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Used SUV - 2008 Honda CR-V LX 4dr SUV in Monroe, Nc
Actual costs may vary.
*****As Low As $1795 Down******* **4 NEW TIRES**LOW MILES**GAS SAVER**WE FINANCE**DRIVE IT HOME TODAY!!Your Job is Your Credit! Applicant subject to Credit Approval! Payment terms up to 3 years! Warranty and Gap available! Over 100 vehicles to choose from, all thoroughly inspected! We have been serving the Charlotte and surrounding communities for over 25 years!! We believe you deserve a second chance!! We look forward to Serving You!! ** Call or Text Us Today @704-225-1522 Or Visit Us Online @ www.glorymotorscorp.com ** We are located on 4501 W. Hwy 74 Monroe, NC 28110** **Compre Aqui Paque Aqui **Hablamos Espanol****Down payment plus tax, tag, and document fee on approved credit**
- Cargo Tie Downs
- Window Trim - Chrome
- Steering Ratio - 15.7
- Turns Lock-to-lock - 3.0
- Air Filtration
- Armrests - Rear Center Folding With Storage And Pass-thru
- Floor Mat Material - Carpet
- Floor Mats - Front
- Floor Mats - Rear
- Front Air Conditioning
- Front Air Conditioning Zones - Single
- Rear Vents - Second Row
- Cargo Area Light
- Cargo Cover - Hard
- Cruise Control
- Cupholders - Front
- Cupholders - Rear
- Multi-function Remote - Keyless Entry
- One-touch Windows - 1
- Overhead Console - Front
- Power Outlet(s) - 12v Front
- Power Outlet(s) - 12v Rear
- Power Steering - Variable/speed-proportional
- Reading Lights - Front
- Reading Lights - Rear
- Steering Wheel - Tilt And Telescopic
- Steering Wheel Mounted Controls - Cruise Control
- Storage - Door Pockets
- Storage - Front Seatback
- Storage - Grocery Bag Holder
- Vanity Mirrors - Dual
- Front Brake Type - Ventilated Disc
- Front Shock Type - Gas
- Front Spring Type - Coil
- Front Struts - Macpherson
- Front Suspension Type - Lower Control Arms
- Rear Brake Type - Disc
- Rear Shock Type - Gas
- Rear Spring Type - Coil
- Abs - 4-wheel
- Axle Ratio - 4.50
- Electronic Brakeforce Distribution
- Front Brake Diameter - 11.7
- Front Brake Width - 1.1
- Front Suspension Classification - Independent
- Rear Brake Diameter - 12.0
- Rear Brake Width - 0.4
- Rear Stabilizer Bar
- Rear Suspension Classification - Independent
- Rear Suspension Type - Multi-link
- Stability Control
- Traction Control
- Gauge - Tachometer
- In-dash Cd - Mp3 Playback
- Total Speakers - 4
- Warnings And Reminders - Tire Fill Alert
- Antenna Type - Mast
- Auxiliary Audio Input - Mp3
- Clock
- In-dash Cd - Single Disc
- Radio - Am/fm
- Speed Sensitive Volume Control
- Warnings And Reminders - Low Fuel Level
- Watts - 160
- Daytime Running Lights
- Liftgate Window - Manual Flip-up
- Rear Door Type - Liftgate
- Spare Tire Mount Location - Inside
- Tire Type - All Season
- Wheels - Steel
- Tire Pressure Monitoring System
- Power Windows - Remotely Operated
- Window Defogger - Rear
- Front Wipers - Intermittent
- Power Windows
- Rear Wiper - Intermittent
- 2-stage Unlocking Doors
- Active Head Restraints - Dual Front
- Airbag Deactivation - Occupant Sensing Passenger
- Anti-theft System - Audio Security System
- Anti-theft System - Engine Immobilizer
- Child Safety Door Locks
- Child Seat Anchors
- Front Airbags - Dual
- Power Door Locks
- Rolling Code Security - Key
- Side Airbags - Front
- Side Curtain Airbags - Front
- Side Mirror Adjustments - Power
- Side-curtain Airbag Rollover Sensor
- Driver Seat Manual Adjustments - 6
- Driver Seat Manual Adjustments - Height
- Front Headrests - 2
- Front Headrests - Adjustable
- Front Seat Type - Bucket
- Passenger Seat Manual Adjustments - 4
- Rear Headrests - 3
- Rear Headrests - Adjustable
- Rear Seat Folding - Split
- Rear Seat Manual Adjustments - Reclining
- Rear Seat Type - 60-40 Split Bench
- Rear Seatbelts - Center 3-point
- Seatbelt Pretensioners - Front
- Upholstery - Cloth
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2008 Honda CR-V ReviewThis car review is specific to this model, not the actual vehicle for sale.
High-dollar crossover style in a compact-price SUV.
Once funky and cute, the Honda CR-V has grown up to look more like a high-dollar crossover. This latest-generation CR-V, completely redesigned and re-engineered for the 2007 model year, is more powerful and more comfortable than the previous-generation models. Its new suspension geometry delivers an improved ride and better, more responsive handling. The four-cylinder engine employs variable intake valve timing to optimize horsepower and torque for acceleration and cruising speeds and it's paired with a five-speed automatic transmission.
Compared with the previous-generation CR-V, there's slightly more room in the front seat and (in most dimensions) slightly less room in the rear. There's marginally more cargo room. Everything by way of instruments, controls and storage is, respectively, logically arrayed, properly placed, and reasonably plentiful. Buyers choose from three models: the basic LX, mid-range EX, or leather-upholstered EX-L, which can be fitted with an optional navigation system that incorporates a rearview video camera for safe and easy backing. All have four doors and seat five.
Changes for 2008 are minimal. The EX-L now comes with dual-zone automatic climate control, an eight-way power driver's seat, and the same premium audio system that last year came only with the navigation system.
Real Time all-wheel drive is offered on all three models. The 2008 fuel economy figures from the U.S. government's EPA rate the front-wheel-drive CR-V at 20/27 miles per gallon City/Highway, and the all-wheel-drive version at 20/26 mpg.
All Honda CR-V models come with a 166-hp four-cylinder engine and a a five-speed automatic transmission. Front-wheel drive is standard, four-wheel drive is available for all models ($1200).
The CR-V LX ($20,700) comes with fabric upholstery, air conditioning, cruise control, powered outside mirrors that fold, power windows, power central locking, driver's-seat height adjustment, 60/40-split rear seatbacks that recline and fold, tilt-and-telescope steering wheel, four-speaker AM/FM/CD/MP3/WMA stereo, trip computer/information center, a collapsible tray between the front seats, and 17-inch steel wheels with P225/65R17 tires.
The EX ($22,950) adds a tilt-and-slide power moonroof; intermittent rear window wiper/washer; steering wheel-mounted audio controls for a six-speaker stereo with an in-dash, six-CD changer; dual-deck cargo shelf; lights-and-horn security system; rear privacy glass; and an outside ambient temperature gauge.
The EX-L ($25,500) features leather-trimmed seats, armrests, shifter, and steering wheel; heated front seats; XM satellite radio with a 90-day trial subscription; and a front center console with storage for 24 CDs (replacing the collapsible tray). New for 2008 are dual-zone automatic climate control; eight-way power-adjustable driver's seat with power lumbar support; and the same 270-watt, seven-speaker (including subwoofer) premium stereo that used to come only with the navigation system.
The EX-L can also be equipped with voice-recognition GPS-based navigation, and a rearview camera. It is then priced as a separate model ($27,200). And the CD changer moves into what was the CD storage space in the console.
No other options are offered, although Honda-approved accessories available from dealers include wheel locks; attachments/racks for bicycles, kayak, skis, and surfboard; a roof box; auto-dim inside mirror with compass; amplified bass speaker system; and backup sensors.
Safety features that come standard include the required three-point seatbelts at all five seating positions; child safety seat anchors (LATCH); front airbags; front seat-mounted side airbags (to minimize upper body injuries in side impacts); roof-mounted, front and rear seat side air curtains (to minimize head injuries in side impacts and rollovers); and front-seat active head restraints (to minimize neck injuries in rear impacts).
For crash avoidance there are antilock brakes (which let the driver steer during panic stops); electronic brake-force distribution (which optimizes braking power front-to-rear during emergency stops); brake assist (which senses impending emergency brake application and boosts pedal pressure); Vehicle Stability Assist (Honda's electronic stability control system that attempts to minimize skidding in turns); and tire pressure monitors (which warn of dangerous drops in tire pressure).
Head on, the Honda CR-V's low, jutting jaw-like front bumper suggests a rugged skid plate while pulling the vehicle's visual mass downwards, reducing its perceived height. Large, sharply angled headlight housings crowd the upper grille and bleed down into the lower air intake. Stout fender flares stretch out to wrap tightly around the tires, giving the new CR-V a sturdy, planted stance.
The side aspect shows most clearly the latest CR-V's departure from the boxy, mini-SUV look. Starting from the gently rounded hood, the relatively fast windshield flows into a roofline that drops ever so slightly as it passes over the sharply tapered glasshouse, ending at the tailgate's top edge, which itself is pulled forward to a point almost directly above the rear wheel well. A strong character line runs from the top of the front wheel well back beneath the full-round door handles to bifurcate the side marker lens of the rear taillight. To us, it looks a little like the Mercedes-Benz R-Class in the overall outline.
The rear view presents more of the classic SUV look, with a trapezoidal backlight bookended by the trademark CR-V high taillights and atop a fairly tall and relatively broad, high-relief tailgate panel. The oversize license plate recess will accommodate almost any country's registration telltale. A repeat of the front end's skid plate look masks the rear bumper's mass and draws the eye to tires pushed out to the edges of the CR-V's side panels.
The interior of the Honda CR-V focuses on function with a bit of style tossed in to make things interesting. Everything is in its place for the most part, and everything feels the way it should. Quality of materials and fit and finish overall live up to Honda's standards; some trim pieces, however, showed traces of flash, those little flat bits of plastic left over from the seams of the original molds.
The grippy, waffle-textured, fabric upholstery feels durable. The EX-L's optional leather upholstery is, obviously, richer looking and likely more durable, but no more comfortable. The front seats of the latest model have slightly taller and marginally wider backs than their '06 counterparts, but are still short on thigh support. But to the limited extent the CR-V lends itself to sporty driving, the seatbacks' side bolsters do an adequate job of keeping occupants' upper bodies in place. Not so the seat bottom's bolsters, those being clearly shaped more for ease of entry and exit than for restraining occupants' posteriors. There is, however, a most welcome dead pedal against which drivers may brace a left leg as necessary and appropriate. And the driver's seat ratchets six-tenths of an inch higher in the '07-08 over the '06.
The rear seat is more moderately contoured, the better to allow it to fold and pivot forward against the backs of the front seats. The seat bottom breaks down 60/40, with the shorter piece on the left side; the seat backs, however, divide 40/20/40, into three sections, meaning you can fold the right or left side, the center section or any combination of the three. Nice touch. The top-hinged liftgate is an improvement over right-hinged tailgates, which open the wrong way for curbside unloading at U.S. airports.
Dashboard and instrument cluster are classic Honda, as in, friendly to eye and hand, with the only mildly discordant note the placement of the shift lever, sprouting from a pod suspended from the center of the dash. While neither as ergonomic as a floor-mounted lever nor as natural, in an archaic sort of way, as one mounted on the steering column, it is consistent with the emphasis on flexibility in the front seat area. In the LX and EX, the space between the front seats that might otherwise host a console and floor-mounted shift lever is dedicated to a unique, multi-use tray that when not needed folds down against the side of the passenger seat, opening a walk-through access to the rear seat. The EX-L gets a more traditional, fixed center console, with cup holders and storage space for up to 24 CD's; although some of this storage space is lost on EX-L's with navigation, where the console must house the CD changer as well. As if in compensation, a digital audio-card reader is still exclusive to the navigation model.
Most drivers will find the six-way adjustable seat and two-way adjustable steering give them the best of all worlds: a comfortable posture without compromising outward visibility. A low cowl keeps the edges of the hood in view. Rearward vision, however, sets no new standard and actually suffers some from the awkwardly shaped C-pillars. The rearview video cam that comes with the optional nav system helps and is an added safety feature because it can help the driver spot children behind the vehicle, though it lacks the guiding grid lines some others offer to help when backing into parking spaces and garages.
Audio and climate controls on the LX and EX border on retro in their simplicity and arrangement. Large, rotary knobs control the functions that vary by degrees. Buttons are used for on/off or simple selections. However, when in Park, the shift lever obstructs buttons for air conditioning functions and mirror heaters. And by operational necessity, the optional nav system layers audio and map display controls.
Comparing cargo space, the new CR-V ranks in the top half, regardless of the competitor's seating capacity. It als.
Driving Impression
The Honda CR-V's four-cylinder engine delivers competitive power. While hitting the gas in the CR-V won't snap any necks like some in the class aspire to, it delivers what most drivers need, if not want. And it does so reasonably smoothly, too, with less ruckus than the RAV4, although for reasons of mechanical design as much as anything, not as demurely as the V6-powered alternatives. There is more power available from the turbocharged Mazda CX-7 and the V6 engines available in other compact SUVs; the Toyota RAV4's optional V6, for instance, pumps out 269 hp.
The V6s pay a price in fuel economy, but not as much as you might think: Against the 3430-pound, 2WD CR-V EX-L's EPA-estimated 20/27 mpg, a 3549-pound, V6-powered 2WD RAV4 manages 20/25. Four-wheel-drive versions of the CR-V and RAV4 V6 promise exactly the same 26 mpg Highway.
The CR-V's five-speed automatic transmission is a good match for the engine. It's not best in class but well above average in smoothness of shifts, in controlling hunting for the right gear when climbing grades, and in holding a lower gear when helpful on downgrades.
Honda's Real Time 4WD is actually a car-style all-wheel-drive system, not a true off-highway-truck four-wheel drive, as it incorporates no lockable transfer case or ultra-low, off-road gearing. As such, however, it works seamlessly, invisibly allocating power to the tires slipping the least, although always favoring the front wheels by default.
The Vehicle Stability Assist includes traction control. Coupled with four-wheel disc brakes (vented in front and solid in the rear), ABS, brake assist and electronic brake-force distribution, VSA helps drivers maintain control in emergency maneuvers or in bad weather.
The CR-V handles well, with relatively little body lean in cornering. There's also relatively low head toss over rough and uneven pavement, helping to keep your passengers comfortable. Traversing aged railroad crossings at mildly elevated speeds produced no threatening sounds or gyrations. Steering assist could be backed off a notch or two, closer to that of the RAV4, which might improve directional stability and lessen the need for minor corrections in corners and long sweepers.
Noise levels were minimal. Tire noise correlated with pavement type and conditions. The EX-L version did the best job of insulating occupants from outside irritants. Sounds from under the hood, although low key, left no doubt the engine is a big four-cylinder and that it strained at times. Moderate wind whistle leaked into the cabin from the outside mirrors and around the A-pillars.
The Honda CR-V is probably the best vehicle in this class. Its interior is packaged the best, with seats that fold down to provide a completely flat cargo area.
NewCarTestDrive.com correspondent Tom Lankard filed this report from Vancouver, British Columbia, after his test drive of the CR-V.
Model Lineup
Honda CR-V LX 2WD ($20,700); LX 4WD ($21,900); EX 2WD ($22,950); EX 4WD ($24,150); EX-L 2WD ($25,500); EX-L 4WD ($26,700).
Assembled In
Sayama, Japan.
Model Tested
Honda CR-V EX 2WD ($22,950).The Honda CR-V is a compact SUV that provides style, power, and responsive handling. The CR-V comes in three trims: the LX, the EX and EX-L. It is available in both front- or all-wheel drive. There are multiple safety features including front seat airbags, front seat-mounted side airbags, front and rear seat side air curtains, front seat active head restraints, antilock brakes with brake assist, electronic brake-force distribution and Vehicle Stability Assist with traction control. The CR-V is powered by a 166-horsepower inline-4 cylinder engine and controlled by a five-speed automatic transmission. For 2008, the Honda CR-V carries over with more standard features on the EX-L trim.
4501 West Highway 74
Monroe, Nc. 28110
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Adoration 4 Adventure's 2 day itinerary for Malaga, Andalusia, Spain.
Malaga is one of the sunniest destinations in Europe with an average of over 320 sunny days per year. The coastline is even named Costa del Sol (Coast of the sun) and there are plenty of beaches to be enjoyed.
In addition to it's proximity to the sea, Malaga is a traditional Spanish city with modern bars, restaurants, and retail stores. The architecture has been influenced by previous rulers, with an Arabic citadel right by a Roman theater and catholic cathedrals.
I flew into Malaga to kick off my 16-day adventure in the region of Andalusia, staying for two days and then returning for another two before my return flight. Getting to Malaga is easy with its bustling international airport. From here, the cheapest and most efficient way to get down town is by the Cercanias (railway). There are airport buses, however, they are a little more expensive. Be aware that taxis have high airport tax added to fares. Alternatively, if you are arriving by land, buses or Bla Bla Car are great options.
Here are my recommendations for a 2 day itinerary in Malaga, Spain.
Heading to Spain? Check out my posts for Barcelona and Mallorca.
Day 1
Breakfast at Republica Malaga
For the start of our Andalusian trip, my friend and I stayed at Republica Malaga. Throughout my years of traveling, I have seen quite a few hostels but few that manage to achieve the comfy and homely atmosphere that Republica Malaga has. In fact, the entire hostel has been hand-decorated by one of the owners, Miriam. Miriam is also an avid traveler (just shy of 50 countries) and has taken inspiration from all the different hotels and hostels she has visited around the world.
The ambiance of the hostel is very social, and a lot of that comes from both Miriam's decorating and bubbly personality. She wants to see guests having a good time and has plenty of recommendations for the city. She even helped us plan our itinerary, including many of the dining options included in this post.
Breakfast is provided complimentary to all guests and served buffet-style in the lounge and dining area. I was really impressed by the range of options with cereals, yogurts, toast, pastries, fruit, juices, teas, and coffee. I love long morning breakfasts and enjoyed sitting with a cup of coffee while chatting with other guests.
Paseo del Parque and Paseo de la Farola
The first thing I would recommend doing in Malaga, is taking a stroll down Paseo de los Curas to Paseo de la Farola. Paseo de los Curas is a walkaway right by the port and has a striking white trellis structure overhead.
Paseo de la Farola is a perfect for sitting in the sun with a drink and some tapas. My friend, Katie, and I stopped in at a restaurant called Plaza to share Paella and bottle of white wine. For the location, the price wasn't bad and the wine was actually very good. As a bonus, they gave us a glass of cava each. This is actually customary in the Andalusian region and many restaurants will usually serve a small complimentary liqueur with the bill.
Most of the restaurants in Paseo de la Farola will be a little more pricey because you are paying for the view of the port, however, there is a more economic option. The following day we visited Chopper and between three people, we shared a bottle of wine and tapas for €12.
After you've finished your meal, grab an ice cream and head to the beach, but be sure to come back through the leafy-green Paseo del Parque, opposite to Paseo de los Curas.
Playa de La Malagueta
Every day in Malaga should be a beach day! Less than a fifteen-minute walk from the historical center and right next to the port is Malagueta beach. Even if it's not warm enough to swim, still bring your beach towel so you can stretch out on the sand and soak up the sun.
Heading further east, you will find "Chiringuitos" – beach-side restaurants that specialize in espetos (grilled sardines on a skewer). In front, you will find old fishing boats transformed into fire-pits to cook fish. Some of the best Chiringuitos are in the old fishing neighborhood of Pedregalejo. I visited the area on my second visit to Malaga and loved the low key atmosphere and relaxed beach vibes.
Dinner at La Casa Invisible
La Casa Invisible is an unexpected gem, with cheap drink and food options. Miriam from Republica Malaga brought a group of us here for dinner on our first night. The meals are a twist on traditional Spanish tapas and are very filling. The best part, in addition to the cheap drinks, is the atmosphere. It is situated in a courtyard with shady palms and a bubbling fountain. A great place to come with a group or a date.
Location: Calle Nosquera 11, Málaga, Spain
Day 2
Teatro Romanoa, Castillo de Gibralfaro and parador de Malaga
The architecture in Malaga is diverse, beginning with its oldest monument, the Roman theater, dating back to the first century BCE. It sits grandly in the center of Malaga, right next to the Alcazaba and path leading up to Castillo de Gibralfaro.
Castillo de Gibralfaro rises high above the city with magnificent views the whole walk up. The sights from parador de Malaga are free, and if you wish to enter the castle it's free after 2 pm on Sundays.
La Alcazaba
In addition to Castillo de Gibralfaro, La Alcazaba is also free on Sunday after 2 pm. Alternatively, you can purchase tickets at the gates for a couple of Euros, or a joint ticket for a small saving. We happened to be in Malaga on a Sunday and explored the Arabic fortress palace with its stunning outlooks, arches, and fountains.
For other attractions, there are an impressive amount of museums in the city. I asked some locals for their favorites to narrow down the list for you:
- Museo Picasso: free admission on Sundays after 2 pm
- Centro de Arte Contemporaneo (CAC): free admission
- Museo de Malaga: free admission for EU citizens and €1.50 for others
- Centre Pompidou: free admission on Sundays after 4 pm
- Coleccion del Museo Ruso: free admission on Sundays after 4 pm
- Museo Carmen Thyssen: free admission on Sundays after 5 pm.
Wine from the barrell at Antigua Casa de Guardia
For a really unique drinking experience, head to Antigua Casa de Guardia. Here they serve sweet fortified wines (sherry) straight from the barrel. Miriam from Republica Malaga brought a group of us here from the hostel. A little glass of sweet wine was a nice way to start the night.
Location: Alameda Principal, 18, 29005 Málaga
Dinner and drinks at La Tranca
For my first visit to Malaga, La Tranca was my favorite place to eat at and I only tried one thing – empanadas! This was another suggestion by Miriam of Republica Malaga and even got the nod of approval from an Argentinian friend. The flavors for the empanadas are listed on the wall and once you eat one, you will want to try them all!
On my second visit back to Malaga, I also dined at a tapas bar called Meson de Cervantes. It is a little more pricey than the other restaurants or bars that I have included in this post, but the food was top notch. Meson de Cervantes was suggested by a friend in Gibraltar. He also recommended "Tapeo de Cervantes", so if you go, let me know how it is.
Location: Calle Carretería, 93, 29008 Málaga
Republica Malaga
Republica Malaga is a small and cozy hostel full of quirky personality. Each item, within the rooms, has been handpicked by Miriam and you can see the love that has gone into creating this wonderful place.
Situated in the center of the historical district, you couldn't ask for a better location. Upon arrival, maps are available with all the major sites in Malaga. Make sure you grab one of their business cards too (you'll see why when you get one).
My friend, Katie, and I stayed in a private double room with access to the two shared bathrooms. The kitchen is also shared if you prefer to stay in and cook. Both nights we were there Miriam invited the guests out to restaurants and bars. This gave us an opportunity to try local places and make new friends.
Republica Malaga is the kind of hostel that has guest extending their trips or coming back to Malaga. With one of the highest ratings on Hostelworld for Malaga, its definitely a crowd-pleaser.
Location: Antonio Baena Gomez 2, Málaga, Spain 29005
Website: https://www.republicamalaga.com/
My friend and I were complimentary guests of Republica Malaga, however, my opinion is my own and will always remain unbiased in order to provide the best recommendations to my readers.
Budget breakdown: Malaga
All costs are quoted for one person and in the local currency (EUR). See below for the average daily spend per person including currency conversion to USD and AUD. I always try to find and negotiate the best prices to share with my readers. If you know of a better deal, tell me about it in the comments below.
Accommodation: Republica Malaga is a home-made hostel located in the historical center of Malaga. The spacious rooms include high ceiling and chandeliers, giving the rooms lots of light. Room options include a double room, twin room, triple room, 5 bed mixed dorm, and 5 bed female dorm. For the full list and current prices, please refer to Rooms.
Food: Republica Malaga provides a buffet-style continental breakfast to their guests each morning.
Day 1 – Paella and a shared bottle of wine between 2 for lunch at Plaza (€15), Baileys ice-cream from Conico (€3.80), wine and tapas for dinner at La Casa Invisible (€5.25), glass of wine at Casa Lola (€2.50).
Day 2 – Tosta and coffee with milk for lunch (€5.60), tapas and shared bottle of wine between 3 at Chopper (€4), glass of fortified wine at Casa Antigua de Guardia (€1.20), empanadas and wine at La Tranca (€10.30), glass of beer (€2.50).
Average daily spend: €25 each* ($26.67 USD and $35.29 AUD as of 19 April 2017) excluding accommodation.
*This daily amount could be reduced by skipping the wine and sticking to water.
Pin it for the next adventure!
Have you traveled to Malaga or planning to anytime soon? Tell us about it below!
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Studies on some chemical aspects of kusum oil
- Received:
- Cite this article as:
- Kundu, M.K. & Bandyopadhyay, C. J Am Oil Chem Soc (1969) 46: 23. doi:10.1007/BF02632704
- Citations
- 18 Downloads
Chemical methods, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy have been applied to ascertain the location and nature of the cyanogenic compounds in kusum oil. Observations indicate the cyanogenic compounds to be a part of glyceride molecules in which one of the hydroxyl groups of the latter is bonded to the cyanogenic compound through an ether linkage. Chromatographic behavior of the isolated cyanogenic compounds further indicates that at least two glyceride molecules are involved. These glycerides are predominantly esterified with saturated fatty acids.
Copyright information
© American Oil Chemists' Society 1965


text:
Dart: Speed recovery.
Arrow the vampire from earlier told me my sword was in Hong Kong. Now don't ask me why it went I wouldn't know. I knew that I could summon it later but right now I think I blew my inner workings from that blast and all available energy was meding my wounds. later on a little girl came in I was semi unconciouse .
"No, Your annoying go away."
" You talking to me?" I asked
" No the voice in my head. And before you say it. I know it sounds crazy." She replied
I found out her names Daisy she wouldn't let me get up. So I asked for A glass of water and concentrated on speed recovery.
By the time she walks into the room my cuts and wounds where healed and a small amount of my strength is returning.
" So can I get up now?"


text:
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text:
#92 "The Doctor is in"
From Dr. Clyde Grouser, Jr.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
The doctor is in…
Even though my lupine knowledge realistically approaches only a level of green-horned apprenticeship at best, I have always prided myself on being a "wolf expert" of sorts. This probably comes as no surprise, seeing as how the wonderful world of lupine wonder is one that I spent a good deal of time wandering through. Yes, I have explored a variety of dark dens and mountain canyons of wolf wisdom and have collected trophies of lobos knowledge and keepsakes as I went, snatching up these beauteous jewels of knowledge and wisdom like so many piles of wolf droppings serendipitously found on the forest floor. As time passed and I delved deeper into lupine lore and wolfly scholarship, my pride somehow surpassed my knowledge, and I became puffed up and arrogant without reason. I say this with a fair amount of embarrassment, but this is a vice that I have struggled with fairly recently. Yet this is also why I am so pleased to offer you the amazing artwork and commentary which is on display today. For the illustration that makes up today's post and the commentary that accompanies are provided courtesy of a man who has truly put me in my place. He is the leader of the pack, the alpha-male, and I must submit to his dominance. The man behind the artwork calls himself Dr. Clyde Grouser Jr., and I can truly say that the force of the lupine is strong with this one. Examine his picture above and his commentary below and see if you do not agree.
Canadian wolves are of a special breed. They are much stronger, faster, handsomer, and-dare I say!-awesomer than american wolves.
There are a few key differences between American and Canadian wolves. Canadian wolves, for instance, have powerful razor sharp claws made from adamantium due to a series of experiments in the 1920s. Also, Canadian wolves are much like hydras. If you cut off a Canadian wolf's head, three more grow in its place (in this way, Canadian wolves are also better than hydras). Canadian wolves are also capable of breathing fire, and some accounts state that some can also fly (I have yet to personally witness this myself.) Most Canadian wolves grow to be ten feet tall at the shoulder.
Some people ask how it is we live day to day in the shadow of such fearsome beasts. The answer is actually rather surprising in its simplicity. Most Canadian wolves do not have opposable thumbs, and thus we have decided to serve them as slaves. In return, most Canadian wolves maintain strict vegetarian diets.
Yours Truly,
Dr. Clyde Grouser Jr.


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Manuelle Guibal Kukka Dress in Manganese
Sold Out
Beautiful loose, long crinkled linen dress. Easy to wear on a hot summer's day. Lovely soft v neck with central seam to hem and flattering 3/4 length sleeve. The soft balloon shape of the hem is enhanced by the two draped pockets.
100% linen. Hand wash recommended.
Length from shoulder to hem: approximately 1.10 m


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text: Identification and Small Molecule Inhibition of an Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4)-dependent Pathway to Age-related Skeletal Muscle Weakness and Atrophy*Scott M. Ebert, Michael C. Dyle, +8 authors Christopher M. AdamsThe Journal of biological chemistry2015Aging reduces skeletal muscle mass and strength, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we used mouse models to investigate molecular mechanisms of age-related skeletal muscle weakness and atrophy as well as new potential interventions for these conditions. We identified two small molecules that significantly reduce age-related… (More)


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- 3 bedrooms with split units and built in cupboards
- Main bedroom is tiled with large walk through cupboards into en suite bathroom
- 2 bathrooms:
Family bathroom with large glass shower, feature basin over wood, loo, bath
En Suite bathroom with large glass shower, loo, corner bath, double basin
- Granite counters
- Kiaat cupboards
- Built in Entive oven
- 5 Plate gas stove
- In counter trash dispenser
- Prep bowl
- Scullery / Laundry with double zink with same finishes as kitchen. Access to scullery from double garage.
- Tiled lounge with two split units
- Built in Kiaat TV cabinet
- Guest toilet, modern finishes
- Carpet flooring, access through stairs from lounge
- Tiled area under thatch
- Braai
- Pool
|Office: 015... 0157817177 Show Numbers
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It's a problem everywhere: much worse in some spots than others.
Wheel-walloping craters are popping up often faster than they can be filled.
Several roads in the Hermon area have claimed more than a hubcap or two.
Hermon town manager, Clint Deschene, says if you're driving on a municipal road, that's had recorded reports of bad potholes, and your car suffers damage because of it, under the Maine Pothole Law, you may not have to foot the bill.
":If the town's on notice for a pothole…we've got 24 hour notice on that, and it is an actual defect in the road, and you have damage from that defect, then the town is responsible for paying for it.": Deschene told TV5 Tuesday.
While that's all well and good for municipal roads, state roads are another story.
According to the Department of Transportation's Randy Gray, the state pays few, if any claims.
He says that D.O.T. crews in this region do their best to keep on top of the 21-hundred miles of state roads.
Gray says if the state were to pay for every claim that was made connected to pothole damage, there would be no money left to fix the roads in the first place.
Since January, The D.O.T. has spent 2-and-a-half million dollars on pothole patching, that's more than what was spent during all of last year's pothole season.


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Officials had planned to build big camps outside Port-au-Prince but fear heavy rains will cause floods and mudslides, destroying the tent and tarpaulin cities which house 770,000 people.
Jean Petion Simplice, a 44-year-old father living with his two boys, wife and mother-in-law under a scrap of sheet, said he feared returning to his district, which is a shambles.
"They're going to remove us from here, but they won't tell us where we're going," he said.
Mark Turner, of the International Organisation for Migration, said "this is the big new strategy" — to tackle overcrowded and unsanitary camps.
"Most people have some kind of tent or structure. We want to be able to tell them, Just pack it up and take it home.' "
The earthquake on 12 January killed 200,000 people.
- More about:
- Port-au-Prince


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- Doctors
- Ontario
- Toronto
- Gynecologists
- Dr. Wusun Paek
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Ratings for Dr. Wusun Paek
minimally invasive for sure! compassionate, knowledgeable and honest!
I have been seeing Dr. Paek for years and know that I am in good hands. I have multiple fibroids in my uterus. Dr Paek is very thorough and knowledgeable. She is quick and thorough but without the feeling of being rushed. I would highly recommend her.
I saw Dr. Paek for the first time today after being referred to her by my family doctor. I found her to be extremely friendly, helpful, thorough and knowledgable. I have had endometriosis for over 15 years (and have been treated by numerous specialists), and after listening to me describe my symptoms, has ordered tests that I've never done (which was surprising, since I felt that I had been through them all). I feel very confident that I am in good hands with Dr. Paek.
Would never go to her as she has no bed manners and took the wrong biopsy and had to do it again. Left me in the room and then came back saying will call you with your results 4 years later still no call. Was asked by my oncologist if i wanted to see her again i said absolutely not. I am now going back to Dr. LISA ALLEN awesome doctor.
I was referred for a hysteroscopic fibroid removal and D&C which was done as day surgery. Everything went very well, no pain or discomfort afterwards and I even took the subway home from hospital
I've always found Dr Paek knowledgable, polite, no-nonsense and thorough - exactly what you want in an OB-GYN. I would recommend her for younger adults as well - she has been my Dr since I was experiencing problems at 18 - and has always been direct, but also understanding - and certainly as a nervous teenager having to talk about OB-GYN problems, she was great.
Awesome Doctor! So attentive and informative.I had a hysterectomy recently and she explained the process, stayed with me and checked in recovery and immediately the next morning. I highly recommend her!
Dr. Paek was extremely professional, knowledgeable and performed surgery with no issues. As a fellow physician, she treated me respectfully and I would highly recommend her to other women with gynecological issues.
i`ve seen her once and im due to see her again in 2 weeks. soo far soo good. but we`ll see on the next appointment.
Be very careful ladies. I was recommended to her by my GP for a hysterectomy due to uterine fibroids. She advised that I needed a total abdominal hysterectomy with 3 nights in hospital. When I did some research and came back with questions about a laparoscopic approach, she very abruptly said "Not possible. Your uterus is too big." When I asked some basic questions about how many of these she did each year for my condition, she did not have an accurate answer but instead paused and said "a lot." I did more research and found another OB/GYN in Toronto who performed a laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy with no complications, was in St. Mike's one night only and have completely healed within four weeks. Do your research and get a second opinion.
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Originally posted on FOX Sports | Last updated 11/1/12
Growing up as the fourth of five brothers, Green Bay Packers running back Alex Green transferred the competitive spirit between him and his siblings to fuel his football career. Green also knows that developing a close relationship with members of his gridiron family is vital to his NFL success. That's why Green is hoping to build tighter bonds with his offensive line to help Green Bay's running game get back on track. The Packers enter the FOX America's Game of the Week against Arizona (1 p.m. ET Sunday) with the NFL's 26th-ranked rushing attack at 90.1 yards per game. Green has started the past three contests but hasn't come close to hitting that mark in any of them despite receiving an average of 21 carries in each. Packers head coach Mike McCarthy and quarterback Aaron Rodgers are well aware that over-reliance on the passing game isn't conducive for an offense's long-term prosperity. Green, though, will remain with the first-team offense against the Cardinals after receiving...
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Wainwright's Puppy Food Pouches with Chicken, Rice and Vegetables is a complete nutritious puppy food that has been specially formulated to be gentle on your puppy's digestion by excluding many of the known ingredients that commonly cause allergies in dogs including:
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Suitable for puppies aged 0-1.
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*Terms & conditions apply. Click here for detailshttps://www.rideaway.co.uk/delivery/


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Seebataillon (plural Seebataillone), literally "sea battalion", is a German term for certain troops of naval infantry or marines. It was used by the Prussian Navy, the North German Federal Navy, the Imperial German Navy, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, the Kriegsmarine, and briefly in the Bundesmarine. Since 2014 as well in the modern Deutsche Marine.[1]
Establishment and history[edit]
The first Seebataillon was organized on 13 May 1852 as the Royal Prussian Marinier-Korps at Stettin. This formation provided small contingents of marines to perform traditional functions such as protecting officers, general policing aboard warships and limited amphibious shore intrusions. The Seebataillon in 1870 had a strength of 22 officers and 680 non-commissioned officers and men. Battalion headquarters was then located at Kiel.
After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck more or less ignored the navy as it did "not fit his intentions". Bismarck's continental policies sought to avoid colonial or naval entanglements and he would oppose plans to further develop navy forces. With the creation of the Imperial Admiralty, Prussian Army Generalleutnant Albrecht von Stosch was appointed chief. Stosch had no experience in naval matters, but "nevertheless, brought significant administrative talents to his new post."[2] He also perceived military power to emanate "from the tip of an army bayonet."
Stosch ended the practice of placing marines aboard warships. Instead he adopted a concept that became known as Infanterieismus.[3] He would train seamen as naval infantry, qualified in using small arms and competent in infantry tactics and amphibious operations. That approach would position the Seebataillon as a compact, self-contained organization, roughly equivalent to the British Royal Marine Light Infantry.[4] Enlargement of the battalion to six companies allowed a reorganization and the transfer of half of the battalion to Wilhelmshaven to form the II. Seebataillon. Both battalions were then increased in size to four companies. Scheduled exchanges of officers from the Prussian Army brought current tactical thinking to the sea battalions. Among others, 1st Lieutenant Erich Ludendorff served 1888–1891 as company commander; Lt.Col. Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck was commanding officer from 1909 to 1913 of the 2nd Sea Battalion at Wilhelmshaven.
After the successful occupation of Kiautschou in China on 14 November 1897 by the navy's East Asia Cruiser Division in a flawless demonstration of Infanterieismus, two companies from the first and two companies from the second battalion were combined to populate a third formation, the III. Seebataillon. This new battalion arrived at Tsingtao on 26 January 1898 to garrison the East Asian Station of the imperial navy. It was and remained the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate.
Units and garrisons in 1912[edit]
- I. Seebataillon at Kiel on the Baltic
- II. Seebataillon at Wilhelmshaven on the North Sea
- III. Seebataillon at Tsingtao (with its replacement and training base at Cuxhaven)
Additional small formations were the East Asian Marine Detachment (OMD) at Peking and Tientsin, and a company composed of personnel from I. and II. Seebataillone as Marine-Detachment in internationally occupied Albania.
Since the mid-1880s Seebataillon troops were frequently used as temporary intervention forces, mostly in the colonies. A company was sent in 1884 to German Kamerun. During the Boxer rebellion in China from 1900 to 1901, the first and second Seebataillon, reinforced by an engineer company and field artillery battery, comprised the German contingent to the international relief force. In 1904–1908 during the Herero and Nama revolt, a formation in battalion strength supported the Schutztruppe in German South-West Africa; during 1905–1906 a Seebataillon detachment served in German East Africa during the Maji Maji Rebellion.
World War I[edit]
The outbreak of the Great War saw the rapid expansion of marine forces into division size units. Drawing on Seebataillon reservists and conscripts, the naval infantry brigade under Generalmajor von Wiechmann grew into the Marine Division; an additional Marine Division was formed in November 1914. These two divisions formed Marine-Korps-Flandern (Naval Corps Flanders) under Admiral Ludwig von Schröder (known in Germany as the "Lion of Flanders"). In early February 1917 a third Marine Division was organized thus giving the naval infantry corps a strength of 70,000 men.
Marine units fought in 1914 at Tsingtao and Antwerp, in 1915 at Ypres, in 1916 on the Somme, in 1917 in Flanders and during the 1918 offensive battles in northern France.
World War II[edit]
The Marine-Stoßtrupp-Kompanie was formed in March 1938.[5] It initially consisted of two infantry platoons, one engineer platoon and one weapons platoon with a total strength about 250 men. On 1 September 1939 it took part in the Battle of Westerplatte.
In 1940 the unit was expanded to six companies as Marine-Stoßtrupp-Abteilung. The formation participated in the occupation of Normandy and the Channel Islands.
In April 1958 a marine engineer battalion was raised for the Federal German Navy and was initially under the command of the destroyer forces commander. After several reorganizations, the amphibious groups of the Federal Navy were dissolved or reassigned in 1993.
On 1 April 2014 a new Seebataillon (Naval Force Protection Battalion) was formed from existing naval protection forces, boarding teams, and the Minentaucher company.[6] The German Navy Seebataillon will be fully integrated into the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps Command from 2016 onwards allowing access to the vast experience of the Dutch marines in global amphibious operations, training, use of specialised equipment (amphibious ships) and facilities (Texel Island - Amphibious training grounds).
Footnotes and references[edit]
- ^ http://www.marine.de/portal/a/marine/start/ueberuns/markdo/einsfltl1/seebtl/!ut/p/z1/hY7NDoIwEISfxQPXbgXlx1s9aGJINFEUejEFasHUltQKPr41nEw0zm1nv5kMUMiBKta3gtlWKybdXdDwvIzTQ-onvn9Ikikms1W2zI6Rv96GcPoHUPfGP0Qw7GsOheuIfnbMHAQU6JX17Ik6bazkFrHqvRCKhqla8p2uyGhsgAqpy3E6UWUQC6CGX7jhBj2Msxtru_vCwx4ehgEJrYXkqOYe_pZo9N1C_gFCd8sHHMxln5LJC14U3dQ!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#Z7_B8LTL2922T9910A4FUBUV72G40. Missing or empty
- ^ Gottschall, By Order of the Kaiser, p. 42
- ^ Gottschall, p. 43
- ^ Gottschall, p. 18
- ^ http://www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Einheiten/infanterie/allgemein.htm
- ^ Das "Multitool" der Marine - Seebataillon in Eckernförde aufgestellt
- Gottschall, Terrell D. By Order of the Kaiser. Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy, 1865–1902. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003. ISBN 1-55750-309-5
- Nuhn, Walter. Kolonialpolitik und die Marine. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2002. ISBN 3-7637-6241-8


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A montage of Ben and Ava meeting as children and eventually falling in love as teenagers.
Themes: Relationships, Dating, Love, Love-Romantic, Soul Mates, Coming of Age, Childlike, Joy, Happiness
Carl admonishes his son who wants to serve a sub-par sandwich to patrons.
Themes: Excellence, Greatness, Quality, Lesson, Talent, Happiness, Fatherhood, Childlike, Passion
Percy tells his Dad that it's fun just to hang out with him, not anything extravagant, since his parents divorced.
Themes: Fatherhood, Bonding, Parenting, Family, Divorce, Childlike, Marriage
© 2004–2017 WingClips, LLC. All rights reserved. MOTION PICTURE ARTWORK, PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO are property of their respective owners. Their use is subject to the terms and conditions of this web site. By allowing their residence on WingClips.com, the proprietors do not imply licenses to intellectual property rights.


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Place four pebbles on the sand in the form of a square. Keep adding as few pebbles as necessary to double the area. How many extra pebbles are added each time?
Make a set of numbers that use all the digits from 1 to 9, once and
once only. Add them up. The result is divisible by 9. Add each of
the digits in the new number. What is their sum? Now try some other
possibilities for yourself!
Is there an efficient way to work out how many factors a large number has?
Start with a target of $23$.
The first player chooses a whole number from $1$ to $4$ .
Players take turns to add a whole number from $1$ to $4$ to the running total.
The player who hits the target of $23$ wins the game.
Play the game several times.
Can you find a winning strategy?
Can you always win?
Does your strategy depend on whether or not you go first?
Tablet/Full Screen Version
To change the game, choose a new target or a new range of numbers to add.
Test out the strategy you found earlier. Does it need adapting?
Can you work out a winning strategy for any target?
Can you work out a winning strategy for any range of numbers?
Is it best to start the game? Always?


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Fissure Sealants
Dental fissures are the grooves that naturally occur on the biting surface of teeth.
All molars and premolars have fissures to some degree. If the fissures are very deep and narrow, toothbrush bristles cannot fit or reach inside to clean the teeth and remove food particles. Consequently, plaque develops and causes tooth decay.
A fissure is five times more likely to develop decay than other tooth surfaces. In children and adolescents, the chewing and biting surfaces of molars and premolars are most vulnerable.
Fissure sealants are plastic coatings that fill the fissures and protect teeth from dental plaque and acids. When a tooth surface is completly sealed with a fissure, protection is 100%.
Treatment is painless and non-invasive, with a coat of the sealant applied to a cleaned tooth. The liquid sets in minutes and forms a physical barrier that stops food, bacteria and plaque acids from contacting the tooth surface.
Maintenance of a fissure seal: A regular check-up as recommended every 6-12 months. This allows the early detection of sealant loss or tooth decay. A sealant can be easily replaced if partially lost due to wear and tear.


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MAKERS We're Celebrating On National Poetry Month
This April we are celebrating the 20th anniversary of National Poetry Month. The commemorative month was started by the Academy of American Poets in 1996 and continues to be one of the largest literary celebrations in the world.
This month, we're sharing the MAKERS stories of five feminist poets who have inspired us both in their writing and also in their transformative journeys.
Click through our gallery to learn the stories, fast facts, and poetry from these female writers.
NEXT: Is Poetry Essential to Democracy? »
Related Stories:
• 5 Views on Poetry & Prose
• Tracy K. Smith wins Pulitzer Prize for Poetry!


text: Santa's Ranch Santa's tired of waiting for global warming to catch up at the North Pole. He's spending most of his pre-Christmastime among the 1.5 million lights of Santa's Ranch. Why not join him? Through Dec. 30, 6-10pm (2012). $24 per car. 9561 N. I-35, New Braunfels (two miles south of Tanger Outlet Mall) www.santasranch.net


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Showers Pass designs jackets with more bells and whistles, such as the Elite 2.1. But, when all you need is a jacket to keep you dry on and off the bike, the Women's Crossover jacket is a versatile shell that is both waterproof and breathable -- at a price that won't empty your wallet.
Showers Pass constructed the Crossover Jacket of Artex, which is a 2.5 layer fabric. This is a waterproof and breathable material that keeps you dry while reducing interior condensation. The seams have been taped to increase wind and waterproofness.
The Crossover has a women-specific relaxed fit, allowing you to layer a heavier jersey and base layer beneath, without the bulky feeling of a unisex jacket. The drop tail is cycling specific, while the fixed hood and sleek design are perfect for a walk to the coffee shop.
The 360-degrees of reflective tape and a light loop ensure you'll be seen. Added core vents increase air flow when you are riding hard and working up a sweat.
The Showers Pass Women's Crossover Jacket comes in sizes Small to XX-Large and is available in Fuscia and Olive.
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Women's ShowersPass Crossover Jacket
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
- Fit: Runs small
- Size Bought: M
When the zipper died in my Burley and leaking issues left me feeling all but prepared for the next downpour I looked to ShowersPass to provide a commuter's remedy. Having recently moved from OR back to the East Coast I trusted the Portland , OR brand to have my back in any storm.
I selected the Crossover for its non bike-specific design... an attached hood, roomier cut and an olive green color option. Photographs of the Crossover may have been somewhat misleading ; my -M- fit being a bit more restrictive across the shoulders than entirely comfortable and from that experienced with the Burley. I had hoped that the jacket would have offered a tad more coverage at my seat in the hunched forward position as well. So it loses a star for the fit. I may have been better fitted in a -L- but did not wish to repeat the returns process that i had already experienced with the Convertible Club II pants (rainy weather upon us).
I certainly encourage others who have not the luxury of a fitting room at purchase to tend toward the larger fit. How does the ShowersPass Crossover stand up to the weather? Two thumbs up... in cooler weather the restrictive fit still allows a base layer and my PI quilted fleece layer or Shebeest fleece vest. It's quite warm and on wetter days this jacket has definitely kept me dry. Thank you ShowersPass. And thanks again to BackCountry for the speedy delivery and excellent customer service.


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Levi Yitzchak II Schneerson MP
(1878 - 1944)
"רבי לויק", "The Lubavicher father", "Reb Levick"
Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson (1878-1944), Lubavitcher Rebbe's fatherRabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson was born on the 18th of Nissan in the town of Podrovnah (near Gomel) to his parents, Rabbi Baruch Sc...
R' Moshe Yehuda Leib Erblich of Sassov MP
(1745 - 1807)
"משה יהודה לייב אדמו"ר מסאסאסוב"
Ha'Admor Rabbi Moshe Leib of Sassov Chareidi Archives
In the late 19th century, the descendants of Reb Moishe Leib of Sassov had become rabbis in other cities. The town people found themselves withou...
Rabbi Shlomo Rabinowicz of Radomsk "Tiferes Shlomo" MP
(1796 - 1866)
"Shloma Rabinowitz", "Tiferes Shloma", "הרב שלמה הכהן הרב שלמה הכהן ראבינאוויטש של ראדאמסק תפארת שלמה ה'תקס"א - כ"ט אדר ה'תרכ"ו ראבינאוויטש של ראדאמסק תפארת שלמה"
They called him the Tzaddik and author of the book "Tiferes Shlomo" of Radomsk. He is Grand Rabbi Shlomo Hacohen Rabinovitch of Radomsk (Tiferes Shlomo) - First Radomsker Rebbe. His book "Tiferet Shelo...
Yechezkel Paneth (Mareh Yechezkel) MP
(1783 - 1845)
"Mareh Yechezkel; Ezekiel Panet; Esekiel"
Hungarian rabbi; born 1783 at Bielitz, Silesia; died Nisan 20, 1845, at Karlsburg, Transylvania. He studied in the yeshibah of Leipnik, Moravia, under Rabbi Baruch Fränkel, and then went to Prague, whe...
Rabbi Avraham Yoshua Freund MP
(1850 - 1932)
"אברהם יהושע", "פריינד"
Was the rabbi of Nasud in Romania and an Admor
Meshulam Feivush Halevi Heller, of Zbarizh, the 'Yosher Divrei Emes' MP
(c.1742 - 1794)
Wrote Derech Emes, Kisvei Kodesh & Yosher Divrei EmesConsidered one of the Gedolei Hador of his generation.Student of Rabbi Yechiel Michel of Zlotchov known as the Maggid of Zlotchov. Yechiel Michel wa...
Rabbi Yisrael Hopstein Maggid of Kozienice MP
(1733 - 1814)
"Kozhnitzer Magid", "Avodas Yisrael", "R' Yisroel Hopstein", "Yisroel Magid Kuznits", "Israel Hopstein Koznitse Magid", "המגיד מקאזניץ"
The Kozienice Yizkor contains substantial biographical information.
המגיד מקוז'ניץ - חייו ותורתו Hebrewbooks
Kozhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)
The Kozhnitzer Hasidic dynasty founded by the Kozhnit...
R' Judah Zvi of Stratyn MP
(1780 - 1844)
Founder of Dynasty. יוסף_שמואל_ברנדויין-מוריה about his great grandson namesake.
Tzvi Hirsch Schiff Teitelbaum MP
(b. - 1814)
Rebbe Shlomo Halevi of Karlin MP
(1738 - 1792)
"R. Shlomo Gottlieb Halevi", "Shlomo of Karlin"
Rebbe Shlomo HaLevi (Dynasty of Aaron Hakohen Hagadol in 1496- B.C.) was the Rebbe of Karlin after Rebbe Aaron Hagadol of Karlin - as he was his "Spiritual brother".Aaron Hakohen Hagadol from the Dynas...
Chaim (Chaika) Levin, [of Amador] MP
(c.1730 - 1787)
"Chaikel", "חיים חייקא מאמדור", "בעל חיים וחסד"
Rav Chaim (ben Shmuel) Cheikel (Chaikel) of Amdur (Indura) (1787). A disciple of the Vilna Gaon, he later became a student of Rav Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mazerich. Rav Chaim became one of the first Chas...
Rav Yaakov Yosef Heller Kahana, "Ha-Toldos M'Polnoah" MP
(1710 - 1784)
Sefer Toldot Yaakov Yosef by Yaakov Yosef ben Zevi ha-Kohen Katz of Polonoye
No single work has surpassed in importance its first published book, Sefer Toldot Yaakov Yosef, printed in Korets more...
Rebbe Aaron "ha-Gadol" Perlow of Karlin MP
(1736 - 1772)
"Rabbi Aharon ("the Great") of Karlin"
Aaron ben Jacob of Karlin , known among the Ḥasidim as Rabbi Aaron the Great , or simply as the " Preacher " or " Censor "; born in 1738; died 1771. He was one of the early great rabbis of the sect who...
Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch of Kaminka MP
(b. - 1781)
חסידות קמינקא-מיראפאל
R' Zvi Hirsch Ressler the maggid of Nadworna MP
(1740 - 1806)
"המגיד הק' מנדבורנא", "Tzemach Hashem Ltzvi"
צבי הירש מנדבורנה
רבי צבי הירש מנדבורנא
Shabtai of Rashkov MP
(1655 - 1745)
1655-1745 חסידות ראשקוב
Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Tzemach Tzedek - 3rd ADMOR of CHABAD] MP
(1789 - 1866)
"of Shklov", "צמח צדק", "Tzemach Tzedek", "3rd Admor of Chabad Lubavitch", ""צמח צדק"", ""Zemach Zedek"", ""Цемах-Цедек"", "Tzemach / Tzedak", "Tzemach Tzedek-3rd Admor of Chabad"
Menachem Mendel Schneersohn (1789-09-09 - 1866-03-17 OS) also known as the Tzemach Tzedek was an Orthodox rabbi and the third Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement.Biograph...
Yehuda Leib Eiger, [of Lublin MP
(1817 - 1888)
"Lejbel Lejb-Lejbus-Lejzor", "Eger"
An urban legend of sorts has circulated that his father, R. Shlomo (son of Rabi Akiva Eger), sat shiva for his son Leibel Eiger when he became a student of Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner, the Mei Shiloac...
Admor Yitzchak Meir Alter, 1st Gerrer Rebbe MP
(c.1798 - 1866)
"First Gerrer Rebbe", "the Chiddushei HaRim", "Mordek"
Yitzchak Meir Alter
Gerrer Rebbe
Main work - Chidushei Harim
Born 1798
Magnuszew, Poland
Died 10 March 1866
Dynasty Ger
Successor: Chanoch Henoch of Alexander
Wife: Feigele Lipszyc
R' Mordechai David Unger, Admur Dombrovo MP
(c.1770 - 1843)
רבי מרדכי דוד אונגאר זצ"ל (ה'תק"ל – ז' שבט ה'תר"ג), רב בדאמבראווא
Menachem Mendel Morgenstern of Kotsk MP
(1787 - 1859)
"Menachem Mendel Morgensztern/Shtern/Morgenshtern", "The Kotzker Rebbe", "Menachem Mendel of Kotsk"
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Morgensztern of Kotzk , better known as the Kotzker Rebbe (1787-1859) was a Hasidic leader. Born to a non-Hasidic family in Goraj near Lublin, Poland, he became attracted to Hasid...
Reb Menachem Mendel Hager [Ahavat Shalom of MP
(1768 - 1825)
"Ahavat Shalom", "Menachem Mendel Kossover", "Menachem Mendel Hagar Admor of Kosov", "Menachem Mendel Hagar"
Rabbi Menachem Mendel Hager of Kosov (1768 - 17 Cheshvan 1826) was the son of a close disciple of the Baal Shem Tov, and himself a disciple of R. Moshe Leib of Sasov. He conducted a modest business unt...
Yitzchok Isaac (1st Kaliver Rebbe) Taub MP
(1751 - 1821)
"Kaliver Rebbe", "Kalover Rebbe", "כ"ק אדמו"ר מקאליב. Rabbi Isaac Taub", "Rabbi Yitzchak (the 1st Kaliver Rebbe) Taub", "כ"ק אדמו"ר מקאליב. Yitschak Eizik Taub", "Kalib Rabbi", "Yitzhak Izik Toybe", "Yitzchok Aisik Taub - Kalev", "The First Kaliver Rebbe"
Kaliv Hasidic dynasty The Kaliver Dynasty began with Rabbi Yitzchak Isaac Taub (1744-1828) of Kaliv (Kalov, Kalev), Hungary. He was the first Hassidic Rebbe in Hungary and famous for composing the trad...
R' Levi Yitzchak of Berdichev MP
(1740 - 1809)
"The Berdichever Rebbe", "Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (Derbarimdiker)", "Rabbi Levi Yitzchak of Berditzhov", "Rabi Levi Itzchak of Baditchev Derbaremdiker", "R' Laivy Yitzchok M'Barditshev", "Kedushas Levi"
Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev (1740–1809), also known as the Berdichever, was a Hasidic leader. He was the rabbi of Ryczywół, Żelechów, Pinsk and Berdychiv, for which he is best known. He was one of the ...
Meshullam Zusia Lipman מהאניפאלי MP
(1718 - 1800)
"Meshullam Zusia Waisblum", "הצה"ק רבי ר' זושא מהאניפאלי זי"ע", "Reb Zusya", "Zusha", "Zusia of Hanipol", "Meshulem Zusya Lipman", "Rabbi Meshulam Zisha of Anipoli", "Der Rebbe Zishe", "Reb Meshulam Zushya of Anipoli Weisblum", "Sucha of Anipolu Lipman", "Reb Meshulam Zush..."
Rabbi Meshulam Zusha of Hanipol or Meshulum Zusil of Anipoli (1718–1800), Reb Zusha, Reb Zushe (sometimes spelled Zusil, Zoussia, Zušya, Zushya, Zushia, Zisha of Anipoli[ ) was an Orthodox rabbi and an...
R' Yechiel Michel, The Maggid of Zlochov MP
(1721 - 1786)
"R' Yechiel Michel - The Zlotschover Maggid", "Yechiel Michel", "Maggid of Zlotchow", "The Zlotshiver Maggid", "Rabbi Yekhiel Michel Rabinowitz of Zlotshev", "Reb Mich'l Zlotchover", "Yechiel Michl", "Rabbi Yehiel Mechil of Drohobic", "Rabbi Yechiel Michel יחיאל מיכל מ..."
The Zlotchover maggid was the scion of an illustrious family of rabbis and kabbalists from Galicia who lived and operated in the town of Brody and its environs; the maggid's great-grandfather was R. Mo...
R' Yitzchok M'Drohobic MP
(b. - c.1690)
"R' Yitzchok of Drovitch", "Rabbi Yitzchok of Drohobic", "Rabbi Yizchok of Drubitch", "R' Yitzchok M' Deruhbitsh", "Yitzchok Drohvitch", "Yitzchak Druvitch"
Rabbi Yitzchak of Drohovitch
Bio Details
R Yitzchak of Drohobitch, was the eldest student of the Baal Shem Tov (Besht).
Father – Rabbi Yosef Spra...
Grand Rabbi Dovid Biderman, The Lelover Rebbe MP
(1746 - 1814)
"David ben Shlomo Zvi Biederman", "1st Lelover Rebbe", "1st Rebbe of Lelov", "רבי דוד בידרמן בן רבי שלמה צבי.", "1", "R' Dovid Biederman", "1st Lelow Rebbe", "אדמו"ר דוד בידרמן", "רבי דוד מלעלוב", "Lelover Rebbe", "Rabbi Dovid of Lelov"
Rav Dovid Biderman, the first Lelover Rebbe (1746-1814), son of Rav Shlomo Biderman. A close follower of the Chozeh of Lublin, he was known for his extraordinary compassion for, and inability to see fa...
Rabbi Dov Ber, Maggid of Mezeritch MP
(c.1710 - 1772)
"המגיד ממזריזיטש רבי דוב בער", "רבי דוב בער המגיד ממעזריט", "Dov Ber of Mezeritch", "המגיד ממזריטש", "The Maggid of Mezeritch", "ר' דב בער המגיד ממעזריטש", "R' Dov Ber Ha'magid M' Mezritch", "R' DovBer", "the Maggid of Miedzyrzecz Volhyn"
Rabbi Dov Ber ben Avraham of Mezeritch (Hebrew: דֹּב בֶּר מִמֶּזְרִיטְשְׁ) (died December 1772 OS), also known as the Maggid of Mezritch, was a disciple of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov, the founder of ...
R' Pinchas of Korec MP
(1726 - 1790)
"הרב פנחס שפירא מקוריץ", "R' Pinchas SHAPIRA of Koretz", "Koritzer - המלמד השחור(לפני שנהיה חסיד) הרב פנחס הגדול(אחרי שנהיה אדמור", "Reb Pinchos Koritzer", "Pinchas of Koritz", "R' Phineas of Korec", "Phineas"
Rebbe Pinchas of Koretz, a disciple of the Baal Shem Tov. The Baal Shem Tov once remarked of him, "A soul such as that of Reb Pinchas comes down to this world only once in 500 years."
According to th...
Grand Rabbi Yaakov-Yitzchok Halevi Horowitz (Chozeh of Lublin) MP
(1745 - 1815)
"Chozeh of Lublin", "Seer of Lublin", "יעקב יצחק הורוביץ", "החוזה מלובלין"
Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin, also Jacob Isaac of Lublin, or Y. Y. Horowitz (Polish: Jakub Izaak Horowicz, Hebrew: יעקב יצחק הורוביץ), known as "The Chozeh of Lublin" (החוזה מלובלין, The Seer of Lub...
Admor Chaim Halberstam, [Divrei Chaim, of Sanz] MP
(1793 - 1876)
"Divrei Chaim", "Rebbe of Sanz", "דברי חיים", "האדמו"ר מצאנז", "הרה"ק מצאנז זי"ע", "Sanz"
Wikipedia: Chaim Halberstam and חיים הלברשטאם .* Halberstam Dynasty chart .* Jewish Dynasties .* Hebrew Article in Dor-Dea about Rabbi Chaim.
Rabbi Menachem Nachum Twersky, [1st Chernobyler] MP
(1730 - 1797)
"the Meor Einayim"
Rabbi Menachem Nochum Twerski of Chernobyl (born 1730, Narynsk, Volhynia - died 1798, Chernobyl, Ukraine) was the founder of the Chernobyl Hasidic dynasty. He was a disciple of the Baal Shem Tov and th...
Menachem Mendel Schneerson [7th ADMOR of CHABAD] The Lubavitcher Rebbe MP
(1902 - 1994)
"The Lubavitcher", "Lubavitcher Rebbe", "The Rebbe", "Our Rebbe"
[Wikipedia]Menachem Mendel Schneerson (April 5, 1902 OS – June 12, 1994 NS, known as The Rebbe, was a prominent Hasidic rabbi who was the seventh and last Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavit...
Admor Shneur Zalman of Liadi Boruchovitch MP
(1745 - 1812)
"Baal HaTanya", "Alter Rebbe", "Rabbeinu HaZaken", "Rabbeinu HaGadol", "RaZaSh", "the GRaZ.", "האדמו"ר הזקן"
Shneur Zalman of Liadi (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן מליאדי) (September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O.S.), was an Orthodox Rabbi, and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, then ba...
Rabbi Dovber Shneuri, [The Mitteler Rebbe] MP
(1773 - 1827)
"הרב האמצעי", "Mitteler Rebbe", "2nd Admor of Chabad Lubavitch", "2nd Rebbe - Mitteler Rebbe"
Dovber Schneuri (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)Dovber Schneuri (1773-11-13 to 1827-11-16) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber was the...
Rabbi Nachman Mi'Breslev MP
(1772 - 1810)
"Rabbi Nachman of Breslev", "Nachman M'Uman", "Nachman of Bratslav", "Reb Nachman Breslover", "רב נחמן ברעסלאווער", "Nachman from Uman", "Nachman Braslaver", "Breslover Rebbe", "Nachman of Breslav", "בעל ליקוטי מוהר"ן"
Breslever Rebbe / Na Nach Nachma Nachman M'Uman
Nachman of Breslov נחמן מברסלב, also known as Reb Nachman of Bratslav, Reb Nachman Breslover רב נחמן ברעסלאווער, Nachman from Uman (April 4, 177...
R' Uri Strelisker The Strelisker Rebbe MP
(1757 - 1826)
"R. Uri ben Pinhas of Strelisk", "ha-Seraf'", "R' Uri of Strelisk", "the Seraph", "Rabbi of Strzeliska", "Admor of Strzeliska", "Uri Der Saraf (from) Strelisk", "The Strelisker Rebbe", "Uri "SARAF" Strelisker"
R. Uri ben Pinchas of Strelisk (ha-Seraf, 1757-1826) was a student of the Baal Shem Tov and knew such Hasidic luminaries as R. Jacob Joseph of Ostrog, R. Pinhas of Koretz, and R. Zusya of Annopol, but ...
R' Naftali Zvi Horowitz, Admur Ropczyce MP
(1760 - 1827)
"Author of "Zera Kodesh" & "Ayala Shlucha"", "ADMOR of Ropshitz (1st)"
from Wikipedia Rabbi Naftali Tzvi Horowitz of Ropczyce (1760–1827) was born on the day that the Baal Shem Tov died, to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Rubin of Linsk. His mother Beila was the daughter of Rabbi Y...
Rabbi Yisrael Isserles "Baal Shem Tov'' הבעש״ט MP
(1698 - 1760)
"Baal Shem Tov", "Besht", "בעש"ט", "בעל שם טוב", "BeSh"T", "The Baal Shem /Tov/", "The Baal Shem-Tov"
Rabbi Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר) (August 27, 1698 (18 Elul) – May 22, 1760), also called Israel Baal Shem Tov or Besht , was a Jewish mystical rabbi considered to be the founder...
R' Elimelech of Lizhensk MP
(1717 - 1787)
Family Tree , Family Tree Chart
Hachnasas Orchim Lizensk
Bio - Wikipedia
R' Shmiel Komader-Doroger Rabbi MP
(1815 - 1881)
"(Kamader) שמואל פרענקל אבד"ק דאראג הגאון", "Imrei Shefer"", "Rav Shmuel Frenkel of Dorog", "Shmiel Kamader", "Doroger Rav- Frankel", "Shmuel ben Shraga Feivel Frenkel of Komod-Darag", "Shmiel Frankl Kamader"
Harav Shmuel Frankel of Dorog , The Imrei Shefer was born on 5 Nisan 1815 to Harav Shraga Feivush Frankel Rav of Ginz-Riska. He was one of the foremost Chassidic Rabbis in Hungary, who studied under R'...
Admor Yehuda Leib HaLevi Ashlag MP
(1884 - 1954)
"Baal Ha-Sulam", "Yehuda Leib Ashlag", "רַבּי יְהוּדָה לֵיבּ הַלֵּוִי אַשְׁלַג", "Yehuda Arye Leib Ashlag"
Rabbi Yehuda Ashlag (1885—1954) or Yehuda Leib Ha-Levi Ashlag, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה לֵיבּ הַלֵּוִי אַשְׁלַג was also known as the Baal Ha-Sulam בַּעַל הַסּוּלָם, "Author of the Ladder" in reference to his...


text:
Atlanta-based rapper Johnny Cinco released his newest mixtape Trap Religious today just six weeks after dropping I Swear. He's on pace to drop six tapes in 2015 alone.
Laced with 10 spicy tracks, Trap Religious features production from WillAFool, Fresh Jones, and Spiffy Global, and bars from Peewee Longway, Sauce Walka, Profet, Shy Glizzy, Ca$h Out and Lucci. Sadly there is no appearance from Cinco labelmate Migos, but we feel fortunate for the presence of Peewee Longway on the tape's standout track "Virtual Trapping."
If codeine could rap, it would sound like Johnny Cinco. Let us know what you think of his new tape in the comments.
01. Trap Religious Intro
02. Virtual Trapping Feat. PeeWee Longway
03. Tuesday Feat. Sauce Walka
04. When I Grow Up Feat. Profet
05. Amen Feat. Shy Glizzy
06. Livin Luxury Feat. Cash Out
07. For A Little
08. Nothing To Prove
10. The Ghetto Feat. YFN Lucci


text:
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text: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM PRE-HISTORY TO 1500 C.E. PRE-HISTORIC AFRICA • Regions in Africa • Sub-Saharan Africa vs. Northern Africa (inc. Nile Valley) • The Sahara is the greatest physical and cultural barrier • North settled early by Berbers, Hamites (Caucasian groups) • Sub-Saharan Africa has larger regions with many micro regions • West Africa Forest, Sahel called Sudan, Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa • Each region defined by physical geography and vegetation; many micro cultures • North and East Africa saw first "African" civilizations • • • • The Sudan • • • • • • The Nile River: Pharaonic Egypt; Kush-Meroe (often called Nubia) The Ethiopian Highlands: Axum (Aksum) or Ethiopia North Africa: Carthaginian Empire, Roman and Greek civilizations Sudanic region was sahel or plains stretching across Africa south of Sahara 9000 B.C.E. domestication of cattle; cultivation of sorghum, cotton Became home to most Sub-Saharan civilizations Small states based on tribes, clans developed Religion: polytheism, shamanism, placation of spirits, divination Climatic Change • • • • Prior to 5000 CE Sahara one large inland sea surrounded by plains 5000 B.C.E. development of Sahara Desert as desertification increased Increasing desertification forced mass popular migration to water Nile shifts to east; formation of large lakes in Central Africa that feed Nile REGIONS IN AFRICA AFRICAN CLIMATE ZONES THE BANTU • The Bantu peoples • • • • • Originated in the region around modern Nigeria/Cameroon Influenced by Nok iron making, herding, agriculture Population pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE – 700 BCE Two major movements: to south and to east and then south Languages split into about 500 distinct but related tongues • Bantu agriculture and herding • Early Bantu relied on agriculture – slash-burn, shifting • Pastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture, cattle • Iron metallurgy • Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. • Iron made agriculture more productive • Expanded divisions of labor, specialization in Bantu societies • Population Pressures • Iron technologies produced population upsurge • Large populations forced migration of Bantu THE BANTU MIGRATION • The Bantu Migration • Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000 B.C.E. • • • • • • Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest coasts Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct but related tongues Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa by 1000 C.E. Split into groups as they migrated: Eastern, Central, Southern Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they moved Bananas • Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached Africa • • • • Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from Malagasy • • • Settled in Madagascar, visited East African coast Brought with them pigs, taro, and banana cultivation Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500 C.E. Bananas caused second population spurt, migration surge Reached South Africa in 16th century CE Population growth • • • • 3.5 million people by 400 B.C.E. 11 million by the beginning of the millennium 17 million by 800 C.E. 22 million by 1000 C.E. MAP OF THE BANTU MIGRATIONS BANTU LANGUAGES BANTU POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS • Stateless societies • • • • • • Early Bantu societies did not depend on elaborate bureaucracy Societies governed through family and kinship groups Village council, consisted of male family heads Chief of a village was from the most prominent family heads A group of villages constituted a district Villages chiefs negotiated intervillage affairs • Chiefdoms • • • • Population growth strained resources, increased conflict Some communities began to organize military forces, 1000 C.E. Powerful chiefs overrode kinship networks and imposed authority Some chiefs conquered their neighbors • Kingdom of Kongo • Villages formed small states along the Congo River, 1000 C.E. • Small states formed several larger principalities, 1200 C.E. • One of the principalities conquered neighbors, built kingdom of Kongo • Maintained a centralized government with a royal currency system • Provided effective organization until the mid-17th century SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS • Diversity of African societies in Sub-Saharan Africa • • • • Kinship groups of stateless societies • • • • Extended families and clans as social and economic organizations Communities claimed rights to land, no private property Village council allocated land to clan members Sex and gender relations • • • • • • • • • Complex societies developed into kingdoms, empires, and city-states Coexisted with small states and stateless societies Lineages consisted of all members descended from a common ancestor Men undertook heavy labor, herding, Women were responsible for child rearing, domestic chores, farming Men monopolized public authority but women could be leaders Women enjoyed high honor as the source of life Many societies were matrilineal; aristocratic women influenced public affairs Women merchants commonly traded at markets Sometimes women organized all-female military units Islam did little to curtail women's opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa Age grades • • • Publicly recognized "age grades" or "age sets" Assumed responsibilities and tasks appropriate to their age grades Coming of age ceremonies and secret societies restricted by age, gender SLAVERY • Slavery in Africa • • • • • • Most slaves were captives of war, debtors, criminals Kept for local use or sold in slave markets Often used as domestic laborers especially agricultural workers Generally not a social stigma attached Slaves could receive freedom, become part of family, tribe Children born to slaves were not slaves • Slave trading • Slave trade increased after the 11th century CE • Primary markets • • • • • Across Sahara to North Africa and Egypt and ultimately Arabia Out of East Africa to Arabia and Middle East In some years, 10 to 12 thousand slaves shipped out of Africa Males preferred, could also act as carriers of trade goods 10 million slaves transported by Islamic trade between 750/1500 • Demand for slaves outstripped supply from eastern Europe • Original slaves preferred in Muslim world were Caucasian Slavs • Word "slave" comes from Slav • Slave raids against smaller states, stateless societies • Muslims could not be used as slaves (Quran) yet often ignored ARRIVAL OF ISLAM IN AFRICA • Islam in Africa • North Africa • Arab armies conquered region by early 8th Century; pushed up Nile • Mass conversions of local inhabitants due to tax incentives • West Africa • • • • • • Nomadic Berbers in North Africa • • • • • • • Introduced by Trans-Saharan Trade route Merchants were greatest contact with Islam Local rulers, elites converted by 10th century Gave elites control of trade, many benefits Allowed people to observe traditional beliefs Berbers and Arabs were bitter rivals Arabs settled coastlands, cities Berbers lived in deserts, mountains Berbers became puritanical Muslim, Shia Berber fanatics invaded Ghana, Morocco Ghana weakened, fell 10th century CE Elite religion vs. common practices • • • • Most people remained polytheists especially outside of cities, towns Produced syncretic blend such as accommodation of African gender norms After conversion by elites, old beliefs remained; part of inherited traditions Religion introduced writing, literary traditions Malinke Society & Culture • Formation of the kingdom heightened social differences • Society was organized according to clans • Many societies were matrilineal • Women enjoyed more freedom than most Eurasian cultures • Polygamy was common Malinke Culture • Large portions of the population did not convert to Islam • Many converts maintained some of their old beliefs • History maintained by oral historian called griots • Reading and writing was not for everyone! Drawing of a Malinke Griot Kingdom of Ghana (750-1076) • Used territorial expansion to control Trans-Saharan trade routes • Trade led urbanization • Kings converted to Islam by the 10th century • Did not force upon others • Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened Ghana in the early 13th century Salt Mines Gold Mines GHANA: 1ST SUB-SAHARAN CIVILIZATION • The kingdom of Ghana • • • • • • Kings maintained a large army of two hundred thousand warriors A principal state of west Africa, not related to modern state of Ghana Became the most important commercial site in west Africa Controlled gold mines, exchanged it with nomads for salt Provided gold, ivory, and slaves Wanted horses, cloth, manufactured goods • Koumbi-Saleh • Capital city • Thriving commercial center Kingdom of Mali (1230-1620) • Malinke people created an empire in the early 13th century • Sundiata "the Lion Prince" • Agriculture, with the gold trade, was the base of the economy • Mansa Musa's hajj in the 14th century became legendary KINGDOM OF MALI • Mandike Peoples • • • • Sundiata • • • • After Ghana dissolved, political leadership shifted to Mali empire, a Mandika state The lion prince Sundiata (reigned 1230-55) built the Mali empire Ruling elites, families converted to Islam after his death The Mali empire and trade • • • • Ghana was established by Mandika After fall of Ghana, Mandika established many small states Most people were not Muslims but merchants were Controlled gold, salt; taxed almost all trade passing through west Africa Enormous caravans linked Mali to north Africa Besides Niani, many prosperous cities on caravan routes Mansa Musa • • Sundiata's grand nephew, reigned from 1312 to 1337 Made his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325 • • • Mansa Musa and Islam • • • • Gargantuan caravan of thousand soldiers and attendants Gold devalued 25% in Cairo during his visit Upon return to Mali, built mosques Sent students to study with Islamic scholars in North Africa Established Islamic schools in Mali The decline of Mali • • • Factions crippled the central government Rise of province of Gao as rival to Mali Military pressures from neighboring kingdoms, desert nomads Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage EARLY AFRICAN RELIGION • Creator god • Recognized by almost all African peoples • Created the earth and humankind, source of world order • Lesser gods and spirits • Often associated with natural features, forces in world • Participated actively in the workings of the world • Believed in ancestors' souls influencing material world • Diviners • • • • Mediated between humanity and supernatural beings Called shamans and inappropriately "witch doctors" Interpreted the cause of the people's misfortune Used medicine or rituals to eliminate problems • African religion was not theological, but practical • Religion to placate the gods, ask for assistance, cures, fertility • Public celebrations inc. dancing, singing formed community • Genders honored different deities, had separate ceremonies THE SWAHILI CITY-STATES • Intermarriage of the Bantu and the Arab produced Swahili • • • • The Swahili city-states • • • • • • • • Chiefs gained power through taxing trade on ports Developed into city-states ruled by kings, 11th-12th centuries Controlled trade from interior: slaves, gold, ivory, spices Exchanged goods for finished goods, cloths, dyes, luxuries Craftsmen, artisans, clerks were Muslims Slaves used for domestic, agriculture Zanzibar clove plantations needed slaves Kilwa • • • • • • An Arabic term, meaning "coasters" Dominated east African coast from Mogadishu to Sofala Swahili is a Bantu language mixed with Arabic One of the busiest city-states Multistory stone buildings, mosques, schools Issued copper coins from the 13th century By 15th century, exported ton of gold per year Merchants from India, China, Arabia visited Islam in East Africa • • • Ruling elite and wealthy merchants converted to Islamic faith Conversion promoted close cooperation with Muslim merchants Conversion also opened door to political alliances with Muslim rulers ZIMBABWE • South Central Africa • Wooded and grass savannahs • Rich in minerals especially copper, gold • Bantu herders, ironsmiths found it wonderful • Zimbabwe • A powerful kingdom of Central Africa arose in 13th century • • • • From 5th centuries C.E. built wooden residences known as zimbabwe By the 9th century began to build stone zimbabwe Magnificent stone complex known as Great Zimbabwe, the 12th century 18,000 people lived in Great Zimbabwe in the late 15th century • Kings and wealth • • • • Organized flow of gold, ivory Trade include slaves Counted wealth in cattle, too Traded with Swahili city-states CHRISTIANITY IN AFRICA • Early Christianity in North Africa • Christianity reached Africa during 1st century C.E. • St. Mark converted Egypt, spread up Nile • Romans introduced faith to North Africa • North Africa was home to many heresies • • • • • • • Believed Christ had one nature, largely divine Persecuted; declared heresy by Chalcedon The Christian kingdoms of Nubia and Axum • • • • Region had no influence on sub-Saharan African Monophysite Christianity along the Nile • • • Arianism = Jesus was human Monophysites = Jesus had one nature Donatists = Apostate Christians could not return Vandal German settlers were Arian Christians Byzantine conquest returned north to Catholics 1st Christian kingdom, 4th century C.E., Nubians of Kush also became Christian Both adopted Monophysite form of Christianity Ethiopian and Nubian Christianity • • • Had little contact with Christians of other lands Shared basic Christian theology/rituals, developed own features Isolated, attacked by Islam


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Simple Pro - Troubleshooting and FAQ
(aka 2016 Simple)
Simple Pro Troubleshooting
- Extruder Clicking - Drive Gears Binding - Simple Pro
- Simple Pro - Screen is dark - Not connected to Printrapp
- Updating Firmware on Your Printrbot Simple Pro
- Calibrating Your Printrbot Simple Pro
- Why do my files download so slow?
- The status of my printer in the cloud is gray. How do I get it to connect properly?


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You missed it This great deal for Arrowhead Golf Course is over. But don't despair, we've got more great deals every day.
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Arrowhead Golf Course
18 Holes of Golf with Cart for Two and $20 to Spend on Food and Drink
We're all glued to the overseas athletics happening right now, but there's only so much professional TV-watching a couch athlete can do. Give your remote a rest and swing into action with today's deal with Arrowhead Golf Course: Spend $28 for a golf package for two (a $56 value), including 18 holes of golf with a cart for two, plus $20 to spend on food and drinks at the Arrowhead clubhouse. Located directly on the Erie Canal in Spencerport, Arrowhead's 9- and 18-hole courses offer gorgeous views, along with water hazards and a variety of hole designs for all skill levels. And after working up an appetite outside, you can head inside to refuel with some wings, a burger, a Buffalo chicken salad, and more -- and even catch up on the wide world of sports playing on the TV behind the bar.
PAID VALUE EXPIRES ON May 28, 2022
PROMOTIONAL VALUE EXPIRES ON November 11, 2012


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BALTIMORE -- A compelling pitching duel between Baltimore ace Erik Bedard and Boston rookie Daisuke Matsuzaka turned into a wild affair with an ending the Orioles could not have possibly imagined.
Brian Roberts led off the ninth inning with a double and scored the game-winning run on a sacrifice fly by Nick Markakis, giving Baltimore a 6-5 comeback victory Friday.
The Orioles rallied from a 5-1 deficit with a four-run eighth against Eric Gagne, then won it in the ninth against Hideki Okajima (3-1).
Long before Roberts crossed the plate, Bedard and Matsuzaka dominated. Bedard took a two-hitter and a 1-0 lead into the eighth before Boston sent 10 batters to the plate and scored five runs.
"Certainly it looked like it was going to be 1-0 before it was 6-5," Roberts said. "Those two guys are tough. They both pitched great tonight."
Roberts started the ninth with a ground-rule double and moved to third on a bunt by Corey Patterson. Markakis followed with a soft fly to center fielder Coco Crisp, who couldn't put enough on his throw for a play at the plate.
After Boston's eighth inning, the Orioles weren't too confident about their chances of rallying against the AL East leaders.
"I wish I could lie and say we were positive and upbeat, but I don't think we were," Roberts said. "Everybody was down and probably a little frustrated."
Matsuzaka allowed one run and four hits in seven innings. He struck out seven and now has 159, breaking the single-season record for Boston rookies set by Ken Brett (155 in 1970).
"We're at a point in the season where we want to pick up every win we can, especially going late into the game with a lead like that," Matsuzaka said through an interpreter. "So the fact that we weren't able to hang on today was a big disappointment."
His fine performance was ruined by a miserable showing by Gagne, who got only one out. Obtained before the trading deadline from Texas to fortify Boston's relief corps, Gagne has pitched in four games, giving up six runs and nine hits in 3 1/3 innings.
"I'm not doing my job right now. The last four games have been horrible," he said. "I've got to step it up and do my job and get people out. There's no excuse. It's the same, the adrenalin has been there, everything has been there. I'm just not making my pitches."
Patterson started the Baltimore eighth with a double and scored on a single by Markakis. Two batters later, Aubrey Huff hit a two-run double, and Melvin Mora tied it with an RBI single off Okajima.
"I don't think we imagined scoring that many that quick," Roberts said. "I think it's a testament to the guys we have in this locker room. After losing three straight, we could have died."
Then came the ninth.
It was the first major league loss for Okajima. Baltimore rookie Jim Hoey (1-0) got four outs to earn his initial big league win.
After moving within a strike of getting the third out and keeping the shutout intact in the eighth, it all came apart for Bedard.
The biggest hit was delivered by Wily Mo Pena, who came up with two on and two outs. After falling into an 0-2 hole, Pena tied the game with a single up the middle, his first hit in 12 at-bats this season with two outs and a runner in scoring position.
"Bedard pitched a (heck) of a game, but one pitch in the eighth made the difference," Orioles manager Dave Trembley said.
That chased Bedard, and Julio Lugo followed with an RBI bunt single off Chad Bradford. Dustin Pedroia got an infield hit before David Ortiz ended an 0-for-11 skid with a two-run single off Jamie Walker. Manny Ramirez capped the surge with an RBI single.
Bedard, who has won nine straight decisions, struck out six to bring his major league-leading total to 199. He avoided the loss when Baltimore rallied.
Before the wacky eighth, the Orioles got the game's lone run before many in the sellout crowd of 48,993 settled in for a pitching matchup that lived up to its potential. Patterson walked with one out in the first, stole second and scored on Miguel Tejada's two-out single.
- The Orioles recalled LHP Garrett Olson from Triple-A Norfolk and named him the starter Saturday.
- Boston's Eric Hinske was reinstated from the bereavement list before the game, but did not play.
- Kevin Youkilis is 1-for-18 lifetime against Bedard and Mike Lowell is 1-for-14.


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Fort Western Stores
|Carl & Shirley Wohlfarth
|Nebraska City, Nebraska, United States
Number of locations
Fort Western Stores is a Nebraska-based multi-channel marketer specializing in western lifestyle merchandise including jeans, shirts, cowboy boots, hats, saddles and tack, old west clothing, work wear and home décor.
Fort Brands & The Fort Inc is a family-owned, privately held company, established in 1972 by Carl and Shirley Wohlfarth,[1] The enterprise began with their children's love for horses. When the tack shop the Wohlfarths frequented for years closed, it ignited the idea for them to start their own shop.
The first store opened as a one-room horse tack shop on 48th and Old Cheney Rd. in Lincoln, Nebraska. Carl and Shirley worked part-time in the store while working full-time to support the family, Shirley as a nurse and Carl as a lieutenant in the Lincoln Fire Department. As the business grew, they added jeans and boots to their product offering.[2]
In 1987, Fort Western relocated its Lincoln store from 48th and Old Cheney Rd. to the Alamo center at 56th and Hwy 2 where the tack shop grew from a one-room display to the largest in the Midwest. The Lincoln store now occupies over 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of retail space and the product mix has expanded to include western jewelry, outerwear, belts, suits, home décor, collectibles and even furniture… all reflecting the western lifestyle.
The Lincoln store's two-story unique floor plan includes an Old West Shop [1] with authentic reproductions of 19th-century historic cowboy clothing and accessories. The lower level houses other specialized areas including a cowboy shop and workwear department. The store's large selection of merchandise and unique decor attracts general shoppers as well as western lifestyle enthusiasts. Customers fly in from all over the country to visit the store. Even country music legend Garth Brooks has shopped the Fort's aisles.[3]
Fort Western's "Fort Frontier" brand is attached to shooter and range boots, commonly used in cowboy action shooting, sold in their Old West Shop. The Fort Western used a similar process to design one-of-a-kind custom Nebraska Cornhusker boots that were custom made and signed by Nebraska Husker coaches. The Husker boots were auctioned off at the 2009 Cattlemen's Ball to raise money for cancer research. [4]
In 1993, Fort Western added a second retail store in Nebraska City, Nebraska. With 16,000 square feet (1,500 m2), the store is the second largest western-style outfitter in Nebraska. Nebraska City is the headquarters for the Fort Western catalog. The catalog publishes several times throughout the year and is distributed to all American states and 12 countries. In 2000, Fort Western took their store online, adding eCommerce to their existing retail and catalog marketing channels. Today the Fort Western is one of the largest western wear outfitters in the Midwest and continues to grow with plans to expand its retail store locations. In July 2012, Fort Western launched a mobile optimized version of their Website.[5][6][7] The third Fort Western retail store opened in Columbus, Nebraska in November 2012. At 11,000 square feet (1,022m²) this store is a sizable addition to the Fort Western family.[8]
- ^ NewsGuide.us. "Nebraska Husker Boots Autographed by Husker Coaches to be Auctioned Off at Cattlemen's Bal". Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ Southeast Lincoln Gold, "The Fort Relocates at The Alamo!"
- ^ Lincoln Journal Star. "Tack shop dominates Lincoln market". Retrieved 1992-05-18. Check date values in:
- ^ Nebraska StatePaper.com. "No Ordinary Pair of Husker Boots". Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ PRWEB. "Fort Western Stores Launches Mobile Optimized Website". Retrieved 2012-07-25.
- ^ Omaha.com. "Small stores aim to serve". Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Ncnewspress.com. "NC holiday shopping starts with a rush". Retrieved 2009-11-27.
- ^ Columbus Telegram. "Saddle up, dress up at the Fort". Retrieved 2013-01-09.


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Aamir Ali - Sanjeeda Sheikh Reveals About Their Valentine's Plans - Exclusive
Description:Television's popular couple Aamir Ali and Sanjeeda Sheikh shares their love secrets, Valentine's plans and much more. Watch the video to see the candid conversation of Aamir Ali and Sanjeeda Sheikh with Bollywood Now correspondent Rohit Bhatnagar.
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