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Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement (SAFE) are advocated by the World Health Organization (WHO) for trachoma control. However, few studies have evaluated the complete SAFE strategy, and of these, none have investigated the associations of Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement (A,F,E) interventions and active trachoma. We aimed to investigate associations between active trachoma and A,F,E interventions in communities in Southern Sudan.
Methods and Findings
Surveys were undertaken in four districts after 3 years of implementation of the SAFE strategy. Children aged 1–9 years were examined for trachoma and uptake of SAFE assessed through interviews and observations. Using ordinal logistic regression, associations between signs of active trachoma and A,F,E interventions were explored. Trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) was considered more severe than trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF). A total of 1,712 children from 25 clusters (villages) were included in the analysis. Overall uptake of A,F,E interventions was: 53.0% of the eligible children had received at least one treatment with azithromycin; 62.4% children had a clean face on examination; 72.5% households reported washing faces of children two or more times a day; 73.1% households had received health education; 44.4% of households had water accessible within 30 minutes; and 6.3% households had pit latrines. Adjusting for age, sex, and district baseline prevalence of active trachoma, factors independently associated with reduced odds of a more severe active trachoma sign were: receiving three treatments with azithromycin (odds ratio [OR] = 0.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0–0.4); clean face (OR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.2–0.4); washing faces of children three or more times daily (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.3–0.7); and presence and use of a pit latrine in the household (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.2–0.9).
Analysis of associations between the A,F,E components of the SAFE strategy and active trachoma showed independent protective effects against active trachoma of mass systemic azithromycin treatment, facial cleanliness, face washing, and use of pit latrines in the household. This strongly argues for continued use of all the components of the SAFE strategy together.
Author Summary
Trachoma is an infectious disease that is cased by a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, and is the leading cause of preventable blindness estimated to be responsible for 3.6% of blindness globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a strategy for trachoma control known as SAFE—surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. Regular evaluations of trachoma control activities are advocated for by the WHO for decision making, programme planning, and the rational use of programme resources. We undertook a survey to evaluate the effectiveness of the SAFE strategy following three years of interventions in four districts in Southern Sudan. In this paper, we aimed to find out the relationship between the antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement (A,F,E) and active trachoma signs. Our study revealed that prevalence of active trachoma was less in children who had received treatment with azithromycin, had clean faces, had faces washed more frequently, and used latrines compared to children who had not received these interventions. The study findings are important since they make the case for implementing the A,F,E interventions together.
Citation: Ngondi J, Matthews F, Reacher M, Baba S, Brayne C, Emerson P (2008) Associations between Active Trachoma and Community Intervention with Antibiotics, Facial Cleanliness, and Environmental Improvement (A,F,E). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(4): e229. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000229
Editor: Julius Schachter, University of California San Francisco, United States of America
Received: September 11, 2007; Accepted: April 2, 2008; Published: April 30, 2008
Copyright: © 2008 Ngondi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Surveys were funded by the Lions Clubs International. JN was supported by Magdalene College-Cambridge and Cambridge Commonwealth Trust. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the SAFE strategy for trachoma control (Box 1) which comprises: 1) Surgery, eyelid surgery to correct in-turned eyelashes that stops pain and minimizes risk of corneal damage [1]; 2) Antibiotics, treatment for active trachoma using single-dose oral azithromycin or tetracycline eye ointment [2]; 3) Facial cleanliness, clean faces especially in children through sustained behaviour change [3]; and 4) Environmental improvement, to increase access to water and sanitation [4]. Antibiotic therapy in individuals and facial cleanliness in children, combined with environmental improvement (A,F,E components of SAFE), have been designed to treat ocular Chlamydia infection and reduce the risk of transmission of ocular Chlamydia.
There is evidence from randomised controlled trials that the individual A,F,E components of the SAFE strategy have an effect on active trachoma when applied on their own: effect of antibiotics on active trachoma at three months [2]; effect of face-washing on trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) [3]; and effect of fly-control on active trachoma at three and six months [5],[6]. In these trials, the effects of these components have been tested individually to avoid the use of hybrid interventions that generate findings that are difficult to interpret. The challenge of disentangling the relative contribution to an effect of a combination of components has prevented trials of such hybrid trials being conducted. However, the reality of program implementation is that SAFE is a comprehensive and integrated strategy that has three control components (the A,F,E) that should be applied simultaneously.
In the biological and epidemiological context, it is reasonable to expect there to be an additive effect of the A,F,E components of the SAFE strategy. Mass azithromycin administration, plus an increase in clean faces among children, plus improved access to water, plus reduced vector populations will likely be more effective than any one component alone. Despite the need for evaluation of the combined effects of A,F,E components of SAFE being highlighted previously [7], no studies have explored the relationship between programme delivery of the combined A,F,E interventions and prevalence of active trachoma. Therefore we aimed to investigate the association between active trachoma and community intervention with A,F,E components of the SAFE strategy.
Study population
Surveys were conducted in four districts (Kiech Kuon, Padak, Katigiri and Tali) in Southern Sudan between April to June 2005. The sample size estimation and sampling of the surveys has been described previously [8]. In brief, population based surveys were undertaken to estimate the prevalence of active trachoma signs before and following three years of implementation of the SAFE strategy. A two-stage cluster random sampling design was used to select the sample. In each district, 6 villages (clusters) were selected in stage one and 30 households selected in each cluster at the second stage. All eligible persons residing in the household were examined for trachoma and/ or interviewed. Only children aged 1–9 years, who had been examined for trachoma signs, were included in the sample (Figure 1).
AFE = Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvement. *98 children in 26 households with missing clean face data, and 24 households (with 57 children) missing household data. **Multiple imputations of missing data.
Outcomes: Severity of active trachoma signs
Eligible children were examined for trachoma signs by integrated eye care workers (IECW) using the WHO simplified grading scheme [9]. Trainee examiners had to achieve at least 80% interobserver agreement in identifying trachoma signs compared to the senior examiner to participate in the survey [10]. Clinical signs of inflammatory trachoma (TF, and TI) were graded for each eye separately. An ordinal severity score of active trachoma comprising three categories was then assigned to all eligible participants based on the worst affected eye: where '1' was no TF, no TI; '2' TF only; and '3' TI with or without TF. We have previously justified the ordinal nature of inflammatory signs of trachoma [11]: 1) pathogenesis of trachoma is initially characterised by lymphoid follicles (stage TF), whereas papillary hypertrophy (stage TI) is seen with advancing severity [12]; 2) participants seen in longitudinal studies with persistent TI are more likely to progress to scarring (stage TS) than those with only TF [13]; 3) subjects with TI are more likely to provide ocular swabs positive for Chlamydia trachomatis than those with TF [14]; and 4) patients with TI provide ocular swabs that have a greater quantifiable load of C. trachomatis than those with TF [15],[16].
Interventions: Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement (SAFE)
Prior to implementation of the trachoma control programme, baseline surveys were conducted to establish the need for interventions and to define programme targets [17]. The SAFE strategy was implemented in accordance with standards advocated by the WHO [18]–[21] and have been described previously [8]. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) responsible for implementing healthcare, in the absence of Ministry of Health infrastructure, undertook implementation of the SAFE strategy.
Surgery: Identification and screening of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) cases was conducted by community health workers trained in using the WHO simplified grading scheme [9]. TT surgeons were trained by an experienced ophthalmologist from the Christoffel Blindenmission (CBM). Eyelid surgery was conducted using the bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure at primary health care centers (PHCC) and at annual "surgery camps" [18]. TT surgery logs were maintained at the PHCC. Trichiasis surgery is not considered further in this study of associations between A,F,E interventions and active trachoma.
Antibiotics: Azithromycin (Zithromax, donated by Pfizer) was targeted for distribution to all villages in the four districts [19]. During the annual treatment round, teams of distributors including health care workers and trained village volunteer moved from village to village providing directly observed treatment to all eligible persons. Persons not eligible to receive Zithromax were treated with 1% tetracycline eye ointment. A tally of number of people treated with Zithromax was maintained and reported to the programme monthly. Three annual rounds were distributed in Kiech Kuon, Katigiri and Tali; however, the third round had not been distributed in Padak by the time of the evaluation survey.
Facial cleanliness: Health education and hygiene promotion on facial cleanliness was conducted by trained hygiene promoters, women-peer educators and health workers A flip chart with key messages on facial hygiene and prevention of trachoma was used routinely to deliver health education at health facilities, schools, churches and during community outreach. Within villages, trained women peer-educators coordinated facial hygiene promotion activities. Heath education was delivered at least once a month to target groups or communities. Health education and hygiene promotion activities were monitored and reported monthly.
Environmental change: Hygiene promoters and local leaders spearheaded community mobilization for construction of household pit latrines. The programme provided digging tools and technical advice on pit latrine construction. In two districts (Tali and Katigiri) fero-reinforced concrete slabs were provided free of charge to households for latrine construction. The number of latrines constructed was reported monthly. Advocacy for water provision to target populations by development NGOs involved in water activities was also conducted.
Measurement of uptake of A,F,E Interventions
Structured interviews with mothers of children as principal household respondents and observations were used to measure the uptake of the A,F,E interventions using the following definitions.
Antibiotics: reports by care-givers of the number of times azithromycin treatment a child had received over three years.
Facial cleanliness: a clean face was defined as the absence of nasal and/or ocular discharge on examination; frequency of face washing was reported by care-givers as the number of times faces of children were washed per day; and whether heads of households had received health education on trachoma at home or elsewhere.
Environmental improvement: water access was report by people responsible for water collection as the time for a return journey to collect water; and pit latrine availability and use was ascertained by observation.
Other explanatory variables included age, sex, cattle ownership (reported and confirmed presence of cattle in the vicinity of the household), and baseline prevalence estimates of active trachoma for each study site.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 8.2 (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas). Descriptive statistics were used to examine the sample characteristics, prevalence of active trachoma signs, prevalence of A,F,E interventions, and other explanatory variables. Differences in proportions were compared by chi-square test. To investigate the association between severity of active trachoma signs and A,F,E interventions, ordinal logistic hierarchical regression models were developed using generalized linear models (GLM) [22]. The multilevel structure of GLM allowed for non-independence of the household and district variables, enabled clustering of individual observations within households, and districts, and allowed for variability at individual, household, village and district levels. We fitted an ordinal logistic regression model to study associations between severity of active trachoma signs and A,F,E interventions [23]. This model allowed for analysis of a polytomous ordinal response on a set of predictors and computed odds ratios (OR) of having a more severe active trachoma sign compared to a less severe sign. In this model TI was considered more severe than TF, which is in turn a more severe sign of trachoma than a normal conjunctiva. This method did not assume that TF causes TI or that the relationship between the three orders (normal, TF only, and any TI) is linear. Univariate analysis was conducted for each explanatory variable. Multivariable models were then developed by stepwise regression analysis for model selection. This involved starting with a null model then proceeding in a sequential fashion of adding/deleting explanatory variables if they satisfied the entry/removal criterion which was set at 5% significance level using a log-likelihood ratio test. Age and sex were retained in all multivariable models to control for any potential confounding effects. Potential effect modification was evaluated by including interaction terms in the models. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate the effect of missing data by multiple imputations [24].
Ethical consideration
The Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement Secretariat of Health (SPLM/Health) approved the protocol and clearance to conduct the surveys was obtained from the local authorities. Verbal informed consent to participate was sought from the head of the household, household respondents and parents of children in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. Consent for household interviews and trachoma examination was documented by interviewers and examiners on the data collection forms. Personal identifiers were removed from the data set before analyses were undertaken.
Characteristics of the study population
A total of 25 clusters (villages) and 743 households in four districts were surveyed (in Tali district an additional cluster was selected due to insufficient number of households in one of the six primary clusters). Of the 1,867 children aged 1–9 years examined for trachoma, 1,712 (91.7%) in 656 (88.3% of 743 surveyed) households were included in the main analysis (Figure 1). Of the excluded households, 36 (4.8%) did not have eligible children, 26 (3.5%) had all eligible children (98) missing data on clean face, whereas 25 households (with 57 children) had missing data on health education and face washing frequency. The overall proportion of children aged 1–4 was 47.8%, the overall proportion of boys was 51.0%, and the mean age [standard deviation (SD)] was 4.9 years (SD = 2.5).
Prevalence of active trachoma signs
The overall prevalence of active trachoma severity scores was: "no TF, no TI" = 64.1%, range by study district (29.7–94.8); "TF only" = 23.1%, range (4.7–41.0); and "any TI" = 12.8%, range (0.5–35.9) (Table 1).
Prevalence of A,F,E interventions
Table 1 summarises the uptake of A,F,E interventions by study district. Overall, 53.0% of the eligible children had received at least one treatment with azithromycin, whereas 62.4% had a clean face on examination. Among the 706 households with eligible children: 72.5% reported washing faces of children two or more times a day; 73.1% had received health education; 44.4% had water accessible within 30 minutes; and only 6.3% had pit latrines.
Ordinal logistic regression analysis of associations between severity of active trachoma signs and A,F,E interventions
Univariate ordinal logistic regression analysis of the associations between severity of active trachoma and A,F,E interventions is shown on Table 2. Factors associated with reduced odds of a more severe active trachoma sign compared with not having the risk factor were: older age (5–9 years compared to 1–4 years) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.5–0.9)]; female sex (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5–0.9); azithromycin treatment (one, two, or three treatments compared with no treatments) (p-trend<0.001); clean face (OR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.1–0.2); increased frequency of face washing (twice or more frequent daily face washing compared to once) (p-trend = 0.001); and pit latrine (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.2–0.9). There was no association between active trachoma severity and health education, and water access. Cattle ownership was associated with increased relative odds of a more severe active trachoma sign; however, this was not statistically significant: OR = 1.4; 95% CI (1.0–2.1); p = 0.066.
Table 3 shows the multivariable associations between active trachoma signs and A,F,E interventions adjusting for age, sex and baseline prevalence. The number of individual treatments with azithromycin was associated with reduced relative odds of having less severe active trachoma (p-trend = 0.036). Having received one or two treatments was associated with a 20% reduction in the relative odds of active trachoma; however, this was not statistically significant. Receiving three treatments was independently and strongly associated with reduction on the relative odds of active trachoma: OR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.0–0.7). Clean face was also strongly associated with independent reduction in the relative odds of active trachoma: OR = 0.3; 95% CI (0.2–0.4). Reports of washing faces of children two or more times was independently associated with reduced relative odds of active trachoma (p-trend = 0.001); whereas households using pit latrines had 60% reduction in relative odds of active trachoma: OR = 0.4; 95% CI (0.2–0.9). There was no evidence of interaction between the A,F,E interventions based on our effect modification models. Sensitivity analysis of the effect of missing data by multiple imputation of missing data and analysis of association between severity of active trachoma and A,F,E interventions revealed effect estimates similar to those in which missing data had been excluded (data not shown).
We have previously published findings on the effects of three years of the SAFE strategy in Southern Sudan based on a before-and-after analysis comparing change in prevalence of active trachoma signs at baseline compared to the three-year evaluation; which suggested that where more A,F,E activities had been implemented, greater declines in prevalence were observed [8]. In this study we present a cross-sectional analysis of associations between active trachoma and A,F,E components of the SAFE strategy. The cross-sectional nature of our data had limitations in that it did not take into account all the baseline risk factors that may influence the outcome. Modelling associations between change in prevalence of active trachoma and interventions accounting for change in risk factors would yield more precise results. However, this would not have been possible since the triennial evaluation was not designed to measure change in risk factors. Further research for a more rigorous method of modelling the effect of A,F,E interventions using cross-sectional survey data accounting for change in potential risk factors is suggested.
Despite the limitations in the study design, our findings suggest that receiving three treatments with azithromycin, clean face, increased frequency of washing faces of children and use of pit latrines were independently associated with reduced prevalence of active trachoma. The A,F,E interventions are designed to reduce the risk of trachomatous inflammation in individuals and communities; leading to a reduction in the lifetime risk of conjunctival scarring and blinding complications of trachoma. The effect estimates are consistent with independent effects of A,F,E interventions and reinforce the argument for implementing the full SAFE strategy as an integrated approach to control blinding trachoma. The packaging of trachoma control interventions into a four-pronged community-based approach provides a comprehensive programme for trachoma elimination that is adaptable to many different situations and which can be implemented at the community level. Because each component of the SAFE strategy uses appropriate and readily adaptable technologies, trachoma control can be integrated with broader health and development efforts targeting poor and marginalized populations [25].
Our survey was designed as an evaluation of the SAFE strategy under operational field conditions. We used clinical signs of active trachoma as operational outcome measures and maintained a high inter-observer reliability to minimize bias among trachoma graders, as recommended by the WHO [26]. It has been argued that nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) of conjunctival swabs are the best way of determining the prevalence of ocular chlamydial infection in order to monitoring mass antibiotic administration [27]; however, this is currently not advocated by the WHO for programmatic use. We measured health education, face washing, and azithromycin treatment based on self-reports by the female heads of households and caregivers of children. Reporting of face washing behaviour by mothers or caregivers of children was likely to be overestimated since in most cultures hygiene is considered a desirable activity regardless of the actual practices [28]. However, recall bias in reporting of azithromycin treatment in children by caregivers was likely to underestimate azithromycin usage to a large extent. While the magnitude of these biases cannot be estimated, our study showed independent associations of antibiotics treatment, clean face, face washing and pit latrines and lower prevalence of active trachoma signs. Use of multilevel models controlled for clustering and variability of our observations at the household, village and district levels as well as the potential confounding effects of age, sex and baseline district prevalence of active trachoma.
We defined a clean face as the absence of ocular and or nasal discharge. Face washing has been shown to be effective in improving facial cleanliness in children [3]. Having a clean face is though to reduce autoinfection with ocular Chlamydia as well as reducing transmission to others. However, active trachoma also causes ocular and nasal discharge; therefore it is unclear whether dirty faces lead to trachoma, or trachoma results in dirty faces, especially in cross-sectional studies [29]. Consistent with previous studies [30], our models showed that a clean face was independently associated with lower prevalence of active trachoma. We also found face washing two or more times a day to be independently associated with lower prevalence of active trachoma. Nonetheless, there was no evidence of statistical interaction between face washing and cleans faces and between the A,F,E interventions, possibly because our sample was not powered to investigate such interactions. Overall, our study suggests that children who lived in families that were more amenable to receiving mass distribution of azithromycin, owned a pit latrine, and had faces washed two or more times a day, were less likely to have active trachoma.
Previous studies have explored the relationship between active trachoma and interventions based on ecological analysis [31]–[34]. However, ecological analyses have a major limitation since bias may result by generalisation of correlation of observations made at a group level to individuals. Our study has advantages since we have modelled individual outcomes of active trachoma. The ordinal category of active trachoma severity is more precise than the conventional dichotomous approach since it makes full use of the data on active trachoma signs that is inherent in the WHO simplified grading scheme. Variability in characteristics across the study districts has previously been highlighted as a possible explanation for heterogeneity in uptake of SAFE and therefore likely to affect the effectiveness of SAFE [8]. We used multilevel models which allowed for variability at individual, households and district levels as well as adjustment for non-independence of observations at household and district levels (clustering).
This study of associations between the A,F,E components of SAFE and active trachoma showed independent protective effects against active trachoma of mass systemic azithromycin treatment, clean face on examination, reported face washing, and presence and use of pit latrines in the household. This study provides important evidence for continued advocacy for implementation of the full SAFE strategy for trachoma control.
Box 1. The SAFE strategy for trachoma control
- Surgery: eyelid surgery for the in-turned eyelashes to stop the pain and minimize risk of corneal damage.
- Antibiotics: treatment for active trachoma using single-dose oral azithromycin (Zithromax) and tetracycline eye ointment.
- Facial cleanliness: clean faces especially in children through sustained hygiene behaviour change.
- Environmental improvement: to increase access to water and sanitation.
We thank the following organizations who were instrumental in facilitating the survey: The Carter Center; Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement Secretariat of Health; Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission; Adventist Relief and Development Agency (in Kiech Kuon); Christian Mission Aid (in Padak); and ZOA refugee care (in Katigiri and Tali).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JN FM MR SB CB PE. Performed the experiments: JN. Analyzed the data: JN FM. Wrote thepaper: JN FM MR SB CB PE. Supervised data analysis: FM. Contributed to editing the paper: FM MR SB CB PE.
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Rubin DB (1987) Multiple Imputation for Non-response in Surveys. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DB Rubin1987Multiple Imputation for Non-response in SurveysNew YorkJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc
- 25. WHO (1997) World Health Organization Future Approaches to Trachoma Control. Geneva: WHO. WHO document WHO/PBL/96.56. WHO1997World Health Organization Future Approaches to Trachoma Control. Geneva: WHO.WHO document WHO/PBL/96.56
- 26.
Solomon AW, Zondervan M, Kuper H, Buchan J, Mabey D, et al. (2006) Trachoma control: a guide for programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization. AW SolomonM. ZondervanH. KuperJ. BuchanD. Mabey2006Trachoma control: a guide for programme managersGenevaWorld Health Organization
- 27. Dawson CR, Schachter J (2002) Should trachoma be treated with antibiotics? Lancet 359: 184–185.CR DawsonJ. Schachter2002Should trachoma be treated with antibiotics?Lancet359184185
- 28. Polack S, Kuper H, Solomon AW, Massae PA, Abuelo C, et al. (2006) The relationship between prevalence of active trachoma, water availability and its use in a Tanzanian village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. S. PolackH. KuperAW SolomonPA MassaeC. Abuelo2006The relationship between prevalence of active trachoma, water availability and its use in a Tanzanian village.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
- 29. Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, et al. (2003) A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 372–381.H. KuperAW SolomonJ. BuchanM. ZondervanA. Foster2003A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma.Lancet Infect Dis3372381
- 30. Pruss A, Mariotti SP (2000) Preventing trachoma through environmental sanitation: a review of the evidence base. Bull World Health Organ 78: 258–266.A. PrussSP Mariotti2000Preventing trachoma through environmental sanitation: a review of the evidence base.Bull World Health Organ78258266
- 31. Ewald DP, Hall GV, Franks CC (2003) An evaluation of a SAFE-style trachoma control program in Central Australia. Med J Aust 178: 65–68.DP EwaldGV HallCC Franks2003An evaluation of a SAFE-style trachoma control program in Central Australia.Med J Aust1786568
- 32. Khandekar R, Ton TK, Do TP (2006) Impact of face washing and environmental improvement on reduction of active trachoma in Vietnam-a public health intervention study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 13: 43–52.R. KhandekarTK TonTP Do2006Impact of face washing and environmental improvement on reduction of active trachoma in Vietnam-a public health intervention study.Ophthalmic Epidemiol134352
- 33. Karimurio J, Ilako F, Gichangi M (2007) Trachoma control using the who adopted "safe with azithromycin". East Afr Med J 84: 127–135.J. KarimurioF. IlakoM. Gichangi2007Trachoma control using the who adopted "safe with azithromycin".East Afr Med J84127135
- 34. Astle WF, Wiafe B, Ingram AD, Mwanga M, Glassco CB (2006) Trachoma control in Southern Zambia–an international team project employing the SAFE strategy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 13: 227–236.WF AstleB. WiafeAD IngramM. MwangaCB Glassco2006Trachoma control in Southern Zambia–an international team project employing the SAFE strategy.Ophthalmic Epidemiol13227236


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Hi Barbara, I guess we're at the same level. I'm looking for partners to play with. I usually play on the courts by the Lost Lagoon, and my schedule is quite flexible. Wanna play some time?
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Rails : up and running
- Responsibility
- Bruce A. Tate, Lance Carlson, and Curt Hibbs.
- Language
- English.
- Edition
- 2nd ed.
- Imprint
- Beijing ; Sebastopol, CA : O'Reilly, c2009.
- Physical description
- xi, 202 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
Available online
Engineering Library (Terman)
|Call number
More options
- Author/Creator
- Tate, Bruce, 1965-
- Contributor
- Carlson, Lance.
- Hibbs, Curt.
- Bibliography
- Includes bibliographical references and index.
- Publisher's Summary
- In just a matter of days, you can develop powerful web applications with Rails that once took weeks or months to produce with other web frameworks. If that sounds too good to be true, it isn't. Find out for yourself with "Rails: Up and Running", the concise and popular book that not only explains how Rails works, but guides you through a complete test drive. Perfect for beginning web developers, this thoroughly revised edition teaches you the basics of installing and using Rails 2.1 and the Ruby scripting language. While Rails is praised for its simplicity, there are still a few tricky steps to master along the way."Rails: Up and Running" offers lots of examples and covers just about everything you need to build functional Rails applications right away. Learn how to: create simple database-backed applications, and build dynamic user-centric web pages using Ajax and REST; exploit the Rails service frameworks to send emails and implement web services; map data to an imperfect table, traverse complex relationships, and build custom finders; and, find performance problems and apply performance-optimizing techniques. See how fast you can go on Rails, and how reliable it's become with the stability and power of version 2.1. With "Rails: Up and Running", you'll discover why Rails is a remarkable new way to build database-driven web applications.
(source: Nielsen Book Data)9780596522001 20160528
Bibliographic information
- Publication date
- 2009
- Note
- Originally published as Ruby on Rails. 2006.
- Related Work
- Tate, Bruce, 1965- Ruby on Rails.
- 0596522002 (paper)
- 9780596522001 (paper)
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Spontaneous Skinny DippingMature
I smiled, and started pulling out of the school. We both got to the Moose at the same time. I grabbed my purse, and I headed over to D's truck. He jumped out, and locked his truck, and we headed into the bar together. I we walked up, and sat down at the bar.
"What can I get you?" The bartender asked
"Two Yuenglings please."
"Ma'am I'm going to see your ID please." He replied with a smile.
I haven't been carded in years, this guy must be trying to hit on me. I pulled my driver's license out of my wallet, and showed him, he nodded and went to get our beers.
"What was that about?" D asked
"Was he trying to hit on me?"
"I'm gonna have to beat some ass if he was!"
"Calm down D."
"I'm always calm around you!" He said putting his hand on my knee.
I think this was his way of showing that I was off limits to anyone who was even thinking on hitting on me. He has always been protective, but he's never put his hand on my knee. Maybe he's not being protective. Maybe this time he actually likes you. Maybe you can be done hiding your feelings! No. His hand gliding higher brought me back to reality. The bartender can back with our beers, and handed one to each of us. I took a nice, long swig of my beer. I needed that.
"Do you want anything to eat?" D asked me
"You just want to get pub fries?"
"Sounds good."
"I have to go to the bathroom, I'll be back."
I set my beer down on the bar, and made my way to the bathroom. Once I was in there, I looked in the mirror, and tried to get myself back together. I took a deep breath, cleared my mind, and went back out to the bar. I went back to where D and I were sitting, and I saw a blonde sitting in my seat. I looked at D with piercing eyes, and grabbed my beer from the bar. He gave me a weird a look like I punched him in the face.
"Hey! Lex! Where you going?"
I walked into the dining area, and out to the patio. I went to the far corner, and continued drinking my beer by myself in the dark. I didn't even want to look at D. One minute he's hands on my leg, and the next some blonde tramps in my seat.
I felt a warm hand on my back, and I whipped around. It was D. I turned back around a took another drink of my beer. I could feel tears in my eyes, but I wasn't sure why. It wasn't like we were dating, but I was getting jealous. We've had the feelings just never done anything about them. I could feel him hovering behind me, I just wanted to be left alone.
"Lex, what's wrong? Did I do something wrong?"
"Why did you put your hand on my leg? Why? If you didn't mean it, then you shouldn't have done it!" I replied holding back tears.
"I thought that's what you wanted! I did mean it!"
"Then how come I leave to go to the bathroom, and I come back and there's a blonde sitting in my chair!"
"Oh, Lex, did you even see who it was?" He asked putting his arms around my waist. "It was my sister Lex, it was Carly."
I felt like a total ass. I had just flipped out on my best friend because he was sitting at the bar with his freaking sister. I didn't even stop to see who is was sitting with him. I turned around, and started crying into his chest.
"I'm sorry." I said with tears still running down my cheek bones.
"Hey, look at me." he said pushing my chin up.
I looked up, with tears still streaming out of my eyes.
"You don't have to be sorry, I can understand why'd you'd be upset. I'm not mad." He replied wiping away all the tears.
"I'm so sorry D, I should've looked. I overreacted, I'm just so sorry."
"Forget the fries, I have a plan. You need a better stress relief."
We walked back into the bar, and D paid for our beers, then we went to say bye to Carly.
"Hey Car, we're gonna head out."
"Hey Lex! And ok."
"Hey Car, sorry, I'm just not feeling good."
"It's alright. Love you D." She replied hugging Dylan.
We walked outside to our cars, I went to get in mine and D stopped me.
"We'll come back and get your jeep, you're coming with me."
"Ok, I guess."
I jumped into the passenger side of his truck, and buckled my seatbelt. He turned on the truck, and the radio came on. I smiled as we listened to She's Everything by Brad Paisley. D reached over and grabbed my hand. I smiled and we interlaced fingers.
"So where are we going?" I asked finally calming down.
"Camping all weekend."
"Where at?" I asked
"An old place with many memories." He replied with a smile.
That really didn't narrow it down, there were so many places that he could be taking me that it was unreal. We soon got to D's house, he parked the truck and looked over to me with a smile.
"Let's go inside and get a few things." He replied brushing the hair out of my face.
I nodded and we headed for the house. I followed Dylan into his camo covered bedroom. He handed me a blanket and two camo pillows. I set them in a pile on the floor and sat down on his bed.
"I know you're gonna get cold, and don't even tell me you won't cause it's happened too many times before. Here put these on." He said to me handing me a pair of his shorts, sweatpants, tee shirt and camo sweatshirt.
"I have to put this all on?"
"Don't argue with me Miss Cook. I don't wanna have to open a can of whoop ass!"
I gave him a pouty face, and decided that torture was in order. I slowly pulled my shirt over my head, and threw it at his face. I loved doing this to him, he has the same surprised face every time. I had on my good bra so my boobs were practically not even in my bra, and pushed up to my ears, and for a girl with bigger boobs, there was a lot of boob showing.
"Are you really gonna change right here?" He asked with anticipation.
"I have nothing to hide!" I replied as I slowly unbuttoned my khakis.
I unzipped my pants and slowly slid them down my freshly shaven legs. I had a thong on so I was sure to 'accidentally' drop his shorts behind me. I slid on the silky shorts still bent over right in front of him. I bent over arms together to pick up his shirt and of course gave him one more sneak peak before pulling it back over my body quickly. I looked at his face as I did, and watched his face go from horny to pouty.
"Why must you torture me?" He begged bringing me closer to him.
"You bring it on yourself." I replied slowly only inches away from his lips. I pulled back quickly and said with a smile, "You ready to go?"
"I guess…since nothing else is gonna happen." He replied disappointed.
He grabbed more clothes for the both of us and the blanket and pillows and we headed for the kitchen. I grabbed a picnic basket and filled it with stuff that we could cook over a fire. We went out to the truck, and threw the stuff in the back and headed for the shed. D brought out the huge tent, that we only used when there was like five of us going. I gave a skeptical look, and he just shook it off. We took it and set it in the bed of the truck, and went back to the truck to get the rest of the stuff we'd need. A half hour later we got everything packed and we're headed for the woods. I jumped into the passengers side of the truck and looked at the time, 10:00.
"There is no way in hell we're getting set up my midnight!" I said to him pointing at the time.
"All we're doing tonight is setting up the tent, and everything we're gonna need in there to sleep tonight." He reassured me.
"So where are we going anyway?"
"You'll just have to wait and see!" Dylan said grabbing hold of my tiny hand.
He pulled out of the driveway and headed towards my parent house. There was two camping spots out that way. But the only one with tons of memories was West End. I looked at him and smiled, and I think he realized I knew where we were going.
"We're going to West End aren't we?"
"Yeah, but where at?"
"In the pines!"
"You are correct!"
When we were 16 I got very, very, very drunk. We were having a party, and I partied a little too hard. I remember nothing about that night. I just remember waking up in Dylan's arms with his clothes on, and completely hung over. I looked around to see that I was in D's room. Everyone kept telling me that I told D that I loved him, and that I wanted to spend the rest of my life with him. I have no memory of this, and D still denies it to this days so, I still have no idea what to think about that night.
We pulled into the pines, and D parked the truck. I climbed out with a stretch, and went to get the tent out of the bed of the truck. D kept this head lights on so we could see a little. We put up the tent as fast as we could. After it was finally up, and hung a lantern on the little strap so we could set up our bed. D brought in the blankets and pillows, and I laid them out to make it look like a perfect bed. I looked around the tent and we still had plenty of room in there. Plus this tent had like a 'porch' as I called it. It was like a entry that was closed in before you even got into the tent.
D and I went back to the truck to get out chairs. We set them up, and then got some firewood out of the bed of truck and started building a fire. It quickly began to rise and D and I moved closer to the warmth. D scooted the chair closer to the fire and sat down, pulled me down with him. He pulled me closer, and kissed the top of my head. We sat there in silence watching the fires, and I slowly drifted off.
I woke in the morning in Dylan's arms, as the sun was coming up. I rolled over scooting closer to D. I watched D as his eyes slowly opened with a sleep smile.
"Good morning beautiful."
"Did you carry me in that's night?"
"Yeah, you were dead asleep!"
"Sorry, I was a little tired." I said
I sat up and stretched and slipped off his sweat pants and his sweat shirt. I made my way out of the tent, and out to the fire. D came out soon after that with a yawn. We rebuilt the fire back up and I looked what there was to cook. I got out a frying pan, and put some bacon in it. After we finished eating breakfast I sat back in my chair and looked over a D.
"So what are we doing today?"
"You wanna walk down to the river and go fishing?"
"Ok? Picnic lunch?"
We both got up and headed for the truck to get everything packed. He grabbed the fishing rods and headed towards the river. When we were younger we used to go to the river and swim all the time. We'd get a bunch of people together and go and sit on the rocks for the day, and swim.
We soon go to the river, and we immediately started fishing. It was fun. We of course made fun of each other, and I caught more fish than Dylan, and that's all that matters. Around noon we quick for lunch. D built a quick fire, and we started making our grilled cheese mountain pies.
"So are you ever gonna tell me what happened the night in the pines?" I asked as I turned my mountain pie maker.
"Nothing happened!" He replied
"D, you can tell me! If I was dumb that was my fault."
"It's the past, don't worry about it."
"D, did we have sex?"
"No, but you know."
"No I don't know! Would I be asking if I did know!"
"Fine! You really wanna know! You were about to have sex with some douche. He was pressuring you in to it! I heard you screaming and I went running. You were too drunk to fight him off, so ended up kicking his ass. I picked you up and took you to the truck. You were crying and telling me how much you loved me, and that I was the one for you. I just tried to calm you down on the way home but you passed out. I carried you to my house, put you into my clothes, and laid you down in my bed beside me! Now you know!" He replied
I didn't know what to say. I never thought that I would do something so stupid. And to tell D that I loved him, what was I thinking! I just starred at the ground. I opened up my mountain pie maker, and grabbed out my mountain pie and plopped it on the plate. I looked up at D who was just starting into the fire.
"D, I'm sorry. I didn't know how dumb I had been. I'm sorry that I made you take care me like that."
"Don't worry about it. Really. I will always look out for you. For you, I'd do anything."
After we ate we went back to fishing. Before we knew it, it was getting dark.
"Should we start heading back?"
"I was thinkin we could go for a little swim first."
"Yeah, like you, me in the water?"
"But we don't have any swim suits."
"I won't look if you won't." D replied with a wink.
He smirked at me but nodded. "Promise."
"Turn around so i can change!"
He put his hands over his eyes but spread his fingers so he could still see. "Dylan!" I yelled at him even though i was laughing.
"Alright, alright!" He said through his own laughter as he closed his fingers and turned around.
"No peeking!" I called as i began to pull my shirt over my head.
I stepped out of my shorts and put them on top of my shirt before unclasping my bra and sliding it down my shoulders and then finally taking my thong off and placing it on the top of the pile.
The air was chilly on my skin as i ran towards the river with little giggles escaping my lips. Once i was fully submerged in the water i called out to Dylan. "Okay!"
He turned around and saw me in the river with the water up to my neck. "Cute thong!" He hollered over to me when he saw my clothes.
"Screw you!"
"You wish, pal."
"Maybe i do?" I shouted back with a smirk. "Now hurry up and change and get your ass over here! I'm not going to freeze alone."
Dylan began to pull his shirt over his head but stopped when i let out a shriek. "What?"
"Wait for me to turn around!" I yelled over to him.
"Seriously? How many times have you seen me with my shirt off?" Dylan said and i could tell he rolled his eyes at me.
"Shut up!" I mumbled as I turned away from him.
The only sign that Dylan had stripped and made his way down to the water was the giant splash that soaked me when he jumped in.
I turned around to find him smirking at me as i pushed my wet hair off my forehead and wiped the water from my eyes. "Necessary?"
"Quite!" Dylan smirked at me. "Wanna play chicken?"
"We're naked and theirs only two of us!" I rolled my eyes at him.
"Even better!"
I rolled my eyes at him again. I pushed my hand through the water lightly for a moment before gathering speed and strength and throwing the water at him.
"It's on!" Dylan shouted as he started to throw water back at me.
The two of us screwed around in the water splashing each other and just swimming around for about two hours.
"Shouldn't we head back soon?" I asked seeing as it was completely dark now and the only light was the moon and the stars in the sky.
"We probably should." Dylan replied and we both headed for the bank of the river. Dylan stepped out of the water first and I stopped in shock as I remembered we were both naked.
He turned to see what was taking so long and my eyes locked onto his before they trailed down the front of his body. His impressive chest was nothing new for me to look at but his…package between his legs was a lot bigger than i had pictured…i mean…well…they don't call him Big D for nothing.
"Oh shit." Dylan said and turned away breaking my gaze from him. "Sorry, i forgot we were…uhmmm, yeah."
"It's no big deal." I mumbled even though it was rather big.
"I'll change and then you can get out and i'll turn so you can change."
"We don't have any towels with us." I said as i watched him pull his boxers on which immediately clung to his wet body.
"You can use my shirt to dry and i'll just get a new one out when we get back to the tent." Dylan said as he pulled his shorts on and turned back to face me and threw his shirt over towards my clothes pile before turning back around. "Get changed."
I stepped out of the water and ran towards my close as the cold air hit my skin and made me even colder than the water had.
"Dammit!" I screamed as i face planted into the dirt.
"Alex!" I looked up just in time to see Dylan turn around and start to rush towards me. "Are you okay?"
I stared at him for a second before starting to laugh. "I am such a klutz sometimes."
"So you're okay?" He asked as he stopped in front of me. I nodded and smiled up at him. "Good." He said before holding his hand out to me. Reaching out i grabbed his hand and let him pull me up. One of us had obviously miscalculated the strength that he'd need to pull me up seeing as i crashed into his chest.
His arms wrapped around my bare waist and pulled me close so i didn't fall again i assumed. Our bare upper halves were pressed together and I could feel him through his shorts as his dick pressed against my leg.
"Well this is awkward." I said and felt my cheeks get hot as I began to blush.
"Shut up." Dylan said as he started to lean in. My heart stopped for a second before starting to speed up rapidly as he got closer. A second before his lips touched mine, my eyes fluttered closed.
His rough lips met my soft ones and they moved together hesitantly. The kiss was soft and sweet but contained something that every other kiss i had ever had had lacked.
I pulled back first and looked up at Dylan cautiously. His eyes were clouded with emotions as he looked back down at me.
"Sorry?" The way he said it was a question.
I shook my head. "No."
"Good." He said and gave me one of the smiles that i loved so much. "Get dressed and let's get back to camp."
Dylan had the decency to turn around my i changed back into my clothes.
"All done!" I called and threw his now wet t-shirt at him.
"Like you didn't get me wet enough already!" Dylan teased as he picked his shirt up off the ground.
He's not the only one who got wet. "Let's go."
The walk back to where the tent was at was in complete silence other than the sounds of the animals in the woods around us.
"I'll relight the fire while you go get a shirt." I said to Dylan when we got back and saw that the fire had gone out while we were gone.
"What if i don't want to put a shirt on?" Dylan stopped and turned to me.
"Then i might be okay with that as long as you put a bag over your head." I teased him with a smile.
"Hey! You know that i'm a sexy beast."
"Everything but you're face!" I smirked at him before taking off and running towards the tent.
"You're dead Cook!" I heard Dylan start to run towards me and before i even reached the tent his arms wrapped around my waist and he pulled me back against his bare chest. With one hand he managed to unzip the tent and get us both inside. He dropped me down onto the blankets and crawled on top of me.
"What are you doing?" I barely had time ask before his fingers were digging into my sides and uncontrollable laughter ripped through me.
"D! Stop!" I panted out. "DYLAN!"
"Not until you take it back!"
"Fine then you have to say 'Dylan is really hot and i want to have sex with him!" Dylan looked down at me as he continued his torment.
"FINE!" I screeched through my laughter. "Dylan is really hot and I want to have sex with him!"
"Don't mind if I do." Dylan stopped tickling me and looked down at me intently.
"What?" I asked confused momentarily.
"This!" Dylan mumbled and then crashed his lips to mine also pushing our upper bodies together.
"Dylan," I breathed in sharply as he began to trail kisses down my neck and towards the v-neck of my t-shirt.
"Alex," He replied in a teasing tone. I rolled my eyes at him but didn't say anything.
His hands were everywhere it seemed and it was driving me crazy. Pulling my shirt up, he trailed kisses over every exposed inch of skin.
"Dylan!" I moaned again when he took my nipple into his mouth along with the lace fabric of my bra.
I laced my fingers into his hair and tugged gently, receiving groans back from him. Soon he had rid me of my bra, and shorts, and I him of his shorts leaving us both in our underwear.
"Let me take care of you," Dylan whispered against my lips as he trailed kisses down my jaw and in a trail to the top of my lace thong. I watched him as he avoided my mound and kissed down my right thigh and up my left.
"Dylan," I moaned when he let one of his fingers over the fabric of my thong.
"You are such a tease!" I groaned. He just smirked at me and leaned down towards my legs.
His breath was hot on my skin as he trailed kisses up my legs, first the right and then the left. When he reached my inner left thigh, he bit down and sucked the skin into his mouth gently.
Slowly he let the skin of my thigh go and moved his mouth over the heat radiating mound two inches to the right. His tongue flicked out and ran over my folds through my underwear.
"No foreplay. Just fuck me." I said when it was clear he was going to try and drag this out. "Foreplay later."
"Are you sure you want this Alex?" Dylan asked his voice husky.
I nodded my head and Dylan leaned in to place a soft kiss on my lips before pulling back and reaching down to the band of my thong and pulling it down over my hips and legs. He leaned back onto his knees and pulled his boxers off and threw them off to the side before climbing back on top of me.
He leaned in and kissed me on the lips hard at the same time as he was lining himself up at my entrance. Dylan pulled back from the kiss and locked his eyes on mine as he thrust into me.
His thrusts were slow at first as we both got adjusted to being with the other, but then as he started to get more worked up he began to move faster and harder.
"Oh god!" I shouted as he thrust into me really hard and hit that perfect spot.
Dylan was groaning loudly as he thrust into me and i could tell he was going to cum soon because his breathing and thrusts became more erratic.
His hand trailed down between our bodies and found my clit. He rubbed it sync with his thrusts and i felt myself starting to fall over the edge.
"DYLAN!" I cried out loudly as I felt the orgasm rip through me.
"Oh god!" Dylan moaned as he almost stopped moving. His hips were jerking against me and i could feel his dick hitting the walls of my vagina as he came inside of me.
"That was…"
"Amazing?" Dylan asked once he had rolled off of me.
"Pretty much yeah." I said with a laugh. "But wanna know something? We left the tent flap open the whole time."
"Shit!" D said laughing.
"I'm so tired." I said rolling closer to him.
"I'm glad! I don't think I can do a round two." He replied wiping the pretend sweat off his forehead.
"Night." I replied with a giggle.
"I'm gonna go close the tent. Night." He replied.
I heard him get up and close the tent. I could feel him lay back down beside me. I was almost asleep when I felt him wrap his arms around me and lightly kiss my forehead.


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Anthony Inglese, deputy Treasury solicitor, does not do as much lawyering as he would like. But, with society becoming ever more litigious, New Labour's fascination with using lawyers and with ever-bigger cases on the boil, his services as a lawyer would no doubt be appreciated.
This year alone around 3,000 immigration cases from the Home Office have been handed to him, which means that there are more than 10 times more immigration cases than there are lawyers in the department.
"We've always done immigration cases, but we're getting more of them every year, and this year we're at record level," says Inglese.
Not surprisingly, the Home Office is the Treasury Solicitor's Department's biggest client, bringing in a plentiful number of prison cases of the likes of Myra Hindley and Pinochet. There are also a lot of sensitive cases with political angles. For example, should asylum seekers be sent back to a midway country such as Germany, or will such a move place their safety at risk? Currently, the department's lawyers are also getting their heads around the Stansted hijacking by Afghan rebels.
While the Home Office may be the greatest source of work, it is only a small section of the department's overall workload. The Treasury Solicitor's litigation department is the largest in the UK and it represents all departments except Customs & Excise, the Inland Revenue, the Department of Health, the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs, and the Department for Work and Pensions, all of which handle their own legal work.
Besides the Home Office, the Treasury Solicitor's Department represents: the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); the Treasury; the Cabinet Office; the Foreign Office; the Department for Transport Local Government and the Regions (DTLGR); the Ministry of Defence (MoD); the Department for Education and Skills; the Department for Culture Media and Sport; the Lord Chancellor's Department; and the Department for International Development.
Of these, the Treasury Solicitor's Department appears to receive the least work from the Foreign Office. Inglese peers at a very recent list of cases and finds none relating to the Foreign Office. The Chagos Islands case is the biggest from that department of recent times.
MoD work, on the other hand, keeps the lawyers busy. Among the "glossiest", says Inglese, are two group actions of around 350 claims for post-traumatic stress disorder, brought by soldiers who served in Bosnia, Northern Ireland and the Gulf, and the claims arising out of Gulf War Syndrome.
The DTLGR also kept the department busy with the Alconbury case and Human rights generally is a big provider. Current large-scale DTI legal work includes the judicial reviews of the mobile phone auctions, and the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), which has been increasingly busy, has handed the department its work on the resale price of over-the-counter medications.
However, although it is often stretched and frequently seeking new recruits, it is a mark of the department's success that it still manages to attract many cases, despite having to compete for work. The big Government departments could go elsewhere, but they choose not to, although presumably the Treasury Solicitor is a cheaper option than magic circle firms.
But this means that lawyers have to be able to handle a considerable variety of work, which necessitates a lot of movement between practice areas and departments. "We move people around to broaden their experience," says Inglese. "They may start in employment litigation and after two to three years move elsewhere to develop their skills. They may want to do advisory work which uses their employment backgrounds, so they become employment advisers. This meets the needs of the individual and the organisation."
But the variety of the lawyers' work goes beyond the major departmental variety – it also covers, as Inglese terms it, "tiny bodies and departments", which bring in largely litigation and advisory work. Lawyers are no less busy in terms of the complexity and volume of work when handling these types of cases as those arising out of the mammoth, sprawling Government departments.
Part of this work arises out of the Cabinet Office, which retains its original function of handing work to the Treasury Solicitor's Department from its central advisory division. This is advisory work for the much smaller Government departments such as the National Security Agency. The department represents the agency in various claims for disclosure of secret service documents, including individuals wrongfully convicted in the Arms to Iraq affair.
Other agencies which use the department are education standards body Ofsted, which draws on its expertise in common law and public law, and the Judicial Appointments Commissioner for advice on commercial contracts and public and employment law.
Also, because the department does not take on certain Government work, its lawyers can handle work investigating such departments. One client, for example, is the Retained Organs Commission. The Department of Health does not have a sufficient degree of independence for it to be without conflicts of interest, so the Treasury Solicitor's Department is a handy stopgap for legal matters arising out of the commission's work. It is also the type of high-profile work that the lawyers were intended for at the department's inception.
"The commission is very new and important in the public eye. It was set up as a result of a problem, so it looks for legal advice. [New bodies] either know about us and come to us or are recommended," says Inglese.
So, with Government agency and departmental work flowing in, has there been any review of how much work is outsourced? It seems not. Simmons & Simmons, Denton Wilde Sapte and Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer remain the only firms on the department's panel, and they are used not for their expertise in litigation but for general contract and procurement work. Inglese says there is a lot of work around private prison contracts, particularly in terms of design.
Counsel are members of one of the department's A, B or C panels. All are free to offer themselves up for other work except two barristers, Philip Sales of Eldred Tabachnik QC's and James Goudie QC's 11 King's Bench Walk and Jonathan Crow of 4 Stone Buildings. They are the crème de la crème of the department's counsel – Inglese describes them as "immensely impressive".
But Inglese himself, while having a degree of civil servant servility about him – "there are parts to my job I just can't tell you about; I'm not teasing you, I just can't tell you" – has a lot of enthusiasm for all aspects of his work. His ambition for many years had been to join the Treasury Solicitor, which he joined as its deputy in 1997. For two years before that he was legal adviser to the MoD, which he joined from the OFT.
As well as managing the legal divisions, recruitment and lawyers' career development are both a big part of Inglese's role.
New Labour has meant more work for Inglese's team, perhaps unsurprisingly given the predominance of former lawyers in the Cabinet. He says: "The Government wants to work increasingly with lawyers, and is requiring its programme to be delivered through legislation." New Labour is also responsible for installing the Human Rights Act into UK law. Another factor that has led to a steep increase in workload is a society that is becoming more litigious by the day, and Inglese points to significant increases in personal injury work, particularly relating to prisons.
However, despite the stresses and strains, the department's work is varied and inundated with the sort of big cases that many lawyers in the private sector can only dream about.
Anthony Inglese
Deputy Treasury solicitor
Treasury Solicitor's Department
|Treasury Solicitor's Department
|Legal Capability
|Head of legal
|Juliet Wheldon
|Reporting to
|Attorney-general Lord Goldsmithh
|Main law firms
|Denton Wilde Sapte, Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer and Simmons & Simmons


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W Paris - Opera
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TravelPod Member ReviewsW Paris - Opera
More often than not we stay on the Left Bank when in Paris. However, for several reasons (unrelated to the hotel itself) we chose to stay at W Paris Opera this time (the hotel is on the Right Bank). The location of this hotel is very good if you stay on the Right Bank - few minutes walk to several metro stations, few minutes walk to the stop of Roissy bus that takes you directly from/to the airport (we did not use the bus, but it's definitely an option).
The hotel is literally across the street from the Opera Garnier, and we could see the Opera house from our windows. So - the location is nice.
We stayed in their so-called "Marvelous" suite, which I would classify as either junior suite or really big (by Parisian standards) room. No complaints about the room - comfortable bed, efficient layout, nice toiletries. But there were minor annoyances that mostly had to do with W hotels striving to be too modern and hip. For example, major lights were controlled by motion sensors. And several times shower lights went off in the middle of our showering - perhaps we did not scrub ourselves vigorously enough for the motion sensors to detect any motion? :) Another annoyance was their "waterfall" faucets - beautiful but very impractical.
But! As I mentioned - these were only minor things; I am mentioning them only for the sake of completeness and fairness of this review.
The things that really matter were all good. Staff was well trained, competent and helpful. Breakfast was included but nothing special. You have to sign breakfast bill every day, and they count it as 38 euros per person (76 euros for the room). Which is a LOT for a breakfast that does not even include champagne. However, at the end of the stay the charges were taken off - apparently, they use this for some accounting reasons. Weird, but ok.
Overall though it was a nice hotel and a pleasant stay. I would not hesitate to stay there again.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews W Paris - Opera
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... Made the Eiffel Tower lines look small. Certainly pays to go on a group tour here. We looked at the gardens first before going into the palace. Gardens cover 2000 acres and the areas closest to the buildings are laid out formally, those further away are less formal and forested. The level of extravagance is high with no expense spared. Walked straight into the palace bypassing all the lines. Our guide gave us our train tickets home and left us here to ...
Paris - culture, sunshine, friends & sights!
... No-one in front of us moved far, some tried in vain to come back against the tide, some (like me) had no hope of seeing over those in front of them. It was disappointing but with arms stretched high above me I took a blurry photo as a record of my attempt to view this famous masterpiece! We reversed and moved sideways and pushed our way out of the crowd and headed to a less busy area, frustrated by the lack of 'system' and the attendants not ensuring that ...
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... works and is my favorite museum in Paris. We followed Rick Steves 'walking tour when we first entered the museum. He has an audio guide that explains several of the works in the museum. We noticed a long line near a temporary exhibit and decided to check it out after we finished the rest of the museum. We really didn't know what the exhibit was except it had something to do with Van Gogh. We were pleasantly surprised when ...
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... where the road narrowed and I couldn't dodge and weave. I bypassed the first drink stop as I was carrying my own powerade. The 6km mark was a highlight as I saw Paul and the girls waving to me. The 10 km mark then came quickly. I took 51 mins to get there so not too bad considering all the congestion and stops. I thought wow that was easy. I felt great. I had forgotten about my throat and nose running too. I stopped to grab a water bottle and pour ...
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... gave some detailed insights into the political machinations that gave rise to the war. Highly recommended for a visit if you are ever here.
Monday was given over to the Avenue De Champs Elysees. If anything typifies France then it is here. It has it all - high end fashion shops, luxury hotels, cafes with tables set up on the sidewalk where you can sit and watch the world go by, fine dining restaurants, chaotic traffic, all under ...


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Welcome to 7th Grade ELA & Literature!
My name is Miss Brown, and I teach ELA and literature. I graduated from St. Joseph's College with a bachelor's degree in English Adolescent Education and a minor in Film. I am looking forward to starting my second year here at St. Agnes!
Seventh Grade Saint: Saint Pius V
Theme of the Month: Honesty


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Shakespeare's Timon can't be easy to stage, and that's why the unstoppable folks at Folger took it on.
"As You Like It" is a charmingly energetic soul-pleaser paired with the Folger's special brand of intimacy
The Keegan's world-premiere "Mack, Beth" struts and frets, missing the mark
Adaptation of Taming of the Shrew is boldly modern
The Shakespeare Theatre's "Romeo and Juliet" is more high school field trip than grown-up fare
Boasting an all-male cast, Shakespeare Theatre's "Taming of the Shrew" is an intriguing experiment that doesn't work
Salome, Avenue Q and Yerma are the evening's biggest winning shows
America's Shakespeare at the Folger documents the Bard's New World connection
The true phenomenon in Aaron Posner's gloriously irreverent "Midsummer Night's Dream" is Holly Twyford's Bottom
Holly Twyford has helped shape D.C.'s theater scene by taking on gender-bending roles, including Bottom in "A Midsummer Night's Dream"
For 25 years, the Free For All has been serving up Shakespeare to the city's delighted, theater-loving masses
Unexpected Stage's elderly Romeo and Juliet is a bit retiring
Another in Synetic Theater's Silent Shakespeare series, the dance-musical interpretation of Much Ado About Nothing is a clever, outside-the-box extravaganza. A pastiche of 1950s musical...
"It has all the elements of a great night at Shakespeare mashed into one," Alan Paul says of The Winter's Tale, whose hard-to-characterize plot incorporates...
This is not hyperbole: Much Ado About Nothing reflects Joss Whedon's skill as a director as much as it celebrates Shakespeare's timeless words. (Blasphemy, you...


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… with author images took away Adword clicks, which makes sense but let's just stick with John Mueller's reason, for now. For those that are new to SEO and do not understand what Google Authorship was, here's the gist. For those that already used and removed it, skip this part and head over to the next sub topic. What Is (Was?) Google…


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By now, all of you would be aware of what SSTP is and would also have got your questions answered in the FAQ column. We also saw in this blog, how to configure a SSTP client connection.
In this post, let's quickly look at the steps required to configure the VPN server as a SSTP server. We will use Routing and Remote Access on Longhorn server for this.
The VPN server will have two interfaces – public interface facing the internet and the private interface facing the intranet.
Step 1: Configuration of server authentication certificate on VPN server to be used for SSL
- The server authentication certificate can be obtained either by auto enrollment if the server is joined to domain or manually using web enrollment from the certification authority's certificate issue website.
- This certificate should have the Extended key usage (EKU) as "Server Authentication" or "All purpose". Certificates with any other EKU cannot be used.
- The certificate should not have expired and should be valid.
- The certificate's subject name should exactly match the hostname used by the client to connect to the server. [For eg. if the certificate is issued to the FQDN name of the server, then the client should use the FQDN name of the server in the VPN connection while connecting]
- This certificate should be installed in the 'Personal store' in the 'Local Computer' store of the VPN server. This certificate should be trusted by the Certification authority (CA) and the root CA certificate should be present in the 'Trusted Roots store' in the 'Local Computer' certificate store. The same root CA certificate should be deployed on the client in the 'Trusted Roots' store in the 'Local Computer' certificate store.
- When the client connects to the server, it will receive this server certificate through SSL and it needs to perform revocation check for that certificate. For this, the CRL distribution point should be published on the internet side so that the client can access it.
Step 2: Configuring the VPN server
The next step is to configure the RRAS server for VPN. Given below are the different steps that need to be done in order.
- Install the RRAS server role on the machine. Goto Start –> Administrative tools –> Server Manager –> Add roles –> Network policy services and install the Routing and Remote Access role.
- Open the Routing and remote Access console from Start –> Administrative tools.
- Right click on the server, Click on Configure Routing and Remote Access. This will open the Routing and Remote access configuration wizard. Click Next.
- Select 'Remote access (VPN or dialup)' from the menu and click Next. Select 'VPN' and click Next. Select the interface which is the public interface facing internet, then click Next. Then select how you want to assign addresses to VPN clients. If you choose static addressing, then you will need to specify the IP address pool. Click Next. Then choose how to perform authentication – either locally (windows authentication) or on another RADIUS server (RADIUS authentication), Then click Next. Click on Finish to complete the configuration.
- Ensure you have set appropriate remote access policies. If you have used windows authentication, click "Remote Access Logging and Policies" inside routing andremote access console. Right click and select "Launch NPS". Select "Network Policies" and double click on "Connections to Microsoft Routing and Remote Access Server" and ensure "Policy Type" is "Grant access". Ensure all the conditions and settings matches your requirements. If you have used Radius authentication, you may be doing the same – but on the radius server (like NPS).
- RRAS is now configured as a VPN server to accept PPTP and SSTP connections.
As you can see – all the steps given above except need of machine certificate remains same for RRAS server configuration that accepts PPTP connection. Infact the exact same steps are required for RRAS server configuration that accepts L2TP connection (because L2TP/IPSec requires machine certificate to be installed on RRAS server).
Additional troubleshooting and configuration points:
- After performing these steps, execute the command "netstat -aon |findstr 443" to see if the TCP 443 port is in LISTENING state to accept SSTP client connection requests.
- Check the event viewer logs after configuration for information about failures in configuration (if any).
- The RRAS server can be joined to domain if required (like for Windows authentication scenario to authenticate the clients against domain controller). If RRAS server is configured for Radius authentication, then it is not required to join it to domain – but can remain in workgroup and instead radius server can be joined to domain.
Soon – we will be publishing a step-by-step guide which will explain the entire setup in detail.
Janani Vasudevan
Software Design Engineer/Test
RRAS, Windows Enterprise Networking
[This posting is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, and confers no rights.]


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You are currently viewing the abstract.View Full Text
We determined a crystal structure of bovine Arp2/3 complex, an assembly of seven proteins that initiates actin polymerization in eukaryotic cells, at 2.0 angstrom resolution. Actin-related protein 2 (Arp2) and Arp3 are folded like actin, with distinctive surface features. Subunits ARPC2 p34 and ARPC4 p20 in the core of the complex associate through long carboxyl-terminal α helices and have similarly folded amino-terminal α/β domains. ARPC1 p40 is a seven-blade β propeller with an insertion that may associate with the side of an actin filament. ARPC3 p21 and ARPC5 p16 are globular α-helical subunits. We predict that WASp/Scar proteins activate Arp2/3 complex by bringing Arp2 into proximity with Arp3 for nucleation of a branch on the side of a preexisting actin filament.
↵* These authors contributed equally to this work.
↵† Present address: Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
↵‡ Present address: Avidis, Biopole Clermont-Limagne, 63 360 Saint Beauzire, France.
↵§ Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
↵|| Present address: Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
↵⁋ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: thomas.pollard{at}yale.edu


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Blog: Souvenirs
Cartridge cutlery: Early souvenirs of the Australian War Memorial Museum
Wednesday 26 October 2016 by Dianne Rutherford. 1 comments
During the 1920s and 1930s the Australian War Memorial (known at the time as the Australian War Memorial Museum) needed to raise money to help with the construction of the building here in Canberra. One of the ways the Memorialdid this was through the sale of souvenirs made from over ten thousand small arms ammunition cartridges theAustralian War Records Section (the precursor to the Memorial)had collected on the Western Front between …
Commercial Sweetheart Jewellery
Thursday 11 September 2014 by Dianne Rutherford. 3 comments
One thing we often get asked aboutis jewellery made during the First and Second World War. This blog will look at some examples of sweetheart jewellery produced by commercial companies and jewellers. Trench art sweetheart jewellery will be examined at a later date. This type of jewellery was often worn by female relatives, including girlfriends, wives or mothers as a symbol of pride, support and affection for a loved one serving in the …
A not so ancient 'antiquity'
Wednesday 31 July 2013 by Dianne Rutherford.
A little while back I blogged about an ancientcuneiform tabletcollected by a member of the AIF in Mesopotamia and whether it was genuine or not. Recently, while looking atsouvenirs collected by soldiers training in Egypt I came across a wonderfulEgyptian scarab. This scarab has the head of sphinx and heiroglyphs on its base. While it initially appeared to be stone from parts that had chipped awayit turned out it is made from clay with…
The 'Souvenir of Egypt' and the 'Souvenir of Palestine'
Monday 15 April 2013 by Dianne Rutherford.
REL37729 One type of souvenir we often get asked about at the Memorial is an embroidereditem known as a 'Souvenir of Egypt". These were very popular during the First World War due to their colourful nature and the fact they were easy to fold and post home.Soldiers bought them while travelling to or from the Western Front (via Egypt) or while they were serving or training in Egypt. Very …
An ancient Babylonian souvenir?
Friday 15 July 2011 by Dianne Rutherford.
Souvenir purchased in Baghdad, believed at the time to be a Babylonian tablet (RELAWM09688) One of the more unusual items to be found in the Memorial's collection is the item shown above. It was purchased by an Australian soldier, Eric Keast Burke, while he was serving with 'D' Troop, ANZAC Wireless Squadron in Baghdad, Mesopotamia in 1918-1919 and was originally identified as a piece of an ancient Babylonian …


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This place is great! They opened around X-Mas of 05 when Whiskey was about 8wks. old....She loves it there and they love her! She plays all day to her heart's content and comes home exhausted, which is great for me! :-). She gets to run in the grass, dig in the gravel, play with other dogs and konk out on the couch when tired. They have good hours, whether for daycare or boarding.


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Definition of behalf
on behalf ofor
in behalf of
: in the interest of; also : as a representative of I wrote the letter on behalf of my client.
on behalf of vs. in behalf of
A body of opinion favors in with the "interest, benefit" sense of behalf and on with the "support, defense" sense. This distinction has been observed by some writers but overall has never had a sound basis in actual usage. In current British use, on behalf (of) has replaced in behalf (of); both are still used in American English, but the distinction is frequently not observed.
Origin and Etymology of behalf
Middle English, from by + half half, side
First Known Use: 14th century
BEHALF Defined for Kids
Definition of behalf for Students
: a person's interest or support He argued in my behalf.
on behalf ofor
in behalf of
1 : in the interest of I speak in behalf of my friend.
2 : as a representative of I accepted the award on behalf of the whole class.
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City of Clare Parks and Recreation City of Clare Parks and Recreation
Here's a sample of our volunteer opportunities:VIEW AS
Mission Statement
"The mission of the City of Clare Recreation Department is to contribute to the positive development and well being of the community through leadership and the provision of parks, trails, and recreational facilities. This will be accomplished through partnership and cooperation with other recreation service providers in the community in order to maximize all available resources. The driving focus of Parks and Recreation is to encourage health, fitness, cultural, recreational, educational, and social opportunities in our community."
The Recreation Department is responsible for creating and implementing recreation programs and services to meet identified needs of groups within the city of Clare and for coordinating city efforts with sports and recreation partner organizations that are providing recreation services for the community.
The Recreation Department is committed to offering quality programs to all residents of the City.
- Joy Simmer
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More than 11,000 women will be diagnosed with--and 4,000 die from--cervical cancer in 2009, according to the American Cancer Society's most recent projections. There has been promising data related...
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