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Advanced maternal age and risk perception: A qualitative study
Advanced maternal age (AMA) is associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes, hence these pregnancies are considered to be "high risk." A review of the empirical literature suggests that it is not clear how women of AMA evaluate their pregnancy risk. This study aimed to address this gap by exploring the risk perception of pregnant women of AMA.
A qualitative descriptive study was undertaken to obtain a rich and detailed source of explanatory data regarding perceived pregnancy risk of 15 women of AMA. The sample was recruited from a variety of settings in Winnipeg, Canada. In-depth interviews were conducted with nulliparous women aged 35 years or older, in their third trimester, and with singleton pregnancies. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and content analysis was used to identify themes and categories.
Four main themes emerged: definition of pregnancy risk, factors influencing risk perception, risk alleviation strategies, and risk communication with health professionals.
Several factors may influence women's perception of pregnancy risk including medical risk, psychological elements, characteristics of the risk, stage of pregnancy, and health care provider's opinion. Understanding these influential factors may help health professionals who care for pregnant women of AMA to gain insight into their perspectives on pregnancy risk and improve the effectiveness of risk communication strategies with this group.
In the past three decades, an increasing proportion of women have delayed childbearing for educational, social, and economic reasons
The concept of risk at AMA may be composed of two components: the physiological challenges because of an aging reproductive system, and the social discourse of risk and timing of childbearing
The focus of previous studies has been on describing the impact of being labeled as high risk on pregnant women, rather than exploring and elaborating on the process of risk appraisal by these women. Understanding women's perception of pregnancy risk is essential in developing more effective risk communication approaches. Considering the lack of literature in this area and limitations associated with previous studies, we conducted a mixed methods research study to further existing knowledge on risk perception and its contributing factors. Mixed methods research is "research in which the investigator collects and analyzes data, integrates the findings, and draws inferences using both qualitative and quantitative approaches or methods in a single study or a program of inquiry"
A qualitative descriptive study was undertaken to obtain a rich and detailed source of explanatory data regarding risk perception from women of AMA. As described by Sandelowski (2000), a qualitative descriptive study provides "a comprehensive summary of an event in the everyday terms of those events"
Participants were chosen purposefully from among the participants in the quantitative component of the mixed methods study. Criteria for participation in the larger mixed methods study were women with a singleton pregnancy, ability to speak, read, and write English, and gestational age of 28 weeks or greater. Any known severe psychological disorder was an exclusion criterion. Data were collected over 14 months, from (December 2009 to January 2011) from selected physicians' offices and outpatient prenatal care clinics at two tertiary hospitals in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
In purposeful sampling, participants are intentionally selected according to the needs of the study
Potential participants were provided with a written and verbal explanation of the study. Each participant signed a consent form. A mutually convenient time and place were arranged to conduct the interviews. In-depth, semi-structured, face to face interviews, using an interview guide, were conducted by the researcher from January 2010 to January 2011. The interview guide was developed by the investigators and key areas explored included decision making about timing of childbearing, women's understandings about pregnancy after age 35, perceived pregnancy risk and its impact on woman's feelings and thoughts, partner's perspectives about pregnancy, and women's experiences with the health care system. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. In qualitative inquiry, sample size relies on the concept of "saturation" which is the point at which no new information or themes are observed in the data
Data analysis was carried out concurrently with data collection. Transcripts were analyzed using a content analysis technique
According to Davies and Dodd (2002), rigor refers to the reliability and validity of qualitative research; however, it does not necessitate the sense of replicability of the research in different situations that is common in quantitative research
This project was reviewed and approved by four committees prior to commencing data collection: the University of Manitoba Education/Nursing Research Ethics Board, the Health Sciences Centre Research Impact Committee, the St. Boniface Hospital Research Review Committee, and the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority Research Review Committee.
The sample consisted of 15 nulliparous women. The age range of participants was 35 to 44 years with a mean of 37.6 years. The majority of women were highly educated with a mean educational level of 18.7 years. All participants were married or living common-law. All except one had been working during pregnancy. Over half (53.3%) of the women reported an annual family income of $100,000 or over. All participants were in the last trimester of their pregnancies, with a mean gestational age of 35.6 weeks (ranging from 32 to 40 weeks). All participants except one considered their pregnancy to be planned. Five participants had one or more previous miscarriages and three participants reported use of fertility medications to become pregnant. Participants delayed their childbearing for a variety of reasons. The primary reason for some women was lifestyle choices (n = 6). This group of women described being focused on their career, education, or travel, or indicated that they did not feel that they were ready to have children until they reached an older age. Delayed marriage was the primary reason for six other participants. Finally, three women identified infertility issues as their primary reason for postponed childbearing. It should be noted that infertility was also reported among participants in the delayed marriage and lifestyle choices groups, however it was not their prime reason for delayed childbearing.
The findings of this study were categorized into the following themes: definition of pregnancy risk, factors influencing risk perception, risk alleviation strategies, and risk communication with health professionals.
Definition of pregnancy risk
The first theme describes participants' understandings of pregnancy risk and explains how they defined risk. Most participants acknowledged that pregnancy risk increases as maternal age rises; however, a number of women felt that the risk had been overestimated. For example, one of the participants stated that "those numbers don't matter," (Participant 1) and another mentioned that "it's an overreaction, frankly" (Participant 11). Women's understandings of risks associated with AMA were reflected most often in comments about their awareness of increased risk of infertility issues and genetic abnormalities, particularly Down syndrome. Fertility problems associated with delayed childbearing were an immense concern for most women rather than pregnancy-related issues. In this regard, most of the women who delayed marriage reported that they decided to become pregnant soon after marriage to minimize the effect of age factor on their fecundity.
It was noted that women considered pregnancy as more of a societal issue rather than merely a biomedical matter, in which personal, interpersonal, and societal elements were significant. For our participants, the meaning of risk was broader than medical issues and included the extent of their support network, their ability to control situations, and whether they had a secure relationship, a planned pregnancy, a flexible job or healthy lifestyle and behavior. These considerations were also evident in decisions regarding timing of pregnancy by participants. The following quote is an example of the broadness of risk definition by one participant with an uncomplicated pregnancy:
In the following quote, a 39 year-old participant stated on the importance of having a stable relationship and a healthy lifestyle:
A 36 year-old participant with gestational diabetes and a moderate perceived risk score commented:
Factors influencing risk perception
The magnitude of the perception of pregnancy risk differed among our participants. During data analysis, nine factors were identified that influenced women's perception of pregnancy risk including: cognitive heuristics of availability and similarity of the risk, predictability of the risk, health status, pregnancy complications, gestational age, perceived control, poor fertility history, anxiety, and the health care provider's opinion.
Cognitive heuristics
Women's understandings of risk were mostly based on their experiences of real cases, and they relied on these data in assessment of their own pregnancy risk:
Most participants had an example of pregnancy at AMA among one of their family members, friends or colleagues. Availability of a positive example or a favorable family history of fertility at AMA was often reported as a reassuring factor that increased women's perceived ability to conceive at AMA and to have a successful pregnancy. These participants often perceived their pregnancy as being low risk.
On the other hand, women who were familiar with the risks associated with older maternal age, through personal or vicarious experiences, expressed more concerns and perceived a higher risk for their pregnancies. One of the participants with a fairly healthy pregnancy and a high perception of pregnancy risk score commented:
"Availability of risk" is a cognitive heuristic that refers to "a cognitive shortcut used for judging the probability of an event by the ease with which examples of the event come to mind"
"Similarity" is another cognitive heuristic and reflects "a cognitive shortcut used for judging the probability of an event by its similarity to events with comparable features"
Predictability of the risk
An expected and predictable pregnancy complication was perceived as a lower risk situation than a non-predicted and unexpected problem. One participant with a low perceived risk score, who had severe morning sickness in early pregnancy, described it as a "typical pregnancy symptom" that could happen in "every pregnancy." On the other hand, another participant with a high perception of risk score and a low perceived control score, who had to stop working for an unexpected, threatened premature labor stated:
A 37 year-old participant with a high perception of risk score who was diagnosed with gestational diabetes explained that:
Health status
Most women in our study considered themselves healthy and felt that they had control over their physical health. Good health was frequently identified as a factor that would decrease risk when participants assessed their pregnancy risk in relation to age. They often emphasized their good health as a balancing capacity in pregnancy risk estimation. A 35 year-old participant at 30 weeks of gestation with a low perception of risk score commented:
Pregnancy complications
Among our participants, three women had gestational diabetes, one had vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks, and one had both vaginal bleeding before 20 weeks and threatened preterm labor. Based on our findings, pregnancy complications had some influence on the perception of pregnancy risk; depending on the type of complication, its impact on the woman's life, and the degree to which the woman felt that complication had been controlled. For instance, the woman with threatened preterm labor who had to quit work expressed a high risk perception. On the other hand, the other three women, who described their gestational diabetes as a well-controlled situation, had low to moderate perception of risk scores. The following statement was made by one of the participants who had a moderate perceived risk score:
Women with pregnancy complications often had higher pregnancy-related anxiety scores. One of the participants with gestational diabetes expressed concerns regarding having a larger baby than average and also long-term consequences of diabetes:
Gestational age
Most participants reported that they felt more relaxed about risk and developing pregnancy-related problems as their pregnancy progressed. The participants described pregnancy as having several milestones, and completing each phase seemed to increase their confidence in having a healthy pregnancy:
Toward the end of pregnancy, the meaning of older age as a risk factor for most women with uncomplicated pregnancies remained simply a number. Some women used phrases such as "it was just that number and that's it!"
Perceived control
The majority of women in our study perceived themselves to be prepared to accept child raising responsibilities. Participants' comments reflected that most of them had a good sense of internal control, both over their life situations and their health. Considering the pregnancy-related anxiety and risk perception scores of participants and their explanations, it was evident that women with high perceived control had lower perceived risk. The following quote was expressed by a 39 year-old participant who had a high perceived control score and a low perception of risk score:
Conversely, low perceived control was often observed in conjunction with high perceived risk. Sometimes the woman's religious beliefs changed the equation. The following statement was made by a 44 year-old participant who had both low perceived control and low perceived risk scores:
Poor fertility history
A number of participants mentioned that they lost a sense of control over their bodies and their own health to a great extent after enduring infertility experiences. For some women a history of infertility or miscarriage led to increased risk perception in pregnancy. A 37 year-old woman with a high risk perception score and a history of infertility commented:
The emotional impact of previous fertility issues on the current pregnancy was expressed by words such as having worry, stress, and fear. For example, a 37 year-old woman with a previous miscarriage who had a high perception of pregnancy risk score stated:
A 44 year-old participant believed that infertility treatments had a negative impact on her physical health. This belief was also tracked in other participants' explanations with infertility experiences:
Although most participants in this study expressed some degree of concern for the health and well-being of their babies, only a few women were very anxious. Nevertheless, we found that these women often did not use "anxiety" as a term to describe their anxious feelings. For instance, the following quote comes from a 39 year-old participant who had a high anxiety score:
"Being emotional" was another term that a 35 year-old participant with a high anxiety score and moderate perception of risk score used to express her feelings:
According to participants' explanations, waiting for screening results, bed rest and limiting physical activities due to pregnancy complications (e.g., morning sickness) contributed to their risk perception. One participant with a high perceived risk score and a high anxiety score who experienced morning sickness in early pregnancy explained:
Feeling that this pregnancy might be their last chance to have a biological child might increase anxiety for these women and add to the dilemma. A 40 year-old participant with a complicated pregnancy who had a high perception of risk score and a low perceived control score explained:
Health care providers' opinion
Health care providers' perspectives about risk and their reaction to, and interpretation of, risk had a considerable influence on the women's understandings and assessments of their own risk. Participants' explanations revealed that health care providers' opinions, as experts in risk assessment, were viewed as very valuable and relied upon by women. Although care providers do not usually disclose their personal opinion, women may intuit it by observing care providers' reactions and body language. Women may include this information in determining of their risk levels, especially if there is an uncertainty associated with the level of vulnerability. As a 37 year-old participant with a low perception of risk score and a low anxiety score remarked:
Taking into consideration that several participants in this study reported that they did not have major discussions with their health care providers about risks associated with AMA, it might give these women a degree of confidence that there are no serious concerns.
Risk alleviation strategies
Several strategies were reported by the participants to help them alleviate and/or cope with their pregnancy risk. This process, for our participants, involved educating themselves and engaging in a healthy lifestyle, undertaking reassuring surveillance tests, overlooking the risk, relying on religious beliefs and hope, and balancing their risk by emphasis on the positive social aspects of AMA.
Educating themselves and engaging in a healthy lifestyle
Some participants spoke of gathering information to know what actual risks are and to be prepared. Participants with low perceived risk scores and high or moderate perceived control scores often reported that they had prepared themselves for pregnancy complications to "not be surprised by risk" (Participant 1). This 39 year-old participant with a high perceived control score who perceived a low risk for her pregnancy stated:
These participants were also focused on improving their lifestyle and engaging in healthy behaviors to protect their pregnancies.
Reassuring surveillance tests
Because most women were aware of the association between genetic problems and older maternal age, receiving reassuring screening test results was reported as a relieving factor. A desire to seek actual and tangible signs of the baby's health to confirm that "it's a normal baby" was evident in the interviews:
Some participants chose to take screening tests as part of their preparation to deal with anticipatory issues and to decrease concerns related to fetal health. Based on several participants explanations, undertaking screening tests was a reflection of their desire to plan and be prepared:
Overlooking (ignoring) the risk
Some participants reported an inclination to disregard the risk to avoid excessive stress and anxiety. In fact, overlooking the risk was a very common approach among our participants, even among those who educated themselves and were engaged in a healthy lifestyle:
The following quote from a 44 year-old participant who had both a low perceived risk score and a low perceived control score describes this approach. She and her partner decided not to undergo genetic screening tests.
Religious beliefs and hope
Religious beliefs and hope were other alleviating factors described by some participants. They reported that these beliefs helped them to stay calm and feel that they were not alone. A woman with a high perceived risk score and a low anxiety score commented that:
Another participant with a high perceived risk score and a moderate anxiety score expressed that her religious beliefs were important in how she dealt with the risk. This participant had a low perceived control score and decided not to undergo genetic screening tests.
Emphasis on positive social aspects of AMA
A tendency to emphasize positive aspects of pregnancy at older age emerged during the interviews. From some of our participants' perspectives, an older age improved their readiness to be a parent by having an established relationship and career, being mature both emotionally and personally, and developing problem solving skills through having various life experiences. Our participants weighed these advantages against biomedical risk in their risk assessment. The following quotes are from participants who had moderate perceived risk scores:
Communication with health professionals
Communication about risk from health professionals mostly focused on recommending screening tests. Participants' explanations reflected that, in the majority of cases, there was not a discussion about other age-related risks. On the other hand, most women preferred not to initiate risk communication. They reported receiving extra information about risk associated with older age as pointless and most likely stressful and anxiety provoking, because they knew they would not be able to change their risk factor; age:
Some women reported having negative communication with health professionals, as reflected by the following quote from a 35 year-old participant with a low risk pregnancy:
Some participants found risk discussions with their health care provider stressful. In reviewing participants' statements and their anxiety scores, it was apparent that anxiety may influence the way a pregnant woman interpreted risk information and the contents of risk communication. The following quote was offered by a 37 year-old participant who had both a high anxiety score and a high perceived risk score:
The definition of risk for women of AMA, similar to that of pregnant women of other ages
As is the case in previous research
Findings elucidated that nulliparous women aged 35 years or older were not a homogenous group in their pregnancy risk assessment. The data described above suggest that the perception of pregnancy risk may be a result of interactions among several factors including physiological and psychological elements, characteristics of the experienced risk, and feedback from health care providers. Despite the fact that our respondents were mostly aware of risks associated with pregnancy at age 35 years or older, the majority of them did not consider themselves to be high risk. This apparent disconnect can be explained by the fact that people typically tend to rate their personal risk lower in comparison to general risk
Previous prenatal loss was recently documented as a predictor of depression and anxiety in subsequent pregnancies, independent of other psychosocial and obstetric factors
Concerns about fetal health and well-being, particularly genetic abnormalities, were very common among our participants, as they have been found to be in other studies
Feelings of anxiety were described vaguely by our participants and there were notable variations among participants in expressing and wording their anxiety. This attitude may make the detection of anxiety in these women a challenge. There is evidence that antenatal anxiety is very prevalent and can increase the odds of postnatal depression
Women experienced a decrease in their perceived risk with advancing gestational weeks, which could be due to women becoming adapted to the state of being pregnant or becoming more positive about the outcome of their pregnancy as it advanced. An uncomplicated pregnancy and favorable screening results may contribute to decreased perception of risk over the course of pregnancy as well. A decline in worry about the baby's health from early pregnancy to the postpartum period has been reported in previous research
Consistent with research in other fields, our results demonstrated that pregnant women's personal or vicarious experience with a risk may increase the psychological availability of the risk and consequently, its perceived probability
While discrepancies between pregnant women's and health care providers' appraisals of risk have been documented in previous research
In the experience of our participants, any emphasis on the mother's good health by their care providers was described as reassuring. Conversely, negative messages about age by purely emphasizing pregnancy risks associated with AMA were described as very destructive and challenging, particularly for women with high levels of anxiety. These findings indicate that although offering risk information is part of the risk communication process, the woman's mental health should be considered to avoid unnecessary stress.
Comparison was a common risk appraisal strategy among our participants. However, women's evaluations were distinct from those of health professionals in that the participants often compared their risk to a known population such as their family members, friends, or stories from real people, which is entirely different from risks determined by epidemiological studies using population data. This disjuncture stems at least in part from the fact that pregnant women's understanding of risk is mostly based on their life experiences
One of the strengths of the study was the addition of quantitative measures (i.e., perception of pregnancy risk, anxiety, and perceived control) and the inclusion of a variety of perspectives from women of AMA with varying levels of risk perception, anxiety and perceived control. This diversity in the sample allowed for the documentation of variations in risk appraisal and also the identification of important issues that were common across participants. Another major strength was the contemporaneous exploration of risk perception during the pregnancy. It is important to consider the following limitations when interpreting and applying the results. First, our sample was representative of a middle class and married population; these characteristics may limit the generalization of the results. This is a small study based on 15 interviews in one geographical area in Canada; therefore, the results may not be generalizable to other populations. Finally, we recognize that selection bias may have been introduced as a purposeful sampling method was employed and those who volunteered to participate might have been different from those who did not.
Pregnancy at age 35 years or older within a healthy context and in the absence of other risk factors was perceived as a low risk pregnancy by the majority of our participants. However, in the presence of risk factors such as pregnancy complications, limited physical activity, unfavorable screening tests results, previous poor reproductive history, and anxiety, the risk associated with age was highlighted, and women were inclined to recognize their age as a risk factor for their pregnancy. This study adds to the literature on perception of pregnancy risk by identifying several factors that influence the perception of pregnancy risk. Understanding of these influential factors may help health care providers who care for pregnant women aged 35 years or older to gain insight into their perspectives on pregnancy risk and improve the effectiveness of risk communication strategies with this group.
Competing interests
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Authors' contributions
HB and MH conceived and designed the study. KD and ST provided important feedback and suggestions in designing the study. HB acquired the data. All authors contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data. HB drafted the manuscript, and MH, KD, and ST revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This research was supported by a grant from the Manitoba Institute of Child Health.
Dr. Heaman is supported through a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Chair in Gender and Health (2008-2013). Dr. Bayrampour was supported by a CIHR-Graduate Student Trainee Award funded by Dr. Heaman's Chair award during this research project.
Factors influencing women's decisions about timing of motherhood
Factors influencing childbearing decisions and knowledge of perinatal risks among Canadian men and women
Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome
Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome: a call for investigations on Asian women
Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome
Investigation of an increase in postpartum haemorrhage in Canada
Advanced maternal age and the risk of cesarean birth: A systematic review
Perceptions of risk during pregnancy amongst urban women in northeast Brazil
Why do at-risk mothers fail to reach referral level? Barriers beyond distance and cost
Tailoring peripartum nursing care for women of advanced maternal age
The Health Belief Model: a decade later
Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude-change
Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk
First mothering over 35 years: questioning the association of maternal age and pregnancy risk
Women's experiences of giving birth after 35
"Doing it properly": the experience of first mothering over 35 years
Editorial: The new era of mixed methods
Comparison of perception of pregnancy risk of nulliparous women of advanced maternal age and younger women (2012)
Predictors of perception of pregnancy risk among nulliparous women (under review)
Whatever happened to qualitative description?
What's in a name? Qualitative description revisited
Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries?
Psychometric testing of the Perception of Pregnancy Risk Questionnaire
How many interviews are enough?: An experiment with data saturation and variability
An overview of content analysis
Development of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales
Psychological adaptation and birth outcomes: the role of personal resources, stress, and sociocultural context in pregnancy
Qualitative research and the question of rigor
Factors influencing pregnant women's perceptions of risk
First time mothers over 35 years: Challenges for care?
Nulliparous women's perception of the risk of pregnancy after age 35
Factors in risk perception
Unrealistic optimism about future events
Psychological distress in women seeking genetic counseling for breast-ovarian cancer risk: the contributions of personality and appraisal
Perceived control as a buffer in the use of health care services
Previous prenatal loss as a predictor of perinatal depression and anxiety
Perceived control and adjustment to infertility among women undergoing in vitro fertilization
A population-based cohort study of birth and neonatal outcome in older primipara
Ultrasound screening for chromosomal abnormality: Women's reactions to false positive results
Women of advanced maternal age undergoing amniocentesis: a period of uncertainty
The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample
Detection and treatment of postnatal depression (perinatal depression or anxiety)
Using the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale to screen for perinatal anxiety
A qualitative study of mild to moderate psychological distress during pregnancy
Perception of risk in relation to ultrasound screening for Down's syndrome during pregnancy
Beyond medical risk: investigating the psychological factors underlying women's perceptions of susceptibility to breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis
Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample
Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems
Experience of risk for pregnant black women
Women's perceptions and management of a pregnancy complicated by chronic illness
Hospitalization history and differences in self-rated pregnancy risk
A comparison of childbirth expectations in high-risk and low-risk pregnant women
Perception of teratogenic risk and the rated likelihood of pregnancy termination: association with maternal depression
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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UK Online has become the first company to drop its monthly charge to under £10, undercutting rivals who include BT and AOL.
Experts say the move will lead to further price cuts within days as they companies compete for the huge market in high speed internet access.
Recent figures show that over five million people now have the highspeed connections.
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"This is going to spark a big price war among providers, in what is already a highly competitive area," said Dylan Armbrust, editor of Computer Active magazine. "These days a broadband connection is the same price as a dialup one, so a lot more people are switching over, and ?10 is a really important price point for consumers," he added.
UK Online's competitors are expected to cut their prices within days.
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"If you download a lot of music and video it's also worth paying a bit extra for higher speed services such as one or two MB connections - they make a huge difference."
Today's price cuts have been sparked by BT reducing the cost of getting access to its exchanges, allowing rivals to offer cheaper services.
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More Matter Jamie is a blog whose purpose I am trying to define and redefine on pretty much a constant basis. Featuring a mélange of fashion and lifestyle posts to inane vociferations on the worlds of pop culture and light entertainment, the blog is essentially an outlet for me to express what I'm interested in and write about whatever takes my fancy.
I am studying English at Trinity College, Dublin and hoping to one day pursue a career in media – both print and television.
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Cracking The Code
Only Computer Science (People,Product,Tech and Topics) Stuffs !!!
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Know The Indian Prime Man #Dr. Manindra Agrawal's Story Behind Prime Number.
PS:AKS primality test
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Professor Billionaire: The Stanford Academic Who Wrote Google Its First Check #David Cheriton
Shashank Mani Narayan
The Busy Guy
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is in his corner office waiting for his weekly research meeting to begin. The last slivers of sunlight filter through the windows, illuminating the pages of
Superyacht Living & Style
, a glossy magazine Cherit...
22,865 views
130 upvotes
Posted Dec 7, 2013


text:
A simple poem about war times (in relation to poppy day)
Fields crammed full,
of flowers so red,
we once were the livng,
now we're the dead.
Another death by day,
more tears by night,
people kept fighting though they knew they would die.
People trample on our graves,
the place where we lie,
this is where we belong,
the place where we died.
It's all over now,
the war is done,
and a wreath in remembrance tells everyone.
We're here, right now, under where you stand.
We fought for your lives on this holy land.
We lived and fought below,
swallows in the sky,
we are the dead,
and ask yourselves why.


text:
ali mohammad sagar
It's a Proxy War Not Just Law & Order Issue: J&K Deputy CM on Terror Attacks
The government said it is concerned about the safety of Amarnath pilgrims and tourists.June 29, 2016, 3:23 pm explore: India
Will not allow separate colonies for Kashmiri Pandits: NC
Opposition National Conference on Saturday said they will not let Jammu and Kashmir government to set up separate colonies for Kashmiri Pandits but would strive for return of the minority community to their native places in the Valley.May 4, 2015, 1:47 pm explore: India
Mehboob Beg has left the NC in the past; move is not surprising: Ali Mohammad Sagar
National Conference leader Ali Mohammad Sagar said that Mehboob Beg had left the NC in the past as well. "This move is not surprising. We will not be affected; the party will move on," said Ali Mohammad Sagar.November 16, 2014, 10:14 pm explore: Politics
Jammu and Kashmir govt seeks Rs 84 crore from Centre under BRGF
Jammu and Kashmir government has sought Rs 84 crore from the Centre under the Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) to boost development of the state's backward districts.August 23, 2013, 12:44 pm explore: India
Kishtwar: Opposition blames state government for violence
A curfew has been imposed and shoot at sight orders have been given after 2 people were killed on Friday.Mufti Islah, August 10, 2013, 10:25 pm explore: India
Chand visits quake-hit areas, reviews relief measures
The Ministers were informed that in Doda 29,000 houses have been damaged partially, while 10,500 have been severely damaged.May 17, 2013, 12:37 am explore: India
J&K govt assures all help to quake victims
Two persons were killed and 69 were injured when a quake of moderate intensity shook parts of North India on Wednesday.May 1, 2013, 8:35 pm explore: India
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text:
I love pictures, Gene, but I also want more text -heh, heh, why don't you
post what they left out? Just kidding.
That's one reason I miss TAG and The Garden. Articles were often in
depth. Horticulture used to have more in depth articles too, but lately
they have been trying to follow the typical short-attention-span
formula. Still, there's a lot of good info in there, especially, "If you
think you can't grow primroses, this [Primula sieboldii] will be the one
exception." Gene, I have tried and have killed every primrose. My best
luck was Primula denticulata which hung around for a couple of years and
then disappeared. So maybe I should try this one.
To sign-off this list, send email to email@example.com with the
message text UNSUBSCRIBE GARDENCHAT


text:
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Home › Forums › Campfire › Pre-Trip Planning › I'm off for a couple of months
Jun 26, 2012 at 3:46 pm #1291413
Roger CaffinModerator
@rcaffinLocale: Wollemi & Kosciusko NPs, Europe
Hi all
I will be off-air for a couple of months – July, August and part of September. Sue and I will be in Europe walking the Via Alpina Purple Route, hopefully end-to-end if we can go fast enough. So if anyone notices my absence …
In front of Triglav, Slovenia, 2011
CheersJun 26, 2012 at 3:58 pm #1890336
Barry CuthbertBPL Member
@nzbazzaLocale: New Zealand
And I take it if that we don't hear from you by mid Sept we are to raise the alarm and send out the search parties…Jun 26, 2012 at 4:01 pm #1890339
David UreMember
Have a great time, Roger!Jun 26, 2012 at 4:13 pm #1890343
Tom KirchnerBPL Member
@ouzelLocale: Pacific Northwest/Sierra
"So if anyone notices my absence …"
Uh oh, who's going to keep the rabble under control in your absence? ;=)
Bon voyage! And remember to take pictures. :)Jun 26, 2012 at 4:37 pm #1890351
Gary DunckelBPL Member
@zia-grill-guyLocale: Boulder
Have a grand journey, Roger. Maybe Maia can help fill in during your absence.Jun 26, 2012 at 5:58 pm #1890366
Ken T.BPL Member
Happy travels and fair weather Roger.
Don't worry Tom. We'll behave:pJun 26, 2012 at 6:02 pm #1890369
Mary DBPL Member
@hikinggrannyLocale: Gateway to Columbia River Gorge
Have a wonderful time, Roger and Sue!
Of course we expect a trip report with lots and lots of photos when you return!Jun 26, 2012 at 6:06 pm #1890371
Steven ParisBPL Member
@saparisorLocale: Pacific Northwest
I'm going to start posting unsubstantiated crackpot scientific theories about everything as soon as you leave. When you get back, it'll take you MONTHS to sort it all out! Muhahahahahah!
Seriously, however, have a nice trip!Jun 26, 2012 at 6:07 pm #1890373
DougBPL Member
Have a great time you two! I'm really looking forward to some trail notes when you get back!Jun 26, 2012 at 6:45 pm #1890387
John S.BPL Member
Have a great hike Roger!Jun 26, 2012 at 6:49 pm #1890391
Tad EnglundBPL Member
@bestbuilderLocale: Pacific Northwest
I hope you and Sue have a great time.
Take more pictures this time to put in your write ups.Jun 26, 2012 at 7:57 pm #1890420
Tom KirchnerBPL Member
@ouzelLocale: Pacific Northwest/Sierra
"Don't worry Tom. We'll behave:p"
What you mean WE, b'wana? ;0)Jun 27, 2012 at 1:03 am #1890479
Miguel ArboledaBPL Member
@butukiLocale: Kanto Plain, Japan
While you're gone, Roger, I'll do everything in my power to set things back on track here at BPL, namely steer the rabble back to your beloved pup tents and away from this blasphemy of "tunnel tents"! ;-^)
Have a safe and wonderful journey, Roger. I wish our summer journeys would pass in the vicinity of each other… it would be great to encounter you on the trail, but alas I'll be way west in the Pyrenees.Jun 27, 2012 at 3:35 am #1890482
James MarcoBPL Member
@jamesdmarcoLocale: Finger Lakes
Have a really nice trip, guys!Jun 27, 2012 at 3:59 am #1890484
David GoodyearBPL Member
@dmgoodyLocale: mid-west
have a great trip. you will be missed. Can't wait for a trip report.
DaveJun 27, 2012 at 3:46 pm #1890635
Roger CaffinModerator
@rcaffinLocale: Wollemi & Kosciusko NPs, Europe
Hey, thanks guys!
TR? I'll try. Will be taking lots of photos.
CheersJun 27, 2012 at 4:07 pm #1890641
Clayton MauritzenSpectator
@glacierramblerLocale: NW Montana
This looks like a very excellent walk. Happy trails! (And I for one second the need for a follow-up trip report.)
You must be logged in to reply to this topic.


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Lord Macartney was not the only British envoy to ruin a trade mission to China by refusing to kowtow to the Chinese emperor (Comment, 17 June). Lord Amherst failed similarly a few years later. When he called on Napoleon on St Helena in July 1817 en route back to England and told him his story, the captive emperor strongly rebuked him for not conforming to the customs of the country to which he had been accredited. By refusing to kowtow he had lost all the benefits he might have gained from his mission for his government. Napoleon was not prone to kowtow to anyone himself, but the flags and audience with the Queen arranged for the Chinese prime minister currently visiting London (whether or not it involves kowtowing) suggest that we have learned Napoleon's more pragmatic approach.
Brian Unwin
Dorking, Surrey
• It is worth remembering that the origins of 7:84 Theatre Company (Obituary, David MacLennan, 18 June) lay in the calculation in 1971 that 84% of the wealth of the nation was owned by 7% of the people. And now?
Rick Hall
• Frank Gordon may or may not be the only Guardian reader who's never heard of Modern Family (Letters, 18 June). But he's surely the only reader to complain about learning something new. What is reading for?
Russell T Davies
• Your correspondent Phil O'Neill (Letters, 18 June) reminded me of a favourite poem by Adrian Henri – Song for a Beautiful Girl Petrolpump Attendant on the Motorway: I wanted your soft verges But you gave me the hard shoulder.
Mike Carver
• Not as much as we laughed at a sign beside the A30: "Newly seeded verges."
David Collins
Harpenden, Hertfordshire
• I was met with some shock and amusement when I told my hosts in France that I came from Salop – the alternative name for my home county.
Rob Davies
Pontesbury, Shropshire


text:
Latest Weather Blog
Victim in Central Thruway wreck dies
CENTRAL - Baton Rouge Police said a woman who ran a red light and was hit by an 18-wheeler has died from her injuries.
Cpl. L'Jean McKneely said Jackie Addison, 28, of Denham Springs died after the wreck on the newly-opened Central Thruway Thursday evening. Two children who were in the van with her survived.
McKneely said the 18-wheeler was turning left on a protected arrow from Central Thruway onto South Choctaw Drive when Addison ran the red light, crashing her van into the big rig.
McKneely said investigators did not suspect alcohol to be a factor in the wreck, and there were no charges pending.


text:
California Hotel Reservations
The World of CA College Sports
Look Out for the Bruins, Trojans, and Aztecs
College Sports Teams in California
California is known for many things: wine regions, celebrities, traffic, amusement parks, and sunny beaches. But, for sports fans, it's home to some of the most exciting college sports in the nation. Whether it was UCLA's historic basketball domination of the 60s and 70s, or USC football's slew of conference titles and NFL draft picks during the 2000s, California's college sports landscape is rich in history, and continues to make it's mark.
Head into California's northern regions and you'll find cities like Menlo Park, Oakland, and San Francisco, each home to, or nearby, schools like Stanford, San Francisco, and Cal – all universities with fine academic standards, but who've also found a way to indelibly mark the college sports landscape for the better.
Fielding competitive teams in nearly all the major sports, these universities maintain a fierce, competitive spirit, while consistently striving to achieve greatness. Many California travelers enjoy a wide range of sporting events throughout the year. The winter and early spring months yield intense basketball action, and exciting slugfests of college baseball – there's nothing quite like the "ping" of the bats and the soar of the ball during college baseball season.
The summer and fall bring college football to the forefront. Cal, Stanford, UCLA, and USC all compete within the Pac-12 Conference, and have each seen their share of success on the gridiron. With beautiful San Diego as it's backdrop, San Diego State University competes in the Mountain West Conference, and fields teams in nearly every sport.
Whatever time of year you choose to travel, be sure to enjoy the pageantry and excitement of California college sports.
Choose From: San Francisco | USC | Stanford | UCLA | Cal | SDSU | Home
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text:
Constructions of Colonialism
€ 47,99
Bisher € 48,49
pdf eBook
Sofort lieferbar (Download)
Januar 1999
BeschreibungOne of the most famous shipwreck sagas of the 19th century took place on the tropical coast of north-east Australia. In 1836 the Stirling Castle was wrecked off the Queensland coast and many of the crew, together with the captain's wife, Eliza Fraser, were marooned on Fraser Island. Early sensationalized accounts represent Mrs Fraser as an innocent white victim of colonialism and her Aboriginal captors as barbarous savages. These "e;first contact"e; narratives of the white woman and her Aboriginal "e;captors"e; impacted significantly on England and the politics of Empire at an early stage in Australia's colonial history. The text critically examines the Eliza Fraser episode by bringing together an interdisciplinary team of authors, artists, members of the Fraser Island Aboriginal community and academics in the areas of cultural and women's studies, literature, history, anthropology, archaeology, the visual and creative arts. This book Essays include feminist analyses of the incident, investigations of textual and visual representations of Aboriginal people, and considerations of the role played by Elisa Fraser as creative inspiration for the arts. The text explores the constructions of Empire, colonialism, identity, femininity, savagery, otherness, captivity and survival.
Untertitel: Sprache: Englisch.
Verlag: Bloomsbury Publishing
Erscheinungsdatum: Januar 1999
Seitenanzahl: 192 Seiten
Format: pdf eBook
Kopierschutz: Adobe DRM


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✒ It seems that Tony Hall's new vision for the BBC doesn't include subjecting himself to critical questions from his audience, let alone probing print journalists. After last week's skilfully stage-managed session at Broadcasting House, Hall scarpered for a World at One interview, leaving his senior executives and a somewhat taciturn Lord Patten to chat to guests at the low-key reception afterwards. Hall is making a habit of this: at the Edinburgh TV festival in August, he suddenly sprang onto the stage for an unadvertised appearance in the session on Tony Hall's Big Decisions, said his piece and then was off. But is he quicker off the mark than Jay Hunt? Channel 4's fast-talking, fast-walking creative director has previously been unrivalled in post-press conference exit speed, and the emergence of a convincing challenger has whetted appetites for a head-to-head contest.
✒ With Hall gone, his finance chief Anne Bulford was invited by hacks to explain how more than £100m of extra savings would be achieved to pay for his vision, but she collared director of strategy James Purnell and asked him to field questions on the funding gap instead. As he then did the media rounds, it became clear that Purnell has assumed the duties of the Prophet Tony's representative on Earth. So glib and unruffled was the minister turned spinner later the same day on Newsnight that Jeremy Paxman was unusually reduced (as was the FT's John Gapper, who barely got a word in) to head-shaking, amused silence by his determination to complete his rehearsed spiel, whether someone else was trying to talk or not – a somewhat ironic deafness, given that Purnell was expounding Hall's dream of a future BBC that recognises the audience's right to be involved, one where "they will talk to us and we will listen".
✒ After serving a short prison sentence in 2008 for breaking a restraining order, Andy Kershaw disappeared from Radio 3's schedules and later criticised the "humiliating" last-minute decision to pull a Radio 4 interview with him by John Humphrys. More recently the award-winning world music DJ has presented occasional programmes without being awarded a regular slot. Yet when the BBC launched its new Playlister digital music recommendation service on Wednesday, whose face should appear on the screen presentation under the heading "curated by top music experts" but Kershaw's. Could rehabilitation be on the cards?
✒ The Thick Of It had an eery knack of anticipating developments at Westminster, and it looks as if Armando Iannucci's US political comedy Veep (which begins its second series on Sky Atlantic on Wednesday) has the same ability – coming up in episode 7 is a federal government shutdown.
✒ Minds may be a little scrambled at the Financial Times, following a scary memo from editor Lionel Barber which said anyone resisting change to working practices should sling their hook, sorry "make informed choices about their careers at the FT and where opportunities lie". Only that can surely explain the befuddlement of a hack who responded excitedly to seeing someone called Don Bradman commenting on a Pink 'Un piece on Sachin Tendulkar's retirement. "If this is THE Don Bradman … can we quote his comment in the story?" asked the poor chap of his colleagues in an email, before being told that the Don has been back in the celestial pavilion since 2001.
✒ Top press howlers of the week included the Daily Mail's royal correspondent Rebecca English being rebranded as "Royal English", and a Daily Telegraph article and standfirst comparing Prime Minister's Questions to "a day of bloodshed at the Coliseum" (ie, the London opera house). These were prominent blunders – a bold-print byline on an early page lead, a parliamentary sketch – suggesting the eyes of the papers' normally meticulous editors may for once have been off the ball. What on earth could have distracted them?
✒ A recent visitor to Roar, the management company chaired by Jonathan Shalit, reports that the high-profile talent Svengali (whose clients include Myleene Klass and Tulisa) is now billed as "Professor Jonathan Shalit" on the office walls. This boost to his ego may be timely and therapeutic, as on 23 October he pops up ingloriously in a BBC4 Storyville documentary (already viewable on iPlayer) that tells the story of Silibil N' Brains, a "Californian" rap duo he managed in the noughties who turned out to be fakers from Dundee.
✒ Q. In the poster for the new film of Romeo and Juliet, rewritten by Julian Fellowes, where does William Shakespeare rank in the credits? A. I will need a clue. Q. A number that is the answer to the meaning of life, the universe and everything in Hitchhiker's Guide. Or 24 places after the "hair designer" and 23 after the "make-up designer". How about a stab at Lord Fellowes's own ranking? A. Luckily, a bus is just passing, and I can see "adapted by Academy Award winner and creator of Downton Abbey" in large letters under the title – so second only to the stars. Q. What happens in Downton when his alter ego Lord Grantham becomes similarly self-important? A. His wife and mother treat him frostily, and ultimately Cora can lock her bedroom door. If the ridiculous behaviour continues, Bates might go on strike, forcing him humiliatingly to dress and undress himself.
✒ Geordie Greig's book on Lucian Freud was praised to the skies in the Mail on Sunday, treated ambivalently in the Daily Mail (which serialised it, but gave the impression of holding its nose as it did so) and has now been reviewed in sister title Metro. Siobhan Murphy – whose chances of an MoS job must be slim, but who may be echoing the private thoughts of execs on the daily paper – dismisses it as a "sloppily written" effort that "manages to be both fawning and awkwardly salacious". Greig is "starry-eyed about the posh circles Freud moved in", her hatchet job (headlined Sucking up to Lucian) continues, in a book that "feels like a stretched, gossipy magazine feature".