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Streptococcus pneumoniae kills millions of people worldwide. For the subgroup serotype 8, prevalent in the United States and Western Europe, there is no vaccine to date. In this video, PETER H. SEEBERGER explains the approach of his research group to create a synthetic sugar vaccine against this bacterial infection that works in mice. They relied on synthetic chemistry to assemble sugar chains from monomers; the [...] Watch video
The research question presented in this video focuses on the experiences and motivations of visitors to an art exhibition or museum. In order to establish the motivation for exhibition visits, VOLKER KIRCHBERG explains, the research team combined a variety of methodological approaches: questioning the visitors, measuring their cognitive and emotional responses, and tracking their movements through the exhibition. They [...] Watch video
All cells in our bodies contain the same genetic information. Yet, these cells make up very different parts of the body like liver, heart, and eyes. This is achieved by expressing certain genes and inactivating others. The protein MOF is known to play an important role in this process: DNA does not flow freely in the cell nucleus but is packaged by histone proteins. There, MOF facilitates reading the genetic information [...] Watch video
Since Tunisia's independence in 1956, the country has had a unique approach to the issue of gender compared to other Arabic countries as it pushed a public discourse on modernization and women's rights. In this video, STEFFI HOBUß describes the approach of her researcher group to analyze how the issue of gender has been negotiated in Tunisia and how this has influenced Tunisia's cultural memory ever since. By [...] Watch video
Rainfall has a large impact on how life functions on earth and this, in turn, has great implications for both the ecosystem and human well-being. The research presented in this video investigates the ways in which the pollution of the air system affects the working of clouds and how they produce rain. By measuring the aerosol particles in clouds in specific areas, MEINRAT O. ANDREAE explains, the research team discovered [...] Watch video
In recent years DNA testing has increasingly been used by immigration authorities to facilitate family reunifications and to verify the family relations of applicants. This has affected immigration procedures and the understanding of the concept of family. As TORSTEN HEINEMANN explains in this video, the researchers investigated how DNA testing is introduced into the immigration process and the implications this has for [...] Watch video
How Do Climate Change Related Natural Disasters Potentially Increase the Risk of Armed Conflicts?
There is an extensive discussion about the connections between climate change related disasters and armed conflicts like civil wars. JONATHAN DONGES explains in this video how the research team looked at this relationship in more detail. Their new approach connects natural disasters with large economic effects, potentially related conflicts as well as the socioeconomic contexts. The findings show that in countries with a [...] Watch video
T cells are an important component of the body's immune system. As ERIKA PEARCE explains, there are several types of T cells which form consecutively during the immune response and serve different purposes. Effector T cells combat pathogens from infections or tumors while memory T cells provide protective immunity to prevent re-infection or reoccurring cancer. The research presented in this video investigates how the [...] Watch video
The gut microbiome has a significant influence on various diseases ranging from malnutrition to chronic inflammation. It is largely shaped by environmental factors, like diet and lifestyle. How the genetics of the individual affect the composition of the microbiome, however, was largely unknown. RUTH LEY explains in this video that the research team addressed this question by comparing the microbiome of over 1000 twin [...] Watch video
Mankind is increasingly polluting the atmosphere across the planet. The research detailed in this video is interested in the questions of how this pollution is generated and how it affects the health of people. The investigators found, as JOS LELIEVELD explains, that air pollution leads to millions of premature deaths since it causes, for instance, fatal cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. The researchers also [...] Watch video
Life Sciences
Which Evolutionary Changes in the Genome Led to the Development of the Large-Sized Human Brain?
During the evolution of primates their brain size, and specifically the size of their cerebral cortex where the higher cognitive functions are located, expanded. Stem cells in the human brain go through a higher number of cell divisions and thus produce a higher number of neurons then do stem cells in the brains of apes. The research presented in this video investigates which evolutionary changes in the genome caused this [...] Watch video
One the most common types of leukemia is chronic lymphocytic leukemia. To find the right treatment for an individual patient with that disease is a challenging task and many patients develop a resistance against the existing drugs. The purpose of the research presented by BRIGITTE VOIT in this video is to find new drugs that reduce cancer cells while not destroying other cells in the body. The researchers created two [...] Watch video
Different ethnic groups have shaped the genetic makeup of today's Europeans. Through migration from various regions of the world, the genetic material of humans who first arrived in Europe forty thousand years ago has seen drastic changes over the last ten thousand years. By analyzing D.N.A extracted from ancient bones, JOHANNES KRAUSE traces back the genetic ancestry of human beings, especially those living in Europe [...] Watch video
By combining behavioral observations with GPS data on the whereabouts and data on genetic relatedness of males of a Guinea baboon population, the study presented in this video provides new insights into their social structure: The species forms structured multi-level societies. Male Guinea baboons are found to be exceptional in terms of their spatial tolerance and their organizing principle, JULIA FISCHER explains. As [...] Watch video
It has been known since the 1980s that sugars are central to the growth of plants. High levels of carbohydrates enable the plant to assimilate nitrogen to increase amino acid synthesis which then enables them to make proteins more quickly which, in turn, allows the plant to grow faster. It is still unclear, however, how plants sense their levels of carbohydrates and how they regulate their metabolism and growth based on [...] Watch video
Streptococcus pneumoniae kills millions of people worldwide. For the subgroup serotype 8, prevalent in the United States and Western Europe, there is no vaccine to date. In this video, PETER H. SEEBERGER explains the approach of his research group to create a synthetic sugar vaccine against this bacterial infection that works in mice. They relied on synthetic chemistry to assemble sugar chains from monomers; the [...] Watch video
Modern humans colonized the whole planet and replaced all other hominids, such as Neanderthals. This evolvement raises interesting evolutionary questions concerning both species. The paleoanthropological research presented in this video looks at a moment in time when both co-existed. In order to find out about the differences between them, JEAN-JACQUES HUBLIN looks at both species' use of technology, behavior, and [...] Watch video
Humans pride themselves on having extensive and diverse cultures. However, cultures can also be observed in animals. The research presented in this video aims at understanding the cultures of wild chimpanzee populations in several African countries and how they differ from each other. As chimpanzees avoid human contact, CHRISTOPHE BOESCH explains, the research team conducted the study by setting up camera traps to catch [...] Watch video
Dental calculus, a calcified form of tooth plaque, can give detailed information about the diets, diseases and lifestyles of past humans. CHRISTINA WARINNER discusses how she gains new knowledge about the way human beings used to live, what they ate, and how their microbiome has evolved. Dental calculus is the richest known source of ancient DNA in the archaeological record, and it is the only part of the body that [...] Watch video
Only in the last decades research found that experiences change the human brain. The research presented in this video deals with the question how making music reorganizes neural pathways in the brain. In a comparative study of brains of pianists who started playing early in life with those of pianists who started later and those of non-musicians ECKART ALTENMÜLLER found significant differences: Among others, the brain [...] Watch video
The ability to process complex syntax is a human characteristic. The development of language comprehension and articulation takes place over a certain period of time during childhood. What happens in the brain on a neural biological level during language acquisition is still unclear. The research explained in this video uses methods that detect and monitor brain activity to determine changes and patterns on the scale of [...] Watch video
How Does the Interplay of Genes, Environment, and Development Affect the Biological Diversity of a Species?
Plants, animals, and fungi show a huge diversity regarding form and phenotype: the observable characteristics of an organism. The research presented in this video uses the model of a particular roundworm to investigate how the phenotype is changed by the environment; this is known as phenotypic plasticity. RALF SOMMER explains that Pristionchus pacificus develops alternative mouth forms depending on their environment, [...] Watch video
T cells are an important component of the body's immune system. As ERIKA PEARCE explains, there are several types of T cells which form consecutively during the immune response and serve different purposes. Effector T cells combat pathogens from infections or tumors while memory T cells provide protective immunity to prevent re-infection or reoccurring cancer. The research presented in this video investigates how the [...] Watch video
The research presented in the video investigates how endosomes are able to transport material back to the cell surface in a process called recycling or endosomal exocytosis. In order to do so, endosomes have to have their own identity which is defined by a phosphoinositide, Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). To deliver the material to the cell surface the endosomes have to get [...] Watch video
All cells in our bodies contain the same genetic information. Yet, these cells make up very different parts of the body like liver, heart, and eyes. This is achieved by expressing certain genes and inactivating others. The protein MOF is known to play an important role in this process: DNA does not flow freely in the cell nucleus but is packaged by histone proteins. There, MOF facilitates reading the genetic information [...] Watch video
The gut microbiome has a significant influence on various diseases ranging from malnutrition to chronic inflammation. It is largely shaped by environmental factors, like diet and lifestyle. How the genetics of the individual affect the composition of the microbiome, however, was largely unknown. RUTH LEY explains in this video that the research team addressed this question by comparing the microbiome of over 1000 twin [...] Watch video
Plants use certain chemical compounds to defend themselves against animals that feed on them. As JONATHAN GERSHENZON explains in this video, dandelions are a very good model to research the defences of plants because they are especially robust. The research team therefore investigated dandelions to identify the compound that protects the roots from being damaged by insects. They studied dandelions from different regions [...] Watch video
Insects are very smell-dependent which makes them prime candidates for studying how the sense of smell works and how it influences behavior. In this video, BILL S. HANSSON describes how the research team studied the olfactory system of flies. Following the whole process from molecule detection and the reaction of the nerves to the outcome of behavior the researchers found a line in the fly's brain that identifies bad [...] Watch video
Proteins mediate a vast array of functions in the body, like fighting invaders or transporting oxygen. Their remarkable properties are due to their three-dimensional structure which is acquired by a simple chain of molecules, a polypeptide, folding into a complex structure, the protein. This folding process is still not fully understood and hence also difficult to replicate in a laboratory. To learn more about how it [...] Watch video
What New Insights into Plants' Defense Mechanisms Can Be Gained by Studying Their Interactions with Their Habitat?
In the past decades plants were viewed primarily as "growth machines" that produce oxygen and biomaterials. The research projects presented in this video look at plants more as organisms that have to solve the challenges of life. The studies analyzed the reaction of plants to certain ecological interactions in a manner that brings together molecular biology and ecology. This reunion of biological sub-disciplines [...] Watch video
How Can the Toxic Effects of Chemical Compounds on Humans Be Predicted by Means of Crowdsourcing?
As humans react differently to chemical substances one of the challenges for public health is to establish which compounds are harmful for whom. The research project presented in this video uses crowdsourcing as part of the DREAM challenges as a method to improve research on this topic by involving the scientific community. Data on different reactions to chemical compounds were shared with scientists all over the world. [...] Watch video
How Does the Molecular Machine That Drives Energy Conversion in the Cell Membrane Work?
Cells need to convert the energy derived from food to perform functions like muscle contractions. A "molecular machine" in the cell membrane plays a key role in this process. It works like a rotor and converts one component into another. In this video WERNER KÜHLBRANDT describes how the scientists used state-of-the-art electron microscopy to study the structure of this nanometer turbine down to the atomic level. The [...] Watch video
How Do Cells Form Compartments and How Is this Related to the Onset of Neurodegenerative Diseases?
Molecules in cells are not randomly distributed but form compartments that perform specific functions. A few years ago, scientists discovered that many of these compartments develop by the process of phase separation which results in liquid-like compartments. This is the case for stress granules – drops formed by the cell when it is under stress, e.g. from heat or chemicals. As ANTHONY A. HYMAN explains, it has been [...] Watch video
Social Sciences
The 20th Century has been marked by a return to ethnic and religious affiliations and identifications which continue to be in the foreground of political discourse. The rise of religious groups is represented by the media as a turbulent phenomenon, which spikes new conflicts globally. These representations of collective identities are politically utilized. Resource conflicts and controversies about citizenship and [...] Watch video
Innovation can be both creative and destructive. It creates new patterns of social and economic life, while at the same time destroying or reforming existing ones. That means that innovations are the product of a given economic system and at the same time change the system they are part of. As UWE CANTNER points out in this video, the economics of innovation and change is shaped by different actors, which influence each [...] Watch video
Is It a Violation of the Right to Leave to Prevent Migrants from Crossing the Border to Another State?
The research presented in this video looks into the rightfulness of engaging other states in the protection of EU borders. This happens when EU member states cooperate with the migrants' countries of origin or transit countries in order to hinder refugees from crossing the border, e.g. by providing training or boats for border patrols. As NORA MARKARD explains, one central finding is that when a EU state outsources [...] Watch video
Does the Instrument of Opposition During the Patent Filing Process Need to Be Improved?
Patents are a very useful tool for supporting innovations by setting incentives for companies to invest in research and developments. However, only those innovations should be protected by a patent that are truly inventive. Otherwise, patents might actually end up stifling innovations rather than supporting them. This happens in the case of patent thickets where there are overlapping patents that block each other. DIETMAR [...] Watch video
Using survey data and combining multilevel modelling with propensity score matching the study presented in this video examines the effects of social networks among parents on their children's educational attainment in different social environments. The existing knowledge on the influence of parents' networks is confirmed and refined, as ANETTE FASANG explains. The networks' effects are not exclusively positive, as [...] Watch video
The European Union does not have sufficient legitimacy and is not well accepted by its citizens which leads to a negative impact on the process of European integration. DIETER GRIMM identifies three sources of this problem. First of all, the way the European Parliament, the democratic body, is elected and works is too far from the citizens. Second, the principle of subsidiarity is applied differently in every member state [...] Watch video
One of the basic questions concerning religious pluralism in societies is whether it has a reinforcing or an undermining effect on religiosity of individuals. The two contradicting hypotheses are on the one hand the 'market theory' on the other hand the 'secularization theory'. According to the 'market theory' a vast supply of religions in society also increases the demand for it and thus reinforces the [...] Watch video
Should Different Types of Methodology in Comparative Legal Research Be Combined into One Method?
Comparative law, an important legal method, is becoming ever more relevant in a globalized world. Different methods exist in comparative legal research despite the effort of the discipline to combine them. Whereas the so-called functionalists only look at the written law, the "law as culture"-approach demands for taking into consideration also the surrounding factors and conditions such as religion, society or [...] Watch video
The ultimatum game is one of the most famous experiments in economics. It involves two players, one of them receives a sum of money which he has to share with a second player. The first player, the "proposer", can decide how much he offers the second player, called "responder", who can either accept or reject the offer. If the responder rejects, neither of the players receives any money. Mathematically, the first [...] Watch video
Even in the absence of absolute property rights, ex-post bargaining may lead to efficient distribution of goods, CHRISTOPH ENGEL explains in this video. The findings of this research thus extend the domain of the Coase theorem. In the experiment, with a society of two individuals and a single commodity, a good ends up with the individual who values it most even if only relative property rights – i.e., rights only [...] Watch video
To maintain confidence in scientific findings, the project presented in this video by SUSANN FIEDLER examines the reproducibility rate of empirical results in psychology: Studies published in three major psychological journals in 2008 are replicated by other researchers in collaboration with the original authors. The results of original and replicated studies are compared to determine the general reproducibility rate in [...] Watch video
Due to the current dire economic situation in Hungary many feel nostalgic about a time in their nation's history when jobs were more secure. Young Hungarians, despite being highly qualified, have trouble finding work in their home country as well as in Europe. This led to high votes for the nationalist parties in the elections of 2014, who promise a return to the time of the great Austro-Hungarian Empire. This [...] Watch video
Risk perception is not only an individual but also a social phenomenon. The experiment presented in this video examines the development of perceived risk over the course of a communication chain: The first person got a balanced overview on a chemical and its risks then information was passed on from person to person. WOLFGANG GAISSMAIER elaborates how this set up led to an amplification of risk perception and the [...] Watch video
In the research overview presented in this video DANIEL LEESE explains the dimensions of modern personality cults found in studies on states such as the Peoples Republic of China, North Korea, the Soviet Union, Vietnam and others. He outlines the elements modern personality cults have in common, their aims and functioning as well as their ideological self-justification. Watch video
In recent years DNA testing has increasingly been used by immigration authorities to facilitate family reunifications and to verify the family relations of applicants. This has affected immigration procedures and the understanding of the concept of family. As TORSTEN HEINEMANN explains in this video, the researchers investigated how DNA testing is introduced into the immigration process and the implications this has for [...] Watch video
The research presented in this video exposes the inner mechanisms at work in political discourse. By first modelling verbal interaction between political actors with an agent-based model, and then analyzing the interaction with network analysis PHILIP LEIFELD detects four basic mechanisms: innovative and path-dependent mechanisms, as well as constructivist mechanisms (based on learning and interaction between people) and [...] Watch video
The model presented in this video combines a game theoretic approach with mechanism design to examine the influence of competition on welfare maximization by politicians. It is shown that in "pure" competition between two politicians only the allocation of favors to the electorate helps winning elections, while welfare-maximizing tools of redistribution do not improve a politician's vote-share. As FELIX BIERBRAUER [...] Watch video
The findings on the relation between economic development and life expectancy at birth have long been contradictory. In the theoretical model and data analysis presented in this video it is shown that prolongation of life expectancy is a turning point for economic development: As UWE SUNDE explains, the effect of life expectancy on income is negative before the transition to low birth and death rates, and positive [...] Watch video
Can We Explain the Co-Evolution of Democracy and Market Economy by Adaptive Preferences?
In the research presented in this interview, the idea of adaptive preferences is applied to the co-evolution of democracy and market economy. CARL CHRISTIAN VON WEIZSÄCKER explains that the ideal of democracy and market economy though somehow antithetic are inter-dependent in a normative sense: While democracy provides freedom and stability, progress is only ensured by a market economy that allows for innovation. Watch video
Do Financial Incentives Help Obese People to Achieve and to Maintain a Target Weight?
By means of a field experiment, the research presented in this video tested the effects of financial incentives on the dieting behavior of obese people. As CHRISTOPH M. SCHMIDT explains, patients leaving rehabilitation clinics have been selected for the study and were given different treatments to help them achieve their target weight. It shows that those patients who received a financial incentive were more successful in [...] Watch video
The study presented in this video looks at effects of radio broadcasting before and during the Nazi dictatorship in Germany. As MAJA ADENA explains, an econometric analysis of the contents of aired programs and of political attitudes in the population show important effects of broadcasting before and after seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933: Before 1933, pro-democratic content had negative effects on voting for the [...] Watch video
By participant observation and qualitative interviews in the Yoga scene the study presented in this interview investigates the characteristics of cosmopolitan spirituality. Findings from behavioral economics on altruism and religious giving are used to shed light on Yoga charity events. They exhibit an innovative mixture of generosity and liberal elements, such as competition, ANNE KOCH explains. Thus the observations [...] Watch video
The research presented in this video tackles the old philosophical question on the reasons for social order with the means of modern economics. As HARTMUT KLIEMT elaborates, the rational choice assumption – that human behavior is guided by looking at causal consequences – cannot explain sufficiently why social order exists, because it does not account for rule-following behavior. Thus he shows that economic models of [...] Watch video
In the large-scale natural field experiment presented in this video different treatments to induce compliance with the law were tested: Potential evaders of TV license fees in Austria received different mailings – one presenting the prospects of financial and legal consequences, one appealing to morals and one communicating high compliance rates. CHRISTIAN TRAXLER explains that only the threat of consequences had a [...] Watch video
How Does Empathy Affect Trade-Offs People Are Willing to Make Between Their Own and Other's Income?
The research presented in this video focuses on the question how empathy affects economic choice-behavior. In order to refine existing models of decision-making, two different concepts of empathy "imagine-self" and "imagine-other", the latter requiring a higher level of sophistication, were included in game theoretic models. As JUSTIN VALASEK explains, it is established that empathy does not necessarily lead to [...] Watch video
The research presented in this video explores attitudes towards immigrants and their religious rights in Western societies, based on survey data. MARC HELBLING finds that religiosity and liberal values are key variables: Individuals with liberal values are generally more tolerant towards immigrants – but tolerate religious rights less. Religious people by contrast are less tolerant towards immigrants – but more open [...] Watch video
Does Compensation by Stock Options Induce Excessive Risk Appetite in Executives?
In the laboratory experiment presented in this video experimental CEOs were compensated either through stock options or restricted company stock. It shows that stock options induce excessive risk taking in some cases and that company performance is generally better under compensation through restricted company stock. As FERDINAND M. VIEIDER points out, the main determinant of risk taking under compensation through stock [...] Watch video
When asked about the place of religion in their culture, many Chinese people will answer that China is a secular country with no major impact of religion. However, as PETER VAN DER VEER explains in this video, the Chinese are more religious than this perspective suggests and perform many rituals in their daily life. His research shows that this interpretation of Confucianism results from the historical influence of [...] Watch video
Monetary incentives, even though apparently efficient in driving performance of workers, have drawbacks, explains BRUNO S. FREY. They can result in a reorientation of workers from their focus on quality towards merely meeting objectives. The experiment presented in this video studies the impact of replacing monetary incentives with symbolic awards. The positive effect on the performance of workers highlights the potential [...] Watch video
When studying human social and cultural diversity, there are usually distinctions being made based on world regions. This leads commonly to the assumption that there is a continental divide between Europe and Asia. However, researchers from many disciplines point out that Eurasia should rather be seen as a unity. In the comparative anthropological study CHRIS HANN presents in this video, he found commonalities across the [...] Watch video
As explained in this video it is commonly assumed that logically incoherent decision-making is irrational and costly in that it can lead e.g. to a decrease in happiness or health. An example for this would be a patient reacting differently if doctors speak of a 90% success rate of a surgery instead of a 10% failure rate for the same procedure. The purpose of the study presented here was to examine if there is proof in the [...] Watch video
How Do Moroccans Residing in Different Countries Perceive the Modernized Family Code?
In 2004, Moroccan authorities updated the Moroccan Family Code to reflect the needs of modern families. This was considered a revolutionary move at the time. The research presented in this video sets out to investigate how, after ten years, this modernized code has been implemented in people's lives not only in Morocco but especially in the lives of Moroccans residing in European countries. To get a full picture the [...] Watch video
Firms, be it coffee shops or airlines, often try to bind customers with exclusivity rebates rewarding loyalty. The lab experiment presented in this video reveals that these programs are "sticky": customers stay in those programs longer than would be "rational". As ALEXANDER MORELL explains, customers often don't switch to alternatives even if reaching the rebate becomes improbable. Contrary to common behavioral [...] Watch video
The field experiment presented in this video shows that the level of donations can be raised by suggesting a concrete contribution amount to potential donors. As MAJA ADENA explains, the effects were threefold: the average donation level rose, the different suggested amounts were respectively donated more often in the treatment groups during the experiment, and they were still more often after the experiment, when no [...] Watch video
Is There a Relationship Between Anti-Trust Law, Economic Growth, and Democratic Development?
By means of a panel data analysis presented in this interview, NIELS PETERSEN explores the relation between anti-trust institutions, the level of democracy, and economic development. Panel data from 154 states dating from 1960 to 2005 cannot substantiate a positive relation between the existence of anti-trust law and democratic development; the empirical findings even suggest that there is only a weak link between [...] Watch video
Can We Maintain Normative Individualism when Allowing for Preferences to Be Adaptive?
Departing from the standard model of economics with the assumption that humans have fixed preferences, or tastes, more recent behavioral insights show that preferences are influenced by past consumption in a way that the status quo is often valued higher than alternatives. CARL CHRISTIAN VON WEIZSÄCKER adds this "adaptiveness" to the standard model of preferences and shows that this still allows performing standard [...] Watch video
The experiment presented in this video explores the interaction of reward schemes and production functions on team effort. SEBASTIAN J. GOERG explains that unequal rewards seem to yield higher efficiency for complementary production functions (i.e., if each worker's effort counts); but that symmetric reward schemes induce higher efforts if workers' efforts are substitutes. He concludes that inequality may have a [...] Watch video
Employers and human resource managers in all sectors face the challenge of first selecting "good" employees and, once employed, motivating them to strive. As the paper presented in this video exhibits, the two tasks are closely connected: The laboratory experiment showed that workers' "trustworthiness", has a strong positive impact on their inclination to return wage-gifts by working harder. Hence employers [...] Watch video
Is Random Decision Making a Viable Solution for Replacing or Complementing Contemporary Selection and Election Processes?
Throughout history sortition was often used as an election mechanism for public executive functions. Political systems such as Ancient Athens or Venice during the middle ages elected some of the executive positions by drawing lots. In the research presented in this video BRUNO S. FREY compares those methods with actual processes such as political elections or market decisions in order to investigate the advantages and [...] Watch video
In the eye-tracking experiment presented in this video it was observed how people make choices in different environments. The results show that people adapt their decision behavior only gradually to different situations and do not switch between different strategies, as often hypothesized. As ANDREAS GLÖCKNER explains this new single-strategy model fits reality better and thus is apt to produce insights for public [...] Watch video
The model presented in this video is designed to compare different options for the relation between banks and the public sector and different types of subsidies regarding their effects on social welfare. Comparing five options for interlinkage shows that the best choice often are development banks, if they are not allowed to compete with the private banking sector. In this case firms that would not get money from private [...] Watch video
In the banking model of maturity transformation presented in this video, the features of the shadow banking sector and its influences on financial stability are analyzed. As PAUL SCHEMPP explains, the model shows that banks and shadow banks can co-exist without harm to the financial sector as long as the shadow banking sector is small. However, liquidity guarantees from banks to shadow banks and a growing shadow banking [...] Watch video
Does Knowledge About the Presence of a Maverick in the Market Influence the Price Level?
The experiment presented in this video constructs a heterogeneous duopoly of firms – on the one hand a firm with an internal structure leading to low prices, and on the other hand a firm acting collusively in price-setting. MICHAEL KURSCHILGEN explains that transparency about the competitor's internal structure hampers tacit collusion: If the collusive firm is aware of the other firm's internal structure, the firms [...] Watch video
What Can a Behavioral Perspective Teach Us on the Relationship Between Law and Morality?
The research presented in this video analyzes the relationship between law and morality, and asks what role morality plays in social interactions. Using empirical findings from social psychology, behavioral law and economics, it is deduced what people generally perceive as just or fair. The findings show that moral rules enable cooperation and how moral intuitions impact rule following behavior. As STEFAN MAGEN explains, [...] Watch video
Adequate response to the increasingly high threat of terrorism is a challenge for governments in the beginning of the 21st century. The historical analysis presented in this video examines ways to approach terrorist threats. As BRUNO S. FREY explains, the findings show a new perspective on how to address the terrorist challenge. The specific policy proposals resulting from the study are decentralization of the state [...] Watch video
In an empirical analysis of the German and the South African constitutional courts and the Canadian Supreme Court, the study presented in this video examines the use of the concept of balancing. Contrary to the common understanding, NIELS PETERSEN shows that courts do not use balancing to engange in judicial activism. Instead, they restrain themselves and employ proportionality as an instrument of rationality review, i.e. [...] Watch video
How Did China Juridically Deal with Atrocities Committed During the Cultural Revolution?
In the research presented in this video DANIEL LEESE asks how a party that did not fall from power dealt with atrocities committed under institutions of its own making. The study of case verdicts of an intermediate people's court shows that the concept of transitional justice partly applies even though the transition is one from a totalitarian to an authoritarian regime. The study establishes that cases were dealt with [...] Watch video
The research presented in this video deals with the understanding of contracts and contract law. As MARKUS REHBERG explains, the main focus of contract law so far has been the moment of conclusion between the contracting parties, but a basic principle to fully comprehend the nature of contracts is still missing. He suggests to use the "justification principle", outlined in the video, to solve this problem and explains [...] Watch video
Physical Sciences & Formal Sciences
For more than one hundred years, scientists have been working to uncover how turbulent flows occur. This would enable them among other things to predict how pollutants spread in water or how pollen travel in air. As EBERHARD BODENSCHATZ explains in this video, new insights are offered by an approach based on Lagrangian Particle Tracking Technique: The researchers focused on a single particle in a fluid and followed it [...] Watch video
To What Extent Do Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere Mask the Effects of Greenhouse Gases?
Since the rise of industrialization more and more greenhouse gases are being emitted into the atmosphere and as a result the earth's climate is warming. It is known that part of the temperature rise is balanced by aerosol particles in the atmosphere – partly also emitted by human activity. The extent of that balancing however is unknown. As BJORN B. STEVENS explains in this video, the researchers used a new approach [...] Watch video
How Can Plasma and Proton Beams Be Used in Building Next Generation Particle Accelerators?
The greatest developments in particle physics have been achieved with the help of particle accelerators. To answer open questions on particles, even stronger accelerators are needed but conventional technology encounters limits. The new 'plasma-wakefield acceleration' technology is designed to build high performance accelerators that are more compact. As ALLEN CALDWELL explains, the basic idea is to generate a plasma [...] Watch video
The dust in our Milky Way is the constituent of the cosmic life cycle. It is the substance from which new stars are generated and it is what stars become once they die. Unfortunately, as HANS-WALTER RIX explains in this video, the dust turns distance measurements of stars in the Milky Way into a difficult endeavor, because it dims objects and blocks light from the material behind it. In his project two common methods of [...] Watch video
Over decades, beliefs such as 'the magnetic fields of planets in our solar system are all the same' or 'moons don't have magnetic fields' were widely held. Using the example of Ganymede, Jupiter's biggest moon, both premises were proven wrong. ULRICH R. CHRISTENSEN examines the theory of the so-called iron snow regime as the cause of magnetism: This theory assumes that iron crystallizing at the top of [...] Watch video
Over the last two decades the discovery of planets outside our solar systems has enabled researchers to study how planetary systems form - the major question within the field of astronomy today. These planetary systems and the respective planets vary significantly from each other. In order to understand how these differences come about, the research presented in this video goes back to the birth sites of planets and [...] Watch video
Recent research has shown that solid materials can be classified based on their electronic band structure using the abstract mathematical concept of topology. In this video MARKUS MORGENSTERN explains how interdisciplinary research found the first material of a topological type called "weak topological insulators" and how this might solve problems in the field of quantum computation. Watch video
The theory of materials science investigates the electronic and structural properties of advanced materials, nano-structures and bio-molecules. In the study explained in this video, the researchers present a novel theoretical method to describe, design and control how molecules and materials in combination with photons may lead to new states of matter with novel emerging properties. The research aims to theoretically find [...] Watch video
The objectives of the research in theoretical physics presented in this video are to understand the fundamental physics behind the properties of black holes and to find out whether black holes are unique in their way of information-processing. As GIA DVALI explains, the research he developed together with CESAR GOMEZ has two important findings. Firstly it shows that quantum criticality is the basic principle of the [...] Watch video
The Eurasian forests are an important component in the earth's climate system: Forests contain a lot of carbon in the vegetation and in the soil. But their role under warming conditions is still unclear – on the one hand, a higher CO2 level in the air acts like a fertilizer for plants that grow and thus store more CO2 in the [...] Watch video
Mankind is increasingly polluting the atmosphere across the planet. The research detailed in this video is interested in the questions of how this pollution is generated and how it affects the health of people. The investigators found, as JOS LELIEVELD explains, that air pollution leads to millions of premature deaths since it causes, for instance, fatal cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases. The researchers also [...] Watch video
The study presented in this video evaluates data from observational towers, satellite pictures and other published data to compare the impact of land-cover change and land management change on climate. The results show that land management change within the same vegetation (e.g., harvesting a formerly untouched forest) has effects on climate change that are similarly large as effects of land-cover change (e.g., changing [...] Watch video
The paper presented in this video, from the field of financial mathematics, addresses the problem of building optimal loan portfolios and develops a novel computational method to do so even if with an infinite number of loans. The new tool was tested on a data-set of 120 million mortgage loans, and was able to solve this high-dimensional problem. As KAY GIESECKE explains, the applied method is an asymptotic approximation [...] Watch video
How Do Climate Change Related Natural Disasters Potentially Increase the Risk of Armed Conflicts?
There is an extensive discussion about the connections between climate change related disasters and armed conflicts like civil wars. JONATHAN DONGES explains in this video how the research team looked at this relationship in more detail. Their new approach connects natural disasters with large economic effects, potentially related conflicts as well as the socioeconomic contexts. The findings show that in countries with a [...] Watch video
Understanding the behavior of liquids in porous materials is important for very different areas of our lives, ranging from the recovery of oil from rock to water holding capacities of different soils. The study presented in this video is dedicated to the quest for the mechanisms behind these processes. STEPHAN HERMINGHAUS explains that, starting out, the researchers had several ideas for what the general principle might [...] Watch video
Rainfall has a large impact on how life functions on earth and this, in turn, has great implications for both the ecosystem and human well-being. The research presented in this video investigates the ways in which the pollution of the air system affects the working of clouds and how they produce rain. By measuring the aerosol particles in clouds in specific areas, MEINRAT O. ANDREAE explains, the research team discovered [...] Watch video
How Can We Experimentally Determine Why Hydrogen Atoms Are Absorbed on Metal Surfaces?
Although very light weight, hydrogen atoms have a high probability to be absorbed by a metal surface upon collision. In this video, OLIVER BÜNERMANN explains collision experiments carried out to determine why this is the case. During the experiment, they shot a hydrogen atom beam at a gold surface and at an insulator, measured the speed and direction of the atoms bouncing back from each surface and compared the results. [...] Watch video
Arts & Humanities
Some sciences like geology, astronomy or demography require a time scale of observation and study of phenomena that lasts longer than a human life span – and even that of civilizations. These "Sciences of the Archives" rely on the contribution of scientists who store their data and knowledge for the generations following after them. In this video LORRAINE DASTON explains how an interdisciplinary group of scholars [...] Watch video
How Does Medieval Historians' Use of the Notion of 'Europe' Compare to Its Use in the Middle Ages?
The research presented in this video shows the need to reflect precisely the analytical notions and frameworks used when looking at medieval societies, and the limitations of reference to history when tackling contemporary questions. Some of the main findings of the comparative analysis of modern and medieval concepts of Europe conducted by KLAUS OSCHEMA are that 'Europe' and 'Christianity' were not used [...] Watch video
Which Features of Language Allow Fiction to Influence People and Their View on Reality?
By integrating findings from cognitive linguistics, psychology and neurology into literary studies the research presented in this video examines the different uses and effects of language in literature. To get a grasp on the qualities of language that make the influence of fiction possible REMIGIUS BUNIA distinguishes two modes of language: one mode for communication about specific objects with specific attributes, and [...] Watch video
How Does the Depiction of Cartoon Characters' Bodies and Faces Influence Our Reaction to Them?
As STEPHAN PACKARD explains, readers' interpretation of cartoon characters is strongly influenced by the way they are depicted. Characters in comic books are often drawn in a very reduced way, and show both human and animal-like features. In the semiotic analysis presented in this video the relation between the way characters are depicted and the readers' reaction is examined. An important finding is that the [...] Watch video
The research question presented in this video focuses on the experiences and motivations of visitors to an art exhibition or museum. In order to establish the motivation for exhibition visits, VOLKER KIRCHBERG explains, the research team combined a variety of methodological approaches: questioning the visitors, measuring their cognitive and emotional responses, and tracking their movements through the exhibition. They [...] Watch video
How Can We Historically Describe the Evolution of Knowledge and How Can We Account for It?
The history of science traditionally focuses on specific time periods or on scientists that made important discoveries. The research presented in this video by JÜRGEN RENN broadens the perspective and looks at the history of knowledge more generally. With the goal to investigate how knowledge evolves historically the researchers looked at it across time periods and disciplinary boundaries. By tracing three dimensions of [...] Watch video
What Explains the Impact of Popular Chinese Fiction from the Period After the Foundation of the PRC?
Certain fictional texts written during the seventeen years after the foundation of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and before the Cultural Revolution are seen as influential and popular over time. In her research project presented in this video LENA HENNINGSEN investigates which factors lead to said popularity, which normative elements are contained in the texts and how they are constructed. She explains how [...] Watch video
Since Tunisia's independence in 1956, the country has had a unique approach to the issue of gender compared to other Arabic countries as it pushed a public discourse on modernization and women's rights. In this video, STEFFI HOBUß describes the approach of her researcher group to analyze how the issue of gender has been negotiated in Tunisia and how this has influenced Tunisia's cultural memory ever since. By [...] Watch video
Media Control means uses of media in terms of political power, e.g., censorship. By the means of discourse analysis, the research presented in this video investigates the communication of authorities and asks how they communicate about media they want to censor. As STEPHAN PACKARD explains, his analysis reveals two competing questions in those discourses. One is where and with what legitimacy a line is drawn between [...] Watch video
Autism spectrum disorders are largely of genetic origin, and 5-10% of cases are currently known to be caused by a single gene mutation. Understanding the consequences of these mutations in detail can open the way for medical treatment. The study presented in this video focused on how a frequent mutation seen in patients with autism spectrum disorders causes the brain dysfunction that leads to the behavioral symptoms. [...] Watch video
Which Antigenic Determinants Can Be Used for Therapeutic Vaccinations Against HPV-Mediated Cancer?
The research presented in this interview pursues the goal of developing a therapeutic vaccine against cancer induced by human papillomavirus (HPV). As ANGELIKA RIEMER explains, the project identified T helper epitopes to enhance existing vaccines and led to the identification of five valuable candidates for inclusion into a therapeutic HPV vaccine. This was accomplished via a computer-based analysis of already existing [...] Watch video
How Can We Improve the Existing Vaccine for Tuberculosis to Combat the Growing Number of Multi-Resistant Strains?
Each year 1.5 million people die of tuberculosis thus making it the number one killer of all contagious diseases. With the number of multi-resistant tuberculosis growing, currently available treatments are no longer as effective as they used to be. The existing vaccine does not protect against pulmonary tuberculosis which is the most common form of the disease and easily transmittable. In this video, STEFAN H. E. KAUFMANN [...] Watch video
Is the Course of a Sepsis Influenced by the Mobilization of Endothelial Progenitor Cells?
Sepsis is a common disease in intensive care. Under this condition the body reacts to infection by injuring its own tissues and organs which leads to high mortality rates. Until now reliable methods to identify vulnerable patients are lacking, and treatment is mainly directed at its symptoms. The research presented in this video focuses on endothelial progenitor cells, a cell type derived from the bone marrow circulating [...] Watch video
Which Neural Mechanisms Are Taking Place During Social Interaction of Individuals?
The studies presented in this video show that a focus on social interaction in neuroscience helps to examine the neural mechanisms that are at work in human brains during social interaction. Using a combination of fMRI and eye-tracking, the brain activity during social interaction is observed. As LEONHARD SCHILBACH explains, intact brain mechanisms reward social interaction and thus evoke intrinsic motivation. The new [...] Watch video
What Do We Know About the Potential of Endothelial Cells in Treating Acute Lung Injury?
A positive outcome of an acute lung injury, a by-product of sepsis, is closely linked to a repair process in which endothelial progenitor cells are involved. These cells derive from the bone marrow and circulate in the blood stream. In the past ten years a lot was published on endothelial regeneration. The paper presented in this video aims at bringing together this research to create an overview of what has been achieved [...] Watch video
Can Biosignatures Be Used to Develop a Reliable, Fast and Low-Cost Test for Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis is still a major health issue and the number one killer of all contagious diseases. But while more than 2 billion people are infected with the tuberculosis agent, only 10% develop an active disease. Current diagnostic tests cannot distinguish between infected people and people with active tuberculosis. In this video, STEFAN H. E. KAUFMANN explains that they found a characteristic gene expression profile of [...] Watch video
Which Functions Do the Noncoding Parts of Human RNA Have in Metastasis Formation of Lung Cancer Cells?
Parts of the human RNA that are not translated into proteins may still have an important function. As SVEN DIEDERICHS explains in this video, the occurrence of the RNA gene Malat-1 makes the difference between lung cancer with and without metastasis. By first identifying Malat-1 as the molecular difference between patients and then silencing this RNA gene, it was found that Malat-1 could be a viable target to suppress [...] Watch video
Technology & Engineering
Exoplanets are planets beyond our own solar system. Since they do not emit much light and moreover are very close to their parent stars they are difficult to detect directly. When searching for exoplanets, astronomers use telescopes to monitor the brightness of the parent star under investigation: Changes in brightness can point to a passing planet that obstructs part of the star's surface. The recorded signal, however, [...] Watch video
How Can Biomaterial Scaffolds Help to Repair Damaged Spinal Cords by Guiding Nerves to Grow Across the Injury?
In the 1980s researchers showed that damaged nerves in the spinal cord have the ability to regrow. Chemical engineers contribute to the field of spinal cord repair by developing biomaterial scaffolds that support cell and nerve growth inside the body after an injury. In the research project explained by LAURA DE LAPORTE in this video, such scaffolds were developed and tested: The special architecture of the developed [...] Watch video
The silicon-based technologies that is used today to access and compute information is reaching its limits. To further improve computing capacity, this essentially two-dimensional technology, as STUART PARKIN puts it, needs to give way to the three-dimensional approach of spintronic devices that use not only electric current but also the spin of the electrons. In this video, he explains how the research team created a new [...] Watch video
How Can the Characteristics of Continuum Robots Be Optimized for a Specific Medical Application?
The use of continuum robots – robots that are not composed of rigid links and joints but are continuously bending structures – opens up completely new possibilities for surgery: With this tool surgeons can reach locations in the human body which they would not be able to reach with traditional surgical instruments. This enables them to e.g. remove brain tumors in a minimally invasive way. There are a vast number of [...] Watch video
The recovering of our 3D-world with only one camera is a challenge in many fields ranging from self-driving cars to plastic surgery. In this video DANIEL CREMERS presents innovations from computer vision to tackle that challenge. Modelling the movement of a camera in addition to the geometry of the depicted world and using new algorithms allow the recovery of more pictures in real-time. The algorithms compute the highest [...] Watch video
The technique of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or short MRI, is a useful and widely used tool in clinical diagnostics. However, the current MRI techniques are not sensitive enough to detect low concentrations of drugs or disease related molecules. LEIF SCHRÖDER explains that MRI is typically based on the detection of water molecules. However, the high water concentration that is always present in the body creates a strong [...] Watch video
Many android apps that try to use SSL to secure network communication fail in doing so and are insecure. By detecting such security flaws and interviewing the developers, the study presented in this video shows the necessity of rethinking how developers interact with security code. As shown, developers are not, as often implied, infallible. This means that prevention of security problems should be carried out by [...] Watch video


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The Key to Bellingham's Best Cannabis!
We have the best prices, widest selection, and friendliest service in town! We're pet friendly, ADA accessible, and offer plenty of on and off street parking. Visit Trove today and see what makes us the best shop in Bellingham!
Please call 360-393-3459 for our most current products and availability.
Please confirm your email before writing a review.
I'm moved here recently from Southern California and hadn't found an on point dispensary till I found Trove. Amazing quality! This is my favorite clinic.
1 person thought this review was helpful
New to Washington. was missing my So Cali dispensaries because so far I have not found one I really like. Till today. I LOVE THIS PLACE. Best customer care and selection. Met Phil the bud tender here. Honestly made me feel very welcome. I will never go to another place thanks to him. Plus you can't beat the quality and price. Highly highly recommended.
I've have never been so impressed with a cannabis shop. The customer service is excellent and the people are all amazing. The weed is always top shelf. I have never been disappointed.
This club always gives me good deals every time I come & they have top shelf very good quality weed never have a complaint when I come here I live in Ferndale & come here to get my weed because its worth it to me its about quality not quantity
Visiting Trove is a must for Bellingham residents and visitors. The reasons are simple; great aesthetics, products, exceptional customer service and most important good prices. If you don't have time to read just take my word for it and go to TROVE; but if you wonder why; just read below.
You will always be able to find $30 gram concentrates, and sometimes sweet deals like half shattered grams at $13/$20 (this is the reason i became a regular customer). They will have crumble, co2, bho, wax, shatter, kief, hash, you just name it. Also Trove has the better prices on cape concentrates, plus they carry AVITAS (try it!!)
if you are looking for the right processors for good danky flower Trove carries some of the best; like the pioneer, and subdued x… don't get the sunlite processors they suck and they are a plague in all dispensaries. Prices are normal they range from $7/$18.
You'll also find actual good pre rolled joins, i usually hate em, but the ones Trove markets are always decent, i guess they have someone to pick the right processors.
Not a fan so I can't tell you much about em… but if I'm feeling like it, they have 3 cookies for $11. Come on it can't get better than that!!
Customer Service:
Budtenders at Trove kinda feels like friends. And this is another reason I prefer the Trove. They don't harass you; so you're actually able to look for the perfect bud/oil with patience. They always joke with you and make sure you have what you want and need. Special shouts to Moe & Kinyom for being some of the best bud tenders in Whatcom County.
General Vibe:
The store is always clean and has mellow lighting setting so one can feel relax. They have a swing hanging form the ceiling which is pretty cool and theres usually good music playing (the other day i got to hear some Deftones). Plus is victory to buy in the Trove since the dispensary almost didn't open for some WA law b/s . So if you looking to buy some bud and feel good with your pocket, and get the best service i suggest you stop reading and go to the TROVE CANNABIS now!!
Love love love this shop! Amazing, helpful staff. Great variety and selection. ATM on site with low surcharge fee is VERY handy! This is definitely my go-to shop. Prices are definitely reasonable -- love SUBX flower & Golden Goo concentrates. 5% off per purchase with the Gold Member card :) Lovely, fun atmosphere with quality product and kind staff. Great shop!!♡
this place has got some amazing stuff. staff is helpful, and you defiantly will enjoy everything the trove has got to offer!
One of my favorite recreational dispensery in Bellingham! I love the bud selection they have on shelf and the prices are unbeatable. 👌😀
The concentrate selection is OK. half of the selection (Mostly Sativa & Hybrid) are pretty pricey for just a half G, I love the Fruity Pebbles(Hybrid 82%THC) for 24 a Half Gram they though, bomb! 🙌 The other half (Indica) are OK. I love the Church OG Shatter(62%THC) they have for 24 a Gram, good stuff while supply's last. Definitely a recreational dispensary I would recommend.👍
Had to give it a 3 on Accessibility for the parking situation but aside from that the staff is super friendly and I have got good stuff here at a good price. I enjoy their gold card program and newsletter with great deals
We tried this shop recently, walked in, the girls smiled , but offered very little help. I found this place cold, sterile, and with a staff of novices. Also, parking is very limited. Only a few places in the rear, nothing in front, and narrow side street free for all parking. Except for a couple of specials, prices were not great either. My suggestion is go to some other shop in town.

subset: commoncrawl


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By late 2011, Egyptian autocrat Hosni Mubarak was gone, overthrown by the will of his country's people. Democratization and pluralism were birthing; the Arab Spring was ushering in a new era of personal liberty and the military was seen as protector of the nation. Egypt was reborn, the bulk of Western commentators and academics argued with ferocity. They could not bring themselves to accept that without any institutional checks and balances, these goals would be frustrated.
Realists, who asserted that democracy would not take root, were regarded as "neo-Orientalists" who pretended to understand the Middle East but actually understood nothing about the frustration and yearning of those who sought to control their own destiny.
Many of the so called "realists," among whom I number myself, did in fact sympathize with these aspirations. In the Mubarak years, we all saw basic human rights ignored and human dignity effaced. When I served as Canada's ambassador to Egypt from 1994 to 1998, many of Mr. Mubarak's most profound intellectual critics were among my friends. I myself tried to steer Canada's development assistance toward pluralism and empowerment.
Yet my friends and I were under few illusions that things would really change. Tragically, events have proven us right. Striving for change, even against seemingly insurmountable challenges, remains nevertheless honourable and worthy. But such effort, when it ignores social reality, leads to bad decision-making at sometimes horrific cost.
Contenting themselves with empty rhetoric about the evils of the military, most Western leaders may resonate with home audiences, but words alone are vacuous. Quiet and determined work among those few countries that have credibility in Egypt, the United States first and foremost, may have some effect in mitigating particularly egregious practices. But this will not change the basic dynamics that will determine Egypt's future.
Egypt's experience has been that of an authoritarian dictatorship, albeit with a sometimes progressive façade, permeating society at all levels, reflecting deeply rooted concepts of legitimacy and expectation. Democracy means freely contested elections, bound by the rule of law, in which the winning side assumes power in an ongoing continuum, with governments changing according to popular will. But democracy cannot exist without democrats.
Most often, elections in the Arab world are seen by empowered elites (militaries and others, including the Muslim Brotherhood) as opportunities to take and consolidate exclusive power. They manipulate the political process from the top down, disenfranchising opponents. These elites want a sort of "controlled democracy" with predetermined outcomes. But the Brotherhood and its Salafist cousins also embrace an ideology that tolerates little deviance, driven by their chosen interpretation of the deity's will.
Mr. Mubarak kept rivalries bottled up, accommodating societal movements too powerful to suppress, including the Christian Coptic Church and the Brotherhood itself, providing they did not challenge the parameters he had laid down. But the current head of the Egyptian military, General Abdel Fattah el-Sissi, himself a religious man and Mr. Mubarak's successor in all but name, will face an even more turbulent situation than Mr. Mubarak and Mr. Morsi did.
As the Brotherhood's popularity began to wane under Mr. Morsi's ragged direction, and as its own comportment became more and more arbitrary, the military began once again to see itself as the only alternative protecting the general good and, of course, its own considerable interests. It alone could provide the bulwark against chaos. The many-sided opposition to Mr. Morsi (students, progressives, the intelligentsia, economic elites, Copts, the residual supporters of the old regime) largely agreed. But they are soon likely to be at each other's throats, so diverse are their methods and goals.
Egyptian society is becoming more polarized still in the wake of the provocation, violence, chaos and general pandemonium we are witnessing today. Islamists see themselves deprived of an election victory universally acknowledged to have been fair. They feel cheated. They will not forget it. They are banking on a war of attrition and have the organizational depth to make it happen.
The new regime will react forcefully and without hesitation against its enemies. If Gen. el-Sissi can assure a return to relative normalcy on the street, re-establish effective government and dig his country out of its financial hole, he may have a chance. Equally (if not more) probable is a repeat of the Algerian experience: a decade of incredible bloodletting between the military and the Islamists.
Michael Bell, a former Canadian ambassador to Israel, Egypt, Jordan and the Palestinian territories, is Paul Martin (Sr.) Scholar in International Relations at the University of Windsor.Report Typo/Error
Follow us on Twitter: @GlobeDebate


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You told me to take a chance, so I did. Now look where I am. You've only landed me into trouble.
I used to wish for this every night. I wanted a tragedy, something exciting. A problem to complain about. I guess it's not exactly the ideal wish for someone to make, but it was what I wanted. Except, I wanted something big to happen, something out of the ordinary. I didn't want this bullshit.
I know things; a little bit about everyone or anything. If i don't then I find out, it's not that I'm obsessed with gossip or anything, it's just that people trust me so they are constantly telling me little blips of their lives. Some people kind of exaggerate things but I've learned to respect and admire people I never thought I ever would.
Respect is important in any relationship. Friendship, family member, strangers, peers, pets. If you don't respect someone on any level then you won't treat them properly and they won't treat you properly. It just ends miserably and no one will be happy. You can't pay attention or listen to someone you don't respect, you just can't take them seriosuly anymore.
Anyway to get back on track here, I made a wish. I wished for a disaster in my life. A distraction from the dull and happy schedule I already had. I don't know if it's a fluke or not but all my wishes a come true, if I really want them too. And something bad happened, but before things get to be bad everything needs to be good. Life balances itself out, it always will and always had.
I got my wish, but I expected something big and triumphant. Not this, this is slow and painful and just over all torture.


text: My son lives in Fruitland Md and has a home that is 3 years old. The lawn is starting to die out. We believe it is Kentucky Blue Grass. He has patches of deal lawn, as in a patch that has been sodded, not insects. What can be done to get this lawn back in shape? Can anyone help us. thanks!:


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The Before the Bell report is constantly updated to reflect the latest news developments and market moves in the premarket. Check back later for updates.
BlackBerry Ltd. shares rose 3 per cent in the U.S. premarket, and a surprisingly strong jump in Chinese exports set a positive tone for broader markets this morning ahead of the North American open.


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Meet Dr. Brantley P. Vitek
Dr. Brantley P. Vitek is a board certified, fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon in Fairfax, Virginia. Dr. Vitek specializes in sports medicine, complex trauma care, total joint replacement, shoulder and hip surgery. His special interests include sports related injuries and arthroscopic surgery.
Dr. Vitek is an Orthopedic Surgeon at OrthoVirginia.
Directions to our primary location in
How Dr. Brantley P. Vitek Can Help You
- Orthopedic Surgeon
- Sports Medicine Physician
- Hip Injuries
- Hip Pain
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- Joint Pain
- Knee Injuries
- Knee Pain
- Shoulder Injury
- Shoulder Pain
- Sports Injuries
- Trauma
- Arthroscopic Surgery
- General Orthopaedic Surgery
- Hip Surgery
- Joint Replacement
- Shoulder Surgery
- Sports Medicine
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Accolades for Dr. Brantley P. Vitek
Professional Affiliations
- Fellow, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
- American Medical Association
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Board Certifications
- Board Certified, American Board of Orthopedic Surgery
- Board Certified, American Board of Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
Office Information for Dr. Brantley P. Vitek
Primary Location:
8501 Arlington Boulevard
Suite 400
Fairfax, VA 22031
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Suite 100
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If you rest for say like 2-3 years and start running again, is the main reason that you get shin splints that the muscles in the shin is too weak or is it because it is not stretched enough or that muscle is too hard? If you keep on running then the shinmuscles will become stronger even if you feel pain?
Hi Johannes,
Have you tried barefoot running? I used to get shin splints (shin pain) all of the time until I started running on a treadmill barefoot (well, with socks). I don't know if it was because my trainers were making me heal strike, or if it is because we are designed to run barefoot, but it sorted the problem out almost straight away.
Hope this helps


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10:48 5th December 2011
Yeovil Town let slip a two goal lead in the last nine minutes to draw 2-2 with Blue Square Premier side Fleetwood Town at Highbury Stadium tonight.A typical Ed Upson screamer on 32 minutes and a fine finish from Chelsea loanee Conor Clifford early in the second half had seemingly booked the Glovers passage into round three. But the Cod Army had other ideas and late strikes from Kieran Charnock and a Jamie Milligan penalty four minutes from time ensured the two sides will replay at Huish Park the week after next.
Yeovil manager Terry Skiverton is sure to be disappointed that his side was nine minutes from a third round tie but at least his Glovers side will be in the hat for Sunday's draw even if they still have a replay to face.The boss made just one change to his starting eleven and it was forced on him. With Watford reluctant to let keeper Rene Gilmartin become cup tied, Gareth Stewart came in for his third game of the season.
The first twenty minutes saw nothing really resembling a chance as both sides faced up to each other plus the elements which saw rain and a swirling wind make attractive football difficult. The first sight of goal was when the dangerous Milligan's curling free kick was deflected for a corner.Gareth Seddon then sent a dangerous ball fizzing across the six yard box just a little too quickly for the onrushing Sean Clancy at the far post and Jamie Vardy, Fleetwood's top scorer this season with fourteen goals, sliced a shot well wide after being forced wide by Paul Huntington.
The opening goal arrived just after the half hour and it was out of place with the rest of the first half really. Luke Ayling's throw in was only partially cleared by Jamie McGuire and as the midfielder attempted to win the ball for a second time, Ed Upson dinked the ball over him and sent a screamer into the top corner from twenty five yards out. It was Upson's fifth goal of the season and like the others before it, was a spectacular strike.The former Ipswich midfielder then set up Luke Ayling whose left foot shot was parried by keeper Scott Davies to Kieran Agard whose fierce shot deflected off a defender's hand and out for a corner.
Three minutes later and a similar situation saw Agard again denied by a defender when Andy Williams run and cross from the right set up Upson whose shot was deflected into the path of Agard.Home manager Mickey Mellon sent on Steve McNulty for the injured Shaun Beeley at half time but the stocky defender could do nothing about Yeovil's second goal three minutes into the half. Ayling broke with pace and fed Williams down the right flank. The striker ran at speed before slipping a ball into Clifford steaming forward. His first touch took him a yard wider but he lashed the ball high into the net with his second touch for a 2-0 lead.
The second goal forced the Cod Army to come out more aggressive and with intent but Yeovil continued to play calm, controlled football. With the swirling wind in their favour, Fleetwood were looking dangerous at set pieces and in a second half that saw them win twelve corners, his delivery looked to cause the Glovers defence problems.Attacker Vardy had the ball in the Glovers net but he had been flagged for offside well before the ball reached the net though the decision looked dubious to say the least.
They nearly grabbed a goal back on 64 minutes when Vardy played a lovely ball across the six yard box; Luke Ayling got a slight touch at the back post that put the oncoming Alan Goodall off his stride and the chance went begging.Prolific striker Richard Brodie came on for the ineffective Andy Mangan with eighteen minutes left to give a more physical presence up front and he hooked his shot wide with his first touch after being set up by Milligan.
Clifford sent a long range effort just wide then came as close again with another effort from Dominic Blizzard's pass but the third and decisive goal wouldn't come.
And it proved costly when Kieran Charnock, who only joined Mellon's team last week, rose at the far post to head in from Peter Till's cross, nodding the ball back across Stewart and into the opposite corner of the net.
The goal obviously injected confidence and belief into the home side and with nine minutes to go, there was still time enough to snatch an unlikely leveller. Milligan has Stewart scrambling with a low, scudding effort at his near post but after Clifford had been replaced by Steve MacLean, the fourth and final goal duly arrived.
From a throw into the box, Ed Upson grabbed Charnock's arm and gave it a slight tug sending the midfielder flying in the area. Referee Robert Madley awarded the penalty and Milligan beat Stewart for pace sending his penalty high into the net though the keeper guessed the right way.The final five minutes including stoppage time actually saw Yeovil the more likely to grab a sensational winner but Agard's header was saved late on and the two sides will have to do it all again in eleven days time.
Town will visit Weymouth in a pre-season friendly on Tuesday, July 11th (7.45pm kick-off).
Town will visit Tiverton Town in a pre-season friendly on Saturday, July 29th (3pm kick-off).
Town will play Bristol City in a pre-season friendly at Huish Park on Saturday, July 15th (3pm kick-off).
A round-up of the Sky Bet League Two play-off semi-final second legs.
Town fans have voted for their 2016/17 Goal of the Season.


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Using tobacco brings a significant risk of cancer, stroke, heat attack, etc. From a Plastic Surgery standpoint it is a vasoconstrictor. Wound healing is all about getting oxygen and needed entities to the wound. It is well known that patients who smoke have a tremendous increase in their rate of serious complications, (infections, wounds falling apart, etc.). Nicotine is the main vasoconstrictor, so getting a patch or lozenge of nicotine won't help the vasoconstriction. Best to be off the tobacco/nicotine entirely before surgery. Please be honest with your Board Certified Plastic Surgeon. Together you can make a plan to quit and proceed with surgery. The amount of time between quitting and surgery will depend on the Plastic Surgeon and the procedure.
How long would it take for tobacco (not cigarette) to be out of your system before tummy tuck?
Doctor Answers 13
Tobacco and tummy tucks
Web reference: http://www.jjrothmd.com/procedures/tummy-tuck-abdominoplasty/
Tobacco out of system before surgery. Some advices:
Thanks for you sharing your concerns with us.
It depends how long you have been smoking. Generally I recommend to stop the use of any tobacco one before surgery and two months after.
Dr. Emmanuel Mallol Cotes.-
It depends how long you have been smoking. Generally I recommend to stop the use of any tobacco one before surgery and two months after.
Dr. Emmanuel Mallol Cotes.-
How Long Before Surgery Do I Need to Stop Using Nicotine?
Nicotine has an extremely negative impact on your wound healing. Because nicotine constricts blood vessels, it reduces the oxygen needed for wound healing, possibly resulting in dead tissue. If you can't stop using nicotine completely for four weeks before and four weeks after (a total of two full months) then do not have the surgery.
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How long would it take for tobacco (not cigarette) to be out of your system before tummy tuck?
In my practice, I ask patients to undergo smoking cessation 6 weeks before and after surgery. Good luck and be safe.
John T. Nguyen, MD, FACS, FICS
Double Board Certified Plastic Surgeon
John T. Nguyen, MD, FACS, FICS
Double Board Certified Plastic Surgeon
Usually most surgeons will use a cotinine test. Half life is about 21 days. So 6-8 weeks should be your goal before elective surgery. This is usually the amount of time needed for the negative effects of nicotine to fade to acceptable levels. good luck.
Nicotine and plastic surgery
Thank you for your question. Best to refrain from all nicotine-containg products for at least 4 weeks before and after. Procedures like a tummy tuck or a facelift are very sensitive to the effects of nicotine on the tiny blood vessels in the skin. Smokers/tobacco users have a much higher rate of wound complications with these procedures than non-smokers. Good luck.
Smoking before tummy tuck
Every body is different based on BMI, health status, age, etc. So the metabolism of the nicotine cannot be estimated in general. A tummy tuck, and any body excisional contouring surgery requires skin to be removed and a flap advanced. Smoking (nicotine) impairs blood flow, and there is a significantly higher risk of complications. I'm sure you are aware. I tell all my smokers interested in body contouring to Google image search "smoking tummy tuck". It is terrifying for the patient, but is also stressful for your PS. I will not perform any excisional body contouring surgery on smokers unless complete cessation 6 weeks before, and 6 weeks after surgery. A waiver consent is obtained prior to surgery agreeing to random nicotine testing, canceling surgery if needed. Every PS has had to deal with smoking complications. It is not our choice. It is usually the patients who cannot stop. Our recommendations are there to minimize complications and improve outcomes. It is for your safety.
Smoking cessation has many other benefits: save $$$, decrease the facial aging process (smokers faces age at least 25% faster), decrease cancer risk, decreased medical problems, live longer, and much more. So please consider stopping.
I hope that helps and good luck.
Smoking cessation has many other benefits: save $$$, decrease the facial aging process (smokers faces age at least 25% faster), decrease cancer risk, decreased medical problems, live longer, and much more. So please consider stopping.
I hope that helps and good luck.
Tobacco Cessation Before Surgery
The reason for stopping smoking and tobacco use before surgery is the nicotine they contain. Nicotine causes vessels to go into spasm and reduces blood supply to the tissues. If the surgery also reduces blood supply, then nicotine markedly increases the risk that the wound will have problem healing or some skin to tissue will die. the nicotine also interferes with the normal lung function making anesthesia more risky. Therefore, any product containing nicotine, including electronic cigarettes and nicotine gum and patches, should be avoided before surgery. For a tummy tuck and any other surgery that reduces blood supply to the tissues, I believe that 4 weeks avoidance is the minimum, as it takes at least that ling for the vessels to recover to near normal. Longer is desirable.
Cigarette smoking before tummy tuck
Cigarette smoking is harmful for surgery because the smoke inhaled during smoking causes constriction of the arterioles which supply blood and oxygen to the tissues, especially the skin necessary for healing after surgery. Although it takes time for the effects of smoking to dissipate, the longer before the surgery that you can stop smoking the better. I think that if you completely stop one week before tummy tuck surgery, it would be safe to proceed with your surgery. But if you can allow more time, it would be better and safer.
Tobacco and tummy tuck
Thank you for the question. I will ask my patients to stop smoking and avoid nicotine containing products for at least 4 weeks prior to and 4 weeks after their surgery. The nicotine restricts the blood flow within the tissues leading to wound healing problems (skin necrosis, infection, dehiscence, etc.). I hope this helps. Best wishes.
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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