.


text: Sports Decorations > Chicago Bulls Flag Chicago Bulls See Red Pennant View All Chicago Bulls Flag ITEMS Quantity $8.95 Out of Stock Add to Cart IN STOCK Standard & Express Shipping Available Order by 2pm CST (M-F) — Ships Same Day Item ID#: PR-PennantPR-CHIB-See Red Tweet Wish Share This Chicago Bulls See Red Pennant is 12 x 30 inches in size, features single-sided screen printed logos, and is made of a soft felt and wool blend. Each Chicago Bulls See Red Pennant is Officially Licensed by the selected NBA Team and League which insures quality and authentic logos.Accessorize your pennant with our Pennant Sticks, Pennant Frames, or buy one of your favorite Sports Pennant Sets. Customers Also Bought... Flag & Pennant Accessories Pennant Stick 6 Pack $6.95 Out of Stock Add To Cart


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Econo Lodge Harpers Ferry
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Continental Breakfast
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Free parking
Photos of Econo Lodge Harpers Ferry
Travelers also recommend:
- More recommendations
- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Free parking
- Continental Breakfast
TravelPod Member ReviewsEcono Lodge Harpers Ferry
Well, it was exactly what it says, economic.
Clean, with friendly staff and hot breakfast. Not a Hilton.
I would come back, especially as they had smoking rooms.
I was greeted with 'Ah Mr Welsh the smoking king' he was referring to room size not my royal connections..
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews Econo Lodge Harpers Ferry
Travel Blogs from Harpers Ferry
Back to the lab again, yo
... I lost my old one. I just grabbed the cheapest brand Boots had, but it is actually a really cute color. Should have gotten more.
The flight was blah. Not horrible, but obviously not fun. I did the math and figured out that my flight home is 6 minutes shorter than a standard Program Office shift, yet somehow the flight seemed twice as long as any shift, even the ones that ran until 3AM. It also didn't help that my cold got worse today; I ...
Aaah, so happy to see them again
This morning, Lesli gave me a ride to the Chappaqua railway station. She is so busy, bringing Lee to school, coming back to pick me up, then go to work, run run run, but still thinking of preparing delicious pancakes for my breakfast. Where does she find the energy to do all that!
Train to Grand Central! Ha! I did not make the connection until I was there in that huge ...
Finally made it where we wanted to be
... in mid-afternoon which gave us time to get set up and ready for our evening guests. Susan's aunt, uncle, two cousins and their families all came for a cookout in the evening. There were 13 of us and even though a thunderstorm sent us inside for a while, we all enjoyed each other's company. I'm only sorry we didn't have time to visit longer. ...
Porters, suitcases or backpacks
... look into Walmart for general drugs. We needed Doxycycline for Malaria and the local CVS (even with insurance!) was over $100 for each of us. Walmart fixed us both up for $55 total -- without insurance. Something definitely needs to be fixed medical insurance-land.
For shoes we have a good pair of sandals (Chacos) and some hiking boots. I wondered about the hiking boots, but they've already ...


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No radio and card slot ... in 2005 !!! At least siemens can built radio in it. Nokia and other competitor already had those items in that year. Why siemens ... Why? Not smart enough?
I have siemens c75.Gprs is activated from "setup","connectivity",and "gprs".If you have some more questions,write on my e-mail:firstname.lastname@example.com ready to help you.
hellow... i'm using siemens c75..
how can i activate the GPRS of my phone? how could i use my internet browser?
I have data cable but cant connect my phone with PC.
which software may solve this problem and where can i get it?
I m using C75 I'm having a problem with GPRS. after the actvation of GPRS I used it very well but after few months it shows "Error: Netwrok not available" though i have plenty of balance in my account and i've resaved the profiles(WAP,MMS,INTERNET) while deleting the previous profiles to fix this problem but no result still the same.If any one have any solution please inform me @ firstname.lastname@example.com
hi there,
i've forgot my pincode number and now there is a problem i can use just one sim only, can any one tel me how can it be open?
very thanx in adcvance
I would like to ask someone t helpo me download the driver for the DATA CABLE DCA-540 for the Siemens C75 mobiler phone.
Siemens were very kind quite some time ago and helped me download it from their page but it seems that they and BENQ are going through some rough time as far as helping their customers.
As I had problems and lost a lot of data, inlcuding the driver for this cable, I now cannot use the phonein connection with the pc and I haveadeo many requests to Siemens and BENQ but they never helped again.
I have some data which I really need to download on the pc but I cannot without the driver. The only dirver I can find is for VIRTUAL CABLE.
Any forthcoming help will be greatly applreicated.
this phone is great and im using this for more than 2 years.excellent
Anonymous, 26 Sep 2008where can i find siemes c75 usb driver because my computer cannot detect any new usb.Try this:
Excellent. But there's no more Siemens product around Aizawl, Mizoram. I have searched all the stores looking for Siemens Mobile but I not found. It's Operating System is best. It's just like a computer.
where can i find siemes c75 usb driver because my computer cannot detect any new usb.
I have a siemens but I cannot find driver though that the hand book introduce www.siemens.com/c75; lead to benQ and lead to no dirver. Please mail me firstname.lastname@example.com if you have. Many Thank
I use this mobile phote for over 2 years...soon will be 3 years... it's very good! yes...it has some bugs... but everything is ok... the worst thing of this mobile phone is... maybe...it's joystick... that's all....
karen, 24 Jun 2008i had this phone it is cheap and has a good camera but it only lasts for 1 1/2 yr to me. gooooooooooooooooooooooooooood
I've used it for 2,5 years. It' ain't a good phone, most annoying thing is the fact that small plastic pieces that hold battery in place aren't strong enough. If I put it into my jeans pocket it turns itself off at least once a day because battery is so loose. Sometimes it turns itself off even when it's left on table. So it's a better phone for woman who can put it in their bag.
This problem is connected with problem that back panel of the phone isn't wery well attached, I discovered it after my buy.
It's impossible to make calls at lower signal areas (my previous Nokia 3330 never had that problem).
Only good thing is battery, after 2,5 years i'm still usin originial battery and it still lasts 6 days.


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|74 m²
|Tipo de imóvel
|Estadia Mínima
|7 noites
Uma casa com vista para lado encantador oceano oriental do porto tem uma vista deslumbrante de água e uma estrada shore 40 pés a partir da entrada de automóveis, oferecendo acesso fácil para kayakers e beachcombers. Localizado em uma tranquila aldeia de pescadores, controle remoto, a casa é apenas uma hora e 15 minutos nordeste de Bar Harbor e Acadia National Park e 45 minutos a sudoeste de Machias. A casa tem uma vista maravilhosa sobre o porto das janelas panorâmicas na sala. Ele também tem jardins maravilhosos, abastecido com margaridas shasta, rosa Campions e amores-perfeitos (só para citar alguns). Há mobiliário de jardim no gramado, com vista para os canteiros de flores e do oceano. Desfrutar de legumes frescos da nossa horta orgânica. Equipado com todas as conveniências modernas (óleo de aquecimento central, máquina de lavar, secadora, televisão, microondas, cafeteira e liquidificador) a casa é muito confortável. Tem um botão do fogão da pelota para as noites acolhedor. Ele dorme 2-5 embora fosse mais confortável para grupos menores
Arranjos de dormir: Há um andar de cima quarto com duas camas individuais que estão juntas para um maior aconchego, há um built-in cama no quarto do andar de baixo do farol, bem como sofá-cama na sala de estar. . Animais de pequeno porte pode ser permitida - por favor, pedir aos proprietários.
The cottage is absolutely beautiful and the view amazing. It was the little things that made our stay pleasurable--sunsets and sunrises, the sea air, and the vegetable garden.
This cozy, comfortable seaside cottage is a fabulous getaway location for two. It is well equipped, spotlessly clean, and delightfully decorated. Overall the cottage has a modestly rustic character which only enhances the enjoyment of this Down East experience. My wife and I spent the month of June and found the home and surrounding area to be a pure delight. The views across the water are fabulous, the daily changes in the tide are a joy to experience, and the stars at night are unbelievable. All of this is wonderfully matched by Brenda and Alan's lovely hospitality. Highly recommended. Stay here if you have the chance!
The cottage was immaculate, nicely appointed and well equipped. There were just the two of us and it was perfect for our needs. Due to the low, slanted ceilings in the upstairs bedroom, it's a little tricky (easy to hit your head) when you start down the stairs but one of us managed not to bump their head. The view out the living/dining room windows is beautiful--bald eagle(s) sitting at the tops of spruce trees just about every morning and sometimes later in the day too, great blue heron wading in the shallows at low tide, gorgeous sunsets. The view was too good to pass up by going out to dinner so we cooked and ate in so we wouldn't miss a single sunset. The garden was still producing some great veggies and pretty flowers the first week of October--an extra bonus! We loved the fact that we could walk out the front door and quickly access some beautiful walks through moss-covered forest out to both sandy and pebbly beaches with views to the east. The walks to Burnie's Beach on Cape Split and the Woodward Preserve on Ripley Neck are wonderful too. One reason we picked this cottage is that it's not too far from Great Wass Island off Jonesport or from Petit Manan Wildlife Refuge in Steuben but we were so pleased with the Ingersoll Preserve and the other places suggested by Brenda and Alan that we almost didn't have time to get to Great Wass or Petit Manan. Pigeon Hill on the road out to Petit Manan is a short hike but what a view of Cadillac Mountain and the whole area from Jonesport to Acadia Nat'l. Park! Enjoyed watching the sheep graze at the property down the road and watching the crows come around cawing every morning, sitting on the various posts in the neighborhood, preening. Tall aspens on either side of the west-facing windows attracted a variety of song birds (we're birders). It's a very relaxing place, not much traffic (at least not in early October) other than the lobstermen arriving in the morning to go out and check their pots. We would definitely return.
The Jepsons have a special little place and we were so lucky they shared it with us! The views are magnificent! The house itself is literally equipped with anything and everything you could possibly need. Not only do they have a beautiful flower and vegetable garden, but the neighbor even stopped by with some goodies from his garden. Down the road (within walking distance) there is fresh lobster, you can watch them bring them in! It is hard to not want to utilize this special feature daily! It turned out we didn't have cell service when we got there (we have sprint), but the wifi in the cottage works really well. The views from the cottage are spectacular, it was neat to watch the tide go in and out and catch the locals out clamming in the mud during low tide. Stop at the grocery store on your way in and you will have no reason to leave for the week (except to hop down the road for some seafood). It is quaint, private, clean and well equipped! We didn't eat out while we were there, we came to Addison to relax and be stationary for a week! We did however, check out some local beaches, but really there is no need to do that! There is beach access right next to the house, with views of the lobster trap! We had a splendid time and hope to go back one day. It really is a little hidden gem, I am so glad We stumbled upon it!
We loved our visit. The locations is great, the cottage is perfect, and the lobsters are delicious. The hiking around the area is great, and there are many interesting places near by, including Acadia National Park and many others. The scenery in the area is beautiful, and even the view from the house is great. We didn't need to rush anywhere, and had a great time even just sitting in the big room in the back. All in all, we had an amazing time.
This pristine cottage was the ideal place to relax and enjoy the view- sitting outside with our pups each day, walks close to the cottage (with the maps provided) and reading several good books! Quiet and peaceful area, with very friendly neighbors. Somewhat of an "out of the way" location, yet a close drive to the market and restaurants. We particularly enjoyed dinner at 44 Degrees North and The Navigator and the blueberry pancakes at the Millbridge House Restaurant are not to be missed!
If you are looking for a low key, relaxing vacation in a stunning oceanfront location; you have found it in South Addison at this little gem.
Há muitos belos passeios bem perto da casa com vista para Eastern Harbor. Há também uma linda praia de areia perto por. Divertimentos locais incluem: uma viagem ao cais para comprar lagosta, a pesca ao largo do cais, Great Auk Beach, o Landing Cidade e Praia da Cidade Público. É um local excelente para a canoagem e canoagem com a estrada da costa adjacente à propriedade. É também um excelente local para andar de bicicleta com muito pouco tráfego. Outras excursões nas proximidades incluem uma viagem para Puffin Machias Seal Island (retirado Jonesport), Columbia loja Pottery Falls, Restaurante Barney Tall, Bartlett Estate Winery (para degustações de vinho), Bluff Roque State Park, ponto Schoodic eo Ruggles House.
Outras Atividades: canoagem, caiaque, sair em um barco de lagosta, viagem do-mar, restaurantes de marisco
|Validade da Tarifa
|por noite
|Noite (fim de semana)
|por semana
|por mês
|Pacote ou Evento
Early Summer
mai 1 2017 - jun 30 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
Summer High Season
jul 1 2017 - set 15 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
set 16 2017 - out 31 2017
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
Tarifa Básica
Estadia mínima: 7 noite(s)
|R$ 159,49 + Imposto
|Taxa de animais de estimação
|R$ 79,75 + Imposto
We have a comprehensive, up-to-date hospitality manager making it very easy to plan your vacation in detail before you even arrive Downeast.
For stays of less than seven days, please contact us at 1-207-896-3416 or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com Thanks.


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Hitman Reviews
Based on the video game franchise of the same title, Hitman exploits every action-flick cliche imaginable and still manages to be dull.
This film is like watching the actual game played by someone with slow reactions. That's not much of a spectator sport.
There have been plenty of movies adapted from video games before, but Hitman may be the first one that actually feels like a computer wrote and directed it.
The only thing Hitman succeeds in doing is confirming what common sense could tell you without spending millions of dollars on a special-effects-filled movie: A series of novels is much richer source material than a series of video games.
Hitman stands right on the threshold between video games and art. On the wrong side of the threshold, but still, give it credit.
Here's all you really need to know before the opening credits roll in Hitman: There's going to be a lot of bloodshed.
In the finest tradition of adolescent identification figures, he's not only ruthless, dispatching numerous baddies with hair-trigger shots to the head, but profoundly desexualized.
A Eurotrashy vidgame knockoff that misses its target by a mile. Numbingly unthrilling as it lurches from one violent encounter to another, the pic's dark roots in an electronic, non-dramatic medium are plain to see.
If someone ran this guy through a scanner, the readout would say: "Mark down and stock in straight-to-video aisle."
The plot of Hitman is difficult to follow and in any case secondary to the sheer spectacle of murder and mayhem.
The formula is not that far removed from James Bond except there's a hole at its center. Agent 47, played by a virtually expressionless Timothy Olyphant, is a soulless, emotionally dead protagonist.
Olyphant faz o possivel com um personagem unidimensional por natureza, mas o roteiro absurdo e a direcao fragil de Gens, que parece acreditar que cortes rapidos substituem arcos narrativos, conferem ao filme um ar de producao feita para DVD.


text:
Product Highlights
This item is noncancelable and nonreturnable
The WCM5A VT Ceiling Bracket Ball Joint (White) is designed to hold and support the Videotec HPV42K1A000 camera. Using a ball joint, the ceiling bracket simplifies positioning of the camera. The IP66-rated weatherproof bracket withstands extreme weather and is ideal for exposed environments including ships and offshore applications.
|IP Rating
|Ambient Temperature Range
|-4 to 104° F (-20 to 40 °C)
|Packaging Info
|Package Weight
|3.85 lb
|Box Dimensions (LxWxH)
|14.3 x 14.2 x 4.2"


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When I started my journey to get healthier, I started being more active, I have been walking and doing some other things such as exercise videos and monthly challenges as well as the #2weekchallenges with @mrbookieboo
I feel that it is time to start running so I am putting in here so it is out for the universe to know
My plan is
- Keep drinking plenty of water, so I can be hydrated
- Stretch and warm up
- Walk/run: I am going to be using the C25K application
- I got my good pair of running shoes
- I got my good pair of running socks
So tell me are you a runner? What advice do you have for me? What other things should I be using?
Wish me luck and follow me on instagram. I am going to be updating my progress there.