text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 13, 2012
|Filing date
|Apr 21, 2009
|Priority date
|Apr 25, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jeffrey A. Haluska
|Original Assignee
|Pacesetter, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (33), Non-Patent Citations (6), Classifications (4), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/048,129, filed Apr. 25, 2008, titled "Device and Method for Detecting Atrial Fibrillation," and is related to copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/207,388, filed Sep. 9, 2008, titled "Device and Method for Detecting Atrial Fibrillation".
The invention relates generally to the monitoring of heart rate variability, and more particularly to devices and methods for detecting atrial fibrillation.
Atrial fibrillation is a common and serious cardiac arrhythmia, affecting more than two million people in the United States alone. Clinically, atrial fibrillation involves an abnormality of electrical impulse formation and conduction that originates in the atria. Atrial fibrillation is characterized by multiple swirling wavelets of electrical current spreading across the atria in a disorganized manner. The irregularity of electrical conduction throughout the atria creates irregular impulse propagation through the atrioventricular (AV) node into the ventricle.
Impulse propagation through the AV node may be extremely rapid, leading to reduced diastolic filling of the heart chambers and a corresponding reduction of the cardiac pumping action. Increased heart rate and loss of AV synchrony may also exacerbate any underlying heart problems, such as heart failure, coronary blood flow, or other pulmonary disorders.
Alternatively, impulse propagation through the AV node may be very limited due to AV node refractoriness so that atrial fibrillation can be sustained indefinitely, since the ventricles continue to drive circulation, albeit inefficiently. The risks of sustained atrial fibrillation are nevertheless serious including stroke and myocardial infarctions caused by the formation of blood clots within stagnant volumes in the atria.
Often the symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AF) occur infrequently so that AF can only be detected by continuous cardiac electrical activity monitoring over a long period of time on an ambulatory subject. AF monitoring systems for use in an ambulatory setting may be either external, such as a Holter monitor, or internal. These systems continually sense cardiac electrical signals from a patient's heart, process the signals to detect AF and upon detection, record the electrical signals for subsequent review and analysis by a care provider.
Briefly, and in general terms, the invention relates to devices and methods for detecting atrial fibrillation. In one aspect, the invention relates to a cardiac rhythm monitoring device that includes electrodes that are adapted to be coupled to a patient to sense cardiac electrical activity. A processor is coupled to the electrodes to receive the electrical activity and is programmed to detect ventricular events within the electrical activity. The processor is also programmed to—for a first beat window of a plurality of detected ventricular events—determine a probability of AF based on the presence of irregularity of the ventricular events; determine a probability of AF based on variances of R-R intervals of the ventricular events; and combine the probabilities to obtain a first-beat-window combined probability of AF.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of detecting atrial fibrillation that includes detecting a plurality of ventricular events; determining a probability of AF for each of a plurality of beat windows, each beat window having a plurality of ventricular events, to obtain a series of probabilities; and detecting AF onset when each of a plurality of consecutive AF probabilities satisfies an AF trigger threshold and AF termination when each of a plurality of consecutive AF probabilities does not satisfy the AF trigger threshold.
These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings which illustrate by way of example the features of the invention.
The following description is of the best mode presently contemplated for practicing the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention. The scope of the invention should be ascertained with reference to the issued claims. In the description of the invention that follows, like numerals or reference designations will be used to refer to like parts or elements throughout.
Overview of Implantable Monitoring Device
Referring now to the drawings and particularly to
The monitoring device 10 senses far field electrograms; processes the electrograms to detect arrhythmias and if an arrhythmia is detected; automatically records the electrograms in memory for subsequent transmission to an external device 18. Electrogram processing and arrhythmia detection is provided for, at least in part, by algorithms embodied in the microprocessor. In one configuration, the monitoring device is operative to detect atrial fibrillation.
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Detection Algorithm Overview
With reference to
1. Presence of irregularity of ventricular events, i.e., R waves (block 20).
2. Presence of premature ventricular contraction (PVC), bigeminy, and trigeminy based on statistical analysis on R wave interval features (block 22).
The two criteria 20, 22 are used to compute the probability that a current heart beat is AF. If the probability satisfies a threshold criteria, AF is considered "detected" or "onset" for the current beat. More detailed description of the implementation and interaction between the above two criteria follows.
Detecting the Presence of Irregularity of Ventricular Events: Obtaining Markov-Chain Based Probability (PMC)
This portion of the AF detection algorithm determines the probability of a current beat to be AF based on the interval stability of a previous number of beats (including the current beat), herein referred to as a "beat window" or "epoch." In one configuration, the number of beats within a beat window is 64.
With reference to
At block 32, the series of interval transitions within the beat window, also referred to as the "sample chain" or "sample statistics chain" is compared to known interval state transitions during AF, referred to herein as an AF reference map (or alternatively as an "AF chain" or "AF statistic chain"), and to known interval transitions during non-AF, referred to herein as a non-AF reference map (or alternatively as a "non-AF chain" or "non-AF statistic chain") to determine a similarity value between the sample chain and the reference maps. In one configuration, the similarity value is determined by calculating the Euclidian distance between the sample chain and each of the AF reference map and the non-AF reference map. In one embodiment, the comparisons between the interval transitions within the beat window and the AF reference map and the non-AF reference map are performed in manners similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,801 by Robert Turcott titled "Method of Characterizing Dynamical Systems," the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
At block 33, the algorithm uses the similarity values in the form of Euclidian distance to determine AF quality using the following equation:
At block 34, a heart rate is calculated for the beat window, using all or just a portion of the beats within the window. As explained further below (e.g., Eq. 7) the heart rate is calculated in terms of a heart rate index. At block 35 the AF quality and heart rate (HR) index for the beat epoch are used as inputs to search for a Markov-Chain based probability (PMC) of AF from a probability look-up table. The probability look-up table for PMC is created from AF quality versus heart rate distributions for the known AF beats and known non-AF beats from well-known public databases, including the MIT-BIH Atrial Fibrillation database, the American Heart Association (AHA) database, European ST-T database, and AF Termination Challenge database, all available at physionet.org and AHA. AF Quality and heart rate index are calculated for each of known AF data and known non AF data within these databases using the same processes and equations (e.g., Eq. 1 and Eq. 7) described herein. A graphical presentation of a possible look-up table of heart rate index verses AF Quality verses PMC is provided in
Detecting the Presence of PVC, Bigeminy, and Trigeminy: Obtaining Variance Probability (PVAR)
PMC alone, as computed above, may be indiscriminate in distinguishing RR interval instability due to AF from RR interval instability due to PVCs, bigeminy, and trigeminy. Accordingly, this feature of the algorithm is intended to prevent false detection of AF by discriminating AF beats against beats from premature ventricular contractions (PVC), bigeminy, and trigeminy. By way of background, bigeminy is a cardiac rhythm characterized by pairs of complexes. This commonly refers to a ventricular ectopic beat coupled to a sinus beat, but it could also be an atrial ectopic beat or paced ventricular beat coupled to either a conducted ventricular complex or a ventricular ectopic beat. Trigeminy is an arrhythmia characterized by repeating patterns of three beats, with one premature ventricular contraction following two normal beats.
With reference to
1. Variance based on positive values of dRR (+Var)
2. Variance based on negative values of dRR (−Var)
3. Variance based on all values dRR (all Var)
At block 52, the three types of variances of unknown beats are used as input to search for variance based probability (PVAR) of a beat being AF instead of a beat of other ectopic origins, e.g., PVCs, bigeminy, and trigeminy, from a probability look-up table. Variances are calculated for each of known AF data vs. PVCs, bigeminy, and trigeminy data within the databases referenced above. An exemplary look-up table of variance inputs verses PVAR is provided in
At block 54, the Markov-Chain based probability of AF (PMC) and the variance-based probability of AF (PVAR) are combined to determine the probability of AF for the current beat (i.e., combined probability PCOMBINED). In the case where PCOMBINED is being determined for the first time, the following equation is used:
In cases where PCOMBINED has been determined for a previous beat window, PCOMBINED for the current beat window is determined by combining the Markov-Chain based probability of AF (PMC) of the current window and the variance-based probability of AF (PVAR) of the current window with PCOMBINED for the previous window, using the following equation:
As described further below with reference to
AF Onset and Termination
With reference to
If PCOMBINED does not satisfy the AF trigger threshold, the process returns to block 70 where PCOMBINED is determined for the next beat window. If PCOMBINED does satisfy the AF trigger threshold, then AF onset is detected at block 72.
At block 76, the algorithm proceeds to the next beat window and determines PCOMBINED. At block 77, PCOMBINED for the next beat window is compared to the AF trigger threshold. If PCOMBINED for the next beat window satisfies the AF trigger threshold, AF onset is reconfirmed at block 78 and the process returns to block 77. If PCOMBINED for the next beat window does not satisfy the AF trigger threshold, then the algorithm determines that AF has terminated at block 79 and returns to block 70 to start the process over with the next beat window.
With reference to
In the process of
From the processes of
The algorithm may be considered to operate on a series of PCOMBINED values, each corresponding to a respective beat window, to detect AF onset and termination. In its most simple form, AF is detected if the PCOMBINED exceeds a trigger threshold and non AF is detected if PCOMBINED is below a termination threshold For example, with reference to
More specifically, at 130 PCOMBINED exceeds threshold 128 so there is AF onset (
In a more sophisticated arrangement, hysteresis is introduced in order to keep the number of switches between triggers and terminations to a minimum level. For example, to go from non AF to AF, the algorithm may require a series of N, PCOMBINED values above or equal to a trigger threshold in a row. To go from AF to non AF, the algorithm may require a series of P, PCOMBINED values below a termination threshold in a row.
With reference to
Specifically, the algorithm does not trigger AF onset on the 130, as PCOMBINED dropped to 30 immediately afterwards and thus N=2 was not satisfied. The algorithm does trigger AF onset at 128, once PCOMBINED reached 150 because N=2 was satisfied at that point. The algorithm does not terminate AF at the 25 because it only had one level below the threshold and thus P=3 is not satisfied. While the algorithm did terminate AF after the 140, it does not make that distinction until it found the third 1 after the 140, thus satisfying P=3. These counts and thresholds are programmable. By adjusting them the algorithm can adjust the sensitivity/specificity to AF along with a tendency towards short or long durations.
Following is an illustrative example of the AF detection algorithm operating on an 11 beat epoch or beat window. Some abbreviations which are used throughout include:
With reference to
At block 102, after the dRR values have been calculated the dRR values are changed into bins using some thresholds. This effectively changes the dRR values into a number of manageable states. This can be done with a series of "if" statements or a precomputed look up table for speed. While there can be a wide range of bins, e.g., 2 to 32, this example assumes there are 4 bins with the following corresponding thresholds:
With these thresholds, the dRR values 112 of
With reference to
At block 104, in order to do an analysis over a given sample offset window size, statistics are calculated on each transition. This is done by first counting up the number of each offsets in a window, converting those counts into a percentage and then comparing it to another array or percentages of a known arrhythmia. This example assumes a sample offset window size of 4, but the window size could be anywhere from 1 to 100 beats. In this example, the first four offsets are: 6, 11, 5, 7. With reference to
As mentioned above, the algorithm employs AF and non AF reference maps (or statistic chains) that are compared to the sample chain of statistics. An exemplary AF reference map 160 and non-AF reference map 162 are shown in
Continuing with
where: non AF chain distance=the Euclidian distance between the sample chain and the non AF chain; and AF chain distance=the Euclidian distance between the sample chain and the AF chain.
The above AF Quality equation is the same as Eq. 3, but with the addition of 1 to the numerator and denominator to avoid the possibility of a division by zero. This gives a result between 0 and infinity. The likelihood of AF is correlated to the AF Quality. As shown in
Further regarding AF Quality, since microcontrollers are fastest with integers, unlike numbers between 0 and 1 nor infinity, the algorithm maps this range into an integer range (a number between 0 and N). More specifically, to expand the numbers between 0 and 1 to integers, the top number is multiplied by a constant (usually 64 or 128 so it can be done with shifts) and if the result is larger than the size of the look up table, it is changed to a maximum value.
In the preceding example:
Continuing with
Since it is an index into a table, the equation may change to reflect the size of the look up table. For instance if there is a valid range of 0 to 63, the division would change to 16 instead of 4, and the range would then be capped at 63 instead of 255. The size of the table may change, but there is some optimization potential to only do this calculation once per programmer.
As previously described, the Markov-Chain probability PMC is found with a multidimensional look up table. At block 107, with AF Quality and heart rate index as inputs to a look up table, a PMC for that bin transition and heart rate combination is found. In this example, the PMC would be represented as a number from 1 to 255 of the likelihood that that beat window of dRR values is AF. The higher the number, the more likely it is AF. A value of 128 indicates it is 50% probable it is AF.
Obtaining Variance Probability (PVAR)
As described above, PMC is the first portion of the AF detection algorithm. The second portion is designed to try to avoid detecting bigeminy or trigeminy rhythms as AF. To do this, the algorithm calculates three variances and uses those values to look up the probability that it is AF.
The variances are calculated over a window of dRR values. One variance is calculated over all dRR values in the window, another is calculated over the negative dRR values and a third is calculated over the positive dRR values. The dRR window size used to determine variances is preferably different from the dRR window size used to determine PMC. With reference to
With reference to
Step 1. Calculate the Average (Integer Math):
Step 2. Add the square of the differences from the average together:
Step 3. Find the average of the square of the differences by dividing by the window size:
At block 181, a second variance (−Var) is calculated only over the negative dRR values.
Step 1. Calculate the Average (Integer Math):
Step 2. Add the square of the differences from the average together:
Step 3. Find the average of the square of the differences by dividing by the number of the negative results:
At block 182, a third variance (+Var) is calculated only over the zero and positive dRR values
Step 1. Calculate the Average (Integer Math):
Step 2. Add the square of the differences from the average together:
Step 3. Find the average of the square of the differences by dividing by the number of the negative results:
In this example the result is 1, 0, 1. But in the real world with larger windows the variances can get really large. Furthermore, the arithmetic performed by the device may be different in that 1 divided by 2 could be '0' instead of '1'. Accordingly, the variances may be converted to indexes using a division operation along with a capping action. Doing so maintains the variances within the table sizes.
All dRR Index=Min(All dRR Variance/dRR All Variance Divider,Number of All Variance Bins−1)
Negative dRR Index=Min(All dRR Variance/dRR Negative Variance Divider,Number of All Variance Bins−1)
Positive dRR Index=Min(All dRR Variance/dRR Positive Variance Divider,Number of All Variance Bins−1)
At block 183, using these three indexes, and another supplied look up table, the algorithm finds PVAR, i.e., the probability that the combination of All Variance, Negative Variance and Positive Variations are AF.
At block 184, the algorithm combines PMC and PVAR using the following Bayesian inference equation to obtain an initial combined probability (PCOMBINED) which is used to determine if AF is onset. This equation is the same as Eq. 2, but the 1 has been replaced with 256 in order to map the probability between 0 and 256.
Because of the use of integer math, the PCOMBINED result provided by Eq. 8 may be further processed as follows to avoid a result of either 0 or 256:
P COMBINED=Max(1,Min(255,P COMBINED(Eq.8)))
This process sets PCOMBINED to 1 in cases where PCOMBINED from Eq. 8 is equal to 0, and to 255 in cases where PCOMBINED from Eq. 8 is equal to 256.
For the given example, both the PMC and PVAR are sitting on the fence by replying that each indicates that it is 50% likely to be AF (a value of 128). Inputting these into the PCOMBINED equation provides:
The resulting 128 or 50% indicates that the probability has not changed.
The next example looks at the scenario where PMC and PVAR disagree. If PMC indicates it is 95% likely to be AF, e.g., PMC=243, and the PVAR look up indicates only 25% likely to be AF, e.g., PVAR=64. In other words, PVAR thinks it is more likely to be Non AF than AF. In this case:
Now 220 is equivalent to an 85% probability (220/256) that is AF. The algorithm elegantly observed that PMC was much more confident that it was AF than PVAR.
With reference to
Once PCOMBINED is found for the current beat window, the dRR window slides down one dRR to form the next beat window and proceeds with block 76 (or
Preferably however, in order to avoid repeating all of the preceding calculations for the new beat window, one large optimization may be implemented when sliding the window. Note that only two bin values changed, bin 6 and bin 15. Bin 6 changed because it was no longer in the window. Bin 15 changed because it just slid into the window. Also note that both slots changed by exactly the same amount, 25%. Since the window size is fixed, 1 count will always equal 25%. These observations can be exploited to make the distance calculations very microcontroller friendly. Since distance is simply the sum of the square of the differences, the individual bins can simply be updated. First it is necessary to subtract out the old square of the difference from bin 6, and add in the new square of the difference for 6. Doing the same for bin 15 and the distance calculation processing power no longer grows with the size of the dRR window.
New Distance=Old Distance−Removed Bin's Original Square of differences+Removed Bin's New Square of differences−New Bin's Original Square of differences+New Bin's New Square of differences
Here is the example math for the Non AF Chain:
New Distance=12500−625+(0)2−0+(0−25)2=12500−625+0−0+625=12500
In summary, only updating the distances by the bin that slid out of the window and the bin that slid into the window will significantly reduce the computational power. Thus, after the initial window size is calculated, the window size does not affect the processing amount. As time (and thus the number of beats) approaches infinity, the average processing time per beat approaches the same constant regardless of the window size or the number of bins. The end result is that window size is not a significant factor in processing time and only influences memory requirements.
As the dRR window moves across the EGM stream, probabilities that the area under that window is AF are generated, but to improve results the preceding window probability is also used to update the probabilities of AF. This creates a level of hysteresis on the algorithm, and if the previous beats were AF, it is likely the next beats were also. As previously describe, a probability of AF for a current beat window is determined by combining PCOMBINED for previous beat window, PMC for current beat window and PVAR for current beat window using Eq. 3. The very first window AF probability starts off at 50% (128), but as long as it is non-zero it will quickly stabilize due to the lossy nature of integer math.
It will be apparent from the foregoing that while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while the forgoing description has focused on AF detection by implantable monitoring devices, the principles of the invention may find application in other implantable cardiac rhythm management devices such as pacemakers, ICDs and CRT devices, as well as external devices, such as Holter monitors. Consequently, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative and do not limit the scope of the invention. The scope of the invention should be ascertained with reference to the claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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Owner name: PACESETTER, INC., CALIFORNIA
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|Sep 14, 2015
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text:
A man was walking at 61st and Wright streets Tuesday night when a man carrying a gun started chasing him.
According to a Wauwatosa Police Department report:
The victim had been walking home from a friend's house at 52nd and Center streets in Milwaukee at 10:34 p.m. As he talked on his cell phone, he realized he was being followed.
One man followed on his side of the sidewalk, while two more men walked on the opposite side of the street keeping their eyes on him. He saw one of the men across the street pull a mask over his face and a hood over his head before he started jogging over.
As the masked man got closer, his hand could be seen in his front sweatshirt pocket. The victim, fearing that the man had a gun and was going to rob or harm him, took off running back to his friend's house.
Milwaukee police arrested an 18-year-old Milwaukee man Wednesday after they received a call of a mask man with a gun who dropped an empty revolver near 60th and Center streets. To 17-year-old male accomplices from Milwaukee were also arrested.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Euro Run is an educational initiative from the European Central Bank to support teachers when teaching money skills and to help children learn about euro banknotes and coins. The Euro Run materials are available for teachers in all EU languages, unless indicated otherwise, and can form part of their lesson plans.
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Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky was the son of a government mining engineer, born in 1840 in a small town in present-day Udmurtia, Russia. Peter began piano lessons at the age of five, and within three years he could read music as well as his teacher. In 1850, Peter's father was appointed as the Director of the St. Petersburg Technological Institute. It was there that Tchaikovsky received his education at the School of Jurisprudence. The only music instruction he received at school were piano lessons from a piano manufacturer who occasionally made visits as a token music teacher. Read more...
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Courageous survivor speaks about silent crisis of domestic violence
Domestic violence is a silent, yet daily crisis for thousands of families in neighborhoods across this city. The problem crosses income, race and education. The numbers and stories of survivors tell us no one is immune.
Hannah Hendricks isn't the picture most of us have of domestic abuse. She hears that all the time from friends.
"You are such an independent, strong woman? How did you find yourself in that position?" Hannah said are questions she's asked.
Well educated?
"Yes," she said
Middle class?
"Yes. Raised by a great family," she answered
But once married to a not-so-good husband.
"Did you fear for your life?" Eyewitness News asked.
"Yes," she replied.
"Nonstop," she replied matter of factly.
For three and a half years, she lived with a man who slept with a sharpened machete and isolated her from her family and friends.
"The biggest factor for not getting out sooner was, 'Is going to kill me? Is he going to kill my family? Am I going to be able to get out successfully, or am I going to be a statistic? Am I going to get killed by this man?'," she said.
Hendricks' story, although horrific, is typical of many abuse victims. Last year The Julian Center followed up on 6,600 IMPD domestic violence calls and provided shelter and other services to more than 6,000 victims.
"It happens to people who are smart. People who are accomplished in their lives, who are trained to deal with these situations," Julian Center CEO Catherine O'Connor explained.
Thursday night, IMPD Sgt. Ryan Anders broke into his ex-wife's home and fatally shot her before killing himself. Police officers are trained and committed to protect people like themselves. Officer Kimberlee Carmack was armed, her home was alarmed and locked. Still, her former husband cut the security system and broke down the door.
"Our message is that doesn't mean don't try. That doesn't mean give up," O'Connor said.
It took Hendricks years to break what she calls the cycle and habit of abuse.
"It may feel like the safe thing to do, the preferable thing to do, if you stay in that. Save your life. You are stronger than you think," she said. "I've been through hell on Earth, I really have. But it makes you...once you are out of it, realize just how good life really is. Even when I'm struggling I laugh, because I'm not where I was two years ago."
While domestic violence affects people from all walks of life, police officers face a much higher divorce rate than the rest of the population, as well as a higher rate of domestic violence.
Suggested Links
The National Center for Women and Policing reports that 40 percent of police officer families experience domestic violence, while families not involved in police work have a domestic violence rate closer to ten percent.
Another study shows that domestic violence is two to four times more common in police families compared to the average American family.
Shattering the Silence - WTHR has been working for 12 years to stop domestic violence. See resources here.


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The "Fifty Shades Of Grey" app!
If you're one of the masses who needs something to scratch your 50 Shades of Grey itch while you wait for the movie to come out, your next fix is only an app away.
The Grey Internship App allows you to live out your virtual 50 Shades fantasies by completing assignments for Grey Enterprises Holdings, which will allow you to "earn badges, share your progress, and climb the intern ladder."
It's a far cry from ACTUALLY getting down with your own Christian, but in the meantime, it's better than nothing.


text: Self-PortraitistsMiley Cyurs, Katy Perry & the Week's Best Celebrity SelfiesKaty Perry has crabs, Snoop Dogg and Rihanna celebrate puff puff pass Tuesday, and more of the week's best selfies.Amy Zimmerman11.09.13 5:45 AM ETDavid Letterman learns how to work his iPhone, Selena Gomez and Demi Lovato are selfie sisters, and Jason Biggs manages some bathroom multitasking. Plus, more selfies celebs tweeted this week. @parishilton/InstagramParis HiltonWhat's even more narcissistic than a selfie? Asking multiple members of your posse to take a selfie for you. Paris Hilton pioneered the trend this week, uploading this mega-posed pre-Ellen Show selfie to Instagram on Thursday. @selenagomez/Instagram Selena Gomez and Demi LovatoCelebrity friendships may be fleeting, but selfies are forever. Selena Gomez and Demi Lovato captured their matching duck faces for posterity on Thursday, uploading this mirror snap along with the caption "It's just the evidence of forever. No matter what." @lateshow/InstagramDavid LettermanDavid Letterman showed off a refreshingly amateur approach to the celeb selfie this week, uploading a blurry, unfiltered pic that may as well have been taken on a flip phone (gasp!). The talk show host, who shot this selfie at an inexplicably unflattering angle, ought to enroll in Paris Hilton's school for glamorous celebrity pseudo-selfies. @iamdiddy/Instagram DiddyMost fathers think quality time consists of throwing the ball around, or maybe going for a late night drive. This selfie should make those dads feel pretty lame. Diddy went all out for "father and son night," snapping this courtside selfie mugging with his blinged-out son. Because while money might not be able to buy a son's love, it can definitely score you awesome seats and a killer selfie. @snoopdogg/Instagram SnoopAccording to Instagram, "#puffpuffpassTuesdays" is Snoop Dogg's favorite weekly holiday. The rapper celebrated in style this week, uploading this heavily decorated pic (yep, that's a red-eyed unicorn in the bottom right corner) of a smoke session with bad gal Riri herself. Looks like Snoop's religious epiphany didn't affect his maturity levels. @katyperry/Instagram Katy PerryKaty Perry certainly loves her props. So it's no surprise that the pop sensation decided to give this selfie a little pizazz by posing with a tiny crab. While the caption ("Sometimes I can get a little crabby.") is a tad unoriginal, we're willing to cut Katy a little slack. After all, she did just release a chart topping album, Prism, and a number one hit, "Roar". @dixiechicks/TwitterNatalie MainesNever one to avoid controversy, Natalie Maines of the Dixie Chicks can be seen cutting her own hair in this behind the scenes selfie. @MileyCyrus/TwitterMiley CyrusYou kiss your grandmother with that mouth? Miley Cyrus, the famously foul-mouthed, hard-partying, former Disney star, isn't all shock and awe. The pop sensation is still a child at heart, snapping this sweet selfie in honor of her Grandmother's birthday. @JennyMcCarthy/TwitterJenny McCarthyJenny McCarthy used precise arm extension to achieve the perfect angle for this flattering shot with Kathy Griffin. Clearly overcome with her selfie skills, McCarthy forgot to spell check, captioning this pic "Lov'n my bitcj". @kalpenn/TwitterKal PennKal Penn took a trip down memory lane this week, channeling lovable pothead Kumar Patel by barraging his Twitter followers with nonsensical, goofy mustache selfies. The hilarious series is a must-see for Harold & Kumar fans and silly celebrity selfie enthusiasts. @TaySchilling/TwitterTaylor SchillingOrange Is the New Black portrays many of the unglamorous indignities of prison life. In this twit pic, Jason Biggs exposes the harsh reality behind filming the Netflix series itself, as the star is forced to multitask by getting his makeup done while on the toilet. @KChenoweth/TwitterKristin ChenowethPixie cuts have been trending hard these past few weeks, with celebs competing to see who can go shortest. Kristin Chenoweth threw her hat into the ring last Friday, tweeting this shorn selfie of her new 'do.


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
A Black Tie Affair - Krista BlackburnInternet Avondale, Arizona U.S.A.
Does your business have a bad reputation?
Fix it the right way.
Corporate Advocacy Program™
This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 03/20/2008 12:21 PM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/a-black-tie-affair-krista-blackburn/avondale-arizona/a-black-tie-affair-krista-blackburn-i-worked-for-this-company-and-did-not-get-paid-300-319680. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 General Comment
SUBMITTED: Sunday, January 23, 2011POSTED: Sunday, January 23, 2011
This family has a long history of scammingpeople . There father is/was in federal prison in Indiana for wire fraud and mail fraud and check kitting tax evasion . Ron Blackburn was the master of getting leverage buyouts and selling the equipmentand doing a lease buyback in which Ron would take the money and never pay anyone . He pulled this scam in Indianapolis ,Novi , and Cordell Georgia Toledo Perrysburg and all over Ohio . Many good average hard working people were hurt by this scam artist . He would funnel money to his children and girlfriend . Even with seeing the age of this post it I still see this family is hard at work wrecking people . Krista in the late 1990's had a holding company to help hide her fathers stolen monies . During that time a grand jury was convened and Ron went off the prison . Looks like the rest of the family needs the prison treatment .
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text:
North-east business tycoon Sir John Hall has found a good way of spending the millions he received from the recent sale of his shares in Newcastle United. He is ploughing the cash into the restoration of his mansion, Wynyard Hall, near Stockton. The hall is undergoing an £8m refurbishment programme in the hope it will one day rival the Duke of Northumberland's Alnwick Castle as an international tourist destination. The 2,000-acre site, which Sir John acquired as his family home 21 years ago, has become the property developer's latest pet project. The former Magpies chairman has called in historic-gardens consultants to ensure that the estate, which also features a lake and three follies, is returned to its glory days of the 1820s – about the time Newcastle Utd last won a trophy of significance.
A phantom menace?
It's time again for 'The Telegraph' to hold its annual Christmas whoop. This year, in keeping with the modernisation of the paper, it is being held at London nightclub Pacha, round the corner from its new offices in Victoria. Luckily, there aren't too many senior staff left at 'The Telegraph' to tut about the decision to celebrate in a haven of techno music and over-priced drinks. One Telegrapher reports the party is fancy dress, and that editor-in-chief Will Lewis intends to turn up as Darth Vader. Surely some sort of a joke?
£10,000 a ticket? It's a whole lotta love for Led Zep
Led Zeppelin fans take note. A pair of tickets to see the band's one-off tribute gig at the O2 Arena in London on 10 December are being auctioned off for charity. Seatwave.com, the agency doing the flogging, is hoping to get £10,000 for the tickets. Who is willing to pay that huge sum to see the aged rockers in action? Well, pre-credit crunch, the answer was probably any number of City folk. Now, well, we will have to wait and see. If they do go for the £10k, the tickets will become the most expensive in music concert history.
Um, Mr Peston, was Mr Naughtie a little, er, rude?
It sounds as if the 'Today' programme's James Naughtie is not happy that the BBC's erudite business editor, Robert Peston, is hogging so much of the limelight. Peston was wheeled on to the show early on Tuesday morning to talk about his interview with Bank of England governor Mervyn King. When he started um-ing and er-ing, Naughtie jumped in and, three times, tried to hurry him up. We're used to 'Today' interviewers interrupting politicians, but interrupting their own colleagues is a new development.
Battle of the tables
A turf war has broken out at Westminster between Fleet Street hacks and select-committee researchers. The latter keep invading the press tables in the Commons committee rooms. The hacks have responded with sarcastic insults and (I'm sorry to report) the occasional flicked paper pellet during meetings. "MPs never
used to have as much research back-up," grumbles one scribe.
Two hats for Greenslade
Roy Greenslade has jumped to his own defence over at the 'Evening Standard'. He writes a weekly media column for the paper and a blog for Media Guardian. But Greenslade is undisturbed by those who worry that his daily and weekly offerings might "overlap". "The contract has a long way to run," says Roy. "As far as I know it ends in March and I've yet to make up my mind about it."
Vodafone hooks up to virtual world
Could Vodafone actually be getting trendy? The big red mobile machine has entered the virtual, computer-generated world of Second Life with a new telephone service. Players' characters will be able to use Vodafone handsets to ring each other within the virtual world. As the calls are put through in cyberspace, the players' mobiles actually connect in the real world as well. It all sounds a bit odd to us Luddites, but apparently Second Life is where today's "yoof" hang out. An elderly (that'll be 30-something) analyst tells us: "We are expecting Arun Sarin [Vodafone's chief executive] to start rapping at the company's next results presentation. Maybe that's why the shares are off today."
Email your best diary stories to email@example.com for a chance to win a bottle of 12-year-old single malt from Bruichladdich – the progressive Hebridean DistillersReuse content


text:
well i am happy for you and glad you have it like that not everybody does^^ That sounds a bit naive but 16 years with him... I can read him like a book... or so I'd like to believe. If he was lying I'm sure I'd catch him. He's not very good at it and he really has no reason to lie. I'm a pretty open person and if he wanted someone else, I'd probably say go ahead. Grass ain't always greener.
"here for fun"
Level 5
Since: May 13
Location hidden
#2987 Aug 24, 2013
"Will cause trouble when bored"
Since: Dec 12
Location hidden
#2988 Aug 24, 2013
All of my very best friends are guys. I just never have had but two close female friends that lasted overtime without them being shady to me. Wouldnt trade my guys for anyone but what makes it work is we never crossed that line, just friends. but single or married I am alway friends with their gf or wife's too.
"here for fun"
Level 5
Since: May 13
Location hidden
#2989 Aug 24, 2013
good deal there Lylah and you are a great one and stay good girl
"I call it as I see it."
Since: Jul 09
Retirement City
#2990 Aug 24, 2013
The experts gave very sound advice. If you don't want to heed it, that's your choice. With the high rate of marriage failures going on, I would think it wise not to disregard sound advice.
"I call it as I see it."
Since: Jul 09
Retirement City
#2991 Aug 24, 2013
Just to be on the safe side, I would recommend that you explore these links:
I really believe that these links offer very sound advice that could one day save a marriage. I, personally would never be able to have a very close platonic friendship with a member of the opposite sex as my interests generally run contrary to that of the average woman. I find very few women who are interested in the things I am interested in and what most women are interested in doesn't interest me. I do have some internet friends of the opposite gender and I avoid any type of cyberflirting with them, period. I don't talk to the women any differently than I do to the men and I will never send a PM that I would not want to hide from my wife. I also have same gender internet friends. You will never see me making a personal one on one visit to a member of the opposite sex unless it involves something to the effect of doing some repairs to her property or some other item that I am qualified to perform which she can't, and then I would only stay long enough to get the job done and would leave promptly after finishing the job. I definitely try to avoid getting too close to anybody of the opposite gender in deference to my wife.
Since: Jul 11
Location hidden
#2992 Apr 20, 2014
sticking with my earlier answer...All depends on the people..
Since: Apr 13
Location hidden
#2993 Apr 20, 2014
I have very mixed feelings on this. I do think it is a possibility but for many it isn't a good idea. In my situation, my husband wouldn't like it so I wouldn't do it, but I do think there are very rare cases where it happens and they are just friends. The one time I ever tried to befriend a single guy he started in on how much of a jerk he thought my husband was and it became very apparent he thought he had a chance at replacing him. So for me personally, I don't have nor do I want to be fiends with single guys, but I don't think that my opinion on it is necessarily the right opinion for everyone. I guess to each their own and if both spouses are okay with the situation it's between them and not to be worried about by others. My friends are all girls and married men some of whom I am friends with their wives too, some of whom I'm more friends with the husband. And some I met through my husband, some I met on my own. I agree with hml, though depends on the people involved.
Since: Jun 11
Location hidden
#2994 Apr 21, 2014
You doing what best fits you and makes you happy is good. But anyone can have undesired ulterior motives
"100% Princess"
Since: Jan 07
and totally harmless
#2995 Apr 21, 2014
Never had a problem with it. Some of my best friends--and longest friendships are guys.
"Towards Spring"
Since: Dec 06
Location hidden
#2996 Apr 21, 2014
well, many women become friends with their
consultants and doctors.. And colleagues in
The workplace
I don't see any harm in having male -
as well as- female friends.
Since: Apr 13
Location hidden
#2997 Apr 21, 2014
That is true. I don't think one way is right or one way is wrong. I think it depends on the people and perhaps I just haven't met any single guys and clicked with them as friends. Some of my husband's friends are single and we get along just fine, we just don't hang out alone. It's not a matter of not trusting them or myself, we just don't have much in common I guess. In all honesty, of all my friends...my dearest friend is a man and so I guess that's really no different even if he is married. I just don't happen to have any personal only my friend relationships with any single men that aren't also his friend or a relative. A friend is a friend no matter their status, so if my best friend became single or I became single he'd still be my best friend. I do love him to pieces no matter his relationship status. That's the important thing...to be a good friend to your friends, especially if you're lucky enough to have that one really dear friend...you love them no matter what.
Since: Jun 08
Location hidden
#2999 Apr 21, 2014
Same here. Some people create barriers for themselves, and that's fine for them, but they don't get to expect others to live by their personal and particular limitations.
"100% Princess"
Since: Jan 07
and totally harmless
#3000 Apr 21, 2014
Amen sistah girl.....
#3001 Apr 21, 2014
Best answer!!!!
Since: Apr 12
Location hidden
#3002 Apr 21, 2014
Yes. Why not. If some one is nice to you how could you not accept
Their friendship. Married or not. Human being is a human being and
They have a heart as well
Since: Jul 11
Location hidden
#3003 Apr 21, 2014
I have single male friends and married ones as well.I met most these through my husband..My friends are mainly males..We talk about auto,about building and repair on the home..etc..Some thought hubby knows how to do certain things and he tells them,,you need to ask the ole lady.She knows more about that than I do..Yes we joke with each other and hubby gets a kick from it..Again depends on the people..
Since: Mar 14
Location hidden
#3004 Apr 21, 2014
No. That goes for both!
"I looked, and behold,"
Since: Aug 08
Location hidden
#3005 Apr 21, 2014
Depends if she's the type to grab you and shove her tongue in your mouth when you weren't expecting it and had no clue she felt that way (her roommate was the one who, when my roommate had a bunch of friends over and he asked if I could crash someplace else for the night said Sublime, you can sleep with me ... I did ... In a twin bed in her dorm room (she was hot too)... She wore a nighty, but we didn't do anything (I was in a relationship) but I totally could have)
Depends if she's going to get drunk and demand that you sleep with her and "make her feel like a woman" and literally will not take no for an answer.
Depends if she is going to tell a hot chick who is flirting with you when you are shyte faced drunk only to proceed to take advantage of your state of drunkenness herself when she gets you alone.
Depends if she is going to bad mouth your SO and tell you, you should be with a real woman ... who as luck would have it just happens to be here.
Depends if she is going to stalk your SO because you are with your SO instead of her.
I won't even get into the girls who I was friends with who were nice about it and offered threesomes (which is fine, they weren't pushy or disrespectful about it), told my friends they are interested in dating me or who told me if I ever break up with my SO to please call them and give them a chance and have me their number.
I won't even get into my experiences with women who I just met out on the town and who I sometimes have hardly said 2 words to.
Maybe for some guys it works, but more often then not, for this guy, it doesn't. Some women sure, but not most.
"I looked, and behold,"
Since: Aug 08
Location hidden
#3006 Apr 21, 2014
who as luck would have it just happens to be her, not here
#3007 Apr 22, 2014
Yes, but only her husband is not manly.
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text:
You're in my thoughts, now.
Your touch is so soft, it's barely a whisper.
Only a breath to her callused skin,
battened by the wind.
Light as a feather,
while she's tattered leather.
So silly, really.
She can only wonder if you know--
if you did, wouldn't you go?
And wouldn't those sideways glances and scattered words
mean nothing more than before?
Why does she even wonder? To what does this amount to,
when even now,
she's going under?
It's a pleasant dream, but so much less than it seems.
A pretty thought to entertain,
but if it's all just lithium to her pain;
it isn't fair.
And anyway, you're not even looking there.
I wish I was beautiful.
But if I'm not, what do you see?


text:
Two (part six)Mature
"The GE is nothing too serious, but it's still in the early stages of development. Don't be angry at your mother and father, they only wanted the best for you and would have paid a great deal of money to obtain that. Some of the kids who endured GE developed certain… capabilities and this school was established to place them in a controlled environment where if any mutations did develop, scientists and therapists alike would be able to deal with it?"
"Going through the mutation stages can be a traumatic experience for some students. We saw it fit to send them to a therapist."
"Oh. Right." I gulped.
"These capabilities, mutations, powers, whatever you want to call them, they can be dangerous so we monitor our students very closely. Anyway, kids here call them 'extras' because, obviously, you've gained extra abilities aside from the ones GE presented you with."
"Sorry, but what does the genet- I mean, GE, even do? Why would you put your own child through that?" I was horrified and they were both acting as though it was the most normal thing in the world.
"Parents pay a great deal to gift their child with impressive athletic abilities, enhanced intelligence and they can even alter their child's features. Like eye colour and hair colour." Mr Mac said calmly.
"Our mum and dad paid them to make Ryan and me as identical as possible despite the fact… uh, biologically we're different sexes and being identical twins would be impossible." Rowan interjected. He had been sat silently the entire time, his hand on mine was the only thing reminding me of his presence.
"And your eyes." I said quietly. Rowan looked up at me surprised.
"No, my eyes are naturally green." I frowned in confusion, a strange sensation tingled in the back of my mind, and I somehow knew he was lying.
"They're not."
Rowan laughed, it was a kind of cold sound and it didn't suit him well. "Karin, why don't we just stop arguing over the authenticity of my eyes and get back to learning about GE."
"Sure," I snapped, then I removed my hand from under his, turning to Mr Mac. I knew he was lying. I could feel it.
"Yes, so, GE is essentially altering your child's DNA before they're born. As this is an especially… modern science, things go wrong and cause, as I said, certain mutations."
"Why are they even allowing it if it goes wrong? Isn't this illegal?" I fretted.
"The organisation which performs the GE operations is run by the government." Mr Mac informed me.
"Are you kidding?"
"This is fucked up. This is so fucked up." I moaned, hanging my head, "my parents didn't tell me anything, not even when I… when I hurt the girl at my old school."
"Yes, that's why you were sent here. It was wrong of your mum and dad to keep you from us throughout your high school years. But you're here now, and you're safe. That's all that matters." Said Mr Mac warmly.
"I… I need, um," I stumbled over my words, the severity of the situation sinking in. "I need, um, yeah. I need a moment."
"Take all the time you need, we're right here," Rowan said softly, he reached over and interlocked our fingers, squeezing my hand reassuringly.
My shoulders began to shake, and I realised I'd been crying the entire time. But only now were the sobs starting to rattle my bones and I shuddered and choked on air. I heard Rowan's shuddering gasp and he wrapped a comforting arm around my shoulders. All the while, I tried to tell them about my betrayal, about how sick this all was but I couldn't form the words in my mouth.
I was a lab experiment and my parents had lied to me for my entire life. I knew, as soon as those thoughts passed through my mind, that nothing, nothing, would be the same again.


text:
Reasons to become FSC certified
Becoming FSC certified shows that you comply with the highest social and environmental standards on the market. With public concerns about the state of the world's forests and timber resources increasing, FSC provides you with a credible solution to complex environmental and social issues.
FSC certification is an effective way to gain public and consumer recognition of your responsible practices and can also help you to make and meet Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) targets. It can also improve credibility with customers and business associates, and with financial and watchdog organisations, thus helping to protect your brand and reputation. FSC certification allows you to access more environmentally sensitive markets, and increasingly, governments and businesses are specifying FSC certified products in their procurement programs.
4 Steps towards FSC certification:
1. Contact
Contact one or several FSC accredited certification bodies. To give you a first estimate regarding cost and time needed the certification body will need some basic information about your operation. The certification body will provide you with information about the requirements for FSC certification. Click here for details of FSC accredited certification bodies.
Group schemes
You may qualify for a group scheme, in which case it is a good idea to contact a few in addition to the certification bodies - please click here for further information about chain of custody and forest management group schemes.
2. Decide
Decide which certification body (or small business group scheme) you would like to work with and sign an agreement them.
3. Receive Audit
Undergo an FSC certification audit, in which your company's qualifications for certification are assessed. An audit report is produced, on which the certification body makes a decision.
4. Receive Outcome
If the decision is positive, you receive an FSC certificate. If the audit revealed that your operation is not yet in full compliance with FSC requirements, then after you have implemented the changes suggested in the certification report, you can go for a further audit.
Types of FSC certification
© FSC ICFSC issues two main types of certificate, Forest Management and Chain of Custody certification.
Learn about both by clicking here.


text:
The Congress-led UPA government might have felt that its detractors would have an issue less after the 2001 parliament attack convict Afzal Guru was hastily executed in Tihar Jail on the morning of February 9. It was a quickly though-out strategy to establish that the 'secular' Congress was by no means soft on the question of terror, even after its home minister committed a political goof-up by uttering the words 'Hindu terror'.
The Congress's sole aim in the entire episode was how to steal the wind from the BJP's sail and particularly blunt the emerging challenge called Narendra Modi. For it was the same Modi who has mauled the Congress on the question of nationalism/communalism in Gujarat assembly polls in the past, particularly in 2007.
But the Congress decision-makers rushed things without actually taking stock of the situation. It is ironical for they knew what the political consequences of simplifying a complex issue could lead to. But the leadership went ahead to execute the second man inside three months. It was a ham-handed act, to say the least.
A strong public opinion, fuelled by an aggressive and sensationalist media, gave the rulers the impression that the act of execution had full sanction. It was thought that the tilting public sentiments in favour of opposition leaders like Modi even at the national stage could be won only if the state gave an outlet to the prevailing angst and anger among the people. The judiciary's emphasis on "collective conscience" took Guru closer to the gallows even faster.
But for serious observers of politics, executing Afzal Guru never really had the potential to transform the image of either Manmohan Singh or Sonia Gandhi into that of the late iron leader of the party, Indira Gandhi. According to a senior political analyst, it showed that the government was perhaps worried that prolonged delay in taking a decisive action on mercy petitions could see Guru's death sentence being transformed into a life imprisonment. Such an outcome could have spelled more problem for the Congress-led government. The massive protest in Dhaka over a similar situation does not make such apprehension totally baseless.
But was taking the risk worth it? For a common middle-class Indian, New Delhi acted in a manner that only a colonial regime of the past would do, i.e., carrying out a sensitive act in a haste and not caring for the repercussions for it is confident that its police power will be enough to handle the disapproval on ground. Guru's hanging was backed by measures in Jammu and Kashmir that don't conform to democratic standards by any means. Even his grief-stricken family was allegedly put under house arrest by the chief minister of the state, who had slammed the hanging act a few days earlier. The Indian state, which nowadays views Kashmir as a security problem more than a political one, itself opted to politicise a sensitive issue. A statecraft bereft of substance, to say the least.
Misled by surge in tourism?
The Afzal Guru hanging issue revealed how much the Congress-led UPA is disconnected with the reality and equates everything under the sun with a quest to preserve its power. The fact that Kashmir witnessed a surge in its famous tourism industry in the last two years had perhaps given the government the impression that all was well in the state. But now, the border flare-up with Pakistan and the hanging of Guru will reveal the true picture and affect the tourism adversely, putting the livelihood of several people under threat. This is what New Delhi's hurried strategy has caused in reality.
What was Ghulam Nabi Azad doing?
Another factor that also could have contributed to the adverse situation is the role played by former Kashmir chief minister Ghulam Nabi Azad. The man, currently a central minister, has failed to come up with any success in Andhra Pradesh, where he is in charge of the party affairs. Why wasn't he taken into confidence before the party leaders decided a step on handle the sensitive state of Kashmir?
It can be mentioned that Azad had approached Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in October 2006 to intervene to get a presidential pardon for Guru, who was supposed to be hanged on October 20 that year. He had also urged the government to postpone Guru's hanging after the Ramzan for he feared the repercussions. But his party decided to differ from him, particularly after the Opposition lashed out at him.
Did the Congress not speak Azad this time to understand the ground mood thinking he might have repeated what he had said in 2006? On the other hand, did Azad decide to distance himself from the party this time after meeting resistance from party colleagues?
In the end, the Congress managed to satisfy less number of people than it had actually hoped to. Ultra-nationalists on either side of the religious spectrum criticised it; one for putting the Kashmir situation at risk and the other, for delaying justice. The liberal minds, too, did not back the act for it violated the spirit of democracy.


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|Name : Jack Frost (Hindi) (BR) (1998)
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New Braunfels Herald Zeitung (Newspaper) - February 7, 1984, New Braunfels, Texas Final-day filings scramble county elections By DEBBIE DELOACH and DORIAN MARTIN Staff writers Three Republicans and one Democrat waited until Monday's final filing date before putting their names into the race for county office®. Before the deadline had come, Jack Bremer and Gilbert Villarreal had filed for sheriff, constable Lester Jonas was in the Precinct 3 county commissioner race and David Achilles joined two opponents on the ballot for Jonas' old job, Precinct 3 constable. One announced candidate, former highway patrolman Robert Butler, did not file by Monday's 6 p.m. deadline for the Precinct 3 constable office. Bremer joins two other GGP candidates — Carl Davis and Walter Van Auken — who are trying to unseat incumbent Walter Fellers, who has held that office since 1953. Bremer, a New Braunfels resident, is a U.S. Marine Corps veteran and has 24 years of law enforcement experience with the Justice and Treasury Departments. He retired in 1980 as the Assistant Regional Commissioner of Operations in the U.S. Customs Service in Houston. Noting the long time spent in law enforcement, he said, "I think ifs time to give something back to the community. "I'd like to have a modern, sophisticated sheriff's department," Bremer, 51, said. He added he would "bring new thoughts and new blood into the organization and I think that's healthy." Villarreal, a former sheriff's lieutenant, cited "internal problems" when he resigned as lieutenant of investigation on Jan. 23. Fellers said the officer quit "because he wanted an 8 (a.m.) to 5 (p.m.) job." But Villarreal said Monday, "I told Sheriff Fellers if I was not able to be effective within the department due to internal problems, then I may as well have taken an '8-to-5' job to spend more time with my family. "Wanting an '8-to-5' job wasn't why I resigned," he added. ''My resignation stemmed from a supervisor causing friction among the officers. That affected working conditions. The matter was taken to the sheriff, and I wasn't satisfied with the results." Villarreal worked over eight years with the Comal County department, and was named Officer of the Year in 1982 by the Breakfast Lion's Club. The award honors the late Ed Murphy, who was killed in the line of duty as sheriff's investigator in September 1981. That was about the time Villarreal was promoted to lieutenant, he said. He also listed letters of com mendation from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the New Braunfels Police Department, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and the Texas Department of Public Safety Narcotics Division for his assistance in the biggest drug bust in Comal County in July 1983. He said he also helped establish a fingerprint program in 1983 for the county's young children. "I know this (campaignI is going to be an uphill battle. The sheriff has See COUNTY, Page 12 New JUt Braunfels Nm Braunfels, Texas Herald-Zeituno Volume93-No. 27 12 Pages TUESDAY February 1,1984 25 Cents (USPS 377-880) Three file for seats on Council By DYANNEFRY Staff writer Retired resort owner Bob Henry made good his promise to run for City Council in April. He was the second of three candidates to put his name in the hat on Monday, first day of the official filing period. Dr. Kenneth Joe Kuehler, a local dentist, opened the filing on Monday morning. Rolf Edward Moore, a selfemployed designer, increased the field to three before City Hall closed its doors. Henry, 57, bought Landa Resort in the 1960s, and built the Schlitterbahn next door in 1980. He has since turned over operation of both businesses to his sons, which, he told the Herald-Zeitung, gives him plenty of time to serve on the council. Henry and his family are presently engaged in litigation against the City of New Braunfels. A federal lawsuit, filed August 1963 in San Antonio, was on the March 5 court docket at last report. Both Henry and City Attorney John Chunn have said in the past few weeks that they were "negotiating the possibility" of a settlement. Kuehler, 39, has an office at 457 Landa, and lives at 566 Kerlick Lane. See COUNCIL, Page 12 Bob and Kathleen Krueger chat with supporters at a political rally Monday night which kicked off the New Braunfels native's campaign for U S. Senate. The rally, which was preceded by a sponsors reception at Krueger s house, drew several hundred people to the Civic Center. The can didate's 70 member local steering committee sponsored the event. Krueger kickoff Staff photo bv harems Brntgas Rebels take West Beirut BEIRUT, lebanon (AP) — Rebel Moslem militiamen took charge of west Beirut today and called a "final cease-fire" with the beleaguered lebanese army. A Christian militia commander summoned his fighters for a showdown with the Moslems. Off Beirut, the U.S battleship New Jersey opened fire to halt a shelling attack on the American Marines in Beirut. One Marine was reported wounded by mortar fire. Another had been wounded Monday, the fiercest day of fighting since the latest outbreak in Lebanon's civil war began last Thursday. About 30 U.S. Embassy workers, considered non-essential personnel, were evacuated by helicopter from Beirut, the State Department reported rn Washington. Officials in the Near East Bureau of the department said that representatives of the Agency for International Development and private contractors — "people who couldn't get to work because of the fighting" in the city — were taken to ships of the 6th Fleet and probably will be transferred from there to the island of Cyprus. "It happened moments ago and it's still unfolding," said a U.S. official Evacuation begins WASHINGTON ap The United States toady foeman evacuating nonessential personnel from if, embassy in Beirut the State Department said today Some SO work els were tieing ta* en out by helicopter said oHiciats who declined to be identified who asked not to be quoted by name One official said the embassy "remains operational." including the consular section. Asked if there are plans to evacuate more American personnel or to close the facility, the official replied, "not at this point." Secretary of State George F. Shultz, traveling in Latin America, told reporters the Western governments represented rn the multinational force were considering possible changes in the force's mission He did not specify what changes were being considered. Victorious Moslem militiamen took up positions throughout west Beirut, driving armored personnel carriers through some districts. The army, weakened by defections, held on to See MIDEAST. Page 12Shuttle astronaut makes historic walk in space CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) -Astronauts Bruce McCandless and Robert Stewart unhooked lifelines today and became the first humans to fly free in space, using a gas-powered jet-pack to propel themselves more than 300 feet away from the shuttle Challenger and back again. "We sure have a nice flying machine," said McCandless as he went first. The tests of the jet-pack are to demonstrate the ability of an untethered astronaut to retrieve and repair satellites in flight. On the next mission in April, an astronaut is to use the jet-pack to move over to the defective Solar Maximum Satellite and secure it so it can be brought into the cargo bay for replacement of a faulty electronics box. McCandless maneuvered cautiously at first, carefully testing the new machine, pulsing its jets, moving back and forth, up and down, making certain all was right. He proceeded at a deliberate speed of about 2 mph — equal to a slow walk. "I'm going to head out, with your permission," he said. Mission Control gave him permission to move out 150 feet, saying, "There are some jealous folks down here. l.ooks like you're really having fun." Stewart, watched, ready to help if needed. Their colleagues in the shuttle, commander Vance Brand, • Robert Gibson and Ronald McNair, also were observing, alert to fly the ship to a rescue should things go wrong during one of the free flights. The TV pictures showed McCandless heading out, with first the Earth in the background and then the eerie blackness of space. He seemed to be suspended, rolling slowly as he adjusted his jets. "It's nice," McCandless commented. "The sun just came into my eyes," He was surrounded by a grand vista of Earth, moon, sun and stars. At one point he took time to look down at the globe: "I'm over the Florida Keys." At 150 feet out, he stopped and, with a camera attached to his helmet, took TV pictures of the shuttle, which were relayed to Mission Control. Then he moved back toward Challenger, ready to move out 300 feet on the next trial. A successful test of the jet-pack would ease some of NASA's pain over the loss of three satellites on this loth shuttle flight. Although the cause of the failures was not immediately known, they could scramble the future launch schedule. Informed of the third failure today — none of them the crew's fault — a disappointed commander Vance Brand said That blows our minds." Brand and the other crew members, Robert Gibson and Ronald McNair, watched their space-walking colleagues and were ready to fly Challenger to a rescue should things go wrong during one of the free flights The pack is a backboard-hke contraption with arms. Nitrogen gas fired through 24 jet thrusters provides the propulsion. The astronaut controls the thrust w ith hand levers on each (rf the two arms With his right hand, the astronaut operates controls that can send him spinning, tumbling or cartwheeling With his left hand, he controls straight line movement — forward-back, up- down or left-right. A minicomputer teamed with a gyroscope on the jet-pack can automatically fire the jets to hold the space walker in one position That enables him to do work in space w ith both hands free while being held relatively motionless. Clad in pressure suits, McCandless and Stewart began their space w alk at 7:25 a rn. EST, opening a shuttle airlock high above South Africa and floating into the 60-foot-long cargo bay, whose doors were open to the vacuum of space They were attached to guide wires by 50-foot cords See SHI TTLE. Page 12 Water slide gets permit from state The Schlitterbahn water slide got its permit to increase the diversion of water from the Old Comal River channel. New Braunfels City Manager E.N. Delashmutt described Monday's hearing before the Texas Water Commission as "real amicable." Attorneys for the city and New Braunfels Utilities made no objections after Schlitterbahn owner Jeff Henry explained that the request was made in the interests of clearer water. The amusement park's slides could continue to operate on the present 10.000 gallons per minute, Henry said. He added that the quicker flow (up to 50.000 gallons per minute) would increase turbulence, aerating the water in the same way a sewage treatment plant does. The result would be a cleaner-looking river, which people would be more interested in floating on, Henry said. All the water circulated through the Schlitterbahn is returned to the old river bed at a point 3,000 feet upstream from where it's taken out. The water is pumped to the top of park's castle-style superstructure, runs through the slides and back into the river. Spokesmen for the parties involved indicated there was enough water in the Old Comal channel to support the increased flow. The entire spring-fed stream passed through this channel at one time, but a man-made channel built in the mid-1800s now carries most of the water around the other side of I .anda Park. The two channels join at south end (rf Hininan Island, downstream from the Schlitterbahn. Monday's hearing was a continuation of a hearing originally scheduled for Jan. 5, at which time City Attorney John Chunn asked for a continuance so that the city could study possible impact on the banks and river flow. Jeff Henry's father, Bob Henry, described the month's delay as "harrassment" on the part of the city. InsideToday's Weather It will be mostly clear and mild today, then turning cloudy and cool through Wednesday. There is a 30 percent chance of light rain or drizzle tonight, and a 50 percent Wednesday . Winds will be from the southeast near IO mph today, light tonight and 10-15 mph Wednesday. Sunset will be at 6:14 p.m., and sunrise Wednesday will be at 7:16 a.m.Two of Throe In local basketball action, Canyon's girls beat Gonzales 44-43 on a shot with eight seconds left in the game, while Smithson Valley's girls bombed Southside 77-36 Monday night. New Braunfels girls weren't quite so fortunate, as they lost to Fredericksburg 63-29. Sports, Page 6. CLASSIFIED......................911 COMICS.........................IM CROSSWORD......................8 DEAR ABBY................... 8 DEATHS...........................2 HOROSCOPE.......................8 OPINIONS .. .,.....................4 SPORTS.................... 5.8 STOCKS...........................2 TV LISTINGS.......................8 WEATHER.........................2 ^ ........ Parks board tables can-gobbling machine The Parks and Recreation Advisory Board decided Monday night that a Golden Goat reverse vending machine was not the answer to the park sy stem's litter problems Board chairman Sharon Phair said Aluminum Vending Systems' machine, which gobbles up alununum cans and gives money in return, is a great idea. But the cost of the machine, and the amount of business required to make it pay off, is too big a bite for tile city to chew at this time, board members agreed "If they had a scaled-down model of that little thing, and could put one in about six different places, it would be wonderful," Phair said after the meeting adjourned. "He can't afford to put one everywhere we need it. And if you've got one machine, where do you put it?" Fitzgerald, who left before the board voted Ie table the idea indefinitely, had indicated he'd be willing to try a Golden Goat somewhere in the park system So far, his San Antonio-based company has dealt mainly with H E B stores, putting the machines in the grocery parking lots. The New Braunfels H.E.B is due to get one in the next few weeks, Fitzgerald said. He thinks the community is big enough to support two Golden Goats — but he does expect a certain return on his investment. The machines cost approximately $16,000 apiece, Fitzgerald said. AVS pays for installation, maintenance and utilities To break even, the Golden Goat must take in an average of 10.000 pounds of cans per month, at 25 cents per pound If a machine does that well or better, AVS pays the host business a IO percent commission on the cans If the take is consistently less, the company can't afford to keep the machine in operation, Fitzgerald said The parks board understood his problem And so far, members can't think of a location strategic enough to meet the quota. After a look around the town, Fitzgerald seemed to favor a spot near the new bathhouse at Prince Sodus Park East. He didn't know that the City Council had just agreed to charge a $2 fee for driving into that area on summer weekends and holidays. Board members agreed that a machine there nught get stray cans, or even six-packs, from the visitors, but that the fee would probably discourage local residents who had saved larger quantities of alununum Board member Carl Fox said the Prince Solms circle wasn't a good idea anyway, because it's so congested during the summer There would be no place to park while unloading cans. Other locations suggested included the Union See PARKS, Page 12 ;
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To prepare the saltimbocca, slice the cheese into 6 pieces. Thinly slice the garlic and cut each slice of prosciutto in half. Set aside.
Cut each chicken breast into 3 equal pieces and sprinkle with pepper. Tear each sage leaf in half and place on top, followed by the cheese and prosciutto. Cover with plastic wrap, and flatten to just under 1/2" -inch.
- 3 oz cambozola cheese
- 1 clove garlic
- 3 slices prosciutto
- 2 chicken breasts
- freshly ground black pepper (to taste)
- 3 large, fresh sage leaves


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Last month, the MSDN team published a doc that's long been in the works — a developer's introduction to some of the new APIs in Windows Vista. The real meat is in the .chm file (self-extracting exe), with some sample code and detailed API info.
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The IAV series of infnity products provides an ideal solution for Audible and Visual private mode alarm notication or status. With a durable low prole design allowing for both Horn and Light to reside in a single gang location. This unique modular design provides for innite possibilities and congurations. The Decora style compatibility for choice of cover plate colors and integration with other Innity Products. The UL 1638 listed appliance is ideal for emergency signaling applications. The IAV was designed to reduce power consumption and improve sound and visual performance. The LED packs a 30 candela flash at a 1 Hz cycle. The piezo horn output level is jumper selectable at either 68/69dB high or 53/54 dB low mode with selection of steady or temporal (Code 3). The units are shipped with the jumpers preset to High and Temporal. This appliance is designed for use with UL listed 24VDC polarized power circuits (Fire and Mass notifcation).