text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1978
|Filing date
|Dec 21, 1976
|Priority date
|Dec 21, 1976
|Publication number
|Richard K. Chang, Richard G. Stafford
|Original Assignee
|Northeast Utilities Service Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (55), Classifications (10)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to monitoring of pollutants in a gas, and more particularly to a new and improved system and method for specifying the pollutants and monitoring the concentrations thereof in both the gaseous and aerosol phases.
One area of use of the present invention is monitoring sulphate aerosols in the ambient atmosphere, although the principles of the invention can be variously applied. An aerosol is an aggregate of solid or liquid matter dispersed in the air, and specific aerosols such as sulphates of a size range from about 0.1 micron to about 2.0 microns are considered to be harmful to health. In particular, such particles are not filtered out by the human body whereas larger sizes are filtered out and smaller sizes are believed not to be harmful.
Several problems are associated with methods employed for measurement of aerosol pollutants which involve first, a collection phase where the airborne particles are collected on filters and second, an analytical phase where measurements of the collected particles are made. During the first phase, interparticle reactions may occur on the filter collecting surfaces especially since the particle concentrations are enhanced considerably by collection. With sulphate aerosols, H2 SO4 and (NH4)2 SO4 are believed to be the major sulfur constituents, and increasing the concentrations of the chemically reactive H2 SO4 and (NH4)2 SO4 from dilute atmospheric to a concentrated surface deposit on a filter leads to chemical interactions. In addition, SO2 can be converted to HSO4 - and SO4 = by catalytic interaction with other particles collected on the filter. Briefly, the aerosols may interact chemically with each other, the filter media, and the ambient gases, e.g., SO2 and NH3, passing through the filter. Therefore, the data resulting from the second phase are not necessarily indicative of the original aerosol concentration. Furthermore, the second phase usually takes place in a laboratory rather than at the monitoring site so that real-time analysis of pollutant concentration is not possible.
The principal object of this invention is to provide a new and improved system and method for monitoring both ambient gaseous and aerosol pollutants.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a system and method for monitoring the pollutant concentration directly, in situ, without intervention such as filter collection.
It is a further object of this invention to provide such a system and method for real time monitoring of the pollutant concentration.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a new and improved system and method for measuring the concentration of respirable sulphate aerosols, i.e., those of less than about 2 micron particle size, in the ambient atmosphere.
The present invention provides a system and method for monitoring the concentration of micron-size pollutants in a gas, such as sulphate aerosols in the ambient air, wherein the gas is moved through a dichotomous sampler for particle size separation and the gas flow containing the smaller particles is illuminated by the light beam from a fixed frequency laser. Laser Raman backscattering from the pollutant molecules, aerosols and other atmospheric molecular constituents is optically collected and filtered to provide spectrally dispersed radiation according to the molecular constituents, which radiation is converted to qualitative and quantitative information including pollutant identification and concentration, which information can be in the form of electrical signals. The aerosols can be increased in density by a concentration prior to illumination, and the efficiency of the laser Raman technique is enhanced by an optical trap causing the laser radiation to be redirected a number of times through the sample. A ruby laser has a wavelength which minimizes the excitation of NO2 fluorescence, and operating the laser in a pulsed mode minimizes dark noise in the signal detection. A cavity-dumped (Q-switched) argon ion laser also can be used provided that some post-signal data treatment is applied to reduce the NO2 fluorescence background.
The foregoing and additional advantages and characterizing features of the present invention will become apparent upon a reading of the ensuing detailed description together with the included drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a system according to the present invention for monitoring ambient gaseous and aerosol pollutants;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one form of the concentrator in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another form of the concentrator in the system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of an alternative detector for the system of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a filter combination for use as an alternative in the system of FIG. 1.
In a basic molecular process leading to Raman scattering, when a collimated laser beam is incident on a sample volume containing a number of molecules, the incident laser photon with energy hv1 excites a molecule from its ground state to a virtual intermediate state. A Raman photon of energy hv2 then is emitted, leaving the molecule in an excited vibrational state of energy hv1 -hv2. In general, the scattered Raman photon has a different energy from the incident photon and has no phase correlation with the incident photon. Each chemical species has a unique Raman scattering profile that allows its identification, barring spectral overlap from interfering compounds.
In accordance with this invention, ambient air is flowed through a dichotomous sampler for particle size separation, such as separating aerosols from larger particles, whereupon the sample of interest preferably is concentrated and then flowed through an inspecting chamber having a plurality of optical windows. The sample is illuminated by the light beam from a fixed frequency laser, for example a pulsed ruby or argon ion laser, and an optical trap in the form of a plurality of mirrors causes the laser radiation to be redirected back onto the sample a number of times. The Raman scattered radiation from the aerosols and gases is gathered by a collection mirror and lens onto a spectrograph which optically disperses radiation according to the molecular constituents of the sample. This radiation is detected and converted to electrical signals providing qualitative and quantitative information as to the pollutant compositions and concentrations thereof. A filter combination can be employed in place of the spectrograph where only one pollutant is to be detected.
The system of this invention advantageously provides monitoring of ambient gaseous and aerosol pollutants in situ and in real time. In the laser-Raman technique which is employed, a single laser wavelength can excite all molecules in the gaseous and aerosol phases to scatter at the characteristic Raman radiation of each chemical specie, thereby advantageously avoiding the need to employ different laser wavelengths for different types of molecules. The non-interventive nature of the monitoring avoids any adverse chemical interaction involving the pollutants on a collection substrate, and concentration determinations can be made periodically over extended periods of unattended operation. The data output in the form of electrical signals advantageously can be transmitted to remote locations for use and storage.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a sampling means generally designated 10 having an inlet 12 into which gas to be monitored flows in the direction of arrow 14 and a pair of outlet conduits 16 and 18. Sampling means 10 separates the incoming gas flow into two samples flowing out conduits 16, 18 according to the size of dispersed particles, and in the system shown sampling means 10 comprises a dichotomous sampler which separates aerosol particles of less than 2 microns in size into a sample which flows in conduit 16 and directs the larger aerosols with diameters greater than 2 microns to conduit 18 whereupon this flow is in the direction of arrow 19. Dichotomous sampler 10 can be of various commercially available types, such as those sold by Sierra Instruments and Thermo-Systems, Inc. Conduit 18 is connected to a suction pump 20 which continuously moves or draws ambient air through the gas-handling portion of the system.
The portion of the gas to be monitored flows along conduit 16, and in the system shown conduit 16 is connected to the inlet of a concentrator 24 which functions to concentrate the small aerosol particles flowing along conduit 16 into a relatively narrower stream, while at the same time not causing precipitation of the aerosols. Concentration is employed to enhance detection sensitivity, and aerosol concentration by a factor of approximately 10 to 100 provided by concentrator 24 is believed to be more economical and reliable than employing measures in other portions of the system to increase sensitivity by the same amount. In addition, the air carrying aerosol particles also contains NO2 and other gases which can give rise to interfering effects sufficiently strong to impair sulphate detection sensitivity. Concentrating the aerosol particles into a tighter stream without pressurizing the entire air sample selectively enhances sulfate detection sensitivity. Concentrator 24 will be described in more detail further on in the specification.
A sampling chamber or cell 30 is hollow, rectangular in shape, preferably cubic, and has four optical windows 32, 33, 34 and 35, there being one optical window on each of the four sidewalls which intersect a common plane. Chamber 30 is of suitable gas impervious material which preferably also is opaque. The optical windows are non-fluorescing and are disposed at ninety degree intervals around chamber 30. The interior of chamber 30 receives gas flowing in conduit 16 from sampler 10, and in the system shown the output of concentrator 24 is conveyed by a conduit 38 to the interior of chamber 30. The outlet end 39 of conduit 38 serves as a nozzle to direct the gas flow through the central region of chamber 30. An exit port 40 in one wall of chamber 30 is connected by a conduit 42 to pump 20 which draws gas in the directions indicated by arrows 19, 43 to maintain a flowing system. Sampler 10, concentrator 24, chamber 30, pump 20, and conduits 16, 18, 38 and 42 comprise the gas handling or processing portion of the system.
A laser 46 provides output radiation which is monochromatic and coherent and nearly all propagated in a single direction as indicated by the light beam 48. Laser 46 is positioned with respect to chamber 30 so that the laser beam 48 enters the chamber through one of the optical windows such as window 32 and so that the laser focal volume is located at the center of chamber 30. In order to minimize, if not eliminate, interference from fluorescence caused by NO2 in the ambient air, the laser wavelength should approach the wavelength of infrared radiation. A ruby laser having a red wavelength of 6943A is desirable. In addition, a pulsed laser is desirable because the pulsed excitation allows gating of electrical components of the system detector and readout circuitry and minimizes dark noise in those portions of the system. Thus, laser 46 can be of the pulsed ruby, non-Q-switched type and typically has the following characteristics: energy of 5 Joules per pulse, pulse duration of 10-3 seconds, time between pulses of 5 seconds and beam area of about 1 cm2. Alternatively, laser 46 can be a cavity dumped argon ion laser with the following characteristics: average energy of 3 Joules, pulse duration of 10-8 -10-7 sec., pusle repitition of 1-10 MHz, and beam area of about 2-3 mm2. The 1/100 second duty cycle minimizes dark current, and post-data treatment is employed to reduce the NO2 fluorescence background. A line 52 connected to laser 46 supplies control signals which synchronize the operation of laser 46 with other components of the system to eliminate noise.
Beam 48 from laser 46 is directed through window 32 into the center of sample cell 30 and interacts with the flow of concentrated aerosols. Only a minute fraction of the laser radiation is dissipated by the Raman scattering process, and a large portion of the radiation is redirected back into the aerosol path by optical means in the form of a plurality of concave mirrors 54, 56 and 58 operatively associated with chamber 30 and which define a light trap. In the system shown, the mirrors 54 and 56 are located outwardly of chamber 30 and adjacent the optical windows 32 and 34, respectively. Mirror 54 is positioned with respect to window 32 in a manner allowing the incoming laser beam 48 to pass uninterrupted through window 32 to the central region of chamber 30. The beam continues along a straight path through the oppositely-located window 34, and mirror 56 is positioned with respect to window 34 to reflect the beam back toward the central region of chamber 30. The laser beam or radiation is partially trapped by the optical cavity defined by the concave mirrors and is caused to traverse or pass through the central region of chamber 30 a large number of times in opposite directions, as shown in FIG. 1. Windows 32, 33, 34, and 35 are all coated with anti-reflection material to minimize reflection. As an alternative arrangement, mirrors 54, 56 and 58 are placed inside chamber 30 in order to minimize reflection loss, which is less than 0.05%, from the two windows 32 and 34.
The two spherical mirrors 54, 56 have equal radii of curvature and are positioned so that the radii are coincident. The incident laser beam 48 passes near the coincident radii of curvature and traverses the central region of chamber 30 and then passes through window 34 in the form of a beam which is reflected back to chamber 30 by mirror 56 and through windows 34 and 32 onto mirror 54. The last exit beam 59 from the light trap consisting of mirror 54 and 56 is redirected back into the light trap by mirror 58. Mirrors 54, 56 and 58 can be of the dielectric coated type having reflectivity of 99.96 percent at 0.6943 or 0.5145 micron wavelength depending on whether a ruby or an argon ion laser is used. The focal region within chamber 30 contains two images each of which intersects the many passes of the laser beam. The foregoing arrangement providing multiple passes of the laser beam enhances the effectiveness of the laser illumination and is believed to increase system efficiency by a factor of approximately 50 as compared to a system employing a single pass of the laser beam through the flow of gas to be monitored.
In the system shown, laser radiation enters and exits through optical windows 32 and 34, respectively, of the sample chamber 30 which windows also can be designated the 0� and 180� windows, respectively. The Raman scattered radiation from the aerosols, pollutant molecules and other molecular constituents of the gas flowing through chamber 30 will exit from the optical windows 33 and 35 which also can be designated the 90� and 270� windows, respectively. In other words, the multiple passes of the laser radiation are in a path between windows 32, 34 and the Raman backscattering is optically collected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of the laser beam. A collection mirror 62 is located outwardly of and in registry with optical window 35 of the chamber 30. Mirror 62 is concave and of sufficient size, i.e. f number, to receive and reflect the Raman backscattering from window 35, and mirror 62 can be in the form of an f/1 aluminized front surface concave mirror. A collection lens 64, for example an f/1 camera lens, is located outwardly of optical window 33 and in registry with mirror 62.
The radiation collected and gathered by the combination of mirror 62 and lens 64 is separated or filtered into various frequency components by a spectrograph generally designated 68 having an entrance slit 70. Spectrograph 64 also serves to filter out the laser radiation frequency. The radiation is focused or imaged onto entrance slit 70 by lens 64. Spectrograph 68 can include a holographic concave optical grating 72 which disperses or separates the radiation into spectral components or images onto an output image or exit surface 74. In particular, grating can be of the type commercially available from Jobin-Yvon Optical Systems having 3600 grooves per millimeter in sizes up to 110 � 110 cm2. Entrance slit 70 and the output image surface 74 are located at the focal points of the concave grating. In the system shown, two spectral images of interest are formed, the lines 78 indicating the separated sulphate radiation frequency component which forms a spectral line image on or adjacent surface 74 and the lines 80 indicating the separated nitrogen radiation frequency component which forms another spectral line image spaced from the sulphate image. The frequency corresponding to the incident laser beam 48 is directed by the grating 72 to some other location within the spectrograph 68 such as an inner wall surface away from the region of the output image surface 74.
The spectral line images thus formed at the output of spectrograph 68 provide qualitative information as to the chemical composition of the particles in the gas flow through chamber 30. The system shown also provides quantitative information in the form of the concentration of such pollutants, i.e., SO2 and micron to sub-micron size particles such as sulphate aerosols, in the gas flowing through chamber 30. The Raman signals of interest are detected by fiber optic bundles or pipes 84, 86 each having one end positioned at the appropriate location on the spectrograph output image surface 74, i.e. at the appropriate Raman wavelength. In the system shown, light pipe 84 receives radiation at the sulphate image line of interest and light pipe 86 receives radiation at the nitrogen image line for calibration purposes. Light pipes 84, 86 each can have a slit-shaped cross section at the end located at the spectrograph image or exit surface 74 and a round cross section at the opposite end. The output image surface 74 need not be planar, and the fiber optics pipes 84, 86 advantageously minimize or compensate for any aberrations caused by the spectrograph. The light pipes 84 and 86, in turn, are connected to the inputs of photomultipliers 88 and 90, respectively, for converting the radiation signals into electrical signals. Each photomultiplier can be an RCA C31034 photomultiplier tube cooled to about -20� C. by a thermoelectric cooler for photon counting. The resulting dark count is about 1 to 5 per second.
The outputs of photomultipliers 88 and 90 are individual photoelection pulses which are transmitted by lines 92 and 94, respectively, to amplifiers 96 and 98. The output of amplifier 96 is connected to each input of digital counters 100, 101, and the output of amplifier 98 is connected to each input of digital counters 102, 103. The operation of counters 100-103 is controlled by timing circuits generally designated 104 which, in turn can receive command or control signals from an input line 106. A line 108 transmits timing or control signals to counters 100 and 102, and a line 110 transmits timing or control to counters 101, 103. Line 52 connecting timing circuits 104 to laser 46 synchronizes pulsing of the laser with operation of the counter. In particular, during each pulse of laser 46, counters 100 and 102 are operated to count and accumulate the number of sulphate and nitrogen photoelectron pulses, respectively, and counters 101 and 103 are not operated. Between laser pulses, counters 101 and 103 are operated to count and accumulate the number of dark current background pulses and counters 100 and 102 are not operated. The use of four individual counters allows constant monitoring of proper operation of the system. For example, counter 102 serves to indicate the optical integrity of the system in that a decrease in number of nitrogen pulses below a certain level would indicate, for example, misalignment of the spectrograph or stoppage of the aerosol concentrator.
At the end of a typical data accumulation period, the counts accumulated in the counters are transferred to an arithmetic unit 120. In particular, digital signals from counters 100, 101, 102 and 103 are transmitted by lines 114, 115, 116 and 117, respectively, to appropriate inputs of unit 120 which performs the following operations. The total of background current pulses accumulated in counter 101 is subtracted from the total of sulphate photoelectron pulses accumulated in counter 100 to provide a net sulphate count. The total of background current pulses accumulated in counter 103 is subtracted from the total of nitrogen photoelectron pulses accumulated in counter 102 to provide a net nitrogen count. The net sulphate count is divided by the net nitrogen count, and the result is multiplied by a proportionality constant determined from laboratory measurements to provide the sulphate concentration in parts per billion or in micrograms per cubic meter. A digital signal representation of this quantity is transmitted from arithmetic unit 120 by line 122 to data transmission circuits 124 for transmission over a line 128 to a remote data collection and control center. The operation of circuits 124 is controlled by circuits 104 through the connection indicated by line 126.
The operation of the system of FIG. 1 is as follows. Pump 20 is operated to move gas or ambient air through the gas handling portion of the system at a flow rate providing proper operation of the sampler 10. Concentrator 24 provides several advantages as set forth above, but in some applications can be omitted in which case the output of sampler 10 is in direct communication with the inspecting chamber 30. In such a case, rather than being defined by a separate enclosure or vessel, chamber 30 can be defined in sampler 10 within a portion of the sampler housing. One illustrative application of the system and method of the present invention is monitoring smokestack emissions from fossil fuel power plants of an electric utility. In this application and most others, an assembly of sampler 10, chamber 30, pump 20 and the associated conduits, mirrors 54, 56, 58 and 62, lens 64 and concentrator 24 if included can be placed permanently at each location where ambient air or gas is to be monitored. Laser 46 and the detecting components of the system such as spectrograph 68 and the associated photomultipliers and readout apparatus then are brought to each monitoring station, for example on a small truck, only at times when motitoring and measuring are to take place.
Providing laser 46 of the pulsed ruby or cavity-dumped argon ion type gives several advantages as set forth above. Other types of lasers, for example a continuous argon ion laser, can be employed in situations where characteristics of such other lasers are advantageous. For monitoring sulphate aerosols, spectrograph 68 should be operated with an entrance slit width which will enable spectral resolution of the 981 cm-1 Raman spectral line for SO4 = and the 895 cm-1 and 1050 cm-1 Raman spectral lines for HSO4 -. During a monitoring period pump 20, laser 46 and spectrograph 68 are operated continuously, and a typical monitoring period might be approximately 20 minutes in duration. During this time, laser beam 48 illuminates the gas or aerosols flowing continuously through chamber 30, the laser radiation passing back and forth through the flow many times due to the light trapping action of mirrors 54, 56. The Raman radiation scattered by the gas or particles is collected by mirror 62 and the lens 64 onto the entrance slit of spectrograph 68, and the spectrograph redirects the laser frequency component to somewhere else in spectrometer 68 and separates the Raman radiation by wavelength to provide spectrally resolved images of the chemical species as described in detail above. The photons creating these images are detected and counted by the arrangement of photomultipliers and digital counters. While the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 1 monitors sulphate and nitrogen components of the ambient air, additional photomultipliers and counters can be included for monitoring additional chemical species. While the system shown includes arithmetic unit 120 for calculating the sulphate concentration, data can of course be read from counters 100-103 and the calculations made by operating personnel.
The arrangement of mirrors 54, 56 and 58 can be used with both continuous and pulsed lasers. In a pulsed mode, due to the speed of light, aerosol concentration is still sampled during each of the laser pulses averaged over all the laser pulse firings. The aerosol concentration is substantially the same for each of the focal regions of the three mirrors 54, 56 and 58. Since the scattered radiations cause little attenuation of the incident laser energy, the three mirrors provide better use of the incident laser energy. The concave holographic grating 72 combines the function of a plane ruled grating and two concave mirrors usually associated with a spectrograph. The grating 72 performs the entire function of separating frequencies and properly imaging the entrance slit onto the exit surface of spectrograph 68.
FIG. 2 shows one form of concentrator 24a which includes a hollow housing, preferably cylindrical, including a first section 132 of metal or similar electrically conducting material and a second section 134 of plastic or line insulative material. An inner tube or conduit 136 is generally concentric with the housing and is located within the insulative portion 134. Conduit 136 also is of insulative material, such as plastic, and is provided with a ring 138 of metal or like conducting material at the inlet end which is located ajacent the juncture of housing portions 132, 134. The opposite end of conduit 136 is formed into a right angle elbow which extends out through the wall of housing portion 134 for connection to conduit 38. A source of electrical potential 140 is connected by lines 142 and 144 to housing portion 132 and metal ring 138. Source 140 preferably delivers a pulsating direct voltage which drives off those aerosols which adhere to ring 138. The aerosols are electrostatically forced into a concentrated flow along conduit 136.
FIG. 3 shows another form of concentrator 24b which likewise includes a hollow, preferably cylindrical housing including a conductive portion 150 and an insulative portion 152 and a conduit 154 of insulative material having a portion generally concentric with housing portion 152 and having an inlet end provided with a metal ring 156 adjacent the juncture of housing portions 150, 152. Another conduit 158 of larger diameter surrounds the inlet end portion of conduit in concentric relationship therewith with the axial ends of conduits 154, 158 being coplanar. Both conduits are formed with right angle elbow portions extending through the wall of housing portion 152 at axially spaced locations, and conduit 154 extends through conduit 158 within the housing. A source 160 of direct voltage such as a battery is connected by lines 162 and 164 to housing portion 150 and metal ring 156. Conduit 154 is connected to conduit 38 and the concentrated aerosol stream flows in the direction of arrow 166, with the remaining flow being in the direction of arrow 168. Conduit 158 is connected to a source of clean air which flows in the direction of arrow 170 to prevent depositing of aerosols on metal ring 156. Concentrator 24b operates electrostatically in a manner similar to concentrator 24a to force the aerosols into a concentrated flow along conduit 154. While two forms of concentrator 24 have been described, other forms can be employed.
FIG. 4 shows an arrangement wherein the spectrograph image is detected by a television camera for visual monitoring. A spectrograph 68a receives scattered Raman radiation through entrance slit 70a, and a holographic concave grating 72a converts the Raman radiation to a spectral image in a manner similar to the system of FIG. 1. An intensified television camera 174 is positioned to detect the spectral image. Television camera 174 can be an SEC camera commercially available from Westinghouse Electric Corp. One end of the fiber optics plate 176 is placed on the camera front face, while the other end has a concave surface facing grating 72a in order to reduce optical aberrations of the spectrograph at the exit surface. The output of tube 174 is transmitted to a conventional cathode ray display 180 having a viewing screen 182, and display 180 advantageously can be located remote from the monitoring site. If desired, signals from display 180 can be transmitted by line 184 to conventional telecommunications equipment 186 for further processing and transmission. The Raman scattering signals from many different molecules will be accumulated on the target of the intensified television camera 174 and then are read after a predetermined time by the internal electron gun. The foregoing arrangement can replace many photomultipliers and associated counters. The effective dynamic brightness range of cameral 174 can be increased for use with nominally static one dimensional spectrograph images by selectively controlling the scan repetition rate in accordance with the initially sensed brightness of areas or lines of the object image. In particular, low-intensity portions of the spectrographic output are scanned at low frame rates and high-intensity regions are scanned at the ordinary frame rates of 30 frames per second.
FIG. 5 shows an arrangement for detecting Raman radiation which is an alternative to a spectrograph and which is used in situations where detection of only one chemical specie or pollutant is desired. Raman scattered radiation from a sample cell or chamber 30a leaves optical window 33a and is imaged by a lens 190 to an optical notch filter 192 for rejecting the laser frequency and passing the Raman radiation. Filter 192 can be of the Raman notch filter type commercially available from Omega Optical, Inc. A dichroic mirror 194 of dielectric material is arranged to receive radiation passed by filter 192. Mirror 194 functions to transmit approximately half of the received radiation in a first direction, i.e. horizontally as viewed in FIG. 5, and to reflect the remainder of the radiation in a second direction at an angle to the first direction, i.e. vertically as viewed in FIG. 5. An optical band pass filter 198 is positioned to receive radiation from mirror 194 in one of the directions and to pass Raman radiation of a particular frequency, such as that corresponding to sulphates. The sulphate radiation is focused by a lens 198 to a photomultiplier tube 200 for counting the photons scattered by sulphates in a manner similar to that of the system of FIG. 1. The output of tube 200 is connected by line 202 to digital counters 204 similar to the counters of FIG. 1. A second optical band pass filter 210 is positioned to receive radiation from mirror 194 in the other direction and to pass Raman radiation for nitrogen to provide a calibration signal as in the system of FIG. 1. The nitrogen radiation is focused by a lens 212 to a photomultiplier tube 214 for counting the photons scattered by nitrogen, and the output of tube 214 is connected by a line 216 to counting circuits 204. The counter outputs can be transmitted for arithmetic processing by lines collectively designated 218 in a manner similar to the system of FIG. 1.
From the foregoing description, it is apparent that an improved system and method has been provided for monitoring both ambient gaseous and aerosol pollutants and, in particular, for selectively measuring the concentration of respirable sulphate aerosols of less than about 2 microns particle size in the ambient atmosphere. The concentration is monitored and measured advantageously in a direct manner, without intervention such as filter collection, and it is done on a real-time basis. The optical trap operatively associated with the inspection chamber causing the laser radiation to pass a number of times through the flow of gas or aerosols enhances the signal-to-noise ratio of the system with resultant increase in sulphate concentration measurement sensitivity. The continuous flow of ambient aerosols or gas through the inspection chamber provides the advantages of statistical averaging. The Raman signal from the aerosols is an average of the scattering from a diversity of particle geometries, and the average can be made more accurate by increasing the density of aerosols measured and increasing the measurement time.
As will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, various modifications and adaptations of the system and method above described will become readily apparent without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 20, 1966
|Jun 23, 1970
|Perkin Elmer Corp
|Sampling arrangement for laser-raman systems
|Apr 1, 1971
|Dec 5, 1972
|Cary Instruments
|S light cell for increasing the intensity level of raman light emission from a sample
|Jan 22, 1971
|Mar 27, 1973
|Avco Corp
|Remote quantitative analysis of materials
|Jun 19, 1972
|Jun 28, 1974
|Siemens Ag
|System for the optical monitoring of air pollutants in a large space
|Title not available
|Fouche et al., Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 43, No. 9, Sep. 1972, pp. 3846-3851.
|Rosasco et al., Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 29, No. 5, Sep./Oct. 1975, pp. 396-404.
|Stafford et al., "Laser-Raman Monitoring of Ambient Sulfate Aerosols" (Presented at the National Bureau of Standards Eighth Materials Research Symposium on Methods and Standards for Environmental Measurement at Gaithersburg, Md, Sep. 1976).
|Stevens et al., IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. NS-22, No. 2, Apr. 1975, pp. 849-855.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 24, 1979
|Aug 4, 1981
|Coulter Electronics, Inc.
|Reflector for the laser beam of a particle analyzer
|Apr 14, 1983
|Apr 23, 1985
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Picosecond broadband cars probe using the picosecond continuum
|Dec 29, 1983
|Mar 11, 1986
|Uop Inc.
|Detector for raman spectra and other weak light
|Dec 29, 1983
|Oct 28, 1986
|Uop Inc.
|Qualitative and quantitative analysis using Raman scattering
|Jun 1, 1983
|Feb 24, 1987
|Boston University
|Optically reflective sphere for efficient collection of Raman scattered light
|Mar 20, 1989
|Sep 4, 1990
|Spectral Sciences, Inc.
|Gas species monitor system
|Jan 12, 1990
|Oct 6, 1992
|Physical Optics Corporation
|Holographic lippmann-bragg filter in a spectroscopic system
|Jun 18, 1991
|Mar 30, 1993
|Southwest Research Institute
|Laser-induced-fluorescence inspection of jet fuels
|Dec 28, 1990
|Jun 28, 1994
|Thomas De La Rue And Company Limited
|Ink composition and components thereof
|Nov 5, 1993
|Aug 22, 1995
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Atmospheric contaminant detector
|Apr 11, 1994
|Sep 12, 1995
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Raman spectroscopy of airway gases
|Feb 24, 1992
|Apr 9, 1996
|Hewlett Packard Company
|System for collecting weakly scattered electromagnetic radiation
|Mar 11, 1998
|Oct 5, 1999
|Rosemount Analytical Inc.
|Low noise Raman analyzer system
|Mar 11, 1998
|Dec 28, 1999
|Rosemount Analytical Inc.
|Rayleigh backscatter control apparatus and method
|Feb 3, 1998
|Apr 25, 2000
|Arch Development Corporation
|Apparatus for applying optical gradient forces
|Mar 11, 1998
|Jun 12, 2001
|Rosemount Analytical, Inc.
|Chemical analyzer optical probe and method of manufacturing same
|Nov 13, 1998
|Oct 2, 2001
|Rosemount Aerospace Inc.
|Non-scanning, three-axis, self-referenced heterodyne laser air data sensing system
|Mar 24, 2003
|Apr 6, 2004
|Arryx, Inc.
|Optical switch and router
|Nov 14, 2001
|Jun 1, 2004
|Genoptix, Inc.
|Methods of separating particles using an optical gradient
|Nov 28, 2001
|Aug 17, 2004
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Optical switching and sorting of biological samples and microparticles transported in a micro-fluidic device, including integrated bio-chip devices
|Nov 14, 2001
|Aug 31, 2004
|Genoptix, Inc.
|Method of separating particles using an optical gradient
|Nov 14, 2001
|Nov 9, 2004
|Genoptix, Inc.
|Method for separation of particles
|Nov 14, 2001
|Dec 21, 2004
|Genoptix, Inc.
|Method for sorting particles
|Dec 21, 2001
|Dec 13, 2005
|Nir Diagnostics Inc.
|Raman spectroscopic system with integrating cavity
|May 18, 2004
|Jun 27, 2006
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Microfluidic sorting device
|Sep 22, 2003
|Jun 5, 2007
|National Science Foundation
|Apparatus for applying optical gradient forces
|Oct 6, 2004
|Oct 23, 2007
|General Electric Company
|Raman-active particles and methods of making and using them
|Sep 22, 2004
|Dec 11, 2007
|Southwest Sciences Incorporated
|Near re-entrant dense pattern optical multipass cell
|Jul 21, 2004
|Jan 13, 2009
|Southwest Sciences Incorporated
|Dense pattern optical multipass cell
|Jul 25, 2006
|Jan 20, 2009
|Esytec Energie—und Systemtechnik GmbH
|Method and device for comprehensive characterization and monitoring of exhaust gas and control of engines, and components for aftertreatment of exhaust gases
|Aug 27, 2004
|Jun 29, 2010
|Celula, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for sorting cells using an optical switch in a microfluidic channel network
|Feb 26, 2007
|Sep 21, 2010
|Southwest Sciences Incorporated
|Dense pattern multiple pass cells
|Jul 3, 2007
|Dec 7, 2010
|Conforti Fred J
|System and method for an optical particle detector
|Jun 28, 2010
|Apr 23, 2013
|Celula, Inc.
|Methods and apparatus for sorting cells using an optical switch in a microfluidic channel network
|Nov 14, 2001
|Aug 22, 2002
|Methods and apparatus for generating and utilizing a moving optical gradient
|Nov 14, 2001
|Sep 19, 2002
|Methods and apparatus for sorting of bioparticles based upon optical spectral signature
|Nov 28, 2001
|Dec 5, 2002
|Mark Wang
|Optical switching and sorting of biological samples and microparticles transported in a micro-fluidic device, including integrated bio-chip devices
|Nov 14, 2001
|Jan 9, 2003
|Method and apparatus for separation of particles
|Sep 22, 2003
|Jun 3, 2004
|Arch Development Corporation
|Apparatus for applying optical gradient forces
|Oct 6, 2004
|Apr 6, 2006
|General Electric Company
|Raman-active particles and methods of making and using them
|Sep 22, 2004
|Jul 20, 2006
|Southwest Sciences Incorporated
|Near re-entrant dense pattern optical multipass cell
|Jul 21, 2004
|Oct 19, 2006
|Southwest Sciences Incorporated
|Dense pattern optical multipass cell
|Jul 25, 2006
|Nov 16, 2006
|Esytec Energie-Und Systemtechnik Gmbh
|Method and device for comprehensive characterization and monitoring of exhaust gas and control of engines, and components for aftertreatment of exhaust gases
|Dec 11, 2006
|Sep 27, 2007
|Zipf Edward C
|Emission detector for the remote detection of explosives and illegal drugs
|Jul 3, 2007
|Jan 8, 2009
|Conforti Fred J
|System and method for an optical particle detector
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 1, 2010
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Raman spectrometer having wavelength-selective optical amplification
|Dec 23, 2014
|Nov 19, 2015
|Reuven Gordon
|Laser tweezer system for measuring acoustic vibrations of nanoparticles
|Feb 28, 2005
|Aug 31, 2006
|Mike Altieri
|Determining type, size and/or concentration of components of fluid flow in process chamber, for treating smoke from power station
|Jul 19, 1995
|Jan 31, 1996
|The Titan Corporation
|Tunable spectrometer with acousto-optical tunable filter
|Mar 6, 1998
|Sep 24, 1998
|Rosemount Analytical Inc.
|Improved rayleigh backscatter control apparatus and method
|Mar 6, 1998
|Sep 24, 1998
|Rosemount Analytical Inc.
|Improved rayleigh backscatter control apparatus and method
|Dec 12, 2006
|Aug 9, 2007
|Zipf Edward C
|Emission detector for the remote detection of explosives and illegal drugs
|Dec 12, 2006
|Apr 17, 2008
|Edward C Zipf
|Emission detector for the remote detection of explosives and illegal drugs
|Jun 22, 2010
|Mar 31, 2011
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Measuring device for recording a raman spectrum
|Apr 15, 2012
|Oct 18, 2012
|IsoSpec Technologies, LP
|Laser multi-pass system with cell inside for spectroscopic measurements
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Merchantville and RecycleBank Team Up to Increase Recycling Volumes
Published: January 8, 2010
New Program Offers Residents Economic Benefits for Recycling
MERCHANTVILLE, N.J. (FRIDAY, JAN. 8, 2009) — Today, Merchantville joins area communities in rewarding its residents for recycling through a unique program with Recyclebank®. Launching in Philadelphia in February and already a success in Cherry Hill and Clayton, Recyclebank has partnered with Merchantville to dramatically increase household recycling volumes. Recyclebank encourages people to recycle by rewarding households with points for their efforts. Points are redeemable for merchandise, rewards, gift cards, groceries, products, services and more from local and national retailers, restaurants, grocers and others. Merchantville picks up recycling each Friday, and today is first pick up with the recycling rewards program.
"Partnering with Recyclebank is a great way to protect our environment, invigorate our local economy, keep our community clean, and deliver meaningful, everyday savings to Merchantville families," Mayor Frank M. North said. "Everybody wins—recycling has never been so rewarding!"
This past month, recycling buckets were outfitted with special ID stickers that connect the address with individual Recyclebank accounts. Beginning today, recycling trucks read the identification stickers during waste pick up, record how much has been recycled and transmit that information to Recyclebank which then credits household accounts with points that can be used to "shop" for rewards from businesses in more than 20 categories.
After activating their Recyclebank accounts, Merchantville residents can log on to www.Recyclebank.com or call 1-888-727-2978 to redeem rewards from local reward partners such as Merchantville Diner, Pinsetter Bar and Bowl, Wirth Florist, Vincent's Pizza, and others, as well as from a host of national partners such as Coca-Cola, Kraft Foods, Seventh Generation, Burt's Bees, CVS/pharmacy, Bed Bath & Beyond, and more. There is also an option to donate Points to local school environmental programs and to non-profit organizations. Similar to frequent flier programs, the more a family recycles, the more Recyclebank Points each household earns.
"By participating, residents have the ability to earn and redeem Recyclebank Points for hundreds of dollars worth of rewards, discounts and merchandise," Mayor North added. "With the tough economy, these savings translate into real value for Merchantville families. Plus, it's nice to be rewarded for doing something good."
"As Recyclebank continues to expand across the United States, our vision of rewarding every house on every street for recycling is becoming a reality," said Ron Gonen, co-founder and CEO of Recyclebank. "Merchantville recognized the value that Recyclebank brings to communities by helping them reach their environmental goals, putting savings in their residents' pockets and invigorating the local business community. This environmental leadership shows area residents that recycling is something that they can do today to truly make a difference tomorrow."
Merchantville residents must activate their Recyclebank account to receive rewards for recycling. They can do so online at www.Recyclebank.com or by calling the Recyclebank Customer Care Center at 1-888-727-2978. Recyclebank services more than one million people across 24 states. By cumulative recycling efforts, those households have recycled more than 320,000 tons of material, saving more than 283 million gallons of oil and 4.24 million trees. For more information on Recyclebank, visit www.Recyclebank.com.
The Borough of Merchantville, founded in 1874, is a spirited community nestled between Center City and Cherry Hill, New Jersey. A classic mix of 19th and early 20th Century architecture and tree-lined streets with beautiful gardens define the historic borough and its downtown. Less than one square mile, Merchantville offers an unprecedented and authentic sense of community. For more information, visit www.Merchantville.com.
Recyclebank® partners with cities to increase recycling, collection efficiency and to support local economies. Recyclebank utilizes its proprietary software and three-step process Recycle, Record, Reward™ to measure the amount of material each home recycles and then convert the amount recycled into Recyclebank Points that can be used to shop at hundreds of local and national rewards partners. Recyclebank currently provides service to more than one million members across the U.S. and the U.K. and has over 2,000 local, regional and national businesses that accept Recyclebank Points earned for recycling. Recyclebank has been recognized with a number of business and environmental awards, including as a Technology Pioneer by the World Economic Forum and as a Champion of the Earth by the United Nations Environmental Programme. Ron Gonen is the co-founder and CEO of Recyclebank and investors include Sigma Partners, RRE Ventures, Kleiner Perkins Caulfield and Byers, Generation IM, The Westly Group and Columbia University. Recyclebank is a global company headquartered in New York City. For more information, visit www.Recyclebank.com, fan us at www.Facebook.com/Recyclebank and follow us at www.Twitter.com/Recyclebank.
Media Contacts
Interested in learning a little more about us?
We're glad to share our story!
For inquiries:
Please note, if you are not a member of the press, you will not receive a response.
Latest TweetsTweets by @Recyclebank
Recyclebank At A Glance
New York
New York, Philadelphia and Houston
Javier Flaim
The Coca-Cola Company, Craton Equity Partners, Generation Investment Management, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Paul Capital Investments, Physic Ventures, RRE Ventures LLC, Sigma Partners, Waste Management Inc., and Westly Group
4 Million+
300+ in all 50 states
Reward Partners
In The News Press Release

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Need a TPO Test in Talladega, AL? Simply order online 24/7 and get a fast, affordable TPO Test at a lab near you (Find More Locations):
What is a TPO Test?
A TPO Test is a lab test that checks the TPO level. People in Talladega, AL order the TPO Test to assess how Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies may be affecting their thyroid function.
How much does a TPO Test cost?
Our TPO Test prices include the doctor's order that you need to get tested in Talladega, AL, all lab fees and taxes, and a pdf copy of your results. For current prices, please CLICK HERE.
What does a TPO Test lab report look like?
For a popular sample report, please CLICK HERE.
We are delighted to offer the TPO Test in Talladega, AL.
TPO Test in other cities near Talladega, AL:Alpine | Bon Air | Childersburg | Cropwell | Eastaboga | Lincoln | Millerville | Munford | Pell City | Ragland | Riverside | Sycamore | Sylacauga | Vincent | Wattsville


text:
Self Catering in Gloucestershire - Gloucester
Sleeps a maximum of: 4
Pricing From: £410.00 - 440.00
Cider Apple cottage is one of three comfortable, adjoining cottages in a converted threshing barn. Together the cottages sleep up to 16 people. Harvest cottage and Shire Horse cottage both sleep up to 6 people.
Ideal for family and friends to gather and relax. Harvest Cottage is spacious and allows 16 people to enjoy time together. Cider Apple Cottage offers 2 double bedrooms, (1 with a double bed and 1 with twin beds), bathroom with bath, open plan lounge with kitchen/sitting & dining area.
There is a communal laundry. The barn is set in a peaceful location surrounded by lovely countryside. Weekend breaks welcome all year round, except Christmas and New Year when 7 night bookings only are accepted.
There are pleasant walks on lanes and footpaths direct from the cottages. There is a pub within a 2 mile walk. The location is an ideal centre for touring the Cotswolds, Forest of Dean, Wye Valley and Herefordshire.
Within easy reach of Gloucester, Tewkesbury, Cheltenham, Malvern, Ledbury and Worcester. There are many tourist attractions within reach. Saturday start date not accepted unless for a 6 night or less booking.
security deposit of £50 per cottage required payable on arrival. Please note there is an unfenced pond so children must be supervised. No extra visitors allowed at any time.
Services / Facilities:
Location Type
Car Required
Housekeeping & Services
Iron and Ironing Board
Bed Linen Included
Towels Included
Fuel and Power Included
No Smoking
1 Double Bedroom
1 Twin Bedroom
Washing Machine
Tumble dryer
Leisure Equipment
Patio Furniture
Garden/Terrace/Play area
Communal garden
Parking available
Off road parking
Get an Ordnance Survey map covering the Gloucester area.
Nearest AttractionsHeritage Rated from 1- 5 (low-exceptional) on historic interest
Pendock Old Church - 2.2 miles (Historic Church)
Corse, St Margaret Church - 2.7 miles (Historic Church)
Ashleworth, St Andrew and Bartholomew - 3.3 miles (Historic Church)
Ashleworth Tithe Barn - 3.3 miles (Historic Building)
Odda's Chapel - 3.6 miles (Historic Church)
Deerhurst Priory Saxon church - 3.9 miles (Historic Church)
Tewkesbury Abbey - 5.3 miles (Historic Church)
Tredington, St John the Baptist Church - 6.1 miles (Historic Church)
Eastnor Castle - 6.1 miles (Historic House)
Lassington, St Oswald's Church - 6.1 miles (Historic Church)
Nearest Alternative Cottages
Gloucester, Gloucestershire
Sleeps: 6
Stay from: £500.00 - 570.00
Gloucester, Gloucestershire
Sleeps: 6
Stay from: £500.00 - 570.00
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire
Sleeps: 7
Stay from: £495.00 - 695.00
Details of facilities are believed correct at time of publication, but may be subject to change by the cottage proprietor. Up-to-the-minute facility listings will be always presented during the booking process for your approval.
UK Self Catering
England - Scotland - Wales
Popular Locations
Devon - Cornwall - Lake District - Highlands - North Wales - South West Wales


text:
Description:Cirrus clouds are made of ice crystals. They have a thin appearance, blown in high winds into long streamers. Cirrus clouds are usually white and they predict fair to pleasant weather. Movement of these clouds indicates the direction from which weather is approaching. It usually indicates change in weather within 24 hours.
How do they form?:Cirrus clouds are formed when water vapor freezes into ice crystals at altitudes above 6,000 meters.Due to the low moisture levels at that high altitude, they appear to be very thin.
Weather map symbol:
Description:Cirrostratus clouds are made of ice crystals. They are thin, generally uniform clouds covering the entire sky. Formation of Cirrostratus clouds indicates the approach of rain or snow within 12-24 hours.
Weather Map Symbol:
How do they form?:Cirrostratus clouds are formed when water vaporizes into ice crystals above 6,000m.
Weather Map Symbol:
Description:Cirrocumulus clouds are made of ice crystals and super-cooled water droplets. They are small white puffs arranged in long rows. Cirrocumulus clouds are usually seen in the winter announcing fair but cold weather. If they are encountered in tropical regions they might indicate an approaching hurricane.
How do they form?:
Description:Altostratus clouds are composed of ice crystals, they are potentially dangerous because they can cause ice forming on an aircraft. They are grey or blue-grey. Altostratus clouds usually cover the entire sky. These clouds form announcing storms with continuous rain and snow. Through the thinnerlayers, the sun is visible vaguely as a round disk.
How do they form?:Altostratus clouds are caused by a large air mass that is lifted then condensed.
Weather Map Symbol:
Height:Between 2,000-5,000m
Description:Altocumulus clouds are made of water droplets. They look like gray puffy masses sticking together in sheets and patches. When seen in the morning of a warm humid day, they signal thunderstorms later in the afternoon.
Weather Map Symbol:
Height:Between 2,400-6,000m
Height:Below 2,000m
Description:Cumulus clouds are white and puffy. They have a vertical appearance with a flat base and a rounded top. When the clouds look like a cauliflower head, they are called cumulus congestus. Cumulus clouds can grow into cumulonimbus clouds which may produce heavy rain, lighting, strong winds.
Weather Map Symbol:
Height:Below 2,000m
Description:Cumulonimbus clouds are tall, dense, usually involved in thunderstorm and other intense weather. The high winds can flatten the top of the cloud anvil-like shape. They are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lighting and even tornadoes.
How do they form?:
Weather Map Symbol:
Height:Up to 2,000m
Description:Stratus clouds are uniform, gray, and cover the entire sky. They look like fog that doesn't reach the ground. These clouds create a light mist or drizzle sometimes.
How do they form?:The stratus cloud is a cloud formed into a horizontal layer with a uniform base.
Height:Between 1,000-6,500m
Description:Stratocumulus clouds seem low with a grey puffy appearance. They usually form in rows with the blue sky visible in between them. These clouds are not followed by rain, however if they turn into nimbostratus clouds rain is usually occurs.
Wheather Map symbol:
How do they form?:They are formed by water droplets. The clouds are formed by weak convection currents triggered by turbulent airflows. The dry, stable air above the cloud prevents the cloud's movement upwards.
Height:Up to 2,400m
Description:Nimbostratus clouds form a dark, grey, wet looking layer on the sky. It announces continuously falling of rain or snow in light to moderate quantities.
How do they form?:Nimbostratus clouds are typically found along a warm front producing low intensity precipitation that lasts for several hours.


text: Just a sunday offering while I wait for the game to start. These are based on CBS rankings which I'm sure will change drastically after the Combine. Also, I assume Free will be retained, as much as that sucks but we have a lot of needs. Hopefully Parnell can surpass him on the depth chart or better guard play can help him improve this season. FA signings: DT Henry Melton. With Ratliff's injury history and the importance of the 3 technique in the Tampa 2 scheme, this is a smart move. With Marinelli's influence this will be our one offseason splash signing. Immediate upgrade to the defensive line and gives us the ability to release Ratliff next offseason. OG Brandon Moore. Played under Callahan for a few years. Coming off an excellent season, has started 165 consecutive games. Only concern is age because he'll be 33 before the season starts, but he has the ability to come in and be an immediate starter. Draft 1) S Kenny Vaccaro. Number 1 safety on our board, and a position that needs a premium player. Johnson/Church compete for starting SS, Church can also backup Carter at Will if it's warranted. Possessing the prototype combination of size and athleticism to man the free or strong safety position in the NFL, Vaccaro strongly considered leaving Texas for the NFL after last season. Based on feedback I've received from league sources, Vaccaro likely would have earned a second-round selection had he left early and will compete for a spot amongst the top 32 this year. 2) C/G Barrett Jones. We need talent on the interior line. Can't trust Costa and Ryan Cook anymore. Jones is typically characterized as a try-hard player who gets by with excellent fundamentals, and it is true that he uses his hands and feet very well to consistently defeat his opponent. However, while he isn't likely to cause anyone to compare his raw athleticism to former first round offensive tackles Tyron Smith (Dallas Cowboys, No. 9, 2011) or Joe Staley (San Francisco 49ers, No. 28, 2007), Jones is smooth and efficient when easing back at the snap in pass protection or getting to the second level. He latches on and keeps his feet moving on contact, rarely allowing his opponent to make the play even if he's relatively close to the ballcarrier. 3) DT Kwame Geathers. 355 pounds, a mountain of a man, and a classic 1-technique to anchor the interior. He's also an underclassmen The massive 6-6, 355-pound Geathers played in all 14 games in 2012, finishing with 40 tackles, including five for losses and a sack. 4) RB Le'Veon Bell. With Felix likely to be released and the demise of our running game as soon as Demarco sprains an ankle, RB should be considered and Bell is a big, productive prospect that has the potential to carry the load. Listed at 6-2 and 237 pounds, Bell is a powerfully-built runner who has the ability to break tackles with pad level, strength and quickness. He lacks ideal speed and gets himself in trouble when attempting to go east-west, but he has NFL potential as a complimentary back in the right offense. Bell currently ranks as NFLDraftScout.com's No. 11 running back, projecting as an early third-day pick. He led the Big Ten in rushing this past season with 1,793 yards (63 yards ahead of Montee Ball) on 382 carries (4.7 average) and 12 touchdowns. Bell also added 32 catches for 167 yards and a score. 5) WR Marquise Goodwin. Have to admit, I don't know much about this prospect but he's fast. I've wanted a PR that can cause mismatches on the field at WR due to his speed. Looks like he might be the guy. 6) DE Quanterus Smith.Taking a flyer late on a DE coming off ACL surgery. Had a 3 sack game against Alabama. Is productive Smith is tied for the third in the nation with 12.5 sacks. He also has 38 tackles with 18.5 tackles for a loss and three forced fumbles. The senior returned a fumble 75 yards for a touchdown in the fourth quarter against Florida Atlantic.


text:
You are currently using an unsupported web browser.
We support the latest versions of these browsers:
If you have any problems while attempting to download a browser, you should contact your organization's system administrator.
For any questions related to Cvent, feel free to contact our Customer Care team.
Northstar Ratings are powered by Northstar Travel Media and are based on objective and unbiased evaluations from experienced editors that individually analyze, research, and evaluate hotels. Hotels and suppliers are not required to pay any fees or pay for memberships to have their property rated.
Northstar Ratings are powered by Northstar Travel Media. Please email email@example.com if you have any questions or comments regarding the rating of an individual property.
If you need to cancel, you must do so before 4:00 PM on the date of arrival or your credit card will be charged for one night's stay.
You must be logged in to view contact information for this supplier. Sign up for a free Cvent account today.
Our convenient location right off I-5 exit 129 offers easy access to the Tacoma Mall - Tacoma Done - Downtown Tacoma/Waterfront - Military base - and all other major attractions.
With 6,500 square feet of flexible meeting space, 4 boardrooms, and attentive staff, the Hilton Seattle hotel is guaranteed to make your wedding, corporate meeting or special event a success.


text:
0day 0:0:0 Left
People who love this item are also interested inSee More >>
New Arrival Lovely Tree Branches and Leaves Print 3-piece Cross Film Wall Art PrintsUSD $ 78.19
Amazing Sunset Sea Scenery Pattern 5 Pieces None Framed Wall Art PrintsUSD $ 68.29
Unique Red Maple Tree Lane 1-Panel Wall Art PrintUSD $ 84.79
Fragrant Pink Flowers In the Glass Cross Film Wall Art PrintsUSD $ 84.79
Graceful Lady in Red Dress Print 3-piece Cross Film Wall Art PrintsUSD $ 76.29
The Peacock and Flowers 3-Pieces of Crystal Film Art Wall PrintUSD $ 92.49
Circular Reef in the Sea Print 3-piece Cross Film Wall Art PrintsUSD $ 71.39
New Arrival Lovely Colorful Flowers and Trees Print Cross Film Wall Art PrintsUSD $ 48.09
Pink Lily Flowers and Blue Butterfly
Ready to Hang
Product type
Wall Art Prints
This kind of material is of high quality and can be cleaned with wet towel.
Beddinginn.com sells a wide range of high quality wall art prints.
The wall art prints we sell are very beautiful and of high quality.
Here, you can find your favorite wall art print which matches with the style of your house.
Decorate your room with our wall art prints!
Due to differences in monitor settings, there may be a slight variation in color on screen,versus the actual material.
No one has consulted this product.
|E-mail Address *
|This will be used to sign into your account.
|Password *
|Must have 6 to 30 characters and no spaces.
|Re-type Password *
I accept
Terms of Use and
Security and Privacy of Beddinginn.com


text:
Moldex® Uncorded Foam Earplugs; Assorted, 33 dB, 200/BX
Item #: 901-422623
Model #: 6604
Brand: Moldex
$28.96 Box
Product Highlights
- Color: Assorted
- Noise Reduction Rate: 33 dB
- Style: Uncorded Tapered
Ear protection and safety for noisy environments and settings Moldex® SparkPlugs® Assorted earplugs have extra-soft foam for superior all-day comfort and offer superior noise reduction up to 33 dB. Uncorded earplugs seal the ear canal for enhanced protection, sold as 200 per box.
- Uncorded earplugs
- Protects up to 33 dB
- 200/Box
- 100% PVC-free
- Extra-soft, low-pressure foam for comfort and fit
- Shaped to fit even very small ear canals
- Non-irritating smooth surface
- Radiant color for easy compliance checks
- Tapered shape for easy insertion and removal
|Color : Assorted
|Material : Foam
|Noise Reduction Rate : 33 dB
|Style : Uncorded Tapered
|Brand : Moldex
|Weight : 0.91 lbs. per Box
Customers also viewed
Customers also bought


text:
Do you want to make Ohio.com your homepage?
Zips football: D'Orazio healthy, helping lift UA's offense
Akron's Zach D'Orazio reacts to scoring a touchdown against James Madison during the second quarter of their game at InfoCision Stadium, Sept. 7. Akron won 35-33. (Karen Schiely/Akron Beacon Journal)
Akron wide receiver Zach D'Orazio catches a long pass and runs for a touchdown followed by Louisiana's Darius Barksdale during the second quarter of their game Saturday at InfoCision Stadium in Akron. (Karen Schiely/Akron Beacon Journal)


text:
From the country that brought us Fosters and Neighbours, comes a very different offering, Mischka Aoki's Swan Lake inspired dresses are luxurious and unique and for just one week a large selection will be housed in London's Selfridges. To celebrate, they are hosting a launch event for little people, there will be readings from the fairytale and children can get their faces painted Swan Lake style, although we don't recommend requesting the black swan.
The Launch Party is on August 31st, between 2pm and 6pm
|Event phone:
|0800 123 4000
|Event website:
To improve this listing email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Sydney Thunder coach Paddy Upton has played down a back injury to import Jacques Kallis that saw the South African veteran fail to bowl or field in his side's loss to the Brisbane Heat at the Gabba.
Kallis injured his back running between wickets during his innings of 16, part of the Thunder's imposing total of 5-186 that would eventually be chased down by the Heat and Chris Lynn, who continued to fire with a mesmerising 75 from 32 deliveries.
That knock, his third half century in as many digs, has him in the mix for the opening one-dayer against India at the Gabba on Friday week, while the Thunder will take stock after a second straight defeat.
They would have loved the canny seam bowling of Kallis at their disposal as the chase was completed in steady rain that muddied the pitch, and made both batting and bowling exceedingly tricky.
Sydney host the Perth Scorchers on January 7 and Upton felt confident that Kallis would be available for selection. He will be assessed in the coming days.
"He's an old man. It's just a pretty minor tweak, hopefully in two or three days it will loosen up," Upton said.
Not all of the players appreciated ploughing on through conditions but the crowd of almost 30,000 loved it and were treated to another nail-biting BBL contest. Nobody left despite the persistent downpour.
"It was one of the wetter games I've been involved in. I think cricket would have been a loser if we had come off in the 12th over when the rain was pretty heavy. All things being equal, it was really good for the game," Upton said.
He conceded his bowlers were unable to really bend the back as Lynn teed off, belting six fours and six sixes at a strike rate of 234.
"It was very difficult and the bowlers were bowling within themselves. They weren't striding out on the crease. The wicket was muddy, it was difficult to hold the ball. But we knew before the game there was a possibility of these conditions."
Lynn has put his name towards the top of the list for the T20 World Cup in India in March, but could come into calculations for the domestic 50-over games given his form in limited overs.
He said he hadn't given it any thought but was pleased with his play, as you would be when you've hit 287 runs at a strike rate of 176 over five innings, topped off with 19 sixes.
"We got the win and I'm very happy with my own performances so hopefully it's the start of something special for the Brisbane Heat," Lynn said.
Lynn dedicated the knock to his younger brother Matt, who departs for Afghanistan on Monday morning with his regiment from Brisbane's Enoggera Barracks.
"Good luck to my brother Matt and his army mates. They're heading off to Afghanistan tomorrow. He's in the infantry so good luck to the boys and I'll see them in six months," Lynn said.
"Mum's a bit nervous but I've got full faith. They're the real heroes. It's not going out there bashing sixes."


text:
There's nothing like moving house for making you take stock of your kitchen and the devices that therein lie. However much kitchen space seemed available when you first looked at your new home, there's never enough room for all the stuff you've accumulated over the years. I mean, just look at it. Whatever possessed you to buy this bulky, expensive and frankly unusable garbage? Whose idea was the fish kettle that you used exactly once, for a salmon lunch in July 2010? Have you ever got cost-per-wear out of the microwave that's been sitting accusingly beside the toaster since 1997? And here, in these cutlery drawers, on this knife rack, in this utensils jug – just look at all this mad gallimaufry of labour-saving stuff, of bits of rubber and metal and plastic that might possibly lift the heart of a passing rag-and-bone man but now fills you with bewilderment that you ever thought it worth having.
There are so many things you don't need and never have needed. Things you bought one day in a burst of self-delusion that you are: A) a hippie earth mother or, B) an artisanal cook, living in an era before supermarkets. The bread-maker, the pasta-maker, the incredibly messy ice-cream maker, the yoghurt-maker, the rice cooker (what was wrong with using a saucepan and some hot water?) and that vital necessity of 1970s living, the coffee-bean grinder – because everybody needs to start their mildly hungover day with a noise like a granite-quarry drill slicing through their sore head, don't they?
There are things you bought to make cooking easier and discovered it made it far more complicated. At the top of this list is the food processor you bought to peel, chop and slice vegetables, to puree them into nourishing meals for the baby, to make soups and sauces and sophisticated reductions for dinner parties. But the fag of having to wash and dry and store all the attachments became so daunting, you reverted to buying the baby food in jars, the soup from Waitrose and the sauces from Marks & Sparks.
Labour-saving devices that promise to chop and slice electronically just add to your work-load because of the tedium of setting them up. I had high hopes of a heavy-duty juicer, but it was just too high-maintenance and we're now estranged. I feel embarrassed about the way I've neglected the electronic weighing scales, ever since I lost the instructions: you can press the 'Mode' and 'Reset' keys till you're blue in the face without ever getting the machine to actually weigh something. And don't get me started on the sub-Gaggia cappuccino machine, to operate it required a PhD in material sciences and another in Italian psychology.
There are things whose beauty or bulk once recommended them to you but now only get in the way. Among them is a super-enormous, wooden chopping-board: it's just too damn heavy. Few dinner ingredients need such comprehensive chopping that it justifies manhandling half a ton of teak onto the work surface. The stainless-steel stockpot never saw much action – I mean, who am I, Mrs Patmore from Downton Abbey, keeping the week's potato peelings and carrot tops in order to make a nourishing stew? I wish I'd got more use out of the four-ton Le Creuset casserole, which resembles the cauldron in which cartoon savages might boil a missionary in the jungle.
And as you unpack another dozen cardboard boxes, you can only marvel at the hundred-odd fiddly devices and rusting geegaws you once deemed necessary for the cook's existence. I have two meat thermometers – never used – two pizza cutters, ditto; a box grater, terminally clogged-up with fragments of Yarg circa 2009; an olive stoner, never used; three devices for keeping champagne perky after you've opened it; and a pack of yellowing cartouches clearly past their sell-by.
A deadly ennui envelops you. Are you going to keep all this stuff for another few years? Or are you going to start all over again?
The answer was to throw out lots of stuff I'd never used and write a shopping list for the necessities of kitchen life. It was a strangely cleansing experience. So was the trip to some wildly expensive kitchen-supplies shops – the Conran Shop, David Mellor – to look at the prices of the best-quality merchandise and try to find it cheaper elsewhere.
Did I want the Alessi Juicer in stainless steel and thermoplastic resin for £129? The Dualit four-slot toaster for £195? A Conran balloon whisk for a mere £27? An amazingly beautiful Forge de Laguiole cheese knife for £135? Perhaps not. I'm a sucker for knives. I'd festoon the kitchen with blades by Opinel, Zwilling or Robert Herder if I could afford them. But I can't.
In my new, keep-it-simple kitchen, I'll have just four. One serious, 15in carving knife (with matching fork) for roasts. You should splash out a bit on this item – Sabatier or Victorinox are ideal – and look for a 10-year guarantee to go with it. You also need a 12in serrated bread knife; a small (7in) serrated paring knife for small vegetables; and a bigger, 12in cook's knife for slicing up meat and chopping large vegetables such as Spanish onions. The best I know is from the Kitchen Devil range; the extreme sharpness of its Cook's Knife sliced through my left index finger as I was preparing Sunday lunch, and landed me in the A&E department of St Mary's Paddington, the day after I bought it.
I've had the same three pans for ages: a 12in Tefal frying pan, a 10in griddle pan for cooking steak, and a 12in sauté pan with a lid. I swear by Tefal, although Authentic Kitchen offers good substitutes for about £20 each. For all your winter-stew needs, you must get a 12in, heavy-duty, cast-iron casserole with a lid. You don't have to spend £150 at Le Creuset. Earl & Wilson sell a burnt-crimson beauty for £29.99.
There's no point in being precious about saucepans. Whichever make of pans you choose doesn't matter greatly, as long as they feel weighty, rather than tinny, in your hand and the steel gleams. You need a 10in, 8in and 7in, with lids, and a smaller one for boiling eggs. And a steamer saucepan with two steel baskets for steaming broccoli, carrots and courgettes.
For measuring liquids, you need a Pyrex measuring jug with pint/litre /fluid-ounce specifications. For the rest you need some old-fashioned Salter weighing scales and a set of measuring spoons for those half-cup, quarter-cup recipes. I treated myself to two new chopping boards, one wood for meat or fish, one plastic for vegetables. Joseph Joseph has a whole range, in sprightly colours, that fold up into a funnel after chopping.
Treat yourself to a new potato peeler. Forget those spindly U-shaped razor-blade scrapers; you need an old-fashioned Yorkshire potato peeler with a snug, twine-wound handle. You can get them in Robert Dyas for tuppence-ha'penny. While you're at it, buy a new grater for cheese, carrots, potatoes and onions. You could buy a set of six Microplane graters (extra fine to extra coarse) at £25 each; you could buy a four-sided box grater, like the one I just threw out; a compromise is the ingenious Fold Flat Grater from Joseph Joseph, which features fine and coarse grating blades and a grippable handle (£16).
Other necessities are: a pair of kitchen scissors, invaluable for, among other things, cutting chicken into sections; a pair of tongs for turning bacon rashers, steaks and barbecue items; a spatula, preferably with metal (rather than rubber or plastic) handle, or it'll melt against the edge of the frying pan; a colander; a large metal basting spoon; three roasting trays; a salad spinner (it smacks of gadgetry, but they're the best way of removing water from salad; if you don't, the dressing won't stick); and a pestle and mortar, for grinding spices. It always gives your food more spiciness than using spices ready-ground in Schwartz jars. Porcelain, of course; wooden ones wouldn't survive all the dishwashing.
And that's all I think you need in your new kitchen. Except that, in my travels through the kitchen shops of west London, I couldn't resist buying a very clever device called The Garlic Chop, which slices a whole garlic bulb into bits in seconds (£5.95 from Koopeh Designs). And a lemon squeezer that catches the pips in a little net. And a stylish little object that whips the stones out of fresh cherries and…
Uh-oh. Here we go again.
12 things you don't need in the kitchen...
Microwave oven
Food processor
Fish kettle
Pasta maker
Bread maker
Ice-cream maker
Coffee grinder
Fondue set
Electronic scales
Cappuccino machine
Copper saucepans
... and 20 things you do
Cook's knife
Posh carving knife (and fork)
Knife sharpener
Pestle and mortar
12" frying pan
Griddle pan
Steamer pans
Measuring jug
Weighing scales
Vegetable peeler
Roasting trays
Cheese grater
Chopping boards, wooden and plastic
Salad spinner
Garlic crusher/slicer
Kitchen scissors
ColanderReuse content


text:
Mad Hatter (horse)
|Mad Hatter
|Fair Play
|Mad Cap
|Rock Sand
|United States
|Dark Brown
|August Belmont, Jr.
|Rancocas Stable
|Sam Hildreth
|41+: 16-10-4+
|Mad Hatter is a thoroughbred racehorse out of Mad Cap by Fair Play. He was born around 1916 in the United States, and was bred by August Belmont, Jr..
|Major wins
Bellerose Stakes (1918)
Pimlico Autumn Handicap (1919)
Minneola Handicap (1919)
Latonia Championship Stakes (1919)
Yorktown Handicap (1920)
Bowie Handicap (1920)
Jockey Club Gold Cup (1921, 1922)
Metropolitan Handicap (1921, 1922)
Toboggan Handicap (1923)
Suburban Handicap (1924)
Queens County Handicap (1924)
|U.S. Champion Older Male Horse (1921)
|Horse (Equus ferus caballus)
|Last updated on September 20, 2006
Mad Hatter (foaled 1916 in Kentucky) was an American-bred Thoroughbred stallion racehorse. Bred by August Belmont, Jr., he was sired by the great Fair Play, which made him a half brother to Man o' War, out of another Rock Sand mare, Mad Cap. He was foaled one year earlier than Man o'War and a full brother to Belmont Stakes winner, Mad Play.
Trained by Sam Hildreth and ridden most of the time by the great jockey, Earl Sande, Mad Hatter was known as much for his erratic temperament as for his racing ability. Sande was one of the few jockeys that understood Mad Hatter, especially in his later years.
Late to mature, Mad Hatter was lightly raced and won the Bellerose Stakes as a two year old.
At three he won the Minneola Handicap easily, having only been to the post twice before and never at more than a mile. Then he lost to Sir Barton in the Maryland Handicap at Laurel Park Racecourse, placing a disheartening second after running killer fractions of :22 and two, and :46 and three. Sir Barton beat him by two lengths.
After winning the inaugural Latonia Championship Stakes over a muddy track by 8 lengths, Mad Hatter went on to Pimlico Race Course in November in the Pimlico Autumn Handicap, beating his rival Sir Barton who placed a distant third, twelve lengths behind him.
In his next race, the Saratoga Handicap, again against Sir Barton and Exterminator, he got into a speed duel with The Porter, and placed last.
It wasn't until 1921 that Mad Hatter came into his own. He won the Jockey Club Gold Cup and the Metropolitan Handicap and was named U.S. Champion Older Male Horse.
Mad Hatter continued to win graded stakes races as a campaigner with a repeat win of the Jockey Club Gold Cup in 1922, the Toboggan Handicap in 1923, and the Suburban and Queens County Handicaps in 1924.
Fertility problems were reported for Mad Hatter and his brother, Belmont Stakes winner Mad Play, was completely sterile. However out of 177 foals, Mad Hatter did sire 23 graded stakes winners such as The Nut, Cocked Hat, Cresta Run, and the champion filly, Snowflake.
|The above article was imported from Wikipedia.org on 08/24/2010 and may be a modified version of the Original Wikipedia article. See this article's history page for a list of revisions which may have occurred after import. This article is displayed here courtesy of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia, and its authors/contributors in compliance with the Wikimedia Terms of Use Agreement. This article was imported and is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (CC-BY-SA). Clicking on photos, videos, or drawings in this article will display copyright and license information for that non-text media where available.


text:
Affiliations: Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy,
Boston, MA
Correspondence to: Giuseppe Lippi, MD, Sezione di Chimica Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Verona, Ospedale Policlinico G. B. Rossi, Piazzale Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
We read with interest the recent article by Samuel Goldhaber in CHEST (February 2008),1 who concluded that the incorporation of cardiac biomarkers such as troponin and the rapid assessment of right ventricular (RV) size into the routine workup of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) would help to predict the likelihood of adverse outcomes. We definitely agree with this conclusion, and we would like to make further observations.
Elevated levels of natriuretic peptides, especially the N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), are frequently observed in the setting of APE, reflecting right heart strain.2 Their measurement is helpful and highly accurate in identifying low-risk APE patients, displaying a negative predictive value (NPV) for in-hospital death close to 99%.2Because of the short half-life of natriuretic peptides, particularly NT-proBNP, these biomarkers may also be helpful in serial monitoring and in gauging the success of different APE treatment regimens.3In fact, a treatment-induced drop in wedge pressure in patients with decompensated heart failure due to volume overload is often accompanied by a rapid drop in the levels of natriuretic peptides.4Tulevski et al5 recently showed that cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and NT-proBNP levels measured on hospital admission predicted all-cause mortality and APE-related deaths, whereas RV overload predicted only APE-related mortality. Interestingly, although RV overload showed a NPV of 100% for APE-related mortality, its predictive value was only 13%. In contrast, the positive predictive value of NT-proBNP and cTnT (in micrograms per liter) was 33%, without a marked decrease of the NPV (97%).5
The acknowledged limitations of echocardiography include its restricted availability on a 24-h basis every day of the year and the relatively high cost. Although further prospective studies are needed to establish whether a combination of the measurement of cTnT and NT-proBNP levels might provide faster and equally reliable prognostic information as that provided by echocardiography alone, preliminary data indicate that this possibility should be considered.
The authors have reported to the ACCP that no significant conflicts of interest exist with any companies/organizations whose products or services may be discussed in this article.
The author has no conflict of interest to disclose.
I thank Lippi and Targher for their kind remarks about my editorial in CHEST (February 2008),1 which describes "tricks of the trade" for assessing pulmonary embolism prognosis. They raise two important questions: (1) Should measurement of natriuretic peptides such as brain natriuretic peptide or pro-brain natriuretic peptide be incorporated into routine prognostic assessment of acute pulmonary embolism? (2) Do brain natriuretic peptide levels provide clinically useful, complementary information above and beyond troponin measurement?
Troponin measurement has several advantages over natriuretic peptides. First, any elevation of troponin, even a "troponin leak," carries a markedly increased adverse prognosis for survival over the ensuing 30 days. Second, troponin as a pulmonary embolism biomarker has been far more extensively studied than natriuretic peptides. Third, the normal range for natriuretic peptides and the level at which they indicate a poor prognosis for pulmonary embolism remain uncertain. Fourth, the negative predictive value for a normal troponin level is almost 100%. Therefore, it is hard to conceive how natriuretic peptides can yield incrementally useful clinical information to indicate a favorable prognosis. Fifth, dissecting the contribution of occult or overt concomitant heart failure to elevated natriuretic peptide levels in the presence of pulmonary embolism is difficult.
For now, we know that normal troponin levels indicate a likely excellent prognosis. I hope that some day soon, we will be able to use the combination of elevated troponin levels plus elevated natriuretic peptide levels as an indicator of an especially ominous prognosis. However, that day has not yet arrived. Therefore, routine measurement of natriuretic peptides is not quite ready for prime time when assessing the prognosis of a patient with acute pulmonary embolism.
Become a CHEST member and receive a FREE subscription as a benefit of membership.
Individuals can purchase this article on ScienceDirect.
Individuals can purchase a subscription to the journal.
Individuals can purchase a subscription to the journal or buy individual articles.
Learn more about membership or Purchase a Full Subscription.
Institutional access is now available through ScienceDirect and can be purchased at myelsevier.com.
Some tools below are only available to our subscribers or users with an online account.
Download citation file:
Web of Science® Times Cited:
Customize your page view by dragging & repositioning the boxes below.
Enter your username and email address. We'll send you a reminder to the email address on record.
Athens and Shibboleth are access management services that provide single sign-on to protected resources. They replace the multiple user names and passwords necessary to access subscription-based content with a single user name and password that can be entered once per session. It operates independently of a user's location or IP address. If your institution uses Athens or Shibboleth authentication, please contact your site administrator to receive your user name and password.


text:
Displaying 1 - 10 of 122 results
Sort by
Sheet 094
Map of Yorkshire
Cayton, Eastfield, Gristhorpe, High Killerby, Killerby Halls, Lebberston, Osgodby, YO11 3, YO14 9View result
Addendum to Vol. IX
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Volume 14, Edward III
of free tenants there and in Libriston, Briniston and Cayton for fines of the wapentake. Osegoteby and Cayton. 6 tofts and 9 bovates of land, heldView result
Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem: Volume 9, Edward III
Cayton. Westbitton manor. Medilton. Yapum. Northgeveldale. Estgeveldale.View result
Parishes: Seamer
A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2
of Seamer and chapels of Cayton and Ayton, leaving a son and heir Edward, 30 ... of the rectory and church and dependent chapels of Ayton and Cayton were granted, ... concerning Ayton, 79 and at about this time...View result
Close Rolls, Edward III: July-November 1359
Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III: Volume 10, 1354-1360
further with the lands which belonged to John de Halden in Depedale, Osgodby, Cayton ... and 2 tofts and one bovate of land in Cayton in that county, gave ... that land into the king's hand, and afterwards...View result
Caversham - Chadderton
A Topographical Dictionary of England
of worship. Cayton (St. Leonard) CAYTON ( St. Leonard), a parish, in the union ... of whom 503 are in the township of Cayton. The parish is situated on the roadView result
Close Rolls, Edward III: October 1359
Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III: Volume 10, 1354-1360
of that office, or to Robert de Cayton, supplying his place, delivered the following ... in the 30th year. Memorandum that Robert de Cayton came into chanceryView result
Gilbertine houses: Priory of Watton
A History of the County of York: Volume 3
occurs 1423 31 William, occurs 1455 32 William Cayton, occurs 1473 33 JamesView result
Parishes: Allerston
A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2
Prior of Whitby (c. 1090 1109) Cayton and Allerston were in the hands ... Torphin and Alan as the donors, and Torphin held through Ughtred in CaytonView result
Close Rolls, Edward III: June 1333
Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward III: Volume 3, 1333-1337
Close Rolls, Edward III June 1333 June 1333 June 3. Tweedmouth. John son of Roger de Cayton of Cotum acknowledges that he owes to Thomas de Cayton of Helperthorp 10 l.; to be levied, in default of payment,View result


text: "Tink's a Disney whore!" - Jenks For a few Demons more-Kim harrison "So the lion fell in love with the lamb" "What a stupid lamb" "What a sick masochistic lion" -Edward and Bella- Twilight- Stephanie Meyer Hi am 16- 17 in december live in caister england obsessed with: twilight, hollows, vampires and other such mythcal creatures i love to write and read-hence the books im currently writing my own stories but need advice. any advice would be welcome


text:
Medical coding and billing solutions
Designed with the ICD-10-CM implementation in mind, ICD-10-CM Expert for Physicians is ready to introduce new codes and to guide code choices.
The ICD-10-CM Documentation Trainer brings coders and physicians together to ensure documentation success, identifying all additional ICD-10-CM documentation requirements using detailed checklists.
With 24 different specialties to choose from, ensure that every coder in your organization is armed with accessible, specialty-specific guidance for the ICD-10 transition.
Join Now!
Join Our Community!


text:
Drains not draining 36 hours after explantation. Should I be concerned?
Doctor Answers 13
Drain removal
It may simply be that there is no fluid left for the drain tubes to collect. Contact your surgeon for evaluation and potential removal. If they are plugged or not working properly your surgeon can help you manage the situation.
Web reference: http://www.camillecashmd.com/procedures.cfm
Good Luck
Drains not draining 36 hours after explantation. Should I be concerned?
Web reference: http://www.nelson-center.com/index.html
You might also like...
#Explant #BreastImplantRemoval - Drains not draining 36 hour
Drains are inserted to remove some of the excess fluid - but often there isn't that much. If you are wrapped then you can assume that much of the fluid was already forced into the drains by that. You don't necessarily need to contact your PS about this issue at this time.
However, the larger questions are how you're doing in general. Any fever, chills, sweats? Does one side hurt much more than the other; is one bigger than the other?
For the answers to those questions it is reasonable to touch base with your PS before the weekend, as would probably be the case anyway.
I hope that this helps and good luck,
Dr. Alan Engler
Member of RealSelf100
Web reference: http://www.bodysculpture.com
Drains not draining 36 hours after explantation. Should I be concerned?
Drains after breast surgery
Thanks for posting your question. I am happy to try and help you. It is important to remember that a board certified plastic surgeon will be your best resource when it comes to an accurate assessment of your situation, and concerns.
Having said that, you should go see your plastic surgeon. Online consultants are not the appropriate source of information for you; your plastic surgeon should be your resource when it comes to postoperative care.
Best wishes,
Dr. Michael J. Brown
Northern Virginia Plastic Surgeon
Web reference: https://www.breastaugmentationvirginia.com/breast-implants-411/
Managing the drains
Web reference: http://www.plasticsurgery-sanantonio.com/breast/revision/
Surgical drains
Web reference: http://www.plasticsurgeryinflorida.com/breasts/breast-implant-revision.html
Managing drainage tubes are implant removal
- Every surgeon has patients manage things differently -
- I tell all my patients that I would prefer they called me with an issue that isn't important than to not call me about something that ended up being important.
- Three days after surgery - you may not be draining any more fluid.
- But I wouldn't mind if you called me in the middle of the night if you were concerned about your drains.
- This may not be your surgeon's view - so look at your post-operative instructions, follow them and call the office in the morning or call your surgeon now, depending on those instructions.
Hope you find this information helpful. Best wishes.
Drains not draining 36 hours after explantation. Should I be concerned?
Web reference: http://www.poustiplasticsurgery.com/Procedures/breast-implant-removal.htm
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
Date of Stay: August, 2016
This was our first time in this park, have heard about it for years and were not disappointed. Beautiful lake with very nice swimming area, clean bathrooms and showers, well stocked park store and level sites with convenient hookups. They are supposed to replace Big Pine Loop early next year, but Lake View sites are great. Even though it was 100 every day, we had a great time and had several "friends" (colons) come see us every evening. We'll definitely be back!!!
Date of Stay: July, 2016
Gravel roads meant constant dust blowing, but most kept vehicles slow to prevent massive clouds. No trees, sites are close but room for slides, customer service was great. Stayed for four nights over July 4th weekend, so paid Holiday rate, but worth it for closeness of beach access. Never used $2.00 shower, but the bathroom trailer was kept very clean. When we reported breaker on campsite popping, owner showed up in less than 30 minutes and replaced it immediately and we had no more trouble keeping AC running all day.
Date of Stay: March, 2016
Overall very nice park, but it is an older park and unless you get a Premium spot, you will be cramped. Our slide hung over the neighboring picnic pad and the other side had their slide hanging over ours. A good place to get into Fredericksburg from, but don't expect to spread out if you don't pay for it.
Date of Stay: July, 2012
Nightly rate includes the "activities charge" for the 3 of us. Higher rate for the "Holiday Weekend," even though it was the middle of the week. Overall, this is what I expect from a RV RESORT. The 2 water slides and 2 pools are the big draw during the summer and everything was open and working for the posted hours for our whole stay. Kids loved the evening movies under the stars, but bring your own chair! The majority of the staff was very helpful and friendly, but one guy almost ruined the whole experience for us. Everything was clean and any maintenance problems were resolved by the next day at the latest. Limestone sites were level enough that nothing else was needed, but the dust can be an issue with no wind blowing it away. The staff informed us that they are adding a 3rd slide and a "Splash Park" where the petting zoo used to be. Lots of construction currently going on, but will be really nice when done. This was our first time at Lone Star Jellystone and we will be back. THE KIDS HAD A BLAST!!!
Date of Stay: May, 2012
This is a real "RV Resort". Enclosed swimming pool, outdoor movies, playground, horseshoes, shuffleboard, tennis courts, sand volleyball court, and fenced dog walks. This place is a BLAST! Kids have had a great time both times we've been. Lots to do, including well stocked catch and release ponds (caught 19 bass in one day between 3 of us!). A friendly staff has always taken care of us, including letting my daughter paint her craft and letting me pay later, since I forgot my wallet. Extra charges for crafts, ice cream, pancakes and bike rentals, but giving it away would just increase daily rate. We have been here twice with friends and will definitely come back again.
Date of Stay: August, 2011
The comments about the highway noise are overstated. Never really noticed, but the A/C was running just about the whole time. Also, no noise problems from the public boat ramp next door, and we were on that side. If you will be in your trailer during the afternoon in the summer, PAY EXTRA FOR THE RIVERFRONT SITES, or you won't be in the shade until after 6pm. Nice park w/ level concrete pads. Restrooms exceptionally clean and well air conditioned. Only downside was no place for my daughter to ride her bike w/o being on the only access road.
Date of Stay: March, 2011
Stayed here over Spring Break 2011. VERY NICE sites if you pay extra for the sewer (AAA sites) in the new camping area. In-laws chose not to pay the extra $10 a night and barely got their 5th wheel down the sloping site they got. The AAA sites are level w/ asphalt drive, concrete picnic area w/table and leveled, graveled fire pit and tent areas. Connections for water, electric and sewer were all conveniently at the back of the slot on the correct side. OVERALL a beautiful park w/ playgrounds and activities for kids, right on the lake and just a few minutes from downtown Hot Springs. PS: Garvan Woodland Gardens is a MUST SEE!!! Just wear good walking shoes and find all the side trails you can!
Date of Stay: May, 2010
This is NOT a resort by ANY stretch of the imagination. At least 75% long term, only a few "transient" spaces available. PARK HAS NO BATHROOMS OR SHOWERS! You must use your RV's facilities. Pool was closed all 3 days we were there. I will not use this place again!
Date of Stay: May, 2010
WOW! This is what I expect from a "RV Resort". Stayed here for 5 nights and used the complimentary Sea World shuttle twice to save $30 in parking charges. VERY CLEAN bath houses. The whole park was very well maintained. I have picked the spot I will request next time, as the neighboring RV's slide was about 6" from our awning (we got along great, so didn't matter too much). Pool and playground are GREAT for kids (mine's 7). We will be back next time we go to San Antonio!
Date of Stay: March, 2010
We stayed here for Spring Break to go to Six Flags Over Texas. Although we used the park for a place to sleep, we were impressed. If not for the occasional airplane or siren, you wouldn't know you're in the middle of the DFW Metroplex. Very quiet and shaded, but only 1/2 mile to Super Target, a mall and too many restaurants to name. On arrival, we were led to our site by one of the Hosts, who guided us backing into our site. He made sure we knew where all the connections were and that we had any necessary adapters. The bathrooms were very clean with shower, toilet, sink and chair in each. It's a nice, quiet, clean place to stop and we will definitely stop here again!
Date of Stay: August, 2009
This was the only RV park open in Galveston when we wanted to go back. The State Park was still be rebuilt and the only other park on the island was in Jamaica Beach, so we stayed here. Overall, not a bad stay. About half of the park was long term, most of which were construction workers. They were gone early and back late, so we really didn't even notice. The one problem is the "restaurant" next door. It is actually a bar with a large patio and live bands. If you can, make sure your reservation is for section A or B. We were in A and with the doors/ windows shut and A/C running, the music was not an issue. If you are in section D, that might not hold true, as you would be backed up to the common property line. The bathrooms were clean, but one of the 3 showers in the men's was "Out of Order". We used the park as a place to sleep, heading out to Schlitterbahn, Moody Gardens and The Strand for most of each day. I would stay again, but would rather go back to GISP when it reopens.