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from £40 / night help Price for guests, Nights
Highcliffe View – Home 45724 House
- 2 bedrooms
- 4 sleeps
- min stay varies
Highcliffe View – Home 45724
- House
- 2 bedrooms
- sleeps 4
- min stay varies
Top Review
House / 2 bedrooms / 3 bathrooms / sleeps 4
Key Info
- Beach / lakeside relaxation
- Nearest beach 2 km
- Swimming pool
- Child friendly
- Car advised
- Air conditioning
- No pets allowed
- Private garden
Description from owner
Beautiful location Built in 2007. Fully equipped including Air conditioning / Heating. Free View Box/ British TV 15 minutes from Benidorm centre / beaches by car & very close to the idylic Spanish village of Polop. Bus ride from Polop to Benidorm 20 minutes, this beautiful holiday home is in an elevated position within a lovely, private development. All facilities are available for a very relaxing holiday. Private shared swimming pool & paddling pool. Landscaped gardens, fabulous views to the mountains & nearby towns. Own private gardens front & back, private parking.
When choosing not to eat out the private rear garden & patio area is equipped with a table & chairs,ample sun loungers so you can dine al fresco style in the beautiful Spanish sunshine. Major Supermarket shopping for food or other goods is only 5 minutes by car.
Quiet & peaceful yet within easy reach of all amenties. For example local shops, markets, restaurants & pubs(English
Beautiful location Built in 2007. Fully equipped including Air conditioning / Heating. Free View Box/ British TV 15 minutes from Benidorm centre / beaches by car & very close to the idylic Spanish village of Polop. Bus ride from Polop to Benidorm 20 minutes, this beautiful holiday home is in an elevated position within a lovely, private development. All facilities are available for a very relaxing holiday. Private shared swimming pool & paddling pool. Landscaped gardens, fabulous views to the mountains & nearby towns. Own private gardens front & back, private parking.
When choosing not to eat out the private rear garden & patio area is equipped with a table & chairs,ample sun loungers so you can dine al fresco style in the beautiful Spanish sunshine. Major Supermarket shopping for food or other goods is only 5 minutes by car.
Quiet & peaceful yet within easy reach of all amenties. For example local shops, markets, restaurants & pubs(English & Spanish) in the lovely villages of Polop & La Nucia are only a few minutes away & highly recommended for eating out. Guadalest Castle described as the most beautiful place in Spain has incredible views & scenery and is only 25 minutes by road. Benidorm bustling & vibrant for the young & old is 15 minutes away by car from the property or 20 minutes by bus from Polop.
Albir another beautiful beach resort access by car or by taxi/bus.
Altea for its beautiful church and open tapas/bars with breath taking views again access by car/taxi or by bus.
Open Market/Car boot sale every Sunday just at the bottom of the road turning right where the market stretches all the way into La Nucia which again can be access by walking/car.
Local Bars and restaurants within walking distance.
Special rates for long term lettings
Location description from owner
The Valencian Country region
The nearest airport is Alicante & just a short coastal drive along the AP7 motorway or N332 main road will bring you to tha house.
The Costa Blanca region is one of Spains major holiday destinations, and not just by chance. The attractions it offers its visitors are many & varied. Renowned for its year round sunshine, fresh fish, hand picked oranges, dates & vegetables.
In Spring the whole area is covered by white & pink blossom from the almond trees, the site & smell is wonderful. Many festivals & fiestas are held throughout the year & can be enjoyed by everyone. They include the Moors & Christian Festivals with week long processions, battles & fantastic firework displays. In June the celebration of Hogeras where huge Statues are set on fire to celebrate the night of St Juan.
The cosmopolitan city of Alicante is just 45 minutes by car or can be reached by via a coastal train ride. Here there is a fantastic port area and the spectacularly tiled Esplanada, favoured in the afternoons by locals who sit & watch the people pass by.The Santa Barbara Castle. A fabulous marina with yachts & visiting cruise ships plus Spanish tapas bars serving excellent local food. English bars as well with a great selection of food & drink.
The resort of Albir with its lovely beach is just 10 minutes by car from the property, the beach town of Altea only 15 minutes away has a beautiful old town with white washed houses and a gorgeous old church nestled amongst antique, craft & art shops. Just 10 minutes to the south is the town of Villajoyosa with its bright painted houses, painted this way it is said so that the fishermen can see their home when out at sea.
A very privileged climate with an average of 500 hours of sunshine a year compared with 457 for the rest of Spain. Countless marinas and beaches, most of which have been awarded the blue flag of the European Community. Fantastic places to visit from bustling Benidorm with its shops & nightlife & big outdoor markets (Wed & Sun mornings) to Guadalest in the mountains the most beautiful & peaceful place in Spain if not on earth
An extremely varied cuisine which is sure to delight the most discerning palates
The Terra Mitica Theme Park & Water Parks fun for all the family
Golf. Costa Blanca is a golf lovers paradise,14 nearby courses to choose from, 3 in the Benidorm area
Mountains Where hikers & ramblers can enjoy these healthy pastimes
There are so many places of interest to visit in the area surrounding the holiday home, so much to do & see you will not get time to do it all but here is a sample of whats on offer. It really is brilliant for all age groups.
Benidorm which offers beautiful award winning beaches has fantastic Spanish tapas bars, English pubs & restaurants, entertainment day & night., varied shops & bustling markets is 15 minutes from the property by car or 20 minutes by bus from Polop village.
Polop, the village closest to the property is delightful & steeped in history, its slogan reads Oasis of the Costa Blanca but very near Benidorm, with its extensive range of services & leisure facilities to hand. Polop Has a Bank, English & Spanish pubs/ restaurants, medieval weekend markets, pottery & craft shops plus festivals throughout the year & much more. The village itself is typically Spanish with cobbled streets, a church & a town square where locals meet to watch the sunset. There is also an area with wonderfully ornate water fountains where locals collect their water each day. Polop is 10 minutes walk from property, a few minutes by car.
Terra Mitica's giant amusement & the Aqualandia water park ( Best in Europe) provide excitement for all ages. They are only 20 minutes by car. 2 other theme parks Mundomar & Terra Natura are close by.
The golf complex Real de Faula opened in 2005 is less than 10 minutes from the property. It has 2 x 18 hole courses designed by Jack Nicholas. Levante is a full length par 72 championship course & Poniente a par 62 course. Set in Pine valleys with sea & mountain views. lots of other courses can be reached all within 1 hour travelling time.
The beautiful coastal towns of Altea & Calpe with their many attractions, shops & markets. English & Spanish bars etc are both within 20 to 30 minutes drive of the property. Many nearby coastal towns have fishing ports where restaurants sell fish caught that day.
Mountaineering, horse riding, karting & many other activities can all be done locally. Very near the property there is a sports complex open to everyone with all facilities including squash, football, basket ball & tennis.
More Less
- Great for children of all ages
- No pets allowed
- Cot available
Bed & bathroom
- Bedroom 1: Double Bed
Bedroom 2: 2 Single Beds
Beds in other rooms:
- 1 Family bathroom, 1 En suite, 1 Toilet Only
- Air conditioning
- Shared outdoor pool (unheated)
- Children's pool
- Private garden
- Patio
- Balcony or terrace
- Sea view
- Central heating
- Cooker
- Fridge
- Freezer
- Microwave
- Toaster
- Kettle
- Washing machine
- Clothes dryer
- Iron
- Satellite TV
- Video player
- DVD player
- Hair dryer
- Linen provided
- Towels provided
More Less
- Parking
- Secure parking
- Not suitable for wheelchair users
- Payment
- This rental can only be paid for online through Holiday Lettings using your credit/debit card or PayPal (never by bank or wire transfer).
- Smoking
- No smoking at this property
- Cancellation policy
View Policy
House rules
There are play parks within walking distance for children with play ground equipment but supervision at all times.
All we ask whilst occupying our family home that you adhere to the instructions given to enable you to have a trouble free holiday. Thank you .
About the owner
Lorraine Or Derek A.
- Response rate:
- 64%
- Calendar updated::
- 01 Apr 2017
- Years listed:
- 9
- Based in:
- United Kingdom
- Overall rating:
Languages spoken: English
This House has 2 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms and sleeps 4. It's been listed on Holiday Lettings since 15 Jan 2008. Located in Costa Blanca, it has 2 reviews with an overall rating of 5. The average weekly rate varies from £275 to £550.
The Owner has a response rate of 64% and the property's calendar was last updated on 01 Apr 2017.
Map and how to get there
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– based on 2 reviews
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text:
Home > Computing > Networking > Routers
Bar Code: 6935364051242Part Number: TL-WR841NBrand: TP-Link
No stock, delayed despatch
For fast wireless Internet connection in your home you need look no further than the TP-Link TL-WR841N N300 Wireless N Cable Router.
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Career Opportunities
New Orleans Area Habitat for Humanity has been a part of the New Orleans community for over 30 years. In that time, the affiliate has built over 550 homes and, between 2006 and 2012, contributed more than $300 million in economic impact. NOAHH was one of the first organizations to begin rebuilding after the storms and floods of 2005, and our programs have expanded since then to meet the continuing needs of the area. The families served by our affiliate are the keepers of tradition and culture that make our city unique and the hard working people that contribute so much to our communities. To work for NOAHH is to work for the preservation and improvement of the city of New Orleans.
NOAHH currently employs about 40 staff, including AmeriCorps members, part time, and full time employees as construction staff, ReStore staff, and office staff. We are committed to New Orleans and the fight against poverty housing, and a highlight of the experience is the opportunity to work alongside our partner families and see the tangible results of our efforts to change lives and communities.
Cover letter and resumes should be addressed to
New Orleans Area Habitat for Humanity Human Resources
2900 Elysian Fields Ave.
New Orleans, LA 70122
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
New Orleans Area Habitat for Humanity is an Equal Opportunity Employer and a drug free workplace. Women and minority-owned businesses are encouraged to apply.
Opportunities for Sub-Contractors
New Orleans Area Habitat for Humanity invites contractors with the following trades to apply for current opportunities: HVAC, Foundation, Electrical, Plumbing and Sheetrock. Please provide your contractor's license number (as appropriate), proof of insurance, and a list of jobs and references as well as contact information to email@example.com. Applications accepted via email only.
DBE-certified and non-DBE contractors
New Orleans Area Habitat for Humanity, Inc. (NOAHH) will be accepting quotes for the construction of the first five homes out of 48 total in the Lower 9th Ward. The scopes of work include but are limited to the following: electrical, plumbing, site prep, installation of pilings, sheetrock install, HVAC, foundation, flatwork, block work, closed cell foam insulation, cabinets, landscaping, vibration monitoring, pump truck, etc. Material quotes for the following: concrete, trusses, paint, flooring. NOAHH encourages any DBE certified contractors to summit quotes.
All RTQ's are due by 4:00 pm on January 3rd, 2017, at 2900 Elysian Fields Ave NOLA 70122.
Please contact Ellen at email@example.com for an application package.
ReStore Director
NOAHH's work in the community is supported by proceeds from the Habitat ReStore on Elysian Fields Avenue. Our ReStore accepts donations of new and gently used furniture, building materials, appliances, cabinets, lighting, plumbing, flooring, hardware, interior décor and more. Open to the public, ReStore sells these items at significant discounts, providing an opportunity for everyone to save their hard-earned money and complete their home improvement and do-it-yourself projects affordably.
Following a few years of exceptional growth, NOAHH's ReStore operation is expanding! We aim to open a second ReStore location around late summer/early fall 2017.
Position Overview
The ReStore Director will be responsible for the overall direction and management of New Orleans' Habitat ReStores: supervising store managers and their teams in day-to-day operations, developing strategic relationships – with major donors and others – that benefit the ReStore and working to maximize the ReStore's positive financial impact to the affiliate.
For the next 12-16 months, the ReStore Director will be focused primarily on the second ReStore venture: contributing to store layout and design, hiring and training new staff, recruiting volunteers, preparing and marketing for a Grand Opening, developing and implementing coordinated donations and sales systems, and building a culture of consistent excellence and service that reflects NOAHH's values.
- Oversee opening of 2nd ReStore and provide leadership for both stores
- Maintain safe workplaces for all staff, volunteers and customers
- Develop an annual budget in conjunction with the Director of Operations, and meet budgetary goals, including gross sales and net revenue
- Supervise and support the ReStore Managers and their teams in the following processes: staff scheduling, donation pickups and intake, pricing, material handling, volunteer management, customer service, merchandising, sales growth, etc.
- Supervise and support the Donations Manager in the following processes: donor prospect identification, solicitation, scheduling, acquisition, acknowledgment, relationship management, outreach strategy, capacity building, etc.
- Accurately track and report financial information to Finance department
- Work with the Advancement Department to develop marketing strategies tailored to both donors and customers – especially leading up to the new ReStore's Grand Opening – including social media, email newsletters and other promotional strategies
- Work with the Volunteer Department to recruit volunteers, emphasizing local volunteer retention and the development of a core volunteer program
- Liaise with Habitat for Humanity International when appropriate to capitalize on Supplemental ReStore Merchandise (SRM) or other ReStore development opportunities
- Plan and host events with local partners to increase awareness of opportunities to donate and shop at the ReStore
- Provide training and professional development opportunities for ReStore staff
- Track key operational and growth metrics, using them to make ongoing improvements
- Support the NOAHH mission and collaborate on other affiliate initiatives
- Other duties as assigned
- Bachelor's degree
- 3 years management experience or with increasing levels of responsibility, preferably in retail or nonprofit settings
- Excellent written, oral and interpersonal communication skills
- Motivation to solve problems creatively and as a part of a team
- Ability to lift and move 50lbs
- Knowledge of construction/home repair or point-of-sale systems a plus
- Specific Habitat ReStore experience a plus
Construction Systems Team Member Position
This Americorps Vista member will support the Director of Construction to develop and implement systems and processes that will enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the construction department. This person will be challenged to research and put into practice procedures in the following key areas: warehouse and tool inventory management, team development, construction management software and green building practices
General Requirements
- Microsoft Office Suite (especially Word/Excel)
- Strong research skills
- Strong written and verbal communication skills
- Ability to work with a diverse group of people
- Detail oriented and highly organized
- Experience working as a member of a team
- Project management experience preferred
- Ability to sit at a desk and computer for extended periods of time
- Ability to lift 50 pounds
- Comfortable making regular visits to construction sites
Please send a cover letter, resume and three references in a single Word or PDF document to firstname.lastname@example.com. Salary to be commensurate with experience, and NOAHH provides a comprehensive benefits package. Applications will be considered on a rolling basis, and the position will be open until filled.


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Mobile Games
Archery King
- ★ Problems with Purchases
- ★ Profile
- ★ Options
- ★ Mini-games
- ★ Consumable items
- ★ Equipment and skills
Flip Diving
Beast Quest
Basketball Stars
8 Ball Pool (Mobile)
- ★ 8 Ball Pool Crashing on iOS5
- ★ Not able to challenge friends on 8 Ball Pool?
- ★ Cues With Powers - AutoRecharge
- ★ Deleting Friends on 8 Ball Pool
- Change or add payment method
- 8BP Mobile - Setting the Power Bar
Hockey Stars
Bowling KingSee all 10 articles
Soccer Stars
Zoo Pop
Dude Perfect 2
Plague Inc.
- Plague Inc crashes
- Custom scenarios not loading
- List of purchases available on Plague Inc.
- Plague Inc. Upgrading to the full version.
- About DNA Points
- Country Missing in Plague Inc. World Map
Mini Pets
- Mini Pets Crashing on iOS 7
- Why do i get an advertisement window every time i go to the Manage menu?
- When i try to purchase an item i get the following message "Error on purchase. There was an error processing your purchase. Please try again later". What's going on?
- Some items on the market are transparent and i can't select them, what's going on?
- My quest menu is empty, what should i do?
- My pet is expecting a baby. Do i still get the coins?


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Balwin, crew chief: What does the new rule change do to the CAT team heading into the Brickyard 400? "I believe it is definitely going to help our aerodynamic problem that we've been having all year long. We've been okay while the car (grill)...
Balwin, crew chief:
What does the new rule change do to the CAT team heading into the Brickyard 400?
"I believe it is definitely going to help our aerodynamic problem that we've been having all year long. We've been okay while the car (grill) has been taped up, but as soon as we take any tape off then it shifts the balance of the car to the rear and causes the car to push too much. It should now put the nose of the car back in the race track a lot better and help the car turn better." Does the change affect what you have already tested while at Indy a couple of weeks ago? "I don't think so. We're going to take the 22 and 93 primary (what they plan to run at the Brickyard 400) cars to the wind tunnel on our way to Indy. We're going to do a couple of runs with them and see where were at, but I think we'll be okay."
Have you already tried the rules change, even before NASCAR approved it?
We've tried the change to the valance at the wind tunnel and we think we have a pretty good idea of how it's going to affect the car."
Is this the change what the Dodge's were looking for? Is it enough or do you still think you need more?
"I think it is exactly what we needed for the front. I'm not sure if it is going to take too much off the rear of the car. When we first went after the rule change, we asked for a little more rear spoiler to compensate for the loss of the rear downforce that we gain in the front downforce with this change."
Will this change do for the Dodge what it did for the Chevrolet's last year?
"I think it will put the group of Dodge's up a level into the mix of running for the win instead of running for fourth to 10th. That's where we've been running when we've been running good. We haven't had a car capable of winning, a couple of times we did this year, but nothing like we did in the past."
Can these changes put the No. 22 Caterpillar Dodge in contention to win the Brickyard 400?
"I think we can. We've been going through a lot of unknowns every week with this racecar. We're taking a car back that we didn't test a couple of weeks ago because we took the cars that we tested to the wind tunnel after the test and found that they weren't very good race cars. We've been trying to build a lot of race cars to try to make cars better and we haven't been able to duplicate cars, so we're going to take a car that we know is good in the wind tunnel and with this change it should make it even better. We're taking the car that we ran at Rockingham, but we rebuilt it after Rockingham and it blew pretty good in the tunnel so we're going to see how it does at Indy."
How does your performance from Pocono last week affect your chances for this weekend?
"We didn't change one spring all weekend. We feel like we had a motor problem during qualifying that put us back to a 34th-place starting spot. Once we put our race set-up in, we felt like we were pretty good. We had our practice motor in for "Happy Hour," so we weren't blistering fast on the practice sheets, but once we had our race motor things fell right into place. We didn't get passed on the track all day. We took some information we learned from our test at Indy and applied it to our set-ups at Pocono and we also took some things that we learned at New Hampshire because of the Indy test and applied to Pocono. So, I think we learned an awful lot the past couple off weeks to make our team better for the rest of the year."
-CAT Racing


text: Merlins Cave Limited is a Private Limited Company. The company registration number is 08071532. Merlins Cave Limited has been working since 5/16/2012. The present status of the company is Liquidation. The registered address of Merlins Cave Limited is C O Valentine Co 5 Stirling Court Yard Stirling Way Borehamwood Hertfordshire Wd6 2fx. The company`s financial liabilities are £0.16k. It is £0.16k against last year. The cash in hand is £16.2k. It is £16.2k against last year. And the total assets are £31.92k, which is £31.92k against last year. Edward James Willson is a Director of the company. Edward James Willson is a Director of the company. Secretary Accountancy Payroll Uk Ltd has been resigned. Secretary Accountancy Payroll Uk Ltd has been resigned. The company operates in "Public houses and bars". From these basic company details through to insolvency checks, bankruptcy to litigation, and ownership to revenue - our credit reports will help you check any company for possible risk and liability.


text:
10 Lifehacks in 2 Minutes
Adam Rifkin stashed this in #lifehacks
Stashed in: Best Videos, Home Sweet Home!, Coca Cola
To save this post, select a stash from drop-down menu or type in a new one:
Quick and simple life hacks, part 1:
Use a rubber band to remove a warped screw.
Use a pen to make a smartphone stylus.
Use olive oil to remove paint.
Use vinegar to unclog a shower head.
Use coca cola to clean a window.
Keep trash bags at the bottom of your trash can.
Use your freezer to open a sealed letter.
Keep a drier sheet in your pocket or campsite.
Keep a dishpad smelling good with liquid soap and a microwave.
Keep your toilet clean with alka seltzer.
on to part 2...
I like them all, except the garbage bag one. One break through moment, and there goes your roll...
I don't put the whole roll in the garbage can, just a few extra bags.


text:
Folini, Doris Sylvia, Dr.
ETH ZürichProfessur f. Hydrologie&Klimat.
Dr. Doris Sylvia Folini
Additional information
Research area
I use global climate modeling to learn more about the interplay between aerosols, (sea surface) temperatures, and the hydrological cycle, from global to regional scale. More generally, I am interested in complex physical systems, their numerical modeling and simulation on high performance compute platforms.
Additional information
My CV, (extended) publication list, and some more physics I like.


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The telephone order
"That's no problem sir, we've got all the items of your order in stock and will be able to get it to you early next week.
Now if you can just let me have your address.
I'm sorry can you spell the name of the town please.
That's an unusual name, it sounds like a really nice place, better sounding than SLOUGH where we are.
I'm sorry, can you hear that noise?. That's another 747 taking off from runway one and that's with reinforced, soundproofed, double glazing. I don't know what you can see from your shop window, but looking out the window next to my desk, I can see for miles along the M4 which is just 50 yards away. Apart from the constant traffic noise 24 hours a day, I leave here at the end of the day smelling like a dirty exhaust pipe from the fumes.
What's it like in M-I-D-S-O-M-E-R N-O-R-T-O-N ?"
Not bad at all, if I look straight out of the window I can see the bridge that crosses the river from the road to the pavement in front of the shops. Looking to my right I can see my dog curled up next to the river, pretending to be asleep, but she's actually keeping an eye on the ducks swimming around.
The main road is quite busy today. That's the fourth car in the past hour, no sorry another one has just gone by, that's five. Must be something going on.
Over to my left a council water wagon has just pulled up to water the flower displays hanging from all the lampposts. Hang on a minute and I'll just hold the phone over to the door. Did you hear that ?
Birds, they make one hell of racket with all their chirping.
Hello, hello. Oh dear he's hung up.


text: HANGZHOU, China, May 9, 2013 /PRNewswire/ - Neologic Animation Inc. (OTCQB: NANI) (OTCBB: NANI),- (The Company), an educational software company in the People's Republic of China, is looking at introducing its Chinese learning modules worldwide. The Company believes that its innovative approach and methods could serve primary school students outside of China as well, and so it is the Company's plans to also promote its eLearning modules worldwide. Validating this view of global expansion by the Company, is a report which was released by Global Industry Analysts, Inc., who are predicting in a comprehensive global report on eLearning, that the "eLearning market is projected to reach $107.3 billion by the year 2015, driven by its benefits in the form of reduction in operational costs, flexibility in learning activities, and simplified training programs." The Company is also seeing opportunities in growing domestically in China for eLearning programs and platforms. The report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc., validates the Company's growth potential domestically as it states, that " Asia-Pacific represents the fastest growing market for eLearning, with revenues projected to grow at a compounded annual rate of more than 20% over the analysis period." "The Global market and the growth that eLearning is experiencing is quite encouraging and bodes well for our Company and our growth strategy to grow domestically while being able to take advantage of the global markets through our cost effective online platform is validation of our business model," states, Dr. Zhang, CEO of the Company. About Neologic Animation Inc. (the "Company") The Company is an educational software development and marketing company; currently developing a website to be marketed as "Naniya World" for primary school students in China. The website's goal is to educate children how to develop and hone their creative skills through interactive educational games that incorporate Adobe Flash. The games incorporate a curriculum that has been developed by some of China's top professors and child psychology experts. It sets itself apart from other after school programs in China because it deviates from the traditional methods of Chinese education. The Company's mission is to inspire every child in China to become the best student they can possibly be by showing them that learning is fun. For more information about the Company please visit our website at www.neologicanimation.com Further information on the Company and its filings can be found at www.sec.gov For further information, please contact:


text:
For the first time since taking over basketball operations of their NBA Development League affiliate, the Miami Heat have gone outside of their coaching circle in hiring a coach for the Sioux Falls Skyforce, with the job going Wednesday to Nevada Smith.
Smith previously served as coach of the D-League's Rio Grande Valley Vipers, leading them to a 57-43 record from 2013 to 2015. Smith's previous experience had been at the small-college level.
Smith's D-League teams had been known for their volume shooting of 3-pointers. The Heat have for the most part mirrored their NBA-level approach with their D-League affiliate.
The previous three coaches of the Skyforce, Pat Delany,...


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"[Jovan's family statement to TMZ]: As a family, no words can express the sorrow we feel over the loss of Jovan and Kasandra. The impact that this inconceivable tragedy has had on our heart is immeasurable; we are overwhelmed with both sadness and confusion. Jovan was our son, brother, uncle, cousin, nephew, grandson, and friend and we will miss him and Kasandra dearly. Our thoughts and prayers are with the Perkins family as they mourn. We loved Jovan. His kindness, humility, respect and gratitude for family and friends were steadfast. The man we know and loved for 25 years embraced life and excelled at all he put his energy behind. Jovan was overjoyed when Kasandra gave birth to their daughter, Zoey. He was happy to be a new father both he and Kasandra loved Zoey greatly. The immense outpouring of sympathy and support from Jovan's friends, teammates, coaches and fans have been a reflection of the impact he had on so many people. Like them, we will cherish the wonderful memories we have of Jovan and we pray that those memories will bring us peace as we grapple to understand the unpredictable and tragic ending of his life and the life of Kasandra Perkins. As we attempt to grieve in the aftermath of this tremendous loss we ask that you please respect our privacy in doing so. Only GOD can mend our hearts. Our thoughts are with Jovan and Kasandra's family and friends at this difficult time."
Kasandra Perkins (born Kasandra Michelle Perkins in Dallas, Texas on October 14, 1990) was the girlfriend of professional football player Jovan Belcher. She has a daughter with the Kansas City Chiefs linebacker named Zoey Michelle Belcher, who was born on September 11, 2012. Belcher shot Perkins multiple times to death before killing himself on December 1, 2012. The night before her death, Kasandra went to a Trey Songz concert with some girlfriends.
Best Known For:
Kasandra was murdered by boyfriend and football player Jovan Belcher on December 1, 2012.
Personal Life:
Kasandra had an on-again, off-again relationship with Jovan Belcher. They had a daughter together, Zoey Michelle Belcher, on September 11, 2012.
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There are two ways to purchase school supplies for the coming year:
- You can do your shopping on your own using our 2016-17 School Supply List as your guide.
- You can choose to purchase supplies online through our EPI Online School Supply Packs Program. Orders will be accepted through EPI through July 15th. This allows you to order your child's school supplies and have them ready and waiting for you when you arrive for orientation!
Please note the following changes to the EPI Program:
- Kindergarten students no longer need to purchase seat sacks at orientation as they are available as part of their new supply pack.
- Middle School students no longer need to pay for locker shelves and a lock if they already have them. They are no longer included in the supply pack. However, they ARE available as a separate item and can be purchased individually as needed.
- 1st – 4th grade parents can also purchase replacement seat sacks online as needed instead of paying at orientation.
Please see the EPI Online School Supply Order Form flyer for more information including the website and code for our personal supply list.


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Holiday Inn Paris - Auteuil
Select your stay dates to check availability at Holiday Inn Paris - Auteuil
Holiday Inn Paris - Auteuil
About the Hotel
Property Location
With a stay at Holiday Inn Paris - Auteuil, you'll be centrally located in Paris, convenient to Parc des Princes and Roland Garros. This hotel is close to Eiffel Tower and Arc de Triomphe.
Make yourself at home in one of the 46 air-conditioned rooms featuring minibars and flat-screen televisions. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature bidets and hair dryers. Conveniences include safes and desks, as well as phones with free local calls.
Make use of convenient amenities such as complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and discounted use of a nearby fitness facility.
Take advantage of the hotel's room service (during limited hours). Quench your thirst with your favorite drink at a bar/lounge.
Business, Other Amenities
Featured amenities include high-speed (wired) Internet access (surcharge), express check-in, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby.
Hotel Facilities
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Concierge services
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Express check-in
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Total number of rooms - 46
- Bar/lounge
- 24-hour front desk
- Wired (high-speed) Internet access - surcharge
- In-room accessibility
- Number of floors - 7
- Elevator/lift
- Luggage storage
- Free WiFi
- Designated smoking areas
- Use of nearby fitness center (discount)
- Laundry facilities
- Multilingual staff
Room Facilities
- Iron/ironing board
- Bidet
- Free newspaper
- Phone
- Free WiFi
- Satellite TV service
- Minibar
- Pay movies
- Daily housekeeping
- Free local calls
- Coffee/tea maker
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Sofa bed size double
- Sofa bed
- Pillow menu
- Desk
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Soundproofed rooms
- Shower/tub combination
- Flat-panel TV
- Room service (limited hours)
- In-room safe
- Hair dryer
- Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Private bathroom
Hotel Policy
Know Before You Go
- The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
- Breakfast fee: EUR 15.00 per person (approximately)
- Fee for in-room high-speed Internet (wired): EUR 17.00 (rates may vary)
- Fee for high-speed Internet (wired) in public areas: EUR 17.00 (rates may vary)
- Pet fee: EUR 8.00 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Mandatory Fees and Taxes
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at the property:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1.65 per person, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by the property. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.Show all hotel policy Show less hotel policy


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Dallas sports insurer wants prize money back from Lance Armstrong
By Lisa Maria Garza
DALLAS (Reuters) - Lawyers for Lance Armstrong went to court in Dallas on Friday, to try to block a sports insurance company from re-opening an arbitration decision forcing the firm to pay $12 million in bonuses to the disgraced cyclist.
Dallas-based SCA Promotions said that Armstrong lied for years about using performance-enhancing drugs and has sued to re-open the 2006 arbitration decision made before he finally admitted to doping.
The bonus money from SCA is for three of Armstrong's seven Tour de France championships, which were rescinded because of doping.
An arbitration panel in October voted to re-open the decision but Armstrong's lawyers argued that the original settlement is binding.
Dallas County Judge Tonya Parker was expected to rule next week on whether the arbitration can be revisited, her office said.
"This case has been over for eight years, and SCA should not be allowed to resurrect claims that it gave up in a voluntary settlement that resulted in a final award," Armstrong's attorney Tim Herman wrote in court documents.
SCA attorney Jeff Tillotson said: "We are confident of our legal position that the arbitration should go forward."
"At that point, SCA will finally be able to hold Mr. Armstrong truly accountable for his reprehensible conduct." Continued...


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The Noise about Noise
I recently made a "noisy" FX01 my official pocket camera. I read Simon's review on this site (spot-on) as well as others. Most reviews demonstrated this cam's inability to produce clean high ISO photos, but in the end I decided I could live with it considering that most of my pocketcam shots happen outdoors.
After using this high-pixel-density camera for awhile and comparing the results to my pretty-much "perfect" old Canon S230 under some difficult shot conditions, I must say that even the "noisy" low-light shots are as good or better when re-sized down to the Canon's native 3.2m format on-screen. Some are awfully close at full 6m resolution.
Since "just" 3.2m can produce outstanding 8x10s (I even have a beautiful poster-sized print hanging in my living room that was made from a rezzed-up 3.2m file) I can't help but wonder if all the noise about noise in pocketcams is mainly ... noise. Is everyone really expecting to make wall posters out of no-flash indoor pocketcam pics? (Crops are a different story, of course).
Unless these new pixel packers start blowing the exposure or otherwise ruining a good 8x10 print I see them as being as useful as ever for this segment of camera.
Rather than complain about noise that most prints will never show, maybe we should start complaining about the uneccessary file storage and bandwidth these infuriating marketing ploys hog.
Or the re-sustained high prices new pixel pushers demand ...
Or the lack of innovation in other areas of camera design as companies chase the pixel market ...
Or ??? ...
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Latest Weather Blog
Content Tagged As lanza
Tagged News
Report questions role of wealth in Newtown shooter's care
November 22, 2014 10:47 AMHARTFORD, Conn. - A review of the educational and mental health background of the man who carried out the 2012 Newtown massacre asks whether the race and affluence of his family influenced decisions about how to care for his mental health problems. A report released Friday by the Connecticut Office... more »
Little expected from exam of school gunman's body
January 11, 2013 7:02 AMHARTFORD, Conn. - Connecticut's chief medical examiner says he doubts toxicological tests and genetic analysis of the body of the gunman who fatally shot 20 children and six educators at an elementary school will explain his actions. The Hearst Connecticut Media Group reports that Dr. H. Wayne Carver II,... more »


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Great Stuff!
Verified Purchase
Great Stuff!
I got Mono from a friend years ago. It comes back to haunt me every once in a while. Doctors prescribe pain pills that I'm not comfortable taking. I found out that Lymphomyosot, taken regularly during flair-ups takes care of the annoying swollen Lymphnodes. Its amazing! Not only does it work, but its a safe sure thing!
Great Stuff!
Posted by Reviewer3014247 on Oct 24, 2010 | Verified Purchase
I got Mono from a friend years ago. It comes back to haunt me every once in a while. Doctors prescribe pain pills that I'm not comfortable taking. I found out that Lymphomyosot, taken regularly during flair-ups takes care of the annoying swollen Lymphnodes. Its amazing! Not only does it work, but its a safe sure thing!
Heel Lymphomyosot - say good-bye to 'cankles'
Posted by Reviewer3077747 on Oct 01, 2011 | Verified Purchase
An excellent Lymphatic drainage assistant. I will definitely use this product again. Highly recommended.
Swelling of lymph glands reduced
Posted by Reviewer3187803 on Feb 26, 2012 | Verified Purchase
I took these drops to help me with a long-standing tendency to retain fluid (not heart disease-related), during a spell of hot weather. I started to take the drops just before some hot weather was due. After three or four days I stopped and during the next few days of hot weather noticed that my ankles and face didn't puff up noticeably. Next time a forecast for hot weather was made, I took a day or two of drops and had the same good result. During the latest spell, I didn't take any drops beforehand and have again had no noticeable swelling. I also don't feel so sluggish and 'clogged up' as before. I will be keeping up with this treatment as necessary (if necessary!)and thanks to Heel for making a helpful product that does what it claims to do.
Heel BHI, Lymphomyosot Oral Drops
Posted by Reviewer1433340 on Dec 07, 2009 | Verified Purchase
Good quality. Best results
Health & Vitality
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prescribed by my naturopath & have been using for over a year but here in Australia, cost is much more so was told about IHERB by sister...
lymph drops
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great for keeping lymph moving.
Excellent for stopping asthma.
Posted by Reviewer2093039 on Mar 15, 2013 | Verified Purchase
I find 12 drops taken three times at 20 - 30 minute intervals clears my breathing and helps to expel mucus.
I don't like the alcohol
Posted by Reviewer2292722 on Oct 25, 2008 | Verified Purchase
I take it for cleaning my lymph system. Don't know if it works...but my docter told me to take it. It's a pity there is alcohol in it, because I don't like alchol. But oke, I still take it. You can take 10 drops 3 times a day, but you can also take it for a shorter while and then you can take 30 drops 3 times a day
Posted by Reviewer1619949 on Sep 17, 2011 | Verified Purchase
was shipped quickly
Heel BHI Lymphomyosot Oral Drops 50ml
Posted by Reviewer2277204 on Mar 30, 2010 | Verified Purchase
We saved over 60% on the delivered price compared to buying in Australia! The product came well packaged and in quick time. Thank you for such wonderful products at such great prices!
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text: Information Coding for Transmission (Images, Data, Error Protection) Southern Methodist University/ National Technical University EETS8302/TC716N Fall 2003 Lecture 13 Slides only. (No notes.) Page 1; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Modems and Modulation • Digital information is transmitted via some physical waveform with a parameter (voltage, optical fiber light intensity, etc.) varying to represent different coded values • The process of varying such a parameter is called modulation. A device which performs this operation is a modulator. A device which performs the reverse operation, namely recovering the digital code value from the waveform, is a demodulator. – A jargon term for a device which includes both functions (one for transmit, the other for receive) is a modem, from the italicized initial parts of the two names. Page 2; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Sine Wave Carrier • In many applications, a basic sine wave is used as the "carrier" waveform for the information – Historically, radio transmitters utilized analog modulation on a sine wave1 for voice long before digital transmission – Historically, voice telephone carrier transmission systems used frequency division multiplexing (FDM); similar to radio, but via wires – In these situations, engineers' thoughts turned naturally to use of modulated sine waves for data communication as well • To convey information, these properties of a sine wave are modified: – Amplitude (modify the voltage up or down ): AM – Frequency (modify the number of cycles per second): FM – Phase (modify the time delay or advance of each oscillation cycle relative to a reference or comparison sine wave of the same frequency): PM or M 1 The earliest radio transmitters used "noisy" oscillators (spark gap devices) which could not produce a "pure" sine wave. When electronic oscillators producing a "pure" sine-wave were introduced, their output was called "continuous wave" or CW. Page 3; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine volts Modulation of a Sine Wave H L time unmodulated G Phase (PM or M) H K H Ampliude (AM) Amplitude & Phase (QAM) Frequency (FM) Page 4; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Constellation Diagrams • Discrete PM, QAM (and occasionally AM) symbols can be represented by points on a constellation diagram • FM can be represented by a continuously changing phase, a circular line, rather than point(s), on a constellation diagram. •Example constellation here has 25 points. Most practical constellations have 4, 8, 16, 2N… in general, and some are not "square" •With 8 points, each point symbol represents 3 bits, with 16 points, each symbol represents 4 bits, etc. Label Magnitude Quadrature-phase, 90°, or Sine axis 2 Phase (degrees \ radians) G H K L M 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.414 Page 5; Rev.2.1 0\0 0\0 -90\-/2 -90\-/2 +45\/4 1 -2 ©1997-2003, R.Levine -1 M G 1 L K -1 -2 H 2 In-phase, 0° or Cosine axis Amplitude Modulation Examples • Analog AM is used in the long, medium and short wave radio bands • A special version of analog AM called Single Side Band (SSB) is used for military, amateur ("ham") radio, and for historical telephone FDM systems • Simple AM has twice the bandwidth per channel of the original 'base band" signals (thus 8 kHz radio bandwidth for a 4 kHz bandwidth telephone grade voice signal). SSB has the same bandwidth (4 kHz) and uses less RF power as well. • The simplest form of digital AM is on/off carrier "keying." Morse radio telegraph is an example using Morse* (not binary) code – Because of sensitivity to interference from other radio signals, digital AM is not used in most practical systems. *Strictly speaking, Continental radiotelegraph Code, a modification of the original hisstorical American Morse-Vail code. Page 6; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Frequency Modulation Examples • Analog FM was invented by the prolific radio inventor Col. Edwin H. Armstrong, in the 1930s. • Used for FM broadcasting (88-108 MHz VHF band) and for TV sound, and for analog cellular radio voice. • Simple digital FM is called Frequency Shift Keying (FSK); uses instantaneous shifts between discrete frequencies. – Used in low bit rate modems (103 and 202 type), and for control signals associated with analog cellular, etc. » Early telephone-line modems used different sub-bands of the 3.5 kHz audio bandwidth to prevent interaction between the originating and answering direction modem signals » Several methods for gradual shift between frequencies are in use, such as minimum shift keying (MSK), Gaussian MSK (GMSK- used in GSM/PCS-1900 etc.), etc.,which minimize radio emission outside of the desired bandwidth – All above are nominally binary digital FM. » Quaternary (4 level) FM is also used in some pocket pager radios, etc. Page 7; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Phase Modulation Examples • Phase modulation is seldom used alone for analog signals – FM can be indirectly produced by 1) time-integrating the base band source waveform, and 2) using it to phase modulate the carrier, since frequency is the time derivative (time rate of change) of phase. (Method used by Armstrong in 1935) – Digital PM is used in various military and other radio data communication systems, and also in » CDMA (IS-95) (uses both CDMA coding and PM) » TDMA (IS-136) digital cellular » EDGE digital (2+1/2 G) cellular – In IS-136 (and its historical predecessor, IS-54) the phase modulated signal is post-filtered to minimize the amount of radio power transmitted in adjacent frequencies. Radio signals passing through this special filter self-oscillates slightly producing an incidental but inevitable variation in the amplitude. That does not imply that other PM systems have incidental AM as well. Page 8; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine QAM: Combined AM and PM • A combination of both AM and PM allows several bits to be encoded into one symbol. – Example: 4 phase angles and 2 amplitude levels allow 8 distinct symbols, which can encode 3 bits/symbol. – Use of a higher number of phase angles and amplitude levels also makes the signal more susceptible to interference and noise. • Most modern telephone-line modems (V.32, V.34 etc.) use QAM • Also proprietary Motorola iDEN (Nextel) digital 800 MHz SMR= Specialized Mobile Radio) band radio system • Also ADSL, using QAM on multiple simultaneous distinct carrier frequencies (DMT= discrete multi-tone) • Digital adaptive echo-canceller methods utilize the full ~3.5 kHz audio telephone channel bandwidth in both directions simultaneously for modern telephone line modems Page 9; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Bits/second and baud • The data rate is the number of bits/second • The symbol rate is the number of symbols/second, measured in baud (abbreviated Bd, named for Emile Baudot, the 19th c. French inventor of an early teletypewriter) • If the binary data is modulated using only two values of the modulation parameter, then there is one "symbol" for each binary bit – For such a 2-level system, the baud rate is equal to the bit rate • If a combination of parameters such as in multiple angle PM or in QAM, then there are several binary bits per symbol. If the modulation design permits 2N distinct symbols, then each symbol encodes N bits • Thus, 4 distinct symbols allows 2 bits/symbol – 8 distinct symbols allow 3 bits/symbol – 16 distinct symbols allow 4 bits/symbol – 32 distinct symbols allow 5 bits/symbol Page 10; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine 56 kb/s PCM modems • Several proprietary and incompatible 56 kb/s modems have been on the market since 1997. An ITU standard V.90 is now available. – Vendors all have free or low-cost upgrade of earlier proprietary modems to the V.90 standard • One end of the telephone link must be a truly digital terminal (socalled DS-0 channel derived from ISDN BRI or a single channel from T-1). It uses 128 distinct amplitude symbols, with 7 bits/symbol, in theory. • These modems do not use a sine wave carrier with QAM. A cyclic binary coding algorithm is used so the waveform will not dwell on just one voltage level of the Mu-law signal for successive equal binary data values. – To get the full 56 kb/s, all 128 amplitude symbol values are exercised (depending on data values). This would possibly occasionally transmit audio with +2 dBm or more loudness, causing severe crosstalk. Current FCC regulations limit the amplitude and thus limit the data rate to 53 kb/s. In many noisy lines, the real data rate is even lower. Page 11; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine ISDN "U" Interface • ISDN basic rate interface (BRI) service can be provided on most existing subscriber loop twisted pair wire by installing an ISDN subscriber loop card in the central office switch. Loop length limitations are typically shorter (e.g. 2 km) than analog loops. • In North America, 192 kb/s digital signals are transmitted both ways on ordinary telephone wire using a 4-level voltage symbol with 2 bits per symbol (2B4Q). A cyclic binary coding algorithm is used so the waveform will not dwell on just one voltage level of the four for successive equal binary data values. • U interface signals in Europe are different in different countries, where the Telco provides the NT1 interface box at the customer premises – The physical and signal protocol used on the subscriber side of the NT1 ISDN box is the same regardless of the national U interface coding. • Digital adaptive echo cancellers are used to provide simultaneous 192 kb/s two way transmission while preventing interaction between the subscriber and central office transmitted signals • Where clear channel transmission is available via the inter-switch digital part of the transmission path, Basic Rate ISDN can provide two 64 kb/s channels end to end. Otherwise, in North America, 56 kb/s is available everywhere without clear channel transmission facilities. Page 12; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine xDSL Methods • Twisted pair telephone wire has more severe loss for the high frequency components of high bit rate signals, but there is no absolute upper limit on the frequency carried • HDSL* uses a multi-level voltage signal to carry 1.544 Mb/s digital signal (T-1) via 8 km (5 mi) of ordinary single pair (no repeaters are used). These signals do not pass through normal telephone switching equipment, but use special highbit-rate apparatus which connects to the subscriber loop wires (Digital Subscriber Line Access Module - DSLAM). • Standard telephone service can be provided simultaneously on the same wires with some xDSL** signals. Some systems use passive frequency filters to separate the xDSL signals from the POTS baseband audio frequencies. Some xDSL equipment produces little audio frequency range power so that filters are alleged to be not required ("ADSL-lite"). *High-rate Digital Subscriber Loop **Initial letter x stands for A or H or other abbreviation as a class of similar technologies. Page 13; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine ADSL* • Can provide up to 6 Mb/s in one direction, perhaps up to 1 Mb/s in other (both bit rates depend on loop length, local interference level, etc.), as well as supporting ordinary telephone service on same wire pair • An existing standard (discrete multi-tone: DMT) uses simultaneous sine waves at different carrier frequencies. Each one is individually phase and amplitude modulated. – A historical competing but not standardized proposal was carrier-less amplitude-phase (CAP), a single carrier frequency QAM-like technology. – DMT equipment continually examines the various frequencies during use, and abandons those with bad interference (crosstalk from other wires, etc.) and assigns other frequencies, always choosing those carrier with best signals • ADSL supports many existing and proposed services: – High bit rate data services: Internet, etc. (most popular current purpose) – Digitally coded entertainment video, etc. (historical original purpose) • Hardware cost is high and has not decreased with experience as much as desired, and competitive technologies like cable modems and satellites are strong competitors. ADSL maximum loop length is presently ~15000 feet. *Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop Page 14; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Echo Cancellers and Adaptive Equalizers • All these modem devices utilize internal adaptive equipment (often implemented using DSP – Digital Signal Processor -- technology) to identify undesired delayed replicas of the incoming signal (for adaptive equalizers) or the outgoing signal re-appearing at the input (for echo cancellation), and then substantially cancel that undesired signal with an internally constructed delayed "inverted" waveform. • In digital cellular and PCS radio systems, delayed signals (due to multipath radio propagation from reflections of the radio waves) are treated via adaptive equalizers also (called "RAKE receivers" in CDMA radio equipment) Page 15; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Source Encoding • Objective: Reduce bit rate yet convey specific types of (usually redundant) information accurately • English or other natural language text – Certain characters (letters) in e.g. ASCII binary code, certain words or even entire phrases are frequently repeated • Fax images (black/white) – Many small portions of the image contain vertical or horizontal lines, so parts of some line scans are identical – Large solid white (or black) areas produce many consecutive binary 1s or 0s. • Gray scale or color images or moving images – Aside from redundant information, we also exploit continuity (areas of uniform color, or very gradual spatial changes in color) – Small frame-to-frame changes in sequence of moving picture images • General digital information – Example: computer program in binary "object code" form. May or may not have highly redundant information Page 16; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine From Morse to Huffman • Morse code (using dots and dashes) was jointly invented by Samuel Morse and Alexander Vail • By examination of a printer's case of type characters, Morse and Vial recognized that letters like E T A I N M are frequently used, while J Q Z etc. are least used. (the Mergenthaler Linotype keyboard similarly used ETOAIN SHRDLU on the first two rows) – Shortest Morse code symbols were assigned to the frequent characters, longest to the infrequent. E=•, T=-, A=•-, J=•--– Consequently the time required to transmit ordinary English text is minimized – Use of other languages (e.g. German) would not be maximally efficient (for example, c only occurs before h or k in native German words, far less often than in English). Consequently, a modified "continental" telegraph code was developed in Europe with different (shorter) symbols for "c" and other letters. Continental code is the surviving form of Morse code still used today by amateur and other radio operators. Page 17; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Huffman Coding • A formal procedure for assigning binary codes of various lengths. Optimal for some data populations. • Example: for 4 symbols A, B, C, D. Trace branches from "start" to the symbol; sequence of binary digits is the code. A 0 0 start B C 0 D 1 1 1 • Code for A = 0; for B =10; for C =110; for D =111 • This code is optimal if the relative proportion of A B C D in the population of messages is respectively 1/2; 1/4; 1/8; 1/8. For other proportions it is sub-optimal • Prof. David Huffman (died 1999) of U.C.Davis invented this while a student at MIT, for a course term paper. Page 18; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) • LZW is a continuously adaptive encoding system • The late Terry Welch (MCCC, Austin TX) implemented a practical general purpose system based on the research of Lempel and Ziv (Weitzmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel) – PKZIP, by the late Phil Kauffman, (and WinZip) the popular data file compression software programs, use LZW technology • Simplified explanation: Transmission starts with a Huffman code based on English ASCII text. Different codes are assigned "on the fly" as more data accumulates about the relative occurrence of each character • Both the transmitting encoder computer and the receiving computer do these changes simultaneously – This continuous updating of the code conversion tables requires an error free channel! Otherwise decoder and encoder tables will not remain the same. Page 19; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Compound Data Compression? • Certain types of data do not "compress" well: – Data in which all (e.g. byte size) bit patterns occur equally often. No redundancy! – The output of a "good" LZW data compression is typically without significant redundancy, and cannot be further compressed • A code dictionary has a shorter symbol (binary number value) for each of many (expected) long messages – Code dictionaries of frequently used business phrases were popular historically when telegrams were billed by the word » Examples: "73" represents "Best Wishes" » "88" represents "Love and Kisses" » "ARDOK" represents "ship immediately via rail" – These codes were not used for secrecy. British and US telegraph law permitted only use of openly published code books. • Code book compression is theoretically interesting for certain applications, but in practice requires huge and often impractical code dictionaries for general compression. Page 20; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Image Coding: Pre-processing • 2-dimensional images are first converted into onedimensional arrays of pixel (picture element) or pel information via horizontal line scanning, for encoding and transmission – Analog TV broadcasting, fax – Simple Binary Digital encoding of black/white into binary 1/0 values for fax. – Gray scales, or brightness level of three (R G B) separate colorseparation images are digitized with typically 8 bit uniform code (no Mu-law compander here) • Digital picture coding (MPEG, JPEG) uses an intermediate step of dividing the image area into smaller squares, each perhaps 100x100 pixels. The data derived from some of the squares is then transmitted serially. Page 21; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Raster Scanning Arrows indicate direction of motion of scan spot. The grid of horizontal scan lines is called a "raster." end line 1 end line 2 etc. start "flyback" rapid reverse motion of scan point is present in television, not in most FAX machines. Diagram above illustrates so-called "progressive" or "continuous" scanning, used in FAX and some computer generated graphics. Group 3 FAX systems scan 96 lines per vertical inch. end line 1 end line 2 end line 3 etc. Second diagram illustrates so-called "interlaced" scanning, used in analog TV. Odd numbered lines are scanned first, producing a "field." Then even numbered lines are scanned to produce a second field. The two fields together make a "frame" and fill in the full quantity of scan lines. This reduces the perceived visual flicker. TV in North America* and Japan uses the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard, 525 scan lines per frame, 30 frames/second. Most other countries use the phase alternating line (PAL) or sequentiel coleur avec memoire (SECAM) standards, both with 625 lines/frame, 50 frames/second. [*for radio/TV, "North America" includes Mexico and parts of Central and South America.] Page 22; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Scanning Methods • Early FAX machines mechanically moved a single photocell over the surface of the paper via a rotating cylinder or oscillating light spot projector • Modern fax machines may use a combination of mechanical motion (vertical direction) and an array of light sources (light emitting diodes) or photo receptors • Television cameras originally used electron beams to scan a photo-emissive metal surface (potassium, cesium etc.) • Modern TV cameras use arrays of photo receptor diodes which are scanned by electronic digital switching technology. For color information, diode imagae arrays are fabricated with different color sensitivity (different alloy doping producing different light/wavelength sensitivity) Page 23; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Modern FAX Methods • ITU T.30 standard describes Telefax (telephone facsimile). Historically four systems exist: – Group 1: original 1960s Xerox telecopier. Mechanical scan of original document on a rotating cylinder. Analog FM representation of brightness levels. Obsolete. – Group 2: early digital system, with data compression coding. Obsolescent. – Group 3: Major digital data compression methods used today to transmit a page in less than 1 minute. Digital data rate of 9.6 kb/s via modem normally used, but lower (2.4 kb/s) and higher rates (14.4, 28.8 kb/s) are also used. – Group 4: Normally associated with 64 or 56 kb/s digital links, ISDN. Versatile data formatting permitting different pel density (e.g., 300 pel/inch to match laser printers, etc.), supports line printer (ASCII codes) as well as images, etc. etc. • Other aspects of T.30 standard permit manual answer, start, paper feed, automatic adjustment of data rate for "noisy" connections, etc. Page 24; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Data Compression in FAX • Three major data compression methods are used in Group 3 FAX: • Scan line difference computation – Used due to presence of many vertical lines in English text characters and other images – Often produces long runs of 0 in the computed difference of two successive horizontal scan lines • Run length coding – Particularly useful following line difference computation – Useful due to long runs of 1 or of 0. Described instead by a binary number specifying the length of the run. Compresses data bits in proportion to log2 of the run length. A run of 2047 pels can be represented by 11 bits with a suitable prefix. • Huffman Coding – Not all older Group 3 machines do "Huffman," so some run slower. Newer FAX machines compute Huffman codes since memory and processor chips are now low cost. Page 25; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Gray Scale & Color. Motion Pictures • Photograph-like images are typically encoded using JPEG and MPEG* coding • A major feature is Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), a two dimensional Fourier analysis of the brightness information, for each primary color, into horizontal and vertical cosine waves • Motion pictures use frame-to-frame difference calculation to avoid transmitting redundant data describing stationary parts of the image • Example: A news reader in front of a static background has motion only in the face and possibly hands. • Motion Compensation exploits translation (movement without rotation) of objects in the image by describing the translation vector for various sub-squares in the picture, and then transmitting the difference between this translated square of the picture and the actual image *Joint Photographic Experts' Group; Motion Picture Experts' Group Page 26; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Discrete Cosine Transform • Representation of one monochrome two-dimensional cosine wave brightness pattern Illustration represents case of a full wavelength horizontal, and a half wavelength vertically, in one square. Many other higher order spatial 2-dimensional cosine patterns are also used for DCT. brightness distance • • • Simplest cosine term is a 0,0 or constant brightness square (not shown) After Fourier analysis, the coefficients of each cosine term are transmitted digitally Some coefficients are omitted totally if their value is small. This produces a picture lacking certain details but still acceptable to the human eye, particularly when scene changes rapidly. Page 27; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine DCT Results • Typical video image is divided into many small squares for analysis • Each square is analyzed and represented as the "brightness" coefficient of each appropriate cosine pattern for each primary color as well • Coefficients are transmitted and image is built up starting from longest spatial wavelength cosines. Image details only are visible when shorter spatial wavelength terms are included • Example: overall brown color of a wood table is immediately visible, but details of the wood grain only appear after a few seconds. Page 28; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Lossy Codes: Exploiting Eye Properties • The human eye cannot distinguish color in areas of fine detail – Due to distinct light-sensitive rods (brightness sensitive elements mainly in the macula or central field of vision) and cones (color sensitive elements mainly in the outer field of vision) in the retina – This property exploited in analog and digital color TV » Low pass analog filter used on video waveform in analog TV removes small fine details » Highest spatial frequencies (shortest wavelengths) omitted in DCT • 3 "primary" colors simulate the true color spectrum • A rapid sequence of still pictures produces the illusion of continuous motion – A result of "persistence of vision" (the eye's light receptors low-pass timefilter brightness waveforms) • The eye cannot distinguish sharp focus from lack of focus in a rapidly changing scene – This property exploited when DCT builds up gross areas of color during first fraction of a second, then increases detail later Page 29; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Motion Compensation Example • If the news reader suddenly stands up from an initial sitting position, the squares which include the head and shoulders will be copied into the position of squares above their initial position • Later the discrepancies between the shifted/translated head and the actual appearance of the scene will be filled in (incorrect extrapolations shown in pale green) • The portion of the torso which was originally hidden by the table (shown in center picture in red) will need to be constructed from newly transmitted data. IBC News : Page 30; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine : IBC News : IBC News Error Protection Codes • Extra data is sent. Extra data can be used in some algorithm to expose the presence of errors (error detection) and in some cases determine their bit location (error correction). Here are some simplified explanations of three widely used types: – Convolutional codes Similar to multiplication.* Transmit product* and divide received value by known multiplier. Non zero remainder indicates errors. – Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Similar to long division* with remainder. Transmit remainder* appended to data block. Re-compute remainder at destination using pre-known divisor. If destination remainder disagrees with received remainder, there are transmission errors. Block codes Similar to matrix multiplication* Example: Hamming codes * Binary arithmetic for these codes is performed without usual carry or borrow for these codes (so called modulo-2, XOR or "ring-sum" arithmetic) Page 31; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine 29 Convolution Code • Analogous to multiplying* by a pre-determined constant before transmission • 10110•10101=100101110, then transmit product* • Divide* received bit string by the pre-determined constant at receiver – Non-zero remainder indicates errors – Some patterns correspond to limited numbers of bit errors at identifiable bit positions » correct error(s) by reversing those erroneous bits (01) – Other patterns with more errors correspond to more than one error condition » errors are then detected but not correctable * Ring sum or modulo 2 Page 32; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine 30 Cyclic Redundancy Check Code • Analogous to dividing* by a pre-determined constant and appending the remainder (CRC) to the data before transmitting • The division* is repeated at the destination, and the computed and received CRC compared – Non-zero difference indicates errors – Some patterns correspond to limited numbers of bit errors at identifiable bit positions » correct error(s) by reversing those erroneous bits (01) – Other patterns with more errors correspond to more than one error condition » errors are detected but not correctable * Ring sum or modulo 2 Page 33; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine 31 Block Code • Data is matrix multiplied* by a pre-defined matrix to generate parity check bits, which are appended to data and then transmitted • Hamming code example: Matrix multiply* a 4-bit code value by this 7,4 matrix G to produce a 7 bit message. Any 1 bit error position will be indicated by matrix multiplication of the received 7 bit value with the matrix H. The three bits of the result, if non-zero, are the binary value of the position of the single bit error. • more than 1 bit error is detected but not correctable G= [] 0001 0010 0100 1000 0111 1110 1011 H= [ ] 1110100 0111010 1101001 * Ring sum or modulo 2 • To "matrix multiply" a 4 bit binary code by the G matrix, compute 7 different bit values. The first bit is found by first multiplying* each of the 4 data bits respectively by the four bits in the first row, and then adding* the four products. The second bit is computed the same way, using the second row of G, and so on. Page 34; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine 32 Encryption • In many circumstances, communication signals are physically accessible to unauthorized persons – Particularly in cellular and PCS radio, microwave radio, and in some wire transmission systems • Encryption (a reversible modification of the information, before transmission via the non-secure environment) is becoming much more important for the general telecommunication user in contrast to previous use mainly for military and diplomatic communication • Most authentication algorithms depend upon the person (or equipment) in question using an encryption "key" value, known only to authorized persons, in an encryption process to prove they are the authentic source of certain information • Here are a few significant facts about encryption: Page 35; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Vernam and Vignière • Gilbert S. Vernam, an AT&T engineer working with teletypewriters during WW I, developed the modern binary encryption method called a running binary mask (or key) cipher • A random-appearing binary bit stream is "added*" to the transmitted binary bit stream data before transmission in an non-secure environment. *Addition is modulo-2, or XOR. • A duplicate properly synchronized random- appearing bit stream is "subtracted*" modulo-2 from the received bit stream, in a secure environment. • This is a binary version of an earlier alphabetic cipher method invented in the 17th century by the French diplomat, Vignière Page 36; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine GSM Radio Encryption Representative cellular/PCS encryption process encryption mask from algorithm A8 Um radio interface XOR information bits. Certain data bits used for synchronization, etc., are not encrypted. 11001100 information bits +10101010 mask 01100110 result seen at Um +10101010 mask again 11001100 info restored Page 37; Rev.2.1 XOR replica of original information Locally generated and properly synchronized copy of encryption mask, also generated by algorithm A8 Note that there is no "carry" done with the XOR binary "addition" example. ©1997-2003, R.Levine 35 The Difficult and Nice Parts Difficult things to do: • Producing a running mask binary bit pattern which cannot be calculated or discovered by an interceptor (the "enemy" or the "competition") because it appears to be random, not periodic • Maintain proper synchronization between the running mask at the transmitter and the receiver Nice properties: • A single bit error in the transmission channel produces only a single bit error in the result – Unlike "block" ciphers (example: NIST Data Encryption Standard), which produces errors in all the bits in a block of 64 due to one channel bit error. Page 38; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Public Policy Issues • The US, Canadian, British and some other governments have already legally restricted the use of encryption to some degree – US, Canadian export of encryption technology is restricted • Divergent objectives of private manufacturers of encryption equipment vs. government desire to keep strong encryption technology out of the hands of enemy states, criminals or other undesirable users, have produced conflict. US government desires to restrict the sale and use of encryption domestically, and require only encryption methods which have "escrow" storage of secret keys, accessible to law enforcement agencies under a court order. • Attempt to compel use of a government devised "Clipper" encryption chip was abandoned after flaws in its design were discovered. Many observers also objected to this for other reasons as well. Page 39; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Recent Government Policy Shift • In 1999, the US Government agreed for the first time to allow export of cryptographic technology which uses long secret keys (more than 128 binary bits.) – Length of the key is significant, because this controls the quantity of different key values that must be evaluated when using a powerful computer as a "brute force" tool to determine the correct key. • Previous US-Canada policy usually blocked cryptography export under ITAR (International Trade in Arms Restriction) laws. – Critics pointed out that non-US suppliers of cryptography had good products too, and were not prevented from selling world wide! – FBI and other police organizations still want a "back door" to commercial encryption processes under court order to defeat criminal users. – An important topic where technology and public policy intersect. Page 40; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine Farewell! • This completes the prepared lectures in this course. • I hope that this gave you an understanding of how the technology underlying various telecommunications systems works • The purpose of your term paper is to give you more practice in researching a topic of interest to yourself and learning more about it. • Please stay in touch if you have questions or comments at any time in the future. Page 41; Rev.2.1 ©1997-2003, R.Levine


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In the '30s Hope Strong and I, along with other members of our Scout Troop, would canoe with our leader Fleet Peeples down the Wekiva River and camp out overnight on Shell Island.
• In my errant teenage hitchhiking days in the '30s, I saw many Civilian Conservation Corps camps in the woods of the far west. At that time unemployment was rampant, but our national debt was not yet "out of sight." The CCC camps put men to work cleaning our forests and lowering the risks of forest fires. They built roads and many lovely parks where travelers could stop and picnic on redwood tables and benches. Now our august president gets the brilliant idea that he can copy Roosevelt by attacking today's unemployment by using a 1930's method. Today we have towering national debt, and the solution is not to put the unemployed on the national payroll dole to lower their number and make things appear as though we have stumbled upon a solution for unemployment. An invented job working for the government is not a genuine job — not the kind of job we need for those out-of-work. It is simply sleight-of-hand that produces, at best, a cosmetic illusion.
• In the '30s Hope Strong and I, along with other members of our Scout Troop, would canoe with our leader Fleet Peeples down the Wekiva River and camp out overnight on Shell Island. This was Florida jungle as wild and untamed as it was when Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. Alligators, bobcats, all the different poisonous snakes, and the devilish insects abounded, and we human beings were invaders taking a big risk just for the hell of it! That none of us were ever badly injured was a miracle of sorts, a miracle that kept us coming back to tempt fate. Paddling back up the river against the 2 to 3 mph stream to Wekiwa Springs was a laborious task. We were boys then. We were crazy. What else is new?
• If you are not a basketball fan, and I am not, the Super Bowl is the end of big sports until baseball gets well underway. My b.w. and I have learned to enjoy watching golf, and I marvel at the camera work able to bring a big golf course right into our home office. I also remember when I was a little kid visiting my grandmother in Atlanta, where Bobby Jones lived right up the street. As an amateur, Bobby won everything there was in sight, both amateur and professional, and he never turned "pro." He was the Babe Ruth of golf and has never been equaled.
• Tell me if I'm right about our president being bonkers — or at least stupid. He often seems to be courting those with Moslem overtones. How did we elect this guy? More to the point, how do we get rid of him? The five most dangerous prisoners at Guantanamo have been released and are now free to do their mischief among us all over again, thanks to Obama.
In return, we get one American prisoner, whom the president's people referred to as a "hero" — but could actually be a "bad apple" who walked out on the U.S. How many men did America lose in order to capture the five terrorists? Now that they are free, how many more of us will they kill when they reenter terrorist pursuits? Our president's machinations are becoming a danger to our national security. I sometimes wonder what George Washington or Thomas Jefferson —even Dwight Eisenhower — would think of the logic that that our present leaders are dispensing as "justice." Obama, who claims to be a protector of women, has done nothing for a female prisoner languishing in a jail in the Sudan with her two American children, a 20-month-old boy and a week-old baby girl. She is sentenced to be given 100 lashes before being hanged. Her crime: converting to Christianity and marrying a Christian. She is a doctor by the way.
And then there is the story of a real hero Marine still being held in a Mexican jail after crossing the border unwittingly. What would happen if we stopped tourism to Mexico until he is released, and, as well, the dollars that Mexico receives from us in trade?