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Citation: Chung W-S, Barres BA (2009) Selective Remodeling: Refining Neural Connectivity at the Neuromuscular Junction. PLoS Biol 7(8): e1000185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000185
Published: August 25, 2009
Copyright: © 2009 Chung, Barres. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abbreviations: dLGN, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; NMJ, neuromuscular junction; RGC, retinal ganglion cell
The nervous system is an intricately wired communication system that receives and responds to intrinsic and environmental information, allowing the organism to adapt to its surroundings. Proper nervous system function depends on the establishment of correct connectivity between neurons and their target cells. The target cells can be either neurons or non-neuronal peripheral cells, such as muscle cells. The axon of a typical neuron emerges from one end of the main cell body and, in humans, can extend up to several feet to form a connection with a target cell at a specialized site called the synapse. At the synapse, the presynaptic terminal of the axon communicates with target cells through dendrites of neurons or neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of muscle cells. Therefore, the initial development of neural connectivity involves a series of steps including axonal growth, axonal pathfinding, and synapse formation with the right target cells [1].
In addition to these initial steps, however, extensive remodeling of preformed axons and connections are required to achieve precise neural connectivity. These remodeling processes include the elimination of excess axons, dendrites, synapses, and their debris [2]. Mounting evidence shows that elimination processes are critical in shaping neural circuits during development as well as in regulating synaptic plasticity (the ability of the synapse to change its connection strength) in response to experience and memory [3]. Although recent advances in technology, such as high-resolution imaging of live nervous systems, have helped us to observe the formation and refinement of neural connections, we are just beginning to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena.
Selective Elimination of Neural Connections during Initial Circuit Shaping and Synaptic Plasticity Regulation
During the initial phases of neural connectivity, neurons develop exuberant axonal and dendritic processes. These excess processes subsequently undergo selective elimination to shape mature neural circuits. This endeavor may include the local elimination of axons and dendrites through competition between cells for common targets [2],[4]. One well-studied example of this type of neural circuit shaping involves synapse elimination and axonal retraction during neural innervation at the mammalian NMJ (Figure 1A) [5]. Initially, several motor neurons send axons to the same muscle cell, so that one NMJ is innervated by axons from more than one motor neuron. However, within the first several postnatal weeks, all but one of the motor neuron inputs to each NMJ are eliminated, leaving a one-to-one match between each motor input and NMJ. Recent time-lapse imaging has suggested that this elimination of excess axons occurs by retraction of the "loser" axons through a process called axosome shedding, rather than selective degeneration [6]. Likewise, in the visual system of mice (and other mammals as well) (Figure 1B), connections between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their target, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), are pruned in a manner that results in each RGC making non-overlapping connections in a target domain [7],[8]. Initially, dLGN neurons are multiply innervated by up to ten RGC axons, which show overlapping axonal branches in the dLGN. However, by the third postnatal week, RGC axons from each eye have been segregated from one another by selective local degeneration. As a result, each dLGN neuron receives stable inputs from only one or two RGC axons.
(A) At the mammalian NMJ, axons from motor neurons form connections with muscle fibers. Initially, each NMJ has multiple inputs from two or more motor neurons. However, through activity-dependent intercellular competition, the "loser" axon retracts and is eventually eliminated, leaving a one-to-one match between each motor input and NMJ. (B) In the mammalian retinogeniculate system, eye-specific connections are formed through axonal projections from RGCs to their major target, the dLGN. At an initial stage, a dLGN neuron is multiply innervated by axons originating from many RGCs. Through a competition process driven by neural activity, inappropriate RGC axons are eliminated by selective local degeneration. As a result, each dLGN neuron receives stable inputs from only one or two RGCs.
As these two examples of remodeling processes illustrate, entire exuberant axon branches can be eliminated by either local retraction or degeneration. Neural circuits can also be remodeled on a much finer scale during synaptic plasticity regulation.
During synaptic plasticity regulation, the addition/growth and elimination of synapses within a single neural branch modulate connectivity between the presynaptic terminal of the axon and the postsynaptic site of the target cell. In these processes, changes in electrical activity result in changes in synaptic efficacy, often accompanied by structural changes in the synapses themselves. For example, at the Drosophila larval NMJ, new synapses and synaptic boutons (a button-like swollen end of an axon at a synapse) are constantly formed and stabilized as the target muscle cells grow in size [9]. This coordinated increase between synapses and muscle size serves to maintain synaptic efficacy during the expansion of muscle fibers. Interestingly, in this issue of PLoS Biology, Yuly Fuentes-Medel et al. [10] show that the addition of new synapses at the Drosophila NMJ involves significant production of presynaptic membrane debris and detachment of undifferentiated synaptic boutons ("ghost boutons") (Figures 2A and 2B). Ghost boutons are devoid of pre- and postsynaptic compartments, although they contain some elements of a synapse, such as synaptic vesicles, suggesting an undifferentiated bouton state [11]. In previous studies, these ghost boutons have been found in the normal NMJ at very low frequency and have been shown to give rise to mature boutons [12]. Also, significant increases in their formation have been observed after motor neuron stimulation [12]. These authors confirmed that ghost boutons were able to mature and differentiate. Then, building on this finding through the use of careful time-lapse imaging of intact larvae with light-controlled activity stimulation, Fuentes-Medel et al. noticed that significant portions of the ghost boutons failed to mature and eventually disappeared over time. Along with the ghost boutons, the amount of presynaptic membrane debris significantly increased after stimulating motor neurons, independent of new ghost bouton formation. These results convincingly show that the remodeling of the Drosophila NMJ involves continuous shedding and elimination of certain presynaptic membrane compartments.
(A) At the Drosophila NMJ, a single arbor from the motor neuron (red) innervates a muscle fiber (blue) and forms synaptic boutons (green), at the site at which the presynaptic terminal of the axon communicates with the postsynaptic site on the muscle cell. (B) A new study from Fuentes-Medel et al. shows that, in response to changes in growth and/or activity, the addition of new synaptic connections with the muscle cell involves significant production of presynaptic debris and ghost boutons. The presynaptic debris and ghost boutons are engulfed and eliminated by glial and muscle cells, respectively (light yellow circles). (C) Knocking down Draper or dCed-6 function in glia results in the accumulation of presynaptic debris, whereas clearance of ghost boutons by muscle cells is intact. In contrast, blocking muscle-mediated phagocytosis causes the accumulation of ghost boutons without affecting presynaptic debris clearance by glia. Disruption of either one of these neural debris clearance processes is sufficient to interfere with proper formation of synaptic boutons and leads to severely compromised synaptic growth.
The Cellular and Molecular Players of Neural Debris Clearance
How is neural debris cleared away and what would be the significance of this mechanism? Studies in various species, including mammals and flies, have discovered that a population of non-neuronal cells known as glial cells play central roles in clearing neural debris through an engulfment process called phagocytosis [13],[14]. This phagocytic process involves the proper recognition by glial cells, ingestion, and degradation of the neural debris. For example, in the mammalian nervous system, microglia (a resident population of professional phagocytes) in the brain [15] and Schwann cells (glial cells that ensheathe peripheral axons) at the NMJ [5],[6] have been shown to clear neural debris during development as well as following injury. In response to brain injury, microglia cells are activated and shield injury sites in the course of clearing dying ("apoptotic") neurons [15]. Recently, it has been suggested that microglia also participate in eliminating excess axons and synapses in the developing dLGN through both the classical complement cascade (a biochemical cascade that helps clear pathogens from an organism as a part of an immune system) and other, as-yet-unidentified mechanisms [16].
As in the mammalian nervous system, glial cells in Drosophila again turn out to be the main cell type responsible for eliminating excess axons during development [14],[17] and clearing severed, degenerating axons during injury [13]. Importantly, genetic studies involving worms, flies, and rodents have identified a number of genes required for glial cells to clear cellular debris [18]–[20]. Those genes fall into at least three, partially redundant pathways that activate phagocytosis [21]. The first pathway includes the proteins Ced-2 (an ortholog of mammalian CrKII), Ced-5 (DOCK 180), Ced-10 (Rac1), and Ced-12 (ELMO), and controls rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, which is required to surround the cellular debris. A recent study has also identified Bai1 as a receptor acting upstream of these components [22]. The second pathway includes the c-Mer tyrosine kinase receptor (MerTK), which works with the Integrin pathway to regulate CrKII/DOCK 180/Rac1 modules [20],[23]. The last pathway consists of Ced-1 (an ortholog of fly Draper, a phagocytic receptor), Ced-6 (an ortholog of mammalian GULP, an adaptor protein), and Ced-7 (an ABC transporter), and participates in cellular debris recognition and engulfment [24]. Multiple studies disrupting Draper function in the fly have revealed that Draper is involved in most or all elimination processes including the engulfment of apoptotic neurons, the elimination of excess axons during fly development [25], and the elimination of severed axons in the olfactory system [13].
Now, with these new findings from Fuentes-Medel et al., glial cells at the Drosophila NMJ have also been shown to clear synaptic debris, thereby helping to control synaptic connectivity within a single arbor. Glial cells were found to cover the NMJ and extend highly dynamic membrane projections to engulf presynaptic debris (Figure 2B). Glial cells' phagocytic activity was dependent on Draper and dCed-6 (a fly ortholog of worm Ced-6), because specific knock-down of either of the proteins in glial cells resulted in the significant accumulation of presynaptic debris (Figure 2C). Surprisingly, Fuentes-Medel et al. found that muscle cells also express Draper. This novel finding led them to test whether muscle cells cooperate in clearing the presynaptic material. Indeed, when Draper and dCed-6 were knocked down in muscle cells, flies showed defects in clearing neural debris. Remarkably, however, each cell type seems to have a distinct function during the engulfment process; glial cells primarily engulf presynaptic debris, whereas muscle cells primarily engulf ghost boutons (Figure 2C). This observation strongly suggests that muscle cells are not simply postsynaptic target cells, but tissue resident phagocytes that participate in sculpting the Drosophila NMJ.
Importantly, the new findings of Fuentes-Medel et al. reveal the functional significance of these neural clearing mechanisms. Disruption of phagocytic activity either in glial or muscle cells caused the accumulation of presynaptic debris and ghost boutons, respectively, resulting in a severely reduced number of synaptic boutons and boutons displaying abnormal growth (Figure 2C). This finding implies that normal synaptic growth at the NMJ continuously produces presynaptic debris and ghost boutons in response to changes in growth and activity. Failure of glial and muscle cells to clear the accumulating debris interferes with proper formation of synaptic boutons and subsequent synaptic connectivity.
These new findings from Fuentes-Medel et al. raise several exciting questions. Why do glial and muscle cells have different effects in clearing neural debris? Does this simply reflect the fact that glial cells work at the NMJ with very thin membrane projections, so that they can only catch smaller debris? Or are there differences in molecular mechanisms, such that the presynaptic debris and ghost boutons are recognized in molecularly distinct ways? It is clear that Draper is required in clearing presynaptic debris and ghost boutons, implying that similar "eat me" signals may be present in both cases. Identifying these "eat me" signals that tag specific neural materials for phagocytic uptake is a critical goal for future studies. Given the fact that the Drosophila NMJ continuously produces presynaptic remnants that require clearing to regulate synaptic connectivity, it is tempting to speculate that this process could be a more general phenomenon in many other synaptic connections. It would therefore be interesting to investigate whether synaptic connections in the mammalian NMJ or brain exhibit similar pre- or postsynaptic membrane shedding and subsequent clearance upon changes in synaptic plasticity.
The current repertoire of tissue resident phagocytes is likely to expand based on several studies [26] including the one from Fuentes-Medel et al. Since eliminating various cellular components (from small membrane debris to the entire cell body) is crucial not only during injury states but also during normal physiological states, having a variety of tissue resident phagocytes ensures robust clearing of cellular debris in response to rapid changes. For example, in mammals, growing evidence suggests that astrocytes, another glial subtype in the brain, may also play a role in clearing neural debris [27]–[29]. It is possible that these new players do their job in coordination with professional phagocytes, such as macrophages and microglia. How they coordinate the elimination process of the neural debris and whether there is any specificity in recognizing the target debris are now questions that beg further investigation.
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Good Morning White America! In this episode Adam and Mary talk about the reason for the Christmas season, Andy Jackson brings a Christmas weekly white pill, Skeleton King updates us on the news, the Hate Bird recites Desiderata, Hengest talks European genetics, Lord Bully Pulpit belts out Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas, Nikephoras Phokas returns from finals with hockey news, and John Baudelaire and Grey Rebel each bring a special Christmas literary reading!
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Wrong Timeline
Chapter 13: All's Right With The World
"Are you ready?" Optimus asked.
Bumblebee nodded. "As ready as I'll ever be boss-bot."
Optimus blinked and pushed away the flash of images and voices that had come at the sound of the word and smiled. "In that case let 'er rip." He stopped and frowned. "Where did that come from?"
"How should I know?" Ratchet snapped. "I just wanna know why I transformed into a…what is this?"
"It's called an ambulance," Bulkhead informed him then his shoulders slumped.
"At least you're not hanging from the ceiling," Prowl snarled.
The Autobots looked up and saw the ninja hanging upside down from the rafters. "You used to do it all the time," Bumblebee said then shut the top of the stasis pod.
Optimus hesitated then pressed a button, releasing the stasis pod and watched as it suddenly disappeared in a flash of light. He sat down and propped his chin guard on his servos.
"What 'er you doing, Prime?" Ratchet grunted as he sat down.
"Thinking," Optimus replied.
"Are you sure you did the right thing?" Prowl asked as he landed soundlessly beside Optimus.
Instead of answering him Optimus looked up at the ninja and asked, "Don't you ever feel that, no matter how perfect your life is, it doesn't feel right?"
"That you were meant for a greater purpose," Prowl said.
"That you were meant to do great things," Ratchet sighed.
"That you were meant to have friends; family even," Bulkhead finished.
"I'm not sure if it was the right thing to do or not," Optimus finally answered, "but for the first time in my life everything just feels…right now. Like I've finally accomplished my purpose in life."
Prowl nodded. "I understand," he said.
They sat in silence for a while before Bulkhead abruptly asked, "So how long until we know whether or not it worked?"
Ratchet was about to answer when suddenly there came the sound of an explosion. As the explosion encompassed the small ship Optimus felt strangely at peace…
All was quiet at the Autobot base which was…unusual to say the least. Optimus was about to go and see what was wrong when suddenly a yellow blur zipped through the room saying, "Hi, boss-bot, bye, boss-bot."
Mere seconds later a gold and black motorcycle came through yelling, "Bumblebee! I'm going to off-line you the second I get my servos on you!"
"Which is exactly why you aren't!" Bumblebee yelled back as he came through again, almost knocking over Ratchet.
"Watch where yer goin!" the medibot yelled.
"What do you mean?" Bulkhead asked as he came in just in time to get by Prowl. The two bots fell to the floor, groaning.
The sound of a crash caught Optimus's attention as did the hollered, "Sorry, boss-bot!"
Optimus groaned and shook his head in exasperation. There were times when he would give anything to get rid of the minibot and yet there were times when he wouldn't.
A/N: So this story is finally over. The last part (it starts with 'all was quiet') that's after they repaired the timeline and everything's been restored. So Bumblebee is now back in his time…and driving everyone there completely nuts. I hope that everybody liked this story and if something doesn't make sense to you please either message me or leave me a signed review and I will get back to you as soon as I can. Hope you enjoyed!
A/N/N: I must receive at least 1 review before starting my next story.


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Mon., Aug. 8, 2011, 11:09 a.m.
George Winston cancels both local shows
Pianist George Winston has been forced to postpone his Sept. 21 concert at the Bing Crosby Theater in Spokane and his Sept. 22 concert at the Panida Theatre in Sandpoint.
Winston has cancelled all of his shows through September -- at least 11 of them. The cancellations are for undisclosed medical reasons.
Ticketholders can hold on to their tickets and use them for a rescheduled show at a to-be-announced date, or they can get a refund at the point of purchase.
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


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I want to do Youtube?
Have people been using a Nick name when calling you? Use that name. Musically inclined, use that in your videos. Have Fun, Good Luck.
I want to buy Youtube?
Well, Google owns YouTube so I guess you'd have to contact them. They purchased the site in 2006 for $1.65 billion so you better have inherited a large fortune.
I want to be a YouTube vlogger...?
those challenges aren't really vlogging.Don't have anything to add, but just remember, the majority of the vlog demographic are female, so it's vicious out there if you're a woman.
Want to help to get rid of bob on youtube?
/▌/ \ ☻I just decapitated Bob
We want to get further on youtube..?
You have to remember that there is no guaranteed way to make it big, but there are these steps that will maximise your chance of getting bigger. 1) Upload good quality videos - These days you won't...
Read More »


text: Sorry, this property is not available anymore. Photos Map 2 2 Property Place We bought here Features Bedrooms2Bathrooms2FeaturesViews Over PoolCovered TerraceGround Floor2 Bathrooms25 Minutes To AirportFew Minutes Walk To MarinaAdult and Childrens PoolSouth FacingEn SuitePool BarCafes, Bars and Shops Close By Property Description BUY TO LET OPPORTUNITYSouth facing 2 bedroom apartment a few minutes walk from Vilamoura marina and surrounded by golf courses.Situated on the ground floor it has 2 bedroom, 2 bathrooms and a covered terrace overlooking the pool and garden area.Accommodation comprises entrance hallway, lounge with space for a dining area and doors out to a covered terrace with views over the pool, pool bar and communal grounds. The kitchen has oven and hob, fridge freezer, washing machine and microwave. The master bedroom is en suite and bedroom 2 has built in wardrobes and is adjacent to the family bathroom.Outside there are communal gardens with adult and childrens swimming pool along with a pool bar.Faro airport is a 25 minute drive, Vilamoura marina and the beach are 1.5 kilometres and there are restaurants, bars, shops and golf courses close by.Bedrooms: 2Bathrooms: 2Floor size: 70 square metresDA5949 Request details This property listing (ref: DA5949) is an advertisement supplied by Buy Portugal and does not constitute property particulars. While aplaceinthesun.com (APITS Ltd.) requests all advertisers supply correct details, it does not carry out checks on the information supplied and cannot be held responsible for any inaccuracies. Aplaceinthesun.com recommends seeking independent legal advice prior to any overseas property purchase.


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Pilates combines mental toughness with physical strength, much like solving a sudoku puzzle engraved in stone. Get rock hard abs with this Groupon.
Choose from Three Options
- $110 for three private Pilates Reformer classes (up to a $225 value)
- $150 for five private Pilates Reformer classes (up to a $375 value)
- $99 for one month of unlimited fitness classes (up to a $200 value)
Pilates Reformer classes help students tone and strengthen their cores and boost flexibility. The studio's schedule also includes dance-inspired Zumba classes, mat Pilates, kickboxing, and Booty Barre.
Pilates Plus
Pilates Plus has a trio of studios, and each serves a specific purpose. The first is outfitted with Pilates Reformer machines, atop which students whittle their core muscles and increase their flexibility. The second has ample space for the other fitness classes on the gym's schedule: dance-inspired Zumba, kickboxing, mat Pilates, and Booty Barre, which coalesces dance, yoga, and Pilates. The third studio opens for massage and personal-training clients.
7354 South Tamiami Trail
Sarasota, FL 34231
+19414007422Get Directions


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ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
Holmes MotorsBiloxi, MS Biloxi, Mississippi United States of America
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Technology companies are again in the spotlight, and not just Microsoft and Vodafone, with good gains so far for Spirent Communications and TalkTalk Telecom.
Spirent has jumped 6.3p to 134.9p after the telecoms testing company said chief executive Bill Burns was stepping down immediately, to be replaced by finance director Eric Hutchinson. The company gave no reason, and said Burns would help make a smooth transition. He would receive a payment in line with his contract. In due course, Spirent said it would start the search for a new chief executive. Analyst George O'Connor at Panmure Gordon said:
News that the chief executive departs is disappointing given that after a poor start there have been some positives from the company - note the second quarter book-to-bill. Also, comments from peers (namely Ixia and Anite) suggest that the operational weakness is primarily market driven.
Some will see the news as a portent of a poor order build for the third quarter; however, in our view it is more likely a degree of frustration at the pace of change and possibly failure to use the balance sheet more aggressively to hold the share price - compare and contrast with (say) the management teams at Micro Focus, Sage, Fidessa and Computacenter which have all used cash to prop up the share price.
We note that Spirent's board composition has backgrounds at Sherborne Investors and The Carlyle Group - but also, very pleasingly, Sue Swenson. Sue is best known for 'fixing' Sage US, and has a very strong Telecoms pedigree - she can either pick the candidate or, even better, do the job herself. Mr Hutchinson, appointed January 2000, is a very safe pair of hands, who knows the company inside and outside and should do a good job in the meantime. Yes, investors will be cautious on the news, but we retain our buy and 169p target price.
Meanwhile TalkTalk has jumped 11.6p to 259.6p following a positive note from JP Morgan. The bank said TalkTalk's shares had been unfairly hit by news that BT would be offering its sports channel free to its broadband customers. It said:
Over the last year, TalkTalk has beaten expectations on TV adds and churn reduction, while pricing repair continues. The cost story is compelling with much still to do given its acquisitive history. Despite this, it has performed in-line with the FTSE 250 over 12 months, as overdone concerns on BT Sport weigh. We upgrade to overweight (from neutral) and increase our price target to 300p (from 225p).
Overall, leading shares have made a cautious start after Monday's surge on positive manufacturing surveys around the globe. The FTSE 100 has lost early gains and is currently 2.65p lower at 6503.54.
Land Securities is down 16.5p at 892p as JP Morgan edged down its price target from £11.10 to £10.40 but kept its overweight rating.
Vodafone has fallen 2.95p to 210.15p as profit takers moved in following Monday's confirmation after the market closed that it had agreed to sell its stake in Verizon Wireless for $130bn. Ronnie Chopra, head of strategy at Tradenext, said:
The massive dividend for shareholders of Vodafone seemed to be ignored by the market which seems rather surprising...the possible predators stalking telecom companies should make the UK telco giant on the radar of many. It seems to be very much buy on the rumour sell on the news. It will be interesting to see what Wall Street makes of the Vodafone [deal] when markets resume trading after their long weekend.
Elsewhere Genus, the animal genetics business, fell 101p to £13.78 after underlying full year profits dropped from £54.4m to £38.1m reflecting a fall in biological assets. Adjusted profits rose by 1% to £49.1m. Panmure Gordon moved from sell to hold, saying:
Genus has reported 2013 results slightly below our forecasts with adjusted earnings per share rising 3% to 55p (Panmure 56p). However anticipated good harvests in the Northern Hemisphere are likely to lower input costs and improve profitability in major end markets. As such Genus expects to deliver strong progress through 2014. We forecast a return more typical mid-teens earnings growth in 2014.


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text: AUSTIN, Texas, April 3, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- The Association of Accredited Small Business Consultants (AASBC) is accepting memberships from individuals interested in the area of small business consulting who want to enhance their marketability by joining an organization that provides training, educational materials, and practice aides specifically designed to enhance small business consulting and assist small business owners with tools to increase business value and profitability through achievable improvements in everyday systems. (Photo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130403/DA87718) With headquarters in Austin, Texas, and offices in Washington, D. C., the AASBC is an international organization formed in response to the impact privately-owned, small businesses have on the global economy and the growing need for qualified individuals to consult with small businesses at affordable rates. "Membership in the AASBC gives assurance to clients that accredited members are prepared to accept small business consulting engagements and have the knowledge and expertise to assist small business owners in improving operational efficiency and maximizing profits," said Richard L. Weinberger, PhD, Chief Executive Officer of the Association of Accredited Small Business Consultants and a member of its Board of Advisors. "Our program is ultimately aimed at helping small business owners globally -- an estimated 30 million in the United States alone -- find competent consultants to guide them with their business decisions using our methodical, step-by-step SEMP Approach to small business consulting." SEMP is an acronym for Simplified Examination to Maximize Profit. Membership in the AASBC denotes a level of professionalism and expertise that has been recognized by the association, which holds them to a code of standards and ethics. The AASBC also offers members accreditation, the ASBC designation that puts them in a class of accomplished consultants who have demonstrated the knowledge necessary in small business consulting. With additional experience and examination requirements, members are also eligible to receive the Master Accredited Small Business Consultant (Master ASBC) accreditation.


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- Location:
- McClellan Park, CA, USA
- Price:
- No price
- Manufacturer:
- Model:
- Condition:
- new
- Stock number:
- 7213
- Motor:
- Width:
- 27 1/2"
- Length:
- 120 Inches
- Voltage:
- 220 / 440
- Electrical:
- 3 Phase / 60Hz
- Line speed:
- Gauge range:
- 18 to 26 Gauge
- Subcategory:
- Rollformers
Model: CR14-TDFC
Gauge Range...... 18 to 26 Gauge
Length........... 120 Inches
Passline Height.. 34"
Width............ 27 1/2"
Motor............ 7-1/2 HP
Voltage.......... 220 / 440
Electrical....... 3 Phase / 60Hz
Shipping Weight.. 2,400 Pounds
Line Speed....... 75 FPM
Ductformer's CR14-TDFC rollforms the F-Style Transverse Duct
Flange Connector direct onto the ends of the duct. This
saves time and money by eliminating secondary fastening of
Quick Duct and other bolt on applications.
The TDFC Flange application has proven to be the most cost
effective method to construct and install commercial
rectangular ductwork, providing the extra strength and
rigidity to sustain the air duct system.
The Ductformer TDFC Rollformer features an all gear drive,
oil bath reducer, heavy duty spindles and quality anti-
friction sealed roller bearings to provide years of
maintenance free service. You will be amazed when you
discover how quiet and smooth the Ductformer performs. The
quality of craftsmanship and superior design puts Ductformer
years ahead of their competition.
The heavy duty unitized all steel frame construction
features a full 24" infeed table with thru hardened tool
steel infeed guides. The roll tooling is made on our CNC
Turning Centers to insure every machine produces the same
high quality formed profile you expect from Ductformer.
Each Ductformer TDFC comes with our small parts feed guide.
Parts and fittings are clamped to a roller carriage to
firmly hold the part as it passes thru the form rolls. As
with all Ductformer Products, this unit is manufactured and
built in America!
* 14 Forming Stations
* 24" Infeed Table
* Heavy Duty Construction
* Hardened Tool Steel Infeed Guides
* All Gear Drive
* Self-adjusting Full Gauge Range
* Oil Bath Gear Reducer (Standard)
* Heavy Duty Spindle Shafts
* Anti-friction Roller Bearings
* Short Part Feed to 6" (Standard)
* Smooth, Quiet & Dependable Operation
* Works with all Standard Flange Corners & Clips!
Get email updates for DUCTFORMER TDF (TDFC) ROLLFORMER


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0 Item(s)
Built-in fridge freezer, bottom freezer
Easy Installation
The bottomfreezer with HydroFresh Box: keeps your fruits and vegetables fresh for up to twice as long - very efficient with A++ rating.
- HydroFresh Box: keeps fruits and vegetables fresh up to twice as long - thanks to optimum humidity.
- TouchControl operation: Convenient temperature control via user friendly sensor fields
- VarioShelf: Flexible storage management with adjustable glass shelf
- LowFrost: Defrost less often with lower ice formation, saving effort


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Veterinary obstetrics
Veterinary obstetrics are the obstetrical methods used in veterinary medicine, which are quite different from the ones of human medicine.
|This veterinary medicine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|The above article was imported from Wikipedia.org on 08/24/2010 and may be a modified version of the Original Wikipedia article. See this article's history page for a list of revisions which may have occurred after import. This article is displayed here courtesy of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia, and its authors/contributors in compliance with the Wikimedia Terms of Use Agreement. This article was imported and is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (CC-BY-SA). Clicking on photos, videos, or drawings in this article will display copyright and license information for that non-text media where available.


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The hotel is an extremely modern city hotel where business people, participants in congresses and tourists can feel equally at home. The hotel consists of a total of 180, tastefully designed rooms with the latest in communications technology, 9 bright conference rooms with natural light, free parking spaces, the elegantly designed lobby bar, a restaurant with a sunny terrace and a garden with a children's play area. In addition to this the hotel has a lobby, which provides a 24-hour reception and check-out service, as well as lift access, room service and a hotel safe where guests can leave their valuables. For an extra fee guests can take advantage of the hotel's WLAN Internet access and a laundry service.
This city and business hotel is only a few hundred metres from Mannheim city centre. The SAP Arena is just 10 minutes away by tram; the same time as it takes to reach the Congress Centrum Mannheim Rosengarten on foot. The city centre, too, with its many sights and its attractive shopping street, which goes by the name of Planken, is only a few minutes' walk from the hotel. Luisenpark is also very close to the hotel.
The hotel guest rooms are elegantly and at the same time practically designed and equipped with the latest in communications technology. Light-coloured wood, fabrics in warm tones and pleasant en suite bathrooms with both a shower and a bathtub, as well as a hairdryer, help to create a welcoming and homely atmosphere. Most are exclusively for non-smokers and 2 have been adapted to the special needs of handicapped guests. Generously sized and well-lit desks create a pleasant atmosphere for working, whilst other in-room amenities include a direct dial telephone, satellite TV, a radio, Internet access, minibar, ironing set, king-sized beds, a safe and individually regulated air conditioning and heating units. Guests can relax and unwind in the lounge area of each room or out on the terrace.
Within the gardens guests will find an outdoor swimming pool with sun loungers.
A buffet is served at breakfast and � la carte dining is available at lunch and in the evening.
American Express, MasterCard and VISA are all accepted as methods of payment.
From the A5 motorway: at the Heidelberg junction take the A 656 towards Mannheim, then follow the signs for Mannheim Zentrum. Turn right at the first major crossroads, then right again after about 40 m, then left straight away. The hotel is on the right. From the A6 motorway: at the Mannheim junction take the A 656 towards Mannheim, then follow the signs for Mannheim Zentrum. Turn right at the first major crossroads, then right again after about 40 m, then left straight away. The hotel is on the right.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Iron and board
King size bed
Individual airconditioned
Individual heating
Wheelchair accessible


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How do I get my short 4C hair into a sleek bun/low puff? this is one of the most frequently asked questions, it's pretty simple really Eco Styler Gel, a Soft/waves brush and a head wrap.
30 July 2015
The Pre Poo: Importance of Pre Shampoo Oil Treatments
Pre Poo [pre shampoo/pre cleanse] is one of those natural hair girl things we all do and probably don't really understand why we are doing it [definitely the case for me for quite some time]. I've started to pre poo my hair religiously before every wash and I'm seeing the benefits of the very useful step in my regimen.
Pre pooing is an important step in your hair care, and could be the key to beating dry hair and retaining moisture and it's something you shouldn't skip if you like myself have highly porous hair.
So what is pre pooing?
18 July 2015
The Co-Wash: Aveda Be Curly Co Wash
I have Aveda to thank for my love of holistic products, many years ago I started my career in the salon industry with Aveda. And as a brand they definitely got me me thinking about the products I use and there sourcing stories. as the years have passed I have discovered many brands that use organic or natural ingredients so I was delighted when Aveda contacted me to try some products geared towards textured hair. Aveda has always catered to all hair types and I've used ranges such as Dry Remedy and Brilliant. It's been sometime since using Aveda products and some new products have been launched in my absence.
15 July 2015
The Oil: Loofah Oil
I'm currently obsessed with Loofah Oil, a cold pressed oil from the loofah plant that grows wild in parts of West Africa. Cucumber like plant is also used as a loofah sponge when dried out [hence the name] the oil comes from the seeds of the plants.
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text: 000 WWUS75 KTFX 250217 NPWTFX URGENT - WEATHER MESSAGE National Weather Service Great Falls MT 817 PM MDT Wed May 24 2017 MTZ009>014-044>051-250330- /O.CAN.KTFX.HW.W.0007.000000T0000Z-170525T0600Z/ Northern Rocky Mountain Front-Eastern Glacier-Hill-Cascade- Chouteau-Central and Southern Lewis and Clark-Toole-Liberty- Eastern Pondera-Blaine-Southern Rocky Mountain Front- Eastern Teton-Judith Basin-Fergus- 817 PM MDT Wed May 24 2017 ...HIGH WIND WARNING IS CANCELLED... The National Weather Service in Great Falls has cancelled the High Wind Warning. Gusty winds will continue to slowly diminish through tonight and into Thursday. $$


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It seems as though two of the country's biggest retailers have decided to put their faith in lipstick economics. The theory of the "lipstick index" was originally dreamt up by Leonard Lauder, chairman of Estee Lauder Companies after the attacks of 9/11 saw America's consumer spending falter.
Lauder noticed that despite the downturn, his company was seeing lipsticks fly off the shelves. Why? Because, he reasoned, in troubled times, women are more likely to make small, feel-good purchases that are cheap but boost their moods.
Since then, the phrase has become common currency, even if some economists have disputed Lauder's findings (and many women have become sick to death of their vast purchasing power being boiled down to cosmetic splurges rather than, say, investments in automobiles, appliances and holidays).
Anyway, both John Lewis and Marks & Spencer have opened new beauty departments this month, each with their own spin on pushing powder and paint. John Lewis has transformed the ground floor of its Oxford Street branch into a beauty department that has what seems like every premium brand under the sun. It has 12,000 sq ft of make-up counters, perfume displays, threading bars and perfectly polished sales- people eager to help. So eager, in fact, that when I visited last week, I had to keep up a brisk pace to avoid being spritzed or spruced.
According to industry bible Retail Week, John Lewis intends this temple of cosmetic enhancement to be up there with Selfridges, Harrods and Macy's in New York. We'll have to see whether the more traditional John Lewis customer en route to the school shoes or haberdashery department will be snapping up the £15,000 bottle of perfume on sale.
M&S has gone for something different. Last week it unveiled its first in-store Your Beauty department in London's Kensington, and it will follow this with 100 more across the country, in Manchester, Aberdeen, Belfast, Newcastle and Exeter, among others – much more than a one-town wonder. Own-brand products predominate, although, as with its food halls, carefully picked brands are also on sale. Mineral make-up alongside a three-pack of pants? Why not?
Frances Russell, trading director of beauty and lingerie, is keenly aware that, whether you buy into the lipstick economics theory or not, affordability is key. There are "affordable brands, starting from £2, through to higher end brands, such as Fragonard, Nuxe and Filorga. We aim to offer the customer really good value." If we really are all buying warpaint to cover up our recession blues, perhaps there's room for value as well as a bit of va-va-voom.Follow @RebeccaJ Reuse content


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Pennies Guest House
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Scotland vs Samoa
Today we went to the Metrocentre which is the biggest shopping centre in all of Europe. After that we went to the Scotland vs Samoa game with my Scottish cousin Nick, and Leaine and Frank came too and I was supporting Scotland and they won 36 to 33.
Then when the game ...
Newcastle and rugby
... br> Then my dad and his friend Frank and our cousin Nick went to the All Blacks vs Tonga game.
For dinner Isabel, Mum and our friend Leaine and I went to have dinner at the Slug and lettuce. And then we went to ...
... view. It was a pretty good game to watch. The All Blacks won 47-9 but Tonga put up a good fight for a while. After the game we went to a bar for a couple of drinks then on our way to another one we bumped into Sean Cooney with his brother and Dad. We had no idea he was travelling so it was a very random surprise. We were going to a place called Tiger Tiger which the girls had gone to so they came with us. Turns out Tiger Tiger is a Geordie Shore bar ...
Boykiw Boykiw Boykiw !
... in plenty of time, whereupon we joined 50000 springbok fans and the 5000 scots who weren't too cheap to shell out the big coin, in watching a great battle and an amazing Scottish try. A few beers later (but no Newcastle brown ale to be found!), I was back on the standing room only first class train back to London, arriving around midnight. Managed to watch. Bit of Australia taking England out of the tournament on a fellow passenger's smart ...
Pickpocket, you will not ruin my stay!
... stamps.
I walked by the back of the Cathedral, and reached the city walls. Dating from Roman period! The weather was dry and there was even a little sunshine, I walked a little, but did not do the whole tour, because I saw this very appealing tea house. A good pot of tea, relaxing a little bit.
And then, when I wanted to pay, I realised the zip of my back pack was open, and my wallet was gone. You know the feeling. First ...


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St. Joseph's Catholic College
Welcome to St Joseph's Catholic College. When speaking to prospective parents I usually start with the question what do we want for our children? Our answer in St Joseph's is that we want them to be happy and we want them to achieve to their full potential. Our aim is to provide a caring and supportive environment in which each individual can progress academically, spiritually and culturally.
The College is currently open,
Please click here for the College closure procedure.
Claiming for free school meals (FSM) means that the College can also get up to £900 of additional funding per child for uniform, equipment and educational trips, all items your child will benefit from. Our card payment system also makes being on FSM discrete and anonymous. We are all living through challenging times financially so if you think your circumstances make your child eligible for FSM please apply using the form below or call 01793 714201.


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Maintain the integrity of the EatSleepRIDE community by flagging an image or post that contains private or offensive content. We monitor all flagging. If enough riders deem a post offensive, it may be removed without notice. Offending members may be banned. Do not flag content without good reason.
I must say, as a Rossi fan it is a bit disheartening watching him struggle with the Ducati this season. I wasn't expecting any "switch to Yamaha and start winning right away" miracles, but he is the Doctor... and well, we've just gotten used to him being so much more competitive than he's been so far this season.
So, what does it look like from the perspective of another rider on the grid? Dovi had this to say...
"I rode behind Rossi in the warm up in Mugello. I think is the first time he loses the feeling on the bike. If you see the riders in the practice, if he didn't go fast, and in the race better, but not with a good result, is because you have no feeling with the bike," said Dovizioso.
"When you have the mentality of the race, you start and race, you can do the best. But if you are slow in the practice it is because you don't know what you need to know, so you lose the feeling. Is the first time I see Valentino like this, so this means that he's like another rider with nine titles. He is like every rider, but with nine titles."


text:
Producer I
ESPNBristol, CT
This was removed by the employer on 12/8/2016 1:09:00 AM PST
Not to worry we have a lot of other jobs on the site;
Browse all jobs
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Search for Producer I jobs in Bristol-CT
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Full Time Job
Person will be responsible for day to day oversight of assigned productions. Assignments may include studio shows, live events, and special projects. Responsibilities around each assignment will include all details, up to and including talent selection, creative direction, editorial decisions, show design, team management and actual on line execution.
• Provides creative, budgetary, personnel and administrative direction for assigned aspects of events / studio production of assigned sports events.
• Is accountable for the content quality of assigned sports events; tracks and reports on production schedules and budgets for assigned sports events
• For assigned productions, plans and coordinates the full scope of event / studio activities and is responsible for entire team working on said project- directs Producers, Associate Producers and Production Assistants in assigned aspects of the international remote / studio production
• May suggest new concepts for assigned event / studio telecasts; enhances the current philosophy, line-up and continuity of assigned event / studio telecasts; reviews and determines the look and feel of assigned event / studio telecasts ; participates in the design and implementation of innovative graphics for assigned sports productions.
• Pre-production activities include: evaluating the proposed venue (where applicable); directing the production arrangements for assigned sports event/studio telecasts; establishing production schedules up to and through the event; establishing the format and sequence of events for the live event/show; oversees and controls the flow of production assets for assigned sports productions
• On-site/ in-studio management activities include: leading the moment-to-moment editorial direction of the content of each assigned event with regards to show content, storylines, graphic content, and commentator information; oversees the activities of event crews.
• Directs the conduct of research on sports information to obtain materials necessary for the production of assigned sports events
• Participates in or develops concepts and content for assigned sports telecasts/ shows to reach viewers and to increase ESPN's market penetration, ratings and viewership
• Recommends the content and focus of each assigned remote / studio production including the storylines; during a production, identifies and follows-up on emerging stories and breaking news
• Uses mastery of sports knowledge and news judgment to determine the agenda, concepts and content of assigned event/studio productions
• Leads the assigned on-air staff to create and write creative and compelling content for assigned event/studio production; participates in the development of most or all of the creative concepts of assigned remote / studio sports telecasts
Basic Qualifications
• Typically has 6- to 8-years of progressively complex related event / studio or related sports production experience
• Has an advanced ability to create and produce compelling sports news event / studio sports content; generates and executes assigned event / studio productions, from concept to execution
• Has an advanced knowledge of real-time sports productions / graphics promotions
Preferred Qualifications
• Has and applies advanced knowledge of what story ideas and concepts to use for assigned event/studio productions
• Has a good appreciation of the popular cultures, e.g., ''what's cool'' and assists with defining the tastes of ESPN's viewers in those countries where assigned productions are aired
• Has a good understanding of ESPN's market positioning and strategiesHas good knowledge of sports and sports history, including international sports
Required Education
• High School diploma
Preferred Education
• College Degree in related field
Company Overview At Disney, we're storytellers. We make the impossible, possible. We do this through utilizing and developing cutting-edge technology and pushing the envelope to bring stories to life through our movies, products, interactive games, parks and resorts, and media networks. Now is your chance to join our talented team that delivers unparalleled creative content to audiences around the world.
Additional Information:
ESPN is an equal opportunity employer - Female/Minority/Veteran/Disability/Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity. Our goal is to create an inclusive workplace for all.


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Author has written 1 story for Harry Potter.
Dear Fanfictioners,
Hello, I'm the newest memeber of http://www.fanfiction.net, and I'm happy to say that this is like the coolest place ever! If you notice my picture, its James Potter, Lily Evans, Remus Lupin, and Sirius Black on graduation day. I had my cousin make that picture and I love how she did it, I love the way their graduation robes are, that's like my favorite thing about the whole thing. I'm a blonde from Richmond, Virginia. I also look good as a Serena van der Woodsen from my second favorite series, which also ended during the summer, Gossip Girl. Here's some information about me.
Name: Roberta Jones
Age: Seventeen
Favorite Books:
Harry Potter
Gossip Girl
The It Girl
A-List (Just Barely)
Favorite TV Shows:
Code Monkeys
Dancing with the Stars
Hell's Kitchen
Rock of Love
Charm School
What I Like about You
Nanny 911
Big Love
The Soup
Family Guy
King of the Hill
SOUTH PARK (Go Cartman)
Gossip Girl (Its going to be my favorite, trust me!)
Favorite Movies:
The Harry Potter movies (especially GOF and OOTP)
A Walk to Remember
The modern version of Romeo and Juliet
The South Park Movie
The Simpsons Movie
Lion King 1 and 2
It Takes Two
Favorite Actors and Actresses
Daniel Radcliffe
Emma Watson
Rupert Grint
Steve Martin
Tom Fulton
Corbin Bleu
Vanessa Hughens
Zac Eftron
Miley Cyrus
Lucas Grabbel
Ashley Tisdale
That's all for now, I'll talk to you guys soon. Remember, when you write fanfiction, you have to have two things:
1) A LARGE imagination
2) A huge heart.


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Originally posted on Boston Sports Media Watch | Last updated 2/13/13
Celtics (43-13) vs. Phoenix (37-20) February 13, 1980 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix recovered from the Celtics' 42 points explosion in the third quarter and a twelve point deficit to come back and defeat the Celtics, 135-134. Larry Bird had his most impressive game in his rookie season, pouring in 45 points. The Suns gushed over Bird's performance to the Globe's Bob Ryan after the victory: Said Sun coach John MacLeod: "I don't know what else you would want the man to do. That was a hellacious 45, but when you're making six or seven three-pointers (actually, it was three), it adds up in a hurry." "Larry Bird," kidded Paul Westphal. "I think he's going to be a player some day." Unfortunately for the Celtics, the individual record did not trump the loss on a night where Philadelphia won. Bird confirmed to reporters after the game that it was the most point he had ever scored in a losing effort. He was in the midst of a particular hot stretch behind the three-point
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This relaxed fit silk blouse features two vibrant prints and contoured panelling. The front of the body features a multi-colored, pixelated print that runs from the front and extends past the sleeves towards the back. The centre back has a keyhole opening, with a single button closure. 100% Silk. Imported.
Model is 175 cm tall and wearing a size 36


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I'd have one of those Henry rifles that can store the barrel and action in the stock.
I don't understand the arbitrary 200 dollar limit, but I would have to go with a 12 gauge. Mix up the ammo and you can defend yourself and feed yourself too. Remove the monetary limit and then I would go for a .223 chicom rifle with a folding stock. Carry a spare bolt/firing pin and ammo can be had anywhere. Eight mags prolly would suffice.
I'd have one of those Henry rifles that can store the barrel and action in the stock.
In retrospect, I know that although semi auto is nice to have, I think that in the end there are other guns that I would consider now, especially the bolt action weapons.
Under $200, I think if I had to have 1 gun, and only 1 gun. It would be a bolt action rifle like my 8mm Vz.24 or Yugo 24/47. The simplicity of the mechanism is important. My mosin went bang everytime too, but it's headspaced tight and the bolt is not as nice as the mauser.
Another one I would consider.
Since we are talking under $200, I think that the PPS-43 might also be a good choice for a more close in weapon. Even a sten gun might be a good choice. Think ease of repair and simplicity of operation.
Yesterday at the range, my SKS gave me fits, my AR gave me fits, my RPK even had some feed issues with one mag. Yes, it was a pisser of a day. I think I will get them sorted out, but the gun must go bang every time (which all of my pistols thankfully did, with 0 failures to feed.)
For Under $200, I still have to go with a TT33 pistol.
Enough fire power and speed to make the difference in close battle.
I'd like to change my vote to the .22 lr.
It is SUCH a versatile rifle and depending on model VERY reliable.
Sniping, low noise, high capacity magazine, light weight(REALLY quiet with subsonic ammo), a better choice than my original pick of the pump action 12 ga...
the $200 lid makes it tough. back in the good old days you could buy a lot of firepower for $200 but those days are long, long gone.
without self-defense being the main goal i would try to get one of those rifle shotgun over under deals. would be tough to find for $200 though. a 22 rim-fire or the LR or magnum maybe if i could find one for $200, maybe a pump shotgun.
self-defense being the priority a 12g pump, a mil-surp semi auto pistol or maybe a old bolt action rifle like a m44 could do. but that $200 limit would be daunting. best to save up some more $$ cause it is 2009 and a dollar don't go nowhere anymore!!
Used Ruger mk1 pistol. Choice based on weight, caliber and resulting advantages in the terrain it's buried in. Close, dense, wooded, and wet. So I'm lighter, faster, I can swim with it if I have to, it'll feed me well, plenty of ammo, plenty accurate, can be concealed, fits in its holster so I'm not likely to set it down to do something that requires both hands, and it keeps me honest about not thinking about taking on a superior force. As for serious social occasions, Both it and I can be quiet and sneaky so I can always upgrade, but I'd much rather cheat.
Oh and as for the rifle thing in the title, I'll carve you a stick and put it on back for you.
I'll keep my S&W 629. SST won't rust, I reload my own ammo including light loads, for the small stuff, works for self defense and can be carried (even somewhat concealed) easily. And I can hit out to 100 yards fairly easily. (been practicing).
i would have to eather go woith my my 30/30 or my grendel


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The North Face Base Camp Travel Canister 215 350cu in
Whether you're setting up base camp at the foot of Everest, in the back seat of your car, or riding the overnight train from Rome to Paris, The North Face Base Camp Travel Canister helps you maintain a modicum of personal hygiene. This toilet bag is big enough for your floss and toothpaste, sunscreen and soap, deodorant and razor, and your panoply of primping tools. Made from expedition worthy, highly abrasion resistant fabrics, this bag can endure rough handling and still look spry. The internal hook is more than a hanger attach the included mirror with the hook and loop strap so you can see your face when shaving or brushing your hair. Twin haul handles on the ends make digging this bag out of a pack or a duffel a cinch,. Two different size options mean you can pack for the weekend or three weeks, and not leave cleanliness behind.
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ANSWER: According to Dictionary.com, illegal aliens are people who live in a country, other than the one of their birth, without having obtained citizenship status from the government.
In order to find out how illegal aliens should and should not be treated, we need to understand how God in the Bible instructed ancient Israel to treat the "strangers" (non-Israelites or Gentiles) living with them. Some erroneously believe that Israel was a closed society composed only of the descendants of Jacob. This, however, is simply not true. Not only does God allow aliens (also known as sojourners) to live among his chosen people, he specifically commanded how they were to be treated.
Those born in Israel were forbidden by God to oppress strangers - especially since at one time they, too, were strangers in a strange land.
21. You shall neither vex a stranger nor oppress him, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt. (Exodus 22:21, Holy Bible - a Faithful Version throughout)
9. Also you shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the heart of a stranger since you were strangers in the land of Egypt (23:9)
The ancient Israelites were also commanded to apply the SAME laws used for citizens to aliens as well, "There shall be one law to the one born at home and to the stranger (alien) that dwells among you." (Exodus 12:49)
God, no doubt foreshadowing the obedience from the heart that would be required under the New Covenant (Matthew 7:12), also commanded in the Bible that foreigners were not to be mistreated. He states that they were to be loved as a person loved themselves (Leviticus 19:33 - 34).
Those foreign born who lived in Israel could worship the true God as fully as any native-born citizen. The Bible does says, however, that they were expected to obey God's Law and were subject to the same penalties for disobedience as those born in the land. If they did obey, they could experience all the blessings that came with obedience to God's way just like any Israelite citizen.
Strangers were required to keep the Sabbath (Exodus 20:10), observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Deuteronomy 16:14), bring the appropriate sacrifice for sins of ignorance (Numbers 15:27-29), observe the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 16:29), and obey all the commandments, statutes, and judgments of God's Law (Exodus 12:49). Like those born in the land, strangers could offer sacrifices and take part in the red heifer ceremony (Leviticus 17:8 - 9, Numbers 15:14 - 16, 19:10).
The primary differences between natural citizens and uncircumcised aliens were that the latter could not eat the Passover (unless they were circumcised - Exodus 12:43 - 48) and were not released (if bondservants) in the Year of Jubilee (Exodus 12:43, 45, Leviticus 25:45 - 46).
The treatment of strangers found in the Old Testament was carried over into New Testament times when God's blessings would be available to people of all nations. The apostles and elders who gathered for what is known as the "Jerusalem conference" (Acts 15) recognized this truth. They placed no greater responsibility upon Gentile believers than that expressed in the Law of Moses. For whatever reason, they found it necessary to name four specific obligations (Acts 15:20), but beyond that, they knew that any other instructions were unnecessary.
What does all this mean for us today, especially for those living in countries like the United States that are struggling to deal with a growing influx of people from other countries?
The Bible does say, without a doubt, that those living in a country should not mistreat "strangers" that live among them. However, just as sojourners in Israel were required to obey God's laws before receiving his blessings, the strangers among us should also be required to obey the laws of the land before receiving the same benefits and privileges that come to citizens. If God's commands in the Bible regarding illegal aliens were observed by governments, they would avoid many of the problems they currently have regarding immigration.