text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 28, 2010
|Filing date
|Jul 21, 2010
|Priority date
|Oct 22, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Michael C. Doogue, William P. Taylor
|Original Assignee
|Allegro Microsystems, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (122), Non-Patent Citations (20), Referenced by (6), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/876,048 filed on Oct. 22, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Not applicable.
This invention relates generally to magnetic field sensors, and more particularly, to the design of magnetic field sensors that use magnetoresistive (MR) elements to sense an external magnetic field.
In analog integrated circuit (IC) design, it is important to use matched devices, that is, devices designed to have the same electrical properties, to achieve highly accurate circuit performance. Thus, a critical design challenge involves the variability of the individual devices built on the IC. Sources of mismatch include variation in geometrical shapes, poor layout and non-uniformities in fabrication process and operating environment. Fabrication processing non-uniformity may be introduced by, for example, mask misalignment and non-uniform etching.
Certain types of devices are very sensitive to neighboring devices. Neighbor interactions can contribute significantly to device mismatch as well.
In general, in one aspect, the invention is directed to a sensor that includes one or more magnetoresistive (MR) elements and one or more dummy MR elements. Each such dummy MR element is disposed near a select one of the one or more MR elements.
Embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The one or more MR elements and the one or more dummy MR elements may be giant magnetoresistance (GMR) elements, magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) elements, tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) elements or anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) elements. The one or more MR elements may be MR elements electrically connected to form a bridge circuit, and each dummy MR element may be disposed near a select one of the MR elements of the bridge circuit. The select one of the MR elements may have as neighboring elements another of the MR elements of the bridge circuit and the dummy MR element where the neighboring elements are disposed on opposite sides of the select one of the MR elements and are symmetrical in terms of structure and position relative to the select one of the MR elements. The bridge circuit may be a full bridge circuit or a half bridge circuit. The neighboring elements may be shielded MR elements. The dummy MR element may be connected to a voltage supply so that, during sensor operation, the neighboring elements carry current of similar magnitude. All of the MR elements of the bridge circuit may be active MR elements. The sensor may further include an amplifier connected to output of the bridge circuit and a conductor through which current is applied, wherein the amplifier provides as an output an output voltage proportional to the applied current.
In another aspect, the invention is directed to an angle measurement device. The angle measurement device includes a first sensing device and a second sensing device. Each of the first and second sensing devices includes MR elements electrically connected to form a bridge circuit and one or more dummy MR elements. Each such dummy MR element is disposed near a select one of the MR elements. The MR elements of the second sensing device are provided at a predetermined angle relative to the MR elements of the first sensing device.
In yet another aspect, the invention is directed to a sensing device that includes MR elements electrically connected to form a bridge circuit and a dummy MR element. One of the MR elements of the bridge circuit is an active MR element and has as neighboring elements another of the MR elements of the bridge circuit and the dummy MR element. The neighboring elements are disposed on opposite sides of the active MR element and are symmetrical in terms of structure and position relative to the active MR element.
Particular implementations of the invention may provide one or more of the following advantages. Dummy MR elements can provide symmetry to the bridge circuit layout where such symmetry might otherwise be lacking. Symmetry in the MR elements near an active MR element serves to reduce variations caused by nearest neighbor induced magnetic field effects. In addition, the dummy MR elements may be provided at the outermost edges of the bridge circuit layout so that the bridge MR elements can be uniformly patterned.
The foregoing features of the invention, as well as the invention itself may be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the drawings, in which:
Resistor mismatch can be a serious problem in the design of resistive bridge circuits that require resistors in the bridge to have the same value. This is especially true in the case of bridge circuits used in magnetoresistive (MR) sensors. An MR sensor is a magnetic field sensor that makes use of the MR effect, the property of a current carrying material to change its resistance in the presence of an external magnetic field. The MR type resistors or "magnetoresistors" of the sensor's bridge circuit, referred to herein as MR elements, are very sensitive to the stray magnetic field effects of neighboring MR elements. Neighboring interactions can result in variations in an MR element's electrical behavior. Any variation, however small, can limit sensitivity and overall accuracy of the MR sensor. The circuits of an MR sensor, like other types of circuits, are also affected by non-uniformities introduced by a particular process during device fabrication. Often the processing-related non-uniformities occur at the outer edges of the circuit layout and thus affect the outside elements. For example, the outside elements may be etched at a faster rate due to a higher concentration of etchant at the outer edges of the circuit layout (and therefore have a higher resistance) than those elements that are not outside elements.
To mitigate the effects of layout dependent sensitivity and/or processing related non-uniformity in the sensor circuitry, therefore, the present invention features the use of "dummy MR elements" disposed near select MR elements of a bridge circuit. The dummy MR elements are non-functional elements, those that are not part of or required for the operation of the bridge circuit. The dummy MR elements may be used in various locations (in the bridge layout) and for various reasons, as will be described.
The MR elements referred to herein may be made from any type of MR device, including, but not limited to: a anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) device; a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) device, including unpinned sandwich, antiferromagnetic multilayers and spin valve; a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ, also known as spin-dependent tunneling or "SDT") device; and a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) device.
Referring to
In the embodiment shown in
During operation, a differential output voltage is available between the bridge circuit outputs 22, 24. More specifically, with power supplied to the bridge circuit, the presence of a magnetic field causes a change in resistance in the bridge MR elements and the change in resistance produces a corresponding change in voltage across the bridge outputs 22, 24. The MR elements are oriented such that the sensitive axis (indicated schematically by the arrows) of each element is in parallel to the sensitive axis of the other elements. The voltage across outputs 22, 24 increases as the magnetic field in the direction of the sensitive axis increases.
The sensing device 10 also includes at least one dummy MR element. In the embodiment depicted in
Although the sensing device 10 is illustrated by a schematic diagram, the arrangement of MR elements in this figure (as well as other figures to be described later) is intended to suggest that of an actual layout (from a plan view) to convey as simplistically as possible how the dummy MR elements are used. Thus, the MR and dummy MR elements of the sensing device 10 are shown to represent corresponding MR patterns disposed horizontally (from left to right) in the order 34, 30, 12, 32, 18, 38. The dummy MR element 34 is disposed on the left side of the shielded MR element 30 and the shielded dummy MR element 38 is disposed on the right side of the MR element 18. Each dummy MR element is placed next to an outside bridge MR element so that that bridge MR element is flanked by like elements. The structure, defined by size, shape, construction and orientation, as well as placement (relative to shielded MR element 30) of the dummy MR element 34 is chosen to be like that of MR element 12. Similarly, the structure and placement (relative to MR element 18) of the shielded dummy MR element 38 is chosen to be like that of shielded MR element 32. Thus, the shielded MR element 32 may be referred to as the like MR element of the shielded dummy MR element 38 and the MR element 12 may be referred to as the like MR element of dummy MR element 34. Because they are fabricated from the same material and processed in the same thin film process steps, the dummy elements and corresponding, like MR elements in the bridge circuit will show very similar characteristics (in terms of various properties, such as electrical, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties). As mentioned above, the structure of the bridge and dummy MR elements may utilize any type of MR technology, such as GMR, MTJ, TMR and AMR.
The 'like' structure can include magnetic shielding, if the corresponding bridge element is shielded. Thus, in the example shown in
At minimum, it is desirable for each "active" bridge element to be symmetrically balanced, using a dummy MR element as necessary (when the active bridge element doesn't already have two neighboring bridge elements) to achieve symmetry. It is the active MR element that is sensitive to neighboring element interactions. The use of dummy MR elements near shielded (or otherwise non-sensing) MR elements can also be advantageous when processing-related non-uniformities that occur at the outer edges of the bridge circuit layout are of particular concern, as the non-uniformities will impact the dummy MR elements (which are not part of the bridge circuit) instead of the bridge elements. The use of only one dummy MR element, if possible, however, allows for simplification in design and reduction in the size of the sensor.
The structure and placement of the dummy MR element are chosen to match (as closely as possible), that of the like bridge MR element located on the opposite side of the outside bridge MR element, that is, the outside bridge MR element's nearest neighboring bridge MR element. In the resulting layout, the outside bridge MR elements will see the same environment (magnetic effects) on both sides. The arrangement of the dummy MR elements relative to the bridge MR elements serves to provide properties of symmetry and uniformity to the outer MR elements in an MR bridge circuit layout for improved resistor matching.
It will be appreciated that, in an actual layout, MR elements of the bridge circuit, in particular GMR and MJT elements, tend to be aligned with one or more of the other MR elements, along horizontal and/or vertical axes. The MR elements could be arranged in an approximately semi-circular, interleaved or some other pattern as well.
In an alternative embodiment, the dummy MR element may be connected at one end to a voltage supply, as shown in
In the bridge configurations shown in
Because shielded devices can act as flux concentrators, it may be desirable to use only unshielded devices in certain designs. Although two of the four bridge MR elements of the sensing devices of
In yet another alternative embodiment, and referring now to
Magnetic field sensing is utilized for control and measurement purposes—for example, proximity detection, linear and rotary position sensing, current sensing and angular position sensing. Thus, the MR sensing device with at least one dummy element, examples of which are illustrated in and described with reference to
Referring to
Referring to
In both of these configurations (of
In one exemplary angular positional sensing application, the angle sensor is stationary and a permanent magnet is attached to a rotating shaft (rotor) near the angle sensor. The magnet creates a magnetic field that is in the plane of the angle sensor and rotates with the rotating magnet/rotor assembly. Therefore, when a supply voltage is applied to the bridges, one bridge output voltage may be a sine function and the other bridge output voltage may be a cosine function due to the spatial position of the sensor's elements in relation to the permanent magnet.
Sensor and associated electronics such as amplification and signal conditioning may be packaged in separate integrated circuit chips. Alternatively, devices can be manufactured that incorporate both sensors and signal processing electronics on the same chip.
Although the illustrated embodiments depict sensors with bridge circuits, it will be understood that the use of dummy MR elements is equally applicable to a sensor implemented to use a single MR element (in lieu of a bridge circuit) for magnetic field sensing. For example, it may be desirable to include a pair of like dummy MR elements, one disposed on each side of the single MR element (similar to that shown in
All references cited herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Having described preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may be used. It is felt therefore that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments, but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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|Prinz G A: "Magnetoelectronics Applications" Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, NL, vol. 200, No. 1-3, Oct. 1, 1999, pp. 57-68, XP004364006. ISSN: 0304-8853, p. 59; figure 3.
|Response dated Apr. 12, 2010 to European Official Communication dated Oct. 2, 2009 for EP 05794713.7, 11 pages.
|Response dated Nov. 5, 2008 to European Official Communication dated Apr. 25, 2008 for EP 05794713.7, 15 pages.
|Takenaga et al., "High-Temperature Operations of Rotation Angle Sensors With Spin-Valve-Type Magnetic Tunnel Junctions", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics; vol. 41, No. 10; Oct. 2005, pp. 3628-3630.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 17, 2012
|Jul 15, 2014
|Qualcomm Incorporated
|Clock distribution using MTJ sensing
|Oct 25, 2011
|Feb 10, 2015
|Honeywell International Inc.
|High current range magnetoresistive-based current sensor
|Dec 30, 2011
|Apr 26, 2016
|Nve Corporation
|Low hysteresis high sensitivity magnetic field sensor
|Oct 25, 2011
|Apr 25, 2013
|Honeywell International Inc.
|High current range magnetoresistive-based current sensor
|Dec 30, 2011
|Jul 4, 2013
|Nve Corporation
|Low hysteresis high sensitivity magnetic field sensor
|Sep 26, 2014
|Oct 6, 2016
|Airbus Defence And Space Limited
|Phase angle measurement using residue number system analogue-to-digital conversion
|U.S. Classification
|324/207.25, 324/252, 257/427
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 22, 2010
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Ask @MDPhDToBe:
HannaLatest answers
Hi Hanna, I am a junior and I have finally decided I definitely want to apply to MD/PhD programs. Did you take the MCAT and apply in your junior year or senior year? Thanks! I love your blog, by the way :)
Awesome! I'm glad you like the blog! I took the MCAT and applied the summer after my junior year.
I want to apply to Urbana Champaign's MSP, but it's December and I don't know if it's too late to apply. Do you know if the program accepts students on a rolling basis? Would I be at a big disadvantage if I applied now? The official deadline is Dec 31. Also, does the program guarantee funding?
I'm glad you're interested! The MSP is great!
The MSP usually doesn't start interviewing students until after the deadline since they coordinate with the graduate programs, which have later deadlines. This year, though, they have interviewed some earlier (but not too many that I'm aware of). I have friends in the program who applied pretty close to the official deadline and still made it in, so it doesn't hurt to try!
As for funding, MSP students are funded just like any graduate student during the PhD portion (tuition waved and a stipend). They may have to TA or they get an RA each semester, but either way, they will be funded (how depends more on the graduate department and the specific advisor). For the last three years of medical school (aka after completing the PhD), MSPs receive about 60% of the stipend they received as a PhD student. Sometimes this is provided freely or as a TAship depending on funding available.
As a MD/PhD student, do you have any time for yourself? For family and friends? To just take a break? I would like to do a MD/PhD program, but I want to enjoy my 20s...
Of course! Check out my full response here: http://mdphdtobe.com/2014/08/05/time-balance-as-a-mdphd-student/
Hi Hanna. I am applying to medical schools this year. For the AMCAS activities experience/description section, what did you discuss besides the "what did I do?" Also, did you write it in narrative or a resume format? Any help would be appreciated! Thank you : )
Since the activities/experiences section descriptions are rather brief, I retained a resume format for my basic descriptions. First, I did my best to explain each activity. For example, I explained that my marching band was a 300-member ensemble that performed at home football games and parades, and I explained that the purpose of my sorority was to promote an appreciation of music, develop leadership, and empower women. After establishing what the activity itself was, I then explained my specific role within the activity. On the other hand, my most meaningful essays took on a more narrative format.
Should I contact a few professors about being interested in pursuing the PhD part of my MD-PhD in their lab? I am very sure about the department I want to join for my PhD. I know that people contact PIs for PhD programs and didn't know if that was common practice for the MD-PhD as well.
As an MD/PhD you are still a PhD, so what applies to PhD students applies to you. If you connect with potential PIs before applying, you can then possibly include in your secondary application (especially for the "Why this school?" question) that you are interested in a certain lab or labs and have corresponded with the PI(s). It can show that you're serious about attending the school, which will definitely help!
Have you ever had a proffessor who disliked you, and by discouraging you (bad grades, not acceppting my lab reports even thought they are similar to others, saying discouraging comments to be) made you stop loving the subject he/she teaches? I feel like I´m losing motivation to study :/
I can't say I've ever had a professor that didn't like me, but going to a large university, I didn't really get a chance to know my professors anyway.
If this is happening to you, your options seem to be notify someone that you're being mistreated by this professor, drop the course and retake it with a different professor, or try to push through and perhaps speak with the professor about how you can do better/try to create a better relationship with the professor (though risking the chance of getting a bad grade in the course by continuing in this situation.) It is definitely challenging to succeed when your environment is discouraging you from studying, so I would suggest doing something to make the course better for you so that you will get the most out of it. Good luck!
Hi :) I was wondering, how important is volunteering for med school? Can you compensate volunteering with other extracurriculars? What were your extracurriculars (the ones that you listed on your med application) if you don't mind me asking. Thank you :)
Extracurricular activities in general are incredibly important for medical school. They allow the admissions committees to know a little bit more about you other than your GPA and MCAT and they can show that you can be dedicated to an organization or a cause, which is incredibly important since medical school requires extreme dedication. Volunteer work specifically helps to show your dedication to the community, that you can deal with people, and that you're willing to do so without a financial reward. If you can find other extracurriculars that show all of these things, then that could likely substitute for volunteer work but it's generally easiest to do through volunteering. Even if it's not specifically a volunteer position, you can still get such an experience. For example, my sorority did a lot of volunteer work so I emphasized that in my application.
My AMCAS activities were: Volunteering at a hospital for 6 years*, University of Minnesota Men's Hockey Band, research in a genetic engineering lab, working as a cashier at Target, receiving an undergraduate research fellowship, earning an undergraduate research grant, being a leader in a sorority, working as a receptionist at an apartment building, research in a medicinal chemistry lab*, and being a leader in the University of Minnesota Marching Band* (*listed as most meaningful experience.)
Hi! How do you prevent yourself from feeling jealous of your classmates who have better grades? Grades are so important in med schools, and I do my best, I study, work hard but my grades are not that great as some of my classmates...and I get super jalous, think I´m more stupid than them etc..thanks
Grades are important, yes, but how comfortable YOU feel with the information is what really matters. I try not to compare myself with the rest of the students, especially in medical school. As long as you're in the same range of scores as the others, that's definitely ok! Obviously, the higher the grade the better, but sometimes you're just not going to be the best. It's medical school, so you're surrounded by a ton of other people who are also incredibly smart, which means keeping up is doing pretty darn great when you realize the sheer awesomeness and intelligence of the great group of students that you're comparing yourself to. Rather than being jealous and perhaps giving yourself a hard time about it, use it as motivation!
Where do you see yourself in 10 years?
Hopefully not in Champaign anymore! Assuming I'll be done with my dual degrees in 7 years (4 more for PhD & M1 plus 3 for M2-M4), I'll *hopefully* be finishing up an internal medicine residency and moving on to an oncology fellowship at a major research hospital as I prepare for my career in academic medicine.
That being said, I've learned that serendipity is a recurring theme for many of the people who I've heard speak about their successful careers. Therefore, it is with an open mind that I approach my future because who knows what opportunities will arise or where my interests will lead. All I can hope is that I will be somewhere doing what I love.
How do you have the time to do EVERYTHING??? Like writing, studying, teaching, going to classes/seminars, etc. etc. Don't you get tired? Burnt out? Any tips to prevent that?
I get asked this all of the time, and honestly, I don't know. There are just too many things that I'm excited about doing and so I just work hard to get everything done!
I guess it starts with being organized to make sure that everything gets done on time. To do this, I have an extensively filled out agenda including color-coded highlights for everything that I cross off as I complete them. You can see an example week from earlier this semester in the attached photo. Orange is class. Yellow is other events (mainly hockey games – can't miss watching those!) Green is TAing. Blue is book chapters that I'm not required to read but that I want to keep on schedule to read. Purple is seminars and lab related things. Oh and the numbered days in boxes are me keeping track of where I am in an experiment.
I don't really get tired from all of this other than the fact that caffeine does little to help me stay awake anymore and I can't go on four hours of sleep like I did as an undergrad. As for burning out, I think my chances of burning out would be MORE likely if I was doing LESS things – but that's just me. I like doing so many things because it makes life more exciting. I'm not just focusing on research or medical school or writing but I can hop between all of these things and when I get sick of one and I can work on another.
My best tip for preventing burning out is do what you love. If you're involved in an activity that's just not your thing but it's something to put on your resume, I'd rethink doing it. Or if it's something that you absolutely must be doing (like class), try to find the good in it (I am an extreme optimist so that probably helps me.) Also, make time for yourself! I have a rule that I will not study or do work on Friday or Saturday nights; those nights are for friends and it makes getting through the rest of the time that much better.
You have been such a successful blogger/writer! I am interested in blogging about medical school & such, so I was wondering if you know anything about copyright infringement on sharing content, images, etc.? Thanks for being such an awesome inspiration!
Thanks! I love to hear of other people who are interested in blogging!
Dealing with copyrights is something I'm still learning about (and I'm slowly going through my blog to confirm that I can use photos). But here's what I know:
If the content that you're using is in the public domain (no longer in copyright term, not protected by copyright law, or, more formally, unavailable for private ownership or available for public use), then it is okay to use without attributing it to the person/company holding the copyright (since there is none!)
If the content is copyrighted (look for the original source to find that information, someone else may have inappropriately taken the content and not acknowledged the copyright), then there's a couple different cases. Some will allow use as long as the copyright and owner are attributed. Others put restrictions such as prohibiting commercial use. Others will require that you pay to use it (and still attribute the owner and copyright).
Also, make sure the status for the copyright is valid for the country through which you will be publishing the work. For example, I write for a German website, which means that I have to check the German copyright status of the photos that I use.
For more information, http://creativecommons.org/ is a good resource.
Do Canadian med students have to take step 1, 2, etc?
If you want to be licensed to practice medicine in the United States, you would have to take step 1, 2, etc. of the USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Exam). But if you wish to be a licensed physician in Canada, it is from my understanding that there is a different set of tests to take. You can read about them here: http://mcc.ca/examinations/.
Are you naturally this brilliant?? or do you work really hard?
A bit may be natural but the rest is hard work. Even more, I'd attribute it to my enthusiasm about what I do, my confidence in myself, my optimism that I will be able to achieve what I want, and my willingness to go out and do what I must to reach my goals.
going of on my biomed sci/eng question, why did you choose to major in chem? what did you plan to do with your chem degree?
In high school, I wanted to do pharmacy. I shadowed a pharmacist and she told me that chemistry was very important to know as a pharmacist. So, I began by taking AP chemistry in high school and I fell in love with the topic.
When it came to choosing my college major, I actually intended in following in my older brother's footsteps of majoring in both chemistry and biochemistry because I knew that biochemistry would be applicable to my future. As I could only list one major as my top choice on my application, I just randomly put chemistry first and biochemistry second, and ended up getting placed in the College of Science and Engineering with the intention of majoring in chemistry.
I hoped to then add on the biochemistry major as well, but with it being in a different college, the College of Biological Sciences, it was a challenge to meet the requirements of both colleges and complete both degrees in four years. Therefore, I decided that instead of actually adding in the second major, I would simply take all of the upper level classes related to biochemistry/biology as I desired to know what their upper division students know without their excessive introduction to biology courses.
Throughout college, my interests shifted from pharmacy as a professional career to research pertaining to the development of therapies and further to clinical medicine to complement that research. It was that interest in therapies that kept my interest in the chemistry major as chemistry is the basis for drug design. I knew I would later be able to shift my primary focus to more biological sciences but I believed the background in chemistry would make me a better biologist.
While I'm no longer doing just straight-up chemistry, I do not regret the decision to keep that as my major. I'm lucky that my university was flexible and allowed me to take classes outside my major rather freely. If you wish to see all the classes I did end up taking outside of my major that show that your education shouldn't be defined by your major, check out my blog post: http://mdphdtobe.com/2013/08/14/undergraduate-curriculum/.
Hi. So I'm applying for university and am not sure whether I want to do engineering or honours biomed sciences. Both interest me (biomed sci more), but engineering seems like a good back up plan if i dont get into med school, but i feel that it may make it hard for me to be competitive... thoughts?
There's no easy answer when it comes to picking a major. But fear not, what you major in should not hurt your medical school application. People from a great range of majors get into medical school this year, not just those in the biological sciences. You could major in art history for all the admissions committees care as long as you take your science pre-requisites, do well on the MCAT, and can show that you are both passionate about this area of study and are passionate about medicine.
If you are quite concerned about your ability to get into medical school regardless of your major, then perhaps engineering would be a safer bet. You could possibly focus on bioengineering, which would be a great way to tie in your engineering focus toward medicine and prepare you for a possible back up career in industry.
If I were in your case, I would probably major in what interests me the most. It is much more rewarding and motivational to major in what you are passionate about and it will lead you toward a career that you are passionate about. I'm also a big fan of not actually choosing but finding a way to incorporate both of my options, which biomedical engineering would do in your case. But if just biomed sci is what you're most interested in, I would suggest doing that.
What inspired you to start your blog? Also how did you start it?
I've never considered myself a person who liked to write. I took AP literature and composition in high school but I'm still not sure why I decided to do so. Writing lab reports and papers for class was a long process and was not one of my favorites. Otherwise, I didn't take a writing course until senior year of college.
Two summers ago, I was working on my medical school application and writing like crazy to make my personal statements the best they could be. As this process wore on, I could really see my story come alive in my writing, and it was a great feeling to express myself in that way. When it was done, I wanted to keep writing.
During that summer, I also made the twitter account that you now know as @MDPhDToBe (though at the time it was anonymous and went by @PreMDPhDLife). As I followed many medical students and pre-meds, I noticed some of the medical students had blogs and I thought that would be a great idea to share my experience, help others who aspire to go to medical school and give myself more opportunity to write!
To make my blog, I simply did a Google search for blog hosts. I looked into a few and ultimately decided that Wordpress was my favorite. The rest was simple – I used the website's templates and customization features to make the design look how I wanted, I began writing, and I promoted my work to my twitter community.
okay, this may seem like a silly question... but do you have any tips on how to stay awake? with studying, extracurriculars, etc. i always feel exhausted and don't get enough sleep. also, tips on how to avoid burnout?
That's not at all a silly question! Exhaustion affects most of us as we go through college and instead of just trudging through it, it can be helpful to take the time to plan and figure out how to overcome it.
First of all, there's no real replacement for sleep when it comes to staying awake (it's counterintuitive, I know). Sleep is an essential part of our lives with a lot of great benefits. Now that I'm in grad school, I actually get 7-8 hours every night - it's been a long time since I've felt so awake during the day! No matter how much you try, caffeine will never replace it. I promise you that getting more sleep will lead to feeling more awake and will help you more productively use the time that you're awake! But not all sleep is equal, and so I encourage you to read my blog post about it here: http://mdphdtobe.wordpress.com/2013/04/25/mastering-sleep/.
Another thing you can do is get active! Exercise works wonders at helping you feel awake. Even if you don't have time to really exercise, take study breaks to walk around your apartment, around the block, whatever, just move. I recently wrote an article for Almost Docs on how to survival an all-nighter, which has this and some other helpful tips to stay awake no matter the time of day: http://almost.thedoctorschannel.com/7-keys-to-a-successful-all-nighter/.
I've actually found that being involved in extracurriculars helps me be awake because it is a change of what I'm doing. If I just sat around and studied all day, I'd feel really tired. But if I break up studying and class with some activities, I'm a much more effective when it is time to study. It keeps life exciting. It also helps with burnout. Being involved in so many different things keeps things balanced so if things aren't going so hot in one area, they're probably better in another area and I'm less discouraged. I also make sure to make time for friends as a way to relax from the stress of school and remember to really enjoy life while going through school. It helps put everything into perspective. :)
How important are grades for med school? Can other things make up for not achieving super high grades? I read that you got in with a 3.6 (I thought getting in required gpas near 4.0); what else made you a strong applicant? Not trying to sound rude or anything :)
Wow, what a great question for my 100th with this account. I could seriously write a book about the making of a strong medical school applicant and the application process, but I will refrain from elaborating too far as I try to answer your question. Nonetheless, my response is too long for ask.fm, so you can find it on my blog: http://mdphdtobe.wordpress.com/2014/01/28/grades-will-they-make-or-break-you/.
I'm in my 2nd yr. undergrad; I did not start off on the right track, academically, so my GPA suffered as a result esp. last sem. I recently got a research internship &decided to switch my major to Chem &stay another year. What advice would give in order to boost my application to the MD/PhD program?
I'm glad you're interested in the MD/PhD track! Don't let a low GPA get you down, as long as you continually improve it by doing well in your higher level classes, that should be able to offset it.
One of the biggest things that MD/PhD programs look for is solid research experience and a good understanding of what you were doing for the research and the general research process. Whether you just helped out in a lab or you had your own project in the lab makes a big difference. So that's great that you just got a research internship! If you have the time, learn as much as you can about it - learn the methods, learn the reasoning, learn the related material, it will help you become more involved and more prepared for a research career.
That being said, you're also applying to medical school and you need to be competitive with other pre-meds. If you can, try to get some clinical experience - shadow doctors, volunteer at a hospital, work in a nursing home, etc. Get an understanding of what it's like to be a physician. Even better, if you can shadow a MD/PhD, that would be beneficial to really know what an MD/PhD does, so you can speak directly about your understanding of their lifestyle and job. When applying, you'll need to show that you know what you're getting yourself into and show your passion so having direct experience to talk about is key.
Schools also like to see that you' can be really dedicated to something whether it is science/medicine related or not. They like to see people who are passionate. So if you have something else that interests you as well, do it. But don't just do it, become involved, try to be an officer, plan events, whatever. The quality of your activities matters more than the quantity. For example, I'm passionate about music, I was in marching band and I became a leader in it. I joined the band's sorority and became a leader of that as well. I really cared about it, which showed through my choice to take responsibility for the organizations' successes as a leader.
I know this is a lot, but you don't have to do all these things and surely not all at once. Ease yourself in, you have time. Most importantly, don't do too much if it's affecting your grades. Make your focus on bringing your GPA up, and fit in the rest around that goal. Best of luck!
In addition to your list of being a future MD/PhD holder, a TA, a Chem major, etc. consider yourself as a role model because you are certainly mine. :)
Aww thanks! I'm glad. :)
How do you avoid burning out? I spend a lot of time studying, yet also try to go out at least once every 2 weeks. I love science, but the amount of effort required to maintain good grades is starting to get to me. I've been doing well so far, but I don't know if I can do it anymore.
With all that I did as an undergrad and now as a MD/PhD student, I probably should have burned out at some point, but I honestly don't think I ever have. While I did a lot of science between classes and research, I also did a lot of non-science things to keep myself being productive but focusing on something else. For example, I did marching band and was in a sorority in undergrad. When I needed a break from studying, I would work on memorizing music for a while or I would work on planning a project for the sorority. Now, I play piano and write as my release. It keeps me in the right mindset of being productive but is a totally different way of thinking.
Also, as social beings, humans need to do more with others than just go out every couple weeks. Marching band gave me an opportunity to hang out with people every day each fall for a couple hours. In the spring, I'd be in other bands and go to hockey games as a break. Basically none of my Friday or Saturday nights were spent studying. I also would study with friends so that we could take breaks and chat either about what we were studying or something else. It was a great way to be social but also productive. We'd support each other to keep ourselves going.
Even in my hardest semester of undergrad – where I averaged about 3 hours of sleep a night because of studying (which you shouldn't do) – I still made a point to do all of those non-science things.
Sure, when you're overwhelmed with how much science you need to learn it may make the most sense to study it continuously. But taking breaks more frequently (and getting adequate sleep, nutrition, and exercise!!!) helps your mind function when you do study so that you STUDY MORE EFFECTIVELY and it will help you avoid burning out!
This is completely unrelated to anything medical, but I'd just like to let you know that you're perfect. Like, can I marry you?...
Well, I'm flattered. :)
Not really a question... but I just want to say that you're very beautiful :)
Aww thank you!
(Me again!) What kinds of activities are MD/PhD programs looking for that varies from regular med school (except research, of course)? Does volunteerism, clubs, travel, etc. matter as much for MD/PhD? Also, what "counts" as a publication & what's worth including on your resume? Thanks!
Generally, MD/PhD programs require that the medical school admissions committee accepts you in addition to the MD/PhD admissions committee. This means that you need to woo the general medical school admissions committee as well, which will be helpful if you have more activities than just research.
For any admissions committee, there are no set requirements for things such as activities. All of the admissions committees I've ever experienced look at each applicant as a whole rather than checking your activities off a list to make sure you've fulfilled different categories of activities. If your activities can show to the committee that you know what you're getting yourself into such as through volunteering at a hospital, you can be highly devoted to something such as by being involved in at least one organization for a long time and perhaps even taking a leadership role, and you enjoy taking care of others, it doesn't matter what specifically are these activities.
While a solid research experience is essential for MD/PhD admissions (generally, at least an equivalent of a year of full time research is expected), simply working in a lab can be enhanced if you have something to show for it. For example, I was awarded a summer research fellowship and an undergraduate grant for doing research in undergrad. This showed that I showed enough promise to get rewarded for my work.
Another way to enhance your research experience is to publish your work. Generally, in science and medicine, a publication is any paper in which you're named as an author and is published in a peer-reviewed journal. Getting your name on a paper shows that you're not only being exposed to research but you're being productive enough to contribute to a paper. But don't worry; a lot of people don't have any papers published by the time they apply to medical school.
I will be applying to medical school in the next few years and I was wondering how I should keep track of my activities. What activities are "important"? What are med schools looking for? How far should I go back (i.e. high school, summer vacations, etc.)? How should I organize the info. for AMCAS?
Very exciting!!! Best of luck!
The activities that are important for your medical school application are most importantly the activities that are important to you. They're activities that can reveal something about your character and they're activities that you've devoted yourself to, perhaps even by taking a leadership position. These don't necessarily all have to be medically related. For example, I was in marching band, pep band, and a sorority. I listed all of those on my application and selected marching band as one of my most important activities. Medical school admissions committees want to see that you can be devoted to something, which I sure did by becoming a leader in the band and president of the sorority.
While not all of your activities have to be medically related, it is a good idea to shadow doctors, volunteer at a hospital, or find another activity that can give you first hand exposure to the kind of work that you'll be doing as a doctor. These experiences won't just add to your list of activities, they can help you get stories to include in your application essays and interviews that will strengthen your argument for why you want to be a doctor. Medical school admissions committees will want to see that you're aware of what you're getting yourself into.
As for how far to go back, medical school admissions committees generally only care about what you did since you started undergrad. That being said, I did include some activities from high school only because I continued to be involved in them throughout college such as volunteering at a hospital, which I began early in high school and continued until the end of undergrad. General rule of thumb, if it ended before you started undergrad, don't include it unless it's really, really good.
To keep track of your activities, you can write a curriculum vitae (CV, basically a longer version of a resume) and save it to your computer. Then you can periodically go back and add to this CV to update it (google "curriculum vitae" and you can find some good resources on how to make one). With each activity on your CV, you can include a description of the activity and how you were involved in it so that you won't forget. This can be useful for other areas as well such as to give to a letter of recommendation writer so that they can know more about you and can write a stronger letter.


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Matthew Friedenberg is an associate in Weil's Complex Commercial Litigation practice, where he focuses on litigating commercial, business and financial disputes in state and federal court, as well as alternative dispute resolution forums. Mr. Friedenberg has represented banking and lending institutions in proceedings to enforce creditor rights, hedge fund principals in business break-up litigation, and real estate developers, fashion manufacturers, and restaurateurs in the prosecution and defense of contract and tort claims.
Mr. Friedenberg was recognized by Super Lawyers as one of New York City's Rising Stars for both 2014 and 2015.
Prior to joining Weil, Mr. Friedenberg worked as an associate in the New York office of a prestigious international law firm.
Mr. Friedenberg received his J.D., magna cum laude and Order of the Coif, from the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in New York City in 2011. Mr. Friedenberg served as Senior Editor for the Cardozo Moot Court Honor Society, where his brief on First Amendment jurisprudence won "Best Brief" at a national moot court competition. Mr. Friedenberg received his B.A. in Economics, cum laude, from Brandeis University in 2007.


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Meaning and origin of the Welsh baby name Delia. Meaning of Delia. What does Delia mean? Delia origin. Information about Delia.
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17 reviews | 3.8 out of 5
I'm very satisfied. It had a few small scratches from the box on it before I bought it. But when I got it home and set it up, I couldn't even see the scratches. It was fine and my betta fish, Velvet, loves it. Well worth the price. Set up was a breeze and so is the maintenance. Thinking of buying another for my grandmother who is 83 years old.
Great size.. comes with filter, trial size fish food and water stabilizer. all you need to add are acesories and fish! ligting is great.. it does change colors to white- light blue- dark blue.
My son loved it! and makes room look much cooler. Its not loud at all. Overall, would recomend =)
I have 2 large goldfish (3 inch) and the tank is always clean. The filter it came with works great!
Bought this one as a gift for some special little girls. I bought one for myself 4 months ago and love it. Very easy to set up and to maintain.
Easy set up, comes with the neccessities except a heater and decorations. I am pleased so far. It looks very nice and is quiet.
Be aware that there is no filter. Other than that the product meets expectations for amount paid. My kids love it and that's all that matters. -Also doubles as a night light.
I purchased this aquarium for my two glow fish that needed a new tank. When I was reading about the aquarium I thought it came complete with filter, light, air system, Ect... Pretty much everything but the decor (gravel, plants, Ect). All was correct minus the filter. This aquarium comes with a FILTER PLATE for under the gravel. It DOES NOT come with a filter. Just a note to anyone who reads on it. Aside from that issue the only other was getting the air hose to stay down the tube in the center, I ended up taping it on the outside of the tank to get the air tube to stay in place. All in all its a Nice show piece especially with thelight on ;-) Be prepared to do frequent water changes though.
I purchased this on line, and paid for it when it came, and had other shopping to do, to find it was on sale for $9.00 less in the store. I returned the first one of course. But its a very cool Glo-Tank
I cant believe how fast and easy this purchase was. il be doing a lot more online buying in the future! thnks!
I really love this aquarium, excellent for the price
Well, I decided to take a chance on it because it had many features I really liked and needed. It was tall instead of long which I needed for my desk. It had different LED light settings that I thought would really bring out the color of my fish. BUT as with others, it arrived cracked. Not one, but 2 big cracks. Very disappointed. I will now save up for a real fish tank with a hood and all and buy it from Petsmart. For anyone who still wants to buy this, listen to what people kept saying. If you order this, open it and check for cracks right when you pick it up. Don't take it home without checking. Only good thing I can say is the guy who was working when I picked this up was extremely nice and apologetic and truly felt bad for how it arrived so I appreciated that.
Looked like it was a nice set up however Walmart had shattered it on the way to the store. Picked up a 1.5 gallon in store and it is working great. Not nearly the features of this tank but it works great for the kid.
I waited a week for the delivery went and picked it up they opened it to make sure it wasn't cracked then when I got home and started to put it together the light did not work and the base of the tank was missing. Very disappointed since I had to the go all the way back the next day to rerun it
This product is very nice but I have one problem with it. I have 2 goldfish in it and if I look at certain angles, the fish look distorted. It is very disappointing
The tank is plastic and was cracked on arrival, very disappointed.
Fish glow as showed. Space saving glow tank for fish.


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Wonderful. Shared it to my FB page. I like that this and the Tardis include animal helpers.View Instructable »
For a stretch in my bachelor/college/working days I would make sandwiches for a week and freeze them individually and on the day off I would bring the frozen sandwich which thawed out in my lunch bag with a fresh piece of lettuce to out in. For dinner I would have two drumsticks or a chicken breast or a serving of casserole flipping between them all frozen individually so all I did was make a salad. Pretty boring but I was working full time and going to school full time. You can get good grades when you have no social life. Breakfast I ate over a frying pan in the sink, a runny fried egg sandwich, no dishes. Cheap as well.View Instructable »
Personally I don't throw away the burnt bits I have a container of flotsam and jetsam of cooking and it all goes in for a later, "Fridge Soup". I also like burnt bits as long as it's bits not lots. that's just my taste buds.View Instructable »


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It's Killing Me...
Just wanted to stop by and say Hello on this soon to be filled out blog on Cologne. We cannot wait to hear all about Cologne... All that it had to offer you and Shan Man.
Hugs, Oletha, Brad, & Brett-ly
I figured out the clue so it's no longer killing me! I am so smart!
Köln or Cologne: Smells like fun!!
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It's Killing Me...
More Chocolate...
What is with Europe and all this chocolate... No wait... it's more like Rachel & Shannon finding all the chocolate avaliable. I could go for some chocolate.
So The Killers, The Hard Rock, one really big cathedral, and burial plots. Sounds Like you were busy in Cologne.
Hugs, Oletha, Brad & Brett-ly


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Someone once said "if you can't measure something, you can't understand it." Another version of this belief says: "If you can't measure it, it doesn't exist." This is a false way of thinking – a fallacy – in fact it is sometimes called the McNamara fallacy. This mindset can have dire consequences in national affairs as well as in personal medical treatment (such as the application of "progression-free survival" metrics in cancer patients, where the reduction in tumors is lauded as a victory while the corresponding reduction in quality of life is ignored).
Similarly, in the world of data science and analytics, we are often drawn into this same way of thinking. Quantitative data are the ready-made inputs to our mathematical models. The siren call of quantifiable predictive and prescriptive models is difficult to resist. If the outputs from our models are quantitative (e.g., accuracy, precision, recall, or some other validation metric), then why not also the inputs to our models? Isn't that the essence of being data-driven?
What we overlook when we say "data-driven" is that we really mean to say "evidence-based". Evidence is not only quantitative. Similarly, data are not only quantitative. Consequently, what we miss in the rush to be more quantitative is the enormous value of qualitative data sets. The value of qualitative data comes in several ways, including:
We will explore these ideas by responding to four basic questions related to qualitative data:
1. What are some ways that we encounter qualitative data?
Qualitative data can come from surveys, customer response forms, documents, and even social media. These are invaluable sources of information that organizations already collect and exploit for important insights. Historically, the analysis of qualitative data tended to be very human-intensive, since we could not just submit a database query against a document and get some numbers back that we can feed into a visualization. Consequently, historical qualitative data analysis were typically limited in scope. However, that situation is now rapidly changing. There are increasingly clever ways that qualitative data are being transformed into quantitative data, thereby unleashing the full power of quantitative analytics on the qualitative data also. Some transformation methods include scoring (assigning a numerical rank or score to specific qualitative responses or comments), sentiment analysis (assigning a positive or negative value to the sentiment being expressed in the qualitative data, and then assigning a numerical value to the strength of that sentiment), text analytics (summarizing the content of textual information in quantitative ways, such as topic models and heat maps), and natural language and semantic processing (extracting meaning from the language, whether written or verbal). Consequently, qualitative data are already first-class citizens in the world of big data and they should be allowed equal opportunity to deliver business insights and value.
2. What are some of the similarities and differences between qualitative data and quantitative data when it comes to deriving insights?
Since qualitative data generally are data that are not quantitative, that means that these data are unstructured and usually textual. They might be from customer surveys, response forms, online forums, feedback comment blocks on web forms, written comments, phone calls to call centers, anecdotal evidence (e.g., gathered by our sales force or marketing team), news reports, and so on. Consequently, the extraction of structure and objective insights from such data requires a model: How do we model the words, or the comments, or the survey responses that we are collecting? How much weight do we assign to different content? How do we combine and integrate multiple sources? Answers to these questions are not really that much different from the answers we give to these exact same questions when we handle quantitative data.
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Most of the time, neurologists feel confident that they have a good understanding of someone's neurological problem without any need for additional tests. In other situations, though, it can be very helpful, or even urgently necessary, to obtain further testing.

Overview

The term neuroimaging describes methods of visualizing the brain and other parts of the nervous system, and is often used to confirm a neurologist's suspicions, or to rule out serious problems.

The two main ways that physicians take a picture of the brain are either by using an MRI or a CT scan. Getting a CT scan is like taking a photo with the camera on a cheap cellular phone. The picture isn't as good as it would be if taken by a professional grade camera, but it's inexpensive, fast and convenient. In contrast, an MRI is like an expensive, professional-grade film camera. The picture quality is great, but the scan is expensive, and it takes a longer time until you can view the pictures.

Indications

Some people assume that, because the picture quality of an MRI is higher, they should always demand this kind of scan. But this can be a dangerous stance if what's really needed is to quickly rule out a serious problem, such as an intracranial hemorrhage. An MRI can take about 45 minutes to complete, whereas a CT scan may only take 5 to 10 minutes. In the time it takes to take the pictures in the MRI machine, a severe hemorrhage could be fatal to the person. In addition, MRI scans require that the patient stay very still for a long period of time, which may be difficult if the patient is confused or fidgety.

Furthermore, in some situations, a CT scan can actually detect abnormalities more easily than an MRI. For example, a CT scan is good at detecting acute bleeding and problems in bone, such as fractures, or bone breaks. In contrast, an MRI is best at detecting small or subtle lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques, acoustic neuromas, or low-grade astrocytomas.

Each type of scan is susceptible to different kinds of artifact — which is a blurring of the image. For example, at the base of the skull in the region of the brainstem, the beams of radiation used by a CT scan can be scattered by the dense bone in the region, leading to a picture that is very difficult or even impossible to interpret.

Risks

In some cases, the amount of radiation involved with a CT scan is concerning, as there is about a one in three hundred chance of a CT scan contributing to a cancer. This is most concerning in people who are young, since cancers may take more than one incident of cellular injury to cause a malignancy — and if you're young, there's a longer period of time in which additional doses of radiation or other problems could lead to a cancer. For this reason, physicians tend to be more cautious about giving a CT scan to a child than to an elderly adult.

MRI scanners do not apply radiation to capture their images the same way that a CT scanner does. Instead, an MRI uses a very powerful magnet to stimulate atoms in the patient's body, and the atoms then release a type of energy that can be detected by the scanner. The greatest danger of an MRI is to those with metal in their bodies that could be moved around or heated up by the powerful magnetic force created by the MRI machine.

Use of Contrast Agents

In some cases, neurologists want to use a contrast dye in order to better understand what is going on inside the brain. For example, contrast can be used to highlight blood vessels inside the brain to look for vascular abnormalities such as brain aneurysms. In an MRI, contrast can highlight lesions that cause a breakdown in the blood-brain barrier, such as acute MS lesions, hemorrhagic stroke, and some tumors. This not only helps doctors see the lesions — it helps physicians figure out the cause of the abnormality.

CT scans use a contrast agent that may contain iodine. This can cause serious problems in people who are allergic to iodine, even leading to life-threatening allergic reactions. While this is rare, it's critical that you let people know about any such allergy prior to receiving a CT scan with contrast.

MRI scanners use an entirely different type of contrast agent called gadolinium. True allergic reactions to gadolinium are extremely rare. In people with kidney disease, though, another type of serious reaction called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis may occur. This disorder can be extremely dangerous, so doctors should ensure that someone's kidney function has been investigated before they order an MRI with contrast.

Factors to Consider

As you can see, there's a lot to consider before ordering a neuroimaging study. First is the decision about whether any such study is needed at all. If so, factors to consider include the acuity of the problem, the expected nature of the lesion, and potential risks of radiation, exposure to magnets, and different types of contrast. If studies are chosen carefully, neuroimaging can contribute much to the accurate diagnosis of neurological disorders.

Sources:

Blumenfeld H, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Publishers 2002.

Robert I. Grossman and David M. Yousem. Neuroradiology: The Requisites 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003.


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Maybe Accepting Guests
- Last login over 2 years ago
Join Couchsurfing to see Daniel's full profile. It's free!
About Me
Traveling across South America
I'm a really easy going guy who loves travelling and meeting new people. After saved some money I'm travelling across South America, one of my dreams. I enjoy having an interesting conversation with a good red wine in one hand and know people from other cultures. And love chocolote!
Live the day as if it was the last.
And travel. The world is to interesting just to stay at home.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
Now I'm travelling across South America and want to discover as many homes and way of living as I can. I'd like to host backpackers as soon as I'll come back home to Barcelona.
I have been hosted in Manaus and Florianopolis (Brasil), Montevideo (Uruguay), Mendoza (Argentina). Was wonderful! And have gone around with other couchers in Campo Grande and Rio (Brazil). Hope to repeat the experience across South America and give the favor back once in Barcelona.
Love taking and watching photographies, reading and travelling. I like architecture as well and everything related with mass media and journalism.
Cinema and sports are to other imporant hobbies in my life.
And food, one of my passions. I enjoy tasting everything!
- architecture
- dining
- wine
- red wine
- movies
- reading
- traveling
- sports
- communications
- journalism
Music, Movies, and Books
Some writers:
Paul Auster, Nick Hornby, Bukowski, Murakami, Quim Monzó, Jordi Puntí, Eduardo Galeano, Jorge Amado, Noam Chomsky, García Márquez, Tom Sharpe, Benedetti...
Some films:
Requiem for a dream, Amadeus, Inside Job, Traffic, Che el argentino, Feed the world, Social network, Todo sobre mi madre, Inglorius Basterds, The hurt locker, Pulp fiction, Tropa de Élite, Reservoir dogs, The west wing, Lost. The Wire
Some bands:
All of Radiohead, Standstill, Feist, Fangoria Colplay, Vetusta Morla, Manel, U2, Joan Miquel Oliver, Love of Lesbian, Mishima, Sufjan Stevens, Yann Tiersen, Morrisey ,Múm, Cardigans, Saint Etienne, Manu Chao, Franz Ferdinand, Pulp, The new Raemon, Roger MAs, Bon Iver, Antonio Font,Arcade Fire, Counting crows, Dj shadow
One Amazing Thing I've Done
I 've enjoyed living in Rome and travelling to very different places like China, Turkey, India or Guatemala. I love to learn from different cultures and explain mine to others.
The most amazing think I've done in my live is to quit my job and start a one year trip across South America.
Countries I've Visited
Andorra, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, India, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Vatican City State
Countries I've Lived In
India, Italy, Spain


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12 inch gas station price numbers are available for unbranded or independent stations with a legacy gas price number signs. The numbers can be read from 200 feet and available in five optional colors.
The 12 inch gas station price numbers are available in five optional colors: black, white, red, blue, and green. The numbers are sold in kits and there are three different easy to read number styles. The gas station price number height is 12 inches and the panel height is 13-7/8 inches. The Style A panel width is 7.5 inches, the Style B panel width is 11 inches and the Style C panel width is 7 inches.
A one color UV resistant ink is silk screen printed on a clear high impact acrylic panel. The print style can be reversed so the background is printed and the number is clear. This is called a forward or reverse print style. The clear high impact acrylic panel is .098 thick. The square corner high impact acrylic panel is protected with a UV clear coat. This produces a smooth glossy scratch resistant finish.
The gas station price numbers are ordered individually but you can build your own kits. Here is a list of suggested kit assortments of 44, 70, 96 and 142 pieces. The 44 piece kit contains 6ea- 1 2 3, 4ea- 3 4 5 7 8 0, and 2ea- 6 9 9/10. The 70 piece kit contains 10ea- 2 3, 8ea- 1, 6ea- 4 5 7 8 0, and 4ea- 6 9 9/10. The 96 piece kit contains 14ea- 2 3, 10ea- 1, 8ea- 4 5 7 8 0, and 6ea- 6 9 9/10. The 142 piece kit contains 20ea- 2 3, 14ea- 1, 12ea- 4 5 7 8 0, and 8ea- 6 9 9/10. The tenth panel is displayed as a fraction.
The kits are designed to have enough numbers for a 1 product, 2 product, 3 product, or 4 product double sided sign respectively. For example, if you sell three products (regular, plus and super) and have one double sided sign then you would need one 96 piece kits.
The number kits are made to order and take 5 days to turn around. We are suppliers to all major petroleum brands and produce to franchise specifications, please call for custom pricing.
This item ships UPS Ground to the continental US and normally takes 2-4 business days to arrive. UPS is one of the largest shipment and logistics companies in the world. UPS delivers more than 15 million packages a day to more than 6.1 million customers with exceptional real time tracking and notifications.
UPS offers the best value for medium size packages. UPS has been moving towards a dimensional weight pricing model where the shipping charges are calculated on the package weight, package dimensions and area delivered. The UPS shipping cost is calculated at check-out and adds to the cost of the order.
Shipping to AK and HI needs to be quoted and we will email you an invoice for the total cost before the order is processed. We are not set up for international shipments. We do not ship COD or bill to third parties.
All claims for damage must be made within 3 business days.
This is a custom made item so it is non-returnable.
The 12 inch Gas Station Price Numbers belongs in the Business & Industrial > Signage > Retail & Sale Signs category.


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"Eileen Maxson: Orphans of Failure"
Eileen Maxson remembers the '90s in "Orphans of Failure." The exhibit features images salvaged, or made to look salvaged, from 1993 Ñ a year whose calendar, Maxson explains, mirrors the days and dates of 2010's calendar. "My Quantum Leap, Back to the Future fandom is saying that this is a cracked door, a chance for renewal," she says in her artist statement. The show is a mix of videos and images featuring relics of the past: 1993 calendar pages, VHS tapes, the Twin Towers, hard copies of pet photos (these days they're just posted on Flickr or FaceBook) and double-exposed images (a misprint that's long gone, thanks to digital cameras). There's an opening reception from 7 to 9 p.m. Saturday, March 13. Regular viewing hours are noon to 8 p.m. Mondays through Fridays, 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. Saturdays, and 11 a.m. to 7 p.m. Sundays. Through May 6. Domy Books, 1709 Westheimer. For information, call 713-523-3669 or visit www.domystore.com. Free.
Sun., March 14, 2010
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Height292 mm 11.5 in
Available colors
Available in sizes 6 to17, the X-tra has an extra-large last to fit over work boots with metatarsal protection and very thick outsole. It is made of waterproof natural rubber and is knit lined. Its lower part is reinforced with thicker rubber and features a wide bellows tongue which imparts a wide opening and offers great waterproof qualities.
- Knit lining
- Waterproof natural rubber
- Adjustable buckle and wide bellows tongue
- Lower part reinforced by thicker rubber
- Extra-large last for boots with metatarsal guard and very thick outsole
I have owned about 20prs Acton overshoes as they are the only one which will fit over work boots. recently(last 2 prs) the boot is much improved, correcting the normal failure at the base of the bellows and buckle failures - the new boots are prone to almost instant failure of the closure - within the firest work day either the buckle seperates from the boot or eyelets fall out and the tounge of the buckle shears off the strap often on booth boots the same day - replacement of the closure system by popriveting on a 1 in by 18 in HD dog collar will get nearly a year out of these boots until the soles seperate from the sides within the toe cap area-(old ones leaked within 3 mo)- overall with modifications and repairs these are a much improved boot and the only game in town for those of us who wear work boots in mucky enviroments-ps these failures are termed "rough use" and not covered by warranty


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Trophies & Awards
NEW Brand Ambassador, for our Sports Business, Mark Pougatch. A well known face in the sports world as presenter for BBC Radio 5 Live and ITV Sport. Inkerman have been designing and crafting memorable trophies for over 20 years, for many prestigious events such as The Grand National, MasterCard, Royal London, Caesar's Palace and Investec.


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Summary of Avoiding Politics
How Americans Produce Apathy in Everyday Life
Cambridge UP, 1998 more...
Pages: 336
Even charitable people avoid open debate to maintain harmony. The result is apathy; they don't seem to care. Do you?
Nina Eliasoph describes the ways that volunteers get involved - or don't get involved - in political activity. Most volunteers, she notes, intentionally shy away from discussing the core political issues related to their volunteer efforts. She suggests that these volunteers have learned apathy in order to avoid the confrontation that public political debate might provoke. The volunteers she studied are willing to raise difficult issues in private, but not in public. Instead of finding - as might be expected - that joining groups helps people become activists, she finds the opposite. Group membership seems to blunt personal action. Eliasoph can be academic and repetitious, in that she uses multiple examples to make a single point. So, while respecting her research and her passion, getAbstract.com suggests this book is primarily aimed at political scientists and at readers who are truly concerned that more institutions should foster public debate and more of us should engage in it. The author is deeply worried about apathy's effect on democracy. The question is, do you care?
In this summary, you will learn
- Why volunteers avoid public discussion of political issues - even issues that affect their volunteer work; and
- How the resulting apathy dangerously stifles civic involvement and free public debate.
About the Author
Nina Eliasoph teaches in the Department of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and was a Visiting Scholar at the Annenberg School for Communications at the University of Pennsylvania. She has published articles on sociology, politics and communications, and has produced radio news and public affairs programs.
Comment on this summary
Customers who read this summary also read
F. A. Hayek
Routledge, 2012
Tom Nichols
Oxford UP, 2017
Thomas Paine
Applewood Books, 2002
Henry Kissinger
Penguin Group (USA), 2012


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Posted on October 4, 2016 by: acid stag
featuring: Oyster Kids, Yellow House, Swimming Tapes, Flying Ibex and Jack River
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