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Lee Harvey Oswald
Tuesday, November 25, 2008
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Codename: Lehoy - Lee Harvey Oswald
This biography is from Wikipedia
Lee Harvey Oswald (October 18, 1939 – November 24, 1963) was, according to four United States government investigations, the assassin of US President John F. Kennedy. On November 22, 1963, Oswald was arrested on suspicion of killing President Kennedy and Dallas policeman J. D. Tippit earlier that day. Oswald claimed that he was a "patsy" and emphatically denied the charges. Two days later, Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby on live television while in police custody. Public opinion is still divided regarding the official version of Oswald's culpability in the assassination. According to an ABC News poll conducted in November 2003, 70 percent of American adults believe that the assassination was part of a larger plot.
Early life and Marine Corps service
Lee Harvey Oswald was born in Slidell, Louisiana. His father, Robert Edward Lee Oswald, died before he was born and his mother, Marguerite Claverie, raised him along with two older siblings, his brother Robert and his half-brother John Pic (Marguerite's child by her first marriage). His mother is said to have doted on him to excess, but despite this has been characterized as domineering and quarrelsome. They lived an itinerant lifestyle and before the age of 18 Oswald had lived in 22 different residences and attended 12 different schools, mostly around New Orleans and Dallas. Oswald's mother was of French and German descent and raised him in the Lutheran faith.
As a child Oswald was withdrawn and temperamental. After they moved in with John Pic (who had joined the US Coast Guard and was stationed in New York City), Oswald once threatened his sister-in-law with a knife and frequently punched his mother in the face. His truancy resulted in visits to psychiatrist Renatus Hartogs, who diagnosed the fourteen-year-old Oswald as having a "personality pattern disturbance with schizoid features and passive-aggressive tendencies." Oswald's behavior in school appeared to improve in his last months in New York. Some time in February, 1954, Marguerite Oswald decided to return to New Orleans with Lee. There was still an open question before a New York judge if he would be taken from the care of his mother to finish his schooling. In New Orleans, Oswald joined the school's marching band and then the Civil Air Patrol.
Oswald never received a high school diploma before he enlisted in the US Marines. Throughout his life he had trouble with spelling and writing coherently. His letters, diary and other writings have led some to suggest he was dyslexic while others have contended his poor writing and spelling skills were the result of a sporadic education. Nonetheless he read voraciously and as a result sometimes asserted he was better educated than those around him. Around the age of fifteen, he became an ardent Marxist, solely from reading about the topic. He wrote in his diary, "I was looking for a key to my environment, and then I discovered socialist literature. I had to dig for my books in the back dusty shelves of libraries."
Although a Marxist, Oswald wished to join the US Marines. He idolized his older brother Robert and wore Robert's US Marine ring. This relationship seems to have transcended any ideological conflict for Oswald, and enlisting in the Marines may also have been a way to escape from his overbearing mother. He enlisted in the USMC in October 1956, a week after his 17th birthday.
Oswald was trained as a radar operator and assigned first to Marine Corps Air Station El Toro in Irvine, California, then to Naval Air Facility Atsugi in Japan. Though Atsugi was a base for the U-2 spy planes that flew over the USSR there is no evidence Oswald was involved in that operation. Oswald's experience in the Marine Corps was by all accounts unpleasant. Small and frail compared to the other Marines, he was nicknamed Ozzie Rabbit after a cartoon character. His shyness and Soviet sympathies did not endear him to his fellow Marines. Ostracism only seemed to provoke him into being a more ardent and outspoken communist and ultimately his nickname became Oswaldskovich. The Marine had subscribed to The Worker and taught himself rudimentary Russian. Oswald was tried at a court-martial twice, first as a result of accidentally shooting himself in the elbow with a small, unauthorized handgun and later for starting a fight with a sergeant he thought responsible for the punishment he received. He was demoted from private first class to private and briefly served time in the brig. He was not punished for another incident when, while on sentry duty one night while stationed in the Philippines, he inexplicably fired his rifle into the jungle. By the end of his Marine career Oswald was doing menial labor.
The Soviet Union
In October 1959 Oswald went to the Soviet Union. He was nineteen and the trip was well-planned in advance. Along with having taught himself rudimentary Russian he had saved his Marine Corps salary, got an early "hardship" discharge by (falsely) claiming he needed to care for his ailing mother in New Orleans and submitted several fictional applications to foreign universities in order to obtain a student visa (and possibly help avoid Marine Corps reserve duty). After spending one day with his mother in New Orleans he departed by ship for the Soviet Union, first arriving in France, then England and eventually Finland as part of a package tour.When he arrived in the USSR and showed up unexpectedly at the US Embassy in Moscow he said he wanted to renounce his US citizenship. When the Navy Department learned of this it changed Oswald's Marine Corps discharge from "hardship/honorable" to "undesirable." Oswald's wish to remain in the USSR was initially applauded by the Soviets and described by at least one western journalist as a "defection," but although he had some technical knowledge acquired in the Marines they soon discovered he had little of real value to offer the Soviet Union and his application for Soviet residency was rejected. In response, Oswald made a bloody but minor cut to his left wrist in his hotel room bathtub. After bandaging his superficial injury, the cautious Russians kept him under psychiatric observation at the Botkin Hospital. Although this attempt may have been no more than an attention-getting ruse, the Soviet government feared an international incident if he attempted something similar again. Against the advice of the KGB, a high-level Presidium decision allowed Oswald to remain in the USSR. Although he had wanted to remain in Moscow and attend Moscow University, he was sent to Minsk, west of Moscow in Byelorussia. The city had been rebuilt after World War II and was considered a model of Soviet urban prosperity. Moreover there were no foreign diplomatic missions or press corps in Minsk, where the young American malcontent could be kept away from foreigners and the US press and meanwhile be easily watched by the security services.
Oswald seemed to thrive at first. He was given a job as a metal lathe operator at the Gorizont (Horizon) Electronics Factory in Minsk, a huge facility which produced radios and televisions along with military and space electronic components. He was given a rent-subsidized, fully furnished studio apartment in a prestigious building under Gorizont's administration and in addition to his factory pay received monetary subsidies from the Red Cross (a Soviet organization entirely separate from the international medical aid organization). This represented an idyllic existence by Soviet-era working-class standards. He was called Alek by his friends, who thought the name Lee sounded too Chinese. As a member of the Gorizont factory hunting club, Oswald was permitted to own a small .410 bore shotgun. He went bird hunting with Gorizont fellow-workers. (Oswald sold his shotgun to a Minsk pawnshop prior to his departure from the Soviet Union in 1962.) Oswald was a popular dinner guest in people's homes and a "man about town" frequently attending the opera, symphony concerts, the cinema and dating women he met at work, at trade union dances and female students from the nearby Foreign Language School.
Oswald was under constant surveillance by the KGB during his thirty-month stay in Minsk. The local KGB office had never had its own American case and they threw themselves into the task, building the lengthy KGB file no. 31451, a mostly mundane account of Oswald's daily life. The KGB assigned Oswald the codename Lehoy, ironically meaning slick but also a phonetic play on Lee Harvey. Oswald was spied upon by his close friend and fellow worker Pavel Golovachev, the son of Red Air Force General Golovachev, a senior air defense district commander in Siberia. Pavel Golovachev took many intimate photos of Oswald at home and at play in Minsk which no doubt were primarily intended for KGB consumption. He gave copies of some to Oswald and many later surfaced during the Warren investigation. In 1991 and 1992 interviews Golovachev said that at first he agreed to spy on Oswald, believing he might be a US intelligence officer. However, after getting to know him (and following KGB instructions to tempt Oswald with information from his father's air defense command, which didn't succeed) he concluded Oswald was who he said he was, an American who wanted to experience life in the Soviet Union and write a book about it (which Oswald began almost immediately when he got back to the United States).
Golovachev said Oswald never talked about the dramatic circumstances of his arrival in Moscow, his suicide attempt or any desire to have Soviet citizenship. He gave the impression his arrival in the Soviet Union had not been contentious and did not speak badly about the USA, refraining from talk about politics in general. When asked by ordinary Russians if life was better in the USA or USSR, Golovachev recalled Oswald would reply that in his opinion there were pros and cons to both places and then try to steer the conversation elsewhere. Eventually, on a visit to Oswald's apartment in the spring of 1961 Golovachev warned him he was being reported upon by those close to him, including himself, a warning which was probably recorded by KGB microphones planted in the apartment.
Meanwhile Oswald had tired of his relatively monotonous Soviet life. The Soviet Union's oppressive bureaucracy brought him to believe the country was a poorly implemented perversion of Marxist goals, while he believed himself to be a pure Marxist. Moreover Oswald had felt unappreciated when he was assigned factory work in Minsk instead of being admitted to study at the University of Moscow as he had requested. He gradually grew bored with the limited recreation available in Minsk and was stunned when co-worker Ella Germann refused his marriage proposal and then rejected him. In 1992 Germann said Oswald had talked about the two of them going to live in Czechoslovakia or even Yugoslavia, where he thought Communism was more liberal. He also told her that he was hiding in Minsk because the US had "hunted" him in Moscow and if he returned to the United States he would be "shot" (executed). In truth, while Oswald was saying these things to Ella he had made his first attempt to write the US embassy in Moscow about returning to the USA, although the KGB intercepted the letter and never forwarded it to the embassy.
At a dance in early 1961 Oswald met Marina Alexandrovna (Nikolayevna by other sources) Prusakova, a troubled 19-year-old pharmacology student from a broken family in Leningrad now living with her aunt and uncle in Minsk. While later reports described her uncle as a colonel in the KGB or MVD, he was a lumber industry expert in the MVD (Ministry of Interior) with a bureaucratic rank equivalent to colonel. The MVD at that time was analogous with the US departments of Justice and Interior combined and Marina's uncle administered lumbering projects using inmate labor, which by the time of Nikita Khruschev consisted mostly of non-political criminal prisoners. Oswald and Marina married less than a month and a half after they met. Observers have remarked that Oswald was likely still on the rebound from his failed relationship with Ella while Marina may have married Oswald either for his high standard of living (the apartment and extra privileges) or to emigrate to the United States. "Maybe I was not in love with Alik as I ought to have been," she said much later (for example, after she was in the US but before the Kennedy assassination she wrote love letters to two ex-boyfriends).
Marina soon became pregnant and gave birth to their daughter June. Oswald had never formally renounced his US citizenship (the US Embassy in Moscow had retained his US passport) and began seeking permission for the three of them to go to the United States.
Most Russian witnesses to Oswald's time in the USSR (first interviewed in 1991 and 1992 by Peter Vronsky) recalled Oswald as a boyish, silly and immature youth: He was nineteen when he arrived in the USSR, twenty-two when he left. He was described by some as shallow, with limited intelligence, a poor and lazy worker but almost all remembered him as "sympathetic" (charming and friendly). He did not drink or smoke, which the Russians found strange. His only vice seemed to be sweets and pastries, about which his girlfriends later said he was annoyingly parsimonious. Most Russians who knew him recall that once the thrill of meeting an American wore off, Oswald was rather dull company with little of interest to say. A shelf in his apartment was filled with books on Marxism but his understanding of it seemed rudimentary. Neighbors who lived directly above him, with windows looking onto his balcony below, were critical in their 1991-92 recollections, describing him as a rude lout who was frequently heard berating Marina for her apparent lack of cooking and cleaning skills, saying Marina complained to them that Oswald had struck her on occasion.
Oswald's Russian language proficiency was described by all the Russian witnesses as borderline coherent, but Russians in general are highly critical when characterizing linguistic abilities. Russians who encountered Oswald when he first arrived in Moscow unanimously recalled that his Russian was incoherent beyond basic phrases such as, "I need a fork." Russians who knew him through the duration of his stay in Minsk from January 1960 to June 1962 said that although Oswald's spoken Russian improved over time, his comprehension did not. Pavel Golovachev remembered how Marina would occasionally bluntly berate and belittle Lee to other Russians while he was in the room without him catching on. Letters written in Russian by Oswald (reproduced among Warren Commission exhibits which include CE 1, the letter he wrote to Marina the day he is believed to have attempted the assassination of General Walker) are all poorly written and ungrammatical. Declassified CIA documents relating to phone calls made by Oswald in Mexico City shortly before the assassination characterize his Russian as still barely coherent and broken, "a language he could not manage."
In December 1961, approximately six months before Oswald left the Soviet Union, the KGB reported that Oswald manufactured a pipe bomb using parts he took home from the factory's metal shop and (presumably) filled with gunpowder from ammunition for his shotgun. (This episode is confirmed by Oswald's former friend, medical student Eric Titovetz, in a 1991 interview, (prior to the release of the KGB documents) in which he claimed to have been shown the bomb by Oswald. Titovetz stated in the interview that Oswald never explained to him why he had made the bomb nor what subsequently happened to it. Titovetz attributed the making of the bomb to just another of Oswald's "boyish pranks.") The KGB at the time became concerned when an assassination attempt was made on the life of Soviet Premier Khrushchev several weeks later on a visit to a Minsk area resort. (The details of the Khrushchev 1962 assassination attempt are still classified.) Oswald discarded the pipe bomb into the trash where the KGB recovered it. There has been speculation that Oswald, knowing he was under KGB observation, made the bomb to hasten the Soviets into issuing him an exit visa and indeed on December 25, 1961, within weeks of the incident, exit visas for both Lee and Marina were approved (the pipe bomb may have been a ploy similar to his earlier suicide attempt, this time with an opposite goal). The Oswalds' departure, however, was delayed by a further six months because US authorities were now reluctant to approve Marina's entry into the US.
After nearly a year of paperwork and waiting, on June 1, 1962 the young family left the Soviet Union for the United States. Having started his teens as a lonely troubled truant in New York, Lee Oswald had been brought back by his mother to New Orleans, where he developed numerous friendships and acquaintances during his high school years. He did likewise in the Marines but led his most active social life in the Soviet Union where he had a number of girlfriends, married, fathered a child, formed social bonds, went on picnics and hunting trips, to parties, to dinners in people's homes, dances and moved among a broad range of people. However, after returning to the United States in 1962 Oswald would have few friends or acquaintances other than George de Mohrenschildt. He became disillusioned and isolated even from his own family, seeing them together for the last time in November 1962 on Thanksgiving Day. He eventually separated from his wife Marina and their infant daughter, living alone in distant rooming houses. There are periods in the final months of his life during which his movements and activities have remained undocumented. Some observers have remarked that during the last year of his life Oswald appeared to change physically, rapidly balding and appearing to age significantly beyond his twenty-four years.
After the assassination of President Kennedy, many Russians who knew Oswald, stated in 1991-1992 interviews that they were never contacted by the KGB or interviewed by any authorities. Ella Germann, for example, who was Oswald's lover prior to Marina and to whom Oswald proposed marriage in 1960, insists that authorities never came to question her about Oswald. Many of Oswald's former friends in 1991 still had artifacts from Oswald's days in Minsk: letters, photographs, books, and gifts that he had given them. The exception to this, was Pavel Golovachev, ironically a KGB informant from almost the day of Oswald's arrival in Minsk. Golovachev was an avid photographer with his own darkroom and is responsible for many of the known photographs of Oswald and Marina in the Soviet Union. According to Golovachev, after the assassination he sent a letter of condolence to Marina in the USA (he had kept up correspondence with Lee and Marina after their departure.) The letter was intercepted and the KGB confiscated all the letters, books, magazines, and photographs of and from Oswald in Golovachev's possession. Golovachev was detained at the KGB Minsk headquarters and interrogated. He was released after being warned not to contact Marina again or to discuss his relationship with Oswald with anyone. In 1991-1992 interviews Golovachev recalls that what the KGB wanted to know most during the interrogation was whether he had sexual relations with Marina.
Back in the United States, the Oswald's settled in the Dallas/Fort Worth area and Lee attempted to write his memoir and commentary on Soviet life, a small manuscript called The Collective. He soon gave up the idea but his search for literary feedback put him in touch with the area's close-knit community of anti-Communist Russian émigrés. While merely tolerating the belligerent and arrogant Lee Oswald, they sympathized with Marina, partly because she was in a foreign country with no knowledge of English (which her husband refused to teach her) and because Oswald had begun to beat her. Although they eventually abandoned Marina when she made no sign of leaving him, Oswald had found an unlikely best friend in the well-educated and worldly petroleum geologist George de Mohrenschildt, who liked playing the provocateur and enjoyed putting people off with his disagreeable and sullen Marxist friend. Marina meanwhile befriended a married couple, Quaker Ruth Paine and her husband Michael.
In Dallas Oswald got a job with the Leslie Welding Company but disliked the work and quit after three months. He then found a position at the graphic arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall as a photoprint trainee. The company has been cited as doing classified work for the US government but this was limited to typesetting for maps and produced in a section Oswald had no access to. He did use photographic and typesetting equipment in the unsecured area to create falsified identification documents, including some in the name of an alias he created, Alek James Hidell. His co-workers and supervisors eventually grew frustrated with his inefficiency, lack of precision, inattention, and rudeness to others (to the point where fist-fights had threatened to break out). The "backyard photos," which were believed taken Sunday, March 31, show Oswald with socialist literature and a rifle and pistol, in a playful and confident pose. However, the next day, Monday, April 1, after six months of work, Oswald's supervisor terminated Oswald´s employment at Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall, after seeing him reading a Russian satiric magazine (Krokodil or Crocodile, named for its bite) in the cafeteria.
Attempted assassination of General Walker.
General Edwin Walker was an outspoken anti-communist, segregationist and member of the John Birch Society who had been commanding officer of the Army's 24th Infantry Division based in West Germany under NATO supreme command until he was relieved of his command in 1961 by JFK for distributing right-wing literature to his troops. Walker resigned from the service and returned to his native Texas. He ran in the six-person Democratic gubernatorial primary in 1962 but lost to John Connally, who went on to win the race. In February, 1963 the general was making front-page news with an evangelist partner in an anti-Communist tour called Operation Midnight Ride.
Oswald put Walker under surveillance at some unknown time, probably including early April, taking pictures of the general's home and nearby railroad tracks which were later found in his residence when it was searched after the Kennedy assassination (these photos were later matched to the same camera Marina used to take the backyard poses). In March, Oswald had mail-ordered the rifle using his alias A. Hidell, having already mail-ordered a revolver in January. He attempted the assassination on April 10. Though he did not leave specifics of his plans in writing, Oswald did leave a note in Russian for Marina with instructions for her to follow, should he be jailed in Dallas, or otherwise disappear. Walker was sitting at a desk in his dining room working on his federal income tax when Oswald fired at him from less than a hundred feet (30 m) away. Walker survived only because the bullet struck the wooden frame of the window, which deflected its path, but was injured in the forearm by bullet fragments.
The Dallas police had no suspects in the Walker shooting. Oswald's involvement was not suspected until a note and some of the photos of Walker's house were found following the assassination of JFK, after which Marina Oswald told authorities about Oswald's attempt on Walker's life, which she said Oswald had told her about after the fact. The bullet was too badly damaged to run conclusive ballistics studies, though neutron activation tests later proved the bullet was from the cartridge manufacturer, and probably the same lot of bullets, as the two which later struck Kennedy.
New Orleans
By now Oswald was unemployed, had failed to kill General Walker, and his best friend de Mohrenschildt had moved away from Dallas. While Marina (who was pregnant for the second time) stayed with the Paines, he returned to the city of his birth, New Orleans, arriving on the morning of April 25 looking for work. Marina was driven there by family friend Ruth Paine after Oswald got a job with the Reilly Coffee Company in May, but he was fired for dereliction in July.
Although Oswald had Marina write to the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. about the possibility of returning to the Soviet Union, he was still disillusioned with the USSR. His Marxist hopes had become pinned on Fidel Castro and Cuba and he soon became a vocal pro-Castro advocate. The Fair Play for Cuba Committee was a national organization and Oswald set out on his own initiative as a one-member New Orleans chapter, spending $22.73 on 1000 flyers, 500 membership applications and 300 membership cards. He asked Marina to sign the name "A.J. Hidell" as chapter president on one card.
Most of Oswald's activities consisted of passing out flyers to passersby on the street. He made a clumsy attempt to infiltrate anti-Castro exile groups and briefly met with a skeptical Carlos Bringuier, New Orleans delegate for the anti-Castro Cuban Student Directorate. Several days later Bringuier and two friends confronted a man passing out pro-Castro handbills and realized it was Oswald. During an ensuing scuffle all of them were arrested and Oswald spent the night in jail. The trial got news media attention and Oswald was interviewed afterwards. He was also privately filmed passing out fliers in front of the International Trade Mart with two "volunteers" he had hired for $2 at the unemployment office. Oswald's political work in New Orleans came to an end after a WDSU radio debate between Bringuier and Oswald arranged by journalist Bill Stuckey. Instead of discussing Cuba as he had successfully done during a previous radio program, Oswald was publicly confronted with the lies and omissions he had made concerning his life and background and became audibly upset. Within a month he left New Orleans and returned to Dallas.
Oswald's four months in New Orleans were carefully scrutinized after the JFK assassination, most notably by New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison in his unsuccessful attempt to link Oswald to wealthy local businessman Clay Shaw, a former president of the International Trade Mart. Garrison's attempt to establish connections between the two included W. Guy Banister (a retired FBI agent and former New Orleans Police Assistant Superintendent turned private investigator and anti-communist) and Banister's friend David Ferrie (a pilot and anti-communist who had flown at the Bay of Pigs, and who wore an ill-fitting red wig and false eyebrows because of allopecia). Although Ferrie and Oswald had been simultaneously members of the Civil Air Patrol in New Orleans during the 1950s and both appear in a C.A.P. group photo, there is no credible evidence they had any significant contact when Oswald was a teenager, or again met eight years later in 1963. Ferrie denied knowing Oswald in an F.B.I. interview relied on by the Warren Commission. Banister (a friend of Ferrie's who also sometimes worked with him on anti-Castro causes) had an office in the building at 531 Lafayette, and Oswald stamped a few (but not all) of his flyers with the address 544 Camp Street. These addresses share the same structure, a building which was a block away from Oswald's job at the Reilly Coffee Company, but represent different entrances into it. There is no credible evidence that Oswald knew Banister or rented the address in Banister's building. This 544 Camp Street address had previously been home to the anti-Castro Cuban Revolutionary Council (who Banister knew, and influenced the landlord to rent the space to), and some researchers have suggested Oswald used this address for pro-Castro literature, to embarrass them. Either way, his work involving the Fair Play for Cuba Committee may have been little more than an effort to impress the Cuban government as a prelude to defecting there.
No hard evidence for contacts between Oswald, Banister, Ferrie, and Shaw has surfaced. Ferrie and Banister were friends, and Ferrie and Shaw were both homosexual and moved in the same circles in New Orleans. However, all evidence for 1963 contacts between Oswald and the other three come from witness testimony placing them together, which as a whole is questionable and unsubstantiated. In 1969, a jury empanneled by Garrison would acquit Clay Shaw of conspiracy, after only less than an hour of deliberation. By this time, Banister and Ferrie had died (Banister of [presumed] heart attack in bed in 1964, and Ferrie of cerebral hemorrhage [bleeding stroke] in 1967).
While Ruth Paine drove Marina back to Dallas, Oswald lingered in New Orleans for two more days waiting to collect a $33 unemployment check. He boarded a bus for Houston but instead of heading north to Dallas he took a bus southwest towards Laredo and the U.S.-Mexico border. Once in Mexico he hoped to continue on to Cuba, a plan he openly shared with other passengers on the bus. Arriving in Mexico City, he completed a transit visa application at the Cuban Embassy, claiming he wanted to visit the country on his way back to the Soviet Union. The Cubans insisted the Soviet Union would have to to approve his journey to the USSR before he could get a Cuban visa, but he was unable to get speedy co-operation from the Soviet embassy.
After shuttling back and forth between consulates for five days, getting into a heated argument with the Cuban consul, making impassioned pleas to KGB agents, and coming under at least some CIA surveillance as a result, Oswald returned to Dallas. It was during this period that he talked to Marina about hijacking an airliner to Cuba. He even told her he would one day be the premier of Cuba and she teased him about it. However, less than three weeks later, on October 18 the Cuban embassy in Mexico City finally approved the visa and 11 days before the assassination Oswald wrote a letter to the Soviet embassy in Washington DC, which said, "Had I been able to reach the Soviet Embassy in Havana as planned, the embassy there would have had time to complete our business."
The rifle and Oswald's marksmanship
In March 1963, Oswald used his alias "A. Hidell" (which he would later use for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, and for which he was carrying an I.D. card when arrested after the Kennedy murder) to purchase the rifle later linked to the November 22, 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy. The surplus Italian military rifle was purchased from Klein's Sporting Goods in Chicago, with a coupon taken from an ad in the February issue of American Rifleman. FBI and Treasury Department experts later matched the handwriting on the coupon and the envelope, to Oswald. The rifle was purchased under "A. Hidell" but sent to a Dallas post office box rented by Oswald under his own name.
6.5 x 52 mm Italian Mannlicher-Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle with a six-round magazine
Serial number C2766
Western Cartridge Co. ammunition with a 160 grain (10.37 g) round nose bullet
Side-mounted Ordnance Optics 4 x 18 telescopic sight
Along with other possessions, Oswald kept the rifle wrapped in a blanket in the garage of the Paines' home (in Irving, Texas, 15 miles from Dallas), where Marina was living at the time. Oswald, who could not drive, spent weekends in Irving and weekdays in Dallas at a rooming house, commuting on Mondays and Fridays with a co-worker (Buell Wesley Frazier) who also worked at the Texas Depository. On Thursday, November 21, Oswald returned to Irving a day early, and the next morning presumably smuggled the rifle back to Dallas and into the Texas School Book Depository on the morning of the assassination in a long brown paper package, which Oswald told Frazier contained curtain rods for his rooming house window.
Frazier would later testify that although this package was odd, and Oswald got out of the car with it and insisted on walking ahead into work in an unusual fashion, the package appeared to be only about 2 feet long, and not the 3 feet which would have been required to hold the disassembled Carcano rifle. Nevertheless, a 38 inch paper bag resembling the "curtain rod bag" was found near the sniper's nest in the 6th floor of the book depository, after the assassination, although no photograph exists of the bag actually inside the depository.
The assassination of JFK
Main article: John F. Kennedy assassination
While Marina and their child were staying with the Paines (Oswald lived alone in a rooming house) he found a temporary job (for the busy fall season) at the Texas School Book Depository. The 1964 Warren Commission report on the John F. Kennedy assassination concluded that at 12:30 p.m. on November 22, Oswald shot Kennedy from a window on the sixth floor of the warehouse as the President's motorcade passed through Dallas' Dealey Plaza (see lone gunman theory). Texas Governor John Connally was also seriously wounded along with assassination witness James Tague who received a very minor facial injury while standing some 270 feet (82 m) in front of the presidential limousine.
Critics have asserted that photographic and film evidence - along with witness statements throughout the years - indicate that there were at least one, or two, shooters in an area of Dealey Plaza known as the grassy knoll, behind a picket fence atop a small sloping hill, which was to the right, and front, of President Kennedy. A number of witnesses reported seeing a flash of light and/or a puff of smoke come from behind the fence along with hearing shots from that direction.
On the 8mm Zapruder film, after the last and fatal shot, it appears that President Kennedy's head moves forward and downward quickly, and then his body moves, in a more prolonged manner, in a backward direction to the left. A large amount of brain matter was projected forward, with blood and brain matter from the forward-moving vehicle also striking the windshields of the motorcycle escorts moving up from behind.
Oswald's flight and the murder of Officer J. D. Tippit
According to the Warren Commission report, immediately after he shot President Kennedy, Oswald hid the rifle behind some boxes and descended via the Depository's elevator and then sent it back up. On the second floor he encountered Dallas police officer Marion Baker who had driven his motorcycle to the door of the Depository and sprinted up the stairs in search of the shooter. With him was Oswald's supervisor Roy Truly, who identified Oswald as an employee, which caused Baker, who had his pistol in hand, to let Oswald pass. Oswald bought a Coke from a vending machine in the second floor lunchroom, crossed the floor to the front staircase, descended and left the building through the front entrance on Elm Street.
At about 12:40 p.m. (CST), Oswald boarded a city bus by pounding on the door in the middle of a block - when heavy traffic had slowed the bus to a halt - and he requested a bus transfer from the driver. He took a taxicab to a few blocks beyond his rooming house at 1026 N. Beckley Ave. He walked back his rooming house to retrieve his revolver and beige jacket at about 1:00 p.m.
Earlene Roberts – Oswald's cleaner at his rooming house – saw Oswald coming back to his room, and later said that Oswald was "walking very fast - almost running". She then saw a police car parked outside on the street when Oswald was still in his room. She heard two honks of the police car´s horn before it drove away. This car, and the two police officers who were in it, have never been identified. Moments later Oswald left the house and lingered briefly at a bus stop across the street from his rooming house. He had previously paid for a bus transfer, but after a short wait at the bus stop, he began walking. He walked about 1 mile toward the next bus stop, but was stopped about four blocks from it.
Officer J. D. Tippit had heard the general description of the alleged shooter (based on the statement of witness Howard Brennan who had seen Oswald in the window of the Depository from across the street) which was broadcast over the police radio at 12:45 p.m. Thirty minutes later Tippit encountered Oswald - near the corner of Patton Avenue and 10th Street - and pulled up to talk to him through his patrol car window. Tippit then got out of his car and Oswald fired at the police officer with his .38 caliber revolver. Four of the shots hit Tippit, killing him instantly, in view of several witnesses. Oswald reloaded his revolver as he walked away, throwing the empty cartridge cases into some bushes. At least a dozen people either witnessed the shooting or identified Oswald as fleeing the scene. A cab driver hiding behind his taxi heard Oswald mutter "poor dumb cop" or "poor damn cop" as he walked by. Oswald then broke into a run - still holding the pistol in his hand. Moments later, Oswald dropped his jacket in a parking lot. Officer Tippit's service revolver was found under his body - out of its holster.
A few minutes later, Oswald ducked into the entrance alcove of a shoe store on Jefferson Street to avoid passing police cars, then slipped into the nearby Texas Theater without paying (the film being shown was War Is Hell, narrated by Audie Murphy). The shoe store's manager saw all of this, followed him and alerted the theater's ticket clerk, who phoned police. Once inside, Oswald changed seats several times. The police quickly arrived and poured into the theater as the lights were turned on. Officer M.N. McDonald approached Oswald sitting near the rear and ordered him to stand. Oswald punched McDonald and drew his revolver. The officer's report states that Oswald pulled the trigger, but the hammer came down on the skin between the thumb and hand of the officer, who was attempting to grab the pistol, and the weapon did not fire. McDonald briefly struggled with Oswald before other officers subdued and arrested him at 1:50 p.m.. As he was led past an angry crowd who had gathered outside the theater, shouting for Oswald's death, Oswald yelled back that he was a victim of police brutality.
Oswald was booked on suspicion first as a suspect in the shooting of Officer Tippit and shortly afterward on suspicion of murdering President Kennedy. By the end of the evening he had been arraigned for both murders. Oswald's elder brother Robert visited Lee in jail and asked him quizzically, "Lee, what in the Sam Hill is going on?" Lee Oswald replied coldly with a straight face, "I don't know." Robert responded, "Look, the police have your pistol, they have your rifle and you've been charged with the shooting of the President and a police officer and you tell me you don't know?"
While in custody, Oswald had an impromptu, face-to-face brush with reporters and photographers in the hallway of the police station. A reporter asked him, "Did you shoot the President?" and Oswald answered, "I have not been accused of that." [The reporters answered that he had been] "In fact, I didn't even know about it until a reporter in the hall asked me that question." Later Oswald said to reporters, "I didn't shoot anyone," and "They're taking me in because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. I'm just a patsy!"
Oswald's murder
By the morning of Sunday, November 24 the Dallas police had already received many death threats directed toward Oswald that homicide detective Jim Leavelle tried to convince police Captain J.W. "Will" Fritz to break his promise to reporters that they could photograph the suspected assassin as he was transferred to a nearby jail. Instead, Leavelle proposed to sneak Oswald out of the crowded building at an earlier time. Fritz refused, although extensive precautions (including the decision to use an armored truck as a decoy) were taken to secure the area where Oswald would be briefly exposed to reporters and cameras. Leavelle later recalled the conversation he had with Oswald as they rode down the elevator handcuffed together:
"I said, 'Lee, if anybody shoots at you, I hope they're as good a shot as you are.' Meaning they'd hit him and not me. And he kind of laughed and he said, 'Ah, you're being melodramatic.' Or something like that. 'Nobody's going to shoot me.' I said, 'Well, if they do start, you know what to do, don't you?' He said, 'Well, Captain Fritz told me to follow you, and I'll do whatever you do."
Moments later, at 11:21 am CST, Oswald was shot and fatally wounded before live TV cameras in the basement of Dallas police headquarters by Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner with many friends and acquaintances in the Dallas Police and the underworld. Millions watched the shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald, the first time a homicide was captured and shown publicly on live television; however, it was carried live only on NBC, one of the three major networks in the US at that time, via a live remote from their Dallas-Ft. Worth affiliate station WBAP-TV. The CBS affiliate, KRLD-TV, was also present with a live truck at Dallas Police headquarters; however, the network was in the midst of a commentary and did not switch to the live feed until a minute or so after the shooting. Both networks replayed the incident from videotape many times over in the following days.
Unconscious, Oswald was rushed to the hospital where JFK died. Doctors did their best to save him, but Ruby's single bullet had severed major abdominal blood vessels, and the doctors were unable to repair the massive trauma. At 48 hours and 7 minutes after the president's death, his accused slayer was pronounced dead.
The route Ruby took to get down into the basement of the Dallas jail has been disputed, although Ruby was very specific about having used the basement vehicle entrance ramp (along with his access to the jail on other days), as recorded during a polygraph test Ruby insisted on taking and documented in a Warren Report appendix. A former Dallas police officer named Napoleon Daniels also said he saw Ruby use the ramp. Skeptics speculate Ruby entered the basement from inside police headquarters. The use of a route through the jail building suggests to some that Ruby received help from authorities inside the building, but many journalists entered the building without having their credentials checked and Ruby can be seen on film inside the building on the previous Friday night, apparently posing as a reporter.
Ruby was known to carry his pistol routinely. In preparations for his trial, Ruby later stated he killed Oswald on the spur of the moment to spare Jacqueline Kennedy the stress and embarrassment a trial would cause her. Corroborating this is the fact that he stopped to send an employee some money by wire on his way to the police station, an act that would have caused him to miss the Oswald transfer, had it not been late. He also took his dog and left it in the car-- another act which does not seem likely for a man planning to shoot someone in a police station and therefore be abandoning the vehicle.
During the trial his defense team, headed by prominent San Francisco defense attorney Melvin Belli, did not use these facts. Instead they suggested that Ruby's actions were related to an epileptic event brought on by the photographers' camera flashbulbs and movie camera lights. However, immediately after his arrest Ruby had told Dallas policemen that the American people would view him "as a hero," that he had maintained Dallas's "good reputation" and/or that the murder was proof that "Jews have guts." Belli later said, "he never thought he'd spend a night in jail." (Ruby was ultimately found guilty of capital (premeditated) murder and sentenced to death.)
After a full autopsy Oswald's body was returned to his family.
Oswald's grave is in Rose Hill Memorial Burial Park in Fort Worth. The inexpensive coffin was provided at the expense of the state. The November 25th burial and funeral were paid for by Oswald's brother Robert. There was no religious service and reporters acted as pallbearers. When his mother died in 1981 she was buried next to Oswald with no headstone. Originally his headstone read Lee Harvey Oswald, but this marker was stolen and replaced with one which only reads Oswald. His wife Marina, who was sequestered by federal agents the day after the assassination and later released, married Kenneth Porter in 1965 and her two daughters June and Rachel took Porter's last name.
The Warren Commission created by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963 to investigate the assassination concluded that Oswald assassinated Kennedy and that he acted alone (also known as the Lone gunman theory). The proceedings of the commission were secret and about 3% of its files have yet to be released to the public which has continued to provoke speculation among skeptics.
In 1966 and 1967 New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison conducted an investigation which culminated in the trial and acquittal of Clay Shaw. This failed prosecution was the only charge ever brought for conspiracy in the murder of JFK.
In 1968 The Ramsey Clark Panel met in Washington, DC to examine various photographs, X-ray films documents and other evidence pertaining to the death of President Kennedy. It concluded that President Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of the neck on the right side without striking bone and the other of which entered the skull from behind and destroyed its right side.
In 1979, an investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, concluded that Oswald assassinated President Kennedy "probably...as the result of a conspiracy." This finding was based on studies of dictabelt audio recordings which were later called into question when communications known to have been made after the shooting were discovered on the tape.
In 1992, Congress enacted legislation creating the Assassination Records Review Board ("ARRB") to collect and obtain declassification of government documents relating to the murder of President Kennedy. The purpose of this board would be to eventually make the evidence available to the Public so people can make up their own minds as to what occurred involving the murder of President Kennedy. The ARRB described this in the preface to its Final Report in 1998:
Previous assassination-related commissions and committees were established for the purpose of issuing final reports that would draw conclusions about the assassination. Congress did not, however, direct the Review Board to draw conclusions about the assassination, but to release assassination records so that the public could draw its own conclusions.
The 1981 exhumation
In October 1981 Oswald's body was exhumed at the behest of British writer Michael Eddowes, with Marina Oswald Porter's support. They sought to prove a thesis developed in a 1975 book, Khrushchev Killed Kennedy (republished in 1976 in Britain as November 22: How They Killed Kennedy and in America a year later as The Oswald File). The theory of the trio of books was that during Oswald's stay in the Soviet Union, he was swapped with a Soviet double named Alek, who was a member of a KGB assassination squad. He claimed that this Soviet double killed Kennedy. Eddowes's support for his thesis was a claim that the corpse buried in 1963 in the Shannon Rose Hill Memorial Park cemetery in Fort Worth, Texas did not have a scar that resulted from surgery conducted on Oswald years before. When Oswald's body was exhumed it was found that the coffin had ruptured and filled with water, leaving the body in an advanced state of decomposition with partial skeletonization. The examination positively identified Oswald's corpse through dental records, and also a mastoid scar from a childhood surgery. Contrary to reports, the skull of Oswald had been autopsied and this was confirmed at the exhumation.
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NORTHWOODS LEAGUE: Lunkers top North Division
MANKATO — A three-run seventh inning helped the Brainerd Lakes Area Lunkers to a 6-4 victory over Mankato and handed them first place in the North Division of the Northwoods League Saturday.
Casey Roche singled in Steven Brault to start the rally. Brainerd's next two runs came via walks and a passed ball.
Tyler Wampler's single scored two runs in the second inning.
Tyler Sparger pitched three innings of relief to get the win and Roche recorded his second save of the year.
Brainerd 020 010 300 — 6 7 1
Mankato 000 012 001 — 4 11 1
Mankato: Kyle Richter, Jeff Rohrbach (5), Stephen Rice (7), Josh Dahl (9) and Rudy Weiser
Brainerd: Joe Willman, Tyler Sparger (6), Casey Roche (9) and Jon Crist
W: Tyler Sparger. L: Jeff Rohrbach. Sv: Casey Roche.
2B: Dan Olinger (B), Cody Ferrell (M), Rudy Weiser (M)
3B: Shaun Cooper (M)
SB: Roche (B)
RBIs: Tyler Wampler (B) 2, Roche (B), Ryan Abrahamson (B), Jon Crist (B), Cooper (M), Ferrell (M), Weiser (M)
LOB: Mkt 11, Brd 12
Time: 3:15
Attendance: 1,217

subset: commoncrawl


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TOP 25 ROUNDUP: Syracuse holds off old rivals
C.J. Fair and Tyler Ennis each scored 21 points, and No. 2 Syracuse pulled out a 68-63 victory over St. John's on Sunday at Madison Square Garden.
Fair hit three big shots from the same spot — about 15 feet from the basket on the right baseline. The smooth left-handed shooter tied the game from there at 58 with 6:51 to go, then he made two more in the final 3 minutes as the Orange (10-0) were able to open a lead as big as seven points.
Ennis had 15 points in the first half as Syracuse took a 39-27 lead. The Red Storm (6-3) chipped away and were able to tie it at 53 on three free throws by Rysheed Jordan with 9:16 to go. There were then four lead changes and three ties as Syracuse became the second highly ranked team to escape this weekend.
No. 1 Arizona beat Michigan, 72-70, on Saturday.
D'Angelo Harrison led St. John's with 21 points on 6 of 19 shooting, including 1 of 5 from 3-point range.
Since 1979, this had always been a Big East game. Syracuse is now a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and St. John's remained in the Big East.
NO. 10 VILLANOVA 73, LA SALLE 52: Darrun Hilliard scored 21 points and Josh Hart added 13, lifting undefeated Villanova past La Salle. The Wildcats are 10-0 for the first time since the 2005-06 season, and three shy of matching the program-best 13-0 start in 1937-38. The Wildcats have now thumped city rivals Penn, Saint Joseph's and the Explorers (5-5) by at least 20 points in each game.
NO. 24 MISSOURI 66, WESTERN MICHIGAN 60: Jabari Brown scored 15 points to help Missouri beat Western Michigan. Missouri (10-0) stretched its NCAA-best home-court winning streak to 25 games and has won 80 straight games against non-conference opponents at Mizzou Arena dating to the 2005-06 opener. St. Louis native David Brown led Western Michigan (5-4) with 18 points.


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Elucence Moisture Benefits Shampoo10 oz | Cleanser
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Moisture Benefits Shampoo was created to both correct and prevent. A special combination of lipids, vitamins and polysaccharides provides needed hydration to correct moisture-depleted hair. To furt Read More...
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Quote of the Week: Leah Gluskoter and Family
We returned home from our Africa Dream Safari just about one month ago, but the glow has been very slow to subside. Our expectations were exceeded in all regards. We were a party of five, two grandparents, two parents, and an eight year old grandson. From the perspective of the grandparents, seeing Tanzania through the eyes of our grandson was an experience to be treasured – forever.
The safari was truly a trip of a lifetime, a unique experience. We were most happy with all the tented camps and lodges where we stayed. However, our two day stay over Christmas at Buffalo Springs in the Northern Serengeti was most memorable. The management and staff there were especially kind and provided us with genuine warmth as well as great service.
Perhaps the single most important factor in our enjoyment of the trip, was our interaction with our driver/guide. He immediately grasped just what it was that we hoped to accomplish during the safari, including photographing at both dawn and dusk and made sure that it happened. He was patient, concerned as to our comfort and safety, and most knowledgeable as to the identity of all things animal and vegetable. He was also terrific at spotting flora and fauna. It gave us great personal satisfaction if one of our party spotted some animal or bird before he did. It did not happen often.
As far as animal encounters, we were thrilled to experience a two week old lion cub who walked under our vehicle, a leopard finishing breakfast just adjacent to the vehicle, and a herd of cape buffalo chasing four lions away from a recent kill of one of the herd. Those were in addition to all the other thousands: probably tens of thousands of other animals including ,elephants, giraffes, hippos, rhinos, cheetahs, kudu, and many others. I left out zebras, wildebeests, and impala although there were more of those than all other species combined.
Attached are several photos taken on our trip and a book of photographs has been produced and is available on http://www.blurb.com/books/1941215 It can be viewed on that web site. If you do look at it be sure to open the full page view.
Leah Gluskoter and Family
December 2010
- December 18, 2011
- BY Michael
- Posted under ADS Guest Testimonials, Dec, Family Safaris


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No Greater Love: A Day with the Mobile Guerrilla Force in Vietnam
Here we go, I said to myself as my system electrified with the familiar rush of adrenaline. On July 18, 1967, Staff Sergeant James Donahue and the men of Special Forces Detachment A-304 were on an operation; code-name Blackjack-34. Their mission: to find and engage an enemy battalion that was thought to be operating in an enemy-controlled area north of Quon Loi, Vietnam. Now Donahue bears witness to the horrific events of that day and the exceptional grit and heroism of his teammates. Blackjack-34 is a magnificent tribute to the warriors of the Mobile Guerrilla Force their courage and willingness to press on, no matter what the odds.
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TentacleZ is a DubStep and Drum'n'Bass DJ Team from Hamburg, Germany.
We are two guys - Jan Krüger and Tobias Groß - who are DJing since about 10 years in the electronic dance music scene. In 2011 we decided to adopt a new course and started TentacleZ as a DJ Team for Drum'n'Bass, Dubstep, Drumstep and all associated sub-genres like Trap, Jungle, Grime or even some EDM Tunes.


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Hosts: Frederick Van Johnson, Thomas Hawk and Derrick Story
Episode Overview
This week on TWiP, here's what's on tap:
- Nikon releases the D7100
- Droneography
- Flickr is back!
- And an interview with Aaron Mahler
Thomas Hawk and Derrick Story join Frederick to discuss these topics and lots more on this week's episode of TWiP.
An Interview with Aaron Mahler about "Droneography"
This week, Frederick sits down with TWiP legend Aaron Mahler to talk about drones, photography and the new Phantom Quadcopter. To catch up with Aaron, please visit him at www.halfpress.com.
Please Support our Sponsors:
This episode is brought to you by Carbonite On-Line Backup. Whether you have one computer at home, or several at your small business, Carbonite backs up your files automatically and continually. Carbonite is the better backup plan! Try it free at Carbonite.com. Use the offer code TWiP and get 2 bonus months with purchase.
Connect with Our Hosts & Guests:
Thomas Hawk: blog, google+, twitter
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Frederick Van Johnson: www.mediabytes.com or www.twitter.com/frederickvan or Google+
Pre-production by: Patrick Reed
Post production by: Suzanne Llewellyn
Bandwidth provided by: Cachefly
Intro Music by Scott Cannizzaro
Photo Credits: BHPhoto


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December closed with ominous signs for the industry.
Dow Chemical's proposed commodity petrochemicals joint venture with Petrochemical Industries Co (PIC) was scrapped after strong protests from Kuwaiti opposition leaders who believed that the deal was overpriced at a time when oil prices were falling.
This is a major setback for Dow and raises questions about its planned $13bn acquisition of Rohm and Haas. This report summarises some of the difficult choices that Dow faces.
LyondellBasell with $26bn in debt is struggling to escape from bankruptcy. The company has held discussions about entering Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection internally and with banks.
One Wall Street analyst pointed out that LyondellBasell's situation was an example of the challenges faced by leveraged chemical companies as they encounter a tough combination of soft end markets, inventory destocking and sharply higher cost of capital.
There was also news that Qatar has put on hold a planned joint venture between Qatar Petroleum and Honam Petrochemical for a cracker and derivatives complex because of "international market turbulenece".
But this turbulence has not deterred ONGC from taking forward its cracker project at Dahej. Linde and Samsung Engineering have secured a contract to build the 1.1m tonne/year cracker and benzene and butadiene units. Bids for polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) plants downstream of the cracker are due to be submitted next month.
ONGC, Gail and other government companies are set to hold close to 50% stake in the project with the balance likely to be offered to a strategic investor or to the public through an IPO once financial market conditions improve. ONGC had offered a 9% stake to Gail but the latter is interested in raising its holding to 19%.
So it appears that ONGC has, for now, abandoned plans for a foreign investor. It is also probably safe to say that prospective foreign investors are no longer keen on this project as they have many more pressing issues to worry about.


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February 20, 2013
Nashville Aquatic Club swimmers competed in the Southeastern District Championship last weekend. The team walked away with twelve new Southeastern swimming qualifiers and a total of 30 new SE qualifying times!
The NAC 8& Under contingent represented well at the 8 and Under championship portion of the meet. Congratulations to Malcolm Jones as he rounded out the weekend as the 8&Under boys High Point winner!
It was a successful weekend for all participants. Congratulations to the following 8& Under competitors for finishing in the top 3 of each of these events:
Zoe Oldham 8&under 100 Free
Oliver Pilkinton 8&Under 25 Back, 50 Back
Malcolm Jones 8&Under 50 Back, 100 IM, 25 Free, 25 Fly, 50 Free, 100 Free, 50 Fly, 50 BR
Mason Morris 8&Under 50 Fly, 100 IM
Reagan Hurt 8&Under 50 Breast, 25 Back, 100 IM
Congratulations to the following athletes who picked up Southeastern qualifying times at the meet last weekend:
Mason Morris: 10&under 50 fly
Levi Carter: 10 &under 200 IM
Madison Richey:10& Under 50 Fly
Arden Oberlander:10&Under 50 Back, 100 Back
Carmen Bailey:10&Under 100 Back, 200 IM
Madi Jackson:10&under 50 Breast
Jordan Hurt:11-12 50 Back, 50 Fly, 100 Fly
Lauren Hurt:11-12 100 Fly
Margaret Luffman:13-14 200 Breast
Mary McKennon Pierce:13-14 200 Breast
Wyatt Mullowney:11-12 50 Free, 50 Fly
Elizabeth Ryan:11-12 100 Fly
Anna Vernon:11-12 50 Fly, 50 Breast
Julia Yakushi:11-12 50 Breast
Jack Brimm:11-12 50 Fly
Iain Zweibel:11-12 200 Free
Anna Clare Herline:13-14 200 Free, 200 IM, 200 Fly
Anny Quintero:13-14 100 Fly
Shuwei Cai:13-14 200 Breast, 100 Fly, 200 Fly
Zac Gammons:13-14 200 Back
Good luck to all athletes competing at the Southeastern Championships this weekend in Nashville!


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Someone suggested I put cardboard on the "outer side" of the radiator. I have done this, managing to fix it firmly in place. The engine and my heater warm up about twice as fast as before the cardboard -- very nice. Would you say this cardboard-on-the-radiator idea is the same general idea as the winterfront?
Provided I keep a close eye on the temperature gauge so the temperature goes no higher than "normal" range, in your opinion, am I asking for trouble of any kind? I am amazed at how quickly the temperature gauge gets to normal (and how fast the interior warms up) with this cardboard-on-rad idea and really enjoy it (-20 here today), but don't want to do any damage to the engine. Is there any risk to my engine using the cardboard? I have the radiator about three-quarters covered. The quarter across the top of the radiator is uncovered.
ANSWER -- Placing cardboard in front of the radiator is an old trick, but a winterfront works better. The winterfront (because it covers the grille opening on the outside of the vehicle) will still allow some air to pass through the radiator. The engine might not warm up quite as quickly as when blocking the radiator, but there is less chance of overheating the engine.
A winterfront also places less load on the engine fan. If cardboard blocks all the air flow to the fan, then the load on the fan is even, but if air can get to one portion of the fan, then that side of the fan will have a higher load on it than the rest of the fan blade area. This causes a side load on the fan drive -- the water-pump bearings on a mechanical fan or the electric-motor bushings on an electric fan. This can cause premature failure of the fan bearings.
For the short term, cardboard will work if you keep an eye on the temperature gauge so the engine doesn't overheat. For the long term, I would have a winterfront made up if necessary. Many automotive upholstery shops can make a custom winterfront for your vehicle.
QUESTION -- My 1995 Oldsmobile Royale LS has the auto climate control system with a separate passenger temperature control on the passenger-side armrest. All right-hand vents blow only cold air on all settings. Can you advise how to diagnose this problem and correct it? The vehicle has 112,000 kilometres on it and is like new.
ANSWER -- This dual-zone system has two separate doors inside the heater housing to control the temperature for the driver and passenger side. Each is operated by an electric motor connected to the HVAC (heater/ventilation/air conditioning) programmer. The programmer is a black module bolted to the right rear of the heater housing under the dash and will have several vacuum lines and an electrical connector going into it.
The motor for the driver's-side temperature door is located inside the programmer, while the passenger motor is external and connected only by wires to the programmer. The passenger-side temp motor is bolted on top of the heater housing just to the left of the programmer and it is connected to the temperature door with a "link" or threaded rod.
Watch the passenger temperature motor under the dash to see if it moves. If it tries to move, disconnect the arm and try to move the door manually. There may be something dropped down the defroster that is blocking door movement. If the motor doesn't try to move, check all electrical connections at the motor and the programmer. If the motor moves when the driver's control is changed, but not the passenger control, the wiring should be checked from the control to the dash display panel. Look for breaks in the wiring at the passenger-door hinge area first.
If none of the above helps, then the problem is either in the dash control head or in the programmer. The easiest way to diagnose further would be by using a scan tool to view system data. A visual and physical inspection of connections and linkage may find the problem, however.
Jim Kerr is an experienced mechanic, instructor of automotive technology and member of the Automobile Journalists' Association of Canada. You can e-mail questions to Jim at the address below.


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Ford, GM Post Strong Sales; Inventory Worries Drive Down Shares
Ford (F) and General Motors (GM) delivered vehicle sales in November that exceeded or met analysts' expectations. So why are the stocks taking a hit today?
Oil prices spiked – never good news for automobile makers. But more importantly, Ford warned that its North American production will slip 1.8% in the first quarter of 2014 amid rising inventories.
Automakers entered their year-end sales push last month with their biggest supply of cars and trucks in eight years. If buyers don't absorb enough supply, more automakers, may need to follow Ford in trimming output to avoid margin-slicing discounts.
At $16.47, Ford fell 3.46% in afternoon market action, while General Motors dropped 3.38%.
Earlier today, General Motors, Ford and Chrystler, the three top U.S. automobile makers, as well as Japan's Toyota Motors (TM) and Nissan (NSANY) raced past estimates.
GM sales for the month rose 13.7% to 212,060. At Ford, sales rose 7% to 190,449 vehicles, led by its popular Fusion midsize car and F-Series pickups, including the category-leading F-150
Chrysler sales advanced 16% to 142,275 vehicles with it Jeep line climbed 30%.
Toyota sales picked up 10% to 178,044, and Nissan sales were up 11% to 106,528.
Volkswagen (VLKAY) of America was an exception. The German company said VW brand sales fell 16% to 30,727. VW doesn't sell trucks in the U.S


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Can a vegetarian person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Can a vegan person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for brunch?
Can a gluten free person get a good meal at this restaurant?
Is this restaurant good for breakfast?
Does this restaurant offer free wifi?
Does this restaurant offer delivery?
Is this restaurant good for large groups?
Does this restaurant specialise in Halal food?
Is this a Kosher restaurant?
Thanks for helping!
we returned to guillionere as we do most years on our travels in France. The salads are huge and delicious. Pizza is outstanding and desserts are delicious. Great value restaurant and very family friendly
Lovely little restaurant used TripAdvisor for the reviews and it didn't let us down, very very french which is great when you're in France ,food was 5☆☆☆☆☆ family 5 from Liverpool .
We have visited many times and found the owners to be most helpful. On one of our visits one of out group was coeliac and was anxious about eating here. The situation was explained to the owner and she and her husband made sure the food was suitable, checking that the ble noir used in their gallettes was gluten free...
We regular go to Bretignolles twice a year and always have a meal at this restaurant. It is reasonably priced and you can always be assured of a warm welcome by the lady owner. This year the restaurant has been revamped and updated with new furniture and decour. It all looks lovely. If you are looking for pizza or moules,...
9 of us popped into La Guilloniere, had great pizza. Also the crepes are excellent, especially the Rum and Pineapple. Well worth a visit and not too expensive either.
We returned to one of our favourite restaurants in France La Guiilloniere. They offer simple, well-prepared, excellent quality salads, pizzas and crepes. Our children love this restaurant too. Pizzas are particularly good. Customer service excellent too.
We love the salads, the pizzas, the desserts, the welcome, the smiles. Extremely good value. They even make a proper Irish coffee - very potent (we forgot to specify the measurements!) This year we even brought our dogs who were 'happy out' on the terrace. Open almost all year and just as good out of season. Same staff every year...
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A fen is an alkaline wetland, mostly found near the eastern shore of England, in and near Norfolk. According to the Sorting Hat's song in 1994, Salazar Slytherin came from fen, suggesting that he was most likely from this area.
Then again, Ireland is also known for several fen-land areas; therefore, some have suggested Slytherin might be from Ireland, as that would represent all four kingoms Hogwarts students come from.
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Mentioned only)


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Tropical rainforests and gorgeous beaches, vibrant cities and outstanding food
Populated by a blend of Malays, Chinese, Indians and indigenous groups, Malaysia boasts a rich cultural heritage, from a huge variety of annual festivals and wonderful cuisines, to traditional architecture and rural crafts. There's astonishing natural beauty to take in too, including gorgeous beaches and some of the world's oldest tropical rainforest, much of which is surprisingly accessible. Malaysia's national parks are superb for trekking and wildlife-watching, and sometimes for cave exploration and river rafting.
As part of the Malay archipelago, which stretches from Indonesia to the Philippines, Malaysia became an important port of call on the trade route between India and China, the two great markets of the early world, and later became important entrepôts for the Portuguese, Dutch and British empires. Malaysia has only existed in its present form since 1963, when the federation of the eleven Peninsula states was joined by Singapore and the two Bornean territories of Sarawak and Sabah. Singapore left the union to become an independent country in 1965.
Today, the dominant cultural force in the country is undoubtedly Islam, adopted by the Malays in the fourteenth century. But it's the religious plurality – there are also sizeable Christian and Hindu minorities – that is so attractive, often providing surprising juxtapositions of mosques, temples and churches. Add the colour and verve of Chinese temples and street fairs, Indian festival days and everyday life in Malay kampungs (villages), and the indigenous traditions of Borneo, and it's easy to see why visitors are drawn into this celebration of ethnic diversity; indeed, despite some issues, Malaysia has something to teach the rest of the world when it comes to building successful multicultural societies.
Planning your trip to Malaysia
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From ancient temples to hyper-modern skyscrapers, these are just a few of the world's most incredible architectural wonders. Whether you're looking to wander l…
Living the good life in Borneo
Life in the beautiful region of Sapulot is relaxed and uncomplicated, and the communities who live here want to keep it that way. They are inviting visitors to …
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Looking to unwind on a tropical island somewhere in Southeast Asia? Then head to the island of Langkawi, Malaysia's ultimate escape from the country's frene…
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The noted physician who became the first African American to walk in space. The avant garde neuroscientist and electrical engineer who founded the highly popular Backyard Brains neuroscience website network. The groundbreaking marine scientist-conservationist who is on a passionate, global mission to save the endangered humpback whale!
These are only a few of the fascinating minds and innovators you will meet in April 2014 when the Festival convenes the X-STEM Extreme STEM Symposium in Washington, DC. This unforgettable all day gathering, presented by Northrop Grumman Foundation and MedImmune on Thursday, April 24, will give visitors the opportunity to hear and interact with some of the most prominent visionaries in science, technology, engineering and mathematics today.
Which is why we want to be sure you don't miss out on this exciting "limited tickets only" event set for the Washington, DC Convention Center.
Note: Act now to obtain your tickets to the symposium by reading information at the bottom of this article.
Throughout the day, elementary through high school students, teachers and others will have the opportunity to sit in on multiple engaging presentations, live demonstrations and hands-on workshops with leaders in such fields as space exploration, green technology, storm chasing, the science behind Hollywood TV and film stunts, oceanography, genetics, science policy making, nanotechnology, computer science, biomimicry, and biotech start up companies.
Here are just several exciting symposium presenters who are sure to inspire you:
Bernard Harris, M.D. -- This physician served as a NASA astronaut from 1990 to 1996, including flying aboard STS-55 (Spacelab D-2), Columbia, and as Payload Commander on STS-63 in 1995 (in which he became the first African American to walk in space). Learn of his perspective on the future of space flight, and of his career transition to Chief Executive Officer and Managing Partner of Vesalius Ventures, Inc., a venture capital firm focused on early-stage companies in medical informatics and technology.
Nancy Conrad -- Learn how her Conrad Foundation (named for her late husband Apollo astronaut Pete Conrad) is making a dramatic impact in inspiring young students to use science, engineering and entrepreneurship to find viable solutions to some of the most daunting challenges facing us today -- from bioscience and renewable energy to aerospace engineering!
Greg Gage, Ph.D. -- Before earning his Ph.D. in Neuroscience, this noted brain scientist was an electrical engineer who loved tinkering with all things electric. Discover how he's molded this passion into "Backyard Brains" -- an exciting service in education which provides everyone from kids to grad students in science with cool neuroscience experiment kits and tools to help them better understand the electrophysiology workings of the brain and nervous system!
Nan Hauser, Ph.D. -- Hear how the work of this passionate scientist-conservationist in the remote tropical region of the Cook Islands is leading to promising inroads to study and save the endangered humpback whale!
Thomas D. Jones, Ph.D. -- What's it like to liftoff ona Shuttle mission bound for the International Space Station with 6 million pounds of thrust beneath you? Hang on for the ride of your life as this noted planetary scientist and former NASA astronaut takes you deep inside his 11-year career as a leading space explorer!
For a rundown on all X-STEM presenters, visit here.
How to Attend the X-STEM Symposium:
Interested in attending an extreme day of STEM? Students, educators and STEM enthusiasts can participate by:
Option 1 – Buy a ticket (seats are limited and offered by invitation only)
--General Admission: $25 per person (early bird rate)
-- K-12 Students and Educators: $15 per person (early bird rate)
Note: The X-STEM Ticket Purchase Form is coming soon! Please sign up here to be notified when registration opens.
Option 2 – Start an X-STEM School Ambassador Team for your school and come to the X-STEM Symposium for FREE!
Registering your school as an X-STEM School allows students on the X-STEM Ambassador Team to become student STEM Leaders for their school and community. Ambassadors to the 3rd USA Science and Engineering Festival play a critical role in increasing awareness for the 2014 Festival through marketing and outreach efforts. In exchange for their efforts, Ambassadors are invited to attend the Festival's special X-STEM event on April 24, 2014 at no cost, in addition to earning valuable community service credits for college applications and resumes. X-STEM Schools get their own Festival web page, preferential registration for the Nifty Fifty program, reduced School exhibitor fees, and preferred School Bus Grant applications.
For more information on the X-STEM Ambassador program, and to register click here.
For more information on the X-STEM program and symposium follow this link.


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Answers Home
» Health & Wellness
» Illness & Disease
If a dog has kennel cough, is it likely that he will suffer long-term respiratory problems?
A dog we wanted to adopt from the Humane Association is now on medical hold because of kennel cough (with a low grade fever). We would like to be educated as to whether or not we'll be adopting a dog that can hopefully be healthy in the long term. My aunt has a lot of experience in dog training, and she says we absolutely shouldn't get this dog--that dogs with kennel cough always have long-term respiratory problems, forever. This doesn't seem to be in agreement with the research I have done. I was wondering what your thoughts are. He is also pretty thin. I have seen worse, but you can see his ribs at the moment. He may have been abused. Yet, he is sweet and friendly with people and other dogs, though seems a bit more subdued than one would expect of a dog his age (of course, he could've been sick when we observed this). Looking forward to your thoughts.
Asked by
Max (In loving memory)
on Sep 23rd 2007
in Illness & Disease
- This question is closed.
I do not agree with your aunt. In my experience, normal Kennel Cough (KC) does not lead to permanent respiratory damage.
2 of my adult fosters had it and recovered in no time. My own dog Maxwell had a more severe version of it which took about a week to treat, and it did not leave any lasting effects on him.
My current litter of foster puppies just finished 2 weeks of daily medication for their KC. However, they are still coughing phlegmy coughs. *SOME* KC is persistent. But I have never heard of it having lasting effects. I suspect that my foster puppies are having a hard time of it because of their young age. It is hard to be sick when you're only 3 months old and haven't quite built up immunity yet.
As for the dog you are interested in, if the only thing that is concerning is the KC, I would adopt him anyway. But that is just me. This dog can and will lead a healthy life if all he's got is simply KC.
Jasmine answered on 9/23/07. Helpful? / 2
Respectfully, I think your aunt is dead wrong.
YOUR research is correct. Kennel cough is a common, usually benign condition that affects most dogs at one point or another in their lives. I've NEVER heard of an otherwise healthy dog having long term effects from a properly, sufficiently treated case of kennel cough.
The vast majority of kennel cough cases are quite similar to human upper respiratory infections, or viruses. Recent research may actually show that antibiotics aren't even needed for most of the cases of kennel cough.
When we adopted Jack, he had quite a bad case of kennel cough. He got over it in the normal amount of time (10-14 days) and has been healthy ever since.
It is VERY common for shelter dogs to have kennel cough; dogs in the shelter have weakened immune systems from stress and from surgery if they are spayed or neutered. Also, since there are so many bugs that cause kennel cough, sometimes even vaccinated dogs get it.
Don't count him out!
Jack answered on 9/23/07. Helpful? / 2


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Jim Downs
Originally published 02/26/2016
More Than Just Sex: A Conversation About an Alternative History of Gay Men in the '70s
Jim Downs's book exists to highlight the nuance, the richness, and even the messiness of people's lives by offering an alternate history of gay life in the '70s.
Originally published 07/08/2013
Jim Downs (with Elizabeth Dias): The Horror Upstairs
Jim Downs teaches history at Connecticut College.Francis Dufrene lived for Sunday nights. tall and lean with a pile of blond hair, the 21-year-old would take two buses from his home in the New Orleans suburbs to make it to the Upstairs Lounge by 5 p.m., when the French Quarter bar held its weekly beer bust--two hours of all-you-can-drink drafts for $1.From the outside, the Upstairs didn't look much different from the other gay bars on a particularly seedy stretch of Iberville Street. But up 13 steps on the second floor was a refuge....
Originally published 06/06/2013
Jim Downs: The History of Mrs. Obama's Heckler, or Caught Between Civil Rights and a Hard Place
Jim Downs is an associate professor of history and American Studies at Connecticut College, specializing in African-American studies and nineteenth-century American history. His book, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction, was just published by Oxford University Press.On June 4, 2013, Ellen Sturtz, a gay rights activist, heckled first lady Michelle Obama at a meeting of the Democratic National Convention. Ms. Obama allegedly responded by saying that she would leave if the heckler did not stop. The audience, however, cajoled the first lady to stay and the gay rights activist was purportedly escorted out of the venue. Mrs. Obama continued her speech by talking about the future of children.
Originally published 08/05/2012
Jim Downs: Civil War and Emancipation the "Greatest Biological Catastrophe of the Nineteenth Century."
Robin Lindley
Contraband during the Civil War. Credit: Wiki Commons.January 1, 2013 will mark the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of the effective date of the Emancipation Proclamation.We tend to think of the emancipation of African American slaves in the South as a celebratory moment of jubilation and ecstasy. But there is a darker, bitterly ironic side to this triumphant story -- a grim story of neglect and indifference to a vulnerable population of uprooted men, women and children left to negotiate their freedom in a hostile, war-torn, disease-plagued land.
Originally published 05/26/2012
Who Invented Memorial Day?
Jim Downs
"Contrabands at Headquarters of General Lafayette," by Mathew Brady, 1862.As Americans enjoy the holiday weekend, does anyone know how Memorial Day originated?On May 1, 1865, freed slaves gathered in Charleston, South Carolina to commemorate the death of Union soldiers and the end of the American Civil War. Three years later, General John Logan issued a special order that May 30, 1868 be observed as Decoration Day, the first Memorial Day -- a day set aside "for the purpose of strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late rebellion, and whose bodies now lie in almost every city, village, and hamlet church-yard in the land."
- A military cemetery whose African American history is hidden in plain sight in Philadelphia
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- The Secret Transcripts of the Six-Day War
- Buried at an Asylum, the 'Unspoken, Untold History' of the South
- New Orleans removes monument to Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee
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- What's the 'greatest witch hunt of a politician in American history'?
- H.R. McMaster criticized – and not for his defense of Trump
- Yale's David Blight is asked if New Orleans rewrite its Civil War legacy


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Oblanc NC2-4 UFO 5.1 Surround Sound USB Gaming Headset Review
The Oblanc UFO headset is a 5.1 surround sound gaming headset and is available in multiple colors. Anyone looking for an immersive experience will appreciate that the Oblanc UFO provides a private 5.1 sound system while gaming or watching movies through a PC. The UFO connects to the PC using a USB port and has its own sound card built in, so there is no need for the computer to have a sound card. The speaker system itself consists of eight (four in each ear cup) 30mm Neodymium drivers with independent volume controls for each channel. The headset has an adjustable boom microphone with a switch for muting on the controls… at HiTechLegion


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People are often surprised to find that companies that seem to be on top of the world only a short time before are suddenly struggling to survive. This turn of events doesn't happen overnight, it takes time.
Look at DaimlerChrysler AG. People ask, how could this happen to a company that not so long ago was considered one of the most profitable in the industry? Everyone blames poor old James Holden. He was the Chrysler president for less than a year before he got sacked. There's no way that all of Chrysler's problems could have been created in less than a year. You have to go back further to see how it started.
To begin with, Robert Eaton as chief executive officer made no attempt to develop people to fill the top positions. The people he selected may have been nice guys, but they had very narrow experience. Tom Stallkamp's experience, for example, was strictly in purchasing and was never really tested in any other area. The same is true for Mr. Holden, who had only sales experience. When the people that made Chrysler Corp. were gone, there was no depth left in the organization.
It's unfortunate that DC AG chief Juergen Schrempp had to bring outsiders in to try to straighten out Chrysler. I don't believe he had a choice, because Chrysler had no one.
His choices were Dieter Zetsche and Wolfgang Bernhard. They both had to prove themselves in a number of assignments, including the international field, involving a long tenure in the corporation.
Years ago when I worked in the plant we put in 10 to 12 hours a day and sometimes six or seven days a week for long periods at a time. Those of us that are still around, when we get together, like to talk about those days. We laugh about the disasters and that we somehow survived those grueling times.
Yet, I never heard anybody, ever, talk about burnout. Today the media writes a lot about worker burnout. From what I gather, it's not so much the number of hours that these people work but the stress they experience on the job.
So how is today's job stress any different? I have no doubt that some people today get to a point that they can't function mentally because they are dealing constantly with problems that they were not trained to deal with, have not experienced before and haven't a clue how to solve. Yet, they are under a great deal of pressure to come up with a solution.
It's not that the job pressures are any less today. The difference, I believe, is that we were better trained to handle them.
In our time, people with potential for higher positions were given responsibilities in a broad range of job assignments. You were not promoted automatically.
Most companies today will not make the effort to develop their people through progressive on-the-job assignments. It's just easier to send people back to school for another degree. I'm all for formal education. But that's only part of it. The other part is whether you can apply it correctly, and that can come only with experience.
That doesn't happen now as much because it would require a long-time commitment. The name of the game today is to come up with the numbers to make the quarterly report look good and drive the stock price up. When you get the stock price high enough, you cash in your stock options, retire or quit and join another company and play the same game.
But it's a loser's game, and the company is the loser. The bottom line hasn't changed; the long-term success of any company still is dependent on its ability to develop attractive products that are competitively priced.
Today the organizations of many companies are loaded with over-educated carpetbaggers. They may have held a number of different jobs, but none long enough to prove that they had any capabilities.
The things that these people are proficient in are what they learned in business school. They may be good at reorganization, restructuring, spin-offs, outsourcing and other short-term actions that produce short-term solutions — and usually long-term problems.
Stephan Sharf is a former executive vice president for manufacturing at Chrysler Corp.


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Since 2008, he's been stopped seven times in Portland, twice in Biddeford, and twice in Old Orchard Beach. Every time, the police cite calls from concerned citizens about the presence of a gun. But "a call doesn't justify a stop," Hamann points out. In order to be detained, without being free to leave at any point, officers "have to have reasonable suspicion of a crime."
That's why, on his recordings, one hears Hamann ask several times, "What crime am I accused of? What crime do you suspect me of?" The cops never have an answer.
The most recent recording is from earlier this year, when Hamann was stopped on the corner of Neal and Congress streets by Portland police officer Joshua McDonald.
"Officer McDonald claimed to have received calls that I was walking around with a holstered firearm," Hamann wrote in a subsequent email to Portland Police Department (PPD) chief Michael Sauschuck. "This is a legal activity in Maine. He stopped me, put on gloves, and removed my weapon from me. I told him I do not consent to any searches or seizures. He unloaded my firearm and before ejecting the round from the chamber, he pointed my loaded firearm at my legs. This is unacceptable behavior."
The letter goes on to cite several US Supreme Court and US district court decisions, including Terry v. Ohio, Delaware v. Prouse, and US v. DeBerry, to show that Hamann was illegally stopped, detained, and disarmed. According to Terry v. Ohio, for example, a police officer must be able to articulate reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before stopping and frisking an individual. (Hamann has taught himself all this case law.)
"Officer McDonald admitted that the only reason why he stopped me was because of my legally carried firearm," Hamann wrote. "I would like to point you to US v DeBerry from the 7th Circuit. In that ruling a federal judge said that a the presence of a firearm where legal to possess cannot by itself be reasonable suspicion of criminal activity."
In the video, Hamann requests to speak to McDonald's supervisor; when that supervisor arrives, he immediately tells Hamann he is free to go.
Sauschuck wrote Hamann a cursory reply, thanking him for bringing the matter to the PPD's attention. In a phone interview with the Phoenix, Sauschuck admitted that open-carry calls are often "complex" — requiring police officers to balance what some citizens consider to be "a very shocking sight" with the constitutional right to bear arms and the state right to do so in public without a permit (though a permit is required to carry a loaded weapon in a vehicle — even in plain sight). To be sure, Portland isn't the most inviting place to openly carry — two years ago, the city council passed a resolution calling on the state Legislature to allow municipalities to prohibit people from openly carrying firearms in public. (Hamann was present, handgun proudly displayed, to argue against the proposal.)
"It is commonplace for us to get multiple phone calls," when someone walks down the street openly carrying, Sauschuk says. "Officers respond to those situations and try to do the best that they can to find out what is going on."
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Vijayanagar, Bangalore, India- 560040.
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Dance form taught:
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good morning everyone...have a great day ahead guys
good morning everyone...have a great day ahead guys
Good day to you all, hope it's a relaxing one...
Merry Christmas to all...
Hello and good morning hope you all have a great week ahead.
Good morning!
Good morning frost, Tink, angelpugs and aLEKSA
I'm Dreaming of a White Christmas
Good Afternoon....
I've just had to hunt for the page......on page 2, what's that all about...
How's everyone?
I might watch a film this afternoon, not sure what yet .
Merry Christmas to all...
Good morning folks.
Having some coffee and breakfast tacos then it's back to the decorating.
Wishing you all a wonderful Sunday.
'I will live in the Past, the Present, and the Future!' Scrooge repeated, as he scrambled out of bed. 'The Spirits of all Three shall strive within me. Oh, Jacob Marley! Heaven, and the Christmas Time be praised for this! I say it on my knees, old Jacob, on my knees!' (Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol)


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