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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
my gril friend at the time was 36 i was 16 can she stioll be charge with a crime
It is a felony to have sex with a 16 year old if you are over 18 in California. With only the details you provided, I can't determine whether she will be charged, but that is the law. See Penal Code section 261.5 (also Penal Code section 288)Ask a similar question
Agree. Additionally, being more than 10 years older than the minor adds additional punishment and may make the prosecutor more likely to file charges.
Yes, yes, yes absolutely. It is a very serious charge and it may result in 290 Registration (sex offender registration). Your GF needs an attorney. Very serious charge.Ask a similar question
Yes, it's a felony sex crime. If she's convicted she's going to prison and will have to register as a sex offender. She needs an attorney, for one, and you are doing her no favors by sleeping with her and broadcasting that fact on the internet.
Responding to questions on AVVO does not establish an attorney-client relationship between the questioner and any attorney associated with Garrett Law Group, PLC. Responses should be considered and used for informational purposes only. Every case is unique in its facts, and all legal matters should be discussed with a licensed attorney prior to making any decisions or taking any actions.Ask a similar question
I'm wondering if this is related to the posted question the other day from the woman on probation, who has an order that she not contact the under-age boyfriend. She's playing with fire.Ask a similar question
Yes it's illegal. Frankly most 16 year old males dream of having sex with a 36 year old girls but the act for gender equity reasons remains illegal. The DA could charge on the word of a third party who claims that you or she admitted to having sex with each other. Also the DA could charge if there is an actual witness to the two of you having sex. In reality, either you (the alleged victim) or the 36 year old (the alleged perpetrator) will likely have to make a statement to the cops that the sex occurred for this charge to stick. In the laughably unlikely event that you feel victimized, you are free to rat on the 36 year old by talking to the police. If you don't want the 36 year old to be charged, don't talk to police. Be advised that nothing good ever happens when you sit down to talk to the police. Police will play nice, mean, lie to you, scare you, guilt you, and otherwise deceive to make a charge stick on someone in order to win convictions. Likewise, the 36 year old shouldn't talk to police since she is the alleged perpetrator in this case. Indeed neither of you should ever admit this relationship to anyone ever for any reason, save a criminal attorney in a private setting. That means not bragging about this to friends, enemies, colleagues, teachers, strangers, family members, priests, health teachers, ect. Good luck.Ask a similar question
I would offer one exception to the advice rendered here: the asker may feel free and safe to discuss this matter in treatment sessions with a licensed physician or mental health professional or a religious counselor or advisor. Stereotypes aside, not every 16-year old male is emotionally equipped to deal with the fallout of a sexual relationship with an adult. There is no reason for the asker to feel that the risks of criminal law prevent him from obtaining therapeutic services.
I agree that those conversations are legally privileged. After Tarasoff, the Menedez brothers, mandatory reporting laws, and other cases, I personally wouldn't discuss any child abuse/sex or serious crime with anyone but a trusted criminal attorney.
Serious Felony - She needs to immediately consult a local criminal attorney to discuss this matter in private, not on a public forum like AVVO.
This is not intended to be legal advise or as legal representation. I am a California personal injury attorney . Be aware that every state has its own statute of limitations; and statutes & case laws that govern the handling of these matters.Ask a similar question
There's a six year statute of limitations, that can be extended under certain conditions. If it is still within the statute of limitations, then yes.
for Fairness / for Your Freedom because sometimes good people get into bad situations.
(800) 409-7010
The response above is not intended as legal advice since it's impracticable to provide thorough, accurate advice based upon the query without additional details. It is highly recommended that one should seek advice from a criminal defense attorney licensed in your jurisdiction by setting up a confidential meeting. Moreover, this response does not constitute the creation of an attorney-client relationship since this message is not a confidential communication because it was posted on a public website, thereby publicly disclosing the information, which is another reason to setup a confidential meeting with an attorney.Ask a similar question
Everything posted on this board is public knowledge. Therefore, DO NOT POST ANY DETAILS regarding a crime. Post information in a general manner only. The answer to your question is Yes.
Oscar E. Toscano
I am licensed to practice in the state of California. I handle cases from Sacramento to San Diego. I have handled cases in Federal District courts from Alaska and throughout the United States. My comments and opinions are based on California law and are based on the limited information provided in the question. Legal questions are usually fact specific and a few facts can and often does change the opinion I would give. It is better to consult with an attorney in your jurisdiction (your geographic area) and provide specific details regarding your case in private. You would get more specific advice. The contents of the conversations with your attorney are confidential and are protected from being revealed. The statements made in this public forum (AVVO) are not confidential and could be revealed. Therefore, you must be very careful in the details you provide. Do not disclose information that could be a crime or that could be used in order to prove a crime was committed. If you are in California and want to clarify any of my answers, feel free to contact me.Ask a similar question
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 23, 1986
|Filing date
|Feb 22, 1984
|Priority date
|Mar 31, 1983
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Georg Daisenberger
|Original Assignee
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (16), Classifications (17), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to applications Ser. Nos. 584,120, filed Feb. 27, 1984, 583,893, filed Feb. 27, 1984, 582,607, filed Feb. 22, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,725 and 582,610, filed Feb. 22, 1984.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for telecommunications systems, particularly telephone exchange systems, comprising a centralized and/or partially-centralized information-processing sequential logic systems having a limited call-in capability with respect to the information processing capacity, and comprising measuring circuits for identifying the loadability of such sequential logic systems, these integrating the constantly-fluctuating load over time intervals that are sufficiently long in order to assure an identification result having sufficient accuracy. Further, counters are provided for the identification of the information processing traffic load of a respective sequential logic system, for the recognition of information-processing traffic overloads and for averting such overloads, whereby the counter supply respectively current momentary value of the information-processing traffic load with the shortest possible time delay in order to realize a defense against overloads with a short time delay.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A circuit arrangement of this general type is already known from a lecture that was held at the "9th INTERNATIONAL TELETRAFFIC CONGRESS (ITC)" in October 1979 at Torremolinos, Spain (Conference paper ITC-9 by SOMOZA et al, pp. 1-7). In arrangements known from this lecture, therefore, a differentiation is undertaken between a loadability measurement, on the one hand, supplying an identification result pertaining to the loadability of a central sequential logic system, and an information-processing traffic load identification, on the other hand, indicating the respective current state of the traffic load. Whereas the identification result levels short-duration fluctuations in the traffic load, the result of the continuing information-processing traffic load identification should be as current as possible, i.e. supply a respective result in which the on-going load fluctuations are expressed. The identification result of the loadability measurement specifies a measurable variable to which the continuously-identified, current result of the information-processing traffic load is compared. The result of the loadability measurement is a guide line, i.e. a reference value, for that traffic load to be supplied to a central control unit. The result of the information-processing traffic load identification is the respective current actual value of the traffic load existing at every moment. Comparison of this actual value to the reference value provides a respective indicator as to whether the traffic load to be routed to the central control unit can be increased with respect to the momentary value or must be reduced.
In the above known instance, the loadability measurement for the acquisition of the reference value occurs by tallying service requests forwarded to a sequential logic system over relatively long time intervals of a number of seconds each, whereas the load measurement for identifying the on-going actual values likewise occurs by tallying, but in far shorter time intervals, whereby each of these time intervals is only a small fraction of each of the aforementioned time intervals. When this tally within a time interval exceeds a limiting value corresponding to and defined by the reference value, then all further requests up to the end of the time interval are not accepted. The load of a sequential logic system is therefore controlled with individual requests to be executed (arithmetic operations, control events and the like). It is thereby necessary to make each of the time intervals sufficiently long so that a load regulation does not occur in coarse skips, occuring, rather, sufficiently fine. The number of requests and, therefore, the in-flow of information to be processed in the computer can be restricted, or even temporarily stopped, entirely on the basis of the load results acquired by the tallying operation. The traffic load is thereby to be optimally matched to a call-handling capability and overload limits of the computer in order to therefore achieve as high as possible the utilization of the computer capacity, as well as avoiding overloads insofar as possible, such overloads, as known, resulting in considerable temporary operations restrictions or operations malfunctions for the devices making use of the computer. This is therefore alleviated in the cases of use addressed in the conference paper by way of a dynamic matching of the traffic load of computer requests to the computer based on changing type and, therein, on frequency.
The known methods for recognizing and regulating the computer traffic load, however, supply an adequately accurate result only when the individual time interval employed for counting the events, for example computer requests, is sufficiently large with respect to the mean chronological spacing between these events so that fluctuations in the computer traffic load, the load rising and falling continuously, do not cause the computer traffic load to be represented in course skips so that the corresponding control is capable of optimally matching the computer traffic load to the loadability. The requirement inherent therein, namely that the time interval for the individual tally of the events must be sufficiently long, has a negative effect on the respective point in time at which the results of each of the tally operations are available. The result of identifying the computer traffic load, therefore, still always exhibits a time lag that is necessarily conditioned by the fact that the corresponding result for each acquisition time interval is identified only after the time interval has elapsed, being identified, in particular, by way of a comparison operation. This time lag is, in turn, disadvantageous to influencing the computer traffic load for the purpose of regulating the same. For, in particular, either averting an overload can only take effect when the overload situation has already occurred, i.e. to late in view of actually-arising overloads, or the aversion of an overload must already begin before the overload limit of the computer has been reached at all, i.e. "under suspension", therefore not only in those operating instances in which the computer traffic load in fact rises above the loadability limit, but in addition, in all of those operating instances as well in which the rise of the computer traffic load in the direction toward the loadability limit only produces the assumption that the loadability limit will be transgressed, but in which the computer traffic load does not, in fact, reach or exceed the loadability limit. The problem therefore lies in the extrapolation of the load behavior over the time. A regulation, however, is less and less effective the later it begins; its relatively late beginning, in addition, can result in the fact that periods of more pronounced under utilization continuously alternate with periods of overloads without this actually being caused by the traffic load that in fact occurs. The requirement is further amplified by the condition that the chronological distribution of the events to be acquired scatters noticeably, that, therefore, the chronological spacings between the respectively-successive events are relatively unequal in comparison to one another. The effect is all the more aggravated the smaller the respective acquisition range; the greater this range, the greater the influence of the compensating effect of the statistical distribution. The size of the aforementioned time intervals, therefore, also has a delaying influence on the respective beginning of the regulation effect and, therefore, on the effectiveness of the regulation. The duration of each of the time intervals must be selected all the greater, the smaller the number of requests occurring per time unit. This duration, therefore, is longer given, for example, partially-centralized control units that are assigned to a central control unit than at the central control unit itself when one proceeds on the basis that the number of requests per time unit is higher at the central control unit than at the partially-centralized control units.
The object of the invention, therefore, is to provide an arrangement for load regulation suitable for sequential logic systems of all types which enables a rapid initiation of a regulating effect even given low numbers of requests per time unit.
The above object is achieved, according to the present invention, in that the last identification result of the identification results continuously transmitted by a measuring device and supplied to at least one counter is stored in a memory of the counter and the counter is incremented given the arrival of a respective initial switch identifier announcing a subsequent arrival of an information to be processed, and is deincremented at regular time intervals, and in that the respective store identification result indicates the number of steps the counter is incremented upon receipt of each initial switch identifier, and in that an overload situation exist in the counter by a transgression of a limiting value due to incrementation until reattainment of the limiting value due to deincrementation.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention, its organization, construction and operation will be best understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, on which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a telephone exchange system constructed to operate in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a portion of the telephone exchange system of FIG. 1 as an aid in explaining the inventive characteristics.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the invention and shows only those components which essentially contribute to an understanding of the invention.
Turning first to FIG. 1, a switching matrix network is illustrated as being constructed in three switching stages RZE, R and RZA and has a larger plurality of switching matrix network terminals at its input side, one of the terminals being illustrated and referenced A. The switching matrix network comprises a plurality of switching matrix network components. Each of the switching matrix network terminals always comprises a pair of time-division multiplex lines, of which the one time-division multiplex line serves for signal transmission to the switching matrix network and the other time-division multiplex line serves for signal transmission out of the switching matrix network. The switching matrix network terminal A, accordingly, comprises a time-division multiplex line A1 and a time-division multiplex line A2. The respective signal transmission direction of each of these two time-division multiplex line is indicated by way of corresponding arrows.
The switching matrices of the first switching stage RZE are combined time-slot/space-slot multiples, as the illustrated symbol show. The switching matrices of the center switching stage R are space-slot multiples. The switching matrices of the last switching stage RZA are again space-slot/time-slot multiples. A larger plurality of the multiples is provided in each switching stage, even though only three respective multiples of the specified type are illustrated per switching stage. The switching matrices of the various switching stages are connected to one another over links in the manner to be derived from the drawing. These links are time-division multiplex links. The switching matrix network terminals are likewise of a time-division nature.
Line trunk groups, for example the line trunk group LTG 1 are connected to the switching matrix network terminals, for example the terminal A of the switching matrix network portion K, over time-division multiplex lines, for example the time-division multiplex line ltg 1, respectively designed for both transmission directions. At its input side, such a line trunk group can be connected with subscriber lines (analog), analog trunks and pulse code modulation (PCM) trunks (alternately as well as in combination). A subscriber station connected over a subscriber line is illustrated and referenced T1. Coder, decoder, multiplexer, demultiplexer and the devices required for a realization of the so-called BORSCHT functions are contained in a line/trunk group (cf. NTZ, 1980, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 646-652 and 1978 International Zurich Seminar on Digital Communications, Proceedings IEEE Catalog, No. 78, CH 1325-0 ASST, pp. B2-1, A4.1, as well as the German patent applications P 31 00 811.9, P 31 04 002.0 and P 31 06 903.7.
A line trunk group LTG1 is illustrated on the drawing. Its structure and manner of operation are extensively described in the aforementioned German published application 28 26 113 (beginning at the bottom of Page 6), which corresponds to the Republic of South Africa Patent No. 79/2960, both of which are fully incorporated herein by this reference. Further, the Supplement to Volume 4 (1981) of the periodical "telcom report" discusses such structure. The following detailed description, therefore, presumes this structure to be known and is limited to the interrelationships that are particularly significant in the present context.
A central control unit ZW serves, among other things, to set up the call connections to be completed across the switching matrix network. It identifies the switching or exchange data required for the set up of every connection. As known, the exchange data for a call to be through-connected precisely specify the course of the appertaining connection across the switching matrix network, i.e. the switching matrices and links traversed by the connection as well as the channels therein that are respectively occupied. These data are worked up with the assistance of the central control unit which, among other things, therefore exercises the function of a path finding device in addition to that of an occupation memory, and are transmitted to the switching matrix network marking device KE of the switching matrix network K. The data flow from the central control unit ZW to the switching matrix network marking device KE, the data flow transmitting the exchange data, extends over a buffer device MB which is connected to the central control unit over a central data line D. The buffer device MB serves for intermediate storage and recoding of data as well as for matching to the transmission rates. The buffer device can be limited to some of these functions or to respectively only one of these functions. Such a buffer device is disclosed in detail in the German Patent No. 15 37 849, which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,110, fully incorporated herein by this reference.
In addition to the central control unit ZW, a larger plurality of decentralized control devices GP1-GPn is also illustrated, these being respectively individually assigned to the line trunk groups LTG1-LTGn. The control devices serve for the execution of all switching operations within each of the line trunk groups. Included among these switching operations are, in particular, all switching events within these line trunk groups. Further details regarding this can be derived from the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,665,110.
The decentralized control devices GP1-GPn are in communication with the central control unit ZW over data channels that are individually through-connected per decentralized control device up to the buffer device MB over the switching matrix network K. A respectively separate data channel thus leads to each of the decentralized control devices from the buffer device, namely from its data head ML. To this end, the data head ML of the buffer device MB is connected by way of a time-division multiplex line m to one of the switching matrix network terminals. The buffer device is connected to one of the switching matrix network terminals in the same manner as each of the line trunk groups LTG1-LTGn. The time-division mutiplex line m is therefore connected to a switching matrix network terminal that comprises a time-division multiplex input to a space slot/time slot multiple of the first switching stage and a time-division multiplex output from a space slot/time slot multiple of the last switching stage. The time-division multiplex line m is therefore connected to a switching matrix network terminal like that referenced A.
Every data connection between the data head of a buffer device and each of the line trunk groups, for example the line trunk group LTG1, comprises a channel for the transmission of data from the buffer device to the appertaining line trunk group and a further channel for the transmission of data in the opposite direction. These two data channels lead to and from the decentralized control device assigned individually to the appertaining line trunk group.
The completion and the maintenance of the described data transmission circuits via the switching matrix network K occurs with the assistance of the switching matrix network marking device KE in the same manner as the set up and maintenance of message transmission links, for example telephone connections. To this end, control memories are assigned to the switching matrices of the switching matrix network K in a known manner, the switching or exchange data appertaining to a respective switching matrix being written into the control memories. What is accomplished with the assistance of the control memories is that the required through-connections are available in the respective time slots or, respectively, the required write operations and read operations for the full storages of the time slot multiples occur. All further details relating to the structure and manner of operation of a time-division switching matrix network are presumed here to be well known in the art and are therefore not described in further detail.
As explained above, the switching data required for the completion of message transmission links are transmitted from the central control unit to the switching matrix network marking device KE via the buffer device MB. Serving this purpose, among other things, is a data head MK that is assigned to the buffer device MB. For the sake of completeness, it should be added here that a plurality of switching matrix network marking devices KE can also be connected with a buffer device MB. This plurality of switching matrix network marking devices KE can also be individually assigned to a plurality of switching matrix network parts of a larger switching matrix network. It is also possible to provide a respective switching matrix network marking device per switching stage.
Since the data transmission circuits described above between the buffer device MB to each of the line trunk groups LTG1-LTGn via the time-division multiplex line m must be through-connected with the assistance of the switching matrix network K before the set up of transmission links, for example telephone connections, can be initiated, a completely free switching matrix network is usually available for the completion of these data transmission circuits, i.e. a switching matrix network in which all channels are unoccupied. The set up of the data transmission circuits can therefore occur according to an arbitrarily-defined pattern that remains unaltered for all time. It is therefore provided that the switching matrix network marking device KE also contains marking data, i.e. the exchange data, for the data channels, stored in a memory V assigned thereto. Given a recompletion of the data transmission circuits, these data therefore need not be respectively worked out anew by the central control unit ZW and need not be retransmitted via the buffer device MB. When the data transmission circuits required between the buffer device MB and the line trunk groups LTG1-LTGn, i.e. their decentralized control device GP1-GPn, are to be set up anew via the switching matrix network K, then the central control unit ZW merely emits a corresponding instruction to the buffer device MB which forwards the instruction to the switching matrix network marking device KE and, on the basis of which instruction, the marking device KE takes the switching data stored in its memory V in order to execute the required switching operations in individual succession in a manner known per se.
The preceding description has described the time-division multiplex telephone exchange system of the present invention in more general terms, while the following description relates in more detail to the interrelationships of the elements in accordance with the invention.
As explained in the aforementioned German published application 28 26 113 and its corresponding South African 79/2960, in addition to transmission links to and from subscriber stations, as well as trunks, the aforementioned data transmission circuits between the decentralized control device, for example the device GP, assigned to the line trunk groups, for example the line trunk group LTG1, and, on the other hand, the central control unit ZW, are completed via a time slot coupler TSU of the line trunk group LTG1. As already presented, these data transmission circuits further extend over the switching matrix network K and the time-division multiplex line n.
As also set forth above, the group control units GP1-GPn are decentralized, or partially decentralized, control devices in comparison to the central control unit ZW. Overall, these partially centralized control units and the central control unit are also referred to as sequential logic systems. The group control units and the central control unit exhibit a limited call-handling capability with respect to the information capacity. The call-handling capability of the central control unit represents a particular problem.
As likewise already indicated, a plurality of line trunk groups LTG1-LTGn is provided in addition to the central switching matrix network K. Over a respective PCM line, for example the line ltgl, each of these line trunk groups is connected to an input of the switching matrix network K in the described manner. This PCM line per line trunk group leads therein to a switch-through unit TSU whose significance and manner of operation are described in detail in the aforementioned German published application 28 26 113 and the corresponding South African patent 79/2960. This switch-through unit TSU is a matter of a sub-switching matrix network over which both the data transmission circuits and the connections to and from subscribers and to and from trunks are through-connected. What is meant by "trunks", of course, are channels of connected PCM trunks as well. The connection of these subscriber lines, trunks and channels may be derived from the material referenced above.
A variety of information arrive over the subscriber lines, trunks and channels connected to a line trunk group at the input side, for example call signals from subscriber stations that desire a connection, further, selection identifiers of these subscriber stations, but also over trunks and channels, further, line characters via trunks as well as in assignment to channels. The group control unit serves in a known manner for the execution of the acceptance of such incoming, call-associated information. A group control unit also undertakes a processing or a preprocessing of these accepted information in respective assignment to the appertaining subscriber line, trunk or to the appertaining channel. Moreover, some of such information are intermediately stored in memories SP individually assigned to the group control unit, in particular with the assistance of an input/output processor IOP. Further, the group control unit has the task of forwarding signals and control signals for transmission over these lines (subscriber lines and trunks, as well as channels), for example alternating current call pulses, call progress tone signals, selection identifiers, line characters and the like.
Connections are through-connected over the subswitching matrix network belonging to a line trunk group, this occurring with respect to the call set up direction both incoming from a line (subscriber line, trunk or channel) to the central switching matrix network K as well as outgoing from the network K to such a line. In a call completion, a through-connection of, for example, a subscriber line first occurs over the appertaining line trunk group to the central switching matrix network K. The data required for the further through-connection over this switching matrix network are transmitted from the group control unit GP to the central control unit ZW over the aforementioned, appertaining data transmission circuit. The further through-connection occurs over a line trunk group (the same line trunk group under given conditions, but usually a different line trunk group, to which end the appertaining group control unit of the respective line trunk group must be activated.
With respect to the call set up direction, there are therefore through-connection operations of different types for a group control unit, namely through-connections from a subscriber line or trunk (or a corresponding channel) towards the switching matrix network K, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, through-connections in the opposite direction. The through-connections over a sub-switching matrix network also divide into those two and from subscriber lines, on the one hand, and to and from trunks (or channels), on the other hand. The information acceptance operations and/or information transmission operations executed in the context of these respectively two through-connection operations required per connection lay claim to the respective group control unit, at least once per through-connection operation. The respective type of through-connection (incoming or outgoing, from and to subscriber line or trunk) is the determining factor for the information processing traffic load per through-connection operation necessarily connected with the respective seizure of the group control unit, as already explained, the information that the group control units accept in conjunction with a through-connection operation are forwarded by the group control unit to the central control unit which they share in common. The information is forwarded unaltered or preprocessed. The central control unit likewise issues information to the group control units in order to execute outgoing through-connections required therein and in order to emit signals and control signals over the appertaining lines (subscriber lines and trunks or, respectively, channels). The information to be transmitted from a group control unit to the central control unit per connection setup therefore respectively represent an information portion of limited scope; the respective scope of an information portion derives from the respective type of call setup.
Every call on the part of a subscriber station and every incoming occupation of a trunk (or a corresponding channel) therefore requires a certain job performance on the part of the appertaining group control unit. Every such job performance becomes perceptible on the basis of an initial switch identifier for the respective group control unit. For example, the loop closure that represents the line signal is such an initial switch identifier given a subscr.iber line with loop pulse generation. The c lead busy signal given incoming occupation is such an initial switching identifier given, for example, the trunk line. An analogous case applies to the call-associated channels. These initial switch identifiers, therefore, differ from one another, namely depending on the appertaining type of line (subscriber line or trunk). In conjunction with the through-connection of a line section of a connection to be established, they respectively signal a corresponding measure of information processing traffic load to be anticipated for the group control unit, particularly in conjunction with acceptance, processing and/or transmission of information. For the different line sections of a connection to be through-connected, therefore, there are specific measures typical with respect thereto that are identical given equivalent line sections of a connection to be through-connected, but which are different given the different line sections. That which is true for each of the group control units also applies in a corresponding manner to the central control unit ZW. Depending upon whether a through-connection is to be executed over the switching matrix network K is a matter of an intra-exchange local call, an outgoing long-distance call or an incoming long-distance call, the degree of information processing traffic load per through-connection is of different magnitudes for the central control unit, in particular depending on the type of call to be setup.
The following description is with reference to the structure illustrated in FIG. 2. Indicated on FIG. 2 are the group control unit GP1, the group control unit GPn and the central control unit ZW which are illustrated in FIG. 1. A counter Z is assigned to the group control unit GP1. The same is true of the remaining group control units. Each time a group control unit is seized for an information acceptance given a call on the part of a subscriber who wishes to setup a connection or when a trunk (or, respectively, a channel) is seized for the purpose of through-connecting a call over the sub-switching matrix network and the group control unit corresponding thereto is seized for the acceptance of selection identifiers as well as for the execution of the through-connection over the sub-switching matrix network, or when a through-connection from the switching matrix network to an outgoing trunk (or, respectively, a channel) or to a subscriber line is to be carried out and the central control unit is to accept corresponding information for this purpose, an initial switch identifier arises in the group control unit, and the same always announces a subsequent arrival of an information to be processed.
Given the presence of such an initial switch identifier, a group control unit then always emits a control signal to the counter Z assigned thereto, emitting the control signal, in particular, over one of a plurality of control lines x1, x2, x3. Depending upon the type of information processing traffic load subsequently incurred by the group control unit, the group control unit forwards the control signal to the counter Z over the control line x1 or the control line x2 or the control line x3. The counter Z is incremented by a number of steps with the assistance of these control characters. The respective consequence of the incrementation and deincrementation of the counter is that one of its counting stages z1-z10 is marked. Given incrementation of the counter, the marking continues in an ascending direction with respect to the numbering of the designations of the counting elements and proceeds in the opposite direction given deincrementation. The number of steps by which the counter Z is incremented upon each receipt of an initial switch identifier depends, among other things, on the respective quantity of information processing traffic load to be anticipated for the group control unit. Accordingly, the initial switch identifier respectively arrives over a specific control line of the control line x1-x3, whereby the number of incremental steps for the counter is codefined. The term "codefined" here means that the number of incremental steps upon the arrival of an initial switch identifier does not depend solely on which of the control lines x1-x3 the initial switch identifier arrives. Rather, a significance or weighting declaration transmitted over other control lines w1-w3 is also a determining factor.
The counter Z of a group control unit serves for the identification of the information processing traffic load of the respective group control unit, for the recognition of information processing traffic overloads and for averting such overloads. Since all connections are through-connected not only over a subswitching matrix network, but are always through-connected over the central switching matrix network as well, every seizure of a group control unit results in a seizure of the central control unit. Consequently, the identification of the information processing traffic load of a respective group control unit, the recognition of information processing traffic overloads for this group control unit and averting such overloads from this group control unit also relate at the same time to the information processing traffic load of the central control unit, information processing traffic overloads for the central control unit and averting such overloads. For the particular counter reading of the counters of each of the group control units (averting overloads) also has an effect on the information traffic load of the central control unit and respectively contributes to averting such overloads at the central control unit. As known, the information processing traffic load of the central control unit represents the typical bottleneck given an interplay of group control units and a central control unit; averting information processing traffic overloads from the central control unit is therefore of particular importance.
Up to now, the common term "sequential logic systems" was employed for the group control units and for the central control unit which were subsequently also referred to as "control units" in common. The loadability of each such control unit depends on its format (structure and program execution) and on the type and extent of the information processing operations continuously communicated thereto. Experience has taught that, for example, the composition of information processing operations of various types can shift during the operation of a control unit. It can, for example, occur that it is predominantly local calls that are to be switched through at certain times of the day, whereas long-distance calls predominate at certain other times of day. It can further occur that more brief-duration calls occur at certain times of day and more long-duration calls occur at other times of day. It can further occur that more special services are used at certain times of day than at other times of day. Consequently, the loadability of such a control unit is not constant. It is therefore expedient for the optimal use of a control unit to take the loadabilities given at different operating times, due to differing preconditions, into consideration. It is therefore standard to equip such control units with measuring devices for the identification of the loadability, such devices integrating the constantly-fluctuating load over time intervals that are respectively sufficiently long in order to assure an identification result with sufficient accuracy, i.e. so as not to allow short-duration fluctuations to have an effect. Such a measuring device can, for example, work on the basis that each control unit generates a request signal given the respective processing of all pending information processing requests, the request signal being, among other things, supplied to the measuring device. The measuring device now counts the number of such request signals that have appeared in the control unit, the counting occurring over the specific time intervals, for example over one second or over five seconds. In FIG. 2 a measuring device M is provided per control unit and connected thereto by way of the line m. The measuring device M receives the request signal over the measuring line m at each appearance of such signal. The measuring device counts the request signals in a known manner. It receives a start character and an end character, i.e. two timing marks that mark the measuring time interval, from a central timing signal generator r and over a step-down or dividing device U. The measuring device now identifies the number of request signals of the respective group control unit arriving between two such timing marks. It transfers this number to a comparison device W in which a constant value is stored, the comparison device comparing the declaration regarding the number of request signals to the constant value. It is assumed, here, that three different identification results are provided with respect to the loadability. This plurality is in no way binding, but can also be selected higher. After each measuring time interval of the measuring device M has elapsed, therefore, the comparison device W emits an identification result with respect to the loadability of the control unit that corresponds to the operating conditions prevailing at that time of day.
A loadability measurement is individually provided for each of the group control units GP1-GPn. However, it is likewise, or proceeding therebeyond, possible to provide such a loadability measurement for the central control unit. It can also be provided that a loadability measurement is provided only at the central control unit and that the identification results thereby acquired in the form of weighting declarations by a measuring device assigned to the central control unit are emitted to the counters Z assigned to the group control units.
The identification result relating to the loadability of the respective control unit conditioned by the time of day and respectively identified in continuing repetition in the described manner is three-fold and consequently always comprises three different weighting declarations. Each significance can assume different values, depending on the momentarily-given loadability of the control unit (where "loadability" here is to mean the number of work events, for example computational operations, control events, etc., that can be executed by the appertaining control unit to a measuring time interval). Three different weighting lines w1-w3 are provided for the transmission of the three weighting declarations, the weighting declarations being transmitted over the lines to three significance or weighting memory elements v1-v3. The three different weighting declarations per loadability measurement are also assigned individually to the three control lines x1-x3 of which one always respectively transmits an initial switch identifier from the group control unit to the counter Z and thus indicates of what respective type and, consequently, of what extent the work load for processing the incoming information assigned to the initial switch identifier is, the work load to be anticipated with the initial switch identifier just transmitted and to devolve upon the group control unit, as mentioned above. In this context, one can speak of three different initial switch identifiers for the designation of the respective type, the three control lines x1-x3 being assigned to the three different initial switch identifiers. Respectively, one of the three significance or weighting declarations is assigned to each of these three different, possible initial switch identifiers, the individual value of each of the declarations stating something regarding the loadability of the appertaining control unit with respective reference to the type indicated with each of the arriving initial switch identifiers and the corresponding extent of the work load devolving on the control unit.
The three weightings identified per measuring time interval now specify the number of counting steps per incrementation of the counter that are to be executed by the counter at the arrival of an initial switch identifier. The number of counting steps that the counter incrementally executes on the basis of an initial switch identifier is therefore dependent on both the respective initial switch identifier and on the respective identification result of the loadability and measurement.
The aforementioned deincrementation of the counter occurs at uniform time intervals. To this end, the central timing signal generator r supplies a deincrementation pulse to each of the counters at uniform time intervals, whereby the counter is counted down by one step.
Let it now be assumed that subscriber calls are to be refused when the counter reaches its fifth counting step, when, therefore, its fifth counting element z5 is marked. This therefore means that, given this operating condition, subscribers who pickup the receiver at their subscriber stations and therefore emit the line signal should not be given the possibility of effectively emitting selection identifiers. Given such an operating condition, therefore, the group control unit is inhibited from accepting and storing selection identifiers of subscriber stations of calling subscribers situated in call status.
It can be provided in conjunction herewith that busy signals are emitted in this operating condition to those subscriber stations which are in a call status. The marking of the counting element z5 therefore corresponds to a limiting value with respect to the incrementation and deincrementation of the counter; when it is exceeded due to incrementation of the counter, an overload criterion exists in the counter until reattainment of the limiting value as a result of the individual steps of the deincrementation operation. Accomplished in that, therefore, the incrementation on the basis of an initial switch identifier takes, on the one hand, the information processing traffic load to be anticipated for the appertaining group control unit and likewise for the central control unit and, on the other hand, the present loadability of the central control unit into consideration. This is done, in particular, by means of the number of counting steps executed in the respective incrementation, as well as that the deincrementation of the counter occurs at a constant rate is that an acceptance of selection identifiers on the part of the group control unit is pressed for a certain time interval that corresponds to the processing time of the most-recently accepted selection information. This time interval is therefore defined by the respective weighting declaration that is stored for the appertaining initial switch identifier in the appertaining weighting memory element v1, v2 or v3.
The accumulation of the initial switch identifiers therefore occurs in the counter Z. When the counter reaches the limiting value that the counting element z5 represents, then an overload criterion exists in the marking of the counting element or of a counter-valent counting element. The overload criterion, as a signal, is transmitted to the group control unit over the overload line 5. It is therefore formed between an initial switch identifier leading to the attainment of the limiting value and a first character of a corresponding information assigned thereto, i.e. incoming selection identifiers, and leads to the result that these characters are not accepted by the group control unit; the engagement of the busy signal for the subscriber can be undertaken at the same time so that he is informed by way of an audible signal that outputting selection identifiers will remain unsuccessful. The transmission of the overload signal over the line 5 therefore suppresses the acceptance of selection identifiers from calling subscribers. It is provided in another version that the transmission of the overload signal from the counter to the group control unit is lent the effect that further initial switch identifiers and incoming information corresponding thereto, for example selection identifiers, are not accepted, but that such information whose preceding initial switch identifier lead to the formation of the overload signal is still accepted. In this case, therefore, the information assigned to an initial switch identifier is also accepted whenever the initial switch identifier was still accepted; it is merely that further initial switch identifiers and the information assigned thereto are no longer accepted.
As may be derived from FIG. 2, a further overload line is provided. An overload signal is only transmitted over this overload line when the counter reaches a correspondingly higher counter reading. An analogous case applies to an overload line 10. Let it be assumed that an overload signal transmitted over the overload line 5 serves the initiation of the group control unit to refuse selection identifiers from calling subscribers and that an overload signal transmitted over the overload line 7 serves the non-acceptance of selection identifiers arriving over incoming busy trunks. Since the counter reading of the counter indicates the momentary load of the group control unit, the acceptance of selection identifiers from calling subscribers is inhibited given a load degree corresponding to the counting element z5, whereas the acceptance of selection identifiers from connected incoming trunks is only inhibited at a higher load state. Given an even higher load state, the acceptance of information that the group control unit is suppose to accept from the central control unit can also be prevented.
It can therefore be seen that the determination of the traffic load and the recognition of overload situations in the group control units occurs by way of a counter provided in or at the group control unit and detecting the instances of seizure of the group control unit. The identification of the traffic load and the recognition of overloads therefore occurs at a decentralized location. For the purpose of averting information overloads, the overload signal generated by the counter effects, by way of the overload lines 5 and 7, that the seizure of the group control unit for the acceptance of information for those through-connections over the sub-switching matrix network of the appertaining line trunk group that of an incoming nature are prevented. Through-connections from the switching matrix network K to a trunk or to a subscriber line, however, can still be executed although the overload signal is already pending on the overload lines 5 and 7. It is only when the overload signal is also transmitted to the group control unit over the overload line 10 that through-connections of an outgoing nature are also no longer executed in that, when such an operating condition is reached, the appertaining group control unit is inhibited from accepting corresponding information. The overload line 10 therefore serves for the transmission of an overload blocking signal by way of which not only is an acceptance of information from the central control unit prevented, rather, in addition, it can also be provided that an output information to the appertaining group control unit is prevented, particularly the execution of through-connection operations within a line trunk group.
It should also be emphasized again that the identification of the traffic load and the recognition of overload situations occurs in the group control units, i.e. in partially centralized switch structure. The known counters provided therein are not supplied with overload signals, but with initial switch identifiers which institute the incrementation of the counters in accordance with the respective significance determined by the measuring device and the comparison device. The overload signals, therefore, are not supplied to the counters, but are generated by the counters. Control signals relating to the traffic load that are supplied to the counters are therefore not overload signals, rather control signals such as represent the beginning of a respective information portion to be received in a partially centralized group control unit, to be intermediately stored therein and to be retransmitted to the central control unit. As already explained, these control signals are initial switch identifiers. These control signals, however, can also be acquired in some other manner, namely on the basis of the arrival of a first selection identifier in a series of selection identifiers.
The use of the invention is not restricted to PCM telephone exchange systems, but can also be realized in telecommunication switching systems in analog technology. Particularly provided in this context is the possibility that an overload signal is transmitted to that call-associated switch device over which an initial switch identifier that lead to the attainment of the limiting value has arrived. The overload signal then causes the information to be processed which comprise initial switch identifiers and information characters that arrive in the call-associated switch device cannot be forwarded from the switch device. However, it is likewise possible to store an overload signal at a central location in assignment to a call-associated switch device and to therefore cause information incoming to the appertaining call-associated switch device not be accepted.
The further possibility exists that a character, particularly an audio character, is transmitted over a call-associated switch device at which an overload signal was output or for which an overload signal has been stored, the character indicating that information characters are not be received over the call-associated switch device. This is principally a matter of the busy signal.
In contrast to known arrangements, therefore, the identification of the information traffic load accruing for the central control unit occurs at a decentralized location, and, in particular, not at a single decentralized location, but in all group control units. The counters are well known in the art and are disclosed, for example in the German application P 32 36 130. In contrast to the technique disclosed therein, however, the identification of the information traffic load and the formation of overload signals does not occur at the central location in some other manner and the overload signals are not transmitted from the central location to the decentralized locations, rather, initial switch identifiers are supplied to the counters and the overload signals are generated by the counters instead of being supplied thereto. A time saving on the basis of which a correspondingly-early aversion of overloads is possible is achieved in that initial switch identifiers are supplied to the counters, namely decentralized. The overload situation for a central control unit is practically predictable and defensive measures can be undertaken so early that the overload situation can be prevented from occurring at all at the very outset. Co-employed for this time-saving situation is, among other things, the chronological interval between initial switch identifiers that are supplied to the counters and the information (for example, incoming selection identifiers) individually assigned to the initial switch identifiers, the totality of the information being responsible for the information traffic load devolving on the central control unit. An existing overload signal likewise does not lead to a general input inhibition of information for the central control unit, but rather leads to the rejection of individual occupations, for example, occuptions produced by a subscriber call, that are randomly distributed over the entire traffic scene. It therefore become possible to design the overload defense to be very precise and to cancel the temporarily-undertaken defensive measures as soon as an occurring traffic overload has been worked off. As a result of this measure, the measures to avert overloads do not have a uniform effect on all instances of a seizure of the group control units, rather these instances differ in the described manner with respect to incoming through-connections and outgoing through-connections over a sub-switching matrix network corresponding to a group control unit and it is therefore achieved that, first, the measures to avoid overloads are very effective with respect to the limitation of the information processing traffic load and that, second, one avoids having work already performed on the part of a partially centralized switch device and on the part of the central control unit being subsequently discarded, namely due to the rejection of a request of a partially decentralized group control for the execution of an outgoing connection, i.e. for a call setup for which information processing has already been performed on the part of the group control unit and on the part of the central control unit.
The use of the known counter of the aforementioned German application P 32 36 130 in a new technical context is very significant in the described contexts. What is achieved is that these counters are supplied with information that influence the respective extent of an incrementation event of the counters based on the measure of a weighting that derives both from the nature of the information processing job respectively devolving on the group control unit and on the central control unit, as well as from results of the information processing loadability of the central control unit conditioned by the time of day is that the traffic load devolving upon this central control unit is optimally matched in a high-grade manner to the call handling capability of the central control unit. The respective measure of the momentary traffic load per group control unit is always immediately available due to the utilization of the counter at a decentralized location. Unlike known systems, it is not necessary that the arriving occupations be counted over an identification time interval, whereby the traffic load that occurred during such an identification time interval would only be palpable respectively after such an identification time interval had elapsed, as a result of which a result of such a traffic load identification would only be available after a mean delay time that corresponds to half of the identification time interval. This known method of tallying in successive identification time intervals also makes it necessary that the respective identification time intervals must be selected sufficiently long in view of the number and distribution of the events to be counted which, given application of such a known counting method at a decentralized location instead of a centralized location would lead to the fact that the identification time intervals would even have to be dimensioned correspondingly longer. The disadvantages, however, are also avoided by way of the above-described exemplary embodiment of the invention.
It can therefore be provided that the overload signal comprising an attainment of a specific counter reading leads to the fact, when it arrises between an initial switch identifier and the incoming selection information appertaining thereto, that an acceptance of the latter is prevented or that the latter are still accepted but an acceptance of a further initial switch identifier together with its appertaining selection information is prevented. Both alternatives are realizable both for that instance in which the overload signal is processed in and by the group control unit itself as well as for that instance in which it is emitted to a call-associated switch device (for example, a connector set). The overload signal can consist therein that a specific counting element of the counter Z is marked and a corresponding overload signal is transmitted over one of the lines 5, 7 or 10. However, it is likewise possible that the overload criterion arises in that, in the reverse direction, a corresponding counting element marking is canceled and that an acceptance of further initial switch identifiers or, respectively, selection identifiers is prevented as a result thereof.
Although I have described my invention by reference to particular illustrative embodiments thereof, many changes and modifications of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. I therefore intend to include within the patent warranted hereon all such changes and modifications as may reasonably and properly be included within the scope of my contribution to the art.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|May 23, 1972
|Siemens Ag
|Switching arrangement for centrally controlled telephone exchange installation
|Oct 6, 1978
|Apr 29, 1980
|Kraushaar Jonathan M
|Traffic measuring device based on state transitions
|Feb 21, 1979
|Sep 23, 1980
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Method of controlling call traffic in a communication switching system
|Jun 1, 1981
|Aug 16, 1983
|Sip - Societa Italiana Per L'esercizio Telefonico P.A.
|Programmable traffic-measuring unit for telecommunication system
|Jun 15, 1983
|Feb 5, 1985
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method and apparatus for preventing overloading of the central controller of a telecommunication system
|Feb 5, 1981
|Aug 12, 1982
|Siemens Ag
|Schaltungsanordnung fuer fernmeldevermittlungsanlagen, insbesondere pcm-fernsprechvermittlungsanlagen, mit einer zeitmultiplexkoppelanordnung mit zeitlagenvielfachen
|Title not available
|*Torremolinos, Spain, Conference Paper ITC 9, pp. 1 7.
|*Torremolinos, Spain, Conference Paper ITC-9, pp. 1-7.
|Asmussen et al, "EWSD Digital Switching System", Telcom Report, 1981, vol. 4, pp. 3-68.
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|Somoza et al, "Dynamic Processor Overload. . . Multiprocessor SPC Systems", 9th International Teletraffic Conference, 1979, * (Sheet #3).
|Somoza et al, Dynamic Processor Overload. . . Multiprocessor SPC Systems , 9th International Teletraffic Conference, 1979, * (Sheet 3).
|Telcom Report, 1981, Special Issue "EWSD Digital Switching System", pp. 66-68.
|Telcom Report, 1981, Special Issue EWSD Digital Switching System , pp. 66 68.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 28, 1987
|Feb 28, 1989
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Method of overload control for the central control of a telecommunication system and arrangement for implementing the method
|May 16, 1988
|Aug 22, 1989
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Circuit arrangement for telecommunications switching systems, particularly telephone switching systems, etc.
|Nov 23, 1990
|Dec 29, 1992
|Micro Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for scheduling access to a CSMA communication medium
|Oct 21, 1992
|Nov 1, 1994
|Mti Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for scheduling access to a CSMA communication medium
|Sep 16, 1992
|Jun 13, 1995
|Fujitsu Limited
|Load control system for controlling a plurality of processes and exchange system having load control system
|Apr 7, 1994
|Jan 16, 1996
|Mti Technology Corporation
|Method and apparatus for scheduling access to a CSMA communication medium
|Aug 29, 1996
|Mar 25, 1997
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson
|Method and apparatus for measuring loads in a common channel signalling link
|Jul 8, 1996
|Feb 17, 1998
|Bell Canada
|Method of volume screening signalling messages in a telecommunication system
|Oct 17, 1996
|Sep 8, 1998
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Systems and methods for estimating a blocking probability
|Feb 29, 1996
|Aug 3, 1999
|Bell Canada
|Method of controlling call traffic in a telecommunication system
|Jun 4, 1996
|Aug 3, 1999
|At&T Wireless Services Inc.
|Method and apparatus for providing telecommunication services based on a subscriber profile updated by a personal information manager
|Sep 19, 1996
|Oct 12, 1999
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Method for recognizing overload situations in subscriber line modules of a communication system
|Sep 22, 1998
|Feb 26, 2002
|Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson (Publ)
|Method and apparatus for conservation of switching exchange resources
|Jan 7, 2009
|Dec 6, 2011
|Pass & Seymour, Inc.
|Recessed electrical device housing assembly and clip
|Dec 5, 2011
|Dec 30, 2014
|Pass & Seymour, Inc.
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|May 1, 2009
|Oct 23, 2012
|Ulrich Abel
|Adjusting connection bandwidth in a data network
|U.S. Classification
|379/112.1, 379/139, 379/112.01, 379/111, 379/112.04
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 22, 1984
Owner name: SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, BERLIN AND MUNICH, A G
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DAISENBERGER, GEORG;REEL/FRAME:004231/0731
Effective date: 19840214
|Mar 1, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 25, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Feb 26, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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About Me
Hi! I'm Mircsi. I live in Budapest, Hungary. I'm 24. I love America that's why I was majoring American studies at college. Now, that I'm done, I have a pretty cool job, allowing me to meet lots of people and travel in the summer! I love eating and I always smile.
I'm kind of a bookworm, I always have a book with me, and I write a travel blog. I'm usually with a skateboard.
I'd like to try as much things as possible, because we have just one life and we should live according to that. If we miss a chance to do something, it might never come back, and we will regret it for a life.
When I was like 8 or 9, I had the chance to try a hang-glider (I'm not sure this is the right word, but the dictionary says it is), but I was to scared. That's one of my biggest regrets, so now I try out everything even if it's scary or even if I don't feel like trying it at that moment.
Why I'm on Couchsurfing
I surfed around the US, and some places in Europe. It was awesome. I have hosted some really nice people, but I cannot do it anymore as I live in a tiny apartment...
chocolate, books, friends, family, traveling, amusement parks, food, people, photography, skateboarding
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- books
- chocolate
- traveling
- skateboarding
- america
Music, Movies, and Books
books: Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, On the Road, Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants, Gone with the Wind, New York by Edward Rutherfurd, Hemmingway, Joanne Harris, Harry Potter
Music: OneRupublic, Switchfoot, Coldplay, Led Zeppelin, Imagine Dragons, Queen, Beatles, Rend Collective
movies: Marvel, Pixar, Dr. Who, Sherlock
One Amazing Thing I've Done
- trying the tropez. It was scary when I saw what I was supposed to do, but it was superfun! Even if I wasn't really good at it.
- seeing the sunset in the shades of the temple of Poseidon in Sunion, Greece
- spending five summers working in American summer camps
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- crowdsurfing
Teach, Learn, Share
I can teach some Hungarian and how to cook some Hungarian food. Some very basic photography stuff. It's really not much to be honest, but it's fun! :D
I can teach you which colors suit you the best and what's good for your body type.:) Also, I can teach you how to do nail art, or actually do it on your nails.
Countries I've Visited
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, England, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Russian Federation, Serbia, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City State
Countries I've Lived In
Hungary, United States


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Odavad lennud alates Storuman (Rootsi)Kas Te pidasite silmas Lennud sihtkohta Storuman?
Odavad lennud Storuman-sse ainult läbi Bookinghouse.ee! Our sophisticated search system will find the best flight deals from dozens of different airlines, such as Ryanair, WizzAir and many others. Bookinghouse.ee is fast and easy to use. But most importantly, it's completely free!
Below you can see not only the best flight deals from Storuman, but also the most popular flights from Storuman and flights from surrounding cities and countries. Kui Te ei leia sobivaid pakkumisi, kasutage meie otsingusüsteemi (üleval).


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EI-128 on Inch Strand
Last September a large group of glider enthusiasts spent a weekend at Inch Strand in Co. Kerry. They were from two clubs, one in Dublin and one from further north I think. I took down their details but that scrap of paper is long lost at this stage.
Conditions weren't the best on the day we passed the beach. It was a beautiful sunny day, but the wind wasn't blowing in the right direction and the only aircraft I saw flying was a powered one. We were on our way home so couldn't wait around unfortunately. I still got some nice shots. Hopefully I'll find time to work on them over the next few weeks!
9 Comments
May 1, 2007
Nice! Can you believe I used to fly one of those things? I can't believe I'm still alive.
May 1, 2007
Class shot! 🙂
May 2, 2007
Thank you! It was a beautiful day!
May 3, 2007
lovely! fabulous shot, great colours
May 5, 2007
Very cool aspect – nice work! Any other angle wouldn't have been nearly as unique.
May 7, 2007
I love everything about this
May 17, 2007
[…] another shot of EI-128. Following my last shot I moved to the other side of the glider to capture some of the beach and hills […]
June 4, 2007
[…] at Inch Strand in Co. Kerry last September. This is G-BKSP waiting on the beach to fly. Unlike the glider I posted earlier I saw this plane fly. Unfortunately conditions weren't suitable for flying […]
June 26, 2008
Hi, I'm an admin for a group called Strand, and we'd love to have this added to the group!


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Belmont Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Belmont Hotel Jerusalem
Travel Blogs from Jerusalem
Ein Karem
After a restful night sleep we were feeling good and ready for a great day. The morning was spent on work with vendor meetings and welcoming attendees to the hotel. The afternoon was all sightseeing! We started at the Israel Museum and saw the Dead Sea scrolls along with a model of the Old City (it was huge). Afterwards we headed to the Palestinian village of Ein Karem to visit the church where John the Baptist was born. As a side note we saw the place he died when we were in ...
Trip into Samaria
... br> This was the territory of Elijah and Elisha and all the ancient kings of Israel . It was interesting to imagine Elijah storming up this rather high hill, and bursting into the palace, as the Kings record describes.
To the north-west was a valley leading to mount Carmel & to the south was Jerusalem. Later in the book of Acts this was the area of Simon at the magician, Philip the evangelist was up here Peter and John were sent to dispense the Holy Spirit gifts ...
The Tour Begins
... brought the food, and it was delicious! I wish I had taken a picture of Marty's salad, which was huge and filled with tuna and olives and cucumbers and tomatoes. All salads in this country are huge and wonderful. My sandwich, while less spectacular looking, was delicious. And the "lemonade" was actually a lemonade and sherbet frosty. I thought I would leave some, as I am not used to so much for lunch, but guess what. . . I ...
... by Herod and then expanded into a fortress by the crusaders. In a hill close by is the believed site or Ruth and Jesse. There is still heaps of excavations to be done and they are excited for what they will find.
We watch another audio visual presentation that highlights the importance and history of Macphelah to present time. In 1260 during the Muslim era, Herod's building was declared a 'mosque' and no Jews were allowed in. Jews were allowed into the 7th step up to ...
Holy Week
... trodden on could have caused a riot. A similar scene occurred when I wandered up Via Delorosa to the start of the Walk of the Cross. It's a procession which follows the path taken by Christ carrying the cross to his crucifixion. Now, if you're familiar with old cities, you'll know the streets are rather narrow. Trying to cram several thousand people into tight corners doesn't really work, especially when many have travelled a long way to undertake ...


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Right@Home has refreshed their coupon offers for this Christmas Season!
- Buy 2 Glade Jar Candles, Get 1 Free
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- Save $2.00 on any Scrubbing Bubbles Toilet Product
Click here to order your coupons by mail through this Websaver portal.


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Dewalt D26204K-LX 110V Router 1/4in
Versatile, fixed and plunge base router with full wave electronics for a quality finish. Features dual LED lights for increased visibility. Supplied with heavy duty carry case.
- ¼" Collet
- Variable Speed
- Soft Start
- 17mm Guide Bush
- Parallel Fence
- Dust Extraction Facility
- Constant Speed Under Load
- Spindle Lock
- Electronic Speed Pre-Selection
- Soft-Grip Handle
Product contents
- D26204K-LX, 2 x Parallel fences
- 2 x Dust extraction adaptors
- Collet
- Spanner
- Guide bush
- Plunge and fixed base
- Centring cone
- Kit box
- Plug
- Max. plunge stroke 55mm.
- No load speed 27,000rpm.
- Weight 2.9kg.
- Includes plug.
Specialist advice that you can trust.
Tailored help from our customer services team


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Paragliding in winter on the Arlberg
Discover your holiday region from high above: with paragliding on the Arlberg in Austria you will have the chance to get a totally new perspective.
Why not take off during your winter holidays on the Arlberg: try paragliding at the and experience the adrenaline infused views over the winter wonderland that is lying below.
"Flight Connection Arlberg" - your partner for paragliding on the Arlberg:
The state certified business offers tandem flights and paragliding courses with experienced and certified tandem flight pilots. Start at the Valluga Summit or the Kapall, at the Kriegerhorn Summit or the Rüfikoph and expedience the ever so beautiful Arlberg ski resort from a bird's perspective.
If you are an experienced paraglide enthusiast you can start either accompanied by one pilot or in the group. With the ski lifts you will reach the staring points for your paragliding experience on the Arlberg in Austria.
If you are interested in tandem flights or paragliding on the Arlberg contact the team at reception at the arlberg1800 RESORT, who will gladly give advice you on the best activities for you. Of course the team will also book your tandem flight with the "Flight Connection Arlberg" on your behalf. More information can also be found on the website of the Arlberg Hospiz paragliding partner:
Experience winter sports at the Arlberg in Austria from a totally new perspective and stay at the arlberg1800 RESORT: send a no obligation holdiay enquiry.
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text: Protecting Patient PrivacyBoth products excel when it comes to security. Doctor-patient connectivity with CloudVisit™ is backed by HIPAA-compliant security measures and all stored data is fully encrypted. With Chromebook, there's no risk of viruses and security fixes and software updates are automatically maintained. Gilbert adds, "Chromebook is a great way for doctors to separate professional and personal computer use."Getting StartedDoctors who join CloudVisit™ for a one or two-year contract this month receive a free Chromebook fully loaded with the complete telemedicine platform and a free practice website. If doctors prefer to manage the CloudVisit™ software from their existing laptop or desktop, that's fine too; a simple registration verifies compatibility. Currently available, CloudVisit TM Psychiatry is tailored to psychiatrists and psychologists. The same medically-minded connectivity will soon be available across the full range of healthcare specialties. http://psychiatry.cloudvisittm.com 888-503-3009 Related Videos: Telepsychiatry Software Overview | CloudVisitTM Psychiatry – Click Here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNfAjzp6oXA SOURCE CloudVisit(TM)


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There are no jobs currently listed.
Hospice: it's more than just a job. It's a reason to rise each morning to provide care, support and compassion to those on their end of life journey.
If you have the compassion and commitment to care for those facing end of life, we invite you to share your unique passion with American Hospice.
"Together, we will change the way the terminally ill and their families are cared for—forever."
Andrew J. Parker, American Hospice Founder
We're accomplishing this by providing the most comprehensive hospice care available and adhering to the highest standards: not only in our work, but also in our character.
If you share our commitment to teamwork, communication, compassion and competency, learn more about the meaningful careers that we provide.
Whether you're interested in an opportunity as a nurse, aide, case manager, social worker, volunteer, or compliance, quality and education expert, you can grow your career with American Hospice.
There are no jobs currently listed.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the site.
This step is voluntary but will dramatically raise your chances of your profile being viewed by interested members. Write about yourself, your hobbies and upload your best photograph.
Use our website's state-of-the-art search to find members who match your desired criteria. Or just scan through listings and find daters that interest you.
Located someone who you find interesting? Send a note to them or just a wink and take it from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to discovering your perfect partner.
It only takes a few clicks


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Latest Weather Blog
Bee experts say pesticides are killing their buzz
BATON ROUGE - Scientists say people are killing off bees and other pollinators by using pesticides improperly.
Milou Barry of Bocage Bee & Honey Co. says beekeepers have seen as much as a 20 percent drop in bee numbers since 2008. They've either disappeared or have not returned to the same areas to pollinate plants. It's called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) and it's a mystery to beekeepers.
Experts chalk up the low numbers to a few things, including neonicotinoids, or neonics, one of the most used class of insecticide.
Barry says insecticides and pesticides have big impact on pollinators.
"If you take a large area that has beautiful gardens and every single house is spraying this stuff on the plants, in the yard, in the dirt, the bees are getting it," said Barry. "They're literally poisoning the ground."
Pollination happens when an insect or bird moves from plant to plant, usually to get food. When feeding, the animals rub against the plant and get pollen stuck to themselves. They then move to another plant, and some of the pollen can rub off.
Barry says when a bee comes in contact with chemicals, unnatural to the plant, the bees "get lost and don't come home."
"They get confused," she said. "They're on drugs of a very bad sort."
Johnny Naylor with Naylor's Hardware and Garden Center says before you buy pesticide, you should know why you need it and where it's going.
"You've got to know what you're using, when you're using and making sure you're controlling the right thing and that it is labeled for vegetable or plant," said Naylor.
It's not too difficult to recognize what you're buying. What's in the bottle, is usually printed on the front of the product in the list of active ingredients. This list usually has a chemical and common name. The common name, is the shorter of the two and is assigned to the pesticide.
He said the most common mistake people make is not reading the label and spraying plants at the wrong time of day.
"Waiting and spraying late in the evening after the flowers have closed and all the bees have gone home is the best time to spray," said Naylor.
Pyrethroid's, a chemical compound meant to be safer, has replaced older chemicals. Still, Naylor says it's important to read the label and know what you're spraying before you spray it.


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War editorial : My great-great grandfather Emile St.Jean
In short, Emile left for war at age 16 using a fake name Earl, so that he could enlist underage. He was put into the Scottish Regime, and fought in some major battles like Ypres and Vimy Ridge. He was hit in the neck with a shrapnel. He recovered in a hospital and was sent home. He had six children, four which are still living to date: Donald, Anita, Emelda and Cecile. He died on a canoe trip along with his two friends John and Lorenzo. Nobody knows exactly how they died. Some say they drowned, but not a single body turned up. Others suggest they wandered onto native land and were killed. But unfortunately, this happened over fifty years ago, and it will always remain a mystery.


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Free Delivery on all orders!
Next Day available before 5pm!
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Free nutritional adviceSubmit a question
Next Day available before 5pm!
Free nutritional adviceSubmit a question
Nutri Advanced Eskimo®-3 Brainsharp 210 ml Liquid
Eskimo®-3 Brainsharp contains omega-3 EPA and DHA from high-quality Eskimo®-3 fish oil - one of the most widely researched fish oils on the market. This is combined with omega-6 linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) from evening primrose oil, omega-9, vitamin D and coenzyme Q10. Omega-3 DHA is found in the grey matter of the brain and is important for normal brain function.
It combines the excellent-quality Eskimo®-3 fish oil together with other healthy fats in a balanced omega 3-6-9 combination - as well as the all-important coenzyme Q10. A very popular supplement with those looking to support brain health or memory.
|Nutrient per 5ml Teaspoon
|Omega-3 fatty acids
|1500 mg
|Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
|740 mg
|Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
|370 mg
|Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)
|90 mg
|OOmega-6 fatty acids from evening primrose oil
|560 mg
|Linoleic acid (LA)
|460 mg
|Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
|70 mg
|Omega-9 fatty acids (oleic acid)
|640 mg
|Vitamin D (200iu)
|5 µg
|Vitamin E (15iu)
|10 mg
|Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone)
|9 mg
|Other ingredients: Rapeseed oil, Evening primrose oil, Ascorbyl palmitate, Lecithin (soy), Tocopherol-rich extracts, Lemon flavouring, Extract of rosemary
1 teaspoon (5ml) daily with food, or as directed
After opening store in refrigerator and use within 2 months
Not recommended for haemophiliacs. Consult a medical doctor if on anti-coagulant medication. If taking any kind of medication or have a medical condition, consult a healthcare practitioner before using this product.
If you need more information about this product just ask Dr. Lifestyle for some personalised advice. Alternatively ask your Registered Nutritional Therapist (if you don't have one you may find one in our Directory) or the experts at Nutri Advanced - the manufacturers of this fine supplement by calling 0800 212 742
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Nutri Advanced Eskimo®-3 Brainsharp 210 ml Liquid


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Career Center
Welcome to AAPD Career Center
Clinical Associates - Nocturnist, part-time
University of Chicago (UC)
| The University of Chicago's Department of Medicine, Section of Hospital Medicine, has opportunities for well-trained internists to join our dynamic academic hospitalist program. We seek part-time nocturnists who will provide patient care directly and supervise our residents and medical students. Direct patient care responsibilities include managing patients with complex subspecialty needs and will require night coverage only. Excellent clinical skills are essential. Candidates must have a medical degree, be BC/BE in Internal or Hospital Medicine, and eligible for medical licensure in Illinois. Qualified applicants are invited to apply online by submitting a CV and cover letter at academiccareers.uchicago.edu/applicants/Central?quickFind=54652. Compensation is dependent upon qualifications and includes a generous package of fringe benefits. Review of applications will continue until all available positions are filled.
The University of Chicago is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity/Disabled/Veterans Employer and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national or ethnic origin, age, status as an individual with a disability, protected veteran status, genetic information, or other protected classes under the law. For additional information please see the University's Notice of Nondiscrimination at http://www.uchicago.edu/about/non_discrimination_statement/. Job seekers in need of a reasonable accommodation to complete the application process should call 773-702-0287 or email firstname.lastname@example.com with their request.
Internal Number: 653_54652
About University of Chicago (UC)
One of the world's premier academic and research institutions, the University of Chicago has driven new ways of thinking since our 1890 founding. Today, UChicago is an intellectual destination that draws inspired scholars to our Hyde Park and international campuses, keeping UChicago at the nexus of ideas that challenge and change the world.
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Blow with the flames of the firey and flaunty necklace- Agni. An inspiration from the contrasting combination of red, orange and yellow. The vibrance in the necklace makes your persona radiate the best in you.
This necklace is dedicated to Hema Malini's role as "Basanti" is the yesteryear Hit Sholay...
Artisan Signature
- Artist Name: Shakib


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Paperblanks Amy Winehouse Tears Dry Journal
Journal Details
Designed in partnership with the Amy Winehouse Foundation charity, the Tears Dry Journal features a self-portrait of the British singer alongside her signature and lyrics to one of her most recognizable songs, Tears Dry On Their Own.
Royalties from the sale of this journal will go to the Amy Winehouse Foundation. This global charity helps prevent the effects of drug and alcohol misuse on young people. The Amy Winehouse Foundation was set up by her family in memory of Amy and it also aims to support, inform and inspire vulnerable and disadvantaged young people to help them reach their full potential.
Amy Winehouse personally owned many Paperblanks journals and Alex Winehouse from the Foundation explains more about the design chosen for the cover "I personally wanted to find a sketch that Amy had drawn - it is something I think Paperblanks do very well in respect to other artists and musicians in the portfolio - that showed that she was a fun, quirky, loving person. This sketch, taken from a little note she had written, sums her up very well I think. To the world, she was a major music star. To her family and friends, she was someone completely different. I think, with the sketch and the lyrics featured on the book cover design, we get both of these sides."
- Mini 4" x 5.5" | 176 ruled pages
- Midi 5" x 7" | 144 ruled pages
- Ultra 7" x 9" | 144 ruled pages
- Smythe sewn for strength and flexibility
- Fountain pen friendly
- Magnetic flap, bookmark, and memento pouch in the back
- Paper is acid-free and made only with sustainable forest pulp.
- Imported
To inspire future writers, artists, and poets, the Embellished Manuscripts Collection features the works of famous thinkers, and creates a space for people to write their thoughts or works of art of their own.
Personalization Details
This journal looks great personalized with embossing. Add your name or inscription to make it uniquely yours.
- Font: Goudy
- Size: 18 pt. - 36 pt., depending on inscription length
- Color: Gold
- Position: Lower left
- Up to 20 characters and spaces per line
- Special requests: Add a note to your order, we'll do our best to accommodate you


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Which Artist Should Win the 2013 MuchMusic Video Award for International Video of the Year? – Readers Poll
The 2013 MuchMusic Video Awards are just around the corner, so before the show airs on Fuse on June 16 at 9PM ET, we wanted all of you pop fans to weigh in on which solo artist deserves the trophy for International Video of the Year. There's some serious competition in this category, so it will be interesting to see which singer or rapper comes out on top!


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So it's finally the week of the BlogHer conference and if you're not going you're probably sighing a huge sigh of relief that a week from today it will all be over and your favorite tweeters and bloggers will finally start talking about something else. Even though I am going, I feel your pain. There's nothing worse than hearing about something you can't go to constantly. So I would like to give you a piece of BlogHer!
Even though the talk may be all about the parties on twitter, the real meat of the BlogHer conference is the learning opportunities the sessions offer. I can't pack you in my bag for my geek bar appointment and the photography roundtable I am attending. But I can give you some of the knowledge through two informative books from Wiley publishing about digital photography.
The first is Mamarazzi, an every mom's guide to taking better pictures of your kids. It is a must have for any mommy blogger. It will " show you how to compose shots, handle cameras from basic compacts to advanced dSLRs, take portraits or candids, create prints that impress, and even work with kids! Packed with beautiful examples and written in a down-to-earth style from one mom to another, this book will help mamarazzis everywhere take better photos."
The second book is Plate to Pixel, a digital food photography and styling guide. This book will "Discover how the food stylist exercises unique techniques to make the food look attractive in the finished product. You'll get a taste of the visual know-how that is required to translate the perceptions of taste, aroma, and appeal into a stunning, lavish finished photograph."
Want a copy? Leave a comment telling me which book you would like before 11:59pm on August 7th. The only requirement is that you not be attending BlogHer. Attending BlogHer and want a copy for yourself? They are both available for $29.95 through the Wiley site. Ebooks are also available. If you would be so kind I would love it if you would like my Facebook page too.
Disclosure: I was given these books as a personal gift. This giveaway is not sponsored by Wiley Publishing. Shipping to send the books to you is courtesy of my spare change piggy bank.