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This study evaluated how children who exhibited functionally equivalent problem and appropriate behavior allocate responding to experimentally arranged reinforcer rates. Relative reinforcer rates were arranged on concurrent variable-interval schedules and effects on relative response rates were interpreted using the generalized matching equation. Results showed that relative rates of responding approximated relative rates of reinforcement. Finally, interventions for problem behavior were evaluated and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior and extinction procedures were implemented to increase appropriate behavior and decrease problem behavior. Practical considerations for the application of the generalized matching equation specific to severe problem behavior are discussed, including difficulties associated with defining a reinforced response, and obtaining steady state responding in clinical settings.
The generalized matching equation (GME) has provided robust and precise accounts of response allocation, or choice (Catania, 2007), between two or more concurrently available schedules of reinforcement (Baum, 1974; 1979; Dallery, Soto, & McDowell, 2005; McDowell, 2005). The logarithmic version of the GME is:
where B1 and B2 refer to the frequency of responding on the alternatives, and R1 and R2 represent the relative rates of obtained reinforcement from each alternative. The y intercept (b), represents a bias for one alternative independent of relative rates of reinforcement. The slope (a) of the function reflects sensitivity to relative reinforcement rates. The GME has been evaluated in numerous studies using nonhumans (e.g., Baum, 1974; Belke & Belliveau, 2001; Crowley & Donahoe, 2004; Herrnstein & Loveland, 1975). For example, Baum (1974) analyzed a number of data sets using the GME to describe pigeons' responding on concurrent VI VI schedules. Response allocation was explained by the equation, but Baum noted that the potential for bias and undermatching must be considered (see Baum, 1974, for a detailed description). In addition to explaining responding with pigeons, the GME has been used to evaluate the response allocation of other non-humans. Baum (1979) reviewed 103 data sets from studies designed to evaluate choice and reanalyzed the data using the GME. He reported that for nearly all, response allocation could be described by the GME. Data sets from Baum (1975), in which humans were asked to engage in an arbitrary response (i.e., key press) to access reinforcers, were also reviewed. In this review of data sets, the response allocation of rats and humans was evaluated in addition to the response allocation of pigeons on concurrent schedules, further demonstrating the generality of the GME.
The GME has also been evaluated in a number of studies to assess human behavior (e.g., J. C. Borrero et al., 2007; Conger & Killeen, 1974; Horne & Lowe, 1993; Rasmussen & Newland, 2008) involving both experimental and descriptive analyses of responding for both arbitrary and socially significant responses. Conger and Killeen (1974) extended the generality of the GME by applying the equation to human behavior in a more natural context where the conversation of individuals in a discussion group was evaluated. In order to do this, they formed a discussion group with a number of confederates, who provided verbal approval following participant statements according to concurrent VI VI schedules. Results showed that the amount of time the participant allocated towards talking to an experimenter was proportionally related to the amount of approval provided by that experimenter. This investigation provided the first demonstration that the GME could be applied to assess response allocation with humans and socially significant behavior.
Applications of the GME were then extended to academic human behavior (Mace, Neef, Shade, & Mauro, 1994; Neef & Lutz, 2001; Neef, Mace & Shade, 1993; Neef, Shade & Miller, 1994). Neef, Mace, Shea, and Shade (1992) assessed human performance of students with emotional and learning disorders under concurrent reinforcement schedules when reinforcer quality was or was not held constant, by having participants select arithmetic problems from identical stacks of problems. Correct responses resulted in nickels or tokens, delivered according to the VI schedule of reinforcement in place for that alternative. Neef et al. (1992) then evaluated two additional conditions: (a) equal-quality reinforcers, during which identical reinforcers (i.e., either nickels or tokens) were delivered according to concurrent VI schedules, and (b) unequal-quality reinforcers, during which high-quality reinforcers were delivered on the leaner schedule of reinforcement while low-quality reinforcers were delivered on the richer schedule of reinforcement. Matching was obtained during the equal-quality reinforcers condition; however, matching was not obtained during the unequal-quality reinforcers condition, and the time allocated to one alternative was greater than the obtained reinforcement from that alternative. Using the same general procedures just described, Neef and colleagues (Mace et al., 1994; Neef et al., 1993; Neef et al., 1994) extended their previous work and evaluated additional reinforcement parameters including reinforcer delay. These studies highlight some potentially important considerations, including the use of additional procedural manipulations (e.g., timer to signal reinforcement intervals) to improve discrimination between concurrent VI VI schedules, and biased responding, which may occur if choice involves asymmetrical alternatives.
Descriptive studies that have assessed the matching law generally have focused on severe problem behavior such as self-injurious behavior (SIB), aggression, and property destruction (Borrero & Vollmer, 2002; Hoch & Symons, 2007; Martens & Houk, 1989; McDowell, 1982; Oliver, Hall, & Nixon, 1999; St. Peter et al., 2005; Symons, Hoch, Dahl, & McComas, 2003). For example, Borrero and Vollmer conducted descriptive analyses for 4 individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities who engaged in severe problem behavior as well as appropriate behavior (e.g., vocal requests). After identifying reinforcers for problem behavior via functional analyses (Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, & Richman, 1982/1994), Borrero and Vollmer evaluated the descriptive data using the simple matching equation (Herrnstein, 1961) and the GME, and demonstrated that the relative rate of problem behavior approximately matched the relative rate of reinforcement for problem behavior, when aggregated data were subjected to matching analyses.
Although applications of the GME have demonstrated its generality across species and responses, response allocation between problem and appropriate human behavior has not been assessed under experimentally arranged contingencies. While it is often assumed that individuals with developmental disabilities allocate their responding in direct proportion to relative rates of reinforcement, we are unaware of any studies that have involved experimental evaluations of the matching law when problem behavior and functionally equivalent appropriate behavior are conceptualized as concurrent response alternatives. Specifically, the generality of the matching law has not been extended to the application of differential reinforcement procedures to reduce severe problem behavior. The GME may be ideal for this purpose. The effectiveness of differential reinforcement procedures to effectively reduce severe problem behavior has been demonstrated in a multitude of settings and arrangements (see Petscher, Rey & Bailey, in press; Vollmer & Iwata, 1992, for a review).
The inclusion of differential reinforcement components may be conceptualized as a concurrent schedule with one set of contingencies for one response and another set of contingencies for a second response. Although typical treatment arrangements place problem behavior on extinction it is possible that (a) it may not be feasible to incorporate extinction into a treatment package, such as with severe self-injurious behavior (SIB) (e.g., Hoch, McComas, Thompson, & Paone, 2002), or automatically reinforced behavior (e.g. Worsdell, Iwata, Hanley, Thompson, & Kahng, 2000) or (b) implementation of the procedures may not be conducted with high integrity by caregivers (i.e., problem behavior is sometimes reinforced and appropriate behavior is sometimes not reinforced). In these cases, reinforcement is provided following both problem behavior and appropriate behavior on competing schedules (i.e., a concurrent schedule arrangement), preferably with the denser schedule in place for appropriate behavior. Failure to implement treatment contingencies correctly in the natural environment will likely result in a concurrent schedule arrangement similar to choice arrangements evaluated in laboratory settings (e.g., Johnson, McComas, Thompson, & Symons, 2004; St. Peter Pipkin, Vollmer, & Sloman, 2009; Wilder, Atwell & Wine, 2006). Given that many interventions for severe problem behavior involving extinction are implemented without perfect integrity, concurrent schedules may serve as an effective method to study the response suppressive effects of interventions that do not involve extinction.
Although previous experimental applications of the matching law have included the use of additional procedures [e.g., schedule-correlated stimuli, change-over delay (COD)] to make discrimination between schedules more likely, such procedures are not often incorporated into typical differential reinforcement procedures and may make conclusions regarding response allocation more difficult. It is unclear if stimulus control (i.e., related to signals) or schedule control is responsible for responding. When evaluating socially significant human behavior, conditions are often designed to be as similar as possible to those in the natural environment, and additional procedural variations may deviate further from naturally occurring concurrent schedules.
Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to experimentally evaluate problem behavior and appropriate behavior exposed to concurrent schedules of reinforcement in order to further assess the generality of the GME (Baum, 1974), in the absence of additional schedule-correlated stimuli, and to implement interventions to decrease problem behavior, further demonstrating behavioral sensitivity to concurrent reinforcement schedules.
Three individuals diagnosed with developmental disabilities who engaged in severe problem behavior participated. Greg was an 8-year-old boy diagnosed with mild mental retardation and autism who engaged in screaming and disruption. Alice was a 13-year-old girl who was diagnosed with childhood disintegrative disorder who engaged in disruption and aggression. Amy was a 14-year-old female diagnosed with mental retardation who engaged in SIB.
For Greg and Alice, all sessions were conducted on an inpatient hospital unit for the assessment and treatment of problem behavior located at a university hospital, in a room with a table and chairs. Amy's sessions were conducted at a local school, and sessions were conducted in an available classroom, furnished with desks and chairs.
All sessions were conducted by trained graduate students serving as experimenters. Observers were graduate and undergraduate students who received in-vivo training in behavioral observation and had previously demonstrated high interobserver agreement (IOA) scores (> 90%) with trained observers. Observers were seated behind a one-way mirror or sat unobtrusively at a table in the room or classroom and collected data on handheld computers that provided real-time data and scored events as either frequency or duration. Sessions were conducted two to three times each day, 4 days per week, and were 10 min in duration.
We collected data on child behavior, including screaming, disruptive behavior, aggression, and SIB. Screaming was defined as vocalizations at a volume louder than conversation level, disruptive behavior was defined as throwing, hitting, or kicking objects inconsistent with engagement with items, and aggression was defined as hitting or kicking others. Self-injury (Amy only) was defined as hitting the chin, nose, and face with a closed fist, as well as self-choking (i.e., pushing her fingertips into her throat). Appropriate behavior was selected on an individual basis. For Greg, appropriate behavior included vocal requests for preferred tangible items (e.g., "Toys"), and compliance with instructional demands without physical guidance (e.g., hygiene tasks). For Alice, appropriate behavior was defined as requests for a break from instructional demands through the use of a microswitch which played "break, please" when pressed. Finally, for Amy, appropriate behavior was defined as gestural requests for preferred tangible items; specifically reaching for the preferred item. Amy was required to reach her hand past a line marked on a table to access the item, to a distance of approximately 43 cm.
Data were also collected on therapist behavior including the delivery of tangible items, which was defined as the therapist providing access to the preferred tangible item for at least 1 s within close physical proximity (within 3 cm) of the child. Escape from instructional demands was defined as the therapist removing all task materials away from the participant and termination of any verbal instructions for at least 1 s. No additional measures of therapist integrity were included in these analyses, however, daily anecdotal reports indicated that therapists delivered reinforcement according to the schedule in place.
Functional analyses using procedures similar to those described by Iwata et al. (1982/1994) were conducted for each participant to identify reinforcers for problem behavior. Results showed that Greg engaged in screaming reinforced by access to tangibles, and disruption reinforced by escape from demands. Alice engaged in problem behavior reinforced by adult attention, and escape from demands, and Amy engaged in problem behavior reinforced by access to tangibles and escape from demands. Functional analysis results have been published previously for Greg and Alice (Samaha et al., 2009), and Amy (Samaha et al.; St. Peter et al., 2005). Additional details about functional analysis procedures are available from the corresponding author.
Two independent observers collected data on each participant's problem and appropriate behavior to assess IOA. Observations were divided into 10-s bins, and the number of observed responses was scored for each bin. The smaller number of observed responses (or s for duration measures) within each bin was divided by the larger number of observed responses (or s) and converted to agreement percentages (Iwata, Pace, Kalsher, Cowdery & Cataldo, 1990). Agreement on the nonoccurrence of behavior within any given bin was scored as 100% agreement. The bins were then averaged across the session. Although interobserver agreement on occurrence of behavior would have been more conservative and therefore preferred, computer software errors prevented that calculation (data summaries were maintained but interval-by- interval comparisons became unavailable following a time period after the initial calculations were made). For Greg, IOA was scored for 47% of assessment sessions during the tangible condition, and averaged 100% for disruption, 95% for screaming (range, 80% to 100%), 94.4% for appropriate requests (range, 80.8% to 100%), and 91.7% for access to tangible items (range, 84.1% to 100%). IOA was scored for 44% of assessment sessions during the escape condition, and averaged 89.6% for disruption (range, 87.5% to 100%), 94.3% for compliance with instructional demands (range, 85.8% to 100%), and 88.7% for escape from instructions (range, 84.7% to 100%).
For Alice, IOA was scored for 32% of assessment sessions, and averaged 98.5% for aggression (range, 94% to 100%), 93.2% for disruption (range, 82% to 100%), and 100% for a request for a break from instructional demands. IOA averaged 88% for escape from instructions (range, 64% to 96%). For Amy, IOA was scored for 36% of assessment sessions, and averaged 95.2% for SIB (range, 80% to 100%), and 95% for reaching for tangible items (range, 80% to 100%), and 83% for access to tangible items (range, 15% to 97%).
All participants were exposed to an initial baseline condition and four conditions using a reversal design in order to assess response allocation for both problem behavior and appropriate behavior on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. The order of the conditions varied slightly for each participant, and was assigned randomly. Reinforcers were delivered for problem behavior and appropriate behavior according to the condition. For Greg and Amy no additional training was necessary to teach the appropriate response. For Alice, training sessions were conducted prior to the analysis consisting of prompting Alice to press the microswitch using a three-prompt instructional sequence (Iwata et al. 1982/1994). Prior to the first session of each day, the therapist provided a trial for both problem behavior and appropriate behavior, which resulted in access to the reinforcer for 30 s. All participants could engage in both problem and appropriate behavior at any time during the sessions.
The baseline condition was identical to the condition(s) associated with problem behavior during the functional analysis and included the tangible and escape conditions for Greg, the escape condition for Alice, and the tangible condition for Amy. During baseline, the first instance of problem behavior following the removal of reinforcement resulted in delivery of the reinforcer (i.e., access to tangible items for Greg and Amy, or escape from instructions for Greg and Alice). No programmed consequences were in place for appropriate behavior. Given that we began Greg's analyses with the tangible condition, we did not conduct an additional baseline in the escape condition, and began the analysis of his escape function with the matching analysis, as described below.
Unsignaled concurrent VI VI schedules of reinforcement were in place for both problem and appropriate behavior. The intervals were timed using a computer program that signaled to observers when each schedule had elapsed. The interval values were chosen from a triangular distribution with a range of +5 to −5 (i.e., 5 s above and below the average for the VI schedule). When a reinforcer was available for a response an observer signaled the therapist by holding up a blue or yellow card to signal available reinforcement for a given response. The card display was kept outside of the participants' line of vision. The first instance of behavior following availability of a reinforcer resulted in delivery of the reinforcer for 30 s. The timer was stopped during the reinforcement period. After 30 s of reinforcer access, the reinforcer was removed and the timer was reset for that response. Participants were exposed to a subset of conditions, including the problem behavior (rich), equal concurrent schedules, and appropriate behavior (rich). A COD was implemented (Greg only) after it was observed that problem and appropriate behavior occurred closely together (within 1 s) and seemed to be forming a chained response. The COD was initially implemented at 2 s, and was increased to 5 s, when the responses continued to occur as a chain with the 2-s COD. This concern was not observed with Alice or Amy and therefore no COD was necessary to separate their responses.
The problem behavior (rich) condition involved concurrent VI VI schedules, in which the higher rate of reinforcement was associated with problem behavior while the lower rate of reinforcement was associated with appropriate behavior. The equal concurrent schedules condition included concurrent VI VI schedules during which the schedules were equal for problem and appropriate behavior. The appropriate behavior (rich) condition included concurrent VI VI schedules in which the higher reinforcer rate was associated with appropriate behavior while the lower reinforcer rate was associated with problem behavior. Finally, the full treatment condition was designed to eliminate problem behavior, and during this condition, DRA was implemented. During DRA, problem behavior was placed on extinction and, initially, each instance of appropriate behavior resulted in reinforcer delivery (i.e., continuous reinforcement [CRF]).
A reversal design was used for all participants, and the sequence of conditions for each participant is described in Table 1. All participants were exposed to the baseline, appropriate behavior (rich), and full treatment conditions. For Greg, the assessment included the problem behavior (rich) condition for the tangible and escape functions for problem behavior; and for Alice and Amy, the assessments included the equal concurrent schedules condition.
Results were evaluated using the GME (Baum, 1974) using least squares regression for the problem behavior (rich), equal concurrent schedules, and appropriate behavior (rich) conditions only (i.e., values from the baseline and full treatment conditions were not included in these analyses). In order to do so, rates of reinforcement for both problem (R1) and appropriate behavior (R2) were calculated for the last five sessions of each condition and applied to the GME to determine if the relative rates of responding for problem (B1) and appropriate behavior (B2) "matched" the relative rates of reinforcement.
Reinforced responses were defined as those responses for which a reinforcer was delivered according to the programmed reinforcement schedule. In other words, if problem behavior was followed by an instance of appropriate behavior in 2 s, and the VI schedule for problem behavior timed out first, problem behavior was considered the reinforced response.
The rate of responding and reinforcement were calculated for both problem and appropriate behavior. The rate of responding was calculated by taking the number of responses during a session and dividing by the duration (min) of the session. The rate of reinforcement was calculated by taking the number of reinforced responses and dividing by the duration (min) of the session. The values obtained were then incorporated into the GME.
Figures 1 and and22 show the response rates of problem and appropriate behavior expressed as responses per min for all phases. A summary of means for all participants by condition is shown in Table 2. The top panel of Figure 1 shows the results of the analysis for Greg, for behavior maintained by tangible reinforcement (screaming). Greg engaged in higher rates of problem behavior than appropriate behavior during the problem-behavior (rich) conditions. During the initial appropriate-behavior (rich) condition Greg engaged in nearly identical rates of problem behavior and appropriate behavior. However, during the replication of this phase, Greg engaged in lower rates of problem behavior than appropriate behavior. During the second behavior (rich) condition, it was observed that Greg's screaming occurred contiguous with appropriate requests for tangible items, and a 2-s COD was introduced. Greg engaged in both problem behavior and appropriate behavior in the full treatment condition although by the end of both treatment conditions, he engaged in less problem behavior than appropriate behavior. In addition, because problem and appropriate behavior continued to occur contiguously, the COD was increased to 5 s.
The lower panel of Figure 1 displays the results of the analysis for Greg for problem behavior that was negatively reinforced by escape (disruptive behavior). Generally, Greg engaged in higher levels of problem behavior than appropriate behavior during the problem-behavior (rich) condition, and less problem behavior than appropriate behavior during the initial appropriate- behavior (rich) condition. During the replication of the appropriate-behavior (rich) condition, problem behavior appeared to be decreasing in rate, and at that time, Greg left the hospital for approximately 2 weeks (depicted on Figure 1 by the dashed vertical line). Following his return to the inpatient unit, levels of problem behavior decreased over time while levels of appropriate behavior remained stable. Disruptive behavior decreased to near zero levels and appropriate behavior occurred at stable levels during the treatment conditions as compared to the baseline conditions.
The top panel of Figure 2 shows the results of the analysis for Alice. Alice engaged in high rates of problem behavior and no appropriate behavior during the initial baseline. During the initial equal concurrent-schedules condition, problem behavior occurred at a lower rate relative to appropriate behavior. For all subsequent conditions of the matching analysis [i.e., appropriate behavior (rich) and equal concurrent schedules], Alice engaged in higher levels of problem behavior relative to appropriate behavior. A treatment phase was conducted during which problem behavior occurred at relatively low rates and appropriate behavior occurred at relatively high rates. Alice's assessment was brief and additional replications were not conducted, due to her short stay in the hospital.
The bottom panel of Figure 2 shows the results of the analysis for Amy. Amy engaged in relatively high rates of SIB and low levels of appropriate behavior during both the initial baseline phase and the replication, although when the full treatment was introduced and replicated, problem behavior decreased and appropriate behavior increased. When the equal concurrent-schedules condition was implemented and replicated, Amy engaged in similar levels of problem behavior and appropriate behavior. In addition, when the appropriate behavior (rich) condition was implemented and replicated, she engaged in lower levels of problem behavior relative to appropriate behavior, although this effect was observed only towards the end of the final phase. As noted previously, due to the severity of Amy's SIB, full treatment was implemented immediately following baseline. Full treatment procedures for Amy continued to be implemented outside the context of this research.
Figures 3 and and44 depict scatter plots with log response ratios plotted as a function of log reinforcer ratios. The linear equation depicts a (i.e., the slope of the function) and b (i.e., the y intercept). The coefficients of determination (r2) are presented for all scatter plots. The dashed diagonal line represents perfect matching. The solid line is the best fit line. The left panels show the results for the last five sessions of each condition (i.e., each data point represents one session) and the right panels show the means for each condition (i.e., each data point represents the last five sessions of each condition, or if less than five sessions were conducted in a condition, all sessions were included).
Figure 3 (top panels) shows the results for Greg during the tangible sessions. Due to a computer virus that erased data on reinforcer presentations for a small number of sessions, calculations could not be conducted for the last five sessions of each condition of Greg's analyses (i.e., tangible and escape). However, the majority of sessions were available. Generally, for this analysis, the proportional rates of problem behavior were correlated with the proportional reinforcement rates for problem behavior and the best fit line indicated close adherence to the matching equation. The results also indicated a bias towards appropriate behavior.
Figure 3 (bottom panels) shows the results for Greg during the escape sessions. The proportional rates of problem behavior were correlated with the proportional reinforcement rates for problem behavior; however, the best fit lines did not indicate matching. Bias for problem behavior was also observed.
Figure 4 (top panel) shows the results for Alice during the escape sessions. The proportional rates of problem behavior were correlated with the proportional reinforcement rates for problem behavior; however, the best fit lines did not approximate perfect matching. Bias for problem behavior was also observed.
Figure 4 (bottom panel) shows the results for Amy during the tangible sessions. The proportional rates of problem behavior were positively correlated with the proportional reinforcement rates for problem behavior; however, the best fit line indicated matching for the means of each condition only. Minimal bias was also observed towards appropriate behavior.
In summary, analysis of the data using the GME indicated that for all participants, relative rates of problem behavior were positively correlated with the relative rate of reinforcement for problem behavior. Bias was observed for all participants, and was observed for problem behavior in two cases (Greg and Alice) and for appropriate behavior in two cases (Greg and Amy). In addition, interventions were implemented and successfully decreased levels of problem behavior to clinically acceptable levels. Results suggest that the matching law can provide an accurate description of response allocation between appropriate and problem behavior exhibited by individuals with developmental disabilities. Although matching is a steady state phenomenon and all participants were exposed to the various conditions only briefly, in most cases the matching analysis accounted for a substantial proportion of variance in response rates.
We reinforced problem behavior and appropriate behavior on concurrent schedules of reinforcement and analyzed the results using the GME. For all evaluations, the relative rate of responding was influenced by the relative rate of reinforcement. Bias was observed for all participants, with two analyses indicating a bias towards problem behavior (Greg [escape] and Alice) and two indicating a bias towards appropriate behavior (Greg [tangible] and Amy). Finally, DRA and extinction were successful in reducing problem behavior and increasing appropriate behavior to clinically significant levels.
One notable difficulty in such analyses involves defining a "reinforced response." It is not always clear how responses are reinforced, even with a schedule of reinforcement in place. In concurrent schedule arrangements, the response for which a reinforcer is delivered is controlled by the experimenters. However, it is not clear whether, or to what extent, that reinforcer influences other responses. While not presented here, different results would have been obtained by changing the definition of a reinforced response. Future researchers should evaluate sequential relations between a response and a known reinforcer (i.e., the last response prior to reinforcer delivery counts as "reinforced") or temporal relations between a response and a known reinforcer (i.e., all responses occurring within a set period of time prior to reinforcer delivery count as "reinforced").
In addition to reducing problem behavior, one of the goals of this investigation was to further demonstrate the generality of the GME (Baum, 1974). Although a lengthy analysis of concurrent schedules of reinforcement would not likely be necessary from a purely clinical standpoint, useful information can be gathered from such matching analyses. In addition to providing further support for the generality of the GME, in an experimental application with severe problem behavior, there are important applied considerations to this investigation. It is important to note that merely reinforcing appropriate behavior more than problem behavior did not decrease problem behavior to a clinically significant level. It is likely that during naturally occurring interactions between caregivers and children, concurrent schedules of reinforcement are in place. That is, sometimes a caregiver reinforces problem behavior (more than likely on a variable schedule), and sometimes reinforces appropriate behavior. As previous research on treatment integrity has suggested, this could affect the long term success of interventions to reduce problem behavior (Vollmer, Roane et al., 1999; Wilder et al., 2006; Worsdell et al., 2000).
The present experiment suggests several areas for future research in which similar analyses may be conducted using concurrent-schedule arrangements based on naturalistic observations. For example, descriptive analyses (Bijou, Peterson, & Ault, 1968) could be conducted with careproviders and the results could be analyzed using reinforcers identified in a functional analysis (Iwata et al. 1982/1994) with procedures similar to those described by Borrero and Vollmer (2002). For example, if descriptive analysis data showed that problem behavior was reinforced approximately every 20 s, and appropriate behavior was reinforced every 40 s, experimental analyses could be designed to represent naturally occurring reinforcement rates in an experimental context. Concurrent schedules of reinforcement could be based on the derived schedules of reinforcement observed during naturally occurring situations, and a subsequent matching analysis could be conducted. The extent to which relative response allocation is similar under both descriptive and experimental arrangements may provide greater support for the generality of the matching relation. It is often difficult and perhaps unrealistic to train parents to refrain from providing reinforcement following problem behavior. Matching analyses may suggest the lower limit of caregiver reinforcement that may be provided while maintaining clinically acceptable levels of appropriate behavior (Vollmer, Roane, Ringdahl, & Marcus, 1999).
An additional area of future research may include analyses of various parameters of reinforcement. Previous research (e.g., Borrero, Vollmer, Borrero, & Bourret, 2005; Mace et al., 1994; see Stromer, McComas, & Rehfeldt, 2000 for a comprehensive review) has suggested that duration of reinforcement (e.g., Fisher, Piazza, & Chiang, 1996) delay to reinforcement (e.g., Neef et al., 1994; Vollmer, Borrero, Lalli, & Daniel, 1999), quality of reinforcement (e.g., Francisco, Borrero, & Sy, 2008; Mace, Neef, Shade, & Mauro, 1996), response effort (e.g., Cuvo, Lerch, Leurquin, Gaffaney, & Poppen, 1998; Zhou, Goff, & Iwata, 2000) and magnitude of reinforcement (e.g., Lerman, Kelley, Vorndran, Kuhn, & LaRue, 2002; Volkert, Lerman, & Vorndran, 2005) are important variables for evaluating response allocation, in addition to relative rate of reinforcement. Similar investigations could be conducted with different parameters of reinforcement by holding constant rate of reinforcement. In addition, the implications for the treatment of severe problem behavior may be significant. Often, problem behavior is so severe (e.g., head-banging on hard surfaces) that it is not possible to withhold reinforcement (i.e., extinction). That is, especially in the case of behavior reinforced by attention, it is not possible to ignore the behavior and some attention (e.g., blocking the response) will likely be necessary to ensure the safety of the individuals in the situation. However, it may be possible to manipulate other reinforcement parameters such as duration or quality of reinforcement (Athens & Vollmer, in press).
One limitation of these experiments may be the small number of concurrent-schedule values. For Greg and Alice, we only manipulated two values for the concurrent schedules. For Amy, we manipulated three values; however, we did not conduct a thorough analysis of the third value (i.e., VI 60-s VI 20-s), nor did we conduct a reversal to that phase. Future research may also include parametric schedule-value evaluations. For example, the schedules could initially start with VI 20-s for problem behavior and VI 60-s for appropriate behavior, and then values in between (e.g., VI 25-s VI 55-s) until the schedules are reversed (i.e., VI 60-s VI 20-s). Such evaluations may be useful in quantifying reinforcer value by identifying indifference points (i.e., schedule values that produce comparable response allocation). Using the above example, it is possible that when the schedules are VI 35-s for problem behavior and VI 40-s for appropriate behavior, responding would be allocated similarly.
A second limitation of these experiments may be the brevity of the conditions. In a basic preparation, it is usually possible to conduct conditions until meeting a stability criterion. However, in applied settings it was not always possible to bring each condition to stability before exposing behavior to another condition. Therefore, the matching analyses conducted in these experiments may not be based on stable responding, and this could account for some of the variability observed. It is likely that the early sessions in each condition represent a transition state, during which the participant begins to discriminate between the concurrent schedules of reinforcement, and that stable responding occurs towards the end of each condition. While only the last five sessions of each condition were included in the matching analyses, comparisons of the session-by-session scatter plots and the mean scatter plots were also analyzed and suggested that closer approximations to matching were observed by calculating the mean of the last five sessions of each condition rather than calculating all sessions in each condition. This effect was observed for all participants. It is also possible that the history of reinforcement for problem behavior and appropriate behavior could have affected these results, or made problem behavior more likely. It is unknown whether the participants' histories of reinforcement favored problem or appropriate behavior.
A third potential limitation may be that the results were somewhat variable, and the rates of responding did not always correspond to the rates of reinforcement. Prior matching studies have programmed schedule-correlated stimuli (e.g., Neef et al., 1992) to make the conditions more discriminable. It is possible that better correspondence would have been obtained had we included schedule-correlated stimuli. While this was not an investigation of responding during naturally occurring situations, it is not likely that schedule-correlated stimuli are programmed in natural environments. Our goal was simply to assess behavior under these conditions without additional schedule-correlated stimuli and to observe how responding was allocated. Similar procedural limitations may be noted in the absence of a COD for Alice and Amy. Although the COD is a common manipulation in matching research (e.g., Herrnstein, 1961), a COD was implemented for Greg only to eliminate a chained response that was observed. It may be the case that a COD would not be programmed, or at least not implemented with high integrity, in natural environments. Again, given that the participants engaged in severe problem behavior, conditions were designed to be more similar to naturally occurring concurrent schedules. However, even though the conditions were designed in this manner, it is important to note that we observed undermatching in three of four data sets. As Baum (1974) pointed out, undermatching could be related to poor discrimination between the schedules. It is possible that by incorporating a COD or schedule-correlated stimuli the GME could have better described responding. Davison and Jenkins (1985) and Davison and Nevin (1999) offered an alternative to the GME that would take into account the discriminability of available reinforcers in concurrent schedule arrangements. This "detection-theory model" may provide an alternative explanation of these data and should be considered in future studies.
The present experiment focused on evaluating the rate of reinforcement and the effects on problem and appropriate behavior to determine if the GME provided descriptions of response allocation on concurrent schedules of reinforcement. This preliminary experimental investigation is the first such demonstration with 3 individuals with developmental disabilities who engaged in severe problem behavior. While the results were variable, generally they indicated that the GME described response allocation. The limitations associated with this investigation suggest numerous areas of future research related to problem behavior and the matching law that could provide further support for this relation, and address some of the difficulties noted above. From a research standpoint, this investigation contributes to the empirical work supporting the generality of the matching law, although from a clinical standpoint, the contributions may not be as clear. However, there are clinical benefits in assessing response allocation by determining how responses may be reinforced on concurrent reinforcement schedules, particularly because concurrent schedules are likely to be in place in natural environments. It may be particularly difficult to determine how responses are reinforced (temporally, sequentially, or scheduled) in the natural environment, which is an important consideration when training caregivers or generalizing treatments to other settings (e.g., home protocols, schools). It is possible that there may be some discrepancy between what we as researchers define as a reinforced response, and what actually functions as a reinforcer.
This research was based on a dissertation submitted by the first author to the University of Florida in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Ph.D. degree and was supported in part by Grant #HD38698 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. We thank Maureen Conroy, Brian Iwata, Wayne Fisher, Linda LeBlanc, and Christina McCrae for their assistance on an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank Timothy Hackenberg, Monica Francisco, and Claire St. Peter-Pipkin for their assistance with various aspects of this study.
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|WikiProject India / Goa / Karnataka / Kerala / Maharashtra / Geography
|(Rated Start-class, Mid-importance)
The Sahyadri Mountain range ("Western Ghats") forms the eastern boundary of the Konkan, and the Arabian Sea the western.
The southern boundary is the Gangavali river.
The "Mayura" river forms the northern boundary.
The Gangavali flows in the district of North Canara ("Uttara Kannada") in present-day "Karnataka State"; the cis-Gangavali portion (seen from Mumbai) of this district is the southern-most part of the Konkan. The towns of Gokarn, Honavar, Karwar and the cities of Hubli & Dharwar fall within the Konkan.
Where the exact boundary of the Konkan in the north is, I am not certain. However, it is certain that the Gramit or Gamit tribals of Maharashtra Konkan (districts of Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad or Alibag or Colaba, Mumbai Urban, Mumbai Suburban and Thane in "Maharashtra State") are the originally Konkani prolectariat of Maharashtra Konkan, who have been driven into forest lands and reduced to tribal and "low caste" status by Marathi and Gujarati colonists in the Konkan.
Gamit is the Prakritic form of the Sanskrit Gramit, which means a legal constitutent of a Grama or Village-Commune. By definition, a forest-dweller, Adivasi or "low-caste" person cannot be a Gramit. That the Gamits are today of a low status is proof that they have suffered social, political and economic degradation, as a result of dispossession or displacement.
It is also certain that the "Konknni", "Konkna", "Konknni", "Koknni" and "Kunkna" tribals native to the territories of Maharashtra Konkan, Dadra & Nagar-Haveli, Daman and Cis-Narmada Gujarat, are also descended from displaced Konkani prolectariat driven into forest lands and reduced in status by Marathi and Gujarati colonists.
The "Greater Konkan" of ancient Hindu records is the Konkan plus the further ethnic homelands of Haiva (trans-Gangavali part of "Uttara Kannada"), Tuluva (largely "Dakshina Kannada" or the Districts of Udipi and South Canara, and lastly the "Keralapatti", which is Kerala or Malabar.
I speculate that the northern-most boundary of the Konkan, the "Mayura" river, is probably the Narmada, but I have no definite evidence.
Three communities stand out as anomalies in the Konkan: The Bene Israelis, the Samvedis and the Navaiyats.
The Bene Israelites were originally Teli by caste, Vaishyas or Shudras specializing in the extraction of vegetable oil and its commerce. It is claimed that they are descended from Jewish refugees in the Konkan. However, their mother tongue is Marathi, not Konkani.
The Samvedi are descended from a Brahmin sub-caste that settled around Mumbai, or more exactly around the then entrepots of Thane, Kalyan and Sopara, for Mumbai did not exist then. They adopted Christianity as a result of missionaries sent by the Portuguese who had conquered the area from the Arab controlled Sultanate of Cambay in present-day Gujarat State. They have existed in the Konkan from atleast 500 B.C., so that they predated any Jewish refugees-settlers. Yet they have retained their dialect of Konkani as their mother tongue, unlike the other "Norteiro people" (natives of the former Portuguese "Court of the North", centered around Baçaim) who were forced to adopt Marathi by the Maratha conquerors under Baji Rao Peshwa, and who renamed themselves "East Indian" about the 1870s.
The third community is that of the Navaiyats or "Newcomers", Muslim Arab refugees from a civil war in Arabia, the Karmali rebellion, who also settled in the Konkan about 800-900 A.D., and whose mother-tongue is the Navaiyat dialect of Konkani.
The existence of the Samvedi and the Navaiyats militate against the claim of a Jewish ancestry of the Bene Israelites, for, if they were descended from Jewish refugees settled in the Konkan, their mother tongue would have been Konkani, nor Marathi. That their mother tongue is Marathi proves that they are immigrants from the Maharashtra Desh - the original Marathi homeland, into the Konkan.
WikiSceptic 07:18, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
Can History of Konkan be merged with this article?[edit]
Can History of Konkan be merged with this article? It's a very confusing article to me and requires someone who knows about the subject to evaluate this. The History of Konkan article has been in cleanup since January 20006. Mattisse(talk) 17:43, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
Konkani Wikipedia[edit]
Dear Konknni friends,
Konkani Wikipedia has been started and been in test stage since August 2006.
Kindly contribute towards the Konkani wikipedia. We intend to make it a multiscript
Wikipeida. At least tri-script with Roman ,Devanangiri and Kannada scripts since these are the most popular ones.
We would like to get more articles/templates in place. We also need volunteers to do the thankless and boring job of transliterating it to different scripts .
As of now only two members are making active contributions. The more the merrier. Your contribution is vital to its success.
The url is given below:
Dev boro dees deum! -Deepak D'Souza 06:40, 27 February 2007 (UTC)
Need redirection[edit]
Since there are at least 2 articles for Konkan on wikipedia, and there is a redirection from one article to another please consider moving this article to more appropriate title. Final redirection of Konkan will be to Konkan (disambiguation). The matter is reported to Wikipedia administrators. Onef9day (talk) 21:17, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
- Konkan is moved permanently to Konkan Coast. Konkan now redirects to Konkan (disambiguation) as per Wikipedia standards. Onef9day (talk) 21:51, 25 December 2009 (UTC)
Copyright problem removed[edit]
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://www.britannica.com/place/Konkan. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)
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- Start-Class India articles
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subset: commoncrawl


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Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
INTRODUCTION: Exertional hypoxemia in Post Lung Transplant patients has multiple etiologies. Pulmonary vasculature related anastamotic complications are uncommon causes. We present a case of anastamotic pulmonary artery stenosis presenting clinically as worsening exertional hypoxemia.
CASE PRESENTATION: 56 year old male with history of Dermatomyositis and Pulmonary fibrosis presented for lung transplant evaluation initially. He is an ex smoker with 30 pack year smoking history. Functional status on presentation was NYHA Class III requiring 2L oxygen with exercise.He underwent Left single lung transplant and Post Transplant course was complicated by Reperfusion injury requiring mechanical ventilation. He also developed atrial flutter, which was successfully cardioverted with Propafenone. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was normal. He developed DVT and Acetinobacter pneumonia during hospitalization. Patient responded to medical management and subsequently discharged home. Six-minute walk test prior to discharge showed significant desaturations with exercise and 4 liters oxygen prescribed. 3 months post transplant the patient continued to be on supplemental oxygen and Ventilation Perfusion scan (V/Q scan) showed mismatched perfusion defects in left apex. Clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism made and therapeutic anticoagulation was continued.5 months post transplant, FEV1 dropped. He underwent Bronchoscopy and anastamotic stenosis was noted.Ultraflex bronchial stent placed and on subsequent follow up improved FEV1 was noted.8 months post transplant worsening exercise-induced hypoxemia noted. Repeat V/Q scan showed a persistent Left apical perfusion defect with 39% perfusion to left lung. Echocardiogram (ECHO) performed and systolic pulmonary pressure (PAP) estimated at 48mmhg. Pre transplant ECHO estimated systolic PAP was 36 mm hg. Pulmonary arteriogram revealed band like stenosis in the left main pulmonary artery (PA). PA pressures proximal to the lesion were 45/16 with mean of 27 and post stenosis 15/10 with mean of 12 mm hg.12 × 20 wallstent placed and dilated to 12 mm. Post stent placement PA pressures were 25/10 and mean of 16.Subsequent 6 minute walk test showed no exercise induced desaturation and home oxygen was discontinued.
DISCUSSIONS: Dyspnea and hypoxemia in post transplant patients are usually related to rejection, infection and anatomical problems of airways. Pulmonary vasculature complications are uncommon. The time of presentation from transplant varies from immediate post op period to few years and clinical presentation varies accordingly. Refractory respiratory failure and Right heart failure in early post op period to worsening dyspnea in delayed presentations. In patients, presenting with gradual worsening of respiratory function as presented in this report, initial work up is targeted for detection of the usual culprits. He underwent Bronchoscopy, which revealed anastomotic stenosis and rectified with endobronchial stent. No rejection detected and infectious workup was negative. V/Q scan was suggestive of pulmonary embolism and therapeutic anticoagulation prescribed. The patient continued to be symptomatic which prompted work up to evaluate for pulmonary vasculature abnormalities. Of note the patient had improvement in perfusion to transplanted lung from 39% post op to 47% serially. ECHO revealed elevated Systolic PA pressure of 48 mm hg from 36mm hg pre-transplant. Clinical suspicion of pulmonary artery stenosis made and angiography performed. Stenosis of left main pulmonary artery detected and corrected with endovascular stent. The patient had immediate improvement in oxygenation status and was off supplemental oxygen. Unlike previously reported, exertional hypoxemia is the only sign of PA stenosis in the transplanted lung in this patient and complete reversal of hypoxemia after rectifying the defect noted.
CONCLUSION: Pulmonary artery stenosis is an unlikely differential for graft dysfunction in Lung transplant patients, but unique in being amenable to therapy with dramatic results.
DISCLOSURE: Soma Jyothula, No Financial Disclosure Information; No Product/Research Disclosure Information
Tuesday, October 28, 2008
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|2,500 sq. ft.
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 nights
Dreaming of a very relaxing vacation in a private, quiet place, with lots of activities nearby?
Our three-story Victorian farmhouse is the perfect place to spend time in the Hudson Highlands. Located in the Village of Cornwall on Hudson, near all the best that the Hudson Valley can offer, the house is part of a 46-acre retreat center.
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text:
DARKLIGHT - Part 2Mature
Prologue - The Village, part 2
The woman vanished into the street's clouds, almost as if she was evaporating. She knew deep down that the village was doomed, so she decided escape was her only option. Desperation made all of her other emotions blurry, and she lost sight of logic and calm almost immediately after leaving the house. She felt beneath her feet the hard cobbles, belonging to the market she normally bought food from. She felt a searing pain in her bare feet, as the fire's heat spread further, eating the entire area around her.
This was true despair. She knew she was going to die. It didn't matter what she did, where she went, how she got there. Worse than that, however, her boy was also going to die. A little boy, of only four years, would die. Her son, her only legacy. Everything she had ever achieved would vanish to ashes in the flames. Tears fell down her face, and they flowed like rivers. The flames reached out like demons, and the tears were incinerated. Nothing was going to be allowed to remain. She felt like her insides were being destroyed, her head felt like it was about to explode. The heat meant she could barely breathe, not that she would want to breathe anyway, as all she could take in was vile smoke. She bent on the hard, unforgiving floor, and began choking.
The streets were beginning to blaze now, as the fire grew in strength - it consumed everything that opposed it . The boy had woken from the trance-like state he was in. He felt more than mere anxiety now, discomfort had transformed into terror. He did not know the dangers of fire, but he could feel the peril he was in. His eyes still felt blurry from the smoke attempting to invade them, however he had a vague idea where he was. Smoke began rising through the narrow wooden door of his room. Despite being young, he had a special gift. He could learn very quickly. Some even believed he would grow up to be the best warrior the village had ever seen, in more ways than one. The flames reached an evil hand into the room, and tore at his wooden sword collection. So, taking the one thing he could reach, a necklace, he climbed back up onto the window.
The woman was still in the road. She had given up, despite her strong determination to carry on. She laid down, and prayed for the fire to swallow her up quickly. Through the black smoke, a pair of luminous green orbs got closer and closer. She gasped as they seemed to land beside her. The ground began to tremble.
The young boy felt the house shake. His breathing became shallow, and he was shaking from the panic. He took a deep breath and tried to hold back tears. His mother was going to survive, she could do anything, he knew that. He could see the road below the window glowed a faint orange, however he could make out a safe path among the stones. He saw the orange mass was still growing, and knew he had to be quicker than he ever had been before. He stood up, vision swaying, before he did the unthinkable. He jumped.


text:
Current versions:
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text:
GeForce GTX 295 single PCB review -
Meet the Point of View GeForce GTX 295 Single PCB
Point of View GeForce GTX 295 single PCB
Today's sample that we are testing comes from these wicked guys at Point of View. Point of View is established in the the very flat Netherlands, over the years they have grown in many ways and as such gained much popularity. They are known for their consistency, quality products, and the overclocked editions called EXO. They nearly always throw in a little extra inside that box like the hottest full game titles. If you look back say 3-4 years then there's nothing negative to report about this company and as you know, we work very closely with them. Good products, great after sales and excellent product bundling.
So the single PCB GeForce GTX 295 is one of the first samples they had in house, and well... we just had to nick it to be able to bring you guys a review. As such the artwork design might change a little bit as I think the fan will get another sticker or something, but really that's all. The product is reference clocked, which all cards actually will be. NVIDIA is limiting this SKU for all AIB/AIC partners, overclocked editions are, for whatever weird reason, not allowed. And as our own overclocking session will show... that does not make any sense. These cards are very tweakable.
Anyway, first impression, the card looks good. Proper design, I kind like the meshed design from the original GTX 295 a little better though.
The card has 240x2 Shader processors available at your disposal, comes at a 576 MHz reference core clock frequency, the shader processors are clocked at 1242 MHz and the 1792 MB of graphics memory is clocked at 999 MHz (= 1998 effective). The memory is configured with a 448-bit memory bus x2, of course.
Packaging and Accessories then, included in the box you'll find:
- GeForce GTX 295 single PCB
- Driver CD
- 6-pin to Molex power cable
- 8-pin to Molex power cable
- Manual / quick install guide
- VGA->DVI dongle
- DVI->HDMI adapter
- S/PDIF cable
- Coupon for game discounts
The product bundle as always is good, everything needed is inside the box. There are no special items included like bundled full games, which was a first to see from Point of View. They always work closely with Ubisoft and usually get some awesome deals... ah well, so be it. The product comes with a three year full warranty on parts and labor.
But let's go in for a closer inspection, next page my man.
We review a true flagship graphics card, this time it's Palit with their GeForce GTX 1080 Ti GameRock edition. This GTX 1080 Ti comes customized with high-factory clocks, a quadruple fan cooler and ...
ZOTAC GeForce GTX 1080 Ti AMP Extreme review
We review another flagship graphics card, this time it's ZOTAC in da house with their massive GeForce GTX 1080 Ti AMP Extreme. This GTX 1080 Ti comes customized with an impressive cooler, RGB LEDs, ...
EVGA GeForce GTX 1080 FTW2 review
We check out the EVGA GeForce GTX 1080 FTW2 iCX 8G, and heck yeah this is not your regular one. Meet the all custom, cooled and tweaked EVGA For The Win2 Edition. This SKU is a more premium version...
MSI GeForce GTX 1060 GAMING X PLUS Review
In this article we'll review the MSI GeForce GTX 1060 GAMING X PLUS edition. The new revision comes fitted with faster memory, bumping it from 8 Gbps towards 9 Gbps at default clocks....


text:
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Hi all
I have previously done half marathons and got my pace for that to 8 min miles. I was pleased with this getting just below the 1:45 mark.Last year I switched to focus on marathons for the first time and it became a little addictive so I did three (Copenhagen, Berlin and Dublin). My marathon pace was 9 min miles, I found this a good challenge and enjoyed the marthons that I ran.
I have decided to take the first half of the year easier and to focus on halves again, however when I am training I am really struggling to move much quicker than the 8:50 min mile marathon pace. I am getting quite frustrated at not being able to pick up my pace. Is this normal?
I have just under 8 weeks until my half marathon and would like to get under 1:45 again - any advice would be welcomed.
Do you train at a constant pace?
Have you tried doing intervals or fartlek sessions?
If you are running at a constant pace, its worth removing the focus from the full 13 miles into smaller chunks. A fartlek sessions is the easiest where you just pick up the pace for random distance & duration on an ad-hoc basis (e.g. I'll sprint to the third lamp-post and then return to an easy pace).
You shouldn't have lost the ability to run at 8min/mile through your marathon training, so it appears to be more of a psychological barrier. By taking the focus away from the HM ditance and pace, you can hopefully overcome it.
Sorry for the delayed response - a bout of flu has slowed me down further!
Thanks for the advice - I have tried a bit of fartlek and varying my pace and it seems to work. I managed a whole 5 miles at 8:30 ish which is giving me a little more confidence that I can pick up my pace. I am going to try and build in some varying of pace in to some of my longer runs - not by much but just to pick things up again.
Thanks again I appreciate it


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I'm new to running and have recently bought some basic virage 5 trainers which were chosen after a gait analysis. They are leaving blisters in the arch of my foot in the same place were the insole meets the side of the shoe. Is there any way to prevent this? Also the insole lifts slightly around the arch support. Is this normal?
Asic not basic!!!
I used to get this with Asics Cumulus and with every new pair would carefully trim away a tiny sliver off the underside of the insole to reduce rubbing. A stanley blade was the only thing I could find that was sharp enough to make a neat job of it. You don't want to hack your new shoes to bits!
I've had this problem with some shoes in the past - have you tried removing the insole and putting it back in? Sounds obvious, but sometimes they aren't quite seated correctly. Runs-with-dogs' idea is also sound, if you're confident that you won't remove too much. Last option is a new pair of insoles - I'd aviod anything that looks technical, with gel pads or plastic arch-supports. Perhaps some from an older pair of trainers?
It is a phenomenon that I have sometimes found with support shoes, because a slightly denser material is used under the arch. When my customers brought a support shoe back to the shop complaining about this, I usually swapped it for the Cumulus and that solved the problem.
Send them back!


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Kinzie Hotel Partners with Public House for New In-Room Dining Experience - 09.15.2016
Check out our new "Hungry? We Get It!" In-Room Dining Menu
Remind me to book later
Read our Chicago hotel reviews to see what others are saying about the Kinzie Hotel – view our collection of awards, news stories and reviews below to learn more about accommodations, dining and the overall experience and discover why we are among the best Chicago hotels.
kinzie_public_house_in_room_dining_press_release.pdf Check out our new "Hungry? We Get It!" In-Room Dining Menu http://www.cntraveler.com/readers-choice-awards/2015/united-states/top-15-hotels-in-chicago-readers-choice-awards-2015 2015_tripadvisor_certificate_of_excellence_press_release.pdf 2014_tripadvisor_certificate_of_excellence_press_release.pdf fidos_favorite_press_release_kinzie_hotel.pdf manny_the_frenchie_release_final.pdf kinzie_hotel_mayor_media_alert.pdf kinzie_hotel_design_release_final.pdf
Kinzie Hotel Partners with Public House for New In-Room Dining Experience - 09.15.2016
Dogs Get The Star Treatment at Kinzie Hotel - 09.08.2016
Kinzie Hotel Chicago Views Instagram Contest - 08.17.2016
Kinzie Hotel Welcomes Andrew Eck as General Manager - 06.20.2016
Kinzie Hotel Recognized as Conde Nast Traveler Readers' Choice Best in the World Chicago Hotel - 10.20.2015
Kinzie Hotel Awarded 2015 TripAdvisor® Certificate of Excellence & Inducted into Hall of Fame - 05.20.2015
Kinzie Hotel Announces #KinziePuppy Contest - 04.01.2015
Kinzie Hotel Recognized as one of Fido's Favorites in 2015 - 03.18.2015
Cocktail Culture Magazine Names Kinzie Hotel Latest & Greatest - 01.01.2015
Kinzie Hotel Awarded 2014 TripAdvisor® Certificate of Excellence - 05.21.2014
Kinzie Hotel Honored with 2014 Fido's Favorite Award by BringFido.com - 05.20.2014
Kinzie Hotel Welcomes Manny the Frenchie - 04.11.2014
Kinzie Hotel Welcomes Mayor Rahm Emanuel - 01.22.2014
Kinzie Hotel Design Announcement - 12.16.2013
Kinzie Hotel Announcement - 11.05.2013
Check out our new "Hungry? We Get It!" In-Room Dining Menu


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A lot of confusion exists about the difference between a minor and major tuneup, what it entails and what types of parts are included with each. In short, a minor tuneup is usually needed around every 30,000 miles or so, or depending upon the vehicle owner's preference. A major tuneup can be performed at intervals of 60,000 or 90,000 miles, depending upon the vehicle brand and type of engine. Marked differences exist between the two types of tuneups.
Minor Tuneup — Electrical
The electrical components replaced in a minor tuneup usually consist of spark plugs only. The new spark plugs are gapped to manufacturer's specifications and installed in the vehicle. As a rudimentary inspection, the mechanic will check the timing, and make visual inspections of the air filter, cap, rotor and plug wires. Depending upon the shop practice, older vehicles might receive the installation of points and condenser as part of a minor tuneup. Some manufactures claim that their vehicles do not require a spark plug change until after 100,000 miles.
Minor Tuneup — Oil, Grease and Fluids
An oil change (with filter), on rare occasions, can be added to a minor tuneup, as well as a suspension lubrication. If the minor tuneup falls within a period of time that permits an oil change, filter change and lubrication, then it can be included on the service ticket. Ordinarily, vehicles receive oil changes as frequently as every 3,000 to 10,000 miles, and many vehicle owners perform their own oil and filter changes. All fluid levels, including transmission, power steering, radiator and brake fluids receive visual checks, and get a topping-off if the reservoir requires less than a quart.
Major Tuneup — Electrical
A major tuneup for electrical components consists of the replacement of all spark plugs, spark plug wires, distributor cap, rotor, and points and condenser, if applicable for an older vehicle. The mechanic will check the timing and adjust it to specifications. Sometimes a voltage check is performed on the charging system, as well as a battery check for proper electrolyte level. All electrical vacuum switching valves and electrical sensors receive a visual inspection.
Major Tuneup — Fuel Systems
Fuel systems in a major tuneup include the changing of the main fuel filter, and sometimes the in-line carburetor fuel filter or screen. The mechanic will adjust a carburetor-type vehicle, setting the idle mixture screws, idle speed, fast idle or choke. Some repair facilities add a fuel system cleaning for fuel injected-engines, which most often entails an additive.
Major Tuneup — Oil, Grease and Fluids
A major tune up will include an oil and filter change, as well as a complete suspension and drive line grease lubrication. A mechanic will check the CV (constant velocity) joint boots and other suspension components. The rear-end differential oil will be checked and filled to capacity, as well as any gear oil needed for a manual transmission. Another fluid might involve the windshield washer soap and water. The difference in the major versus the minor tuneup, as far as fluids, will be that the cost of fluid additions in the major tuneup will be absorbed into the cost.
Major Tuneup Optional Services
Some optional services occur when the repair facility includes them in their major tuneup. Not all repair facilities include extra service procedures. Some major tuneup additions you might see will be the checking and filling of tires, a brake inspection and brake adjustment. A solid lifter valve adjustment will most likely appear on a major tuneup ticket, since it is acknowledged as a major tuneup item. There could be a shop that charges extra for a valve adjustment, depending upon the model and complexity of the job.
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Albergo Ristorante La Spiga
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- Minbar in room
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- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Minbar in room
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- Wireless internet connection in room (free)
- Free High-Speed Internet
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- Reduced mobility rooms
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- Continental Breakfast
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TripAdvisor Reviews Albergo Ristorante La Spiga Cherasco
Travel Blogs from Cherasco
The Middle of Nowhere
It has happened my friends. We are almost incommunicado. Satellite coverage has dropped to its lowest levels. So, it would be almost impossible for me to upload photos.Therefore, I will finish my blog after I get home and have a normal internet connection. Sorry.
Many activities on the ship; talent shows, galley tours, movies, and the usual relaxation pursuits such as reading. I am wading through the biography of Andrew Carnegie at ...
Barbaresco - 2590 miles
We celebrated our last night with Ian and Cassandra with a typical Italian meal of salad and pasta. The 'funghi' season is in full flow in Genoa and the fresh mushrooms we eat in the pasta had a marvellously intense flavour - must try to get better ones when I'm home! We also drank a very nice red called Luna Rossa, which given the 'super blood moon' we thought very appropriate.
This morning ...
Carrying garlic from Spain
... we pulled up to an intersection that had an enormous parking lot and bar on one corner and the area was completely littered with motorbikes and people of all ages, both men and women! It was quite the site. I have to admit it made the pedalling tough for me today listening to all the bike whiz by, hearing the speed and power from them made me feel slow. Kory was a great motivator reminding me we are a team as he ...
Turning Point...
Big turning point today. We haven't had much success if finding a good direction to head upon our arrival in Italy bathe weather turning has us a bit concerned as neither of us want to be wet and cold all the time. Rain for a few days is manageable but anything more becomes unpleasant. We start the morning off by heading to the tourist info office and parking outside at the picnic table where we have access to the free wi-fi. We need to brainstorm ideas. There had been early talk ...
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Since 13/01/2009 is online my new website: www.ferraragaetano.it.
It's in italian but I'm translating in english; for the next weeks it can be ready in two languages.
I decided to build one to advertise my dreamstime works because my sellings do not increase with normal instruments. I think it is important today to be online with every internet instruments: blogs, forums, websites, advertising banner, etc... and so my decision to build this website.
I have recently implemented the html code from DT to separate categorized pages on my site. I think it is a good idea for many reasons. See my profile for link.
NIce website, good luck with it!
I have my website since 2000, now I'm a designing and developing sites for people, So its very important to have one so people can see our work. Now my site is undergoing major changes to cope with Web 2 standards.My SiteAnother site I have started which doing great days these the site is Classified DubaiAll in all a website is very important to communicate.
Aitan75confidential info
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Yoga Tantra
Paths to Magical Feats
The Dalai Lama opens the door to the topic of Yoga Tantra with an extraordinarily detailed teaching on a classic text. Rarely in the Dalai Lama's lifetime has he given teachings of such a nature on this topic. There follows a translation of the Yoga Tantra section of Dzong-ka-ba's The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra, one of his most important works and a monument of Tibetan Buddhist literature. Jeffrey Hopkins… Read More
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Buddhist Philosophy
Losang Gonchok's Short Commentary to Jamyang Shayba's Root Text on TenetsWhat are the most important points of difference between the major schools of Buddhist philosophy? This rich, medium-length survey offers a lively answer. The introduction, aimed at those new to Buddhist thought, sets up a dialogue between the schools on the most controversial topics in Buddhist philosophy. Jamyang Shayba was the greatest Tibetan writer on philosophical tenets. Losang Gonchok's Clear Crystal Mirror, a concise commentary on Jamyang Shayba's root text,… Read More
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The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment: Volume Three
The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Lam rim chen mo) is one of the brightest jewels in the world's treasury of sacred literature. The author Tsong-kha-pa (1357–1419) completed this masterpiece in 1402 and it soon became one of the most renowned works of spiritual practice and philosophy in the world of Tibetan Buddhism. Tsong-kha-pa took great pains to base his incisive insights on the classical… Read More
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The Nature of Things
Emptiness and Essence in the Geluk WorldNature is a topic in many Indian and Tibetan philosophical texts, although its meaning varies considerably in both Hindu and Buddhist scriptures. The discussion of nature pursued in this book begins with Nagarjuna (first century), founder of the Middle Way School, who refuted a fabricated nature in his Treatise on the Middle. In that seminal text, he puts forth the three basic criteria for nature: it must be something that… Read More
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Appearance and Reality
The Two Truths in the Four Buddhist Tenet SystemsWhen someone seeks to understand Buddhism, where should that person start? With the meaning of taking refuge in the three jewels? With the four noble truths? The Dalai Lama, when asked this question, suggested that for many in the West today, understanding the two truths—conventional truth and ultimate truth—is the best place to start. When the Buddha awoke from the dream we still dream, he saw the ultimate reality… Read More
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Nagarjuna's Seventy Stanzas
A Buddhist Psychology of EmptinessThis volume contains a translation of Seventy Stanzas, a fundamental work of Nagarjuna on the Madhyamika system of Buddhist philosophy, along with a commentary on it from the Prasangika viewpoint by Geshe Sonam Rinchen. David Komito summarizes basic Buddhist doctrines on perception and the creation of concepts, which have traditionally served as the backdrop for Nagarjuna's teachings about how people consistently misperceive and misunderstand the nature of the reality… Read More
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A Tibetan Monastery at the Crossroads of Four CivilizationsLabrang Monastery, located in northeastern Tibet at the strategic intersection of four major Asian civilizations—Tibetan, Mongolian, Chinese, and Muslim—was one of the largest Buddhist monastic universities. In the early twentieth century, it housed several thousand monks. Labrang was also a gathering point for numerous annual religious festivals, supported an active regional marketplace where Chinese artisans rubbed shoulders with Hui merchants and nomadic Tibetan highlanders, and was the seat of a… Read More
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Unique Tenets of The Middle Way Consequence SchoolAccording to Tibetan traditions, the Indian Buddhist Prasangika-Madhyamika school is the one that represents the final true thought of the Buddha. Unique Tenets of the Middle Way Consequence School presents and analyzes the issues that separate that school from the other principals schools of Buddhism—issues such as the existence (or non-existence) of an external world the way in which karma and reincarnation operate the nature of consciousness the nature of… Read More
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Sindhu crashes out of All England championship
PV Sindhu suffered a straight-game defeat to fourth seed Juliane Schenk of German in the pre-quarterfinals.
Birmingham: Shuttler PV Sindhu crashed out of the All England Championship after suffering a straight-game defeat to fourth seed Juliane Schenk of German in the pre-quarterfinals of the women's singles event at the Super series premier tournament here on Thursday.
World number 16 Sindhu suffered a 17-21, 14-21 loss to the German in a 39-minute women's singles match here. Juliane rode on her smashes and better net play to outdo the Indian. Sindhu had a 5-1 lead but she could not held on to it as Juliane caught up at 6-6 and then both of them went neck and neck, before the German nosed ahead with four points straight.
In the second game, Sindhu once again had a 3-0 advantage but the German soon got past her after reeling off five consecutive points and then held her fort as Sindhu crumbled. Among others, top Indian male shuttler Parupalli Kashyap booked his place in the pre-quarterfinals of singles event after notching up a straight-game win over Jen Hao Hsu of Chinese Taipei last night.
World number nine Kashyap won his first round match 21-17, 21-18 in 43 minutes at the National Indoor Arena. He now runs into seventh seed Kenichi Tago of Japan later tonight. Sourabh Verma, who made it to the main draw after playing in the qualifying round, was the other Indian who made it to the round of 16 in the men's singles event.
Verma beat Dionysius Hayom Rumbaka of Indonesia 10-21, 21-14, 24-22 in a hard-fought 59-minute duel. He now faces eighth seed Tien Minh Nguyen of Vietnam in the pre-quarters later.
It was, however, curtains for Ajay Jayaram who lost 21-15, 18-21, 10-21 to Zhengming Wang of China in the opening round. In the mixed doubles event, V Diju and Jwala Gutta made it to the pre-quarterfinals with a 21-9, 21-17 win over Peter Kaesbauer and Isabel Herttrich of Germany, but the other two Indian pairs - Akshay Dewalkar and Pradnya Gadre, and Tarun Kona and Ashwini Ponnappa - fell by the wayside.
Dewalkar and Gadre lost to Malaysian combination of Jian Guo Ong and Yin Loo Lim 8-21, 13-21, while Kona and Ponnappa were beaten 18-21, 10-21 by Fran Kurniawan and Shendy Puspa Irawati of Indonesia.