text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 18, 2004
|Filing date
|May 30, 2000
|Priority date
|May 30, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Daniel R. Zaharris, Lane W. Lee, Stanton M. Keeler, Michael B. Propps
|Original Assignee
|Dphi Acquisitions, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (75), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (11), Classifications (14), Legal Events (16)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to the following U.S. patent applications: application Ser. No. 09/560,781, filed Apr. 28, 2000, entitled "Miniature Optical Disk For Data Storage"; application Ser. No. 09/542,681, filed Apr. 3, 2000, entitled "Structure And Method For Storing Data On Optical Disks"; application Ser. No. 09/583,133, filed concurrently herewith, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Emulating Read/Write File System On A Write Once Data Storage Disk"; and application Ser. No. 09/583,390, filed concurrently herewith, entitled "Defect Management System For A Storage Device", each of which applications is assigned to the assignee of this application, and each of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention relates to a format used for storing data in a memory storage disk and more specifically an optical storage disk. This invention also relates to an optical storage disk that contains both mastered and writeable areas.
Data storage disks, and in particular optical data storage disks, are widely used for a number of purposes. For example, downloading data via computer networks such as the Internet onto data storage disks is becoming increasingly popular. The downloaded data may include movies, music recordings, books, and other media. There are different types and sizes of data storage disks available for storing and accessing the downloaded information.
A number of benefits can be achieved using a data storage disk which can economically provide both mastered information and the ability to write or record information. As used herein, "mastered information" refers to information in which content is incorporated (embossed) into the disk during the manufacture thereof. The information is typically represented by a series of pits or bumps in the reflective layer which alter the reflectivity of the layer and therefore can be detected by the read/write head as the track of pits or bumps passes beneath it. A common example of an optical disk is the well-known Compact Disc (CD), in which the information, normally music, is mastered prior to distribution.
A data storage device, e.g., a disk drive, which includes a read/write head is used to write information onto the disk and to read information from the disk. The disk drive is associated with a host device which uses the data read from the disk by the drive and which supplies data to be recorded by the disk drive onto the disk. A single host device may be coupled to more than one disk drive. Most prior art disk drives, including hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and write once read many (WORM) disk drives (such as CD-R and DVD-R drives) are classified as "block level" devices. The drive itself simply reads or writes "blocks" of data pursuant to instructions from the host device, and is not concerned with the organization of the data blocks into files and directories.
Conventional storage disks assign specific areas for writing data files and for storing file system information or attributes (location, size, etc,) relating to the data files. This practice restricts the use of the disk. For example, a user who stores one large data file needs a relatively small area for storing file system information. In contrast, a user who stores numerous small data files requires proportionally more storage space for storing the file system information.
Conventional optical disk drives read and write data from an inner diameter ("ID") of the disk towards an outer diameter ("OD") of the disk and at a constant linear track velocity. The data may be stored in a single spiral track formed about the center of the disk and the disk rotated in an angular direction such that a read/write head following the track moves outward towards the OD of the disk. Alternatively, the data may be stored in concentric circular tracks, in which case the read/write head "jumps" outward to the next track after each rotation of the disk.
For example, a conventional CD has a first annular zone located near the ID of the disk that is reserved for a "table of contents" and a second annular zone located radially outward from the table of contents that is reserved for data. The data is written on a spiral track in a direction from the ID to the OD of the disk. Before any data can be read, the disk must be accelerated to a relatively high rotational velocity, using considerable power, so that the table of contents can be read. Moreover, if one or two very large files are recorded in the data zone, the table of contents area will remain unfilled. Conversely, if there are numerous small data files, the table of contents will fill up before the data zone. In either case, precious storage space is wasted.
In order to read the data at a constant linear track velocity, the storage disk must be rotated at a variable speed, e.g., more rapidly near the ID. Hence, more power is consumed in reading data at the ID than at the OD. In portable, battery-operated storage devices (for example, digital cameras, Palm Pilot™ personal digital assistants, and other similar devices), minimizing power consumption is critical to maximizing battery life. Moreover, the need to accelerate the disk to a relatively high rotational speed increases the amount of time required to access the data.
Conventional storage devices typically store data in fixed block sizes. For example, in DVD optical storage devices each block necessarily contains 32K bytes of data. This can be very wasteful of storage space. Writing a single check mark or fact, for example, normally does not require 32K bytes. Similarly, a "linking sector" containing timing information (described below) must precede the data written during each write session. Linking sectors do not require anywhere near 32K bytes of data. Moreover, file system information must also occupy 32K bytes. Allocating 32K bytes to system data relating to a single file can waste memory space. If, for example, the file or file system data contains only 100 bytes, almost the entire 32K bytes of storage capacity (i.e., 31.99K bytes) remains empty.
Accordingly, there is a need for a storage device and storage medium that is compact and portable, power-efficient, and capable of efficiently storing and transmitting large amounts of data regardless of the size of the individual data files.
A data storage disk in accordance with this invention comprises a writeable area which includes a servo track for guiding a write head. The writeable area includes a writeable system area adjacent an inner boundary of the writeable area; and a writeable data area adjacent an outer boundary of the writeable area. Typically, the writeable system area includes information (attributes) relating to data files stored in the writeable data area. There is no fixed boundary between the writeable system area and the writeable data area.
Initially, there is a blank area between the writeable system area and the writeable data area. As additional file system information is written on the inner diameter (ID) side of the blank area and additional data files are written on the outer diameter (OD) side of the blank area, the blank area shrinks in size. If additional file system information and additional data files continue to be written, ultimately the writeable system area and the writeable data area merge, and the blank area disappears. Whenever that happens, the writeable area will be fully utilized. No storage space will be wasted.
The invention also includes a method of writing data on a data storage disk having a writeable area comprising a writeable system area and a writeable data area, the writeable data area being located radially outward from the writeable system area, the writeable system area and the writeable data area being separated by a blank region. The method includes the steps of writing file system information in a first portion of the blank region located adjacent the writeable system area; and writing a data file in a second portion of the blank region located adjacent the writeable data area. The file system information includes an attribute of the data file. The file system information and data file are written in a direction from the OD of the storage device towards the ID of the storage device.
Writing file system information and data files in this way optimizes the usage of the writeable area, as compared with disk formats that have fixed areas reserved for file system information and data files, respectively, and wherein no additional data can be written once either the file system area or the data area is filled. In this case, there is normally storage space left in the other area and this space is wasted. In a disk formatted in accordance with this invention, the writeable system area and the writeable data area expand towards each other until finally they merge, at which point the entire writeable area is filled.
Using the disk format reduces the power consumption of the disk drive. As discussed above, in conventional systems data is written from ID to OD. In conventional constant linear velocity systems the rotational speed varies with the radius. Hence the rotational speed is the greatest when data is being read from or written near the ID, while the rotational speed is at a minimum when data is being read from or written near the OD. Since data is read from the ID to OD, a high rotational speed is generally required. In the format of this invention the storage device is not required to power up to the highest rotational speed before data may be read. Since lower rotational speed is required for reading data, the power consumption is less compared to conventional systems.
Besides saving power, a storage disk of this invention is available for reading or writing data earlier than conventional disks, i.e., the time for accessing data in the storage disk is reduced. Another advantage of the present invention is that the storage format is flexible. Based upon number and sizes of files, the data and file system zones of the writeable area may be used as necessary. Yet another advantage is that data can be written in plural block sizes rather than the fixed block sizes of conventional systems.
In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of writing data on a data storage disk having a writeable area, the writeable area comprising a first annular region of recorded information and a second annular region of recorded information, the second annular region being located radially outward from the first annular region and being separated from the first annular region by an annular blank area. The method comprises writing first information adjacent an outside edge of the first annular region and writing second information on the inside edge of the second annular region, thereby to reduce the size of the blank area.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the writeable area includes error correction code (ECC) blocks of different sizes, for example, a first plurality of ECC blocks of a first size and a second plurality of ECC blocks of a second size, the first size being smaller than the second size. This again increases the utilization of the writeable area, since data which typically occupies less storage space, such as file system attributes and linking sectors, can be written in the smaller ECC block size, resulting in less wasted storage space.
According to still another aspect, the invention comprises a data storage disk comprising a writeable area containing an unwritten servo track wherein a user may write data using a data storage device comprising a write head; and a mastered area containing data formed in conjunction with the manufacture of the disk; wherein the mastered area is located radially outside the writeable area. In many instances, the user will be reading the mastered data (e.g. a music video) and will not be writing data to the disk. In these instances, locating the mastered area radially outward from the writeable area tends to reduce the average rotational speed of a constant linear velocity device, thereby reducing power consumption and increasing the battery life of a portable device. In addition, locating the mastered data radially outward from the writeable area reduces the power consumed and time required in accessing the mastered data. The mastered data may written from the OD of the storage disk toward an ID of the storage disk. The data storage disk may also include a mastered file system zone, wherein the mastered file system zone includes file system objects that are written from the OD towards the ID of the data storage disk.
A more complete understanding of the invention can be obtained by reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments thereof in connection with the following drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates a data storage disk with data stored in the format of this invention.
FIG. 2 show the locations of the writeable system area and the writeable data area on the disk.
FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate how the merger point of the writeable system area and the writeable data area can vary with the size of the data files stored on the disk.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate how the disk may be rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a host device and a disk drive that is usable with a disk recorded in the format of this invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the content of a physical sector on a disk formatted in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a binary search algorithm for finding the most recent object in the file system zone of the writeable area.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of a first physical sector arranged in the User Data Mode and a second physical sector arranged in the System Data Mode.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of the hardware that controls whether the storage device is in the User Data Mode or a System Data Mode.
FIG. 10 illustrates sizes of a 2K linking block located between two 16K data blocks according to the present invention.
The use of similar reference numerals in different figures indicates similar or identical items. The drawings are not generally drawn to scale.
FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a data storage disk 10 in accordance with this invention. In this embodiment, data storage disk 10 is an optical disk having at least one active layer composed of a phase-change optical material described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,680 to Pan et al., assigned to Eastman Kodak Company, which is incorporated herein by reference. Writing is performed on this material essentially by heating it with a laser beam, which causes it to change from an amorphous to a crystalline phase. The reflectivity of the amorphous and crystalline phases are different, allowing the changed areas to be read. Such disks are available from Kodak. This invention is not limited to disks in accordance with the above-referenced patent, however, and is applicable to a wide variety of data storage disks, including other types of optical disks, magneto-optic disk, and magnetic disks. One type of optical disk is described in the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 09/560,781.
Beginning at the outer diameter, data storage disk 10 includes a lead-in and disk system area (DSA) 102. The lead-in area is used to account for any mechanical tolerances, and for initial servo focus and tracking calibration. The disk system area includes the disk format characteristics (e.g., linear and radial density, scan velocity, laser wavelength, data block size), initial parameters for reading and writing data, and layout information for storage disk 10 (e.g., the starting sectors and sizes of the mastered and writeable areas). Also included in the disk system area is a "read channel calibration" area that is used to calibrate an optical read channel for a mastered area 106 (described below). The radius of the lead-in area of disk 10 could be 15.4 mm, for example.
Storage disk 10 also includes a mastered system area (MSA) 104 that stores file system objects relating to mastered content stored in mastered area 106. Mastered system area 104 stores, for example, directory information, file attributes, file size and other file system information concerning the data stored in mastered area 106. File system objects are written in MSA 104 from the outer diameter (OD) towards the inner diameter (ID) of storage disk 10. Mastered area 106 also stores mastered content from the OD towards the ID of storage disk 10. The mastered content is stored in data blocks which may be, for example, 16K bytes in size.
In some embodiments, a duplicate of MSA 104 is created adjacent to the inward edge of mastered area 106. The duplicate MSA is used if the first MSA is not readable for any reason.
The data in mastered areas 104 and 106 is formed by an embossing process in conjunction with the manufacture of storage disk 10 and consists of a spiral track of pits or bumps. The processes used to form mastered disks (e.g., Compact Discs) are well known.
Storage disk 10 also includes a buffer and writeable calibration area 108, which separates the mastered area 106 from a writeable area 12 (described below). The buffer area can include, for example, one track of mastered sectors and three grooved tracks that are used for servo focus and tracking calibration in preparation for reading or writing data in writeable area 12. The writeable calibration area is used to calibrate the read and write channel in writeable area 12. This is required, for example, because the reflectivity of the reflective layer in the pits or bumps of the master area is different from the reflectivity in the crystalline "pits" in the writeable areas.
In contrast to the mastered areas, in writeable area 12 no data (pits or bumps) is written at the time the disk is manufactured. Instead, the spiral track takes the form of a groove or "land" (the area between grooves) which is used by a servo system to assure that the read/write head tracks properly as the data is being written or read back. The servo systems used to provide tracking are widely known in the field. The groove is typically formed in a wobble that generates a sinusoidal signal used to control the rotational speed of the disk and to generate a clock signal. (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,972,410 and 5,682,365 to Carasso et al.) Writeable area 12 has an inner boundary 12A and an outer boundary 12B. The groove may also contain high-frequency wobble marks which indicate the addresses of the physical sectors in writeable area 12, as described in the above-referenced application Ser. No. 09/542,681.
Writeable area 12 is a "write once read many" (WORM) data zone, meaning that data written in area 12 cannot be erased or moved but can be read many times. When storage disk 10 is manufactured, and before any data is written to it, writeable area 12 is a single homogeneous area having a spiral groove as described above.
Inward from writeable area 12 is a second buffer area 125, which has the same function as buffer area in buffer and writeable calibration area 108. Next comes a disk system area 126, which is a duplicate of DSA 102 at the OD of disk 10 and is used as a backup in case DSA 102, which can be very small, cannot be read. At the ID of disk 10 is a lead-out and disk format information area 128. The lead-out area ends at the maximum stroke of the optical pick up unit that is used to read and write data on disk 10. The disk format information area is in the form of a bar code and contains basic information about the disk, such as whether it is a first, second, etc., generation disk. By reading the disk information format area, the drive can quickly determine whether the disk is one that the drive is capable of reading. For example, if a second generation disk is inserted into a first generation drive, the drive would be able to tell immediately that it cannot read the disk.
To summarize, disk 10 contains two basic areas: the mastered areas, which include areas 102, 104, 106, 108, 125, 126 and 128; and the writeable area 12. The mastered areas contain a spiral track of pits or bumps that are embossed onto the disk during manufacture, the pits or bumps being separated by spaces; immediately following manufacture, the writeable area contains only a spiral groove, which is also embossed onto the disk. The mastered areas do not need to contain a groove because the track of embossed pits or bumps can be used by the read head for tracking purposes. In the writeable areas, the spiral groove (or the lands between the turns of the groove) provides a tracking signal during the reading or writing of information. In the embodiment described, the digital information in the writeable area consists of crystalline "bits" in the otherwise amorphous active layer. The crystalline bits, which are analogous to the pits in the mastered areas, may be formed either at the bottom of the groove or on the lands.
In accordance with this invention, data is written into writeable area 12 as shown in FIG. 2. As data is written in writeable area 12, a writeable system area (WSA) 120 adjacent inner boundary 12A and a writeable data area (WDA) 122 adjacent outer boundary 12B are formed. Writeable system area 120 and writeable data area 122 are shown by the dashed lines in FIG. 2. When writeable area 12 is partially full, a blank region 124 separates writeable system area 120 and writeable data area 122.
Information is stored in writeable system area 120 in data files, every data file having "attributes" such as the type of file, file location, file size and file data type. Writeable system area 120 stores such file attributes as file system objects.
Using this format, the data files are written in writeable data area 122 from the OD towards the ID of writeable area 12, i.e., in a direction inward from the outer boundary 12B. The file system objects are stored in writeable system area 120 such that writeable system area 120 grows outwards from the ID towards the OD of writeable area 12. Each new sector of data is written on the spiral track in a direction towards the ID of disk 10, but the new sector is appended to the OD side of the last sector written in writeable system area 120. Hence, writeable system area 120 grows outwards from the ID towards the OD of writeable area 12, while writeable data area 122 grows inwards from the OD towards the ID of writeable area 12. As this happens, blank region 124 shrinks in size.
Ultimately, if data files continue to be written to disk 10, writeable system area 120 and writeable data area 122 will merge, and blank region 124 will disappear. The merger will occur at a location that is dependent upon the size of the data files written writeable data area 122. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, if numerous small data files are written in writeable data area 122, the merger will occur further away from inner boundary 12A than if a few large files are written in writeable data area 122.
For example, if a data file is 100MB in size, then a large area is required for content while a smaller area may be required for the file system information. However if there are 20 files 5MB each, then the file system data files are likely to require a larger memory storage space for storing the file system data compared to the file system data for the 100MB file. Since the areas for data files and file system information approach each other, the respective sizes of writeable system area 120 and writeable data area 122 vary to meet the needs of the particular situation. Hence, the foregoing format according to the present invention apportions the data files and file system information in writeable area 12 such that writeable area 12 as a whole is efficiently utilized.
As noted above, the data stored on disk 10 is written and read in an inward direction, i.e., in a direction from the OD to the ID of disk 10. As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, using a spiral track, this can be with by rotating the disk in either a clockwise direction (FIG. 4A) or a counterclockwise direction (FIG. 4B). Obviously, the pitch of the track in FIGS. 4A and 4B is greatly exaggerated to illustrate the point.
Disks formatted in accordance with this invention can be written to and read from using a wide variety of disk drives, and the disk drives can be coupled to a variety of host devices. FIG. 5 illustrates the components of one possible combination of a host device 212 and a drive 214 with which a disk of this invention may be utilized. In host device 212, one or more processors 216 are connected by a host bus 218 to a main memory 220, a storage device interface 222, a network interface 224, and input/output (I/O) devices 226, connected via an I/O controller 228. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that host device 212 encompasses a variety of devices and systems that are capable of processing information in digital format including, for example, televisions, stereo systems, handheld audio and video players, portable computers, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, and other devices that include information processing and/or networking components.
Information may be downloaded from a source, such as the Internet, using one type of host device 212. A disk containing the downloaded information may then be used with other types of host devices 212. Accordingly, host device 212 includes the appropriate hardware and software components to transfer, encrypt/decrypt, compress/decompress, receive, record, and/or playback audio, video, and/or textual data, depending on the functionality included in host device 212. Such components may include audio and video controllers 232, as well as other devices not shown such as display devices, audio devices, keyboards, mouse-type input devices, modems, facsimile devices, televisions, voice recognition devices, electronic pen devices, and other types of mass storage devices 214 such as tape drives, floppy and hard disk drives, and write once read many (WORM) devices-including DVD-R drives and CD-R drives.
Disk drive 214 includes a processor 240 coupled to a memory 242 which may be one or a combination of several types of memory devices including static random access memory (SRAM), flash memory, or dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Disk drive 214 is coupled to host device 212 via a data bus 244. A storage device controller 246 receives input data from host device 212 and transfers output data to host device 212. Processor 240 includes operating system instructions to control the flow of data in disk drive 214.
The data may be converted from analog to digital format, or from digital to analog format, in converters 248. For example, analog data signals from the read portion of read/write optics 256 are converted to a digital signal for input to processor 240. Likewise, digital data from processor 240 is converted from digital to analog signals in converter 248 for input to read/write optics 256. Data may also be placed in buffer 258 for temporary storage until requested by host processor 240 or controller 246.
Content protection module 260 encrypts and decrypts the data, using one of several encryption or security schemes known in the art. Servo control system 262 provides control signals for actuators, focus, and spin drivers that control movement of the storage medium (not shown).
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the foregoing components and devices are used as examples for sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are common. For example, although host device 212 is shown to contain only a single main processor 216, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be practiced using a computer system that has multiple processors. In addition, the interfaces that are used in the preferred embodiment may include separate, fully programmed microprocessors that are used to off-load computationally intensive processing from processor 216, or may include input/output (I/O) adapters to perform similar functions. In general, use of any specific example herein is also intended to be representative of its class and the non-inclusion of such specific devices in the foregoing list should not be taken as indicating that limitation is desired.
Data is stored in writeable area 12 in physical sectors which are numbered consecutively from the lead-in area at the OD of disk 10. The physical sectors are the basic physical unit in which the data is stored, i.e., anytime data is written to disk 10 at least one physical sector is created although it may be only partially filled with data. FIG. 6 shows how the physical sectors in disk 10 are organized. Each sector is 2366 bytes long and includes an ID field (4 bytes), and ID error detection (IED) field (2 bytes), a sector information (SI) field (6 bytes), a data field, an error detection (EDC) field (4 bytes), and an overhead field which includes parity bytes for use in an error correction code. The number of bytes in the data and overhead fields is variable in this embodiment, as described below. The ID field includes 3 bytes for designating the physical sector number; the ID field also contains one bit that indicates whether the sector is in a mastered area and a second bit that indicates whether the sector is located in a lead-in area.
The following is a description of a process of reading data from disk 10.
When data is to be read from disk 10, the disk system area 102 is read first. Disk system area 102 is small and thus a single scratch or other physical defect on the disk may make it difficult to read. In that event, as described above, the read/write head is instructed to proceed to disk system area 126, which is a duplicate of disk system area 102. (The provision of a duplicate disk system area is, of course, optional.)
Assuming that data is to be read from writeable data area 122, the read/write head then finds the most recent file system object written in writeable system area 120 (FIG. 2). The object is written in the outermost sector of area 120. Since memory 242 and buffer 258 are volatile memories, when the disk drive is initially turned on there is no record of where the that sector is located. Therefore, the most recent file system object written in writeable system area 120 must be found by using a binary search algorithm that is resident in processor 240.
FIG. 7 illustrates a flow chart of one possible binary search algorithm. In step 702, disk drive 214 reads disk system area 102 to obtain the initial parameters for reading or writing data and layout information concerning disk 10. In step 704, the two variables TrkMax and TrkMin are set. TrkMax is set to the location of the maximum writeable track, at the inner boundary 12A of writeable area 12; TrkMin is set to the minimum writeable track, at the outer boundary 12B of writeable area 12. As is customary, one of the memories contains a lookup table that maps the physical sector numbers to the track numbers. Since the numbers of the outermost and innermost sectors in writeable area 12 are known, the numbers of the maximum and minimum writeable tracks are found using the lookup table.
In step 706, the program calculates the value Target as essentially the mean between TrkMax and TrkMin; and in step 708 the program determines whether the difference between TrkMax and TrkMin is less that a specified value Delta, which as described below defines when the storage device will begin spiraling inward along the track. If TrkMax minus TrkMin is not less than Delta, in step 710 the head is moved to the value of Target as determined in step 706.
At this point, it is determined whether the Target location is in writeable system area 120, i.e., whether it contains writeable file system (WFS) data (step 712). Since the WFS data is located in writeable system area 120, on the ID side of writeable area 12, if the Target location does not contain WFS data, the head needs to move inwards towards the ID of disk 10. This is done by setting TrkMin equal to Target (step 714). Conversely, if the Target location contains WFS data, the head needs to move towards the OD of disk 10; this is done by setting TrkMax equal to Target (step 716). The drive can determine whether it is in writeable system area 12 by reading the ID fields of the physical sectors. As described below, the ID fields of the physical sectors in the writeable system area 120 each contain a "system sector" bit. Writeable system area 120 is the only area of disk 10 that contains only "system sectors". Thus, by reading a succession of several ID fields it can readily be determined whether the head is in writeable system area 120.
The program continues to recycle through the loop containing steps 706, 708, 710, 712, and 714 or 716 until the difference between TrkMax and TrkMin is determined to be less than Delta (step 708), meaning that the head is within the predetermined distance of the most recent file system object.
Next, in step 718, it is determined whether WFS data is present at the current Target location. If not, this means that the head is located towards the OD from the most recent file system object, and the head follows the spiral track towards the ID until it reaches the most recent file system object (step 720). If WFS data is detected at the Target location, this means that the head is located towards the ID from the most recent file system object. Therefore, the head moves to the current value of TrkMin and then follows the spiral track towards the ID until it reaches the physical sector which contains the most recent WFS data (step 722).
Once the outermost edge of writeable system area 120 has been located, the head reads through area 120 from OD to ID until in reaches the information necessary to access the data files within writeable data area 122 that are to be read. Additional information concerning the arrangement of information in writeable system area 120 is provided in the above-referenced application Ser. No. 09/583,133. The location of the most recent WFS data is stored in the buffer memory for future use, thereby eliminating the need to perform the binary search algorithm again while the disk drive is turned on.
If the data to be read is in the mastered area 106, after reading the disk system area 102 (or alternatively disk system area 126) the read/write head is instructed to proceed to mastered system area 104. The head then reads mastered system area 104 in a conventional manner to locate the system information concerning the sought-after data in mastered area 106.
The following is a description of a process of writing data on disk 10.
As with the read process, the disk system area 102 (or 126) is read first. Assuming that disk drive has just been turned on, the same binary search algorithm described above and in FIG. 7 is used to locate the outermost (i.e., most recently recorded) physical sector in writeable system area 120. Then the head is instructed to record the writeable file system data for the to-be-recorded data at the adjacent physical sector. For example, if the most recently recorded system information is at physical sector number 1000, the head will be instructed to go to physical sector number 999 to write the new writeable file system data. In one embodiment the sector addresses are recorded in the high-frequency wobble marks (HFWMs), as described in the above-referenced application Ser. No. 09/542,681.
Next, the head is directed to the physical sector that is adjacent to the most recently recorded data in writeable data area 122. As described, above this sector is located adjacent the ID edge of writeable area 122. Initially, the head must write a linking sector to provide timing information for the head during read, i.e., the linking sector separates the most recently recorded data and the data to be recorded. After the linking sector has been written the data is written in a conventional manner, except that the head is moving towards the ID of disk 10.
The embodiment described above can be varied in numerous ways without departing from the scope of this invention. For example, while data is written and read from the OD to the ID of the disk, in other embodiments the data may be read from the ID to the OD of the disk. In some embodiments, the writeable system area may be located radially outward from the writeable data area. Neither the writeable system area nor the writeable data area needs to be located at the inside or outside boundary of the writeable area. The principles of this invention include any arrangement in which a writeable area of a data disk includes a first annular zone of recorded data separated from a second annular zone of recorded data by a blank writeable area, and wherein additional data is written at an outside boundary of the first zone and an inside boundary of the second zone such that the zones expand in size and blank writeable area between the zones decreases in size.
Optical data is typically recorded in units referred to as data blocks or Error Correction Code (ECC) blocks, each of which typically contains an amount of data equal to a multiple of the amount of data in a single physical sector. For example, in the DVD-R environment each ECC block contains a total of 38.688K bytes or 32K bytes of user data. All user data written to a DVD disk must be contained in ECC blocks of 32K bytes. For example, if 31K bytes of user data are to be written, one ECC block is required; if 33K bytes are to be written, two ECC blocks are required. The ECC block used in the DVD-R system is described fully in Standard ECMA-279 (December 1998), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and referred to hereinafter as the "DVD-R standard".
(Note: ECC blocks are to be distinguished from the physical sectors in which the data is stored on the disk. Each ECC block typically contains data from a fixed number of physical sectors which the hardware then scrambles and assembles into an ECC block for purposes of error correction. In addition, the hardware adds sync codes into each data block. These techniques are well-known and are described for example in the DVD-R standard. As used herein, the term "ECC block" refers to a quantity of data stored on the disk that is used to assemble a single ECC block.)
This system is very wasteful because many groups of data occupy far less than 32K bytes. One example is the linking sector which must be recorded between data written at different sessions. Even though the timing data in a linking sector occupies far less than 32K bytes, in the DVD-R environment 32K bytes of storage space must be used up every time a linking sector is recorded.
To overcome this problem, disk drive 214 allows data to be written in Error Correction Code (ECC) blocks of different sizes. Storage device controller 246 supports two modes of saving data on the media: (i) the User Data Mode and (ii) the System Data Mode. Each of these modes requires a different size of ECC block. The first mode is the most efficient storage mode for large data files and is used to store user data files or pre-mastered content. The second mode is used to store small amounts of internal system information and is designed to support small blocks of data.
The User Data Mode requires that the length of each file be a multiple of eight physical sectors on disk 10. Each physical sector can store 2048 user data bytes, so this mode requires the file size to be a multiple of 16,384 bytes. If the user file is not a multiple of this size, the file size must be rounded up to the next multiple. This process is accomplished within the file operating system contained within the device. This eight-sector entity is called a "data ECC block".
The System Data Mode requires that the length of each file be one physical sector on disk 10. In this mode, more of the physical sector may be assigned to ECC parity bytes in order to recover the system data reliably. So, in this mode, the physical sector can store only 1528 system data bytes. This single sector entity is called a "system ECC block".
FIG. 8 shows diagrams of two physical sectors, one in the User Data Mode and the other in the System Data Mode. In each physical sector, the data portion includes the ID, IED, SI and EDC fields shown in FIG. 6. Since these fields occupy a total of 16 bytes, the actual "user data" in the sector equals 2048 bytes in the User Data Mode and 1532 bytes in the System Data Mode. The total number of bytes in the physical sector (2366) does not change between the two modes.
In the User Data Mode, the data in eight physical sectors is assembled, in a manner similar to that described in the DVD-R standard, into a "data ECC block" of 18,928 bytes (2366�8), which includes 16,512 bytes (2064�8) of data and 2416 overhead bytes (302�8) most of which are used to construct the inner and outer parity codes of the ECC block. In the System Data Mode, the data in a single physical sector is used to form a "system ECC block" of 2366 bytes, which includes 1548 bytes of data and 818 overhead bytes for use in constructing the parity codes. The ratio of overhead bytes to data bytes is greater in the System Data Mode than in the User Data Mode because the system ECC block contains only 2366 bytes instead of 18,928 bytes. The smaller ECC block requires a more robust error correction capability, which is reflected in the higher proportion of overhead bytes.
The two modes are implemented in storage device controller 246 and are denoted by a signal designated ECC_MODE (see FIG. 9). When ECC_MODE is a logic 0, the hardware is in the data ECC block mode. When ECC_MODE is a logic 1, the hardware is in the system ECC block mode. The system detects when less than 2048 bytes of data are to be written and generates a logic 1 ECC_MODE signal; if more than 2048 bytes are to be written, the system generates a logic 0 ECC_MODE signal. In the hardware block diagram of FIG. 9, the ECC MODE signal is received by the ECC logic 92 and informs logic 92 how to encode or decode the data passing through it. ID EnDec logic 94 uses the ECC_MODE signal to determine where to insert the various overhead bytes used to control the storage of physical sectors on the media. Some of the bytes are inserted ahead of the information bytes and some are inserted behind the information bytes, so the information byte field length must be known by ID EnDec logic 94.
Block control logic 96 receives the ECC_MODE signal which tells it how much information to send or receive from data buffer control 98 to equate to a physical sector. In a system ECC block, the information field is 1528 bytes in length. The remaining 20 bytes needed to fill up the 1548 bytes contained in a physical sector in this mode are provided by ID EnDec logic 94. In a data ECC block, the information field is 2048 bytes in length. The remaining 16 bytes needed to comprise the 2064 byte data field of a data ECC block are provided by ID EnDec logic 94.
To summarize, disk drive 214 contains two sets of hardware, one capable of generating ECC blocks using the data in eight physical sectors, the other capable of generating ECC blocks using the data in a single physical sector. The ECC_MODE signal effectively selects one or the other hardware set, depending on whether the "block" of data to be written (to be distinguished from an "ECC block") is greater than 2048 bytes in length. The system also inserts a bit in the ID field of each physical sector indicating whether the data is in the User Data Mode or System Data Mode (a "0" indicates that the sector is recorded as a single ECC block; a "1" indicates that the sector is part of an eight-sector ECC block). Thus, when the data is read, the system can tell whether it should be processed as single-sector or eight-sector ECC blocks. As stated above, the actual processing of the data in ECC blocks is well-known in the art and is described, for example, in the DVD-R standard (see Section 4).
As described above, data files written to a disk are normally separated by what are called "linking sectors" which contain timing information. The linking sectors typically contain far fewer bytes of information than the data blocks, but with conventional systems the linking sectors must be the same size as the data blocks. Current optical storage devices use a 32K byte-block size for the linking sectors. Hence memory space is wasted in conventional systems.
FIG. 10 shows an embodiment in accordance with the invention, wherein two 16K data blocks 80 are separated by a 2K linking sector 82. This arrangement saves 14K of storage space as compared with prior art systems, where the linking sector 82 would have to be the same size as the data blocks 80. As another example, since the writeable file system objects in writeable system area 120 are typically smaller than the files in writeable data area 122 the smaller block size can be used in writeable system area 120 and the larger block size can be used in writeable data area 122 (FIG. 2).
Embodiments in accordance with this invention have numerous advantages in comparison with prior art data storage disks.
A major advantage of the present invention is that the writeable area can be apportioned between the system area and the data area in the optimal manner.
Another key advantage is that data can be written in plural ECC block sizes rather than the fixed ECC block sizes of conventional systems, thereby avoiding the waste of storage space when a small block of data is to be recorded.
The format also saves disk drive power. As discussed above, in conventional systems data is written and read from ID to OD. Since a higher rotational speed is required to read data near to the ID, more power is required to start reading data in conventional systems, and more time is required to access the stored data. With disks recorded in the format of this invention, reading and writing takes place on average closer to the OD and therefore the rotational speed and power are lower during continuous operation. The power-saving aspect of the present invention can be used to advantage particularly in portable devices such as audio players and digital cameras.
While the invention has been described with respect to the embodiments and variations set forth above, these embodiments and variations are illustrative and the invention is not to be considered limited in scope to these embodiments and variations. Accordingly, various other embodiments and modifications and improvements not described herein may be within the spirit and scope of the present invention, as defined by the following claims. The broad principles of this invention are applicable to any type of data storage disk, whether the disk be optical, magnetic-optic or magnetic, regardless whether the data is stored on one or both sides of the disk, and regardless of whether the disk has both writeable and mastered areas or only writeable areas.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
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text:
Mitchellville, Maryland
Enterprise Golf Course
This course has been updated and is pending approval. These changes must be approved before they will be available by external applications.
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2802 Enterprise Rd
Mitchellville, MD 20721, United States
301 249 2040
Enterprise Golf Course, which opened in 1976, is one of the Middle Atlantic region's finest public golf courses. Built on the old Newton White Dairy Farm, this historic property is perfectly suited for the rolling fairways and natural scenery. This 18-hole, par 72, championship course is open year-round and offers all the amenities - driving range, practice green, pro shop and snack bar with a beautiful patio overlooking the finishing holes and Newton White Mansion. Proud host of The First Tee Prince George's County.
Enterprise is owned and operated by the Maryland National Capital Park and Planning Commission.
Course Details
Average Hole Difficulty
Norboo - 6/1/13
Greens are slow and I do mean S L O W and fairway are like most rough in some of the nicer courses. People have no etiquette and slow play. It's cheap, course plays short and lots of blind shots. Overall, I would play it again for the convince/location factor only.
Frank84 - 11/2/12
Great value, especially if you walk it. They had a 11 am weekday rate for $24, though carts are expensive ($15). Course was fun and well maintained. The greens were a bit slow, but in good shape. I went on a Friday and there was no one ahead or behind us the entire time (which is a first for me in this area). Definitely worth the 30 minute drive over, and one of my new favs.
pfspacman - 9/27/14
rhalferty - 5/8/14
MikeBod82 - 5/8/12
ejkenny - 11/17/11
tokeyboswell - 10/28/11
alaxgoaly8 - 10/10/11
jbfox - 4/17/11
hanwad26 - 7/20/10
Your Review
Pace of Play:
Upcoming Tournaments
Best Scores
Geoffrey Napper
Best Score: 68
view details
*9-holes played
Nearby Courses
Country Club at Woodmore
Mitchellville, MD (1 miles)
Lake Arbor Country Club
Mitchellville, MD (1 miles)
Glenn Dale Country Club
Glenn Dale, MD (4 miles)
Oak Creek Club
Upper Marlboro, MD (4 miles)
Twisted Oaks Golf Course
Bowie, TX (5 miles)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Apple just made $US11.1 billion in profit thanks to iPhone sales and growth in China
iPhone sales show no signs of slowing down, and this quarter didn't even include the 6s or 6s Plus.
iPhone sales show no signs of slowing down, and this quarter didn't even include the 6s or 6s Plus.
I got not one, but two very exciting Macs this week. The first was a new main Mac, the replacement for my trusty 2008 MacBook Pro: A tricked-out 5K iMac.
Apple on Tuesday took a major step in expanding its presence in the international market, launching the iTunes store in more than 50 countries--a move that nearly doubles the list of countries where it sells music.
Steve Jobs was a brilliant-but-belligerent eccentric who transformed seven different industries, his biographer said in an interview that aired Sunday night on 60 Minutes.
Apple co-founder Steve Jobs died Wednesday after a long illness. He was 56. Jobs, who reigned as Apple CEO for 14 years, resigned his post in August 2011 and was replaced by Tim Cook, who previously was the company's Chief Operating Officer. Jobs, in...
In case you hadn't noticed, Apple released a minor software update to its Mac OS on Wednesday, along with some modest updates to its hardware. However, the company also released a handful of new updates to its utilities and applications to add suppor...
The MacBook Air line wasn't the only Mac hardware to get a Thunderbolt-inspired makeover Wednesday. Apple also added a Thunderbolt port to its Mac mini desktop, which sports new processors and discrete graphics as well.
The latest business news, reviews, features and whitepapers
Visit our shop for the best deals on hot products
Watch our video news and reviews from around the world
Comprehensive buying guides, features, and step-by-step articles
HP OfficeJet Pro 8730
A smarter way to print for busy small business owners, combining speedy printing with scanning and copying, making it easier to produce high quality documents and images at a touch of a button.
HP OfficeJet Pro 8730
I've had a multifunction printer in the office going on 10 years now. It was a neat bit of kit back in the day -- print, copy, scan, fax -- when printing over WiFi felt a bit like magic. It's seen better days though and an upgrade's well overdue. This HP OfficeJet Pro 8730 looks like it ticks all the same boxes: print, copy, scan, and fax. (Really? Does anyone fax anything any more? I guess it's good to know the facility's there, just in case.) Printing over WiFi is more-or- less standard these days.
HP OfficeJet Pro 8730
As a freelance writer who is always on the go, I like my technology to be both efficient and effective so I can do my job well. The HP OfficeJet Pro 8730 Inkjet Printer ticks all the boxes in terms of form factor, performance and user interface.
Windows 10 for Business / Dell XPS 13
I'd happily recommend this touchscreen laptop and Windows 10 as a great way to get serious work done at a desk or on the road.
Windows 10 / HP Spectre x360
Ultimately, I think the Windows 10 environment is excellent for me as it caters for so many different uses. The inclusion of the Xbox app is also great for when you need some downtime too!
Windows 10 / Lenovo Yoga 910
For me, the Xbox Play Anywhere is a great new feature as it allows you to play your current Xbox games with higher resolutions and better graphics without forking out extra cash for another copy. Although available titles are still scarce, but I'm sure it will grow in time.


text:
Pure PHP Upload 3 is the most
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text:
Eli Young Band Tickets
The members of this band are cool, stylish and above all full of immense musical talent and this band is the very popular Eli Young Band. Eli Young Band can be rightly called the new sensation of country music with an ever increasing fan base. In a career that is spread over almost eleven years Eli Young Band has released four fine studio albums and one superb EP. Citizens Eli Young Band is coming to your hometown so come and have a great evening of country music but first get Eli Young Band tickets asap.
Eli Young Band Venues
- Eli Young Band 6th and Main
- Eli Young Band 9th Street Live (The Blue Note Outdoors)
- Jon Pardi & Eli Young Band Antelope Valley Fair
- Eli Young Band Aura - ME
- Eli Young Band Billy Bobs
- Eli Young Band Bottle & Cork
- Eli Young Band Firekeepers Casino
- Grand Ole Opry: Charlie Daniels Band, Eli Young Band, Thompson Square, Rhonda Vincent & Daryle Singletary Grand Ole Opry House
- Eli Young Band Grizzly Rose
- Eli Young Band J.D. Legends
- Eli Young Band Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel
- Eli Young Band KC Live! at the Power & Light District
- Eli Young Band Knitting Factory Concert House
- Eli Young Band Mercury Ballroom
- Eli Young Band Paramount Theatre - Huntington
- Eli Young Band Stone Pony
- Eli Young Band The Bluestone
- Eli Young Band The Fillmore Silver Spring
- Eli Young Band The Ready Room - St. Louis
Eli Young Band Cities
- Eli Young Band Asbury Park NJ
- Eli Young Band Battle Creek MI
- Eli Young Band Boise ID
- Eli Young Band Columbia MO
- Eli Young Band Columbus OH
- Eli Young Band Denver CO
- Eli Young Band Fort Worth TX
- Eli Young Band Franklin OH
- Eli Young Band Huntington NY
- Eli Young Band Kansas City MO
- Eli Young Band Lancaster CA
- Eli Young Band Louisville KY
- Eli Young Band Morton MN
- Eli Young Band Nashville TN
- Eli Young Band North Wilkesboro NC
- Eli Young Band Portland ME
- Eli Young Band Rehoboth Beach DE
- Eli Young Band Silver Spring MD
- Eli Young Band St. Louis MO
Eli Young Band Tickets
- Eli Young Band, The Bluestone tickets for 06/02 07:00 PM at The Bluestone, Columbus, OH
- Fri Jun 02 2017
- Eli Young Band, J.D. Legends tickets for 06/03 05:30 PM at J.D. Legends, Franklin, OH
- Sat Jun 03 2017
- Eli Young Band, KC Live! at the Power & Light District tickets for 06/08 07:00 PM at KC Live! at the Power & Light District, Kansas City, MO
- Thu Jun 08 2017
- Eli Young Band, Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel tickets for 06/17 08:00 PM at Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel, Morton, MN
- Sat Jun 17 2017
- Grand Ole Opry: Charlie Daniels Band, Eli Young Band, Thompson Square, Rhonda Vincent & Daryle Singletary, Grand Ole Opry House tickets for 06/21 07:00 PM at Grand Ole Opry House, Nashville, TN
- Wed Jun 21 2017
- Eli Young Band, Mercury Ballroom tickets for 06/22 08:00 PM at Mercury Ballroom, Louisville, KY
- Thu Jun 22 2017
- Eli Young Band, Firekeepers Casino tickets for 06/24 09:00 PM at Firekeepers Casino, Battle Creek, MI
- Sat Jun 24 2017
- Eli Young Band, 6th and Main tickets for 07/07 07:00 PM at 6th and Main, North Wilkesboro, NC
- Fri Jul 07 2017
- Eli Young Band, Knitting Factory Concert House tickets for 07/20 08:00 PM at Knitting Factory Concert House, Boise, ID
- Thu Jul 20 2017
- Jon Pardi & Eli Young Band, Antelope Valley Fair tickets for 08/23 07:30 PM at Antelope Valley Fair, Lancaster, CA
- Wed Aug 23 2017
- Eli Young Band, Bottle & Cork tickets for 08/31 09:00 PM at Bottle & Cork, Rehoboth Beach, DE
- Thu Aug 31 2017
- Eli Young Band, The Ready Room - St. Louis tickets for 09/14 08:00 PM at The Ready Room St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Thu Sep 14 2017
- Eli Young Band, 9th Street Live (The Blue Note Outdoors) tickets for 09/15 07:00 PM at 9th Street Live (The Blue Note Outdoors), Columbia, MO
- Fri Sep 15 2017
- Eli Young Band, Paramount Theatre - Huntington tickets for 11/07 08:00 PM at Paramount Theatre Huntington, Huntington, NY
- Tue Nov 07 2017
Eli Young Band as the name implies is a combination of the names of two founding members who were musicians as well as university fellows namely singer and guitar player Mike Eli and lead guitar player and backing vocalist James Young. Both these gifted musicians met in Texas University and decided to join hands to form a band, eventually Eli Young Band was formed in the year 2000. Two other members in the band are bassist Jon Jones, drummer Chris Thompson whereas pedal steel and keys player Keith Davis occasionally accompanies the band on tours. Eli Young Band has been signed with famous recording labels like Carnival Records, Universal South Records and the very popular Republic Nashville.
Eli Young Band released a self-titled album in 2002 under the label of Carnival Records but this album failed to make any impact on the critics as well as the audience. Level was the second album again released by Carnival in the year 2005 and this was the start of a successful career for the group. The album didn't sell well but the band was eventually noticed and as a result Eli Young Band had the privilege of performing as an opening act for extremely popular country singer Miranda Lambert. Following this the group embarked on a nationwide tour and opened for other popular names in the music industry such as Robert Earl, Jack Ingram and pat Green. The group also had a chance to perform live at the Austin Limits Music Festival.
Jet Black & Jealous was the band's third studio album that went on sale in 2008, this album played an important role in getting the band noticed immediately in the music world and as a result it became the first album to enter US Billboard at #30 and #5 on US Country Charts. One of the singles from this album got the band a nomination at the Academy of Country Music in the category for Top New Vocal Group or Duo but the band failed to win the award. Eli Young Band released the fourth studio album Life at Best in August 2011 and this time the recording label was Republic Nashville. The album proved to be a bigger success than the previous one as it landed at better positions on both US Country and Billboard charts at #3 and #6 respectively. For this album the band has again been nominated for Country Music Awards in categories like Single Record of the Year, Top Vocal Group of the Year and Song of the Year. One single by Eli Young Band called "Crazy Girl" was a super hit effort selling around a million copies and earning a platinum certification, the single also topped the US Country chart. Few other charting singles include "Radio Waves", "Even If It Breaks Your Heart", "When It Rains" and "Always the Love Songs".
Citizens of the city Eli Young Band is already on tour and pretty soon it will be at an arena near you so you can avail this great chance of watching the group live. This group is famous for tuneful and interactive live performances which make them one of the most popular country music groups of current times. The Eli Young Band tickets are now available with us so get them now!
Eli Young Band Schedule
Nothing beats the joy of watching your favorite music artist perform live! Eli Young Band's concert dates are out and fans are looking forward to the upcoming shows. The next concert will be held in Columbus at the The Bluestone on 2-Jun-17, while the last available date is for the event scheduled for Silver Spring at the The Fillmore Silver Spring on 10-Nov-17. For complete information regarding dates and venues, please visit our website.
|Eli Young Band
|The Bluestone
|Columbus, OH
|Fri Jun 02 201706/02 07:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|J.D. Legends
|Franklin, OH
|Sat Jun 03 201706/03 05:30 PM
|Eli Young Band
|KC Live! at the Power & Light District
|Kansas City, MO
|Thu Jun 08 201706/08 07:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|Jackpot Junction Casino Hotel
|Morton, MN
|Sat Jun 17 201706/17 08:00 PM
|Grand Ole Opry: Charlie Daniels Band, Eli Young Band, Thompson Square, Rhonda Vincent & Daryle Singletary
|Grand Ole Opry House
|Nashville, TN
|Wed Jun 21 201706/21 07:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|Mercury Ballroom
|Louisville, KY
|Thu Jun 22 201706/22 08:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|Firekeepers Casino
|Battle Creek, MI
|Sat Jun 24 201706/24 09:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|Billy Bobs
|Fort Worth, TX
|Sat Jul 01 201707/01 07:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|6th and Main
|North Wilkesboro, NC
|Fri Jul 07 201707/07 07:00 PM
|Eli Young Band
|Knitting Factory Concert House
|Boise, ID
|Thu Jul 20 201707/20 08:00 PM
Eli Young Band Tickets Prices
The average price for Eli Young Band Tickets start from $45. The minimum get in price is $36 for Eli Young Band Tickets at the Knitting Factory Concert House, Boise. For a detailed look at ticket prices and amazing discounts, visit our website.
|Average Ticket Price
|Get In Price
(Minimum Price)
|Eli Young Band
|Eli Young Band
|Kansas City
|Eli Young Band
|Grand Ole Opry: Charlie Daniels Band, Eli Young Band, Thompson Square, Rhonda Vincent & Daryle Singletary
|Eli Young Band
|Battle Creek
|Eli Young Band
|Eli Young Band
|Rehoboth Beach
|Eli Young Band
|Eli Young Band
|Eli Young Band
* Ticket Prices vary on hourly basis.
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text:
Many moons ago, I used up the last couple of days of an Inter-Rail ticket by taking a half-price trip on the Caledonian Sleeper to Inverness. I woke up the next morning to the bewildering spectacle of a gaggle of Americans agitatedly looking out of the carriage windows at what they believed was the Loch Ness monster. With binoculars you could certainly make out a dorsal fin of some kind, though I hadn't the heart to tell them it belonged to a bottlenose dolphin, and the stretch of water they were looking at was the Moray Forth, not Loch Ness.
Nessie continues to beguile, frustrate and bore in equal measure and this year is the 80th anniversary of the first official "sighting" of her. Nessiemania achieved overkill long ago, which is why I was attracted by the opening of a trail along the south side of Loch Ness. In contrast to the traffic-clogged A82 that runs down the north-west side of the Great Glen and the loch, the southern shores and woodland are little visited.
I start this walk by taking the sleeper train again: you can't see Loch Ness from it but what you can see from the railway tracks is a wonderful, unheralded mountain range, the Monadhliaths, that will later accompany me for the length of the walk. They're substantial and roll away towards the Cairngorms. "The Monadhliath mountains are the least known, least walked, least explored in Scotland but they offer a wilderness experience second to none," says my walking companion, Graeme Ambrose from Destination Loch Ness. "They make you realise that Loch Ness is actually a stupendous place to walk, monster or no. People know very little about the south side," he adds diplomatically. "But that's OK – we're looking to bring the benefits of tourism to the area but not bring hordes of tourists."
So far, it seems the right balance has been struck. Although it's a Sunday morning, we pass just a handful of people along the seven miles of the route. We begin by the Whitebridge Hotel, two-thirds of the way down and a little inland from the loch. There's a historical curiosity to examine before we set off: the 18th-century Wade Bridge, a grassed-over hump-back, single-span delight that arcs over the River Fechlin. Its historical resonance is perhaps less pleasing locally – it was one of a succession of bridges on the road that linked the English barracks at Fort Augustus with Inverness.
The route is enchanting and peaceful. We spot roe deer and a cuckoo perched on a post, the sort of skittish creatures that steer clear of the bustling north side of the loch. We don't see golden eagles, but they are around, along with buzzards, red kites and goshawks. We leave forestry land, crossing boggy mires and streams to another delightful stone bridge near Foyers. A brief diversion drops us down to the Falls of Foyers, two graceful waterfalls, one dropping 33 feet, the other falling spectacularly for 100 feet into an exquisite pear-shaped lake. Ash, Scots pine and oak complete the picture, while the keen-eyed may spot otters, pine martens and bats at dusk. The setting has enchanted the whole spectrum of British poetry, from Robert Burns to Keats, Wordsworth and the less well peer-reviewed William McGonagall.
The views of the loch are fleeting, but beyond Foyers the path winds up among a mixture of pines and broadleaf trees to a rocky outcrop with superb views across the lake and Mealfuarvonie, the highest peak that overlooks the loch. "It feels like you're in the middle of nowhere, but you're just 20 miles from Inverness," says Graeme. The end of the walk is beautiful. We follow waymarkers down a sloping track to a small car park set below gorgeous woodland and overlooked by the formidable bulk of Dun Deardail. There is a seemingly impenetrable gorge at its base that makes me vow to return and explore further.
Travelling back to Inverness, my reverie of a Nessie-free day is broken at Dores beach. The view of the loch is sensational and it looks like something out of a Norwegian fjord travel brochure. Nearby is the clapped out caravan that has long been home to Steve Feltham, full-time Nessie hunter. Steve is an engaging chap and seems to sustain his lifestyle, in part, by selling quirky sculptures of the ever-elusive monster. He's been hunting for 22 years and, like everyone else, he's still waiting.
Distance: seven miles.
Time: three hours:
OS Map: Explorer 416, Inverness, Loch Ness & Culloden.
Start point: Whitebridge Hotel, Whitebridge.
Finish: Farigaig Forest car park.
The South Loch ness trail is well waymarked. Details at visitlochness .com/south-loch-ness-trail.
Travel essentials
Getting there
Mark Rowe travelled to Inverness with the Caledonian Sleeper (0844 556 5636; scotrail .co.uk/sleeper) which links London Euston with more than 40 locations in Scotland, nightly except Saturday. ScotRail also runs trains to Inverness from Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Staying there
The Whitebridge Hotel, Whitebridge, Stratherrick, near Inverness IV2 6UN (01456 486226; whitebridgehotel.co.uk). Doubles start at £86, including breakfast.
More informationReuse content


text:
$Who Are You?$
A quick, conceptual analysis on how to build a budget based around your identity, your goals, and the necessities of survival in a Human society.
The basics of "survival" (in this case meaning, 'how to thrive as Human') might be divided into three categories:
1. Basic (Live or Die?)
2. Positive Influence (In how we relate to and interact with others)
3. Personal Success (The application of our goals and/or ambitions)
They are listed in that order because, one must be able to have the essentials of life to life and stave off/deal with life-threatening illnesses (let's include things like bankruptcy and starvation as "life threatening illnesses"), before the other two.
Then one must develop control over their influence on others (recognizing consequence of action) along with personal identification before they can be successful in their ambitions, in order to achieve the third: Personal Success.
So upon budgeting for only one's self (living as a single person), the budget priority - the "To Get" list - should follow this order.
That means making purchases in order of what will sustain us, first - then, what will help us to interact with people and the environment - then, what help us to attain success by driving forward our ambitions.
In order to define my own goals, I jotted down what I like to do most and then expanded upon these ideas. It can be both a refreshing and aggravating activity to sit down and redefine yourself and your ambitions, now and then. But here's what I've got.
To make music.
To make art.
To help things grow.
To protect the natural world.
To heal people's spirits.
To instigate stability in population and environment, providing attainable resources to all people, and delivering a message of importance about the causes and effects of using resources in excess.
To leave a lasting impression on laws of conduct (responsibility as part of a Global Community).
To leave a legacy.
To adopt a child.
In the long term, we are only defined by our influence, and by that which we leave behind.


text:
How do you remove windows virtual computer hard drive partition?
1,075,341questions onAdd New Page
first you open the side panel then find the HDD cage and unplug sata and power cables. then unscrew the bracket and gently pull out.make sure the computer has been unplugged for at least 24 hours to aviod shock


text: Trigeminal neuralgia – a coherent cross-specialty management programTone Heinskou, Stine Maarbjerg, Per Rochat, Frauke Wolfram, Rigmor Højland Jensen, Lars BendtsenThe journal of headache and pain2015BACKGROUND Optimal management of patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (TN) requires specific treatment programs and close collaboration between medical, radiological and surgical specialties. Organization of such treatment programs has never been described before. With this paper we aim to describe the implementation and feasibility of an… (More)


text:
Intern - Retail Operations
Washington NationalsWashington, DC
This was removed by the employer on 2/9/2017 7:17:00 AM PST
Not to worry we have a lot of other jobs on the site;
Browse all jobs
Browse the Internships Category
Search for Intern - Retail Operations jobs in Washington-DC
Search all Intern - Retail Operations postings
Full Time Unpaid Internship
This internship, reporting to the General Manager, Retail, is responsible for supporting end-to-end retail operations, including supporting scheduling, receiving, transfers, store support, and visual merchandising. The position will also gain insight into the planning and forecasting involved in a comprehensive, first-class retail operation.
The Nationals are a military-friendly organization actively recruiting veterans and spouses.
Duration of Internship: March to November
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
• Assist Retail Team with daily operations support in retail locations
• Assist Operations Manager with staff scheduling
• Assist customers in all retail locations
• Prepare and participate in Staff Orientation and Training
• Assist with daily reconciliations, deposits and cash handling
• Participate in hiring and interviewing process for Event Staff
• Other duties as assigned
Minimum Education and Experience Requirements
• Currently enrolled as an undergraduate or graduate student of an accredited college or university and have completed a minimum of 1 semester or have recently graduated from an accredited college or university, or equivalent military experience.
• Pursuing a degree or received a degree in Business or Retail preferred.
• Experience with Retail Pro Software preferred
• Retail experience preferred, but not required
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities necessary to perform essential functions
• Engaging personality with strong verbal and written communication skills
• Self-motivated, organized, and detail oriented
• Works well in a fast paced team environment
• Multi-tasker, proactively seeks out opportunities to support the team
• Available for the entire term of the Internship.
• Knowledge of basic computer skills (Microsoft Office: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.)
• Uphold Core Values: Excellence, Performance, and Accountability. These core values set the tone in everything we do, help us succeed on and off the field, make a difference in the community and provide the best guest experience in sports. It is important that the person in the position commits themselves to these core values so that we can constantly move forward in the same direction – Together.
Physical/Environmental Requirements
• Gameday Seasonal: Job requires employee to function in a high activity and heavily crowded outdoor professional sports venue. May work at heights. Employee will be exposed to inclement weather of varying degrees. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to stand for long periods of time, walk long distances, and climb up/down stairs. The employee is required to stoop, kneel, crouch, or sit and must lift and/or move up to 45 pounds.
When you apply for this job online, you will be required to answer the following questions:
1. In the space provided, let us know what you expect to learn from this internship.
2. Yes/No. Are you available to work 34 hours per week starting in March through November, 2017


text:
The owners of a now-shuttered Surrey grocery store will have to pay $16,000 to a former employee, who claims he was bullied and attacked with gay slurs.
The BC Human Rights Tribunal has found Buy-Rite Foods and owners Shingara, Sutej and Inder Sumal severely mistreated Kyle Garneau, a long-time former employee with a diagnosed brain disorder, based on his disibility and perceived sexual orientation.
Garneau told the Tribunal he was the target unprovoked homophobic, verbal abuse, so hurtful, it left him with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
He's had difficulty holding down a job since.
The Sumals didn't attend the hearings, and they didn't file any statements in response.


text:
Old Dog, New Tricks
Imagine always having your projects compared to The Godfather; it can't be easy for Francis Ford Coppola to have himself to beat. His recent attempt at filmmaking, Youth Without Youth, fell flat, but there are rumors his latest production, Tetro, hints at Coppola's genius while recapturing the freshness of a director straight out of film school. His first screenplay since 1974's The Conversation, Tetro exposes the fraught relationship between two brothers in an Argentine-Italian family, played by gaunt-cheeked Vincent Gallo and newcomer Alden Ehrenreich. It was filmed in black-and-white with splashes of color and has a freaky soundtrack where every chair squeak, grunt, and whisper gets equal volume.
Tue., Feb. 16, 8:50 p.m., 2010
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text:
Junior Instructors
Annabelle Ayer is excited to be a Junior Instructor this year at Pleon. She lives in Marblehead and is going to be a junior at Middlesex School. This summer will be her seventh summer sailing at Pleon, and she is sailing on the 420 race team for the second year. Annabelle is looking forward to spending this summer with the younger sailors.
William Bedford is going to be a junior at Boston College High School where he is on the sailing team. This is his fourth year at Pleon and first as a JI. Wil is currently a member of the Pleon Laser Race Team and is very excited to have the opportunity to work at Pleon this summer.
Chloe Brown is very excited to spend this summer junior instructing at Pleon! Chloe learned to sail in N-10's, and is now on the Laser Race Team. Chloe also enjoys racing Snipes on the Mystic Lake. This will be Chloe's second summer as a JI, and her fourth year at PYC.
Emma Montgomery grew up sailing in Winthrop, Ma. Returning for her second summer at Pleon, as a skipper on the 420 race team, she can't wait to meet all the sailors and help them be their best. Aside from sailing, she enjoys spending time skiing and playing soccer.
Reid Shanabrook is 17 years old from Watertown, MA. This will be his sixth year at Pleon and his second as a JI. In addition to racing dinghies he enjoys racing offshore on his family's keel boat. When not sailing Reid enjoys skiing, biking, baseball, and running track. He is very excited for the summer and meeting more of the sailors at Pleon.
Nate Tedford is anticipating his 9th summer at Pleon, and second as a junior instructor. This summer, he will also be serving as the vice commodore, and looks forward to receiving as much feedback from the kids and parents as he can. He loves the club, and can't wait for a great summer out on the water.
Garrett McKinnon is a rising senior at Marblehead High School, where he sails with the Fishwagons. This will be his second year as a JI at Pleon, and he is really excited to work with the kids on and off the water. Garrett will be sailing on the Laser race team this summer, and looks forward to moving away from 420's.
Michael Yorsz is going to be a junior at Winchester High School where he sails on the sailing team, and is a member of the 420 race team at Pleon. This will be Michael's first year as a JI and he is really looking forward to working with the all the kids.