text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Feb 24, 2009
|Filing date
|Oct 8, 2002
|Priority date
|Aug 16, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Toni Stadelmann, Michael Kauz, Jeremy Richard Conn
|Original Assignee
|Togewa Holding Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (32), Classifications (72), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention presented here relates to a method and system for seamless roaming in heterogeneous WLANs in which, for billing and accounting, a mobile IP node requests access to the WLAN through an access server via a wireless interface within the basic service area of a WLAN, whereby the basic service area of the WLAN includes of one or more access points assigned to the access server, and whereby the mobile IP node is authenticated by means of an IMSI stored on the SIM card of the IP-Node. Most especially the invention relates to a method for mobile nodes in heterogeneous WLANs.
In the last years the worldwide number of Internet users, and thereby the amount of information being offered there, has increased exponentially. However, even though the Internet offers worldwide access to information, the user does not normally have access to it until he/she has arrived at a certain network access point such as, for example, at the office, at school, at the university or at home. The growing availability of IP-capable mobile units such as for example PDAs, cellular phones and laptops are beginning to change our idea of the Internet. An analogous transition from fixed nodes in networks to more flexible requirements based on higher mobility has just begun. In mobile telephone use, for example, this tendency has shown itself, among other things, in new standards such as WAP, GPRS or UMTS. To be able to better understand the difference between the present reality and the IP connection possibilities of the future, one can take as a comparison the development of telephony during the last twenty years in the direction of mobility. The demand in the private as well as in the business sector for a worldwide independent wireless access to LANs (e.g. in airports, cities, etc., etc.) using laptops, PDAs etc. is enormous. However the WLANs based, for example, on IP today do not offer the service, such as provided e.g. with GSM/GPRS, which would permit free roaming of the user. These services should also, apart from security mechanisms such as in GSM/GPRS, include facilities for service authentication and for billing, i.e. inclusion of billing for the service provided, etc. On the other hand, such a service is also not being offered by existing GSM/GPRS operators. It is not only the roaming between different WLANs that is important. Through the enormous growth in information technology with WLANs (with Internet access, etc.) and also the great growth in mobile telephone usage, it is useful to combine both these worlds. Only the combination of both these worlds makes possible easy and automatic roaming for wireless LANs, as the user of mobile telephone technology is accustomed to. Thus there exists the demand for service providers enabling standard-spanning roaming between different WLAN service providers and between WLAN service providers and GSM/GPRS service providers.
Computer networks or local area networks (LANs) consist normally of so-called nodes, which are connected via physical mediums such as coaxial cables, twisted pair cables or optical fiber cables. These LANs are also known as wired LANs (wired fixed networks). During the last years also cable-free LANs or so-called wireless LANs have become increasingly popular (e.g. through developments such as the AirPort-System by Apple Computer, Inc., etc.). Wireless LANs are especially suitable for linking mobile units (nodes), such as e.g. laptops, notebooks, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant) or mobile radio devices, in particular mobile radio telephones, using an appropriate interface, in a local computer network. The mobile nodes are equipped with an adaptor including a transmitter/receiver as well as a controller card (such as e.g. an infrared (IR) adapter or a low frequency radio wave adapter). The advantage of such mobile nodes is that they can be moved freely within the range of the wireless LAN. The mobile nodes either communicate directly with each other (peer-to-peer wireless LAN), or send their signal to a base station which amplifies the signal and/or passes it on. The base stations may also incorporate bridge functions. Via such base stations with bridge functions, the so-called Access Points (APs), the mobile nodes of the wireless LAN can gain access to a wired LAN. Typical network functions of an access point include the transmission of messages from one mobile node to another, the transmission of messages from a wired LAN to a mobile node and the transmission of messages from a mobile node to a wired LAN.
The physical range of an AP is called the Basic Service Area (BSA). If a mobile node is located within the BSA of an AP it can communicate with this AP, providing the AP is also within the signal range (Dynamic Service Area (DSA)) of the mobile node. Normally several APs are assigned to an access server that, among other things, monitors and administers the authorization of the mobile nodes via a user database. The total area that is covered by the APs of an access server is known as the so-called hot spot. Mobile nodes are typically provided with a signal strength from 100 mwatts up to one watt. To be able to connect the wireless LAN to the wired LAN it is important for the AP to determine if a certain message (information frame) within the network is destined for a node that is within the wired LAN or within the wireless LAN, and, if required, to forward this information to the corresponding node. For this purpose APs are provided with so-called bridge functions, e.g. in accordance with IEEE Standard Std 802.1D-1990 "Media Access Control Bridge" (31-74 ff). For these bridge functions a new mobile node in the wireless LAN is typically registered in an FDB (Filtering Database) of the AP within whose range the node lies. With each information frame on the LAN the AP compares the target address with the addresses (MAC Addresses (Media Control Addresses)) which it has stored in its FDB, and transmits, rejects or transfers the frame to the wired LAN or respectively to the wireless LAN.
With mobile network usage, an existing IP access to the mobile node by applications should not be interrupted if the user changes his location within the network. On the contrary, all connections and interface changes, such as e.g. changes to different hot spots and especially different networks (Ethernet, mobile radio phone network, WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.), should be able to be performed automatically and not interactively, so that the user does not even have to be aware of the change taking place. This also applies, for example, during the use of real-time applications. True mobile IP computing exhibits many advantages based on a stable access to the Internet at all times. With such an access, work can be organized freely and independently from the desk. The demands made on mobile nodes in networks distinguish themselves in various ways from the initially mentioned development in mobile radio technology, however. The end points in the mobile radio system are, generally speaking, human beings. In mobile nodes, however, computer applications can perform interactions between other network participants without any human actions or interventions. Extensive examples of this can be found in airplanes, ships and automobiles. Thus especially mobile computing with Internet access can make sense together with other applications such as e.g. in combination with positioning devices, such as the satellite-based GPS (Global Positioning System).
One of the problems with mobile network access via Internet Protocol (IP) is that the IP protocol, which is used to route the data packets in the network from the source address to the target address (Destination Address), uses so-called IP addresses (IP: Internet Protocol). These addresses are assigned to a fixed location in the network, similar to the way telephone numbers of fixed networks are assigned to a physical wall socket. When the destination address of the data packets is a mobile node, this means that with each network location change a new IP network address must be assigned, which renders transparent mobile access impossible. These problems were solved by the mobile IP standard (IETF RFC 2002, October 1996) of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), in that the mobile IP allows the mobile node to use two IP addresses. One of them is the normal static IP address (home address), which specifies the location of the home network, while the second is a dynamic care-of address, which designates the current location of the mobile node within the network. The assignment of the two addresses makes it possible to reroute the IP data packets to the correct current address of the mobile node.
One of the most frequently used protocols for authentication of a user within a wireless LAN is the open source protocol IEEE 802.1x (in the current version 802.11) from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association. The IEEE 802.1x authentication permits authenticated access to IEEE 802 media such as, for example, Ethernet, Token Ring and/or 802.11 wireless LAN. The 802.11 protocol generates for wireless LAN, i.e. for wireless local networks, a 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band, whereby either FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) or DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) is used. For authentication, 802.1x supports authentication EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) and TLS (Wireless Transport Layer Security). 802.11 also supports RADIUS. Although the RADIUS support is optional in 802.1x, it is to be expected that most of the 802.1x authenticators will support RADIUS. The IEEE 802.1x protocol is a so-called port-based authentication protocol. It can be used in every environment in which a port, i.e. the interface of a unit, can be specified. With the authentication based on 802.1x, three units can be differentiated. The unit of the user (supplicant/client), the authenticator and the authentication server. It is the role of the authenticator to authenticate the supplicant. Authenticator and supplicant are connected, for example, via a point-to-point LAN segment or a 802.11 wireless LAN. Authenticator and supplicant have a defined port, a so-called Port Access Entry (PAE), which defines a physical or virtual 802.1x port.
The authentication server generates the authentication services required by the authenticator. In this way it verifies the entitlement data supplied by the supplicant regarding the claimed identity.
The authentication servers are usually based on RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). The use of the RADIUS authentication protocol and accounting system is widespread in network units such as, for example, routers, modem servers, switches, etc., and is used by most Internet service providers (ISPs). If a user dials into an ISP he/she has to enter normally a user name and password. The RADIUS server verifies this information, and authorizes the user for access to the ISP system. The reason for the widespread use of RADIUS lies among other things in that network units cannot generally cope with a large number of network users each with different authentication data, since this would exceed, for example, the storage capacity of the individual network units. RADIUS permits the central administration of a multiplicity of network users (addition, deletion of users, etc.). This is therefore a necessary prerequisite of the ISPs (Internet Service Providers) for their service because their number of users often amounts to several thousand to several tens of thousands. RADIUS further generates a certain permanent protection against hackers. The remote authentication by RADIUS based on TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System+) and LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is relatively secure against hackers. Many other remote authentication protocols, in contrast, have only temporary or insufficient or no protection against hacker attacks at all. Another advantage is that RADIUS is at present the de-facto standard for remote authentication, whereby RADIUS is also supported by nearly all systems, which is not the case for other protocols.
The above-mentioned Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is in reality an extension of the PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) and is defined by the Request for Comments (RFC) 2284 PPP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) of the IETF. By way of PPP a computer can be connected to the server of an ISP, for example. PPP works in the data link layer of the OSI model, and sends the TCP/IP packets of the computer to the server of the ISP that forms the interface to the Internet. In contrast to the older SLIP protocol (Serial Line Internet Protocol), PPP functions more stably and has error correction facilities.
The extensible authentication protocol is a protocol on a very general level that supports diverse authentication methods such as, for example, token cards, Kerberos of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), strike off passwords, certificates, public key authentication and smart cards or the so-called Integrated Circuit Cards (ICC). IEEE 802.1x defines the specifications such as EAP that must be integrated into LAN frames. With communication in wireless networks via EAPs, a user requests from an access point via wireless communication, i.e. a connection hub for the remote access client or supplicant to the WLAN, access to the wireless LAN. The AP then requests from the supplicant the identification of the user, and transmits the identification to the above-mentioned authentication server, that is based, for example, on RADIUS. The authentication server allows the Access Point to recheck the identification of the user. The AP collects this authentication data from the supplicant and transmits these to the authentication server which terminates the authentication method.
With EAP an arbitrary authentication method generates a remote access connection. The precise authentication scheme is respectively determined between the supplicant and the authenticator (that means the remote access server, the Internet Authentication Service (IAS) server, or respectively for WLAN the access point). As mentioned above, EAP thereby supports many different authentication schemes such as, for example, generic Token Card, MD5-Challenge, Transport Level Security (TLS) for smart cards, S/Key and possible future authentication technologies. EAP permits an unlimited number of question/answer communications between the supplicant and the authenticator, whereby the authenticator or respectively the authentication server requests specific authentication information and the supplicant, i.e. the remote access client responds. As an example, via the authenticator, the authentication server can request individually from the so-called security token cards a user name, then a PIN (Personal Identity Number) and finally a token card value from the supplicant. A further authentication level is thereby performed for each question/answer cycle. If all authentication levels are successfully answered, the supplicant is authenticated. A specific EAP authentication scheme is termed an EAP type. Both sides, i.e. supplicant and authenticator, must support the same EAP type so that authentication can be carried out. As mentioned, this is determined at the start between supplicant and authenticator. Authentication servers based on RADIUS normally support EAP, which offers the possibility of sending EAP messages to a RADIUS server.
In the state of the art, EAP-based methods for authentication of a user and for allocation of session keys to the user via the GSM Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) are also known. The GSM authentication is based on a question-answer method, the so-called Challenge-Response Method. As a challenge (question) the authentication algorithm of the SIM card is given a 128-bit random number (generally known as a RAND). Then a confidential algorithm, specific to the respective operator, runs on the SIM card, which algorithm receives as an input the random number RAND and a confidential key Ki, stored on the SIM card, out of which it generates a 32 bit response (SRES) and a 64 bit key Kc. Kc is designed for encoding the data transfer via wireless interfaces (GSM Technical Specification GSM 03.20 (ETS 300 534): "Digital cellular telecommunication system (Phase 2); Security related network functions", European Telecommunications Standards Institute, August 1997). Used in the EAP/SIM authentication are several RAND challenges to generate several 64 bit Kc keys. These Kc keys are combined into a longer session key. With EAP/SIM the normal GSM authentication method is extended by means of the RAND challenges additionally having a Message Authentication Code (MAC), to generate mutual authentication. To perform the GSM authentication the authentication server should have an interface with the GSM network. The authentication server operates consequently as a gateway between the Internet Authentication Service (IAS) server network and the GSM authentication infrastructure. At the start of the EAP/SIM authentication, with a first EAP request by the authenticator, the authentication server requests from the supplicant, among other things, the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) of the user. With the IMSI the authentication server receives on request from the authentication center (AuC) of the corresponding cellular wireless network operator, normally known in the GSM network as Home Location Register (HLR) or respectively Visitor Location Register (VLR), n GSM triplets. From the triplets the authentication server obtains a Message Identification Code for n* RAND and a lifespan for the key (together MAC_RAND), as well as a session key. With this the authentication server can perform the GSM authentication on the SIM card of the supplicant or respectively of the user. Since RAND are provided to the supplicant together with the Message Authentication Code MAC_Rand, it becomes possible for the supplicant to verify if the RANDs are new and were generated through the GSM network.
Known in the state of the art for the billing of the service obtained by mobile units in GSM networks is the so-called TAP protocol (TAP: Transferred Account Procedure) of the Transferred Account Data Interchange Group (TADIG) of the GSM Association. GSM is based on the concept of roaming, which permits a user of a mobile radio device to use his or her mobile radio device in any desired country and network. The billing of the service obtained is thereby not at all a trivial matter, however. Worldwide today there are more than 400 GSM networks in operation, and in addition there exist an estimated more than 20 000 individual roaming agreements between the network operators. Thus behind the seemingly simple idea of roaming there lies an extremely complex process of data acquisition, data distribution and data evaluation in order to make the billing possible. The Transferred Account Procedure (TAP) is a method by which mobile radio network service providers exchange roaming billing information. Following TAP2 and TAP2+, TAP3 was launched on the 4th of June 2000. TAP3 can be termed today as the standard, although TAP is a further developing protocol.
Most of the voice and data traffic in GSM networks comes or ends in a network other than that in which the mobile user is located at the present time. The operator of a local network charges fees for each call which ends at one of his users, regardless of whether a fixed network or a mobile radio network is involved. Therefore the local fixed network operators mutually conclude agreements with the local mobile radio network operators to simplify the charging of the fees. Thus it is also not necessary then for a Swiss mobile radio network operator to conclude an agreement with a Canadian fixed network network <sic.> provider in order to bill for a call of a Swiss mobile radio network user to a Canadian fixed network network <sic.> user. Normally the Swiss fixed network provider already has an agreement concluded with the Canadian fixed network provider relating to billing mode and fees, and the Swiss mobile radio network operator bills via the Swiss fixed network provider with a corresponding agreement. The costs are usually charged to the user either directly (retail billing) or via a service provider (wholesale billing). The mode of billing of roaming data traffic or roaming voice traffic between different mobile radio networks (PMN: Public Mobile Network) takes place by means of the TAP protocol. Roaming call records are typically created either as TAP or is as CIBER (Cellular Intercarrier Billing Exchange Roamer) records. CIBER records are used by mobile radio network operators who work with AMPS-based technologies, such as e.g. AMPS, IS-136 TDMA and IS-95 CDMA. TAP is used above all by GSM mobile radio network service providers, and is the main protocol for billing in GSM-dominated areas.
Details of a call by a user who is located in a foreign network (VPLMN: Visited Public Land-based Mobile Network) is <sic. are> registered in a Mobile Switching Center (MSC) of the network. Each call thus generates one or more call records. The GSM standard for these records is defined in GSM 12.05, although many providers use their own formats. The call records of the MSC are transmitted to a billing system of the VPLMN for billing. These call records are then converted into TAP format, and assigned to the respective user. Within 36 hours at the latest the TAP records are sent to the respective mobile radio network service provider. The TAP files contain in addition information relating to the provider service tariff (IOT: Inter Operator Tariff) and all further bilateral agreements and privilege or discount schemes. The TAP records are sent directly, or more commonly via a billing point, such as e.g. a clearing house. If the home network operator (HPMN: Home Public Mobile Network) receives a TAP record from the VPLMN, this is converted into a corresponding internal format and billed together with the normal call records of the user which he has generated in the home network. With wholesale billing, in which a service provider bills the costs arising to the user, the HPMN passes the records on to the service provider who can re-bill the calls, in particular according to own tariffs, and who generates the statement of accounts with e.g. call details for the user.
TAP3 supports a multiplicity of services. TAP3 is used today for the billing between GSM service providers and GSM service providers, GSM service providers and non-GSM service providers (inter-standard roaming), and GSM service providers and satellite service providers, etc. The three fundamental service categories voice, fax and so-called supplementary services have been supported already since TAP1. The billing of short message services (SMS), on the other hand, is of a less trivial nature owing to the use of Short Message Service Centers (SMS-C) of third parties. The following reasons make difficult the billing of SMS: 1.) while roaming, a roaming user can receive an SMS (MT-SMS), 2.) while roaming, a roaming user can send an SMS (MO-SMS) in that he uses the SMS-C of his home network, and 3.) while roaming, a roaming user can send an SMS (MO-SMS) in that he uses the SMS-C of a foreign network. The billing of SMS services is thus completely supported starting with TAP2+. Starting with TAP3, supported furthermore is the billing of Single Circuit Switched Data, HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). TAP3 likewise supports all value-added services (VAS), such as e.g. the so-called billing for content. The billing of value-added services is often difficult, however, since it has as a prerequisite the consent of the service provider to the billed services. Customized Application Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL) is supported starting with TAP 3.4. CAMEL is especially important for applications with prepaid services for roaming users, and may gain powerfully in significance in the future. Another important application for TAP3 is the supporting of billing based on Inter Operator Tariff (IOT). IOT makes it possible for the home network service provider (HPMN) to check special offers and tariffs of a foreign service provider (VPMN) and to pass them on to the roaming user. Thus, for instance, the VPMN can give privileges or discounts for different call services or call levels, and the HPMN can simply verify these and adapt its tariffs. The possibility of billing roaming services, regardless of where the user is located just now, is a valuable tool for mobile network service providers, and prevents the loss of receipts, proceeds or resources in the case of interim discounts by a VPMN. Starting with TAP3, the TAP protocol likewise includes detailed information about from where a call has been specifically made, or respectively a service was obtained, etc., and to where it has been directed. This information helps to create a profile of the respective user based on his behavior, which provides important information for adapting and optimizing the services to the needs of the user. In particular it can be used to offer special location-based services, such as e.g. sports or concert events. Finally, with the Returned Accounts Procedure (RAP) protocol, TAP3 also permits a differentiated error handling. Thus with RAP of the HPMN, among other things, detailed TAP files can be checked with respect to their validity and conformity with the TAP standard, and discarded, if necessary, without billings for services thereby being lost.
The state of the art does have a wide variety of disadvantages, however. It is indeed possible, for example, with an EAP-SIM to use the authentication method from the GSM networks in the wireless LAN technology for authentication of supplicants or respectively of remote access clients, provided the user has an IMSI with a GSM provider. It is also possible in principle, by means of e.g. mobile IP of the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), to reroute (route) data streams to the respective mobile remote access client registered with an access server via an access point. By far not all the problems of mobile network usage allowing a really free roaming of the user are thereby solved, however. One of the problems is that in the IP network the prerequisites, required in the GSM standard, with respect to security, billing and service authorization are no longer there. This is intrinsically connected with the open architecture of the IP protocol. That means that in the IP standard a lot of data are missing which are absolutely necessary for full compatibility with GSM networks. Moreover an access server based for example on RADIUS supplies a single data stream. This cannot simply be mapped to the multi-part data stream of the GSM standard. Another drawback in the state of the art is that today wireless LANs are based on individual hot spots (i.e. the basic service area of the access points of an access server), which are on offer from various software and hardware developers around the world. This makes difficult the combination of the two worlds since such gateway functions must each be adapted individually to the specific solution. The technical specifications for the GSM authentication interface may be referenced in MAP (Mobile Application Part) GSM 09.02 Phase 1 Version 3.10.0.
It is the object of this invention to propose a new method for mobile nodes in heterogeneous WLANs. In particular, it should be made possible for the user to move between different hot spots without any difficulty (roaming), without having to bother about registering, billing, service authorization, etc., at the various WLAN service providers, i.e. enjoy the same convenience as he is accustomed to from mobile radio technology such as e.g. GSM.
These objects are achieved according to the present invention through the elements of the independent claims. Further preferred embodiments follow moreover from the dependent claims and from the specification.
These objects are achieved through the invention in particular in that for recording and billing of services during roaming of a mobile IP node in heterogeneous WLANs, the mobile IP node accesses an access point of a WLAN within a basic service area of a WLAN via a wireless interface, and the basic service area of the WLAN includes one or more access points assigned to an access server, with which, upon request from the access server, the mobile IP node transmits an IMSI stored on an SIM card of the mobile IP node to the access server, and the IMSI of the IP node is stored in a database of an SIM-RADIUS module, whereby, by means of an SIM user database and an SIM gateway module, an <sic. the> SIM-RADIUS module supplements user-specifically the logical IP data channel of the WLAN towards corresponding GSM data for signal and data channels of a GSM network, whereby, by means of which supplemented signal and data channels, an authentication and/or service authorization of the mobile IP node is carried out at an HLR and/or VLR of a GSM network, based on the IMSI of the SIM card of the mobile node, whereby, by means of a billing gateway interface, a billing module accesses the access server, by means of which billing gateway interface first call detail records of the mobile IP node are transmitted from the access server to the billing module, and which billing gateway interface includes an assigned billing management database with the configuration profile of each access server, second call detail records of the mobile IP node being transmitted to a proxy module, which proxy module captures at least the identity of the mobile IP node and/or duration and/or provider of the obtained service and passes it on to the billing module, and whereby the billing module generates TAP files corresponding to the obtained service, based on the data of the proxy module and the first call detail records, and transmits these together with billing instructions to a clearing module, which billing instructions include at least user-specific and/or service-provider-specific billing data, and which clearing module bills the service obtained by the user to a provider of a fixed network and/or transmits the TAP files for billing to a GSM service provider. In an embodiment variant, a first call detail record can include e.g. only SIM-based authentication information. As an embodiment variant, a second call detail record can be created based at least on the IP address of the mobile IP node and identifications of the service providers whose service was obtained by the mobile node. The billing management database can include e.g. IP addresses and/or GSM identification of the user and/or service provider. The first call detail records of the mobile IP node, which are transmitted from the access server to the billing module, can be created, among other things, SIM-based, while the second call detail records, which are transmitted from the access server to the proxy module, can be created IP-based, such as e.g. on RADIUS data. This has the advantage, among other things, that a seamless roaming between different and heterogeneous WLANs is possible. Through the combination of the WLAN technology, especially the IP networks, with the GSM technology, the roaming of the user becomes possible, without his having to bother about registration, billing, service authorization etc. with the different WLAN service providers. This means that the user enjoys the same convenience as he/she is accustomed to from mobile radio technology such as e.g. GSM. At the same time it is possible in a completely new way to combine the advantages of the open IP world (access to the worldwide Internet etc.) with the advantages of the GSM standard (security, billing, service authorization, etc.). The invention also makes it possible to create a method for roaming in WLANs without a corresponding module having to be installed in each access server. On the contrary, by using RADIUS the infrastructure (WLAN/GSM) can be taken over unchanged.
In an embodiment variant, the data stream of the mobile IP node during access to the WLAN from the access point is directed via a mobile radio network service provider. This has the advantage, among other things, that the mobile radio network provider has complete control over the data stream. In this way he can specifically give service authorizations, perform detailed billing, and incorporate security mechanisms. Among other things, he can thereby combine the open, difficult-to-control IP world, including e.g. the Internet, with the advantages of the GSM world. This plays a big role, e.g. with respect to liability issues of the provider or service vendor, especially recently.
In another embodiment variant, the TAP files are created based at least on Inter Operator Tariffs as well as Public Mobile Network TAP identification codes. In combination therewith or as an independent embodiment variant, it is likewise conceivable, for instance, that the billing management database includes Inter Operator Tariffs as well as Public Mobile Network TAP identification codes. This embodiment variant has the advantage, among other things, that the home network service provider (HPMN) can simply verify the IOT of the foreign network service provider (VPMN) in which the user is located at the present time (roaming). The VPMN can thereby give e.g. discounts for specific connections, and the HPMN can check that these have been correctly applied. Independently of any discount programs or call levels of the VPMN, the HPMN can thereby also simply bill each connection and/or each call according to its own tariffs, etc. The possibility of determining the prices for services regardless of in which foreign network and/or home network the user is located just now can be a valuable aid in the billing of services for an HPMN, with which, for example, the loss of special fee reductions of a VPMN can be avoided. By the same token, certain billing schemes for an HPMN can thereby be achieved in the first place, such as e.g. special prices for connections with the home network and/or homeland of the user or/or <sic. and/or> e.g. calls within communities of states, such as Europe, for instance.
It should be stressed here that, in addition to the method according to the invention, the present invention also relates to a system for carrying out this method.
Embodiment variants of the present invention will be described in the following with reference to examples. The examples of the embodiments are illustrated by the following enclosed figures:
Furthermore, via an interface having contacts, the mobile IP node 20 is connected to a SIM card 201 (SIM: Subscriber Identity Module), on which the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identifier) of a user of GSM networks is stored. For authentication the mobile IP node 20 requests via a wireless interface 202 within the basic service area of a WLAN at an access point 21/22 access to the WLAN. As already described, the different WLANs of different hot spots can embrace heterogeneous network standards and protocols such as, for example, WLAN based on the IEEE wireless 802.1x, Bluetooth etc. The basic service area of the WLAN encompasses one or more access points 21/22 assigned to an access server 23. The mobile IP node 20 transmits to the access server 23, upon request of the access server 23, an IMSI stored on the SIM card 201 of the mobile IP node 20. The IMSI of the mobile IP node 20 is stored using a SIM-RADIUS module 30. Based on the IMSI, the logic IP data channel of the WLAN is supplemented user-specifically towards corresponding GSM data for signal and data channels of a GSM network using information stored in an SIM user database 34. The GSM system encompasses data channels, the so-called traffic channels, and control signal channels, the so-called signaling channels. The traffic channels (e.g. TCH/FS, TCH/HS, TCH/F9,6/4.8/2.4 and TCH/H4.8/2.4 etc.) are reserved for user data, while the signaling channels (e.g. CCCH: Common Control Channels, RACH: Random Access Channels, DCCH: Dedicated Control Channels, CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel etc.) are used for network management, control functions etc. The logical channels cannot be used over the interface simultaneously, but only in certain combinations according to the GSM specifications. By means of a SIM gateway module 32, to perform the authentication of the IP node based on the GSM data, the required SS7/MAP functions (SS7: Signaling System 7 of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)/MAP: Mobile Application Part of the GSM standard) are generated, the SIM-RADIUS module 30 carrying out the authentication of the mobile IP node at an HLR 37 (Home Location Register) and/or VLR 37 (Visitor Location Register) of a GSM network, by means of SIM user database 34 and SIM gateway module 32, based on the IMSI of the SIM card 201 of the mobile node 20. The SS7 telecommunications protocol of the ITU is characterized by so-called high-speed circuit switching with out-of-band signaling, whereby Service Switching Points (SSPs), Signal Transfer Points (STPs), and Service Control Points (SCPs) (also frequently designated together as SS7 nodes) are used. Out-of-band signaling is a signal transmission for which not the same data channels are used as for data transmission or voice transmission. For this purpose a separate digital channel (signal channel) is generated, via which signals can be transmitted between two network components typically at 56 or 64 kilobits per second. The SS7 architecture is conceived such that each network component (node) can exchange signals with any other SS7-capable node, and not merely switches which are directly connected to one another.
As illustrated in
It is to be mentioned that, in an embodiment example extended from the above-mentioned embodiment example, during the authentication, the SIM user database 34 is connected to a sync module 35 and a sync database 36 for changing or deleting existing user datasets or inserting new user datasets, the comparison of the databases 34/36 being performed periodically and/or initiated through changes in the sync database 36 and/or through failure of the SIM user database 34. The sync module 35 and the sync database 36 can be achieved, like the other components according to the invention, through hardware or through software as discrete network components, e.g. as discrete IP node and/or GSM components, or assigned to another system component and/or integrated into another system component. With this embodiment variant, the mobile radio network service providers 38 can proceed in changing or deleting existing user datasets or in inserting new user datasets in the same way as before with their user databases, i.e. without having to purchase or maintain additional systems.
The GSM standard for these records is defined in GSM 12.05, although many providers use their own formats. The call records 813 of the MSC 812 are transmitted to a billing system 811 of the VPLMN 81 for billing. These call records 813 are then converted into TAP format 814, and assigned to the respective user 90. At the latest within 36 hours the TAP records 814 are sent to the respective mobile radio network service provider 801 of the home network 80. The TAP files 814 contain additionally information relating to the provider service tariff (IOT: Inter Operator Tariff) and all further bilateral agreements and privilege or discount schemes. The TAP records are sent directly or more commonly via a billing point such as e.g. a clearing house. If the home network operator (HPMN: Home Public Mobile Network) 801 receives a TAP record 814 from the VPLMN 811, this is converted into a corresponding internal formal 802, and is billed together with the normal call records of the user 90 which he generates in the home network 80. In the case of wholesale billing, in which a service provider 82 bills 901 the costs arising to the user 90, the HPMN 801 passes on the records 802 to the service provider 82, who can then re-bill the calls, in particular according to own tariffs, and who generates 821 the statement of accounts 83 with e.g. call details for the user 90. With this method the user 90 is consequently always billed 901 via the HPMN 801.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 6, 2002
|Jan 30, 2007
|Tatara Systems, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for integrating billing and authentication functions in local area and wide area wireless data networks
|Aug 16, 2002
|Aug 11, 2005
|Togewa Holding Ag
|Method and system for gsm authentication during wlan roaming
|Mar 23, 2001
|Oct 11, 2001
|Nokia Corporation
|Billing in a packet data network
|Ostrowski, Frank; Roaming und Handover zwischen UMTS und Funk-LAN; XP-001124094; pp. 24-26; Jun. 2002.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 29, 2005
|May 4, 2010
|Varia Holdings Llc
|Multiple processor communication circuit cards and communication devices that employ such cards
|Mar 21, 2008
|Feb 1, 2011
|Fujitsu Limited
|Methods and apparatus for secure, portable, wireless and multi-hop data networking
|Aug 14, 2007
|Mar 15, 2011
|Sony Corporation
|Communication system, wireless-communication device, and control method therefor
|May 22, 2002
|Jun 21, 2011
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|Multi-video receiving method and apparatus
|Oct 2, 2009
|Oct 18, 2011
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|Buffering content on a handheld electronic device
|Jul 21, 2006
|Nov 1, 2011
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event, with contextual information distribution capability
|Jul 21, 2006
|Nov 1, 2011
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and method for presenting content on a wireless mobile computing device using a buffer
|Feb 21, 2006
|May 8, 2012
|China Iwncomm Co., Ltd.
|Peer-to-peer access control method based on ports
|Mar 29, 2011
|Aug 14, 2012
|Nextel Communications, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for communicating using a plurality of identities
|Jul 21, 2006
|Mar 5, 2013
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event, with content filtering function
|Jul 21, 2006
|Mar 5, 2013
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event, with automated video stream switching functions
|Jul 21, 2006
|Mar 5, 2013
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event, with user authentication capability
|Jul 21, 2006
|Apr 30, 2013
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event, with bookmark setting capability
|May 19, 2008
|Aug 27, 2013
|Motorola Mobility Llc
|Mobile device and method for intelligently communicating data generated thereby over short-range, unlicensed wireless networks and wide area wireless networks
|Feb 7, 2011
|Jan 14, 2014
|Fujitsu Limited
|Apparatus, method, and medium for self-organizing multi-hop wireless access networks
|Dec 22, 2010
|Apr 1, 2014
|Fujitsu Limited
|Methods and apparatus for secure, portable, wireless and multi-hop data networking
|Sep 19, 2011
|Apr 15, 2014
|Kangaroo Media Inc.
|Buffering content on a handheld electronic device
|Mar 7, 2013
|Jun 23, 2015
|Fanvision Entertainment Llc
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event
|Mar 12, 2012
|Feb 2, 2016
|Blackberry Limited
|Wireless local area network hotspot registration using near field communications
|Oct 31, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Wassim Haddad
|Wireless LAN
|Jul 21, 2006
|Jan 25, 2007
|Marc Arseneau
|System and Methods for Enhancing the Experience of Spectators Attending a Live Sporting Event, with User Authentication Capability
|Jul 29, 2005
|Feb 1, 2007
|Peter Zatloukal
|Multiple processor communication circuit cards and communication devices that employ such cards
|Aug 14, 2007
|Feb 21, 2008
|Hideyuki Suzuki
|Communication System, Wireless-Communication Device, and Control Method Therefor
|Mar 21, 2008
|Sep 25, 2008
|Fujitsu Limited
|Methods and apparatus for secure, portable, wireless and multi-hop data networking
|Feb 21, 2006
|Nov 20, 2008
|Xiaolong Lai
|A Peer-to-Peer Access Control Method Based on Ports
|Apr 10, 2007
|Oct 8, 2009
|Giesecke & Devrient Gmbh
|Recording Resource Usage
|May 19, 2008
|Nov 19, 2009
|Motorola, Inc.
|Mobile device and method for intelligently communicating data generated thereby over short-range, unlicensed wireless networks and wide area wireless networks
|Jun 27, 2008
|Dec 31, 2009
|Microsoft Corporation
|Eap based capability negotiation and facilitation for tunneling eap methods
|Dec 22, 2010
|Apr 28, 2011
|Fujitsu Limited
|Methods and apparatus for secure, portable, wireless and multi-hop data networking
|Feb 7, 2011
|Aug 18, 2011
|Fujitsu Limited
|Apparatus, method, and medium for self-organizing multi-hop wireless access networks
|Mar 12, 2012
|Sep 12, 2013
|Research In Motion Limited
|Wireless local area network hotspot registration using near field communications
|Nov 4, 2011
|Aug 21, 2012
|Kangaroo Media, Inc.
|System and methods for enhancing the experience of spectators attending a live sporting event, with gaming capability
|U.S. Classification
|455/406, 713/185, 455/411, 455/435.1
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 7, 2005
Owner name: TOGEWA HOLDING AG, SWITZERLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STADELMANN, TONI;KAUZ, MICHAEL;CONN, JEREMY RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:015849/0093
Effective date: 20050104
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|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 11, 2016
|Fee payment
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Devoted to its core values of promoting innovative social justice to help eliminate oppression, the School of Social Policy & Practice (SP2) integrates skills with research to impact specific social problems and policies across cultures. It's cutting-edge curriculum applies social work and policy theories to real world issues, serving as a catalyst for tangible, positive change.
School of Social Policy & Practice Giving Opportunities
Endowed and Term Professorships: Star faculty help SP2 to educate future leaders who will confront societal problems in a time of diminishing resources, provide leadership to nonprofit organizations, and design and facilitate real-world solutions while fostering meaningful societal change.
Graduate Financial Aid: SP2 remains committed to making a graduate education both possible and affordable for those students dedicated to uplifting oppressed peoples around the world.
Program & Research Centers Support: In the pursuit of social justice, SP2 encourages students to think across disciplines, cultures, ages, genders, and boundaries to contribute positively to society, both locally and globally. Innovative educational and research programs, such as those listed below, reinforce the education, research, and civic engagement that make up the foundation for this next generation of change-makers.
Goldring Reentry Initiative (GRI): Through the Goldring Reentry Initative, students have the opportunity to work with those transitioning from prison.
The Ann Nolan Reese Penn Aging Concentration (PAC): Students in the Ann Nolan Reese Penn Aging Concentration (PAC) focus their efforts on gerontological social work, helping to affect social change for the elderly.
Program in Mental Health Education Assessment, Recovery, and Leadership for Social Workers (PEARLS): The Program in Mental Health Education Assessment, Recovery, and Leadership for Social Workers (PEARLS) provides specialized training focused on mental and behavioral health in veterans and their families.
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Gregory Lounge
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Jack Wilshere's descent down the Arsenal pecking order since the arrival of Mesut Özil and renaissance of Aaron Ramsey could be a blessing in disguise for England. That is the view of Roy Hodgson, and while it is an unofficial part of the job spec for England managers to see a silver lining in every cloud, there is sense in his outlook.
Wilshere has not had the best of week's after being caught smoking, but he had already been shunted to the left flank following £42m Özil's purchase and was dropped to the bench for last week's Champions' League tie with Napoli. And this is before Santi Cazorla and Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain return to fitness.
Wilshere had a poor match for England in Ukraine last month, but is expected to be in the team against Montenegro at Wembley on Friday and play a major role for England should they reach the World Cup in Brazil.
Wilshere has, however, a history of injuries, especially to his ankles, sometimes aggravated through over-playing. When it was put to Hodgson that he could be in better shape for England come June if he is not expected to play every match for Arsenal, the manager responded: "That's a good point, he missed a lot of football over that year–and-a-half then he had to have another operation. For a young man he's had an awful lot of serious injury problems and it may well be right [that playing less may be beneficial]."
In 2010-11, Wilshere's first season as an Arsenal regular, he played in 54 games for club and country. Still a teenager, he was, manager Arsène Wenger said, "in the red zone" by the end. He then suffered a stress fracture and missed all the following season before returning last October. He managed another 35 games in the remaining 29 weeks of the season despite further ankle problems that forced another operation during the summer.
"In the past," added Hodgson, "it's possible that everyone believed in him so strongly, not only England but Arsenal, you could argue he had to play a lot of games, but Arsène manages that very well and that will help England to some extent."
For all Wilshere's long-term importance, Hodgson believes it is his senior players who will be key against Montenegro on Friday and Poland next Tuesday. England need to win both to be certain of reaching the World Cup finals.
"I make no bones that this is a game for the experienced players who are capable of accepting that responsibility," he said. "That doesn't mean to say that the younger players we've got couldn't make an appearance, but they're not the ones who should be asked to take responsibility for the result. That is going to be on my shoulders and the experienced players."
That responsibility, Hodgson added, "does weigh on players" but he noted it will weigh on the players of England's rivals too. Come the night he is confident they will handle it, and do so with a steely quietness. There was a time when Terry Butcher of Tony Adams would be thumping the walls and rousing team-mates, but not now, and Hodgson did not have a problem with that.
" I don't think players appreciate Churchillian speeches these days," he said. "We're talking about players who play Champions' League finals, matches in front of 60,000 every week. Every time they step on the pitch there's a lot of responsibility for them. Tub-thumping is not necessary. Players have their own way of preparing. There's a concentration in that dressing room and a determination to do the job properly.
"Sometimes I think the screamers and the shouters... I wonder who they're shouting for? The desire has got to come from within you, and you have to know you can do it."England players, Hodgson believes, have the desire and the skill. Now they need to show they have the nerve
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Committee service at CCA is challenging, rewarding and a fun experience that
helps you, the Association and our industry. It is at the committee level that
policy is drafted and sent to the Board of Directors for consideration and that
Association Directors first serve at the committee level.
Committee service provides opportunities to develop leadership skills that
will be used on the job and off. It is an opportunity to express your opinions
and offer solutions to the challenges of the construction industry. Committee
service also provides an opportunity to meet and work with others in our
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HUD Announces Pilot Grants
Applicants have until November 22 to submit applications for a new round of HOPE VI funds.
"The federal HOPE VI program will disburse $124 million for five or six public housing redevelopment projects in the coming fiscal year, officials of the US Department of Housing & Urban Development announced today.
"HUD also will give $65 million in grants through a new pilot program, Choice Neighborhoods, which will build on the accomplishments of the 17-year-old HOPE VI program."
Thanks to Renee Brutvan
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Walk three minutes under a covered walkway from Helsinki-Vantaa Airport and check in at the Hilton Helsinki Airport hotel. Combining an enviable standard of service, contemporary styling and excellent facilities, this hotel is the ideal choice for a stopover at the airport or a couple of days exploring Helsinki.
Stay productive in the complimentary business center. WiFi access throughout the hotel means you can check your email and surf the web from your comfortable guest room. Soft furnishings and elegant Scandinavian style furniture makes your room the perfect place to relax. Watch a movie on the flat-screen TV, curl up in the easy chair and refresh in the bathroom with under-floor heating. Upgrade to an Executive Room or suite and benefit from a selection of special extras including access to the Executive Lounge. Here you can enjoy complimentary breakfast and refreshments throughout the day.
Unwind with a workout in the fitness room or a session in the sauna; perfect after a long journey. Sample healthy Finnish specialties such as fresh fish and game at the Restaurant Gui or just savor a premium vodka or glass of champagne next to a roaring fire in Bar Gui. With a range of flexible meeting and function rooms for up to 400 attendees, this hotel is a perfect Helsinki Airport meeting venue. Host a high level meeting in the boardroom or a lavish banquet in the ballroom.
Our hotel is now in the TripAdvisor Hall of Fame! Our staff takes great pride in offering an exceptional guest experience and being recognized with the TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence for outstanding traveler reviews five years in a row.
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We have all the information you need about public and private General Practices in Clapham Junction. Compare all the general practices and contact the gp in Clapham Junction who's right for you.
Find clapham junction Private General Practices. Compare all 4 GPs in Clapham Junction, with phone numbers, reviews, prices, maps and pictures. Get quotes fast & choose the best.
Excellent, same morning appointment. A pleasure to come across a surgery that unlike the NHS still believes in good manners and respect for patients. 3 minute wait at reception.


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Parking service and the guy at check in were very good Shower did not work it was only hot water there was something wrong with it's faucet and the girl at check out just said she would let engineering know and that's all, you spent more than $400 on the hotel and not being able to shower?
The Amara Resort was surrounded by the breathtaking views of the Red Rocks of Sedona and was surrounded by many local stores. I would especially recommend the restaurant at the hotel for a great and healthy breakfast. We were also pleased with the car service which was nice when we didn't feel like walking. The only thing I would've liked is to have a slightly larger pool, since the pool was extremely crowded and there wasn't much room to swim.
great staff, clean modern room can't find something to complain about
The grounds of Amara are beautiful. Red rocks serve as a backdrop to the pool/hot tub and common area. I liked that it was a small hotel and not too crowded. They have a wine hour every evening which was fun (but the trade off is no breakfast in the morning). The rooms were clean and beds were comfortable. The young guy with glasses at the front desk made a big deal of announcing we booked our room through a "third party" on arrival (through Kayak's Getaroom). Not sure exactly why he made such a big deal of that fact, but let it go. When we got to our room we saw that it had two double beds instead of a king size bed like we had reserved. I went back to the young guy at the front desk to ask for the correct room and he said it wasn't the hotels fault and that I would need to take it up with Getaroom (once again making a bid deal of booking through a 3rd party). His customer service skills were very weak and he would benefit from additional training on making guests feel welcome and comforting. FYI: The hotel allows pets and we heard dogs barking in the morning. Didn't bother us too much since we were early risers due to jet lag, but if you're looking to sleep in you may want to find another location or specify you want to be far from rooms with pets.
We loved the location. Walking distance from all of the unique shops and restaurants in Uptown Sedona, but also very quiet and relaxed in a beautiful setting beside the creek. The service was amazing! We also loved the fact that the valet service is included and there is a complimentary shuttle service to anyplace within 1 mile away. The price may be a bit high.
Rooms were comfortable, location was perfect No complaints whatsoever
Für den Preis war es schön. Sehr sauber und das Hotel befindet sich mitten in der Stadt. Kleines Badezimmer
Das Zimmer war komfortabel, die Dusche und das Bad waren sauber, das Zimmer war sehr sauber. Nichts Besonderes, aber wir brauchten nur einen Platz zum übernachten. Tolle Lage, leicht von der Straße zu sehen. Ich würde wieder dort übernachten.
Location Spa Services Beautiful room
The location, staff, room were top notch. Everyone had an attitude of caring that the guests had a great experience. We paid extra for a premium room, but had a view of the roof top air conditioning and heating units. Guests of the rooftop observation area next to these units, in turn, had a view of our room. No view of any red rocks from our room. Also, there are no icemakers and you have to go to the restaurant when it is open for ice. May be uncomfortable if you find yourself underdressed to go to the restaurant.
When we checked in the staff was courteous and friendly, they accommodated us to a better room just by asking! Also, getting free appetizers during our stay was a plus! I wish I would have known about the expansion project going on but it didn't really affect our stay. I'd like to go back and see the finished section.
We went to Red's two times and once a friend in the group was told there was a 5 drink minimum and he was cut off. He wasn't even driving and he was still told this. We went to get coffee the morning we checked out which was about 10:50am. We got coffee and sat down and a lady named Rose came over and took away the coffee. We asked why she was taking it down (because it was 10 til 11 and we were told there was coffee until 11). She rudely said "Well, its been here since 7am". We got up and walked out. I'm sure they were upset because we weren't eating breakfast there we were just getting coffee that was part of the $22 per day resort fee. If the staff at Red's is going to get upset when customers get the coffee and nothing else, you should move the coffee into the lobby. Not impressed and we wont be going back.
Staff, amenities , and little things like bottles water
The view from the third floor rooms were great for the Red Rock. It was a solid 3 star hotel, but fading. Dingy and hesitant to provide service. Rooms were not cleaned unless you forced a request, bar staff was unskilled, and the Spa services (massage good, meditation weak). Towels and robes looked over worn, and service was slow. Seems like it needs an update and new management.
The views, hot tub, pool, exercise room, guestvroom with fire pits and outdoor space
I was not happy with the pillows. They were small and not comfortable. The TV made a crackly noise and almost every channel.
Foam pillows Pool and hot tub were way over clorinated.
Location Old property that needs a lot of work.
Gorgeous view from our terrace. Great staff. No elevator, the pillows.
Die Angestellten, die Ausstattung, Spa, und die Aussicht waren alle fünf Sterne. Hilton Bell Rock auf jeden Fall wird mich wiedersehen. Ich wünschte, ich hätte hier länger bleiben können ;)
Ein wenig abseits von Sedona, aber nahe genug für Aktivitäten.
Convenient to downtown Sedona, recently remodeled, comfortable beds, beautiful furnishings, easy to find, owner is obviously experienced and gracious excellent breakfast and good recommendations for local food. no tub in suite, only shower, but she said one of the rooms will be redone in the spring to include a tub.
view, view, view! bathroom is a bit outdated.
Great location Over priced for quality of rooms
Great location in town with beautiful view to wake up to. Right next to Pink Jeep Tours which are great. Very helpful front desk. The mattress wasn't great (not firm) but that could just be a personal thing.
Rooms were clean, views exceptional, staff pleasant and accommodating.
The Website pictures are very diferent from reality
Big comfortable bed, roomy room, mini fridge, lots of storage space. This was overall a great place to stay, the staff were friendly and helpful and the views from our room were absolutely spectacular. I would highly recommend a stay! The toilet in our room kept getting stuck but we just jiggled the handle... I'm sure if we had said anything they would have fixed it but we were having so much fun we didn't bother asking.
Great view of Oak Creek Canyon and red rock country. Close to shopping, restaurants, etc. Nothing
Location was great Resort overall was dated but clean and had all ammenities. Road work early in morning Room 136 was next to service room and was very loud at night. Didn't get much sleep due to noise. Wifi was barely serviceable. GSM cell reception was voice only. CDMA worked ok.
Nice bed, good staff Shabby room, needs update. Rooms had poor lighting. Paid a lot for the too and it wasn't very nice.
Nice grounds, pretty lobby, close to good stuff in Sedona. Constantly being hounded to buy a timeshare. I don't want your dumb timeshare!! Or your check in gift or your check out gift. Ugh!!
We liked that everything at the Resort was close. Pool, gym, spa, lobby, activities. And that there were restaurants, wine tasting, and shops on the property. Also loved that they offered activities like yoga, meditation, and kid things. The rooms could use an update. We felt it was a little 70sish. Larger Bathroom/Tubs would be nice. I think that a real oven would have been nice too. Also leave enough coffee for the entire visit since you don't get room service everyday.
Beautiful grounds Grounds have many bugs. Parking is a nightmare. Rooms are very dated and not well cleaned.
It was nice and quite . Rooms where big and update and the grounds very well taken care of. Will be back again.
Kid friendly. Lots of activities for kids. Mini golf coarse, park full of family game options. Full kitchen means you don't have to eat out which is good if you have small kids. Desk staff a little rough around the edges. We asked to book an extra night. This turned out to be a confusing request to have made. Desk staff ultimately figured it out and it was fine, but only after two calls and two visits to the desk.
Good location Concierge was pushy about signing up for their $150 3 nights, 4 day "deal" Lured us there by telling us they had a farewell gift.
Location, elegance of resort
Location, friendly, provided bathroom deordant Breakfast didn't meet expectation, very small TV, no individual control of heating/cooling, access to parking very poor.
The location of this inn was amazing. I was able to get in a 3.5 mile run and find local coffee within a 1 mile radius as well. The breakfast was perfect for someone who eats gluten and dairy free food and they made it too order.
View Spa cold... No instructions to use... No one available. This inn is converted home in residential neighborhood... Dated decor... Deferred maintenance...bath sink did not drain properly... Fixtures dated.
The location was lovely in that the rooms look right onto Bell Rock (although you do have to peer over another hotel, which disrupts the natural feel a bit). Our room (a Queen) was tastefully decorated in a Native American theme, and reasonably spacious The food was quite unhealthy, making it unsuitable for us so we had to skip it and eat in town. Never even met the owners - very hands off and zero service.
We were greeted by Ron, the owner, who welcomed us and showed us to our room. After a brief rest, we went down to the pool, which was small but refreshing. There was ample seating around the pool area. After a dip to cool off, we went back up to our room and dressed for dinner in town. Upon our return, we explored the very ample DVD library, and took a movie back to our room to enjoy on the HDTV. The room was comfortable and clean, and we slept well following the movie. Breakfast was prepared and served by Ron, his wife Cheryl, and another young lady whose name we did not catch. It was plentiful and very tasty, consisting that morning of juice, fresh strawberries, french toast and sausage. Delicious. Coffee, tea, iced tea and ice water were available in the lobby anytime. We will definitely return when we come back to Sedona. This place is a gem.
The rooms are wonderful but the owner, Ron, has the worst attitude problem. My friend and I were going to make this an annual vacation, but thanks to Ron's nasty attitude we've decided to take our business elsewhere. I believe a vacation should be filled with great memories and outstanding customer service. Ron was rude and he ruined what otherwise would have been a superb time.
views WORST MATRESS we have ever slept on - in fact, couldn't sleep it was SO bad - what made matters worse was that the TV cable was not working so couldn't even watch TV while awake all night CANNOT RECOMMEND and will NEVER go back
The view , pool area , staff wAs there for any needs Location of the ADA room
They wouldn't give me the room I paid for because my charge card for the deposit on the room didn't work. I had to go next door and pay for another room and guess what, my charge card worked there. I was robbed and want my money back
Staff were very friendly and helpful. I liked that the Bell Rock had two separate pool areas- one which includes a jacuzzi. The pool areas were very nice, and my two children really enjoyed swimming and using the jacuzzi after a busy day around town. The hotel grounds appears to be kept up really well, with lots of greenery and fountains on the property. The room was very comfortable and well kept. Our room had a kitchenette-although we didn't cook during our stay, I did notice that the kitchenette was well stocked with pans and a decent selection of utensils should we have needed them. Although the hotel is right off of the highway, it was very quiet and we heard no traffic noise our entire stay. The bed was extremely comfortable and we slept great! We had family members who stayed in another hotel closer to downtown Sedona. When they came to visit us in the evening at our room, they expressed wishing they had booked at the Bell Rock Inn instead. This hotel seemed all in all to be a great value, and we would definitely stay there again.
Really nice facilities. The room was very nice, location was excellent, price was excellent.
After a long day of class it felt like I was coming home. The telemarketing messages left on my room phone that was from a local spa.
Everything about Bell Rock Inn was great from the room, to the service, to the grounds, to the price and the scenery in Sedona, AZ.
The location was perfect for hikers because you could walk to the trailhead. The pool was awesome. If you stay in a first floor room, you can hear people walking and chairs moving above you (loudly).
Location Checkout time Incompetence oof checkin and out staff.
amazing location with incredible view of rocks understaffed. unable to leave front desk to bring cot to room for child. who had to "camp out" on the floor with couch cushions
Friendly front desk and maid service. The rooms were clean. The bed and pillows were comfortable. Well stocked kitchenette. Room service only once a week which I actually liked. Nice pools. Beautiful location. I would recommend it to anyone. Beware of the concierge desk in the lobby. They will try to rope you into a timeshare presentation. I really wish the Kayak description would have mentioned the hotel was actually a timeshare. Story time. My girlfriend and I had just driven across the country from PA and just wanted to get to our room. Check in was great and easy with the front desk. On the way out, however, we got trapped by some "friendly" guy named Doug or something behind the concierge desk. He started off by saying "you are going to be glad to see me". Let me tell you, after driving 36 hours, I wasn't. He proceeds to give us coffee and other goodies and showed us a map of the town. All this was fine. He then inquired on what we were planning on doing while in Sedona. I was exhausted and didn't feel like indulging my plans to a stranger and just said "Idk, hiking and stuff." He took this as we didn't have anything planned so he started telling us he was going to gift us a "free" jeep ride. All we needed to do was go to a "90 minute" presentation. It isn't a gift if I need to do something for it. He then started trying to book me a time to go to the timeshare presentation without asking me if I was even interested in going. I flatly told him I wasn't interested in going to a timeshare presentation and I would never be interested. Boy did his friendly persona change. He defensively said "Well you told me you didn't have anything planned" and tryed to make me out to be the d**k. Then when I apologized for not wanting to go to a timeshare presentation he smugly said "Well you do know this is a timeshare hotel, right?" I said no, Kayak did not tell me it was and he just smirked and said have a great day. My sour interaction with him put me in a huge funk for the first couple of days. If you can try to avoid the concierge desk do it.
We were very pleased with the hotel. It was specially surprising to find a fully stocked kitchen in our studio rental, everything we needed to cook fabulous dinners after hiking around Sedona. The best night was grilling steaks poolside and eating it outside at the gazebo. Made for an epic vacation. The "concierge" tried to sell us a time share and tried to convince us to go to their two hour thing. Just don't make eye contact with the concierge in your way in or out.
room was dirty and help was less than helpful dirty
Although not a golfer, I like to stay at this resort. The rooms are nicely laid out, comfortable. It is great to have a kitchen. There are plates, silverware, etc. The bathroom (even in my studio apartment) was palatial. In general, a comfortable, reliable place to stay.
My wife and I had a very enjoyable visit for a few days. Great views of surrounding area and no trash of any type anywhere at the facility. The Sedona area enforces their anti-trash policy with a $ 500.00 fine that is strictly enforced as it should be elsewhere in the U.S. Resort is located about five miles s of Sedona so it has more of a country feeling, but is still close to grocery store ( iga ) and restaurants. Perfect location with many vistas within ten minutes. Great photo op'S. Maps and local info in print provided by The Ridge on Sedona Golf Resort of area attractions. Great bbq area on multiple gas grills provided at scenic location. Must visit.... The Chapel of the Holy Cross ten minutes away wedged between two rock spires . Although it was No hassle, the facility is a time share operation.
We found the place to be excellent for families. I liked the fact that it had a nice little kitchen. It located in a nice area near nice restaurants. I would have liked it better if it had a restaurant on the premises. Overall it was a nice place. I would stay there again when i visit sedona. Not having a restaurant on site and not allowing pets. i like to travel with my little dogs.
The room was cheap. The hotel was going through a "remodel" at the time of our visit and had changed over management and had a few issues...The front desk was not really helpful when we had issues with our room. There are no on site eating facilities and the resort is fairly far from town. I would stay here again, only if I could get the same rate and not have to go to a timeshare presentation.
The location was beautiful as was the room. The staff was informative and courteous.
We enjoyed everything about the hotel. The staff was pleasant, the surroundings were clean and inviting, the location was perfect, and we played golf three of the days we were there. The two courses we played were minutes away. We want to go back.
Good value Clean facilities Better location than sedona proper, less traffic and noise Resort fees not included in online rate (lame) No coffee/tea refils for the room in a daily basis (go to front desk to refill) Dishwasher is super loud and wonky Fridge is loud
Beautiful in Sedona and surrounding grounds. Tree branches in front of balcony, blocking any views. Internet connection was very slow. Extra charges per day - called resort fee.
My kitchenette didn't have a stove so that wasted all my food I had brought, so I left early.
The staff was very friendly and helpful. The room was clean and very comfortable. I would definitely stay here again.
Great stay for a nice get away for two or even a family. Our stay was amazing and the area is quiet, nothing to busy. Outside views are amazing! The room was very welcoming, large living room, kitchen with dishes, appliances, large bathroom with shower and tub, bed room very comfortable, with an awesome balcony view. We didn't like the fact fhat our room could not be made available for us until 2pm and that wanted us to check out by 10am. Originaly they wanted us to check in at 4pm. Not even a full 24 hours even requested with time. My booking stated check out at 11am. I would really have to consider staying here next time I'm out in this area again. Beautiful resort but there are many others around the area I may have to look into on my next trip out here soon.


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Home › Forums › Gear Forums › Make Your Own Gear › 4.9oz m50 down jacket
Feb 21, 2011 at 6:48 am #1269490
Brendan SwihartBPL Member
@brendansLocale: Fruita CO
I was shooting for something along the lines of the montbell ex light simplicity with the cut of the ul inner jacket with 2oz of 900fp down. I ended up using 2.3 oz (mostly because 10ths of grams are tough units to be working with). I used a rather heavily modified whitney pattern from thru-hiker for the pattern. I've made two hooded whitney jackets previously and this one definitely went fast with no pockets or hood. Overall I couldn't be more pleased with the jacket. I've never handled the Montbell jackets in person to see what ~2oz of down can do, but I'm surprised how much loft and warmth this has and the fit is perfect.Feb 21, 2011 at 6:51 am #1699462
Troy AmmonsBPL Member
Thats one nice down jacket.Feb 21, 2011 at 7:43 am #1699474
Rob VandiverMember
@shortbusLocale: So Cal
That is fantastic.Feb 21, 2011 at 7:46 am #1699476
>> Bender <<BPL Member
@benderLocale: NEO
Great work Brendan! Before reading your post I thought this was a mont-bell.Feb 21, 2011 at 8:41 am #1699493
Javan DempseyMember
@jdempseyLocale: The-Stateless-Society
Very nice work!Feb 21, 2011 at 8:46 am #1699495
Troy AmmonsBPL Member
How small does it stuff ??
Probably like the size of a softball or what ??Feb 21, 2011 at 11:39 am #1699573
tyler marlowMember
@like-sisyphusLocale: UTAH
Wow! I really want one of these!
Great job!Feb 21, 2011 at 11:42 am #1699574
>> Bender <<BPL Member
@benderLocale: NEO
I think Thru Hiker should make a kit for this one. Sure you can put it together from bits but a kit makes it nice and easy.Feb 21, 2011 at 12:55 pm #1699601
Fred ericBPL Member
@fre49Locale: France, vallée de la Loire
+1 on thru hiker kit, but on a minima base for me :)Feb 21, 2011 at 2:27 pm #1699636
todd harperBPL Member
@funnymoLocale: Sunshine State
That's beautiful!
How did you do each chamber? ie: leave a small hole and stuff, then sew shut? Or another way?
You did a great job.Feb 21, 2011 at 3:51 pm #1699673
Konrad .BPL Member
Dude, Brendan, my brain just exploded. The talent on these boards never ceases to amaze meFeb 21, 2011 at 4:04 pm #1699679
Greg MihalikBPL Member
@greg23Locale: Colorado
PFM!Feb 21, 2011 at 6:21 pm #1699729
Jamie ShorttBPL Member
@jshorttLocale: North Carolina
Brendan, Absolutely incredible! I think you just created the perfect jacket. I really like the slight angles in the vertical baffles. The down fill looks extremely even. And again the orange color really looks great.
This is the exact jacket I want to make with one change…I want to make it 1/4 zip. I just need a little bit more M50:) PM me if anyone wants to sell some.
I have some questions….
– Are the baffles sewn thru?
– How much larger than your chest and waist as the front and back panels?
– How long are the sleeves?
– How much down did you put in the sleeves vs the body vs the collar?
– How many yards did it take?
Any insights into the design are greatly appreciated.
Thanks, JamieFeb 21, 2011 at 6:42 pm #1699737
Christopher ZimmerBPL Member
@czimmerLocale: Ohio
Hey great looking jacket, love the color and craftsmanship.Feb 21, 2011 at 8:04 pm #1699779
Robert CowmanMember
@rcowmanLocale: Canadian Rockies
make a half zip with a hood and see us all drool even more…Feb 21, 2011 at 10:18 pm #1699847
Brendan SwihartBPL Member
@brendansLocale: Fruita CO
Thanks to everyone for the kind words! To answer some of the questions:
It does pack down to softballish size. I haven't measured exactly but that sounds close. As far as construction, it is sewn through. I calculated 1.2" of loft for the torso and .8" for the arms and collar to put me at about 2oz. I sewed all of the horizontal baffles, filled with whatever weight for that row of compartments, sewed a vertical baffle, repeat… As far as the pattern/measurements, I had previously made a hooded parka with about 5oz of down, which turned out a little shorter than I would like and the arms were a little roomier than I wanted (the arms were easy to adjust, length I just live with). For this jacket, I figured with less down the length would be fine and I'd definitely want to take some off of the arm girth. I cut the pattern full size and took 1" off each side of the arms (and added an inch in the front and rear armpits so the holes werent' too big). Once I filled it, I sewed the first seam of the final french seam and then made a couple more seams inward until I had a fit that seemed good (taking into account I'd lose a little more with the final part of the french seam). I ended up taking about an inch off of each side in the torso and another 1/2" or so in arm girth. Length ended up perfect and the waist is fitted enough to not need a drawcord. I originally had elastic in the wrists, but ended up removing it because the wrists are small enough and come down a little bit onto the tops of my hands, creating enough of a seal that the elastic just kinda seemed annoying and unnecessary. For reference, the length at middle of the back (not including collar) on the pattern is 29" and on the finished jacket is 26".
I'm not sure the exact yardage I used, but I had an M50 quilt kit (5yds) +2 yards and made a quilt and this jacket and have some left over.
If I could make one recommendation for a jacket like this is to use a good scale. Tenths of grams is essential. I don't think any of the compartments used more than one gram of down. Overall though it's a very doable project and really due to the simplicity and lack of features is quite a bit easier than the thru hiker whitney.Feb 22, 2011 at 2:05 am #1699864
Christopher TaggartMember
@penndudeLocale: Western PA
I can't stop coming back to this thread and staring at that jacket. That looks incredibly well made. You should be very proud of yourself.
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