text:
Homepage & Category Usability
79 guidelines on navigation and site hierarchy
399-page Report · Benchmark Database
79 guidelines on navigation and site hierarchy
399-page Report · Benchmark Database
60 guidelines on search logic and design
297-page Report · Benchmark Database
93 guidelines on filtering and sorting
502-page Report · Benchmark Database
98 guidelines on product page design
622-page Report · Benchmark Database
134 guidelines on checkout process design
718-page Report · Benchmark Database
146 guidelines on mobile e-commerce
495-page Report · Benchmark Database
How do the reports and benchmarks work?
Each product contains a usability report with anywhere between 60-150 design guidelines that will help you improve the usability of your e-commerce site.
Furthermore, each product also include access to a benchmark database. These benchmarks include 50-100 usability reviews of major e-commerce sites, with hundreds of annotated screenshots showcasing best (and worst) practices.
What are the 15 most important changes you can make to your checkout process, category navigation, or mobile commerce site?
A usability expert from Baymard will perform a full analysis of your site based on the findings from Baymard's 14 years' worth of large-scale e-commerce usability research.
The audit findings will be delivered in a 40-page report describing the 15 most important usability improvements you can make to your site, along with best practice examples and a UX performance comparison against industry-leading sites.
Audits have a lead time of 7-10 workdays and are priced at $1,900-2,800.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Robert Porter" <robertpor...@pobox.com>
|RE: Tomcat 4.1x running as NT Service Issue
|Sun, 03 Aug 2003 17:01:10 GMT
Found that while googling my issue, it looks very promising, but I need something we can include in a custom setup that will be run by users. Although that tool will help in testing! Seen anything like it for deploying webapps? -----Original Message----- From: Tim Funk [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] Sent: Sunday, August 03, 2003 11:52 AM To: Tomcat Users List Subject: Re: Tomcat 4.1x running as NT Service Issue If you need to run NT as a service, use this tool to set it up. It makes life pretty nice. http://web.bvu.edu/staff/david/tcservcfg/ -Tim http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/faq/windows.html Robert Porter wrote: > I agree with your view on memory usage on a client, but what I am not > clear on is do those settings constitute a "hard" limit for > Tomcat/JVM? And if so, what happens when the limit is exceeded, or it > attempts to. What we see now is a gradual increase in memory usage > over a 10 - 15 minute period, followed by an abend of the Tomcat > service. If we run the Tomcat session in a window, using the stock > Startup.bat file included with the binary distribution memory usage > stays flat. This is what led me to wonder if some of these memory > parameters to the JVM (during the install of the service) might be > required. I am guessing that the stock install of the service does not > set any limit on memory usage? Is this true? Thanks in advance! > > Cheers, > > Bob Porter --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
|View raw message

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Play Kitchen Accessory Set Pot and Pans
£18.28 Out of stock Ask us a question about this product
Want to know when this item is available?
Play Kitchen Accessory Set Pot and Pans Product Description
Get ready to cook up something yummy! This 8-piece wooden cook's set comes with play kitchen pots, pans, and other accessories--everything you need to equip a serious chef's kitchen! The set includes a frying pan, stockpot, and saucepan with lids, plus a spoon, slotted spatula, and oven mitt.
Extension Activities: More Ways to Play and Learn:
- Ask the child to identify the name of each piece in the set.
- Ask the child to count the total number of pieces in the set.
- Ask the child what kinds of foods might be cooked in each pot or pan.
- Ask the child to make up a menu for breakfast, lunch or dinner.
Reviews of Play Kitchen Accessory Set Pot and Pans
Unfortunately, We don't currently have any reviews for this product.
Why not be the first to write about Play Kitchen Accessory Set Pot and Pans?
Add Review
You need to be logged in to leave a comment.
Please log-in or if you have not yet got an account with us, you can register here.
Why buy from 365games.co.uk?
Trusted Retailer
We've been trading online for 13 years.
Insured Delivery
All orders are insured and delivered to your address with the best of care.
Direct Payment
We're working with the best and most secure payment gateways.
Get Rewards!
Get rewarded with Player Points! Saving you even more money!


text:
Exclusion of judicial review in Singapore law
|Administrative law
|General principles
|Administrative law in
common law jurisdictions
|Administrative law in
civil law jurisdictions
|Related topics
Exclusion of judicial review has been attempted by the Parliament of Singapore to protect the exercise of executive power. Typically, this has been done though the insertion of finality or total ouster clauses into Acts of Parliament, or by wording powers conferred by Acts on decision-makers subjectively. Finality clauses are generally viewed restrictively by courts in the United Kingdom. The courts there have taken the view that such clauses are, subject to some exceptions, not effective in denying or restricting the extent to which the courts are able to exercise judicial review. In contrast, Singapore cases suggest that ouster clauses cannot prevent the High Court from exercising supervisory jurisdiction over the exercise of executive power where authorities have committed jurisdictional errors of law, but are effective against non-jurisdictional errors of law.
A partial ouster or time limit clause specifies a restricted period, after which no remedy will be available. Such clauses are generally effective, unless the public authority has acted in bad faith. Similarly, the existence of bad faith entitles applicants to challenge decisions of authorities despite the existence of statutory provisions declaring such decisions to be conclusive evidence of certain facts. In the absence of bad faith, the courts will enforce conclusive evidence clauses.
In general, subjectively worded powers are also viewed restrictively by the Singapore courts. In Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs (1988), the Court of Appeal took the view that an objective test applied to the exercise of discretion conferred by the Internal Security Act (Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.) ("ISA") on the President and the Minister for Home Affairs concerning the detention without trial of persons thought to be a risk to national security. Hence, the jurisdiction of the High Court was not completely ousted, and it could objectively examine whether the relevant decision-makers had exercised their powers properly. However, legislative amendments to the ISA in 1989 reversed the effect of Chng Suan Tze by mandating that the courts are to apply a subjective test to the exercise of the discretion, and by excluding judicial review except where there is doubt whether the procedures set out in the Act were adhered to. Nevertheless, the subjective test is only applicable in the context of the ISA, and the rule that an objective test applies to subjectively worded powers continues to apply where statutes other than the ISA are concerned.
- 1 Total ouster or finality clauses
- 2 Partial ouster or time limit clauses
- 3 Conclusive evidence clauses
- 4 Subjectively worded powers
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
Total ouster or finality clauses[edit]
A decision of the Presidential Elections Committee as to whether a candidate for election to the office of President has fulfilled the requirement of paragraph (e) or (g)(iv) of Article 19(2) shall be final and shall not be subject to appeal or review in any court.[1]
An ouster clause in a statute is an attempt by the legislature to prevent an act or decision by a public authority from being challenged before the courts. Such clauses thus serve as a signal to decision-makers that they may operate without fear of intervention by the courts at a later stage. One common kind of ouster clause is the total ouster or finality clause, which is inserted into a statute to indicate that the decision of a particular judge or tribunal is final and cannot be challenged by any court.[2]
The main legal issue with ouster clauses is whether it is in fact possible to exclude the jurisdiction of the courts by the use of carefully drafted provisions. Thio Li-ann has noted that "courts generally loathe ouster clauses as these contradict the rule of law whereby judges finally declare the legal limits of power and also as the individual's ultimate recourse to the law is denied. Hence, courts try to construe these strictly to minimise their impact. In so doing, they may be going against the grain of parliamentary will."[3]
Ouster clauses are related to another administrative law concept: jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law. Traditionally, at common law, an ouster clause precludes a court from interfering with a decision made by a public authority which was acting within its jurisdiction, but committed a non-jurisdictional error of law. However, the clause is not effective in preventing judicial review of errors of law that affect the jurisdiction of the authority to make the decision.[4] For instance, in R. v. Medical Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Gilmore (1957),[5] Lord Justice of Appeal Alfred Denning said that it was "well settled that the remedy by certiorari is never to be taken away by any statute except by the most clear and explicit words. The word 'final' is not enough."[6] The effect of such a clause is to make "the decision final on the facts, but not final on the law. Notwithstanding that the decision is by a statute made 'final,' certiorari can still issue for excess of jurisdiction or for error of law on the face of the record."[6][7] However, in the light of developments in the law, such a differentiation may no longer be applicable depending on the judicial school of thought employed.[4]
UK position[edit]
General rule[edit]
The starting point for analysing ouster clauses and their effects is the landmark decision Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Compensation Commission (1968).[8] In that case, the House of Lords is regarded as having abolished the distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law when it was considering the effect of an ouster clause. In Anisminic, their Lordships were faced with a provision which stated that "the determination by the Commission of any application made to them under this Act shall not be called in question in any court of law".[9] In his judgment, Lord Reid differentiated between the arguments put forth by the parties. He held that while the respondents had argued that the provision clearly denied the court the ability to question the determination made by the Foreign Compensation Commission, the question at hand did not even involve the questioning of the purported determination and instead focused on whether there was in fact a valid determination. He pointed out that "if you seek to show that a determination is a nullity you are not questioning the purported determination – you are maintaining that it does not exist as a determination".[10] He then held it was a well-established principle that a provision ousting the ordinary jurisdiction of the court must be construed strictly – if such a provision is reasonably capable of having two meanings, the meaning which preserves the ordinary jurisdiction of the court should be taken. If Parliament had intended to introduce a new kind of ouster clause that would protect such nullities from being questioned, better drafting of the provision would be required.[10]
In his judgment, Lord Reid also took the opportunity to deal with the issue of jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law. While recognizing the traditional understanding that jurisdictional errors of law are of no effect, his Lordship also stated that there are many cases where although the decision-maker has jurisdiction to decide, the determination is also a nullity. He then gave a non-exhaustive list of these cases:[11]
- The decision-maker may have given its decision in bad faith.
- It may have made a decision which it had no power to make.
- It may have failed in the course of the inquiry to comply with the requirements of natural justice.
- It may, in perfect good faith, have misconstrued the provisions giving it power to act so that it failed to deal with the question remitted to it and decided some question which was not remitted to it.
- It may have refused to take into account something which it was required to take into account.
- It may have based its decision on some matter which, under the legal provisions establishing the decision-maker, it had no right to take into account.
However, what is of significance is that his Lordship did not expressly reject the effectiveness of such ouster clauses where the decision is valid. He recognized that "[u]ndoubtedly such a provision protects every determination which is not a nullity".[10] Peter Cane has written that Lord Reid thus affirmed that "the ouster clause in question would be effective to prevent the award of a judicial review remedy only if the error of law was within jurisdiction".[4] However, it appears that Anisminic had defined the concept of jurisdictional error of law so broadly that it had made redundant the old divide between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors and had "led to the use of the word 'jurisdictional' in a wide sense to cover all errors of law which entailed illegality".[12] The judgment thus had the effect of reducing the effect of statutory ouster clauses and expanding the limits of judicial review.[13]
Later cases have treated Anisminic as implying that any action committed in error by an administrative agency or body is deemed to affect the jurisdiction of the body to carry out the action, and hence is reviewable by a court of law despite the ouster clause. The blurred distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law was recognized and discussed in R. v. Lord President of the Privy Council, ex parte Page (1992).[14] The House of Lords reviewed the development of general principles of judicial review since Anisminic and concluded that the courts will intervene to ensure that the powers of public decision-making bodies are exercised lawfully. In his judgment, Lord Browne-Wilkinson referred to O'Reilly v. Mackman (1983)[15] and opined that "the decision in [Anisminic] rendered obsolete the distinction between errors of law on the face of the record and other errors of law by extending the doctrine of ultra vires."[16] Thus, an ouster clause is ineffective when the decision-maker has acted unlawfully, whether the unlawfulness is jurisdictional or non-jurisdictional in nature. This is because "Parliament had only conferred the decision-making power on the basis that it was to be exercised on the correct legal basis: a misdirection in law in making the decision therefore rendered the decision ultra vires".[16]
The issue was revisited in the subsequent case of R. (on the application of Cart) v. Upper Tribunal (2011).[17] The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom disapproved of certain pronouncements by the lower courts which appeared to signal a return to the pre-Anisminic position.[18] According to Lord Dyson, this was not justified as "the importance of Anisminic is that it showed that a material error of law renders a decision a 'nullity' so that the decision is in principle judicially reviewable".[19] He went on to state that "as a matter of principle, there is no justification for drawing the line at jurisdictional error".[19] In his opinion, any restrictions on judicial review require justification and, prima facie, such review should be available to challenge the legality of decisions of public bodies.[20]
Decisions under domestic laws; court decisions[edit]
Despite the extensiveness of the ruling in Anisminic, it appears that there may be instances where the courts will still be bound by the jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional error of law divide. Cane has noted that there are three views. The first is that the distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law is still relevant, while the second is that all errors of law go to jurisdiction. The third view takes a middle ground that allows for certain exceptions to the approach in the second view.[13]
This middle ground approach was discussed in ex parte Page when their Lordships dealt with whether the court can intervene and review a decision made by a visitor (overseer) of a university. Lord Browne-Wilkinson found that there were two reasons why the general rule that all errors of law are reviewable does not apply to visitors. First, the reason why courts can intervene in a normal case where the decision is considered ultra vires is because the law applicable to a decision made by such a body is the general law of the land. The visitor in ex parte Page did not apply the general law of the land but, rather, a "domestic law" (the university's charter and statutes) of which he was the sole arbiter and over which the courts had no cognizance. Therefore, the visitor "cannot err in law in reaching [his] decision since the general law is not the applicable law".[21]
Secondly, there is a difference between the kinds of tribunals the decisions of which are being considered for judicial review. The source of this reasoning is the dissenting judgment of Lord Justice Geoffrey Lane in Pearlman v. Keepers and Governors of Harrow School (1978).[22] Lord Browne-Wilkinson noted that this dissenting judgment was approved by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn. Bhd. v. Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing Employees Union (1980),[7] and also by a majority in Re Racal Communications Ltd. (1980).[23] In the latter case, Lord Diplock highlighted that the decision in Anisminic only applies to administrative bodies or tribunals as there is a presumption that Parliament does not intend such bodies to be the final arbiters of questions of law. This can be contrasted with courts of law in respect of which such a presumption is not present. Instead, the presumption is that "where Parliament had provided that the decision of an inferior court was final and conclusive the High Court should not be astute to find that the inferior court's decision on a question of law had not been made final and conclusive, thereby excluding the jurisdiction to review it."[24]
The views expressed by Lord Browne-Wilkinson have been questioned by Cane. As regards the first reason, he has argued that the distinction between domestic law and general law is problematic. Such institutions may actually operate under a statutory framework which can result in a mixed issue of both general and domestic law arising. As such, the view taken by Lord Browne-Wilkinson cannot be as cleanly applied as he had described it to be. Moreover, the actual scope of ex parte Page has yet to be resolved. There is some uncertainty as to the extent the exception applies to decision-makers other than visitors.[25] Where the second reason is concerned, Cane has noted that the correctness of the distinction between administrative tribunals and courts may be questionable as such an approach was "rejected by a Divisional Court and, apparently, by Lord Diplock himself."[13]
Comprehensive tribunal system to correct errors of law[edit]
Another exception can be found in the Cart[17] judgment. Having affirmed the position taken in Anisminic, Lord Dyson then qualified his statement by emphasizing that "the scope of judicial review should be no more (as well as no less) than is proportionate and necessary for the maintaining of the rule of law".[20] On the facts of the case, he found it was neither proportionate nor necessary for the maintenance of the rule of law to require unrestricted judicial review. By enacting the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007,[26] Parliament had rationalized the system of administrative tribunals and had created the Upper Tribunal to hear appeals from lower tribunals, thus avoiding the ordinary courts from being overwhelmed by judicial review applications. As the system of tribunals provided ample opportunity for the correction of errors of law, this substantive policy reason precluded the need for all decisions of the Upper Tribunal to be subject to judicial review. Thus, judicial review would only be permitted from an Upper Tribunal decision if it would "raise some important point of principle or practice" or there was "some other compelling reason".[27]
Singapore position[edit]
The High Court case of Re Application by Yee Yut Ee (1978)[28] suggests that the pre-Anisminic position on ouster clauses applies in Singapore; that is, the distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law persists, and an ouster clause is only ineffective where a jurisdictional error of law has been committed. The ouster clause in question was section 46 of the Industrial Relations Act[29] which states:
Subject to the provisions of this Act an award shall be final and conclusive, and no award or decision or order of a Court or the President or a referee shall be challenged, appealed against, reviewed, quashed, or called in question in any court and shall not be subject to certiorari, prohibition, mandamus or injunction in any court on any account.[30]
The Court neither expressly rejected nor affirmed the abolition of the distinction in Anisminic and its effect on the effectiveness of ouster clauses. Instead, the Court cited UK authorities holding that ouster clauses are ineffective when there has been an absence of jurisdiction[31] or an excess of jurisdiction on the part of the decision-maker,[32] a position which characterized the law prior to Anisminic.[33] The Court did refer to Anisminic but only to observe that the House of Lords had held the ouster clause involved in that case to be irrelevant because a purported determination by the Foreign Compensation Commission which was legally incorrect could not be considered a real determination and had no effect at all. Ultimately, the Court quashed the order made by the Industrial Arbitration Court because it contained an error of law which had caused that court to exceed its jurisdiction.[34]
In Stansfield Business International Pte. Ltd. v. Minister for Manpower (1999),[35] an employee fired for incompetence accused the plaintiff company of unfair dismissal and made representations to the Minister for Manpower under section 14 of the Employment Act[36] to be reinstated. After investigating this claim, the Ministry came to the conclusion that the dismissal was made without just cause and recommended payment to the employee. Although section 14(5) of the Employment Act provides that "the decision of the Minister on any representation made under this section shall be final and conclusive and shall not be challenged in any court", the company applied for judicial review against the Minister's decision.[37]
The High Court held that the ouster clause in section 14(5) of the Employment Act was ineffective as there had been a breach of the rules of natural justice in the process by which the Minister's decision was reached.[38] In his judgment, Justice Warren L. H. Khoo stated that the "broad principle" in Anisminic governing the matter had been restated in the case of South East Asia Fire Bricks as follows:
[W]hen words in a statute oust the power of the High Court to review decisions of an inferior tribunal by certiorari, they must be construed strictly... they will not have the effect of ousting that power if the inferior tribunal has acted without jurisdiction or "if it has done or failed to do something in the course of the inquiry which is of such a nature that its decision is a nullity": per Lord Reid at p. 171 [of Anisminic]. But if the inferior tribunal has merely made an error of law which does not affect its jurisdiction, and if its decision is not a nullity for some reason such as breach of the rules of natural justice, then the ouster will be effective.[39]
In a 2010 lecture to students of the Singapore Management University School of Law, Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong briefly discussed the decision in Stansfield. He pointed out that Justice Khoo's statements on Anisminic were obiter dicta because the decision had been "based on a breach of natural justice and not the doctrine of error of law".[40] He also considered an academic argument that an ouster clause may be inconsistent with Article 93 of the Singapore Constitution[1] which vests the judicial power of Singapore in the courts. Chief Justice Chan stated that if this proposition was answered in the affirmative, it would follow that the supervisory jurisdiction of the courts cannot be ousted, and there would thus be no need for Singapore courts to draw the distinction between jurisdictional and non-jurisdictional errors of law. Nevertheless, he highlighted the fact that he was not expressing an opinion on the issue.[41]
Partial ouster or time limit clauses[edit]
Unlike a total ouster or finality clause which seeks to preclude judicial review entirely, a partial ouster or time limit clause specifies a restricted period of time after which no remedy will be available. Such clauses are generally effective, unless the public authority has acted in bad faith, in which case the decision impugned may be subject to judicial review even though the time permitted for challenging it has lapsed.[42]
In Smith v. East Elloe Rural District Council (1956),[43] the House of Lords concluded by a majority that they could not impugn a partial ouster clause because, according to Viscount Simonds, "plain words must be given their plain meaning", even though fraud on the part of the public authority had been alleged.[44] In contrast, Lord Reid gave a dissenting opinion in which he doubted whether an order that had been obtained by corrupt or fraudulent means could be protected from being questioned in court.[45] Despite the subsequent ruling in Anisminic, in R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Ostler (1976)[46] the Court of Appeal of England and Wales applied Smith and upheld the validity of a partial ouster clause that gave the applicants six weeks to challenge a decision. Lord Denning, the Master of the Rolls, explained that upholding partial ouster clauses promoted the certainty of the executive's actions. It would not be in the public interest if applicants could challenge decisions after the time limit for doing so had expired, as this would delay actions taken by the executive.[47] As Lord Justice of Appeal Michael Mann put it in R. v. Cornwall County Council, ex parte Huntington (1992):[48]
The intention of Parliament when it uses an Anisminic clause is that questions as to validity are not excluded. When paragraphs such as those considered in ex p. Ostler are used, then the legislative intention is that questions as to invalidity may be raised on the specified grounds in the prescribed time and in the prescribed manner, but that otherwise the jurisdiction of the court is excluded in the interest of certainty.
Conclusive evidence clauses[edit]
Provisions in statutes declaring that certain decisions by public authorities shall be conclusive evidence of some facts have been found by the Singapore courts to be valid, and therefore have the effect of preventing applicants from challenging most – but not all – of such decisions by way of judicial review. In Galstaun v. Attorney-General (1980),[49] the applicant alleged that the Collector of Land Revenue had compulsorily acquired more of his land that was required for public purposes pursuant to the Land Acquisition Act.[50] The High Court held that the argument had to be rejected in the light of section 5(3) of the Act, which provided that the President's declaration that land was needed for a public purpose "shall be conclusive evidence that the land is needed for the purpose specified therein". The Court said: "When the Government declares that a certain purpose is a public purpose it must be presumed that the Government is in possession of facts which induce the Government to declare that the purpose is a public purpose".[51] However, in Teng Fuh Holdings Pte. Ltd. v. Collector of Land Revenue (2006),[52] the Court clarified that section 5(3) cannot prevent judicial intervention if there is evidence that the Government exercised its power of compulsory acquisition in bad faith.[53]
Subjectively worded powers[edit]
If the President is satisfied with respect to any person that, with a view to preventing that person from acting in any manner prejudicial to the security of Singapore or any part thereof or to the maintenance of public order or essential services therein, it is necessary to do so, the Minister shall make an order —
- (a) directing that such person be detained for any period not exceeding two years ...[54]
Another method employed by the legislature to restrict judicial review by the courts is to cast statutory language in a subjective form. A subjectively worded power suggests that the discretion to exercise this power rests entirely with the minister, statutory body or agency referred to, in which case the view might be taken that a court should not query how the power has been exercised.[55] Examples of subjectively worded powers include powers that are stated to be exercisable "if the Minister so directs" or "as the Minister thinks fit". However, as with ouster clauses, courts have traditionally displayed resistance to such provisions. In practice, they are subject to the normal grounds of judicial review set forth in the UK case Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service ("the GCHQ case", 1983);[56] in other words, the exercise of power may be invalidated if determined to be illegal, irrational or procedurally improper.[57][58]
In the Internal Security Act[edit]
Subjective or objective test?[edit]
Section 8(1) of the Internal Security Act ("ISA")[54] empowers the Minister for Home Affairs to detain a person without trial if the President "is satisfied" that this step is necessary because the person is, among other things, a threat to national security. Section 10 of the Act states that the Minister can direct that a detention order be suspended subject to conditions "as the Minister sees fit", and can also revoke such a direction "if he is satisfied" that the detainee failed to observe any condition or if it is necessary in the public interest to do so.
In the seminal Court of Appeal decision Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs (1988),[58] the respondents submitted that the President's discretion under section 8(1) was subjective, and so was not open to review by the courts. The appellants argued that the discretion was objective, and thus a court of law could review the grounds on which the discretion had been exercised.[59] The Court held that an objective test applied to the subjectively worded powers in sections 8 and 10,[60] and hence the exercise of these powers was normally challengeable on the GCHQ grounds of judicial review.[58] In coming to this decision, it disapproved of a 1971 High Court decision, Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs,[61] which had held to the contrary. While the Court's views regarding the applicability of an objective test were obiter, later Singapore decisions have confirmed this as the correct approach.[62][63] It gave several reasons for its decision. First, the reasoning in cases supporting a subjective test was found to be questionable,[64] and, secondly, such a test was inconsistent with Article 12(1) of the Constitution.[65] Finally, the notion of a subjective or unfettered discretion was contrary to the rule of law and all powers had legal limits.[66]
1989 legislative intervention[edit]
On 25 January 1989, the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1989[67] and the Internal Security (Amendment) Act 1989[68] were passed by Parliament to confirm the applicability of the subjective test laid down in Lee Mau Seng[61] as the law governing judicial review of the executive's discretionary powers under the ISA. These Acts came into force on 27 and 30 January 1989 respectively. Speaking during the Second Reading of the constitutional amendment bill, Minister for Law S. Jayakumar said the Government was taking this step because it was of the view that the courts' application of an objective test would amount to judicial usurpation of the executive's functions in matters pertaining to national security, which the judiciary is ill-equipped to deal with. Its stance was that the objective test would empower the courts to substitute their views on the proper exercise of discretionary power conferred under the ISA for that of the executive in contravention of the separation of powers doctrine. Moreover, the judicial process, unlike executive decision-making, was not conducive to a swift response to national security threats. The courts, unlike the executive, lacked access to inadmissible evidence relevant to security matters, and judges did not possess the skill and knowledge of the security experts employed by the executive. Furthermore, the objective test did not find favour with the Government because it had been imported from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth jurisdictions. Since the objective test had been formulated by foreign judges without consideration of Singapore's local conditions, the Government was averse to the idea of allowing the objective test to shape the development of Singapore law on matters of national security under the ISA.[69]
Jayakumar said that while the Government recognized that the subjective test enhanced the potential for abuse of executive discretion under the ISA, the best safeguard against such abuse of power was not to give the courts powers of judicial review because an unscrupulous government could still tamper with the composition of the courts to impair this judicial check. Instead, the crucial safeguard was for the electorate to make wise voting choices to put an honest and incorruptible government into power.[70]
The amendments to the Constitution paved the way for intended amendments to the ISA.[71] The new Article 149(3) stated that if the issue of the validity of any act done or decision made by the President or the Minister for Home Affairs arose in any court proceedings commenced before or after 27 January 1989, it was to be determined in accordance with any law enacted by Parliament for this purpose, and Article 93 of the Constitution could not be relied upon to invalidate such a law. Pursuant to Article 149(3), Parliament then inserted new sections into the ISA. In particular, section 8B(1) confirmed the judgment in Lee Mau Seng by declaring that "the law governing the judicial review of any decision made or act done in pursuance of any power conferred upon the President or the Minister by the provisions of this Act shall be the same as was applicable and declared in Singapore on the 13th day of July 1971; and no part of the law before, on or after that date of any other country in the Commonwealth relating to judicial review shall apply". In addition, section 8B(1) was made subject to section 8B(2), which seeks to oust judicial review in any court of any act done or decision made by the President or the Minister under the ISA, save where there is any question which relates to compliance with any procedural requirement of the ISA governing such acts or decisions. Jayakumar said in Parliament that section 8B(2) sought not only to prevent the courts from questioning the soundness of the subjective test, but also to anticipate any legal challenges on the basis that the subjective test laid down in Lee Mau Seng only applies to the judicial review of detention orders and not to other acts or decisions under the ISA by the President or Minister, such as suspension directions and revocations of such directions.[72]
Operation of subjectively worded powers in the ISA after the 1989 amendments[edit]
The 1989 amendments to the ISA were challenged before the High Court in Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs (1989).[73] Justice Frederick Arthur Chua held that sections 8B(1) and 8B(2) of the ISA govern judicial review in the context of that Act, and thus preclude any consideration of the legal position laid down in the obiter remarks of the Court of Appeal in Chng Suan Tze. Therefore, applying the subjective test, the respondents' burden of justifying the legality of the applicant's detention was discharged as the respondents had produced a valid detention order and evidence of the subjective satisfaction of the President, acting on the advice of the Cabinet, that the applicant was a risk to national security.[74]
The applicant then appealed to the Court of Appeal.[75] The Court of Appeal construed section 8B(1) in accordance with the clear legislative intention expressed through the plain wording of the provision. It held that the provision reinstates the legal position laid down in Lee Mau Seng as the law governing judicial review of decisions made or acts done pursuant to the executive's powers under the ISA. In order to determine the law on judicial review of the exercise of executive discretion under the ISA, it is necessary to ascertain the exact decision laid down in Lee Mau Seng.[76] However, the Court declined to opine whether the Lee Mau Seng decision meant that a detention order cannot be challenged on the basis that it was made for reasons completely outside the scope of the ISA. This was because on the facts of the case it had not been established that the applicant was re-detained for reasons not contemplated by section 8(1) of the ISA and completely unrelated to national security. Notably, the Court did not decide whether section 8B(2) of the ISA precludes it from reviewing a detention order shown to have been made for purposes other than national security, or whether the 1989 amendments to the ISA are outside the scope of the legislative power conferred on Parliament by the amended Article 149 of the Constitution.[77]
In other statutes[edit]
Due to the 1989 amendments to the Constitution and the ISA, the exercise of the subjectively worded powers in the ISA is not judicially reviewable by the courts, except when there has been some non-compliance with the procedures set out in the Act. On the other hand, the objective test laid down in Chng Suan Tze continues to be the law governing judicial review of the exercise of executive discretion under subjectively worded provisions in statutes other than the ISA. In Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General (2011),[63] the Court of Appeal opined that the 1989 legislative amendments did not completely reverse Chng Suan Tze. Apart from restricting the courts' supervisory jurisdiction to reviewing decisions made under the ISA for procedural impropriety, Parliament did not disturb the principle laid down in Chng Suan Tze that the notion of a subjective or unfettered discretion – that is, power without legal limits – is contrary to the rule of law, which demands that courts should be able to examine the exercise of discretionary power. Since Parliament did not undermine this principle when it legislatively reversed Chng Suan Tze, it should be taken to have implicitly endorsed the principle.[78]
In Kamal Jit Singh v. Minister for Home Affairs (1992),[79] the statutory provision in question was section 30 of the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act ("CLTPA"),[80] which states as follows:
Whenever the Minister [of Home Affairs] is satisfied with respect to any person, whether the person is at large or in custody, that the person has been associated with activities of a criminal nature, the Minister may, with the consent of the Public Prosecutor —
- (a) if he is satisfied that it is necessary that the person be detained in the interests of public safety, peace and good order, by order under his hand direct that the person be detained for any period not exceeding 12 months from the date of the order; or
- (b) if he is satisfied that it is necessary that the person be subject to the supervision of the police, by order direct that the person be subject to the supervision of the police for any period not exceeding 3 years from the date of the order. [Emphasis added.]
The Court of Appeal suggested that, in the light of Chng Suan Tze, the validity of an order for preventive detention made by the Minister under section 30 of the CLTPA is dependent on the objective satisfaction of the Minister.[81] Moreover, in Re Wong Sin Yee (2007),[82] which also involved judicial review of an applicant's detention under section 30 of the CLTPA, the High Court, following the decision in Chng Suan Tze, held that the absence of the need to establish a jurisdictional or precedent fact meant that the scope of judicial review as regards the exercise of the Minister's discretion under section 30 was limited to the GCHQ grounds of judicial review. The Court thus applied an objective test to the subjectively worded powers in section 30; if it Court had applied a subjective test, it would have deferred to the subjective satisfaction of the Minister that the detention was in the interests of public safety, peace and good order.[83]
- ^ a b Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint), Art. 18(9).
- ^ Peter Leyland; Gordon Anthony (2009), "Express and Implied Limits on Judicial Review: Ouster and Time Limit Clauses, the Prerogative Power, Public Interest Immunity", Textbook on Administrative Law (PDF) (6th ed.), Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, pp. 392–437 at 392–393, ISBN 978-0-19-921776-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
- ^ Thio Li-ann (1999), "Law and the Administrative State", in Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan, The Singapore Legal System (2nd ed.), Singapore: Singapore University Press, pp. 160–229 at 195, ISBN 978-9971-69-213-1.
- ^ a b c Peter Cane (2004), "Substantive Review", An Introduction to Administrative Law (4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 228–261 at 240–241, ISBN 978-0-19-926898-6.
- ^ R. v. Medical Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Gilmore [1957] EWCA Civ 1, [1957] 1 Q.B. 574, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
- ^ a b Ex parte Gilmore, p. 583.
- ^ a b Applied in South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn. Bhd. v. Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing Employees Union [1980] UKPC 21, [1981] A.C. 363 at 369–370, Privy Council (on appeal from Malaysia).
- ^ Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Compensation Commission [1968] UKHL 6, [1969] 2 A.C. 147, House of Lords (UK).
- ^ Foreign Compensation Act 1950 (1950 c. 12, UK), s. 4(4).
- ^ a b c Anisminic, p. 170.
- ^ Anisminic, p. 171.
- ^ Cane, p. 240.
- ^ a b c Cane, p. 241.
- ^ R. v. Lord President of the Privy Council, ex parte Page [1992] UKHL 12, [1993] A.C. 682, H.L. (UK).
- ^ O'Reilly v. Mackman [1983] UKHL 1, [1983] 2 A.C. 237, H.L. (UK).
- ^ a b Ex parte Page, p. 701.
- ^ a b R. (Cart) v. Upper Tribunal [2011] UKSC 28, [2012] 1 A.C. 663, Supreme Court (UK).
- ^ The pronouncements were summarized by Lord Dyson in Cart, p. 141, para. 108.
- ^ a b Cart, p. 142, para. 110.
- ^ a b Cart, p. 145, para. 122.
- ^ Ex parte Page, p. 702.
- ^ Pearlman v. Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1978] EWCA Civ 5, [1979] Q.B. 56, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
- ^ Re Racal Communications Ltd. [1980] UKHL 5, [1981] A.C. 374, H.L. (UK).
- ^ Ex parte Page, p. 703.
- ^ Cane, p. 242.
- ^ Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (2007 c. 15, UK).
- ^ Cart, pp. 145–148, paras. 123–133 (the quoted phrases are from p. 147, para. 129).
- ^ Re Application by Yee Yut Ee [1977–1978] S.L.R.(R.) [Singapore Law Reports (Reissue)] 490, High Court (Singapore).
- ^ Industrial Relations Act (Cap. 124, 1970 Rev. Ed.), now Cap. 136, 2004 Rev. Ed.
- ^ The corresponding provision in the 2004 Edition of the statute is section 47, which states: "(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, an award shall be final and conclusive. (2) No award or decision or order of a Court or the President or a referee shall be challenged, appealed against, reviewed, quashed, or called in question in any court and shall not be subject to any Quashing Order, Prohibiting Order, Mandatory Order or injunction in any court on any account.
- ^ R. v. Hurst, ex parte Smith [1960] 2 Q.B. 133 at 142, High Court (England and Wales).
- ^ R. v. Medical Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Gilmore [1957] EWCA Civ 1, [1957] 1 Q.B. 574 at 586, Court of Appeal (England and Wales).
- ^ Yee Yut Ee, p. 495, para. 24.
- ^ Yee Yut Ee, pp. 496–497, paras. 29–31.
- ^ Stansfield Business International Pte. Ltd. v. Minister for Manpower [1999] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 866, H.C. (Singapore).
- ^ Employment Act (Cap. 91, 1996 Rev. Ed.), now Cap. 91, 2009 Rev. Ed.
- ^ Stansfield, p. 873, paras. 19–20.
- ^ Stansfield, pp. 875–877, paras. 26–34.
- ^ South East Asia Fire Bricks, p. 370, cited in Stansfield, p. 874, para. 21.
- ^ Chan Sek Keong (September 2010), "Judicial Review – From Angst to Empathy: A Lecture to Singapore Management University Second Year Law Students" (PDF), Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 22: 469–489 at 476, para. 17, archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2011.
- ^ Chan, p. 477, para. 19.
- ^ Leyland & Anthony, pp. 399–402.
- ^ Smith v. East Elloe Rural District Council [1956] UKHL 2, [1956] A.C. 736, H.L. (UK).
- ^ Smith, p. 751.
- ^ Smith, p. 765.
- ^ R. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, ex parte Ostler [1976] EWCA Civ 6, [1977] Q.B. 122, C.A. (England and Wales).
- ^ Ex parte Ostler, pp. 128–130 and 133.
- ^ R. v. Cornwall County Council, ex parte Huntington [1992] 3 All E.R. 566 at 575, Divisional Court (England and Wales), cited with approval by Lord Justice of Appeal Simon Brown in R. v. Cornwall County Council, ex parte Huntington [1994] 1 All E.R. 694 at 698, C.A. (England and Wales).
- ^ Galstaun v. Attorney-General [1979–1980] S.L.R.(R.) 589, H.C. (Singapore).
- ^ Land Acquisition Act (Cap. 272, 1970 Rev. Ed.), now Cap. 152, 1985 Rev. Ed.
- ^ Galstaun, p. 591, para. 9.
- ^ Teng Fuh Holdings Pte. Ltd. v. Collector of Land Revenue [2006] SGHC 93, [2006] 3 S.L.R.(R.) 507, H.C. (Singapore).
- ^ Teng Fuh, pp. 523–526, para. 36–42, approved by the Court of Appeal in Teng Fuh Holdings Pte. Ltd. v. Collector of Land Revenue [2007] SGCA 14, [2007] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 568 at 575–578, paras. 24–41, Court of Appeal (Singapore).
- ^ a b Internal Security Act (Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.) ("ISA"), s. 8(1)(a).
- ^ Leyland & Anthony, p. 403.
- ^ Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1983] UKHL 6, [1985] A.C. 374, H.L. (UK).
- ^ GCHQ case, pp. 410–411.
- ^ a b c Applied in Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs [1988] SGCA 16, [1988] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 525 at 563, para. 119, C.A. (Singapore), archived from the original on 24 December 2011.
- ^ Chng Suan Tze, p. 543, paras. 46–47.
- ^ Chng Suan Tze, p. 545, para. 55.
- ^ a b Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs [1971] SGHC 10, [1971–1973] S.L.R.(R.) 135, H.C. (Singapore), archived from the original on 5 January 2012.
- ^ Law Society of Singapore v. Tan Guat Neo Phyllis [2007] SGHC 207, [2008] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 239 at 313, para. 149, H.C. (Singapore).
- ^ a b Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General [2011] SGCA 9, [2011] 2 S.L.R. 1189 at 1233–1234, paras. 79–80, C.A. (Singapore).
- ^ Chng Suan Tze, pp. 545–549, paras. 56–69.
- ^ Chng Suan Tze, pp. 551–552, paras. 79–82.
- ^ Chng Suan Tze, p. 553, para. 86.
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1989 (No. 1 of 1989), in force on 27 January 1989.
- ^ Internal Security (Amendment) Act 1989 1989 (No. 2 of 1989), in force on 30 January 1989.
- ^ Prof. S. Jayakumar (Minister for Law), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (25 January 1989), vol. 52, cols. 466–471.
- ^ Jayakumar, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill (25 January 1989), col. 524.
- ^ Jayakumar, "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill" (25 January 1989), col. 463.
- ^ Jayakumar, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill (25 January 1989), col. 532.
- ^ Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [1989] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 461, H.C. (Singapore) ("Teo Soh Lung (H.C.)").
- ^ Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), pp. 469–470, paras. 13–15.
- ^ Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [1990] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 347, C.A. (Singapore) ("Teo Soh Lung (C.A.)").
- ^ Teo Soh Lung (C.A.), pp. 359–360, paras. 20–22.
- ^ Teo Soh Lung (C.A.), p. 366–368, paras. 42–44.
- ^ Yong Vui Kong, pp. 1233–1234, para. 79.
- ^ Kamal Jit Singh v. Minister for Home Affairs [1992] 3 S.L.R.(R.) 352, C.A. (Singapore).
- ^ Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67, 1985 Rev. Ed.), now the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Cap. 67, 2000 Rev. Ed.) ("CLTPA").
- ^ Kamal Jit Singh, p. 360, para. 22. See also Tan Gek Neo Jessie v. Minister for Finance [1991] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 1 at 8–9, paras. 16–18, H.C. (Singapore).
- ^ Re Wong Sin Yee [2007] SGHC 147, [2007] 4 S.L.R.(R.) 676, H.C. (Singapore).
- ^ Re Wong Sin Yee, pp. 681–682, paras. 12–13.
- Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign Compensation Commission [1968] UKHL 6, [1969] 2 A.C. 147, House of Lords (UK).
- Re Application by Yee Yut Ee [1977–1978] S.L.R.(R.) [Singapore Law Reports (Reissue)] 490, High Court (Singapore).
- Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs [1988] SGCA 16, [1988] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 525, Court of Appeal (Singapore), archived from the original on 24 December 2011.
- Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [1989] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 461, H.C. (Singapore) ("Teo Soh Lung (H.C.)").
- Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [1990] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 347, C.A. (Singapore) ("Teo Soh Lung (C.A.)").
- R. v. Lord President of the Privy Council, ex parte Page [1992] UKHL 12, [1993] A.C. 682, H.L. (UK).
- R. (Cart) v. Upper Tribunal [2011] UKSC 28, [2012] 1 A.C. 663, Supreme Court (UK).
- Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General [2011] SGCA 9, [2011] 2 S.L.R. 1189, C.A. (Singapore).
Other works[edit]
- Cane, Peter (2004), "Substantive Review", An Introduction to Administrative Law (4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 228–261, ISBN 978-0-19-926898-6.
- Leyland, Peter; Anthony, Gordon (2009), "Express and Implied Limits on Judicial Review: Ouster and Time Limit Clauses, the Prerogative Power, Public Interest Immunity", Textbook on Administrative Law (PDF) (6th ed.), Oxford; New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, pp. 392–437, ISBN 978-0-19-921776-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2013.
Further reading[edit]
- Harding, Andrew J. (1980), "Jurisdictional Theory in the Melting Pot: South East Asia Fire Bricks Sdn. Bhd. v. Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing Employees Union and Others", Malaya Law Review, 22: 285–292.
- Todd, Paul (1977), "Review of Ouster Clauses in Administrative Law", Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 28 (3): 274–282.
- Wade, H[enry] W[illiam] R[awson] (1969), "Constitutional and Administrative Aspects of the Anisminic Case", Law Quarterly Review, 85: 198–212.
- Craig, P[aul] P. (1995), "Jurisdiction, Judicial Control, and Agency Autonomy", in Loveland, Ian, A Special Relationship? American Influences on Public Law in the UK, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 173, ISBN 978-0-19-826014-1.
- Forsyth, Christopher (1998), "'The Metaphysic of Nullity' – Invalidity, Conceptual Reasoning and the Rule of Law", in Forsyth, Christopher; Hare, Ivan, The Golden Metwand and the Crooked Cord: Essays on Public Law in Honour of Sir William Wade QC, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 141–160, ISBN 978-0-19-826469-9.
- Wade, [Henry] William [Rawson]; Forsyth, Christopher (2009), "Restriction of Remedies", Administrative Law (10th ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 582–634 at 610–631, ISBN 978-0-19-923161-4.


text: On Jan 28, 2009, at 7:23 PM, Don Cohen wrote: > Vladimir Tzankov writes: >> Don, Sam, >> >> I just committed fix for this: > That helps. I then hit the xthread problem, which I now know how to > fix. The make then finishes. make check ends with the now familiar > *** - EVAL: undefined function SAVEINITMEM should be fixed in the cvs. the problem was related to the fact that currently the threads are not "persistent" (do not survive image save/load). per thread symvalues of special variables too.


text:
Model: savage ix
Operating System: All Windows Versions (Note: might work with other versions of this os.)
Before downloading: Run Free Scan for Instant Driver Updates
S3 savage ix Driver. If youcall s3 t/s they giv a listing for the above URL, it in turn takes you to ranger.s3graphics.com The login and password are "archive" most of the s3 cards are listedFile Contents:


text:
Country: Madagascar,
Type: Environment & Wildlife Conservation,
Organisation: Frontier
Escape to Madagascar – the magical island which is home to some of the world's most spectacular and least explored dive sites. The crystal clear waters host a dazzling array of pristine marine habitats and support a huge diversity and abundance of marine creatures. The vivid multi-coloured corals and luxuriant sea grass beds provide rich feeding grounds for an extraordinary array of colourful reef fish, rays, sea urchins, anemones, octopus and sea turtles.
You will discover and chart extensive areas of pristine coral, record healthy populations of fish and coral cover, and learn to identify a wide range of intertidal creatures from tiny Hermit Crabs to sparkling sea anemones. On shore you will explore the lush mangrove forests; the unique ecosystem which straddles the land and the ocean. You'll learn how artisanal fishing communities live and utilise the rich marine resources. You will discover which groups of marine organisms are being harvested sustainably and which are being over exploited or hunted to extinction.
Your days will be eventful; the work will be challenging, rewarding and fun. Your discoveries will be of huge benefit to the conservation of these fabulous coral reefs and you will gain immense satisfaction from knowing that you have helped protect these precious natural resources for future generations.
The results from your investigations will supply vital information on the Madagascan coastline to enable the sustainable management of natural resources in the region and the protection of the marine wildlife.
165 million years of isolation have created a globally important biodiversity treasure with over 80% of species endemic to this island paradise. But, an increasing population is having a devastating impact, causing deforestation and erosion; the red soil running into the seas has led to the sadly evocative name of "the bleeding island".
The Malagasy government is now working with international conservation and aid agencies to halt this destruction and save the island's invaluable biodiversity, and Frontier volunteers are an integral part of this effort.
Through marine SCUBA and snorkel surveys you will map coral, identify reef fish and invertebrates, study the behaviour of turtles and possibly sight whale sharks. Diving under the supervision of a professional dive officer, you will become confident and comfortable underwater. Your results will determine the biodiversity of these waters and help formulate future management plans.
Other activities include surveying mangroves, a vital buffer against storm surges caused by cyclones, and an important part of the coastal ecosystem. If you are only able to join the project for 2 or 3 weeks your involvement in the surveys and conservation work will be limited.
Working alongside the Malagasy people will give you an insight into their extraordinary culture. You may even be introduced to some of their more exotic customs such as the 'Turning of the Bones' festival. Community work includes environmental education in local schools to explain Frontier's work, and interviewing local fishermen on their catches and opinions with regards to reef health. The data from your investigations will supply vital information on the coastline for the Madagascan National Programme.
To gather the data needed you will undertake diving surveys and snorkel surveys (weather permitting), mangrove transects and interviews, with one day off each week. If you need dive training we will train you up on the Frontier camp at the start of the project. Your activities will involve locating and mapping the extensive, pristine coral reefs and studying the various communities existing on them.
You'll also explore the luxuriant mangrove forests and record the rich variety of organisms living there and in the other intertidal zones. Whilst diving you will discover dense sea grass beds rich sources of nutrients for the marine communities. You will deploy a wide range of newly learned research skills and scientific techniques including: underwater visual census of reef and commercial fish such as trigger fish and parrot fish, assessment of algal and coral cover to determine the extent of coral bleaching and damage, and line intercept transects for benthic life and indicator invertebrate species such as nudibranchs. You will record observations of the feeding habits and behaviour patterns of a range of marine life. You may even get to study the impact of potentially destructive fishing methods on the corals reefs, study the effects of global warming on marine communities or note any indication of the impact of the marine-curio trade on endangered marine invertebrates.
You'll find your team to be a fun, dynamic mix of ages and experiences, with members who all share a passion about travelling in developing countries and conserving nature. Your staff will be a friendly and welcoming group who are highly experienced in their research field and many of whom will have been Frontier volunteers at an earlier stage in their career.
50-52 Rivington Street
Telephone 1: 020 7613 2422
Website: http://www.frontier.ac.uk/projects/242/Madagascar-Marine-Conservation-&-Diving
Request more information about this project by filling out the form below:
By using this form you agree to our terms and conditions


text:
Disclaimer: I do not own One Piece or any of the canon characters (that may or may not appear).
The Fiesta Pirates Feel the Iron Hammer of Justice!
There was a nice salty sea breeze out today. It blew the life raft, OneDecade,across the sea. The raft held all of the essentials, food, water, a warm blanket, and the like. The raft, originally designed to hold 10 people comfortably in case of emergencies now only held one. It was a nineteen year-old boy with dark blue hair. He wore a dark black uniform with gold tinted edges on the shoulders and the zipper.
He sighed and leaned back, allowing his dark blue eyes to gaze straight up at the skies. It was slow going on this small raft with only one emergency sail. The island was still coming up and he could see quite clearly now. It was only on the horizon straight ahead. With the sail fully extended and the wind blowing like this he'd be there in a matter of minutes.
Some water lapped his shoulder and he jumped straight up. He felt his shoulder and its wetness. The water out here was cold, swimming seemed like an interesting idea. He was half-tempted to do just that, take off swimming for the island, his raft would catch up with him. But he knew better...Rule #2 all contact with water must be avoided.
The wait to the island was boring. He had barely just woken up when what do you know! He decided to escape. His first moments awake were spent waiting. He was so happy when he finally felt his feet firmly on the soil. The sand beneath his feet was soft and damp. It nearly sucked him into its earthy grasp.
He pulled his leg out of the soil and made his way through the beach and to the city. The shops along the way all seemed friendly a few weirdos here and there. Some of them selling stupid things like amulets that find your true love and stuff like that, but nothing worthy of his attention.
The place looked like a festival, though. Banners that read 'The Fiesta Pirates have docked in your home town' and 'Nothing is wrong with a little fiesta' were hung from the poles. Something in one of the shops caught his eye it was a small black beret. He flipped it around and placed onto his head. A perfect fit! He looked at the price tag. 1000 belies. The man dug into his pockets and pulled out some lint and a small paper square. He was broke!
He sighed and put the hat back. No hat for him today. Maybe he could go down to the local bar and...he sighed. Drinks cost money. Maybe he'd join in on the party going around here. He started to head out into the center of town. There seemed to be some kind of fireworks coming from that general directions. Or at least explosions. Either way he could find something interesting there.
He went into the plaza and looked around. There were people conga dancing and having a general good time from the looks of things. There was also a large group of people in the middle of the plaza. They all wore a similar patch of clothing on some part of their body. It was a small patch of black cloth with a skull and crossbones design to it, except instead of crossbones they each had a maraca behind the skull. One of the men had a gun in his hand and had it pointed into the sky. He fired another bullet into the sky. Damn, he was hoping for fireworks.
The party seemed to be focusing on these people. A large amount of people were coming from their houses with plates of food and people were singing in front of these people. Were these guys the fiesta pirates? He hoped so, if they went through all this trouble of bringing a party to these people, it was nice that they were receiving some food. Food. When was the last time ate? Heck, who cares! He wasn't hungry.
He walked around the plaza trying to decide what to do. They were a group of people playing at the dunk tank. There was also the conga line, not to mention they also had some target practice using some of the old and empty alcohol glasses.
He was about to walk up and join in with the conga line when a man ran into the plaza. "There's a Marine boat on the beach! There's a Marine in town!" He too had a black piece of cloth with their skull and crossbones design on it.
The entire group of pirates tensed up. Everyone with Jolly Roger on their body started to head down to the beach to find the Marine.
The nineteen year-old stood there for a second and decided to head down after them. A fight between a Marine and pirates was bound to be interesting. He followed them back down to the beach he came from.
The beach was unoccupied, except for a single lifeboat, the OneDecade.The Fiesta pirates swarmed it and looked it all over, finally the boy spoke up.
"That's my boat," he said as he stood on the beach watching them. Man, he was looking forward to the fight. Looked like there wouldn't be one.
One of the pirates with a big beard turned around to him, "I am the captain of this crew, amigo*. What's your name?"
The boy stood still for a moment thinking, "Alexander. I'm sorry, but I don't think we've met yet."
"Alexander que**?" asked the pirate. "That all you got, amigo?"
"I'm sorry, but if we just met how can we friends?" asked Alexander.
"Got a surname, amigo?" asked the pirate becoming increasing frustrated with the man.
"I don't know," said Alexander, "do I need one?"
The pirate groaned. He kicked the boat, "you said this was yours, ami...you said this was yours, right?"
"Yeah," said Alexander, "OneDecade.Its been mine for a week now."
"A week," chuckled the pirate, "me and mi amigos*** have been pirates for five months now...you think one fresh water Marine like you got a chance against us?"
"I'm sorry," said Alexander, "I'm new to this whole...talking to people concept. A chance against you in what exactly?"
"A fight!" shouted the pirate as he brought his gun up and pointed it at Alexander. His gun's barrel exploded firing a single bullet off at Alexander. The bullet whizzed through the air until it hit a tree about twenty feet away.
"Yes," said Alexander as he stood back since he ducked underneath the bullet. "I'm actually pretty good in a fight. Why? You wanna go?"
The pirate gritted his teeth, "DON'T YOU PLAY DUMB WITH ME! ALL MEN FIRE!" All of the pirates fired simultaneously at Alexander. The smoke coming from their guns filling the air making their enemy disappear into a cloud of dust and smoke. "I THINK WE GOT HIM BOYS!" shouted the pirate. "No one should cross paths with Henrie, the Gang!"
"I'm going to take that as a 'yes', Henrie-san," said Alexander as he crashed down next to Henrie. He spun around and made a direct kick into Henrie's side sending him tumbling across the bench. "That was a pretty good warm-up! Who's up next?"
The nearest pirate unsheathed a scimitar and charged at Alexander. He made a fake swing at Alexander aiming for his head. Alexander brought his foot up and caught the blade using the bottom of his shoe. The pirate pushed hard trying to get his blade to cut through Alexander's foot but failing. Alexander spun in midair using his foot as an axis to launch another kick using his free foot into the pirate's head.
Alexander looked down at his shoe. "Crap," said Alexander, "now look at what you did! You cut my shoe in two!"
The pirates grimaced and brought their guns up at him. They all fired sending at least thirty bullets in Alexander's direction. Alexander charged forward at them, a bullet slamming into his shoulder, another into his chest, and third one into his upper thigh. None of these bullets did a single thing to slow him down. He slammed his fist into one of their faces sending them backwards into the sand. He spun around raising his leg up into the air launching another kick into one of their stomaches sending them back flying into another pirate knocking them down.
"What's up," shouted one of the pirates, "he's not dying! He got shot multiple times! He should be dead by now, the freak!" Alexander's knee was brought straight up into the pirate's nose cracking and breaking it in one fell swoop. The pirate fell to the ground unconscious.
"He's not human, that's what!" shouted another, "he must be a demon!" Alexander's elbow drove itself into his stomach and then he they brought his hand straight up and into his face, knocking him out.
"Let's get out of here," said the pirates as they all started to rush back to the plaza. Alexander jumped up and swung his leg into the side of the one of the pirate's head sending him flying into the others.
"Sorry," said Alexander, "but a fight ends when all of the men on one side is unconscious." Alexander brought his leg straight up. "So...THAT MEANS ALL OF YOU MUST DIE!" Alexander brought his leg down into the damp sand causing the sand to explode with extreme force.
(-Please wait while the pirates get their butts kicked-)
Alexander was returning to the plaza. Man, those Fiesta pirates were all in serious need of a doctor, what a lousy end to a fight or a party. The villagers were all going to be so annoyed with him. The noise had already died down.
The people were gathered at the entrance to the plaza. They only saw one man returning from the beach, "what happened to the Fiesta Pirates?"
Alexander sighed, he hated passing on bad news. "They are all kind of passed out on the beach," he said sheepishly, omitting the part where he knocked them all out.
"Really," the villagers said before busting out into a hoops and hollers. "Finally, those pirates are going to leave us alone! All night they've been making us make food for them or bring them wine! We are free once more! What can we ever do to repay you?"
Alexander smiled. Apparently he hadn't done anything wrong, the pirates were the bad guys. Nice to know. "Actually there is something you can do for me."
There was a nice salty sea breeze out today. It blew the life raft, One Decade,across the sea. The raft held all of the essentials, food, water, a warm blanket, and the like. The raft only had one passenger. It was a nineteen year-old boy, called Alexander, with dark blue hair. He wore a dark black uniform with gold tinted edges on the shoulders and the zipper. On his head was a single black beret.
*=friend **=what ***=my friends
In case you couldn't tell from the title, Alexander is a Marine. He is currently at a captain rank. The Submit an OC section has been moved to my profile due to complaints and you have to submit characters through PMs. Below is a list to tell you how far this story has actually gotten thus far as well as how many slots are open.
Captain: Filled
Navigator: Filled
Gunslinger: Filled
Chef: Filled
Doctor: Empty
First Mate: Empty
Archaeologist: Empty
Shipwright: Empty
Musician: Empty
Thief: Empty
Chore Boy: Empty
Helmsman: Empty
Others? (In case I have forgotten anything)
Fleet Admiral: Taken
Admiral: (Two Needed)
Shichibukai: (One needed maybe more depending on how the story goes)
Vice Admiral: (Four needed)
Yonkou: (Two needed maybe more depending on how the story goes)


text:
I'm interested in collaborating on short story style horror. Think Clive Barker: Books of Blood. Weird, scary, exotic horror. The wilder the better. Who's with me?!!
Can you refer me to an example of this kind of horror that I could quickly read online, just to have a better idea of the aesthetic you're trying to capture. Otherwise, I'm interested.
I don't have a ready online reference and I apologize. Mind-bending is optional. I'm more interested in the psychological aspect of horror. Life strapped in a straitjacket. Deprivation. Unimaginable fear.
Let's do it! Although, how, I'm not quite sure; I've never done this before. Do we each write a chapter or paragraph back and forth? Hm... I guess we should start with some weird, creepy idea, right? I've read one or two of Barkers short stories, (not many, but I know the gist, I think). We should probably talk about availability and such, as well. Also, how are we going to communicate? Via the website, or google docs, email...? I'm not sure. Hey, are you even cool about collabing with me? Is it to late to start? There are so many questions, oh man, sorry! I'm a little excited to try this out, haha.
last edited


text:
Lower abdomen
In 2011 I had got hit on the Lower right abdomen while in a car in the US. A urine test was done and it was normal. The pain gradually went away. Two years later I was lifting 7.5 kg and got a strain in the same area (lower right abdomen, groin) which continued on for a long time and prevented me from doing any activities. I got a ultrasound which didn't indicate anything abnormal. A physiotherapist in the US gave me a few stretches and strength exercises which helped me. These days when I lift something heavy I often get a weird feeling in that area. Slight pain but mostly a feeling of being heavy. I then stretch which helps me but I would like the problem to go away completely. It keeps on reoccurring which prevents me from doing many physical activities. 1. What can I do? Any recommended stretches or strengthening? 2. What can I do to improve healing of that area? 3. Is cardio on the elliptical or treadmill fine? How about light weights? 4. 2013 ultrasound fine. any other test?
Answers (1)
Like the answers? Chat privately for 24 hours with the doctor of your choice
Venkat Raghav
General Physician Bangalore
Free 3 day follow up
Chat Now
₹250 for 24 hrs
Hello... You get an ultrasound ultrasound abdomen with renal function test to confirm that there is no problem with kidney and bladder ... If its groin pain it could be due contraction of cremasteric muscles which compress testicles ... In that case you should avoid exercise for time being ,consult general surgeon.
Flag this answer
1/1 people found this helpful
Was this answer helpful?


text:
0 jobs
6 ms
Within a radius of mi of
Filter by date ▼
Last 24 hours
Last 3 days
Last 7 days
Last 30 days
Filter by source ▼
Job boards
Placement agencies
Jobs » Cambusbarron
Jobs 1 - 10 of 0
Jobs in Cambusbarron
21,399 vacancies are indexed in Cambusbarron on neuvoo.co.uk. Apply now and land the best job in the city.
Careers in Cambusbarron
Cambusbarron is located in the county of Scotland. neuvoo.co.uk centralises 21,399 jobs in the city, particularly in fields like PR, Education, Training, Marketing, IT or Part time. Currently, qualified candidates are needed for jobs such as Sales Support, Customer Support, Sales Professional, Early Childhood Educator or Customer Marketing. Nearby areas such as Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness or Livingston also have several vacancies to offer.
Job statistics in the area
During the last 30 days, 10,700 job opportunities in Cambusbarron were indexed on neuvoo.co.uk, 2,675 during last week.
neuvoo.co.uk: the largest job search website in Cambusbarron
neuvoo.co.uk centralises over 757601 job vacancies across the United Kingdom, 21,399 of which are in Cambusbarron.Show more...
Never miss a job. Get new jobs emailed to you everyday.


text:
Olympics: FIFA names six cities, seven stadiums for 2016 soccer
By Andrew Downie
SAO PAULO (Reuters) - Six cities and seven stadiums are to be used as soccer venues for the 2016 Olympics in Brazil, FIFA announced on Monday, but Sao Paulo club Corinthians have already threatened to pull their ground out unless they are paid for necessary alterations.
There will be two venues in the host city of Rio de Janeiro with matches held at the Olympic stadium and the Maracana, site of the 2014 World Cup final, FIFA said.
The other games are to take place at the Mineirao stadium in Belo Horizonte, the Mane Garrincha stadium in Brasilia, the Amazonia arena in Manaus, the Fonte Nova arena in Salvador and the Corinthians arena in Sao Paulo.
"The Olympic football tournaments will be a fantastic opportunity to revive the great atmosphere seen during the 2014 FIFA World Cup, not only in Rio de Janeiro but also in the other five cities," said Marco Polo Del Nero, chairman of the organizing committee for the Games soccer.
"They did an excellent job in 2014 and now they can use the World Cup stadiums and infrastructure already in place to unite the country for a major event once more," he added in a news release.
Sixteen men's sides and 12 women's teams will play 58 matches between Aug. 3-20.
However, Andres Sanchez, former president of Corinthians and who is responsible for overseeing stadium management, said the club would not foot the bill for alterations.
"It's a great honor for Corinthians to have the Corinthians arena selected as the city's stadium for the 2016 Olympic Games," Sanchez said in a statement posted on their web site. Continued...


text:
Speed up your debug routine!
Automated exception search integrated into your IDE
Tired of useless tips?
Error in allocating a connection. Cause: java.lang.IllegalStateException: cannot add non-XA Resource to global JTS transaction. >
This site uses cookies, as explained in our cookie policy. If you agree to our use of cookies, please close this message and continue to use this site.


text:
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Ronald)
Ron can refer to:
|Ron Burgundy
|Ron Paul
|Rona Ambrose
|Ronald D. Moore
|Ronald McSatan
|Ronnie Corbett
|Ronnie James Dio
|Ronnie Wood
- This is a disambiguation page - words should always mean more than one thing, and we're working hard to ensure that each word you look up refers to at least two completely unrelated articles. If an article link referred you here, you should make it to point directly to the article where you think the confused link-maker thought it would point, or go nuts and pick one at random. Just make sure it doesn't point here.


text:
Education Labs Math Worksheet Generator
Download this episode
We were first introduced to the Education Labs team six weeks ago with the release of the Microsoft
Live Services Plug-in for Moodle. Today the Education Labs group has released the Math Worksheet Generator – a free application created specifically
for Mathematics teachers and tutors (as well as parents and studious pupils) to help them create practice math problems along with accompanying answer sheets.
The Math Worksheet Generator is based on the Microsoft Math engine and is able to deconstruct the logic of a sample math problem you provide (using the Math Input Panel if on Windows 7) and create many more examples to help test a students understanding of a particular concept.
Kate Mulcahy from the Education Labs team joins me in the studio for a demo of the Math Worksheet Generator as well as a sneak peak at two projects currently in development. Folder Based Sites for teachers wanting to publish documents and learning materials to the web and FlashCards; a Silverlight web application that allows you to create customized sets of flash cards that display based on memory science research that the group has been working on.
More info: http://www.educationlabs.com
Download the EduLabs Math Worksheet Generator here
Available formats for this video:
Actual format may change based on video formats available and browser capability.
More episodes in this series
EduLabs Math Worksheet Generator Quick Demo
Related episodes
EduLabs Math Worksheet Generator Quick Demo
Startup Stories: Transforming Mobile Devices into Portable Science Labs with Lab4U
Resco Delivers Mobile CRM Solution on Windows Universal Platform
Learning Tools for OneNote
Windows 10 Free Upgrade Offer to End Soon
Addressing Password Security in Windows 10
Scratch for Educators Lesson 1
Episode 4 - Advanced WIndows Deployments
Technology literacy and your professional development
Use basic ICT tools to support teaching and learning
The Discussion
Comments closed
Comments have been closed since this content was published more than 30 days ago, but if you'd like to send us feedback you can Contact Us.


text:
This week's pin comes to us from Emily and Jaime at Everyday Art. It is a fabulous looking and fabulously easy (although very time consuming) rag rug!
The backing is just a non-skid rug mat and the rug is just strips of quilting fabric. It's not even tied in – just pushed through the holes in the mat! Also, this looks really full even though every hole wasn't used. I love the look of it and I think it would be great for a kid's or an adult's room!
Check out HOT Amazon deals on your favorite items!


text:
6 Pinewood, 66, Irvine, CA 92604
- $3,500
- 1+ Years on site
- Beds: n/a
- Baths: n/a
- Condominium Unit
Charming 3 Bedroom, 2. 5 Bath Home on one of the most beautiful & friendly streets in Woodbridge, backs to park, just a block from the Lake & walking trails & steps to swimming pool. Light & airy fully-detached home sits on an extra large, wrap-around yard with plenty of room for entertaining & relaxing. Beautiful view from family room, kitchen & yard, as this home sits directly on a large & quiet street. Renovated in 2013 with modern glass burning fireplace with travertine surround, elegant granite kitchen countertops, stainless steel appliances, recessed lighting. Master bedroom is on the first floor, as the other two extra large bedrooms are upstairs. Master includes a full wall built-in cabinet that includes extensive shelving, drawers & an in-suite desk. The kitchen is light & open & boasts dark brown granite countertops with modern mosaic backsplash & a new electric stovetop. French doors from the sunken living room lead you onto a secluded & tranquil outdoor area. A large built-in bookshelf in the living room allows ample storage space for books and decorations. This homes flooring is a mix of high quality carpet, wood & travertine.
- Year Built: 1977
- 1+ Years on site
- Condominium Unit
- Beds: n/a
- Baths: n/a
Local Info
| Median Household Income
| Median Years In Residence
| Median Homeowner Age
| Households with Children
| Percent of Homes Rented
Nearby Elementary Schools
- Childtime Learning Center
- 4876 Irvine Center Dr
- Deerfield Elementary School
- 2 Deerfield Ave
- Eastshore Elementary School
- 155 Eastshore
Nearby Middle Schools
- Lakeside Middle School
- 3 Lemongrass
- Venado Middle School
- 4 Deerfield Ave
- Mardan School
- 1 Osborn St
Nearby High Schools
- Mardan School
- 1 Osborn St
- Woodbridge High School
- 2 Meadowbrook
- Irvine High School
- 4321 Walnut Ave
These are the closest schools to your requested location. Proximity does not guarantee enrollment eligibility. Please consult your real estate agent or school district to confirm the schools you are zoned to attend.
Mortgage Rates
Data provided by Informa Research Services. Payments do not include amounts for taxes and insurance premiums. The actual payment obligation will be greater if taxes and insurance are included. Click here for more information on rates and product details.
Property Contact Info
Need More Information?
Please fill out this form to request more photos or more information regarding this property.


text:
Coming off the heels of the GOP Convention and with only 72-hours remaining until the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, multiple news outlets are reporting that Hillary Clinton has chosen Virginia Senator Tim Kaine as her running mate.
To learn more about Tim Kaine, click here.
Sign up to get breaking news alerts from Dennis Michael Lynch.
← Previous Story
Gender-Neutral Passport Approved by Federal Judge
Gender-Neutral Passport Approved by Federal Judge


text:
I love DBZ, Naruto, Buso Renkin, Inuyasha, kekkashi, Bleach, YuYu Hakusho, + more(In other words I love Anime<(^^')>) play lbz, wizard101, And will play DBO (DragonBall Online) later. I also draw my own manga Doshimi
Its a cool looking... I Guess
this is a great LBZ Mod Even if it isn't out yet.
This a pretty awesome 3D DBZ fighting game. If you like fast DBZ Action play this Game
This Is A Pretty Good Mod Thats How I Got The Idea for My Mod Team MMTLBZ
This Is One Of The Best DBZ Games Ever!
I Say you Should Try it
No reviews were found matching the criteria specified. We suggest you try the review list with no filter applied, to browse all available. Join now to share your own content, we welcome creators and consumers alike and look forward to your comments.


text:
5 Special Needs Jobs Found
Weekend Morning Caregiver
Posted by Lloyd S. on 5/20/2017
- Start date:
- 5/27
- 19 miles away (Long Beach, CA)
- $13/hr
- 1 child
I'm looking to hire a caregiver to work weekend mornings for about 2 hrs. 44 yr old with a high spinal cord injury. The care is either bowel care - digital stimulation (one morning) or a shower (opposite morning), dressing, catheterization, & getting me up using a hoyer lift. The pay is $25 per day... More
Need a Weekend Caregiver for my 16 yr old...
Posted by Kimberly H. on 5/14/2017
- Start date:
- 5/20
- 15 miles away (Laguna Niguel, CA)
- $25/hr
- 1 child
We are looking for a caring, patient, experienced, dependable, & energetic, caregiver who has or had worked with Autistic teenagers who were in the 16-18yrs old range. Also this caregiver must have had experience ( 1-2 yrs ) handling and re-directing an Autistic teenager on their own when an... More
Special Needs childcare
Posted by Ashley S. on 5/9/2017
- Start date:
- Flexible
- 21 miles away (Riverside, CA)
- $10–15/hr
- 1 child
We are looking for childcare for our 5 year old son that has Autism and we need at various times throughout the week.
Daily House Activities
Posted by Jonas D. on 4/19/2017
- Start date:
- 4 miles away (Orange, CA)
- $15–20/hr
- 1 child
Hi, My family and I are looking for someone to do housework. the housework, includes, sweeping, mopping, laundry, taking out trash, vacuum, tidying up, cleaning appliances, helping with dishes etc... I am currently using a cane to get around and we have a toddler and kindergartener so household... More
Weekend sitter needed for one special...
Posted by Maria N. on 3/20/2017
- Start date:
- Flexible
- 12 miles away (Anaheim, CA)
- $20/hr
- 2 children
My adult daughter is twenty nine years old and has cerebral palsy, she requires medication given to her at bedtime. She also needs help with diapers before going to bed, and personal cleaning before bed. She requires supervision and safety care,she is a very happy and quite girl that listens to her... More


text:
Flannel Fever: Who Wore It Best?
Photo By: Adrian Henson
Photo By: Chris Amaral
Photo By: Adrian Henson
Photo By: Jackson Riley Parker
Photo By: Chris Amaral
Photo By: Aaron Rapoport
Photo By: Emilee Ramsier
Photo By: Jackson Riley Parker
Photo By: David McNew/Getty Images
Photo By: Steve Niedorf / Getty Images
Photo By: Chris Amaral
Photo By: Matt Harbicht/Getty Images
Photo By: Jack Parker
Photo By: Adrian Henson
Photo By: Michael Kleveter
Gang's All Here
DIY Network's Matt Muenster, Alison Victoria, Josh Temple and Matt Blashaw know that DIY style calls for hard-working flannel. Looking good, guys!
Chris Grundy, Cool Tools
Working hard doesn't mean you have to sacrifice style, as Chris knows all too well.
Anthony Carrino, Kitchen Cousins
We're sure that Anthony would look great in anything, but a cozy flannel shirt might just be our favorite look for this handsome cousin.
Alison Victoria, Kitchen Crashers
Full of beauty and brawn, this is one woman who knows her way around the kitchen (the kitchen construction site, that is).
Jeff Devlin, I Hate My Bath
Safety glasses? Check. Nail Gun? Check. Fabulous flannel? Check. It looks like Jeff's got all the essentials covered.
Amy Matthews, DIY's Sweat Equity and HGTV's Renovation Raiders
Sporting a messy braid, ripped jeans and an adorable flannel, Amy looks as if she could redo a room or run around town.
John Colaneri, Kitchen Cousins
You don't see the flannel? Look again, closer this time. John's flannel surprise is peeking out from underneath his gray sweater for a look that couldn't be any cozier.
Sara Bendrick, I Hate My Yard
Bright flannel and an even brighter smile make Sara the darling landscape designer we know and love.
Stephen Fanuka, Million Dollar Contractor
Poised in plaid, Stephen looks right at home sitting on the counter of a newly-renovated kitchen. Shoes off the counter, Stephen!
Matt Blashaw, Yard Crashers
Is it just us, or is there something about a man wearing a comfy plaid shirt while surrounded by nature that just feels right?
More Matt
Matt's just so happy the flannel look is back that he can't contain his excitement! We're excited too, Matt.
Anitra Mecadon, Mega Dens, & Chris Grundy
Looking cute and cozy in flannel, Anitra and Chris are all set for a day of hard work on Blog Cabin 2012.
James Young, I Hate My Kitchen
The best part of waking up...is pouring yourself a hot cup of coffee and picking out your favorite flannel.
Coordinating Cousins
Looking good in complementing hues, you have to wonder, did they plan that?
Jonathan Scott, Brother vs. Brother
Forget the power suit, Jonathan feels most competent in one of his many flannel shirts. Don't mess with a good thing. Right, Jonathan?
John DeSilvia, Rescue My Renovation
Looking fab in plaid, John takes a breather while filming in New York.
Double Trouble
As part of the Blog Cabin team, Matt and Chris are proud to rock the team uniform — a stylish flannel shirt!
Josh Temple, House Crashers
On the set of DIY Network's House Crashers, Josh shows off a newly-renovated basement while looking snazzy in dark blue flannel.


text:
K hart
- Size: 240px
- Quality: Normal
- Size: 1.21 MB 0 bytes
This Gif entitled K hart was created from the youtube video 2 years ago. It uses 14 frames per second and is displayed at 240px resolution. This animated image plays for 10 seconds, was built with normal quality and an estimated weight of 1.21 MB for download. This animation was originally created from the The 40 year Old Virgin - Jay and Kevin Hart (HD) video from 01:00 to 01:10.
Flag This GifSend


text:
If you have an existing online account, sign in below.
Shop with confidence.We value your privacy and security
Item Number:
Your Savings:
Shipping & Handling:
(3 reviews)
Please enter your personalized text to appear on your item.
You are adding more than 1 item with the same personalization to the cart.
The following personalized text will appear on all these items:
The following personalized text will appear on your item:
Make Changes
This item is currently sold out. Please check again at a later date.
For more information, please contact 1-888-2020-888.
Ratings & Reviews
(average rating based on 3 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Reviewed by 3 customers
Sort by
Displaying reviews 1-3
Back to top
By Sandra
from Kingston, Ontario
This product is growing on me the more I use it. I does not leave your skin oily at all like I thought it would. The smell reminds me of baby powder...I wish it was more vanilla smell but thats alright it is a nice smell and different then all the others. I Adore the hair care in this line, a bottle of shampoo lasts forever and its smells as though I could eat it! I will keep buying from this line...the lotion is heaven in a bottle...keep creating Lisa!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
( 1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Fighting winter dry skin..
By HEATHER
from EDMONTON
I purchased the oil with the Ecstacty scent. Winters in Alberta leave me looking like a snake shedding a layer of skin. I use the oil after I get out of the shower and it left my skin feeling very moisturized and the scent brought me back to memories of the air in Hawaii.
( 0 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Not I thought
By Michelle
from Armstrong,B.C.
Got the orange Ambrosia and to be honest to me it does not smell much like oranges.. also it makes my skin not feel too good, kind of like I should go shower. Maybe it is that I am not a dry oil mist gal , but one thing for sure, they need to work on the scent.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend


text:
Make a complaint How to make a complaint to the Real Estate Agents Authority about the behaviour of a real estate agent.
Standard clauses for agency agreements We recommend you only use agents who use the standard clauses in their residential and rural agency agreements.
Buying a home? Key things you need to know to help protect yourself when buying a property.
Standard clauses for residential agency agreements We recommend that all agencies use the new standard clauses for residential agency agreements that help protect both agents and vendors.
Renewing your licence Find out how to renew your licence.
About Us Find out about who we are and what we do.
If a licence number is entered, all other fields will be ignored.
This question is to prevent automated spam submissions. Solve the math question(e.g. 1 + 3 = 4).
The sale and purchase agreement sets out in writing all the agreed terms and conditions of the sale/purchase.
The agreement will also set out obligations and conditions that the buyer and/or seller must abide by. These may include what access the buyer may have to inspect the property before settlement and ensuring the property remains insured until the settlement date.
The agreement will also cover compensation costs that must be paid if buyer or seller defaults on the terms of the agreement, for example by delaying settlement. You lawyer can explain these conditions to you.
A deposit – usually five to 10 per cent of the purchase price – is normally paid by the buyer, either when the offer is made or when it goes unconditional. The agent will usually take their commission from this deposit when the agreement becomes unconditional. However, the money has to have been in the agency's trust account for 10 working days before they can take their commission.
The agreement will also specify the settlement date – the date when the buyer pays the rest of the amount agreed for the property – usually through their lawyer. This is typically also the possession date, when the buyer takes possession of the property.
New Zealand Residential Property Sale and Purchase Agreement Guide (.pdf 551KB)
The Real Estate Agents Authority
0800 for REAA (0800 367 7322)
Last Modified Date:
This information was up to date at the time of printing. For the most up to date information, please visit www.reaa.govt.nz.


text:
Post your recipe and get notifications when other cooks review and add photos to it.
Already have an account? Log in
About this recipe:
A perfect soup for any occasion. A heartwarming dish for cold nights, summer days and dinner parties.
Your review has been published!
Your changes have been saved.


text:
- Sign in
- Join
- Manage your booking
- Find a rental
- Traveler Inbox
- How to book
- Traveler Help Center
- Write a review
Tara is from London and Stuart is from New York City. We have been married for many years and we share many interests such as native plants and herbs, organic gardening, green living, solar energy and holistic massage. These pursuits are reflected in the off the grid estate we are listing, which has been our labor of love. Tara has 20 years of extensive experience in various types of body therapies and is certified in therapeutic massage, Aroma Therapy, Shamanic Stone therapy, Rosen Method body work and Rosen Movement.


text:
"It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done...."
With these words and a superb act of bravery and sacrifice, one of the most badly behaved heroes of all time ends Charles Dickens' great tale of the French Revolution.
This is a firework display of a book, a crackling picture of the ravages and excesses of starving, furious men and the astonishing acts of heroism that usually accompany them.
Public Domain (P)2007 Silksoundbooks Limited
"One of the best"
I have read Tale of Two Cities as well as listened to audio versions of the book. My favorite telling was done by Frank Muller. I found this version quite by accident, just scrolling and "window shopping" if you will. I was drawn to the telłing immediately. Andrew Sachs reading is low key and relaxed. It is if he is inviting the narrator to join him in witnessing what he is reading. I strongly urge any who love reading Dickens to listen to Andrew Sachs reading of this great work. It is a good match.m
"Clear and Engaging!"
The reading brought each character to life. This was my most enjoyable audible text so far.
"Fantastic Reader!"
I only wish I could have all of Dickens' books read by Andrew Sachs! He expertly transmitted the warmth, gravity, humor, delicacy, chilling evil, affection, horror, grace, subtlety, cleverness, and love that imbues A Tale of Two Cities. Never overdone, pitch perfect!
"A Tale of Two Cities"
I loved this book. It was so much easier to listen to than to read.
"Loved it!"
A timeless tale of historic love and hate.
Beautifully performed. A must listen.
Had to listen to some bits more than once.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is up to you but will seriously raise your chances of your profile getting read by other members. Tell people about yourself, your pasttimes and upload a nice photo of yourself.
Utilise our website's state-of-the-art search to uncover members who fulfill your requirements. Or just scan through listings and uncover daters that seem interesting.
Discovered someone who looks suitable? Send a letter to them or just a wink and let it develop from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to a lifetime of happiness.
It'll only take 30 seconds


text:
Sometimes You're the Bug – Sometimes You're the Windshield: An Adventure into Utilizing Running Records in the Middle Grades
Audience: 3rd - 5th Grade Teachers/Specialists
Presenter(s): Barbara Schubert
Length: 80 minutes
Level: Intermediate Conceptual
Session Description:
Upper elementary teachers don't always see the value in using a Running Record to inform instruction. Careful use can prevent students from falling behind in their ability to grapple with complex text. It's all about moving from the procedural level to the conceptual level working with Running Records – more like "know when to hold 'em, know when to fold 'em". (And yes, know when to walk away and when to run!)
Speaker Bio:
Dr. Schubert is a Reading Recovery Trainer, Comprehensive Literacy Coach, author, researcher and winner of several prestigious literacy awards who translates theory into practice.