text:
Effects of exotic mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) on the native fauna of Amami-Oshima Island, southern Japan, estimated by distribution patterns along the historical gradient of mongoose invasion
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s10530-007-9100-6
- Cite this article as:
- Watari, Y., Takatsuki, S. & Miyashita, T. Biol Invasions (2008) 10: 7. doi:10.1007/s10530-007-9100-6
- Citations
- 1.8k Downloads
We examined the distribution patterns of native animals on Amami-Oshima Island, southern Japan, along a historical gradient of mongoose establishment and estimated the effects of mongoose on the native fauna. To assess the relative abundance of various ground-dwelling animals, we used the following four methods; sensor cameras for exotic mammals, nighttime driving census for nocturnal native vertebrates, line census for ground-dwelling lizards, and adhesive traps for arthropods. The results indicated that seven species with larger body size, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, were rarely observed in mongoose-infested area. By contrast, medium-sized animals showed neutral relationships with mongoose establishment. Interestingly, the densities of smaller-sized animals were higher in mongoose-infested area. It could be interpreted that smaller species have increased in abundance through top-down cascades, i.e., decreases in native predators such as frogs and lizards caused by the mongoose have resulted in increases in the abundance of smaller animals. Predation pressures by mongoose and native predators may be canceled out for medium-sized animals, causing neutral responses to mongoose by these animals. This study appears to be the first example that shows the influence of mongoose on a wide variety of native animals. In addition, our findings indicate the importance of considering the food web structure of a recipient ecosystem and contribute to the prediction and assessment of ecological risks caused not only by mongoose, but also by other invasive top predators.
KeywordsAmami rabbit Biological invasion Food webs Herpestes auropunctatus Island Predation Invasive predatory mammals Nansei Islands Small Indian mongoose Trophic cascade
- ACF Road
Amami Central Forest Road
- Amami Island
Amami-Oshima Island
Distance from the release point of the mongoose along the Amami central forest road
Invasive species are widely recognized as a major cause of recent biodiversity loss (Vitousek et al. 1997; Wilcove et al. 1998; Mack et al. 2000), and are thought to be responsible for more than 20% of the recent extinctions of vertebrate species (Reid and Miller 1989). Devastation of island faunas by predatory vertebrates has been instrumental in raising awareness of the global threat to biodiversity caused by biological invasion (Elton 1958).
Even a single species of invasive top predator could exert community-wide top–down effects on islands through direct and indirect interactions (Fritts and Rodda 1998), although evidence for such events is scanty. The introduction of the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus; hereafter, mongoose) to islands within a "biodiversity hotspot area" (Myers et al. 2000) is a good example of the devastating effects that an exotic predator can have on an insular ecosystem (Courchamp et al. 2003). This mongoose, which is native to the area from the Middle East to the Malaya peninsula (e.g. Long 2003), was introduced to many tropical areas, such as the Fijian Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Mauritius, and the West Indies, in the late 1800s to control rats or poisonous snakes (e.g. Long 2003). However, because the mongoose has generalist feeding habits, it also preys on non-target, native species (Pimentel 1955; Gorman 1975; Cavallini and Serafini 1995; Vilella 1998; Abe et al. 1999), and it is now largely blamed for the historical declines and extirpations of many native species on islands (Gorman 1975; Roots 1976; Honegger 1981; Nellis and Small 1983; Nellis et al. 1984; Cheke 1987; Case and Bolger 1991; Henderson 1992). However, few studies have explicitly demonstrated the causal linkage between mongoose invasion and native species degeneration for the following reasons. Firstly, on most of the islands infested by the mongoose, biological information from before the mongoose invasion is lacking, so the cause of decline and extirpation is anecdotal. Secondly, native species that are supposed to have been threatened or extirpated by the mongoose may have been affected synergistically by other invaders or by humans, making it difficult to separate the effects of the mongoose from other factors.
In 1979, 30 mongoose were introduced to Amami-Oshima Island (hereafter Amami Island), southwestern Japan, to control a native poisonous pit viper, habu (Trimeresurus flavoviridis), which was a threat to local people (Tomari 1987; Sawai et al. 1999). Although the mongoose's ability to control habu is equivocal, mongoose is now established in forest that harbors a number of endemic species and subspecies and the population in 1999 was estimated to be 5,000–10,000 (Ishii 2003). Several studies have revealed that mongoose depends primarily on arthropod prey and also preys on most rare vertebrates (Abe et al. 1999; Environmental Agency et al. 2000; Yamada et al. 2000). This indicates the potential impact of mongoose on many native species. Japan Ministry of the Environment, thus, has begun an eradication project since 2000. However, there are no quantitative assessments of native species, except for a long-term study on the Amami rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi), which shows a decline in its distribution concurrent with the expansion of the mongoose distribution (Sugimura et al. 2000; Yamada et al. 2000).
To do this, we examined the distribution patterns of native animals on Amami Island along a historical gradient of mongoose establishment and estimated the effects of mongoose on the native fauna. In particular, we focused on ground-dwelling animals as those likely to be affected by mongoose because the mongoose is a poor climber and its diet is composed mainly of ground-dwelling animals (Gorman 1975; Abe et al. 1999). We also investigated what traits of native animals were associated with the differential vulnerability to mongoose and explored the process causing the difference in the vulnerability.
Study area
Amami Island (28°20′ N, 129°14′ E) is the second largest island in the Nansei Islands of Japan, with an area of 712 km2. The forest is dominated by evergreen broadleaved trees such as Catanopsis sieboldii and Schima wallichii, with a steep mountainous topography. Its climate is subtropical, with the average annual temperature and rainfall of 21.5°C and 2,914 mm, respectively.
High priority is given to the conservation of the Nansei Islands because of their high levels of endemism. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) International ranks the forest of Nansei Islands as one of the world's critical or endangered terrestrial "ecoregions" (http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/index.cfm). The forest of Amami Island harbors a large number of the endemic species of the Nansei Islands.
Materials and methods
Study site
Our surveys were conducted along the Amami Central Forest Road (hereafter ACF-Road, 41.1 km long), which begins close to the original release point of the mongoose and leads to areas where the mongoose has not yet become established (Environmental Agency et al. 2000; Ministry of the Environment 2005; Fig. 1). Rather than using snapshot density of the mongoose, we used the distance from the release point as an index of the strength of its effect (hereafter DISTANCE) because the DISTANCE is expected to be negatively correlated with the cumulative density of the mongoose.
Assessing animals
Surveys conducted and their targets, study periods, and study plots
Study period
Study plot
Sensor camera
Exotic mammals
May–Jun 2003
27 plots
Nighttime driving census
Nocturnal larger vertebrates
May–Jun 2003
Entire ACF-Roada
Small frogs
Oct. 2005
Entire ACF-Roada
Line census
Jul. 2005
10 plots
Adhesive trap
May–Jun 2003
27 plots
Environmental conditions
Steepness of plot
Sep. 2003
27 plots
Basal areas of breast height
Sep. 2003
27 plots
Amount of litter
Sep. 2003
27 plots
Road condition
Sep. 2003
Entire ACF-Roada
A sensor camera (Marif Co., Ltd., Field Note) was set at each of the 27 plots that were established on the forest floor 20–80 m from ACF-Road. The distance between adjacent plots was 1.5 km (Table 1). Bait was placed around the camera, including eggs, fish sausages, dried fishes, sweet potatoes, and peanuts. We checked the cameras and bait every 2–7 days, and changed film, batteries, and bait, if necessary. This survey was conducted for 1 month.
Nighttime driving censuses were started more than 1 h after sunset. We searched for vertebrates occurring on or around the road from a car at a constant speed of about 10 km h−1. We recorded species and location when we encountered vertebrates. We also recorded the call of the Amami rabbit, which is like a vocalization of the pikas (Ochotona) (Yamada and Fernando 2005) and distinguishable from those of other animals. These surveys were conducted four times. Data were converted to presence/absence data per 1.5 km. Small native frogs (<50 mm in snout-vent length) such as the Ryukyu brown frog (Rana okinavana), ornate narrow-mouthed toad (Microhyla ornata), and Ryukyu kajika frog (Buergeria japonica), which were difficult to identify from a car were recorded simply as "small frogs". Nighttime driving censuses focusing on smaller frogs were conducted on separate days because it was difficult to count small frogs and other animals at the same time. The frequency of occurrence per 1.5 km in the ACF-Road was calculated.
For line censuses, we established 10 additional study plots in the forest along the ACF-Road (Fig. 1, Table 1). The distance between adjacent plots was 1.6–4.6 km. Each plot consisted of a 360–1000-m line along a ridge with a gentle slope. We walked along the line at a constant speed and counted ground-dwelling lizards. The frequency of occurrence of each lizard species per 100 m was calculated for each plot.
To assess arthropods, two adhesive traps (Earth Chemical Co., Ltd., Gokiburi-Hoihoi) were placed on the ground at each of the 27 plots where sensor cameras were established (Table 1). To attract animals, we placed bait inside the traps. We checked the traps every 2–7 days and replaced them if necessary. These surveys were conducted for 1 month. Captured arthropods were counted and the capture rate of each species (individuals trap−1 day−1) was calculated.
Relationships between differential vulnerability and species' traits
To explore species' traits that likely to be associated with the vulnerability to mongoose invasion, we examined the relationships between the distribution patterns of native animals and traits of each native animal, i.e., body weight and microhabitat in daytime. The microhabitat in daytime was categorized as "hide" and "exposed". We hypothesized that these categories may influence encounter rate or detection by the mongoose because mongoose is a diurnal hunter (Long 2003) while all native animals are mostly nocturnal (Watari personal observation). "Hide" means those animals using refuges in daytime such as tree cavity and underneath of dead logs, so that mongoose needs to search actively to detect them. "Exposed" means those animals staying on the ground or trees, or underneath of leaf litter. It seems that mongoose can easily find exposed animals because they flush or come out of litter as mongoose walks around. Traits of native animals used in this study were shown in Appendix A.
Assessing environmental conditions
To confirm that the environmental conditions of the study plots were not correlated with DISTANCE, three environmental properties were measured at each of the 27 plots where sensor cameras were established: steepness of the study plot, basal area at breast height of canopy trees, and amount of leaf litter. In addition, road conditions were surveyed over the whole range of the ACF-Road (Table 1). The amount of leaf litter was measured as the average dry weight of leaf litter (dried at 70°C for 48 h) collected from 10 30 × 30-cm subplots randomly located within each plot. The basal area at breast height was calculated as the total diameter at breast height (DBH) in a 30 × 2-m transect within each plot. The road conditions were categorized as "paved" and "unpaved".
Statistical methods
Relationships between occurrences of animals and history of mongoose invasion (DISTANCE) estimated by regression analysis
Common name
Scientific name
Regression analysis
Regression coefficient
Small Indian mongoose
Herpestes javanicus
Black rata
Rattus rattus
Felis catus
Canis familiaris
Amami rabbit
Pentalagus furnessi
Amami woodcock
Scolopax mira
Ryukyu odd-tooth snake
Dinodon semicarinatum
Ryukyu short-legged skink
Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus
Amphibians (frogs)
Amami tip-nosed frog
Rana amamiensis
Otton frog
Rana subaspera
Ishikawa's frog
Rana ishikawae
Small frogsb
Camel cricket
Diestrammena gigas
Yellow-spotted cricket
Cardiodactylus novaeguineae
Amami forest cockroach
Episymploce amamiensis
Satsuma small cockroach
Margattea satsumana
To examine the relationships between signs of regression coefficient obtained above and traits of each animal, we used Spearman's correlation coefficient for body weight and Mann–Whitney's U test for microhabitat in daytime.
Records of animals
In nighttime driving censuses, we recorded a total of 9 native vertebrates, including 2 mammals, 1 bird, 3 reptiles, and 3 amphibians (Appendix B). The locations at which vertebrates were found are shown, which were recorded in sufficient numbers to analyze their patterns (Fig. 2). The points at which the Amami rabbit, ground-nesting Amami woodcock (Scolopax mira), Ryukyu odd-tooth snake (Dinodon semicarinatum), Amami tip-nosed frog (Rana amamiensis), Otton frog (Rana subaspera), and Ishikawa's frog (Rana ishikawae) were found were positively correlated with DISTANCE (Fig. 2, Table 2).
The frequency of occurrence of "small frogs" obtained from nighttime driving censuses showed no relationship with DISTANCE (Fig. 2, Table 2).
The frequency of occurrence of the ground-dwelling Ryukyu short-legged skink (Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus) observed during line censuses showed a positive relationship with DISTANCE (Fig. 2, Table 2).
Arthropods captured using adhesive traps are listed in Appendix C. Those that were thought to be attracted by captured animals were excluded (e.g. ants, bees, spiders, harvestmen, and tiger beetles). The frequencies of occurrence of 4 insect species are shown, which were captured in sufficient numbers to analyze their patterns (Fig. 2). Camel crickets (Diestrammena gigas) showed no relationship with DISTANCE (Fig. 2). In contrast, yellow-spotted crickets (Cardiodactylus novaeguineae), Amami forest cockroaches (Episymploce amamiensis), and Satsuma small cockroaches (Margattea satsumana) showed negative relationships with DISTANCE (Fig. 2, Table 2).
In summary, seven species of vertebrates showed significant decrease in occurrence closer to the original release point of the mongoose, small frogs and the camel cricket were distributed irrespective of the mongoose establishment, and three species of insects increased significantly in occurrence closer to the original release point of the mongoose.
Relationships between vulnerability to the mongoose and species' traits
Environmental conditions
Our results suggest that the mongoose has had a strong negative effect on seven species of ground-dwelling larger native animals, including mammals (Amami rabbit), birds (Amami woodcock), reptiles (Ryukyu odd-tooth snake and Ryukyu short-legged skink), and amphibians (Amami tip-nosed frog, Otton frog, and Ishikawa's frog), to the extent that they were rarely observed in mongoose-infested areas. All of these are endemic to the Nansei Islands and depend on the forest of Amami Island as the main habitat. Thus, to protect the remaining native animals, it is essential to prevent further expansion of the mongoose's distribution.
It is at the same time noteworthy that not all ground-dwelling animals were vulnerable to mongoose invasion. In contrast to the larger seven species mentioned above, neutral or even positive relationships with the history of mongoose establishment were shown in middle-sized and smaller-sized animals, respectively. These patterns could not be explained by the direct effects of the mongoose. One possible explanation is that smaller species have increased in abundance through top–down cascades, i.e., decreases in native predators such as frogs, snakes, and lizards caused by the mongoose have resulted in increases in the abundance of smaller animals. This process could be explained by size-selective predation and differential diet ranges between the mongoose and native predators. Although the diet range of the mongoose includes all animals described in this study (Gorman 1975; Abe et al. 1999), larger animals are more likely to be vulnerable to mongoose predation because generalist predators should feed selectively on more profitable prey. On the other hand, prey of frogs, snakes, and lizards, is probably restricted to smaller prey because native predators are smaller than the mongoose and their prey size also appears to be limited by their gape size. Therefore, predation pressure on smaller animals is likely to be stronger from native predators than from the mongoose, leading to a trophic cascade caused by mongoose. Predation pressures by mongoose and native predators may be canceled out for medium-sized animals such as small frogs and the camel cricket, causing neutral responses to mongoose by these animals. As other unknown processes might have been associated with these patterns, further investigations including manipulative field experiments are required.
Our results showed that the effect of microhabitat in daytime of native animals could not explain their distribution patterns. Previous studies showed that prey of the mongoose consist mainly of nocturnal species (Abe et al. 1999; Environmental Agency et al. 2000; Yamada et al. 2000), many of which use refuge in daytime, such as tree cavity or underneath of dead logs. This indicates that the mongoose does search such refuges for prey. Indeed, it was reported that the nest cavity of Amami rabbit was attacked by the mongoose (Yamada personal communication).
Because our study has no replication, the above patterns may have resulted from factors other than the mongoose. However, we have several reasons to believe mongoose causality. Firstly, none of the environmental conditions examined were correlated with the history of mongoose establishment (Fig. 4). Secondly, there are before-invasion records of the Amami rabbit (Sugimura et al. 2000, 2003; Yamada et al. 2000; Sugimura and Yamada 2004) and three species of larger frogs, i.e., the Amami tip-nosed frog, Otton frog, and Ishikawa's frog (Toyama et al. 1989), in areas where the mongoose has now been established for a long period. Thirdly, the patterns found in this study do not seem to be restricted to our census route. Actually, several target species including Amami rabbit (Sugimura and Yamada 2004), Amami woodcock (Ishida et al. 2003), Otton frog and Ishikawa's frog (Iwai and Watari 2006), were less abundant in sites other than ACF-Road where the mongoose has now been established for a long period. Lastly, the distribution of other exotics cannot sufficiently explain the detected patterns. The exotic black rat is distributed widely irrespective of the mongoose establishment (Fig. 2). Also, the distributions of cats and dogs were highly biased to areas near the release point of the mongoose, which were clearly more restricted compared with the areas where native vertebrates were absent (Fig. 2).
Unlike the vegetation degeneration or soil erosion caused by large herbivores, community-wide top–down effects induced by exotic top predators are inconspicuous. Moreover, most of the studies assessing the effects of mongoose thus far have been limited to a particular species or taxon. This study appears to be the first example that shows the influence of mongoose on a wide variety of native animals. We also found differential vulnerability among the native species, including positive indirect effects on small animals. This indicates the importance of considering the food web structure of a recipient ecosystem. Our findings contribute to the prediction and assessment of ecological risks caused not only by mongoose, but also by other invasive top predators.
We are especially grateful to Fumio Yamada, Shintaro Abe, Yasunori Maezono, Ryo Yamashita, Ken Ishida, Takehiko Yamanaka, Kazumi Kotaka, Mayura Takada, and Yuki G. Baba for providing us constructive comments and supporting our research. We also thank members of Amami Mammalogical Society and students who helped with our field works. This research was supported by WWF-Nikko Green Investors Fund (FY 2001), WWF Japan Fund Grant Program (FY 2003), and Global Environment Research Fund by Ministry of the Environment Japan 'F-3'.


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Chapter 30 - Donnybrook
Mum walked in, and her eyes went wide suddenly as she noticed Joe sitting there, just talking to me, and as soon as her eyes had bulged, they went back to normal.
"May I ask what this is about?" She asked, blushing.
"We're talking...?" I said, raising my hands as if I didn't know the answer to something.
"I can see that, but why is he here in your room?" She asked.
"He came in through the door with me, and came up the stairs, and we sat here discussing wedding things. Am I grounded?" I asked, with innocent eyes – the one expression that has my Mum wrapped around my little finger every single time.
"No you're not grounded – you're a young adult now, and besides, if you were just talking, I suppose that's okay…" She started.
"And we're getting married in less than a month from now." I added, which brought her back to thanking me for the invitation.
"Yes, precisely; I wanted to thank you for the invitation – both of you." She said, addressing Joe for the first time since she had come in my room.
"It's quite alright Mrs…?" He asked.
"Ms." She corrected him. "Ms. Carter."
"Why of course - my apologies." He said, bowing his head as if in shame.
"It's quite alright." She said, and we were all laughing then, knowing that she had used Joe's exact words.
We stopped laughing, and she nodded, thinking 'awkward silence', just like the rest of us.
She went downstairs and Joe started laughing.
"Told you so!" I laughed.
"Yeah, okay, okay." He laughed, holding his hands up in surrender.
My Mum then started coming back up the stairs and came into my bedroom once again.
"Did you invite Sophie?" Mum asked, evidently meaning to the wedding.
"Yes Mum – it would have only been polite." I replied.
"He wouldn't have come if she had not been invited." Joe said, smiling at my Mum.
"You need to get some sleep." Mum said, trying to hint subtly, that Joe needed to leave.
"I'll get going then." Joe said, glumly.
"What a good idea – Beth, will you let him out?" Mum smiled.
"Yes Mum." I said, and trudged down the stairs, with Joe following on behind me.
'I'll come back later tonight.' He thought.
'Come back the second she falls asleep.' I thought back, and he gave me a peck on the lips, but his lips lingered for a few seconds...
"Bye. See you tomorrow." I said quietly, winking, but I said it loud enough for my Mum to hear, he turned around, and then walked out onto the pavement.
He came back again half an hour later, through my window, while Mum was asleep.
"She snores." I giggled, as we were spying on her through the crack in the hallway wall that she didn't know existed. Mind you, it was too tiny for human eyes to spot it.
We went out running and he tried to persuade me into hunting, but I wouldn't hear of it.
We went back to his house, and I went to talk to Sally about not hunting; she was in the kitchen.
"Will my eyes go to a greenish colour like Joe's?" I asked the question that had been bugging me since I had become a baby-vampire.
"Yes, but at first you might feel a burning sensation in your chest that may or may not be as painful as the pain from when you were created." She said, and I shuddered at the memory of the pain.
"Will they go back in time for the wedding?" I asked.
"Yes, but you'll have to stay away from your Mum, until then – you wouldn't want her to get hurt, would you?" She asked, and I shook my head.
"Make up some reason why you have to go out of town until the wedding – it's only three weeks now!" Freya said, dancing over to me, very delicately.
"Don't remind me." I shuddered.
"You can always back out, you know." She reminded me.
"And break Joe's heart; no way." I said, forcing myself not to take the easy option.
My face suddenly creased up in agony, and I had to grip the counter to stop myself from falling over.
"What's wrong?" Joe asked, looking worried.
"Nothing" I managed to say, through my teeth.
"There's something wrong – tell me." Joe growled.
Then the pain went away, and I relaxed, sliding down the counter to sit on the floor.
"Mum just had a nightmare - it was painful." I said, slowly. Joe relaxed, and sat down beside me.
"You scared him for a minute then." Freya said, brightly.
"Yeah, I know. He was imagining all sorts of things happening to me, and that only made my pain worse." I said, sighing.
"Sorry." Joe apologised, slowly, and sighing.
"Anyway, what on earth was that last thought?" I asked him.
"Erm... It could have happened." Joe said, sheepishly.
"No it couldn't. Behaving myself, remember?" I asked, prodding my chest.
"I suppose it couldn't – but how was I supposed to know?" He asked, though if it were me I would have been blushing.
'Why doesn't Joe blush?' I wondered.
'Well, it could be because the blood has stopped running through my veins.' He replied to my thoughts, at which I had forgotten about.
"Sorry." He grimaced, realising that I had been thinking to myself.
"Some things that I think, you just need to pretend you didn't hear, or ignore them, and vice versa." I laughed.
"Okay, I can handle that." Joe laughed.
"Can you? Can you really?" I laughed with him.
"Can you let us in on the joke please?" Finty asked, linking Charlie.
"Joe thought something impossible, and then I wondered why he didn't blush and so on." I said, making things sound really vague, so as not to give away too much information.
"Oh – what did Joe think?" She asked – the question I hoped she wouldn't.
"I thought she could be-" he started but I cut him off.
"-having menstruation pains – impossible really." I finished for him, though they weren't the words he was planning on using.
Finty started laughing, and told him that I couldn't possibly have those pains, because there was hardly any blood left in my body.
The rest of the night carried on with really random talk, and I was trying to dream up ways in which to escape living in my house for the time being, without my Mum being the least bit suspicious.
I had lots of ideas (I need to go visit Hayley and Danielle, I decided I got bored with home, I wanted to move in with Joe, I need to go sleep over at the dentists... etc.) but none of the excuses seemed rational.
"How about just telling her the truth?" Jordan asked, and Charlie hit him over the head.
"I can't do that – Vamdeveri or no Vamdeveri - that would not be a good idea at all!" I exclaimed.
"Good point – I'm not going to forgive you for that. You're going to get beaten up later by Finty!" Jordan said to Charlie, with an evil grin.
"Don't bring me into your donnybrook!" Finty laughed.
Jordan mimicked her, and ended up being smacked around the head by Finty, Charlie and Emily.


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The commodities trading giant Glencore will be forced to hand over nearly £300m to the FTSE 100 miner Xstrata, should it walk away from the £50bn merger as a result of shareholder pressure.
Advisers on both sides of the deal are also expected to lose well over £100m in fees, if Glencore boss Ivan Glasenberg decides to abandon the merger rather than sweeten its terms.
Mr Glasenberg has been determined to reunite the two companies for years, Glencore having spun off Xstrata as a collection of coal assets back in 2001. It still retains a one-third stake in the Switzerland-based group.
Last week Qatar Holdings became the latest and – with an 11 per cent shareholding – the most significant Xstrata investor to demand a premium on a deal that has been marketed as a "merger of equals".
Qatar is demanding 3.25 shares in the combined group for every one that Xstrata investors already hold, against the current offer of 2.8. Many Xstrata investors believe that such improvements are necessary as their company's prospects are arguably better.
After early talks between Glencore and Qatar over the impasse failed last week, there is a growing sense that a compromise might not be reached. Other significant shareholders, who are also angry that Xstrata's chief executive, Mick Davis, will receive a £28.8m retention bonus for just staying on as boss of the merged group for three years, are likely to join forces with Xstrata and vote down the proposal.
Mr Glasenberg has indicated he could walk away from the deal if shareholders show a lack of interest in paying for world-class executives while he is not likely to pay anywhere near as much as Qatar is demanding.
The terms of the merger prospectus state: "Glencore has agreed to pay Xstrata by way of compensation a fee in the amount of £298m … payable in the event that the Glencore board withdraws, amends, modifies or qualifies its recommendation of the merger or resolves or agrees to do the same so as to cause the merger not to proceed."
A source close to the negotiations said that he was still hopeful that a deal could be struck. He argued: "Glencore initiated the discussions with Xstrata, that was one of the main rationales of listing on the London Stock Exchange – to create a currency [shares] to do this merger. It's still in Glencore's best interests to get this deal done now."
Certainly, some of the world's biggest investment banks, such as Goldman Sachs, Citi, Morgan Stanley and Deutsche, are hoping the megamerger goes deal. Alongside public relations firms and lawyers on the deal, they are due to share a pot of around £125m should the deal succeed, but only about 10 per cent of that should it fail.
- More about:
- Commodity And Raw Material Markets
- Investment
- Mergers And Acquisitions
- Qatar
- Stock And Equity Market And Stock Exchange
- Switzerland


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Top Class Clubbing
... Euro 10. So no Ibiza is not actually expensive.
I've arrived late in the afternoon and really just want today to catch upon some sleep. The party I've come here for isn't til tomorrow and I am ok taking it easy tonight. I wander through the town, grab a quick dinner then dig into a movie before calling it a night.
When I left Sri Lanka I had the best tan I've ever had in my life. The heat of my first few months in Europe meant it was easy to maintain but now ...
Day 9: Ibiza
Today everyone slept in then Kelly, Madhu, Aria, Brandon, and I took a ferry to Formentera, a small island off the coast of Ibiza. At Formentera we grabbed paella for lunch then relaxed on the beach. In the evening we went to dinner at La Brasa near the old port. Afterwards we came back to the apartment and drank on the ...
Day 8: Ibiza
In the morning Mike and I went running then got juice from Wild Beets. Everyone headed to the Salinas beach and got a bed at Jockey Club. Rachael and I went shopping at the boutique near the beach. We tried to meet up with everyone near Ushaiua but snuck in a side door into the hotel and got into the BBC concert, where Calvin Harris performed. Afterwards we all drank on the beach then went to a hip hop club called ...
Ibiza (Woo Hoo)
... from our room on to the walkway below. This is where all the participants in the Ibiza Marathon must run tonight. It's amazing how far up the ship we are. I know we're on deck 10 but it's doesn't look that high up when you're looking over the balcony at the harbours or seas. Look straight down and the people look tiny. Unless they are tiny of course and we're not that far up afer all.
The good news is ...
The Bealerics!!!!
... to foul our anchor. As I was bringing it up on the end of it was the remains of an outboard motor! In the afternoon we moved to another cove which again was very pretty and the coastline leading to it fascinating.
Wednesday 8 July
Mid morning we decided to move further around the island – and ended up in most delightful cove. The water here is just so clear. Donned my newly acquired snorkelling mask and took a ...


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THI~ work first appeared in the Transactions of thePhilological Society for 18i3-4. Additional copies werestruck off for the members of the Dialect Society. I alsoput a few hundred copies into the hands of Mr. TrUbner, soas to make the work accessible to the general public; thesehave long since been sold out.My investigations were due to the combined influence ofBell''s Visible Speech, Ellis''s Early English Pronunciation,and the German school of comparative and historical philology,of which Grimm''s ]Jeutsche Gramlllatik was to me stilltho chief exponent. In attempting to trace the connectionhetween the Old English vowel-system as revealed by itscomparison with the cognate languages, with the earlyModern one deduced by Mr. Ellis from his contemporaryphonetic authorities, certain difficulties became manifest.It was evident that if the present distinction between 00and 0, as in moon, atone, already existed in the Old Englishmihul, 8hiJl, it must also haTable of Contents PHONETICS; Analysis; Synthesitl; Notation; SoUND·CHANG E; Internal Isolative; Breath and Vnice; Vowels; Consonants; Quantity; Force; Intonation; Transposition; Internal Combinative; Breath and Voice ; Front-Modificltion ; Back Influence; Rounding; Xualizing; Paruiting; Other Influences; Aooustio Changes; External Ohanges; General PrinCiples; ORIGIN OF RI''EECH·SOUSII~; ORIGIN 0'' DULECTS ; SoUND REPRESrNT''TIO~; Origin of Writing; Law8 of Form-elumgt''; Alphabets ; New Letters; ---; Correspondence of Souud IlId Symbol; Normalizing; Synthesi8; Interpretation of Sylllbvl~; )''t; P;; I; 13; q; :''0; ARIAN SOUNDS ?; Consonants; GERlfANIC SOUNDS; Vowels; Consonants; High-German Consonant


text:
The first thing she saw when she came around was gold. A lot of gold, it was blinding.
Her eyes hurting a little as they struggled to focus on the wide expanse of the precious metal so soon after forced and abrupt unconsciousness. No Zat gun, just the end of a staff weapon to the back of her head. She didn't have a headache, couldn't feel the familiar crack of dried blood on her skin; but she felt woozy. She couldn't remember what she had been doing before waking up, except that she had been running. The sunlight streaming in from the window behind her was glinting off every wall; and off every link in the chain securing her to it.
Every red gold curl on Osiris's head.
The Goa'uld was smiling at her, dressed in a gold dress that revealed far too much in Sam's opinion. But then, she'd always considered the Goa'uld to be a little slutty. Osiris was playing with a knife, spinning it around on the tip of her index finger, watching Sam slowly come back to her senses.
"Don't you think it's a bit much?" Sam croaked, mouth dry and cracked.
"I like it," Osiris replied, voice low and Sam laughed.
"This isn't a ship."
"Why am I here?"
"I like you."
She frowned. She didn't like it when Goa'uld liked her. It usually meant more trouble for her.
She closed her eyes for a moment and didn't see Osiris move closer. She didn't know she was less than a foot away until she felt the blade of the knife against her skin. Sam's eyes popped open, wide; and just in time to see Osiris lean forward and kiss her on the lips.
She couldn't pull away.
She wanted to, but the gold of the chains holding her against the wall didn't allow her any give, she was cold, the golden shackles against her back and around her wrists and ankles chilling her; but Osiris was warm against her front, her breasts. Lips warm against her own, and she kissed back because it would be quicker to stop her that way.
She could rationalise denial very well. And Osiris could kiss very well. She had to wonder how much of that was Sarah Gardner and how much of it was the symbiote - which had only second-hand knowledge of human anatomy.
"You like me?" Sam asked during a reprieve.
"Why am I here?"
"So I can enjoy you."
Sam tensed up, pulling at her chains a little.
"I'm not one of your...slaves!" Sam said, "Not a..."
"Concubine?" Osiris asked with a grin.
"I need information too if it makes you feel better," she said; running the tip of the knife lightly down Sam's neck, licking the trickle of blood that followed the blade. Sam hissed, still trying to pull away. Osiris took a step backwards to look at her.
"What information do you want?"
"I have already probed your mind and determined that you do not possess the information I require," she replied. Her voice grating along Sam's nerves.
"Now what? Kill me?"
"Perhaps. I always enjoy that."
She smiled at Sam and pointed the knife at her once more. Sam didn't flinch, and Osiris appeared impressed. Bringing the blade to the black material of Sam's t-shirt, she began to cut. Peeling material away from Sam's body; her bra following and leaving her bare from the waist up.
"What the hell are you doing?"
"Stripping you," Osiris said, the answer simple and concise as she cut away Sam's belt.
"Why?" she asked, swallowing hard.
"My host finds you attractive and I concur."
Osiris was laughing and it caused Sam to pull at her golden chains once more.
"This is rape you know," she said, "Are you familiar with the concept of rape?"
"Yes, and my host is repulsed by the idea."
"You should listen to her."
"I will never listen to a human!" her voice boomed around the golden room. "And you will bow to my will!"
"Never going to happen," Sam yelled back.
"Then let me offer you something in return," Osiris tried, smiling, running a finger down Sam's bare chest. She shuddered and could tell it wasn't the reaction Osiris was looking for. She growled, body impacting the wall once more.
"You are trying my patience."
"Then stop touching me," Sam snapped.
Osiris flounced away, leaving Sam alone in the room, still bare from the waist up, her clothes in tatters on the floor and her nipples hardening from the cold.
Osiris left her alone for an hour; cold and pissed off. Her anger tapered a little after a while, and she started to feel vulnerable instead. She panicked when a Jaffa entered the room, unarmed and walked right up to her. She instinctively went to cover her breasts, hissing when the gold cuffs cut into her already sore wrists. The Jaffa unchained her and she stumbled into him, then skittered away. He threw some clothes toward her and she held them to her chest until he was gone again.
She dressed quickly, pulling the gauzy white dress on over her green BDU trousers. the effect was comical but she was just glad to have something to cover herself up with. It had a high neck but no sleeves, and high slits up either leg. She laughed at it. At least she still had her trousers on.
She collapsed down onto the hard floor, stretching her legs out before curling them up. She had always hated being chained upright, she still had faint scars on her wrists from the last time she had been shackled. Pulling against the restraints was instinct, something she couldn't help. She settled back against the cold wall and closed her eyes, waiting for Osiris to make her move.
She shot her.
Or, she had someone shoot her. Once. With a Zat gun.
She came too, sitting in an armchair in another gold room.
Her BDU pants were gone, her boots replaced with sandals and she felt sick thinking about who had stripped her of her clothes. She was cold too, without them; but didn't focus on her cold thighs. She focused instead on Osiris, lying on the bed across the room.
"I do not wish to kill you," she said, "I wish to keep you."
"For what?"
"You will come around to my way of thinking," she said, sitting up. "Or I will have you brain-washed."
She stood, and towered over Sam, tilting her head up. She leaned down to kiss her and Sam pulled away, much quicker now that she was unfettered.
"If you want a sex slave, use one of your Jaffa," the Colonel said.
Osiris smiled.
"I do. Often," she said, "but they do not always interest me as you do. As you always have."
"Since I woke, I am weaker than I once was, too much time asleep I suppose. The influence of my host is great."
"Is that why I'm still alive? Because of Sarah?"
"Your host."
"I do not seek to acknowledge her too much, but it cannot be helped."
She moved away from Sam, waving a hand in the air, dismissing her host as if she had never been; as if she wasn't important even in a conversation that was about her.
"You're not the same Goa'uld you were," Sam said, "you don't have the same power, the same armies, the same alliances."
"Do not test me Tau'ri!!" she screamed. "I will kill you in an instant if I wish to. The host is stronger than I am used to, but I remain a God."
Sam smiled at her.
"My people aren't just going to let you keep me forever."
"If I brainwash you, you won't want to leave."
"They'll take me by force, have me de-programmed."
"You are strong. Resourceful. Perhaps you will find a way to return to me before then."
Sam laughed at her, tried to pulled away when Osiris moved to kiss her again.
"I'm not interested."
"I have taken what I wanted before," Osiris said, "including women."
"Then take me!" Sam said, getting to her feet, a little wobbly from being unconscious once too often today. "Take me and get it over with."
She expected the blow, but had underestimated Osiris' personal strength, the back-handed slap throwing her backwards. She fell back over the chair, hitting her head on the wall behind. The last thing she saw before passing out was Osiris smiling down at her.
Sometimes, rescue was swift and uncomplicated. Her team and SG-3 came in, she left with them.
It always made her suspicious.
Daniel had started bringing spare uniforms with him five years ago, when he got fed up of walking into the gate room in whatever garb the locals had put him in. Sam had gotten great at pulling on clothes while under fire since joining the Air Force, pulling a pair of BDU pants over and under the skirt of the white dress, pulling a shirt over it. It was a modicum better then walking home in just a flimsy dress.
She had to resist the urge to check herself as they made their way back to the gate, the Jaffa showing minimal resistance. She wanted to check her skin, her breasts for marks, wanted to feel between her legs. She didn't feel sore but that didn't mean Osiris hadn't done something while she had been unconscious.
She hated how this wasn't the first time she'd asked Janet to break out a rape kit but was glad she could rely on the woman to be supportive.
She just wished Janet didn't need to be supportive. She didn't want to need the support, or need the discretion.
She did need it though.
She didn't want her team knowing the possibility that she'd been hurt like this, humiliated like this. That it wasn't the first time she'd been unsure about it. She didn't want the General to know either. Or the Air Force.
Not if they didn't have to.
"I don't..." Janet hesitated.
"There's nothing to see Sam."
The first time she'd heard Janet say that, she'd breathed a sigh of relief, but this time she released a huff of annoyance.
"What were you expecting?" Janet asked, holding onto her arm before she could just jump from the bed and leave. "What do you think Osiris did?"
"I don't know."
She didn't know, but she had horrible images in her head regardless.
"I'd be surprised it she didn't do something. I just won't know what, will I?"
"Maybe you'll find out."
"I don't think so Janet. Can you imagine it? We capture Osiris and I come into the negotiation to check if she violated me somehow?"
"Are you going to tell the General?"
Janet nodded.
"Dr Morgan is the new psychologist on staff. She's a civilian. Very good."
"I'll be fine."
"You always say that."
"And I'm always right."
She jumped down to the floor and stretched out, feeling her bandaged wrists, ghosting a hand over her thigh, moving it between the middle of her legs and sliding it away quickly, pulling at the BDU's instead.
"And you're a terrible liar," Janet told her.
Sam smiled and left the infirmary without argument.


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Such a wonderful women, with a wonderful body.I wish she was my neighbour.I would go to her house every day and bang her.I want to slap her around while doing it.
keet... tell your lady to come see me, and i will be more then happy to help give her what she wants
the guy fucking her at 2:46 is so hot holy fuck
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text:
Onyx Detox Facial Scrub
The same essential oil blend and lovely activated charcoal as our Onyx Detox soap, with a luxurious exfoliating jojoba beads and clays.
Directions: Spoon into hand and massage into skin. Rinse completely.
Do not allow water or moisture into jar. Always pour product into a spoon and cap immediately after use.
Not for internal use.
Ingredients: kaolin clay, castile soap (Aqua, sunflower oil*, coconut oil*, Glycerin*, potassium Citrate, Citric Acid), hemp oil*, tamanu oil*, jojoba beads, essential oil
*ingredient is organic
Contents: 4 fl. oz.


text:
Chapter IV: Tonsy Frillson, TheGirlMature
Peering through my solid gold binoculars - they were gold-plated, but felt pretty solid. That's what "solid gold" mean, right - I scanned the heaving black crowd, but was unable to make out any of the faces or details of the people entering the Reprode from the Masturbatian side. Damn.
"Can't see no one," I sulked, pushing the stupid useless binoculars into Dolly's lap. She held them with her fingertips, as though they were covered in boogers.
"Why would I want to peer at those disgusting mutants?" she asked, wrinkling up her nose, and tossing the binoculars back into my lap.
"Why are you here then?" demanded Liebe. "Give me the binoculars." She took them and started to peer at the crowds. "Tonsy, these binoculars are a piece of shit."
"Oh, shut up, hoe," I snapped.
"HOLY CRAP!" Liebe suddenly exclaimed, actually hopping to her feet and stepping in the direction of the barriers, still with the binoculars held to her eyes.
"What, what, what?!" I screamed, stumbling to my feet and following her.
"I see them! Men! Boys! Look!"
I took the binoculars and looked where she was pointing. "I don't see anything, Liebe."
"Between the fence and that stupid little rope! Look, you fluffy-brained twat!"
"I'm sorry, Liebe, I don't know what I'm looking for here!" But just then the binoculars fell upon two figures that were walking alongside each other, just at the other side of the fence. "I SEE THEM!" I yelled, hopping up and down in excitement, and dropping the binoculars. They started to tumble downhill, but neither Liebe or I really cared. We'd seen boys. Boys!!
I turned towards Dolly, who was sitting on the grass, looking quite bored.
"Dolly, you should have seen them," I said, voice dripping with awe - "They haven't got any boobs!"


text:
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text:
LisaLovely Model
Tom GuentnerPhotographer Male Batavia, New York, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/CaptureU
Mayhem # 493653
About Me
Want to work with the hottest models in NY. Like to shoot "outside the box". Have very good eye for choosing the right model for the right shoot.
Have you worked with Tom Guentner? Add Credits for Tom Guentner! >>
Credit Notes
From the desk of:
Jeffrey Bryan, Managing Editor
Dear Tom,
Not long ago, our Editors reviewed the thousands of submissions entered in our International Open Amateur Photography Contest, and they awarded your photo the distinguished Editor's Choice Award. This is an honor awarded to only 12% of the submissions we receive. Now that the first round of the judging process is complete, your photo will enter the next level of judging, becoming eligible for the $10,000 Annual Grand Prize that will be awarded in January 2008. We wish you the best of luck with this next phase of the contest.
Tom Guentner Has Been Selected As An
Editor's Choice Award Recipient
And Has Earned A Discounted Membership To ISP!
Since we announced the names of the winners, many recipients have contacted me and requested a way to display their achievement; therefore, I put our artists and designers to work. We were able to create our most exquisite and distinguished wall plaque ever. This year we are offering this limited edition wall plaque commemorating your achievement as an Editor's Choice Award recipient. Each certificate is numbered, signed, and mounted on a solid maple plaque. This beautiful display piece truly honors your accomplishment!
Tom Guentner
As an Editor's Choice Award winner, we're sure you'll want to improve your craft and further your involvement in photography. There's no better way to do that than by joining the International Society of Photographers (ISP), the largest photography organization in the world. As a member of the ISP, you will be part of an organization that promotes the appreciation of this beautiful art form. You will receive a membership card, a special members-only decal, an ISP membership certificate, and coupons for various products and events. Best of all, you'll be invited to the annual International Society of Photographers Convention & Symposium, where you can meet hundred of photographers just like you while hearing famous artists enlighten everyone with their knowledge and love of photography. Go here for membership details.
The plaque and membership are individually valued at $135.00, but today you can order them together for $75.00 (plus $14.00 shipping & handling), which is a $60.00 discount off the regular retail price. Please take the time to review the benefits of becoming a member of the International Society of Photographers and join today. We'll send your Editor's Choice Award plaque and membership package immediately upon your acceptance of this offer.
Jeffrey Bryan
Managing Editor
What's Up with having to pay for your own reward??????
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text: Hi everybody. If you're having issues with the software - take a look at some of the solutions below. The two problems are mainly with Windows users. Shapes Bug: If you're on a Windows machine, you may have noticed, that while using The Logo or Business Card Creator software, that when you choose the "Shapes.db" images ... the software seems to go wonky. We have fixed this in the new update I'm about to release. FIXED! I've finally found the problem and have fixed this Shapes bug issue. Download this new folder: Mac users: http://tinyurl.com/new-shapes-Mac Windows Users: http://tinyurl.com/new-shapes-Win To install it, Unzip the file. Then, open your Documents folder and look for "Laughingbird Documents > Logo Elements" drag this new "Shapes" folder into the Logo Elements folder. Also - Delete the 'Shapes.db' file. Mascots2go Characters: Also, if you've purchased the Mascots2Go package and have installed them but they just don't show up... here's the fix: (this is only a Windows issue. Mac users are not having this problem) Go to your Documents folder on your computer. Find the "Laughingbird Software > Logo Elements" folder and open it. Find the "Mascots2go" folder that you've just installed. Inside, look for a file called "ds.store". If you see it, delete it. The mascots will magically appear. Why is this happening!? The issue for both the problems listed above is due to me creating everything on my Mac, and accidently leaving in a Mac-only file called "ds.store" (the ds store file tells the Mac operating system how to view the open Mac window. List view, icon view... etc). The ds store file doesn't mess with the Mac at all. But it drives the Windows OS crazy. The Shapes.db was "compacted" into a db (database) file and the ds store file was left in by accident. Hope this helps anybody having troubles! The update is almost ready. We're testing it and will release it around the first of November! Marc


text:
It's not a regular occurrence that you find yourself in need of a replacement Drum Brake Shoes to fix your car or truck. Obviously, you bought your E-100 Econoline Club Wagon because you understood you would be getting horsepower and unique style both impeccably combined into one vehicle. When your Ford E-100 Econoline Club Wagon left the factory, it was destined for a driver who prioritizes American engineering in their automobile. Anyone who drives a Ford knows that when it comes to maintaining their vehicle only the absolute best replacement parts will do.
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text:
Heavily pregnant Katie Medley and her husband, Caleb, were at the midnight showing of the Batman film as a final date before they became parents, when the gunman burst in and rained bullets through the cinema.
Yesterday, Ms Medley gave birth to their first child, Hugo Jackson, at the same hospital where his father remains in a critical condition after being shot in the head.
The story of the couple, pictured, is one of hundreds to have touched people in the wake of last Friday's massacre. Mr Medley's condition was said to be improving last night.
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*From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Respiratory Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Bowman Gray Campus, Winston-Salem, NC.
In 1997, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute released the
Second Expert Panel Report on the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and
Management of Asthma as a follow-up to the first report issued in 1991.
Implementation of the recommendations from this report could have a
potentially huge impact on care and treatment of asthma in the United
States. Even though the Guidelines are expansive, there are some areas
related to the pharmacologic component that warrant further discussion
and clarification. These are: (1) safety and efficacy of available
asthma medications, (2) clinical efficacy comparisons of inhaled
corticosteroids, (3) comparative risks among inhaled corticosteroids,
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Stacey Cole's Nature Talks: Quite possible crows made off with bluebird babies
STACEY COLE | August 09. 2013 6:45PM
"The female, again, laid 5 eggs which hatched on Father's Day and the parents are feeding again."They have become quite tame and will come on call for suet and mealworms. I am sending copies of some photos our daughter took last February. Some unhappy faces, huh? I am also recommending a book: 'The Bluebird Effect' by Julie Zickefoose. Very Good!!!" Commenting on the recommended book, I will add that Julie is both an excellent writer and an especially good artist. She is the wife of Bill Thompson, III, co-publisher and editor of my favorite magazine, "The Bird Watcher's Digest."
In years past, I have witnessed a crow grab a baby robin from its nest and eat it, and later return for another. Those particular parent robins attacked the crow by screaming and dive bombing it, but to no avail.
In the case of bluebirds, usually, after young bluebirds learn to fly, there is a pause between broods. After the eggs of the second brood have hatched, the babies from the first brood will assist in the feeding of the young of the second brood. Although this behavior is not a common trait among many bird species, it is frequently so with bluebirds. The enclosed photos were excellent. I can't recall seeing such interesting bird facial expressions as were depicted in these computer photo-images. My congratulations to our reader's daughter for "catching" them on camera .
It is a fact that blue jays do not like hawks of any kind. During the nesting season, they both compete for young birds still in the nest or floundering about in the trees and shrubbery. With respect to the vocal ability of blue jays, Lang Elliott, author of "The Songs of Wild Birds," published by Houghton Mifflin, wrote: "The blue jay has an extremely varied vocabulary, an immense repertoire of sounds that tend to grade into one another ... there are various squeaking calls resembling the sounds of a rusty pump handle or squeaky gate. In addition, blue jays imitate the sounds of certain hawks and have been known to fool expert birders into thinking a hawk is nearby. There is even a song-like sequence of soft clicks, whirrs, whines and liquid notes ... (an) incredible variety."
On several occasions I have heard a blue jay Imitate a red-tailed hawk that, as Roger Tory Peterson has said of its asthmatic squeal, "keeer—r—r! (slurring downward)." I have not seen the reaction of a red-tail, but have seen birds in our feeding area "freeze," and remain perfectly still.
* e-Edition subscription required


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This email was created by [MemberName] <[MemberEmail]> who thought you would be interested in the following Article:
"IMAP and POP3 Clients in C#" IMAP & POP3 Clients C#. A library for intuitive ease of use of these two protocols.
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When your Nissan D21 was born, it was destined for a person with discerning taste who prioritizes economical pricing in their automobile. Nissan automobile enthusiasts have grown accustomed to a certain level of best-in-class value when driving their D21 around town. While it's not hard to find replacement parts for Nissan vehicles, these days only the absolute best are required to repair your car or truck. It's not all the time that you discover you need a replacement Fuel Pump, Electric for your vehicle.
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Smile Group
Smile Group's story
Mrs Đỡ is 56 years old, and she is married with two children.
She has worked in agriculture raising livestock for more than ten years. Đỡ lives in the Quang Linh commune, Quang Xuong district, a rural town in Thanh Hoa Province. Her family is a low-income household in the village, moreover her income is unstable. The main hardship that Đỡ faces is a lack of capital.
In 2014, Đỡ joined Thanh Hoa Microfinance Institution to improve her business. Đỡ has successfully repaid three loans from Thanh Hoa Microfinance Institution. Đỡ is a reputable person in the community. She is the leader of her solidarity group, and she is requesting a loan to purchase baby livestock to raise and sell in the future.
With her business profit, Đỡ hopes for her family to be healthy and happy, for her children to find good jobs, and for her business to do well.
In this group: Khoa, Doán, Đỡ
*not pictured
This loan is special because:
Vince Main
Kiva staff
More about this loan
About Thanh Hoa Microfinance Institution:
Thanh Hoa MFI works to provide credit to women and their families in the central Vietnamese province of Thanh Hoa, one of the poorest regions of the country. The institution's target clients are poor and low-income women who have the ability to work but lack the capital. Accordingly, Thanh Hoa MFI prioritizes single mothers, low-income women with children who have dropped out of primary school, and Viet Nam's poorest women who cannot access any formal financial services.


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Guest reviews of Hotel Nest International
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Based on 8 reviews
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Hotel Nest International puts you within a 15-minute drive of Victoria Memorial and Eden Gardens, plus an airport shuttle is available for INR 1100 per vehicle. Free perks include WiFi, valet parking, and cooked-to-order breakfast daily between 8 AM and 9:30 AM. There's also a rooftop terrace, and rooms offer flat-screen TVs and room service.


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Prices, promotions, styles, and availability may vary. Our local stores do not honor online pricing. Prices and availability of products and services are subject to change without notice. Errors will be corrected where discovered, and Lowe's reserves the right to revoke any stated offer and to correct any errors, inaccuracies or omissions including after an order has been submitted.
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Receive email notifications for the latest ads matching your search criteria
Road Prince, a Chinese origin motorcycle, was launched in Pakistan in 2004 by Omega Industries. Initially, a four stroke 70 cc bike was launched, but now different models are in the market. In fact, Road Prince motorcycles are quite popular in Pakistan. According to stats available at Pakistan Automotive Manufacturer Association, there has been a gradual increase in the sale of Road Prince bikes.
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London Fashion Week Gone Mad
I don't do globes.
ok, she looks as though she was attacked by the huge powdered sugar Munchkins…
Wow. That takes…balls…I guess.
Wear just two of them, and you have that "ANNA NICOLE" sofa girl look…all overstuffed and strapped. Tuck and roll bodies.
Now that would be the perfect wedding dress for Star Jones' upcoming nuptials!
*Paris voice* That's hot */Paris voice*


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If you're going to invest in something this summer, it's got to be statement sunglasses. From high fashion to vintage, glasses are an essential to those hot, sunny days and statement pieces can completely change up your look, making people give you a second glance. It doesn't matter if you're wearing a glamorous dress or just a plain white t-shirt, the right pair of statement glasses will make you stand out in a crowd!
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In collaboration with Tatiana Butts


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Hamann has released details for its tuning package for the BMW 6-Series Gran Coupe. The tuning package includes an aerodynamic kit, new wheels, custom interior and a lowering kit. The aero kit consists of a restyled front grille, bumper, carbon fiber hood and LED daytime running lights.
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LOLETA -- Jessica Quigley and Donald Clower have announced that they will marry Sept. 15, 2012, at 3 p.m. at the Loleta Firemen's Pavilion.
The future bride is the daughter of Rich Quigley of Fortuna and Sheri Quigley of Eureka. She graduated from Eureka High School in 2005. She is currently studying at College of the Redwoods. She is employed as a medical assistant at North Country Clinic.
The future groom is the son of Wayne Clower of Cave Junction, Ore., and Frances Clower of Eureka. He graduated from Eureka High School in 2004. He is currently employed at Winco.


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The rights of law abiding citizens to keep and bear arms, guaranteed in the second amendment, should be given the same deference as the other liberties protected by the Bill of Rights. The founders had the foresight and wisdom to guarantee this fundamental right, and it is our duty as members of Congress to uphold the constitution. As a former federal prosecutor, I strongly believe we must staunchly defend all of the freedoms granted by the constitution, not pick and choose based on political motivations.
Source: http://gowdy.house.gov/Issues/Issue/?IssueID=25407


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- 1 (16-ounce) package fettuccine
- 1/2 pound unpeeled medium-size shrimp
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 5 1/2 tablespoons Herb-Pesto Butter, divided
- 1/2 pound large sea scallops
- 6 green onions, cut into 2-inch strips
- 1 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese, divided
How to Make It
Prepare pasta according to package directions; drain and set aside. Keep warm.
Peel shrimp, and devein, if desired.
Heat olive oil and 2 tablespoons Herb-Pesto Butter in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add shrimp, scallops, and green onions; cook, stirring often, 3 to 5 minutes or just until shrimp turn pink. Stir in 2 more tablespoons Herb-Pesto Butter. Remove seafood mixture from skillet, and keep warm.
Melt remaining 1 1/2 tablespoons Herb-Pesto Butter in skillet; remove from heat. Add warm pasta and 1/2 cup Parmesan cheese, tossing to coat. Divide pasta mixture evenly between 4 pasta bowls; top evenly with seafood mixture and remaining 1/2 cup cheese. Serve immediately.


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This is a discussion on Ultimatum From the Rabbi within the Open Carry Issues & Discussions forums, part of the Defensive Carry Discussions category; Originally Posted by Jason Storm Our current state's laws on carrying guns in religious places stinks at best and needs to be reformed. Unfortunately, it ...
Nothing in the law says anything about permission from the church leader. It says "without good or sufficent reason"...
From VSP: http://leg1.state.va.us/cgi-bin/legp...0+cod+18.2-283§ 18.2-283. Carrying dangerous weapon to place of religious worship.
If any person carry any gun, pistol, bowie knife, dagger or other dangerous weapon, without good and sufficient reason, to a place of worship while a meeting for religious purposes is being held at such place he shall be guilty of a Class 4 misdemeanor.
Last edited by SIGguy229; May 24th, 2010 at 01:51 PM.
Magazine <> clip - know the difference
martyr is a fancy name for crappy fighter
You have never lived until you have almost died. For those that have fought for it, life has a special flavor the protected will never know
I would love for somebody to explain to me why so many Jews are liberal democrats.
Martial Blade Concepts, Jiu-Jitsu & Eskrima NRA, GOA, NYSRPA, LIF, Old Bethpage Rifle & Pistol Club
I would think a synagogue is even more likely to be attacked these days than a church. Not only should you carry, but people in the congregation should be encouraged to, and you should be thinking about a formal security plan. Maybe you do a search on synagogue attacks and provide him with some details. It probably won't work because he isn't operating from logic, but maybe you can get grudging acceptance.
An enemy of liberty is no friend of mine. I do not owe respect to anyone who would enslave me by government force, nor is it wise for such a person to expect it. -- Isaiah Amberay
Although I don't agree with your rabbi in his thinking, I will say that is his choice.
In your situation, I would explain that while you respect his position as a leader in your faith, you do not adhere to his views on self defense. You might also tell him, that while you enjoy his and his wifes company on a social basis, that you will do what is required for yours and your families safety.
Freedom doesn't come free. It is bought and paid for by the lives and blood of our men and women in uniform.
USAF Retired
NRA Life Member
The issue of being anti-gun by the (older Jews) and self-defense by every means - ein brera - by the people of Israel is very confusing. Even in Israel half the country is anti-gun.
Some 25 % of the youngster decline to serve in Zahal. It used to be different.
Those who tell that everybody is carrying is Israel have not been there. Eretz Israel has one of the most strict gun laws. Getting carry permit is more hassle in Tel Aviv than it's in D.C.
The guns you see "civilians" carrying (M16s etc) are usually the part of the outposts, new communities that need to take care of their on security with little help from the IDF.
Naturally, every soldier caries his/her weapon all the time, on leave or service.
If our lives are endangered by plots or violence or armed robbers or enemies, any and every method of protecting ourselves is morally right. -- Cicero
Your response is appropriate. He can do what he chooses about it.
Your best weapon is your brain. Don't leave home without it.
Thoughts: Justifiable self defense (A.O.J.).
Explain: How does disarming victims reduce the number of victims?
Reason over Force: Why the Gun is Civilization (Marko Kloos).
kinda off topic, but arent those slings a little long in those pictures? i know my ar sits a lot higher on my body...
(sorry if i hijack OP)
I can't help but think that if each of the Jews that were taken away by the Nazis (including 27 of my wife's relatives) would have had a gun and killed one Nazi each there would not have been six million Jewish people murdered.
The "news media" has ceased being the watch dog of the people and has become the apologist for an irresponsible government.
The way you wrote that makes it sound as if somehow Israel provides security for US synagogues. Ridiculous. Just like everyone else who has a sizable congregation (that is, large Protestant churches), these security things get handled locally--- not by some international deal.
MN2GO, I think most of your post was well meant but this opening comment was perhaps ill thought out?
Also-- "every in the world" is a pretty big number.
Your best weapon is your brain. Don't leave home without it.
Thoughts: Justifiable self defense (A.O.J.).
Explain: How does disarming victims reduce the number of victims?
Reason over Force: Why the Gun is Civilization (Marko Kloos).
If our lives are endangered by plots or violence or armed robbers or enemies, any and every method of protecting ourselves is morally right. -- Cicero


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Posted by ESPN.com's Heather Dinich
Duke coach David Cutcliffe made a difference in his first season, winning four games in 2008. While that might sound like a disastrous season for many, the Blue Devils won as many games last season as they had in the four previous seasons combined. Still, it wasn't good enough for Cutcliffe, who thought they were capable of winning more. He discusses that and more in our interview this week:
Ok, let's go ahead and get this one out of the way. Can Greg Paulus really throw the football well enough to be a college quarterback?
David Cutcliffe: Greg can throw the ball. I haven't seen him throw it in person, but I saw him on high school tape, and he threw the ball a lot and effectively. My dealings with him, I kind of started that. I actually called Mike Krzyzewski first, just to say, 'Hey, I'm going to call Greg.' I wouldn't do it without telling Mike first. We had six practices left, and he could play a little receiver. It would be very difficult for him to start for us at quarterback. He just decided if it wasn't pure quarterback he wasn't interested in it, so we'll see what happens, but you don't bet against a competitor. Ever. He is definitely a fierce competitor.
Do you have a pretty good relationship over there with Coach K? Or do you guys not really see each other much?
DC: Absolutely, great. I'm one of his biggest fans. I have watched him practice, I love to hear him teach, I love conversations with him because he is the epitome of a coach. He's always teaching. I just think he's a master, I really do. I enjoy everything he does with his program.
About your program, what is the biggest change you've seen since you took over?
DC: People starting to believe we can win at Duke, most importantly our players, but not unimportantly our fans. Our fans, we're creating a little expectation. People say you're crazy, well I don't think so. I don't know if you'd call it revitalizing, because it basically had gone dead. Part of beginning a program is to make people believe we can win at Duke.
That was one of the other questions I wanted to ask you. After winning four games last season, what are realistic expectations for Duke fans this year?
DC: We didn't win as many as we could have won a year ago, so it wasn't a successful season. As you look at your team and you gauge your team, you try and say how many could we have won, and that's the number you better hit. I don't know what that number is. We have a good football team. We had a good team last year with a bad record. I think we'll have a good football team with a good record this year, but we have to go out and earn that ability, you can't just say it. But right now I can tell you we are a good football team.
You recently got $10 million from two very nice donors. In what ways will that help your program the most?
DC: It's so significant in just the awareness of Duke football on the recruiting scene. Our practice facilities were subpar. This will put us in the finest practice facility that we could possibly want or have. We're on the fast track now with that gift from Bob Pascal and Steve Brooks.
How has recruiting gone for you? You mentioned in the latest class you got some speed. Is that something you're continuing to build on, without obviously mentioning any specific names?
DC: Absolutely. If a guy can run, we're going to recruit him. We really believe in that. Football is a medium of movement and collision and we try not to overcomplicate it. We're looking for people who can move and run and will hit you. That's kind of where it all starts for us. Once we identify those guys, we're trying to find the highest character, the toughest mentally. That's the fun part. People talk about Duke, and you can't recruit to Duke. Well, when you find guys that can play, that's the first parameter. Once you find guys that can play, a guy that's going to do well at Duke is going to be a great youngster. We want to surround ourselves with those kind of people. We're very tuned into that right now across the country. We're identifying a lot of those people, and a lot of those people are interested in Duke.
I'm curious about your backup quarterback, Sean Renfree. I heard he had a good spring. What do you like about him, and are you in a position you sort of have to give him some time this fall to prepare for next year?
DC: I think you have to consider some playing time for Sean because of that, but most importantly, I think he's earned that opportunity. He is a very accurate passer, he is a big guy that has a tremendous grasp of the offense in now a very short period of time. It's been great for Thad to have a guy to share and converse with and study tape with. Thad's a senior, and he's got a great grasp of what we're doing, and he's done it for a year, but it's great to have a guy like Sean who not only pushes him, but is kind of there with him every step of the way.
Now that spring ball is over for you guys, what do you feel is the biggest strength of your team right now heading into summer camp?
DC: Right now we are a team that probably runs I don't know how many times better than what we did. We've got more speed on the field. I certainly think we are throwing and catching the ball at times extremely well. We have become a much more physical defensive football team. Do we have depth? No? Before you ask me, I can tell you that's the No. 1 issue that we face here. A year ago, the season took its toll on us. As you look at the results, it's very obvious. So we've got to continue to bring our young players along. I'm hoping the strength of your team will be our youth as we embrace these freshmen that come through our program.
Obviously the running game you mentioned, that has a lot to do with Boyette coming back?
DC: Yes, Re'quan has had a tremendous spring. Unfortunately, Jay Hollingsworth, who was our leading rusher a year ago, was hurt most of the spring with a hamstring strain, so he didn't get as much work as we would've liked, but we'll be better in that regard, certainly with Re'quan, if he stays healthy. He's a potential all-star player.
Last thing, who's catching the ball for you now that Eron is gone?
DC: Donovan Varner, Johnny Williams, Austin Kelly, Matt Pridemore and Sheldon Bell -- kind of a little more by committee. But I would say Donovan Varner and Johnny Williams by far led the charge throughout the spring. Those were guys that were really fast, really explosive after they catch the ball. One of the things different about the
Duke offense now a year later is we're much more suited to stretch the field than we were a year ago.