text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 11, 2003
|Filing date
|Apr 4, 2001
|Priority date
|Nov 17, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Richard B. Holmes
|Original Assignee
|General Nutronics, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (6), Classifications (23), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/716,196, filed Nov. 17, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,313,936 incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to optical switching and, more particularly, to an optical switching system, device, and method using bandpass filters and mirrors.
2. Description of Related Art
Optical communication systems are a substantial and rapidly growing part of communication networks. The expression "optical communication system," as used herein, relates to any system that uses optical signals to convey information across an optical transmission device, such as an optical fiber. Such optical systems may include, but are not limited to telecommunication systems, cable television systems, and local area networks (LANs).
While the need to carry greater amounts of data on optical communication systems has increased, the capacity of existing transmission devices is limited. Although capacity may be expanded, e.g., by laying more fiber optic cables, the cost of such expansion is prohibitive. Consequently, there exists a need for a cost-effective way to increase the capacity of existing optical transmission devices.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has been adopted as a means to increase the capacity of existing optical communication systems. In a WDM system, plural optical signals are carried over a single transmission device, each channel being assigned a particular wavelength.
An essential part of optical communication systems is the ability to switch or route signals from one transmission device to another. For example, micro-electromechanical mirrors have been developed for routing signals between transmission devices. This technique operates by changing the angular orientation of the mirrors, thereby reflecting signals to different locations. Designers have also considered using bubbles that are capable of changing their internal reflection for switching optical signals. However, these techniques are unable to switch between multiple wavelengths. Furthermore, both of these devices have limited switching speeds, in the range of 10 kHz for the mirror devices and in the range of 100 Hz for the bubble devices.
Zigzag multiplexers are also well known in the art for transmitting signals on multiple transmission devices. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,920 discloses a multiplexer/demultiplexer device that utilizes a filter that is sensitive to the angle of incidence of light. However, such multiplexers have not been used for switching or routing applications in conjunction with arrays of fibers, detectors, and emitters.
Other switching approaches, such as the approach disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,820, issued to Holmes, can switch data at GHz rates, which is effectively switching at GHz transition rates. However, this approach requires substantial optical switching power, has potential cross talk, and cannot resolve wavelength over-utilization issues. What is needed is a means for switching wavelength division multiplexed signals that is capable of doing so at high speeds with no cross talk and requires low switching power. What is also need is a switch device that is capable of switching large numbers of signals.
1. Advantages of the Invention
One advantage of the present invention is that it is able to switch signals of different wavelengths.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it is able to switch at high speeds.
A further advantage of the present invention is that it does not require high power.
An additional advantage of the present invention is that it does not suffer from crosstalk.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it is able to switch between wavelengths and fibers to avoid transmission device or wavelength over-utilization.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it is able to broadcast to multiple transmission devices or couplers simultaneously.
A further advantage of the present invention is that it is able to regenerate, reshape, retime, and restore signals.
An additional advantage of the present invention is that it can transmit through air or other intervening media to a receiver without a costly or slow electrical interface.
Another advantage of the present invention is it is able to efficiently switch a large volume of signals.
These and other advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification, claims, and abstract.
2. Brief Description of the Invention
The present invention comprises a plurality of optical signal carriers including at least one source and at least one target. A source is adapted to transmit an optical signal to the optical switch element and a target is adapted to receive the optical signal from the optical switch element. Each carrier is adapted to communicate an optical signal.
A plurality of switch elements is also provided. Each switch element is adapted to receive an optical signal from a source and transmit the optical signal to a target.
An imaging unit is provided for each switch element. Each imaging unit includes a first imaging lens and a second imaging lens, a mirror for reflecting an optical signal from the first imaging lens to the second imaging lens, and a bandpass filter. Each bandpass filter is adapted to receive light from the second imaging lens and allow light within a predetermined range of wavelengths to pass through the band pass filter to a respective switch element and to reflect light outside of the predetermined range of wavelengths to another imaging unit.
The above description sets forth, rather broadly, the more important features of the present invention so that the detailed description of the preferred embodiment that follows may be better understood and contributions of the present invention to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described below and will form the subject matter of claims. In this respect, before explaining at least one preferred embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the construction and to the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or as illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
FIG. 1 is substantially a schematic diagram of a switch device of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is substantially a schematic diagram of a switch element of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is substantially a schematic diagram of a switch element of the present invention illustrating one possible physical configuration of switch element.
FIG. 4 is substantially a schematic diagram of a central processor and its connectivity to switch elements.
FIG. 5 is substantially a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the switch device of the present invention that utilizes a single source emitter.
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a prior art switch device that utilizes two micro-electromechanical mirrors.
FIG. 7 is substantially a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the switch device of the present invention that utilizes two micro-electromechanical mirrors and two wave plates.
FIG. 8 is an alternate configuration of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is an alternate configuration of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7.
FIG. 10 is an alternate configuration of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 that utilizes four wave plates.
FIG. 11 is substantially another schematic diagram of a switching element of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is substantially a graphical representation of the transmission loss of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
FIG. 13 is substantially a graphical representation of the wavefront quality impact on transmission of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
FIG. 14 is substantially a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of the imaging units of FIG. 1.
FIG. 15 is substantially a schematic diagram of a demultiplexing device for use with a number of the optical switching devices of FIG. 1.
FIG. 16 is substantially a schematic diagram of an optical switching system including a plurality of switching devices shown in FIG. 1 used in conjunction with demultiplexing device of FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is substantially a schematic diagram of an optical switch system that utilizes an optical isolation subsystem.
FIG. 18 is substantially a schematic diagram of an optical switch system including a subsystem to adjust the apparent angular size of the fiber array and the apparent angular spacing of the fibers.
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this application. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Switch Device
As seen in FIG. 1, the present invention comprises a switch device generally indicated by reference number 10. Switch device 10 may be used in almost any optical communication system. Switch device 10 comprises sources and targets 12 and at least one switch element 26. Sources and targets 12 comprise a source of incoming light signals and targets on to which switch array 20 transmits outgoing signals. Sources and targets 12 may be the same or different devices or objects. In the example shown in FIG. 1, sources and targets 12 are optical fibers 14. However, many other devices and transmission mediums may be used. Sources and targets 12 may include any number of fibers 14 and may use many different types of fibers. Each optical fiber 14 comprises an end 16. Ends 16 are preferably arranged in a two dimensional array, wherein the ends are substantially planar. It is recognized that the array may have many different configurations, such as the square array shown in FIG. 1.
As an optical signal enters switch device 10 it is transmitted from fiber end 16 through a collimating lens 24. Collimating lens 24 collimates the light and transmits the signal to imaging lens 25 a. Imaging lens 25 a, together with other lenses, images the optical signal on to a bandpass filter 30. In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1, one or more reflection devices or mirrors 27 a and 27 b are provided for directing the optical signal to the switch elements 26. As will be discussed below, this configuration may allow switch device 10 to be connected to additional switch devices, each switch device being adapted to handle a set or range of wavelengths. However, it is recognized that the fibers 14 may be positioned differently to direct optical signals to switch elements 26 without the need for mirrors 27 a and 27 b.
After the optical signal is reflected by mirrors 27 a and 27 b, the signal passes through imaging lens 25 b, which, together with imaging lens 25 a, images the signal on a beam splitter or bandpass filter 30 a. Bandpass filter 30 a is preferably a narrowband filter that is adapted to allow light within a predetermined range of wavelengths to pass through the filter and reflect light outside the range of wavlengths. Such bandpass filters are available from JDS Uniphase in Santa Clara, Calif. The range of wavelengths is selected to correspond to the range of wavelengths in which switch element 26 a is designed to operate. Since many bandpass filters are sensitive to the angle of incidence, in this embodiment each bandpass filter 30 preferably receives the optical signal at nearly normal incidence. The configuration of the components of switch device 10 allows for each bandpass filter 30 to be placed at near normal incidence. The particular form of imaging, mentioned above, ensures that the phase at each bandpass filter 30 does not have additional focus, which would further degrade throughput because of the filter's angular sensitivity. This particular form of imaging may include 4-f or telecentric imaging, known to those skilled in the art.
If the incoming optical signal is not within the range of wavelengths bandpass filter 30 a is adapted to transmit, the signal is reflected to a second bandpass filter 30 b and corresponding switch element 26 b. In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, additional imaging lenses 25 c and 25 d and a mirror 27 c are provided for facilitating the transmission of the signal to the subsequent switch element 26 b. Together, imaging lenses 25 c and 25 d, which preferably incorporate a 4-f lens design or a suitable generalization that permits magnification, image the optical signal on to bandpass filter 30 b. This process of transmission or reflection is then repeated for each subsequent switch element 26 c-e. In this way, each switch element 26 receives signals in a range of wavelengths that it is intended to receive and signals outside of that range are reflected to other switch elements.
This configuration allows switch elements 26 to be placed side by side in a vertical configuration. This achieves several advantages. First, because bandpass filters 30 are transmissive in this design, dispersion and attenuation are minimized for the reflected light that is incident on many filters in sequence. Second, the approach shown in FIG. 1 uses filters that are ostensibly at shallow angles, which decreases undesirable angular sensitivity. Third, the approach shown in FIG. 1 reduces cross talk from off-axis light.
The components of the present invention may be grouped into imaging units that, for example, comprise a switch element 26 a, bandpass filter 30 a, and imaging lenses 25 b and 25 c. Imaging units may be packaged individually and installed and maintained separately.
Switch Element
Turning to FIGS. 2 and 3, each switch element 26 is arranged to receive incoming light 32 from bandpass filter 30. As incoming light 32 enters switch element 26, it is directed through an focussing lens 36 that focuses light signals on various components. In one embodiment, light 32 then falls on beam splitter 38. Beam splitter 38 allows light 32 to pass to detector array 42. Detector array 42 is adapted to detect signals in light 32 and generate electrical signals based on the light signals. Detector array 42 may comprise many different well known devices, such as 2609C Broadband Photodiode Module for both 1310 and 1550 nm detection available from Lucent Technologies or InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes for 1000-1700 nm detection, Part C30641E, available from EG&G. The electrical signals are transmitted to switch controller 44.
Switch controller 44 comprises a microprocessor 46 and memory 48. Microprocessor 46 is adapted to determine the intended destination of the light signal and route the signal to an appropriate fiber. Microprocessor 46 may be any of a number of devices-that are well known in the art. For example, microprocessor 46 may be an Intel Pentium III or other similar processor. Memory 48 is preferably random access memory that also may be any of a number of devices that are well known in the art. Switch controller 44 may also comprise non-volatile memory 50 that may contain programming instructions for microprocessor 46.
Each light signal preferably carries a header that contains information that either identifies the signal or indicates its intended destination. Switch controller 44 is adapted to read the header. Switch controller 44 may be adapted, either alone or in coordination with other devices, to determine the destination of the light signal. In order to prevent simultaneous transmissions in the same wavelength on the same optical fiber, which would result in interference when the signals are received, it may be necessary for each switch controller 44 to coordinate with other switch controllers. This may be facilitated by bus 52. Bus 52 is connected to each switch element 26 and it allows each switch element to communicate with a central controller 54 (not shown in FIG. 4).
As seen in FIG. 4, central controller 54 is in communication with each bus 52 of each set 22 of switch elements 26. This allows central controller 54 to receive signals from each switch element 26. Central controller 54 may comprise a processor 60 that is adapted to perform computer operations. Processor 60 is in communication with memory device 62, which may be random access memory (RAM), and non-volatile memory 64, which is adapted to store data when power to controller 54 is interrupted. Non-volatile memory 64 may be many different kinds of memory devices, such as a hard disk drive, flash memory, or erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM). Central controller 54 may be in communication with a display device 66, such as a monitor or printer, and input device 68, such as a keyboard. Display device 66 and input device 68 are adapted to allow an operator or user to communicate with switch device 10 (see FIG. 1).
Central controller 54 may also comprise a communication device 70, which may be external or internal. Communication device 70 is adapted to allow central controller 54 to communicate with other devices, such as other central processors or a computer that controls the optical system. Communication device 70 may be many different types of devices that are well known in the art, such as a modem, a network card, or a wireless communication device.
Central controller 54 may utilize a number of different techniques for resolving conflicts between switch elements. These may include the methods discussed in co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/666,898, filed Oct. 20, 2000. Alternatively, each switch element 26 may be adapted to resolve conflicts or interferences internally. Switch controller 44 may have its own destination table and transmission table and it can be programmed to manage signals entering switch element 26. If each switch element 26 is assigned to handle a specific wavelength or range of wavelengths, coordination between switch elements may not be necessary. However, some degree of coordination may be desirable. Therefore, a relatively low-bandwidth data connection to central processor 54 (see FIG. 3) may be provided.
It is also recognized that it may be desirable to provide some form of communication device, such as bus 52, to update switch controller 44. For example, if a fiber has been disconnected from the network, switch controller 44 would need to be informed that this fiber is no longer available for transmission. In addition, switch element 26 may also be a node from which data is downloaded. This would necessitate transmission of data from each switch element 26 to another device to make use of the information.
In switch mode, once controller 44 has determined the destination of the optical signal, the controller causes at least one emitter in emitter array 56 to transmit an outgoing signal 28. The position of the emitter corresponds the position of the target of the signal. Outgoing optical signal back along the general path of the incoming signal. Returning to FIG. 1, in the case of switch element 26 a, outgoing signal 28 passes through bandpass filter 30 a, imaging lens 25 b, mirrors 27 a and 27 b, imaging lens 25 and collimating lens 24 and is received by at least one target 12.
It is also recognized that a plurality of detector and emitter arrays may be used in one switch element to detect and emit a plurality of wavelengths. This would allow one switch element to perform the same function of an array of switch elements. Thus, the switch device of the present invention may comprise only a single switch element. The same result could be obtained by using single detector and emitter arrays that are adapted to detect and emit a plurality of wavelengths.
Single Source Emitter Switch Element
As seen in FIG. 5, the present invention comprises an alternative embodiment generally indicated by reference number 426. As incoming light 432 enters switch element 426, it is directed through focusing lens 436. In this embodiment, light 432 then falls on beam splitter 438. Beam splitter 438 reflects light 432 to detector array 442. Detector array 442 is adapted to detect signals in reflected light 432 and, as mentioned above, detector array 442 is capable of distinguishing different signals that are being transmitted by different sources. Detector 442 may generate electrical signals based on the light signals. The electrical signals are transmitted to switch controller 444.
Switch controller 444 may be similar to switch controller 44 with a microprocessor and memory (not shown). The microprocessor is adapted to determine the intended destination of light signals and route the signals to an appropriate fiber. As in the previous embodiment, conflicts or interferences between signals can be handled within switch element 426.
Switch element also comprises an emitter 456 that is adapted to constantly transmit light 458 over a period of time. The light is produced in a desired range of wavelengths. Light 458 is transmitted to lens 460, which is adapted to collimate the light. Light 458 may then pass through optional lenslet array 462, which is adapted to concentrate the light on individual modulators in modulator array 464. The individual modulators in modulator array 464 may be modulators that are well known in the art, such as lithium niobate modulators available from Ortel in Azusa, Calif. Modulator array 464 is in communication with controller 444, which may drive individual modulators to allow light to pass through the array. The position of the individual modulators corresponds to the position of targets for the light 458.
By driving an individual modulator to allow light to pass through the modulator at selected times, the modulator can produce an outgoing optical signal 428. The signal passes through beam splitter 438 and lens 436 and is transmitted to a predetermined target.
Micro-electromechanical Mirrors Switch Element
The present invention also comprises an embodiment that utilizes micro-electromechanical mirrors (MEMs). MEMs are well known in the ail, an example of which has been produced by Lucent Technologies in Murray Hill, N.J. MEMs are mirrors that may be selectively positioned in a plurality of positions. This allows the MEMs to reflect light transmitted from a source to a plurality of locations or targets. A plurality of MEMs may be placed in an array to switch light from a plurality of sources.
As seen in FIG. 6, MEMs can be used to switch light spatially using what is called a "3D" or "beamsteering" approach. In this approach, a first MEMs array 300 is positioned to receive a plurality of incoming parallel light beams 300, sometimes called "pencil beams," from a source or sources 304. Before light falls on a particular MEM, the MEM is positioned or aimed to reflect light along a selected path. The path of the light corresponds to a location of a particular target 306 among a plurality of targets.
For some targets, such as an optical fiber, it is desirable that light being transmitted to the target be substantially parallel to the normal axis of the target. If first MEM array 300 were to reflect light directly to a target, it may cause the light to be non-parallel to the normal axis of the target. This is so because each MEM on array 300 may not be aligned with the intended target and it is necessary to reflect light at an angle relative to the path of the incoming light. To address this problem, a second MEM array 308 is provided. First MEM array reflects light 310 to a MEM on second MEM array 308. The particular MEM on second MEM array 308 is aligned with the axis of the desired target 306 and the MEM is positioned so that light reflected by it is parallel to the preferred axis of the target.
A lenslet array 314, which may comprise an array of lenses, may be provided between second MEM array 308 and target 306 to focus the light on the target. A controller may also be provided (not shown) for controlling the position of the individual MEMs in the MEM arrays.
The present invention comprises embodiments that utilize MEMs to switch optical signals. These embodiments utilize polarization of light signals to selectively reflect and transmit light. Polarization is a well-known property of light. There are two polarization states, typically denoted x and y, in which the electric field of the light oscillates in the x or y direction, respectively, as it propagates in the z direction. Such light is called linearly polarized x or y light, respectively.
Light of different polarizations can be superposed, i.e., added, so that states of polarization ax+by are possible. Furthermore, a and b can be complex; a complex part denotes a phase lag or lead between the two possible states. In particular, a polarization state x+iy, i=(−1)�, corresponds to a polarization state that rotates in the positive angle sense as it propagates and therefore is called right-circularly polarized. The state x-iy corresponds to rotations of the electric field that rotates in the negative angle sense, and is called left-circularly polarized.
Light can be switched from one polarization state to another using half-wave and quarter-wave wave plates, which are well known to those skilled in the art. A quarter-wave plate applies an additional factor of i (one-quarter of a full wave) to they state, converting x+y to x+iy, or converting x+iy to x−y. Similarly, a half-wave plate applies a factor of −1 (one half of a full wave) to the y component, converting x+y to x−y. These facts are used in the embodiments described below.
Additionally, it is well known to those skilled in the art that polarizing beam splitters can reflect one linear polarization, for example, x, and transmit the second linear polarization state, y. These devices may be used to reflect or transmit light depending on the polarization of the light.
Turning now to FIG. 7, the present invention also comprises an alternative switch element generally indicated by reference number 350. Circularly polarized light 352 is transmitted by source 353. In the example calculations that follow, incoming light 352 is assumed to be right polarized light. Light 352 passes through lens 354, which focuses the light onto image plane 356. The light is allowed to diverge from the image plane until the light from the individual sources is of a size that matches the size of the individual micro-mirrors on MEMs array 366. Light 352 then passes through a lenslet array 358 that is adapted to collimate the light, i.e., make it into a "pencil beam" that neither diverges nor converges.
A beam splitter 357 may be provided in the path of incoming light 352 to reflect a portion of the incoming light to a detector array 388. Detector array 388 is adapted to convert the light signal to electrical signals and transmit the signals to controller 382. Controller 382, similar to controllers in the embodiments discussed above, is adapted to determine the destination of the incoming signal and drive MEM arrays 366 and 370 to route the signal to the appropriate target 386. As described above, each optical signal may be provided with a header that allows controller 382 to determine the destination of the signal. A time gap may be provided between the header and the rest of the signal to provide sufficient time for controller 382 to determine the destination and drive particular MEMs in MEM arrays 366 and 370 to their desired angular positions.
After passing through lenslet array 358, light 352 passes through a quarter-waveplate 360. This converts the right-circularly polarized light from a state x+iy to x−y. The state x−y is a purely linearly polarized state of light in a 45 degree direction, and will be denoted by x′. A properly oriented polarizing beam splitter 362 will then reflect the x′-polarized light to MEM array 366.
Reflected light 364 is transmitted to a particular MEM 367 that is aligned with the particular source 353 that emitted incoming light 352. MEM 367 is angularly positioned by controller 382 to reflect the light to a particular MEM 371 on MEM array 370. MEM 371 is aligned with a particular target 386 in a plurality of targets 384. It is recognized that targets 384 may be the same devices as sources 351. MEM 371 is angularly positioned by controller 382 to reflect incoming light 368 to target 386. The angular position of MEM 371 depends on the position of MEM 367 on MEM array 366. MEM arrays 366 and 370 are oriented so that the light passes through free space in this embodiment.
Reflected light 372 then passes through a λ/2 plate, which converts the polarization of the incident light from x′=x−y to y′=x+y, which is an orthogonal to x′. The light is then reflected by mirror 376. Reflected light 380 passes through lens 378, which acts to image the input lenslet array to the output lenslet array. Light 380 then passes through, if necessary, polarizing beam splitter 362. After passing through polarizing beam splitter 362 by virtue of its y′ polarization, it then returns to the original quarter-wave plate, which converts the y′=x+y polarized light to a polarization state x+iy, i.e., identical to the original input polarization state. Light 380 then exits the switching element the same way it came in, and proceeds to target 386.
FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate embodiments that operate in substantially the same way as the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 8, MEM array 370 is on the same side of switch element 349 as MEM array 366. In switch element 348 in FIG. 9, MEM array 370 is positioned in line with polarizing beam splitter 362 and targets 384. Thus, mirror 376 (seen in FIGS. 7 and 8) is not required.
FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment that utilizes four quarter-wave plates 360, 392, 394, and 396. Light 352 is focused, converted, reflected as described above. However, a quarter-waveplate 392 between beam splitter 362 and MEM array 366 is used to convert the polarization state from x′=x−y to x−iy. Light 364 impinges on MEM array 366 as before and then propagates back through quarter-wave plate 392, which then converts the polarization from x−iy to x+y=y′. Thus, light 398 becomes orthogonally polarized and passes through polarizing beam splitter 362 to MEM array 370.
Individual beams are directing the light in many different directions after being reflected by MEM array 366, and if these directions are larger than about 10 degrees from normal incidence at quarter-wave plate 392 and at polarizing beam splitter 362, significant errors in the polarization state of the light may occur. Thus, reflection angles are limited in this embodiment to less than about 10 degrees from normal incidence.
After light 398 passes through polarizing beam splitter 362, the light passes through a third quarter-wave plate 394 that converts the polarization state from y′=x+y to x+iy. The light 398 then proceeds to MEM array 370, which performs the same functions as in the previous embodiments. Reflected light 399 passes through the third quarter-wave plate 394 where its polarization state is changed from x+iy to x′=x−y.
By virtue of this new polarization state, the light is now reflected by the polarizing beam splitter upwards towards a fourth quarter-wave plate 396 that converts the polarization state from x′=x−y to x−iy. Light 397 then passes through lens 378, reflects from mirror 376 back through the lens. Lens 378 focal length is chosen so that the double transmission of the light results in imaging lenslet array 358 onto it self, similar to what was done in the embodiment shown in FIG. 7.
Light is again incident on fourth quarter-wave plate 396, which now converts the polarization state from x−iy to y′=x+y. By virtue of this new polarization state, light 380 transmits through polarizing beam splitter 362 and then passes out switching element 390 in the same manner as described in the previous embodiment.
Positioning and Alignment of Switch Device
Returning to FIG. 1, switch elements 26 and fibers 14 are preferably arranged substantially vertically so that switching elements 26 and fiber bundle 12 can be inserted vertically. The vertical configuration is advantageous for ease of access to switching elements 26 and for ease of alignment. Referring to FIG. 11, this is accomplished by providing each switch element 26 with a 3-point kinematic alignment unit 514. Alignment unit 514 may comprise a prism 516, positioned between the focusing lens 512 and an associated switch element 26. Prism 516 is used to redirect the incident light to vertical for the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and will not cause significant chromatic dispersion because the light has a very narrow spectral bandwidth as it enters each switching element 26. In this embodiment, a power and data cable 518 is attached to switch element 26 at a point that is directly above the center of gravity of the switch element. This helps reduce the effect of forces imparted by power cable 518. Wireless data ports 520 may also be provided, thereby eliminating the need for a physical data connection.
In terms of structural positioning, some specific numbers determine the configuration of switch device 10. First, the required nominal angle of incidence of an incoming signal is approximately 3.0 degrees to maintain a 0.4 nm of spectral shift or less for a bandpass filter designed for normal incidence at 1500 nm mean wavelength. Within this 3 degrees, contributions come from the nominal incidence angle as well as from off-axis propagation of the light from the various optical carriers 14. Consider, for example, a situation where a circular fiber bundle 14 is 64 fibers across and each fiber is separated by 100 microns. The resulting radius (r) of the bundle 12 is 3.2 millimeters. The light from this bundle 12 is collimated to about 1 centimeter beam radius (w) because the fiber numerical aperture (NA) is about 0.1. The required focal length (f) of the collimating lens 24 is about w/NA=10 cm. The greatest off-axis angle at collimating lens 24 is, therefore, about r/f=0.032 radians, i.e., about 1.9 degrees. This then leaves an angle θ of about 1.1 degrees, worst case, for the nominal pointing angle. Using 1.1 degrees as the angle of incidence on the bandpass filters 30 results in a 2.2-degree full angle (θ) between incident and reflected light. At this angle and with the imaging lenses 25 fitting with a 20% margin, results in a length of 1.2*w/(θ*π/180)=32.1 cm from imaging lens 25 to each bandpass filter 30. Hence, the total length is about double, i.e., 64.2 cm, between mirrors 27 and bandpass filter 30. This length can be reduced if additional signal loss can be tolerated. Focusing lens 25 can conveniently be selected to have the same focal length as collimating lens 24 at the input fiber bundle 14, namely about 10 cm. Each switching element 26, including detector, emitter, and beam splitter, preferably occupies a region that is about 1 cubic cm.
Using the above-described approach, a large number of wavelength bands can be sequentially demultiplexed. The limiting effects in this embodiment are beam quality and transmission losses. As shown in FIG. 12, for each switching element 26, six (6) surfaces are encountered. Each of the surfaces may have 0.1% transmission loss or less, based on modern manufacturing capabilities, except for bandpass filters 30, which typically have about 15% loss in transmission, and about 1% loss in reflection. Hence, the loss versus number of switching elements M in sequence is 0.85�(0.9995�0.99)M. A plot of the signal transmission versus number of switch elements M is given in FIG. 12, as well as a case in which the filters have a much worse loss of 15% per element upon reflection. From FIG. 12, it can be seen that even as many as 35 switching elements can be sequenced with less than 3 dB loss for all elements, for the nominal 1% per filter. On the other hand, if each filter loses 15%, only about 14 switching elements can be sequenced with less than 10 dB loss for all elements.
Beam quality is also an important issue in determining the number of switching elements 26 that can be sequenced. For the low-spatial-frequency aberrations expected for the 1 cm optics commonly in use, the formula for power loss is plotted in FIG. 13. For this plot, the following is assumed: 1) 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 waves rms error per optical element, and 2) these errors combine in root mean square. It is also assumed that switch element detectors 42 are 30 microns in size, that the wavelength is 1.5 microns, and that the F/# of lens 36 is 10, in accord with the assumptions above. The results for 0.05 rms waves per optic, or better, will provide 3 dB of loss on average for the 28th switching element. Less loss occurs for earlier switching elements in the sequence.
Overall, the combined effect of transmission and wavefront quality with the assumed values (0.05 waves or less, 1% or less for filters, 0.1% or less for other optics) leads to a 6 dB loss, or better, with 30 switching elements in sequence. The overall result is therefore that up to 30 switching elements may be sequenced with reasonable losses.
FIG. 14 illustrates an alternative configuration of switch device 10 in which each bandpass filter 30 is angled to receive the optical signal at a substantially non-normal incidence. In this case, each switching element 26 receives the optical signal from a substantially vertical direction, and, therefore, does not require prism 516 (see FIG. 11) for each switching element 26. However, this embodiment suffers from unsymmetrical paths between imaging lenses, which requires relocation of the imaging lenses in an arrangement that may be more difficult to align.
Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, the present invention includes system 600 that is adapted to perform wide band demultiplexing. System 600 directs optical signals having a predetermined range of wavelengths to an appropriate bank 500. Each bank 500 comprises a plurality of switching devices 10. System 600 includes a plurality of directing units 602. Each directing unit 602 includes a first imaging lens 604 and a second imaging lens 606, a mirror 608 for reflecting an optical signal from the first imaging lens 604 to the second imaging lens 606, and a bandpass filter 610. Each bandpass filter 610 is preferably a wide-band type filter configured to receive an optical signal from second imaging lens 606 and allow an optical signal within a predetermined range of wavelengths to pass through the bandpass filter to bank 500 of optical switches (see FIG. 16). An optical signal outside of the predetermined range of wavelengths is reflected to another, subsequent directing unit 602. Element 609 may be a bandpass filter or a fold mirror depending on the angular alignment tolerances of bandpass filter 610 a.
Each bandpass filter 610 may divert, for example, groups of up to thirty (30) wavelengths. For instance, if the wavelength spacing between bands is 0.8 nanometers, then the total wavelength range for one group is 24 nanometers, and this entire group of thirty (30) wavelength bands is sent to one bank 500 of switch elements.
Clearly, this alternative embodiment will introduce additional losses, but because the filter 610 bandwidths are rather wide, the losses for sequencing in this case are less than that for the individual switching devices 500. In this way, many different wavelengths can be simultaneously switched. For example, as noted in FIG. 16, it is not unreasonable to use 25 different switching banks 500, with an associated additional 3 dB of loss for the furthest bank 500 (with signal regeneration, the signal strength can be arranged to be nearly equal for all the bands upon exiting the system). The combination of twenty-five (25) banks 500 and thirty (30) wavelengths per bank 500 leads to 750 wavelength bands. If 0.4 nanometers is used per band, the total bandpass used is 300 nm, which is essentially the entire telecommunications band from 1360 nm to 1560 nm.
One layer of the resulting optical switching system 700 is shown schematically in FIG. 16. In this case, demultiplexing system 600 is oriented perpendicular to the individual switching devices 500. As indicated, a number of banks 500 may be located adjacent to one another (into the page). In this case, where twenty-five (25) banks 500 are provided, the overall system 700 occupies about 40 cm wide�85 cm high�125 cm long. The latter length assumes 5 cm of thickness per bank 500. Note that the system shown in FIG. 16 has a total of π*322=3216 input carriers 14, and 750 input wavelengths. If one assumes 10 Gigabits/sec input per wavelength, the resulting throughput is then 24 Petabits/sec. Accordingly, this embodiment has a tremendous capacity for switching or routing data.
Faraday Rotator Embodiment
In an alternative embodiment, polarization is more carefully controlled and used for added redundancy of processing. This is performed by placing a polarizing beamsplitter 702, a Faraday rotator 704, and one additional quarter-wave plate 706 between the input collimating lens and the rest of the system, as shown in FIG. 18. Polarizing beamsplitter 702 reflects one linear component, say x, and transmits the orthogonal linear component, y, into the switching system. The reflected light from the polarizer may be sent to a second, redundant switch array that is similar to the first array (the array 500 of FIG. 16, for example), and this second array is used to switch those signals for which the reflected light is stronger than the transmitted light, or to switch light in case of failures in the first switching array.
Faraday rotator 704 rotates the polarization of the light in polarization y to y′=x+y, and this light enters the first quarter-wave plate 706. Quarter-wave plate 706 then converts the light to right-circularly polarized light x+iy, which is then propagated to the relevant switch elements 26. In some embodiments, a second quarter-wave plate 708 is provided in front of each switch element 26. Second quarter-wave plate 708 will convert light to linear polarization x′=x−y. The linear polarization x′ is then reflected or transmitted to a defector array or to a MEMs array. If an embodiment is used with detectors, light backscattered from the detectors will be predominately light of the same polarization and will therefore pass back through and out of the optical system. This is evident to those skilled in the art because of the combination of the polarizing beamsplitter and the Faraday rotator at the fiber array. Faraday rotator 704 and two quarter-wave plates 706 and 708 along the optical path are equivalent to a standard optical isolator comprising a polarizing beamsplitter, a Faraday rotator, and a half-wave plate.
Light emitted from the emitters, modulators, or exiting the MEMs arrays will pass back through the polarizer in the orthogonal polarization, y′=x+y. This light will then be converted by the quarter wave plate 708 at switch element 26 to right-circularly-polarized light x+iy. This light will then be transmitted back through the system to first quarter-wave plate 706 where it will be converted to polarization state x′=x−y. This light then passes through Faraday rotator 704 a second time and the light is converted to state −y by the rotator. This state of light is transmitted through the polarizer and then passes through the collimator on to the fiber array, as desired. Note that if the range of wavelengths are significant, then dispersion in first quarter-wave plate 706 may be an issue. Dispersion compensation can be added as needed by various means known to those skilled in the art.
In an embodiment where the intervening optics' properties vary significantly (>10%) with linear state of polarization, additional consideration is required. Typically, one polarization state is preferred over another. In such cases, the light transmitted through the optical system from fiber array 14 to switching elements 26 is put into the preferred linear polarization state. In this case, first quarter-wave plate 704 near Faraday rotator 702 is moved to the switching elements and combined with the quarter-wave plates 708 at the respective switching elements. The combination of the quarter-wave plates form half-wave plates at the respective switching elements for equivalent functionality.
Beam Contractor
In another embodiment of the present invention, it is desired to put the fiber array into as small a region as possible to enable the system to achieve better imaging performance over the entire array. Because imaging performance is a function of field angle, it is desired to put the array into as small an angular region θar as possible, as seen from the collimating lens. Some reduction of the extent of the array can be achieved by fiber packaging means. These packaging means are well known to those skilled in the art, and are produced by companies such as Haleos (web site www.haleos.com). On the other hand, much more flexibility in reduction can be achieved using optical system 800 shown in FIG. 18. In this Figure, a beam contractor 802 is used to form a small image of the fiber array, followed by a lenslet array 804 to adjust the numerical aperture of the light entering or exiting each fiber. Beam contractor 802 reduces the apparent width w of the array by a magnification factor M from the true width W, so that w=W/M.
Lenslet array 802 then adjusts the numerical aperture NA to NA1. The resulting focal length changes from L=r/(NA�M) to L1=r/NA1, where r is the clear radius of the lens, NA is the fiber numerical aperture, and NA1 is the adjusted numerical aperture. The resulting full angular extent of fiber array 14 is reduced from (W�NA)/r to (w�NA1)/r. This approach is used to reduce the apparent angular extent of fiber array 14 until the apparent angular separation of neighboring fibers is no less than about 3 times the diffraction limit of the collimating lens, in order to limit fiber-to-fiber crosstalk. The diffraction limit is given by 1.22 λ/r, where λ is the longest wavelength of the light from the fiber array. As an example of the application of these techniques, assume that r=0.5 cm, and that λ=1.55 microns. The resulting needed angular separation is about 0.380 milliradians. Choose the full angular extent of the image of the fiber array, (w�NA1)/r, to be less than or equal to 2 degrees for best imaging performance. The resulting number of fibers across the imaged region is then (2 degrees)�(17 milliradians per degree)/0.38 milliradians=90 fibers across the diameter. The corresponding number of fibers that fit within a circular aperture with a diameter of 90 fibers is equal to 6360. Assuming switching between 6360 fibers and 750 wavelength and 10 Gbps per wavelength, one finds that routing of 47.7 Petabits per second of data can be supported with this optical architecture.
Although the description above contains many specifications, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by the examples given.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 1997
|Mar 14, 2000
|Natural Microsystems Corporation
|Optical bus
|Nov 17, 2000
|Nov 6, 2001
|General Nutronics, Inc.
|Method and device for switching wavelength division multiplexed optical signals using micro-electromechanical mirrors
|Apr 4, 2001
|May 23, 2002
|Holmes Richard B.
|High throughput optical switching system, device and method
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 10, 2002
|Mar 16, 2004
|General Nutronics, Inc.
|Method and device for switching wavelength division multiplexed optical signals using two-dimensional micro-electromechanical mirrors
|Aug 16, 2002
|Aug 15, 2006
|Raytheon Company
|Multichannel optical demultiplexer with varying angles of incidence to the light bandpass filters
|Mar 20, 2003
|Apr 10, 2007
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Compact DMD-based optical module
|Dec 16, 2003
|Oct 2, 2007
|Agere Systems Inc.
|Active optical alignment using MEMS mirrors
|May 10, 2002
|Jan 9, 2003
|General Nutronics, Inc.
|Method and device for switching wavelength division multiplexed optical signals using two-dimensional micro-electromechanical mirrors
|Mar 20, 2003
|Sep 23, 2004
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Compact DMD-based optical module
|U.S. Classification
|359/722, 398/48, 359/291, 385/16
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jul 2, 2001
Owner name: GENERAL NUTRONICS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOLMES, RICHARD B.;REEL/FRAME:011941/0363
Effective date: 20010626
|Mar 14, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 1, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 17, 2014
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 11, 2015
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Apr 28, 2015
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20150311


text:
The Effects of Students' In- and Out-of-Class Experiences on their Analytical and Group Skills: A Study of Engineering Education
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
DOI: 10.1007/s11162-007-9057-4
- Cite this article as:
- Strauss, L.C. & Terenzini, P.T. Res High Educ (2007) 48: 967. doi:10.1007/s11162-007-9057-4
- Citations
- 454 Downloads
This study examined the unique and joint contributions of engineering students' classroom and out-of-class experiences on the development of two sets of skills central to students' successful performance as engineers: analytical and group skills. Although the study focuses on engineering, the conceptual underpinnings and criterion measures are relevant to studies of teaching and learning in other fields. Multiple regression analyses using data from 4198 graduating engineering students on 39 campuses nationwide indicate that, after controlling an array of students' precollege characteristics, both students' classroom and out-of-class experiences make statistically significant and independent contributions to student learning in both skill areas.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|brand name
|drop tree KIDAMA pouch mini-wallet
|product details
|I want to go out suddenly without thinking of. A KIDAMA perfectly round for warm wind. Fluffy leather makes a light feeling. A wooden miter joint is tree of point ball pouch mini-wallet
|red, chocolate, natural
|(about) 14.5cm in width X 10cm in height X gusset 3cm
※By monitor and environment, there is a different case including the real color, feel of a material.
|Delivery of foreign countries
|"Free shipping" appears in the ads is only valid for the domestic delivery within Japan.
Shipping fee must be charged to the customers who would like us to ship your order to outside of Japan.
|JP Post EMS
|Your order will be shipped to you via Japan Post EMS. Japan Post is a speedy delivery service that delivers to more than 120 countries. With an effective tracking system and insurance program, EMS is able to offer a secure delivery worldwide. You can track your package with the tracking code provided and it will be delivered within a week. See estimated shipping fee
|JP Post Small Packet
|Your order will be shipped to you via Post Small Packet. A lower rate than EMS for smaller articles up to 2 kg. Although not as insured as EMS, it is a more economic choice for international shipping. Depending on the destination, the delivery date might vary.
|Credit Card
|We accept credit and debit cards.
The following credit and debit cards can be used:
•American Express
|We accept PayPal. After receiving the order confirmation e-mail, please proceed with the PayPal payment.
*Please note that if payment through PayPal is not confirmed by the date indicated in the e-mail, your order will be automatically cancelled.
|Bank Transfer
|We accept Bank transfers. After receiving the order confirmation e-mail, please transfer your payment to the bank account specified in the e-mail.
*All payments are made in Japanese Yen. Please check with your bank for applicable exchange rates.
*If payment by bank transfer is not confirmed within the date indicated in the e-mail, your order will be automatically cancelled.
Start Date:01/05/2017 00:00 JST
End Date:31/07/2017 23:59 JST
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


text:
Your Eagle dealership isn't the only place to find trusted replacement parts for your Vision. Car aficionados appreciate the import-inspired looks built into each Eagle, and understand that only the best repair Vision parts will suffice when repairs are needed. The vehicle in your driveway is head and shoulders above the rest when it comes to all the vehicles these days. While it's not hard to locate replacement parts for Eagle vehicles, these days the necessity for nothing but the absolute best are required to repair your car or truck.
At Car Parts Discount, we have real customer support agents on the phone with enough expertise to help you select the appropriate Eagle Vision part for your needs. When your Eagle needs the best replacement Relay, there's no need to go somewhere besides the authority, Car Parts Discount. Bring your Vision back to life with the best replacement parts from the experts at Car Parts Discount. Just choose your year from the list below to find the right Eagle Vision Relay for your 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993 model.


text:
ED Magedson – Founder
Ripoff Report
castle payday loanCustomer Support PO Box 704 Internet United States of America
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This report was posted on Ripoff Report on 04/29/2013 08:48 AM and is a permanent record located here: http://www.ripoffreport.com/reports/castle-payday-loan/internet/castle-payday-loan-the-most-deceitful-company-i-have-known-a-complete-ripoff-internet-1046985. The posting time indicated is Arizona local time. Arizona does not observe daylight savings so the post time may be Mountain or Pacific depending on the time of year.
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#1 General Comment
Castle Payday Warning
SUBMITTED: Tuesday, October 08, 2013POSTED: Tuesday, October 08, 2013
I recently started an online application to Castle Payday loans. They require you to enter all of your personal and banking information before they ever take you to the page with the loan terms. When I saw the terms I tried to cancel the application, but there is no "Cancel" button on the page. They charged $350 fee for the $1000 loan for which I was approved, but I declined the terms. While searching for the "Cancel" button that doesn't exist on the page, I saw they broke down the loan repayment into 44 bi-weekly installments. If I had taken that loan for $1000 it would have cost me over $8900 to repay it under their terms. I had to close the application web page because there was no cancel button.
They immediately started calling me, and called for several days, from as early as 5am to as late as 11pm. Judging by the accents of the people who kept calling me I believe the call center is in the Philippines. I finally got the call center person to cancel my application. Even then they were hard sell and tried to change my mind.
Be aware of any online applications. Check the page and read the fine print before clicking on the accept button. They get your personal information and then can do anything with it, so I have to have a credit monitoring software for the next year to make sure they don't try to steal my identity.
Are you an owner, employee or ex-employee with either negative or positive information about the company or individual, or can you provide "insider information" on this company?
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text:
Secrets of the Amish diary / Rachael Phillips
Available copies
- 2 of 5 copies available at Evergreen Indiana.
Current holds
0 current holds with 5 total copies.
|Call Number / Copy Notes
|Shelving Location
|Due Date
|Barton Rees Pogue Mem. PL - Upland
|IF PHI HB (Text)
|Inspirational Fiction
|Melton PL - Melton
|A MYSTERY FIC AMI (Text)
|In transit
|Pike Co PL - Petersburg Main Library
|MYS FIC PHIL (Text)
|Adult Fiction
|Checked out
|Roanoke PL - Roanoke
|CF AMISH 1 (Text)
|Christian Fiction
|West Lebanon PL - West Lebanon
|MYS AMI (Text)
|Adult Mystery
|Checked out
Record details
- Physical Description: 221 pages.
- Publisher: Berne, IN: Annie's, 2016
Content descriptions
|Summary, etc.:
| When Liz Eckardt leaves behind her hectic life as a Boston lawyer to become an innkeeper in charming Pleasant Creek, Indiana, she hopes to find solace -- and answers -- as she mourns the loss of her mother, Abigail. Along with her mother's diary and an antique heirloom quilt, Liz inherited a family secret: Abigail cut ties with her Amish family years ago -- a family Liz never knew existed -- and Liz yearns to unravel the mystery of her mother's past.
Liz settles into her new life at the Olde Mansion Inn with the help of the town's quirky quilting group, the Material Girls, and several members of the Amish community. She bonds instantly with her new Amish friend Miriam Borkholder, and enjoys the success of her burgeoning bed and breakfast.
That is, until one of her guests, the unpopular Clarence Peabody is found dead in the lake behind her inn.. and Miriam's son is the prome suspect!
Convinced of the Amish boy's innocence, Liz begins to piece together the evidence, learning quickly that the killer will stop at nothing to hide the truth. When Liz receives a cryptic letter written in the local Amish dialect, the message is clear: Stay out of this...or else. Who sent the letter? And is Clarence's murder somehow tied to her family's secret past?
Search for related items by subject
|Detective and mystery fiction.


text:
Grant brings foreigners to K-State over the summer
A grant from the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs will bring 20 students from 13 foreign countries to Kansas State University this summer to study environmental stewardship.
The three-year, $600,000 grant was awarded to the university's engineering extension program in the College of Engineering to coordinate a five week Summer Institute on Environmental Stewardship.
The institute will begin July 1 in Manhattan and conclude with a trip to Washington, D.C., in early August. The students — from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom — were required to undergo a rigorous selection process, initiated by an application to the Fulbright Commission for their particular country.
Students will tour Sunset Zoo, Flint Hills Discovery Center, the K-State nuclear reactor and the Konza Prairie among other trips.
A part of the requirements of the grant is to expose students to American culture. Participants will be treated to recreational Kansas experiences including Manhattan's Arts in the Park, the Little Apple Jazz Festival, a Kansas City Royals baseball game, 4th of July and a canoe trip.


text:
Michael Earls sparked quite a debate with his posts over the last couple of months about asking Microsoft bloggers to blog more about the present, because although the future is interesting and good to stay on top of, it's not applicable to daily life. Of course, most of the blogs he's probably referring to focus on development technologies rather than IT/end-user like I do, but it's still a good point.
First off, I think any Microsoft employee should be capable of taking feedback such as what he wrote and figuring out how to change things for the better, or at least clear up any misconceptions. If anyone reacted to that feedback by yanking Microsoft employee blogs entirely, that would be a horrible thing, and I'd like to think that there's no one here who would ever consider that. We get feedback all the time, much of it negative, and part of working on a software product is being able to turn feedback, positive or negative, into something constructive – better documentation, improvements in the product, improvements in processes like product support, etc.
One interesting thing I have garnered from this discussion (see the above entry for links to other blog entries from Michael and Dare and others that discuss this) is that, in addition to helping promote the existing blogs that focus on the current version, we should also encourage our product support engineers to blog. Most folks on the product team (and many folks with titles like 'evangelist') spend their days working on the next version, but PSS is focused almost entirely on the existing version (and probably one or two versions back). Heck, most PSS engineers for Exchange know more about the product than I do. I can go deep in a few specific areas that I helped design or have worked with a lot, but many PSS engineers have such a broad base of knowledge across the entire product, it's mind boggling.
And on that note, I'm working on organizing a group blog for the Exchange team, to launch sometime in February. Several PSS engineers will be participating in the blog, as will program managers, developers, testers, documentation/sdk writers, etc. I'm really excited about this opportunity to put human faces on the people that make Exchange happen. If this sounds interesting to you, keep an eye on my blog (or the other excellent Exchange blogs such as http://hellomate.typepad.com) and I'll announce it in a few weeks.
P.S. I was thinking about not mentioning the plans for the Exchange blog so that I could announce it when it's already up rather than risk promoting what might seem like vaporware… but then I realized that one of my goals in blogging is to be more open about our plans, and so I decided to 'scoop' myself.


text:
Bertram Roosevelt Byers
5,094pages onAdd New Page
this wiki
this wiki
Bertram Roosevelt Byer was the father of John Fitzgerald Byers. He and John had had little contact between 1989 and 2001. He worked for the government and he did not approve of John's choice in career. He felt his son was wasting his time pursuing The Lone Gunman paper.


text:
Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
As each tradesman expresses interest in quoting on your job, we'll send you their profile and ratings to help you choose the right one for you.
After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
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Double garage with concrete bison within the structure which urgently need removed to progress...
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100mm extract wall or window mounted wired to operate through light switch capable of handling...
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Top guy, very punctual and competitive quote. Worked to a very tight schedule. Employed for a second job- rendering outside walls. Couldn't be more helpful.
Managing your job is easier with the Rated People Homes App, download it today.


text:
6757 99th pl F, Pleasant Prairie WI 53158-3380 Sold for $1,000 on 12/30/2015
Features of 6757 99th pl F Pleasant Prairie WI 53158-3380
- For Rent
- Status: Sold
- 2 Bedrooms
- 2 Full Bathrooms
- Garage Size: 1.0
- Garage Type: Attached
- Est. Year Built: 2004
- School District: Kenosha
- County: Kenosha
- Postal Municipality: Pleasant Prairie
- Listing Company: Omni Realty Group Llc
Property Description for 6757 99th pl F Pleasant Prairie WI 53158-3380
6757 99th pl F Pleasant Prairie WI 53158-3380 - Great move in ready condo for rent.All appliances included. Vaulted ceilings and open floor plan. One car garage.Rent with an option to purchase also available.
Room Dimensions for 6757 99th pl F Pleasant Prairie WI 53158-3380
- Master BR: 17.0 x 11.0
- BR 2: 15.0 x 10.0
- Kitchen: 14.0 x 10.0
- Living Rm: 23.0 x 20.0
- Full Baths: 0
Other rooms
- No Basement
Interior Features
- Heating/Cooling: Central Air, Gas Heat
- Appliances Included: Dishwasher, Disposal, Dryer, Range, Refrigerator, Washer
Building and Construction
- 1 Story
- Condominium
- Exterior: Balcony
Land Features
|MLS Number
|New Status
|Previous Status
|Activity Date
|New List Price
|Previous List Price
|Sold Price
|Dec 30 2015 7:18PM
|Dec 3 2015 9:57AM
Make An Appointment
Contact Shorewest
Get More Info
Receive more detailed information on this propertyAsk a Question
Community Homes Near 6757 99th pl F
Buyer understands that the information which is contained on Data pages is obtained from a number of different sources and which has not been independently verified or confirmed by the various real estate brokers and agents who have been and are involved in this transaction. If any particular measurement or data element is important or material to buyer, Buyer assumes all responsibility and liability to research, verify and confirm said data element and measurement. REALTOR *MLS* Equal Housing Opportunity


text:
A Note on the Story
Author's Note: Just in case you didn't get this, when I was supposed to be in fourth grade, I went to China for one year, retaking third grade there because my Chinese was really bad. Then when I got back, I had the choice of either taking fourth grade because I didn't take it yet or I could just continue like normal and take fifth grade. Either way would have worked fine because I was a lot younger than most fifth graders and would have been just right if i had taken fourth grade. I still chose fifth grade. And my first day of fifth grade was not as miserable as it sounds.


text:
This is a group of people that want to share dining experiences with other people . Just come out and have a good time . Restaurant suggestions are always welcome.
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text:
Candlewood Suites Aurora-Naperville
Candlewood Suites Aurora-Naperville
Enjoy Hotel's Aurora, Illinois Location Near Chicago
The distinguished Candlewood Suites® Hotel Aurora - Naperville is just 45 miles west of downtown Chicago and 45 minutes from Chicago O'Hare (ORD) and Chicago Midway (MDW) Airports. Adjacent to the high-tech corridor and I-88, this hotel's all-suite Aurora accommodations promise Illinois visitors a comfortable home base for extended business trips and leisurely vacations.
With area companies, including Toyota, Hyundai, Kraft, Nestle and Nissan, within minutes of Aurora, this Illinois hotel's corporate guests enjoy easy access to meetings and business engagements. The hotel's proximity to Naperville, IL puts guests near JP Morgan Chase, Oberweis Dairy and Wendy's Corporate, too.
Shoppers visiting Aurora, Illinois love this hotel's location two miles from Chicago Premium Outlets. Top attractions like Raging Waves Waterpark and Orchard Valley Golf Course are also near the hotel's location.
Near Naperville, IL and the Chicago area, this hotel's accommodations not only promise convenient access throughout northeast Illinois, but also helpful perks like a 24-hour Fitness Center and Business Center, a 24-hour Candlewood Cupboard convenience store and free, hotel-wide Wi-Fi access. This hotel is 100% non-smoking and pet-friendly. We invite you to embrace the Midwest and stay with the best at the Candlewood Suites® Hotel Aurora - Naperville!
Quick Info
- Check In: 3:00 PM
- Check Out: 12:00 PM
- Minimum Check-In Age: 21
- Late Check Out Available
- Parking: Free
- Print Fact Sheet
- Chat With Us
Important Update
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Housekeeping Full Service
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-site Fitness Center Available
It's hard to leave your best buddy at home when you're traveling for extended periods, so we provide a pet friendly experience. Restrictions and fees apply.
Whether you are booking suites for a family reunion or suites for your company's training needs, Candlewood Suites hotels can accommodate your group.
Workout whenever you want: Candlewood Gym always has an open door and lots of aerobic and cardio equipment to make it easier to stick to your exercise routine, no sweat.
The IHG Green Engage system is an online tool that gives our hotels the means to measure their day-to-day environmental impact.
Getting Here
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
very nice staff and manager.
Byretired bob
May 23, 2017
manager was very friendly and efficient. very polite and cordial. she lowered the price on one nite a few dollars. I appreciated that also.
Comfortable Stay
May 17, 2017
The room was comfortable. The bed was a little soft for me. All staff members we encountered were friendly and helpful.
Good stay
ByPhilly 56
May 15, 2017
Comfortable bed and great service Good area and close to work
Staff was great!
ByTerrie Jeań
May 10, 2017
The location was perfect for our daughter's Graduation from Aurora University!! Loved staying there!!


text:
Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
Tenant was given 3-day notice to pay rent or quit at the end of the 3-day grace period. Tenant moved 2 days after notice and left keys at rental office, unit in pristine condition. This is a very tiny complex managed by the owners. We are not sure what we can legally do now. They made it clear they wanted to leave because the people upstairs were making worse a medical condition for one of these tenants, who is disabled. Since they left, can we still go through the eviction process so this hits their credit? We have never had someone leave within the 3 days of one of these notices.
Based on your description of the facts, since the tenants vacated the unit after you served them the 3 day notice to pay or quit, an unlawful detainer action (or eviction proceeding) is unnecessary. The purpose of an unlawful detainer proceeding is to gain lawful possession of the premises. Since the tenant gave you the keys and it appears you have other facts which indicate that they have surrendered possession, you now have legal possession of the premises. You should concentrate on re-letting the premises. You may bring a small claims action for breach of contract against the Tenant who may have prematurely vacated the Premises for back rent.
However, your situation is very fact sensitive and the landord/tenant laws are quite tricky. You should hire an attorney to help you.
Furthermore, this answer should not be considered legal advice and does not create an attorney/client relationship.Ask a similar question
No. You got what you wanted --and they left the unit in pristine condition-- since they complied with the notice to pay or quit by quitting, so you can't sue them for unlawful detainer when they're not unlawfully detaining your unit. If you did sue them, they'd win and they'd be the prevailing party and they'd recover their attorney's fees from you. Why you'd want to hurt these tenants is unclear and disturbing.
Disclaimer: Please note that this answer does not constitute legal advice, and should not be relied on, since each state has different laws, each situation is fact specific, and it is impossible to evaluate a legal problem without a comprehensive consultation and review of all the facts and documents at issue. This answer does not create an attorney-client relationship.Ask a similar question
No, you absolutely CANNOT proceed with an eviction action. If the tenant is not in possession when you file your lawsuit, the tenant is not "guilty" of unlawful detainer. The tenant is not "detaining" your property. The tenant complied with your notice.
The fact that you want to "hit the tenant's credit" is spiteful and, if you go through with the unlawful detainer action, illegal. You may be setting yourself up for lawsuit if you do.Ask a similar question
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Two industry veterans, with a combined 70 years of experience, have been elected by American coatings manufacturers to serve on the industry association's board of directors.
The U.S. paint and coatings industry is forecasted to reach a value of $25 billion in 2019, according to a new market study from the American Coatings Association (ACA).
ARLINGTON, VA—Days before a three-year-old federal chemical-labeling rule is set to take effect, the chemical industry is seeking a partial delay in enforcement.
April 10 - April 12, 2018
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Stewarts Grapes Trough is ideal for adding a little something extra to your garden or even your driveway or patio. Troughs are a great way of holding a variety of different plants and combining various colours. The speckled marble green effect and embossed grape vine pattern offer a very refined planter indeed.
Important Features of Stewarts Grapes Trough:
Size: L80cm x W30cm x H27cm
Colour: Marble Green
Material: Plastic
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#1 Ranked Children's Hospital by U.S. News & World Report
MyPatients provides referring primary care providers with secure access to their patients' information.
Boston Children's has launched the world's 1st program dedicated to offering hand transplants to children who qualify.
Innovation insider is a semi-monthly e-newsletter analyzes innovations at Boston Children's, other academic medical centers and from industry.
Read the latest blog by a Boston Children's doctor, clinician or staff member.
There are many ways you can help children and their families get the care they need.
Gliomatosis cerebri is most commonly diagnosed from radiologic studies. Since often the tumor appears to have no primary location and grows aggressively, biopsies are risky. However, a biopsy may be performed if a primary mass is indentified, or if your child's symptoms and other tests do not seem typical for the condition.
Diagnostic procedures for gliomatosis cerebri may include:
We are grateful to have been ranked #1 on U.S. News & World Report's list of the best children's hospitals in the nation for the third year in a row, an honor we could not have achieved without the patients and families who inspire us to do our very best for them. Thanks to you, Boston Children's is a place where we can write the greatest children's stories ever told."


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wuchay Review
Works wonders 4 SMALL litterbox room, NOT US made
So, you got the point by now in reading this review. I knew it was for a small space based on someone else's review. I use it in the tiny laundry/litterbox room and it does WORK WONDERS. Love it. Hope it lasts but have read about all the good reviews on having to use the 5 year warranty, if necessary. Replacement filters for this one are reasonably priced...though not sure about replacing the UV-C bulb once a year...happy with HEPA filter alone.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? Fine
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Appears to be good quality
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Room size was wrong (small, not medium) and I searched for MADE IN USA products and this one was listed (MADE IN CHINA)
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Warhammer: Mark of Chaos
- RATING: M - Mature
- DEVELOPER(S): Black Hole Games
- PUBLISHER: NAMCO BANDAI Games Inc
- RELEASE DATE: Nov 14, 2006
Over a year has passed since the Great War, during which the brutal Chaos armies swept across the Empire lands. Many fierce battles still rage across the Old World. Portions of the defeated Chaos armies have retreated to the distant Northern Wastes, while others have fallen to hostile groups. Among these tribes, new Champions rise up in an effort to reunite the Chaos forces, yet eventually all fail. None can match the power of their fallen leader, Asavar Kul. The united Empire and High Elf forces hunt the Chaos hordes from the Empire territories, still alert because danger lurks around them in the form of smaller enemy warbands that loot the settlements of the border lands. Now, four fully playable powerful armies – Empire, Chaos, Skaven and High Elves – as well as additional controllable races (Orcs, Dwarfs, Vampires, and Goblins), clash amidst breathtaking scenery in an epic battle for land and power.


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MMA:ITC #158 – "Dirty Dozen" Clip of the Week Finalists & Voting!
Check out this week's Dirty Dozen contestants! This weeks winner gets a Klench Kustom Mouthguard and gear from Hunter MMA and BAMF Fight Gear!
Link to Vote
"MMA: Inside the Cage TV" airs weekly on Fight Now TV, and online internationally through WFCTV.com and Epicentre.tv. MMA:ITC can also be found on their official Facebook page, Twitter @mmaitc, MMAInsideTheCageTV YouTube Channel, and on their official website MMAInsideTheCageTV.com
Follow MMA:ITC TV
Website http://mmainsidethecagetv.com/


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Bottoms Up!
A few years ago, a viral article came out expressing the humorous and true confessions of how badly bartenders judge us while making our drinks, and it opened up our eyes to a few things.
The art of bartending is underrated in many bars across the United States today. Or maybe the blame falls on the drunk clients who cause a mess, are difficult to work with, and are usually not worth the effort it takes to keep them happy.
Just imagine how frustrating it is to be at a crowded bar on a weekend, waiting for who knows how long to get the bartender's attention and get served. Now imagine being the bartender (or maybe there are two behind the bar) having to deal with the loud, obnoxious, intoxicated, never-ending swarm of people demanding hundreds of combinations of drinks from them. Yeah, it's not easy.
Bartenders are humans too, and just because they're friendly-as-can-be (sometimes) while making our drink, that doesn't mean they don't have their own thoughts about the many mixtures of liquor we're drinking. Bartenders of Reddit were asked what they REALLY think about our drink orders… and you might just rethink your next drink!
What does your order say about you?


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CBS Sports changes up 'The NFL Today' chemistry as viewership disparity widens with 'Fox NFL Sunday'
The chairman of CBS Sports, Sean McManus, told the New York Times that Dan Marino and Shannon Sharpe "were doing a terrific job" in their roles as studio analysts on "The NFL Today."
But instead going to the old standby "we decided to go in another direction," McManus settled on another sort of declaration that's slightly more original, but just as short on explanation.
"Sometimes in life, you need to be aggressive," McManus said.
Aggressive in this instance meant dropping Marino and Sharpe and hiring former Chiefs and Falcons tight end Tony Gonzalez to join host James Brown and analysts Bill Cowher and Boomer Esiason. McManus said another analyst will be added to the show. There's some speculation that perhaps that will be Bart Scott, who completed his first season on the CBS Sports Network's "That Other Pregame Show."
Marino was the biggest name and weakest link on that show for some years. You never went into Marino's hour expecting him to make even a single observation worth repeating and he always came through for you. Even when talking about his former team, the Miami Dolphins, he was reliably uninteresting.
Marino in particular occupied a place on that set because of who he was (they all do, of course) and not for what he said.
Sharpe, a polarizing persona, was much better, but for the most part he spoke loudly and sometimes carried a small stick.
He certainly was the most entertaining and energetic guy in the group. He radiated good humor and was not bashful about offering criticism. You would be surprised if he does not land a similar role somewhere else.
"There's no way I would ever complain," Sharpe told the Denver Post. "Am I sad and disappointed? Absolutely. But I'm grateful for the 10 years they did give me. They gave me the opportunity when I had no broadcasting experience. So I'm forever grateful what they did for me. I'll be fine."
So if McManus was interested throwing open the doors to let the stale air out of "The NFL Today," why did he keep Esiason, who has been with the show since 2002? For the moment, we'll leave Bill Cowher out this consideration, since he's the most recent addition to the show (2007).
Esiason can be annoyingly dorkish, a kind of football fussbudget. He's got that teacher's pet thing happening for him. Or the president of the phony do-gooders fraternity on campus.
He also has an objectionable tendency to turn some of his analysis into a Sermon on the Mount.
But Esiason has two key roles apart from his Sunday work for CBS that keeps him relevant, sharpens his viewpoints and gives added weight to his observations.
First, he is a game analyst for Westwood One/Dial Global's "Monday Night Football" radio broadcasts. That puts him at games. That moves him around the league. That gets him in touch with current players and coaches every week. That keeps him relevant in a way Marino and Sharpe could not be.
Second, Esiason has a weekday radio show on WFAN in New York, "Boomer and Carton," that now airs weekday mornings on the CBS Sports Network.
Anyone who can handle a daily drive time sports talk radio show for hours can work their way through a one-hour weekly TV football show with ease and authority. The radio work makes the TV work better.
(Sharpe for a brief time in the last few years had a commentator role on SiriusXM Radio's NFL channel.)
McManus said about Gonzalez: "I know Tony and I've been around Tony for a number of years and have been very impressed by the way he expresses himself and deals with people. He's interested in being a broadcaster and knows that it takes a lot of work."
Gonzalez appears to be a natural for his new job.
"I've been playing a long time and have had a chance to get comfortable in front of the camera, still not where I want to be, but it's on the way," Gonzalez told SportsBusiness Journal.
Gonzalez brings a newly minted perspective to the mix.
"I'm not Simon Cowell," Gonzalez said. "I'm not going to say, 'Oh, this guy stinks, he sucks.' I'm not going to be calling people to the carpet for no reason or be cruel and demean people. But I want to be honest."
Last season, "Fox NFL Sunday" averaged 4.8 million viewers, compared to 3.3 million for "The NFL Today," a 45% disparity. The previous year, the difference was 36%.
Now Fox has a built-in viewership advantage here because there are more big markets in the NFC than the AFC.
But that widening gap had to be a key reason for McManus' decision to change his Sunday studio chemistry.
- Sports-talk radio finds a home in Milwaukee
- Peyton Manning: 'All players would like to be able to say that they played with as much passion as Brett Favre'
- Brett Favre saw Aaron Rodgers' confidence back when
- Kurt Warner instructs young quarterbacks to play 'Like That'
- Game day TV cameras don't find coach Mike McCarthy an irresistible force
- Businessman Steve Ballmer scouted Milwaukee and Bucks before Clippers became available
- Fox NFL game analyst John Lynch sees Packers as 'a team on the uptick'
- Actor Bill Murray explains his abiding connection to the game of golf
- Broncos finish first in this year's popularity contest for NFL teams
- Eddie Lacy is NFL marketing double threat: 1st in bobbleheads, 29th in jerseys


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Co-owners Mike Douglas and Don McVee created Missisauga Life as a guide for what was going on in the city. The magazine has since rebranded as Mississauga Life: Spirit of the City. Among the magazine's chief aims are the building of connections with businesses in Mississauga and highlighting of cultural events, giving residents a good cross-section overview of what's currently going on in their city.
The magazine's myriad sections, which continue to grow in number from when it was first launched, highlight lesser known aspects of what makes Mississauga exciting, featuring articles that will appeal to more demographic groups. For example, Homefront features designers from HGTV and Urban Eats highlights restaurants, with a themed section titled Mississauga on a Plate. In this way,Mississauga Life tries to appeal to a broad audience and offer something for everyone. The broad readership of the magazine reflects this and, as responses on social media indicate, the magazine is well received by Mississaugans.
For the most part, the writers and contributors are from Mississauga, but the magazine also hires outside writers from as broad a source as SCTV comedians, and accommodates queries that will continue to promote the idea that, although Mississauga is not necessarily the first place one thinks of when considering arts and culture, the city has a unique cultural side.


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The SkyRC Watt Meter measures current, voltage, peak current (Amps), peak power (Watts), minimum voltage (Volts), power (Watts), energy (Watt-hours), charge (Amp-hours) and temperature, peak temperature values for you, in real-time, for the circuit in which you connect it.
Measures energy (Wh), charge (Ah), power (W), current (A) and voltage (V).
Measures peak Amps, peak Watts ,voltage minimum (sag), peak temperature.
Measures temperature in both Celsius & Fahrenheit (optional temperature probe is necessary).
Auxiliary battery to power watt meter for measurement down to 0V.
Accurate & precise – 0.01 A current and 0.01V voltage resolutions.
Rugged – handles 50 A continuous and 100 A peak at 60V.
Small & light with a tough plastic case.
Precision Alu-Chrom current sensing resistor, with only 0.001 Ohms resistance.
Factory calibration stores constants in EEPROM to compensate for component tolerances.
Now you can stop wondering what's going on with your electric model and get answers that allow you to apply precision to your hobby. The precise measurements you collect will help you fine tune your model to get all the performance that you paid for.
Do you have feedback, general suggestions or a product recommendation? Click here to let us know!
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SBTET Diploma Hall Ticket 2015
State Board of Technical Education and Training of Andhra Pradesh state is set to conduct Exam in various streams, but before that they announced the SBTET Diploma Hall Ticket 2015 -16 so the candidates get to know the exam dates. Interested candidates should Download AP Polytechnic Admit Card through official website after the declaration.
According to the department notification, the semester Polytechnic Diploma exam will be held in the month of Nov and Dec 2015. All the perusing candidates can download their SBTET Diploma Hall Ticket 2015 before the 10 days of the exam. if you will not bring you call letter then you will face the problem at the time of examination.
Those students who are doing their diploma courses form the State Board of Technical Educational & Training so let me tell you that, examination will be organized in the month of Nov and December 2015 so very less time will be left. So don't waste your time and just focus on the preparation of examination.
Name of the Department
Name of the Exam
Exams Date
State Board of Technical Educational & Training
Semester exam of Polytechnic
November and December 2015
Available soon
Download SBTET Diploma Admit Card 2015
All the candidates who want to check all the information related to the examination then they firstly have to download SBTET Diploma Admit Card 2015 through its official website with taking the help of steps which is given below. After getting this document the candidates easily get all the info which gives all the information like center name, date and day etc.
As we all know hall ticket is the very important to document for those candidates who are already applied and interested to given the written examination. if any candidates have not got this document at the time of examination then the staff member will not permit to give the examination so we advised to all the applicants must get and keep it safe for exam use.
As we all know, in this generation the download process is very easy and many candidates are perfect to use the internet but there are some students who are not aware of the internet. If you are also one the candidates then you must have a look on steps and get to know all the steps of downloading.
Step to Download SBTET Diploma Hall Ticket 2015
Students visit the official website of State Board of Technical Educational & Training.
- Then go to the latest notification link.
- After that, find the exam hall ticket from the opened page.
- Now fill the information about you like registration number and password etc.
- Submit all details and wait for some time.
- After some time, the hall ticket is opened in new tab.
- Hall ticket will be displayed on your screen.
- Download it for the future use.
Download Admit Card through Official link


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text:
Local news outlets are covering the Enron trial in traditional and non-traditional ways. The standard news stories on TV, radio and newspaper are there, but those who want more blow-by-blow accounts of what's happening inside the courtroom now have the option of turning to blogs. Houston Public Radio's Capella Tucker reports.
Blogs, the common term for web logs, have been taking off on the internet and many local media outlets have turned to them as part of their coverage of the Enron trial. No recording devices are allowed in the courtroom and in a sense, the blog is the next best thing for up to the minute coverage. Reporters and legal experts are doing blogs as well as Houston Chronicle Business Columnist Loren Steffy.
"Readers are watching this stuff as it unfolds and it gives them a sense of being in the courtroom. You know there're no cameras allowed so you're not going to see video of this on the evening news. I mean this is your one insight into what's happening as it happens."
The Chronicle has two other Enron blogs. One by the reporters covering the trial and another where attorneys chime in on what's going on in the Enron trial. Steffy says the blogs taken together provide a good overview of what's happening every day in the courtroom.
"I'm an opinion writer I mean that's my job is to put my opinion on these things and obviously I have some strong feelings about what happened at Enron and what went wrong and that sort of thing. So, kind of the role I guess that I play in this trail is offering commentary as it goes along."
KHOU television reporters blog on daily assignments and it's going to be no different for the Enron trial. Reporter Nancy Holland says they have a variety of means for posting blogs which include both text and audio blogs. She says blogs allow for more information than what's allowed in a television story.
"The other thing I can do with a blog is give them something that they're probably not going to hear on TV at all because I have to deal with the main point of the day. But if there are interesting people who come up and ask interesting questions and sort of the whole outside play, or if I decided to talk about what it's like just sitting in the courtroom for a day and who else is in there, that's not the kind of thing I can spend a minute and a half of television time on. But I can talk about it in a blog and it's other things that I at least hope other people find interesting."
University of Houston Communications Professor Garth Jowett says the Enron blogs are an example of how new media is absorbed by the old media.
"The bloggers are able to do a certain amount of introspection which the instantaneously showing of the film on court TV doesn't really allow. So it's a lot of interpretation. Now the wonderful thing for a media scholar like me, for years we've talked about the fact that there's been a decline in the number of outlets of information in this country, we are now going in the opposite direction. We have so many outlets of information via blogging and other internet sources that people are going to have to make up their minds where they are going to go to get what kind of news."
Capella Tucker, Houston Public Radio News.


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Europe's policy options in dealing with its problems, when the crisis re-emerges, are increasingly limited.
Further writedowns to reduce debt to sustainable levels, as in Greece and Cyprus, is difficult.
The European Stability Mechanism (ESM), European Central Bank, International Monetary Fund and European central banks now hold more than 90 per cent of Greece's outstanding debt. The ECB and national central banks have substantial loans to eurozone central banks and banks respectively secured over the bonds of beleaguered countries.
Further debt writedowns, providing relief for the borrowing nations, would result in immediate losses, ultimately impinging on taxpayers in countries such as Germany.
The ECB's Outright Monetary Transactions, which allow purchase of unlimited amounts of the debt of eurozone nations, has been hailed by its president Mario Draghi, self-effacingly, as the "most successful monetary policy measure undertaken in recent times".
Details of the yet to be used programme remain opaque and its legal basis uncertain. It will be politically difficult for countries such as Italy and Spain to ask for assistance, as it requires a formal request and agreement to strict guidelines. If they are forced to seek assistance, then it will be under such extreme conditions and market pressures that ECB intervention may be too late.
The banking union was intended "to break the vicious circle between banks and sovereigns". However, bank exposure to sovereign debt has increased. As at August 2013, more than 10 per cent of Italian banks' total assets were sovereign bonds. Spanish banks' holding is 9.5 per cent and Portuguese banks' holding is 7.6 per cent.
Eurozone bank claims on the public sector range between 10 to 40 per cent of national GDP. European banks own around €700bn of Spain's government bonds and €800bn of Italy's. They also have significant exposure to Greece, Ireland and Portugal.
The key elements of any banking union are deposit insurance and a centralised recapitalisation fund.
Germany remains opposed to a eurozone- wide deposit insurance scheme. Additional financial resources for recapitalisation remain unclear. Claudia Buch, a member of the German Council of Economic Advisers, told the Frankfurter Allgemeine that bank recapitalisation would be carried out under "international control and national liability", and highlighted the fact that peripheral nations do not have the capacity to support their banks.
The banking union is an inadequate supervisory mechanism for a small number of eurozone banks, maintaining the pretence of action and progress and allowing all governments to save face.
The scope of the €500bn ESM is limited, as it relies primarily on capital contributions from four countries: Germany, France, Italy and Spain. While there is no binding legal provision for remaining ESM members to increase their support, if Spain or Italy needs assistance then the contingent commitment of the remaining countries, especially France and Germany, may have to be increased.
Further IMF assistance may be difficult. Significantly the Latin American representative did not approve the release of the most recent tranche of IMF funding for Greece, on the basis that forecasts for its debt and economic growth are delusional and there is significant risk of loss.
History suggests that European governments and the ECB will be tested, revealing the weaknesses of key policies.
- More about:
- Banking
- European Central Bank
- Greece
- Insurance
- International Monetary Fund
- Italy
- Spain