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A History of the American Biological Safety Association: Part I | Part II | Part III
A History of the American Biological Safety Association
Part I: The First 10 Biological Safety Conferences 1955-1965
Manuel S. Barbeito and Richard H. Kruse
USDA, Retired, Past President of ABSA, Frederick, Maryland
President, MEDI, Inc., Lexington, Kentucky
On April 18, 1955, 14 representatives from Camp Detrick, Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas (PBA), and Dugway Proving Grounds, Utah (DPG) met together at Camp Detrick in Frederick, Maryland. The purpose of the meeting was to share knowledge and experiences regarding biosafety, chemical, radiological, and industrial safety issues that were common to the operations at the three principal biological warfare (BW) laboratories of the U.S. Army: the Biological Research Laboratories at Camp Detrick; the Biological Production and Development Laboratories at PBA; and the Biological Assessment Laboratories at DPG. This meeting was the 1st Biological Safety Conference.
The catalyst for a conference was the synergism that was typically present in all weekly staff meetings conducted by Dr. Arnold G. Wedum, Director of Industrial Health and Safety, U.S. Army Biological Research Laboratories, Camp Detrick. At one such meeting in 1954, while staff was discussing how to manage better the extensive correspondence and telephone conversations on safety issues among the three BW laboratories, the idea of a conference emerged as a collective thought. The idea was quickly ratified by the safety directors at the three BW installations as the perfect vehicle for sharing safety information. Due to the nature of the work conducted at the BW laboratories, papers presented at the conference would have to be cleared in advance by security officers and attendance would be restricted to persons with secret clearances. These restrictions were considered at the time a small burden in contrast to the enormous benefit that would be gained from sharing common experiences and collaboratively reolving important safety problems.
1st Biological Safety Conference
Dr. Wedum opened the 1st Biological Safety Conference with the keynote address "The Role of Safety in the Biological Warfare Effort." Several papers were presented by Camp Detrick safety personnel. Everett Hanel, Jr. described the work and organization of the Agent Control Branch, one of two Branches that constituted the Industrial Health and Safety Division. The Branch was divided into sections which were organized to support the six principal functions at the Biological Research Laboratories: decontamination, pilot plant, aerobiology, engineering, research and training. There were 25 to 30 individuals on the staff of the Industrial Health and Safety Division, making it the largest biological safety organization ever assembled.
Orin T. Miller discussed bacteriological cabinet systems with special reference to Class III cabinetry. The Blickman Company had installed a Class III cabinet system in Building 550 which was to be the "Cabinet of the Future." This innovative design was developed jointly by safety and engineering personnel at Camp Detrick and equipment engineers at the Blickman Company. The Class III cabinet system had two levels. The first level contained a bottom-mounted freezer, a back-mounted refrigerator, back-and bottom-mounted incubators, animal holding space, two double-door autoclaves, and an area where two people could work facing each other. The second level provided additional animal holding space. The first and second levels were connected with service elevators. Air entering the Class III cabinet system was filtered and the exhaust air was both filtered and incinerated. Panels, windows, and adjacent cabinets were joined with interstitial neoprene gaskets and secured with stainless steel bolts and nuts. The Class III system had to meet a standard of leak tightness which was determined by demonstrating no leakage greater than 1 x 10-8 cc per second using a calibrated halide detector when the system was pressurized to 3 in wg using 1% dichlorodifluoromethane gas. Problems with the cabinet system included difficulty in obtaining leak tightness, formation of moisture in the bottom of the incubators, and the long time required to pass materials and animals between the two animal levels.
G. Briggs Phillips made a presentation on aerobiological safety where he discussed containment problems associated with the million-liter test tank, known locally as the "8-Ball." He emphasized the particularly troublesome problems caused by leaking valves and pinhole air leaks in the welds of the 1.5 in mild steel panels. He also spoke about the methods used to aerosolize test microorganisms and the importance of complete decontamination. One of us (R.H.K.) discussed safety problems in a production area. The production steps were described by following the growth of a BW agent from a beginning in a test tube, through sequential transfers to larger flasks, and ultimately to a 10,000 liter vessel where the microorganism was then harvested and concentrated by centrifugation. Before work with infectious microorganisms could begin, the complete procedure was thoroughly reviewed, the systems were pressurized and tested for gas leaks, and the procedure was performed numerous times with non-virulent simulants like Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger (BG). Environmental monitoring was conducted using sieve and slit samplers. Other papers presented by Camp Detrick personnel were: "Occupational Illnesses at Camp Detrick" by Dr. Wedum; "Operation of Sewer Sterilization Plants" by Gardner G. Gremillion; "Recent Safety Developments and Problems" by G. Briggs Phillips; "Laboratory Hazards" and "The BW Safety Orientation Program" by Dr. Morton Reitman.
Dr. Howard Moorman, who was the safety director at PBA, discussed the safety organization at PBA and described its functions at the Biological Production and Development Laboratories. Mr. Roger Lerwell, the safety director at DPG, discussed test vehicle decontamination. A presentation titled, "Off-Post Safety Considerations for BW" was made by CDR Robert Holdenreid, the U.S. Public Health Service liaison officer at DPG. In addition, there were informal round table discussions concerning ethylene oxide and formaldehyde decontamination, air sampling techniques, and the use of rubber gloves with Class I and Class III safety cabinets. It was noted that these gloves had a propensity to leak around the area adjacent to the hand rolled bead. There was much concern about this problem because the leaks were difficult to locate and repair in spite of the dielectric test performed on each glove during fabrication.
Back then…
There was no formal program for the first biological safety conference, but an agenda had been prepared. In typical Army style, a "happy hour" and dinner was held at the Officer's Club. The meeting participants enjoyed the camaraderie of visiting with colleagues and the informal setting that was so suitable for continuing discussions of important issues. Thus traditions were set at this first biological safety conference for a conference with keynote address, a reception, a banquet and a style that encouraged informal discussions among participants.
2nd Biological Safety Conference
The 2nd Biological Safety Conference was held on November 14-17, 1955 at Pine Bluff Arsenal. Personnel from the U.S. Army Biological Production and Development Laboratories (PDL) introduced the conference participants to the scope of safety activities they performed at the PBA laboratories. Dr. George Connell discussed the purpose of the laboratories and then reviewed the ecology in the Pine Bluff area. Victor Jones reviewed surface and air sampling methods and results. Charles Kambar discussed the history of biological safety at the laboratories and gave a technical presentation on the neutralization of quaternary ammonium compounds. Thomas McNeilly reviewed industrial safety issues at PBA.
Camp Detrick personnel presented the following papers: "Camp Detrick's Experiences with Agents Introduced at PDL" by Everett Hanel, Jr.; "Development of Bacterial Production Facilities, from 1943 Black Maria* to 1955 at Camp Detrick" by Charles Glick; "Detection of Organisms Recovered During Production of a Biological Warfare Agent at Camp Detrick" by one of us (R.H.K.) Everett Hanel, Jr., Charles Glick, and R.H.K. also presented an exhibit and roundtable discussion on recently developed vinyl plastic ventilated suits and plastic safety items. From DPG, Roger Lerwell reviewed the occupational illnesses that had occurred at the Biological Assessment Laboratories, and CDR Holdenreid showed a movie made under contract by the University of Utah on the ecology and epidemiology of wildlife of the area.
PBA staff lead extensive tours of the production facilities and development laboratories. The tours focused on general safety problems in operating production facilities.
3rd Biological Safety Conference
The 3rd Biological Safety Conference was held on June 18-20, 1956 at Dugway Proving Grounds. The majority of papers was given by staff from DPG and emphasized the types of studies carried out at the Biological Assessment Laboratories. Roger Lerwell reviewed the safety program at DPG. L. T. Christian and P. W. Williams gave a presentation on BW aspects of field tests and range controls. Dr. J. Osborne gave a talk on epidemiological aspects of BW safety. He reported that coyotes (Canis latrans) were very resistant to anthrax, but would harbor Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia, for at least 80 days without apparent illness. The common rabbit tick (Haemaphysalis leporispalastris) could carry and transmit tularemia, and Fr. Tularensis could pass through at least one molt. The majority of rodents was susceptible to tularemia and were carriers; one exception was the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merrlami). Sheep in the Dugway area had antibodies to brucellosis and tularemia. Q fever was uncommon among sheep but found in cattle. Anthrax was found on rare occasions in cattle of Utah. A. E. Western presented data that B. anthracis spores would not kill animals after 21 days in dry soil. However, in moist soil, such as the salt flats, survival persisted beyond three years. He postulated that salts and other chemicals in the soil enhanced the infectivity of Bacillus anthracis spores.
Dr. A. Andersen, also from DPG, described his first attempt to make an air sampler that could be used to determine the number of microbial particles and the particle size of recovered microorganisms. He combined the Fort Detrick sieve sampler into a stacked array. Each stage had a perforated plate with holes of constant size. The hole diameter varied with each stage making it possible to both count and size microbial particles. The Andersen Sampler is used worldwide to this day as a reference sampler.
Dr. J. C. Spendlove reported on the outbreak of psittacosis in employees at a rendering plant in Oregon which resulted in two deaths and 25 persons with elevated titers for psittacosis among the 30 exposed employees. S. marcescens and BG were used as tracer organisms to evaluate whether routine work practices were generating infectious aerosols in the rendering plant. A large number of microorganisms were recovered on agar plates placed 100 feet downwind from the rendering building.
Presentations by Camp Detrick safety personnel included: "Rubber Glove Specifications and Procurement" and "Disinfectant Studies, Ethylene Oxide and Formaldehyde" by Everett Hanel, Jr.; "Ultraviolet Airlocks" and "Ventilated Animal Cage Tops" by Elliott Purlson; and "Animal Cross Infection Studies" by George Bodmer.
Back then…
The tours were very interesting and to many beyond belief. To the first time visitor Dugway was like the end of the world. In the east distance was measured in blocks, but at Dugway it was miles.
The biological safety conferences during this period continued to be sponsored by and held at the three collaborating U.S. Army BW laboratories. The conference agendas, however, were planned to include non-classified sessions to enable the broader sharing of biological safety information with safety personnel not associated with the U.S. Army BW programs. Dr. James F. Sullivan, Safety Director at the USDA National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) at Ames, Iowa, who attended the fourth biological safety conference, was the first person to participate in a non-classified session. Safety representatives from USDA laboratories attended all conferences held during these transition years.
4th Biological Safety Conference
The 4th Biological Safety Conference was held on April 24-26, 1957 at Fort Detrick. Camp Detrick had been renamed Fort Detrick on February 3, 1956. Dr. Waldemar Kirchheimer, Assistant Director of Industrial Health and Safety at Fort Detrick, discussed a collaborative study between New York University and Fort Detrick to use statistical methods to elucidate the causes of laboratory-acquired illnesses and accidents. The results corroborated prior Fort Detrick analyses; there were insufficient data to identify specific causes. The inability to determine the main causes, in spite of excellent cooperation among the staff and the full knowledge that adverse action would never be taken against individuals who would report exposures, was puzzling. Dr. Kirchheimer also informed the participants that negotiations between NYU and Fort Detrick were underway to develop a three week graduate level safety program for all military and civilian supervisory safety personnel. It was expected to start in a year. Robert Alg reported on a glass Petri plate dropping accident that resulted in two clinical and three subclinical infections with tularemia. A study of this incident changed the type of laboratory glassware used at Fort Detrick. The accident was reenacted (Alg and on of us [M.S.B.]) by dropping 20 glass Petri dishes containing agar inoculated with S. marcescens. Air samplers recovered the test organism 70 feet away in a hallway downstream. Secondary aerosols were produced when the accident area containing the broken glass plates with agar colonies was sprayed with a quaternary ammonium compound. Comparison studies of glass and plastic plates demonstrated that dropped plastic plates produced less aerosol. Fort Detrick adopted the use of plastic laboratory items and used disinfectant-soaked toweling and flooding action to clean up microbial accidents to reduce the potential for laboratory-acquired illnesses.
5th Biological Safety Conference
The 5th Biological Safety Conference was held at Pine Bluff Arsenal on April 21-23, 1958. This was the first year the USDA, Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory was represented at the conference. It was also the first conference where Charles Glick discussed shipment of biological agents and diagnostic samples. One of us (R.H.K.) reviewed a project to isolate Mycobacterium tuberculosis during autopsies at the University of Tennessee Medical Center. Pictures that were taken during the autopsies graphically showed the methods used in the attempted isolation. Because several conference participants were absent during the scheduled presentation, Dr. Wedum asked R.H.K. to repeat the presentation after dinner. The content was lost by half the audience because they left the room before the presentation was over.
Back then…
Travel by air was one class. The American Airlines flight to Little Rock (for the PBA conference) with intermediate stops at Nashville and Memphis was full. Fortunately one of us (R.H.K.) had acquired a flare for southern hospitality through marriage. Can you imagine Dr. Wedum's surprise to see R.H.K. and sidekick Charlie Glick wearing AA flight caps and serving drinks and meals to the passengers. Add tolerance to Dr. Wedum's list of qualities.
6th Biological Safety Conference
The 6th Biological Safety Conference was held on September 13-16, 1960 at Fort Detrick. For the first time, brief abstracts were assembled and distributed to all attendees. Thirty-one papers were presented, and there were tours of laboratories to illustrate the latest improvements in personnel protection. The conference also closed with a "wrap-up" session to plan the site, dates and subjects for the next conference. This started the tradition for having a business meeting.
Robert Alg, now Safety Director at DPG, discussed radiological field operations. Zeniff Cox briefed the attendees on safe field test procedures for chemical and biological warfare operations, a challenging task in the absence of accepted operational standards. Morris Levins reviewed biological operations at DPG's Baker Laboratory in support of field operations. Dr. Jack Palmer discussed wildlife studies and general ecology at Dugway, and raised concern about the impact of an accidental release from the laboratory.
Dr. Moorman reviewed agent illnesses, the complexity of safety operations at PBA and the use of quaternary ammonium compounds for inactivating production agents. Victor Jones reviewed agent surveillance and monitoring techniques, isolation of low levels of agents from blood samples; detection of Fr. tularensis from laboratory surfaces, and airflow requirements for Class III safety cabinets. Charles Kambar described the development of media for propagation of agents in production quantities and methods used to decontaminate containers after filling with BW agents. He evaluated detection media use for rapid identification of BW agents by medical microbiologists.
Safety personnel at Fort Detrick covered a wide range of subject matter in 13 presentations. Everett Hanel reviewed activities to improve operations by: (1) increasing emphasis on the supervisor's role and responsibility; (2) increasing cooperation with outside agencies and individuals; and (3) diversifying and sharing biological safety data with new Department of Defense organizations, universities, research organizations and private companies; and (4) increasing use of biological safety cabinets. A major breakthrough was reported. The significant reduction in laboratory-acquired illnesses at the Biological Research Laboratories was attributed to improved experimental vaccines.
Briggs Phillips reported on his visits to 111 laboratories in 60 cities in 18 countries in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the United States. Numerous slides of the laboratories and equipment showed that microbiological safety practices in foreign countries were below American standards. Elliott Purlson reviewed the development and use of ventilated personnel suits for handling experimental animals exposed to aerosolized pathogenic microbes. The suit system was intended to reduce operating costs while offering maximum protection for operators compared to the use of Class III cabinet systems. Dr. Wedum analyzed rules, regulations, and basic investigations by the Fort Detrick safety staff on shipment of infectious and toxic materials. These data were very important to all BW organizations as they constantly shipped etiologic agents to each other.
Kenneth Hindman, Industrial Safety Officer, reviewed and illustrated the explosive properties of dried organisms in production operations. One of us (M.S.B.) reported on the use of Beta-propriolactone (BPL) as a gaseous chemical sterilant for aerosol chambers and rooms. Charles Glick reviewed the development of airlocks, dunk tanks, and gas-tight doors for Class III Cabinets. He demonstrated methods of removing infectious microbes from Class III Cabinets. During the 1950s, Fort Detrick safety staff evaluated the aerosol hazard associated with common laboratory procedures using S. marcescens and S. indica vegetative microorganisms, and BG spores. Aerosol hazards of common mycological procedures were evaluated using the highly infectious Coccidiodes immitis. One of us (R.H.K.) was the first to demonstrate that more arthroconida from C. immitis were liberated than the vegetative bacteria. This was an important observation for assessing fungal hazards in the laboratory.
Back then…
One of us (M.S.B.), while investigating the use of beta-propiolactone (BPL) as a gaseous chemical sterilant for aerosol chambers and rooms, found that experiments do not always work as planned. Sometimes, something very different is found. There was to be a visit of the test-tank facilities by U.S. Army top military staff. Because outside personnel would be entering the area, a one-million liter test tank and building, recently painted white, had to be decontaminated. To validate effectiveness, BG spores were placed throughout the area. BPL was aerosolized into the area using a large smoke generator. When M.S.B. and his staff entered the room the next day, much to their surprise and grief, they saw sheets of paint hanging from the test tank and air lines, and strewn across the floor. The metal was "clean as a whistle" as all the paint had been removed. And, yes, the decontamination was 100% effective.
7th Biological Safety Conference
The 7th Biological Safety Conference was held on September 12-14, 1961 at Dugway Proving Grounds. Henry Schol evaluated bacterial aerosols produced by breakage of inoculated agar plates and reported isolating production agents from blood specimens. Charles Kambar reported that improvements in Class III cabinets could be obtained by: (1) sealing the autoclave flanges to a safety cabinet with silicone rubber; (2) designing a new seal for shaker shafts exiting penetrations in the cabinet; (3) using 9-in. I.D. glove ports for 8-in. gloves; and (4) using a key stock door design. One of us (M.S.B.) described the development, installation, and use of a biological alarm system in laboratory buildings at Fort Detrick and shared the results of a study to determine when fiberglass filters required replacement. Dr. Wedum reviewed the status of: (1) packaging requirements for transportation of etiologic agents; (2) use of a live tularemia vaccine strain as a stimulant; and (3) trends of accident rates at Fort Detrck during the past decade. Robert Alg discussed the development of immunization cards for Chemical Corps personnel, and modifications of a building adjacent to Baker laboratory for decontamination of test vehicles with steam and formaldehyde. Dr. Paul Nichols from the University of Utah described the development of a fiberglass filter mask for respiratory protection. Zeniff Cox outlined the coordination required during field trials to protect the safety of the pilots, ground crews and the community.
Back then…
One night a loud and strange noise outside the barracks woke most of the attendees to the DPG Conference. A herd of wild mustangs was running and grazing in the field and scratching their backs on the barracks.
8th Biological Safety Conference
The 8th Biological Safety Conference was held on June 11-13, 1963 at Pine Bluff Arsenal. Briggs Phillips discussed an epidemiological approach to laboratory safety using data from surveys conducted at the three BW installations, PIADL and NADL. Theron Green presented data on hazards of pathogenic fungi and the first phase of a study of disinfecting various laboratory surfaces after exposure to the parasitic phase of four fungi. One of us (M.S.B.) spoke about developing gloves for handling monkeys and a one-handed syringe manipulator to reduce self-inoculations. Also discussed were various testing methods for respiratory protective masks. Henry Schol discussed antibacterial quaternary ammonium compounds and inactivation of a toxin with alkali solutions. Paul Williams reviewed the conversion of a section of Baker laboratory (DPG) into a ventilated-suit area.
The 9th and 10th biological safety conferences were the vanguard conferences for growth in the number of participating organizations and for openness in sharing biological safety information and experiences. More than twice the number of federal agencies was represented at these conferences than were represented in earlier years. 1964 was the first year that the federal government's two major health and biomedical research agencies, the Communicable Disease Center (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), were represented. Table 1 identifies the first year each participating organization was represented at one of the first 10 biological safety conferences. The marked increase in participation in 1964 and 1965 was due in large part to two significant initiatives at that time. First, the conference presentations no longer contained classified material eliminating the previous restrictions on the sharing of information. Second, there was a genuine effort within the federal government to clear previously classified biological safety studies for open literature publication. It was known that this abundance of information would be available at the conferences.
9th Biological Safety Conference
The 9th Biological Safety Conference was held on August 18-20, 1964 at the National Animal Disease Laboratory, Ames, Iowa. It was the first time the conference was held at a government installation not associated with the BW program.
Presentations by NADL personnel included Joseph Songer's report on methods to test air filter systems, Donald Braymen's description of methods used to monitor sewage decontamination, and Dr. A. C. Pier's listing of animal dermatophytes transmissible to man. From Fort Detrick, Everett Hanel discussed laboratory-acquired mycotic infections, Gardner Gremillion described development and use of animal cages, and Theron Green talked about cross-infection studies using Macaca mulatta and various pathogenic agents, LJC James Yatso described monkey tuberculosis and chimpanzee hepatitis surveillance programs, and Charles Glick discussed the use of ventilated suits. Dr. Charles W. Beard, a former Fort Detrick employee, and later at the Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wisconsin, described modifications to the Henderson Apparatus used for aerosol exposure of large and small animals.
From the PIADL, Dr. G. E. Cottral described the use of Newcastle disease virus and Escherichia Coli T3 bacteriophage to test laboratory exhaust air filters. A highlight of the conference was data presented by Dr. Jack Hyde, Safety Officer of PIADL, who demonstrated that foot and mouth disease virus could travel considerable distances by airflows and infect steers in another area of the building. Later, it was shown that the pressure differentials between zones had to be maintained to prevent transmission.
Back then…
G. Briggs Phillips received the first PhD awarded for work in microbiological safety from New York University. The title of his thesis was, "Casual Factors in Microbiological Laboratory Accidents and Infections."
10th Biological Safety Conference
The 10th Biological Safety Conference was held on September 14-16, 1965 at Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, New York. The safety conference had grown to approximately 25 safety officers from a number of government installations. James Johnson, CDC, described their new Arbovirus Research Containment Laboratory. J. A. Robertson, a consultant of the National Cancer Institute, outlined the Institute's proposed biohazards containment programs. George Bodmer, a former Safety employee at Fort Detrick, and later at Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, reviewed their program of environmental health. From Fort Detrick, Dr. Wedum updated shipping regulations; one of us (R.H.K.) described new experiments on animal cross infection; one of us (M.S.B.) reviewed the collection and disposal of refuse and salvage operations at the infectious disease laboratory; Kenneth Hindman talked about the effect of military accidents on the disabling injury rate; and Dr. Briggs Phillips outlined a contribution from microbiological safety to space research.
From NADL, Joseph Songer talked about the effect of relative humidity on the survival of some airborne viruses; Dr. Sullivan discussed temperature effects in ethylene oxide sterilization of animal pathogens; and Donald Braymen described chemical disinfection of soil following contamination with aerobic and anaerobic organisms. From PBA, O. S. Robinson discussed the many problems associated with dried agents including the monitoring the waste and its effect on the Arkansas River. Dr. D. J. Giron gave a presentation on decontamination problems related to the use of infectious agents in space cabin simulators at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. At this conference, a formal Planning Committee was established for the first time to plan for the next conference.
What started as informal discussions among three BW installations to provide insight into the many problems faced by safety officers in a day's work, grew over 10 years to include representatives from all federal agencies that sponsored and conducted research with pathogenic microorganisms. These biosafety officers were the pioneers who tested programs and conducted innovative experiments that required the foresight and wisdom of program managers who sanctioned research endeavors without an assured outcome. To be adventurous was an asset. As one reviews the list of topics covered during the first decade of the biological safety conferences, it is evident that much progress in the emerging discipline of biosafety was made. Table II lists selected publications by these early pioneers on subjects that were first presented at one of the first 10 biological safety conferences. These contributions have stood the test of time because they elucidated the basic principles of our profession.
During this entire period, Dr. Arnold G. Wedum the "Father of Microbiological Safety," provided the wisdom and energy on which to build a new safety discipline. He was an advocate for the biological safety conferences and encouraged all biosafety professionals from the interested organizations to attend and participate in them. He understood that this conference would broaden a participant's knowledge and establish valuable avenues of communication with knowledgeable colleagues. It was a very exciting time for biological safety officers and we are proud to have been participants. Not least because these informal meetings were the training grounds for our future leaders (see Table III), and evolved into the American Biological Safety Association.
|Year Organizations Were First Represented
at the First 10 Biological Safety Conferences
|Year First
|Camp Detrick
|Dugway Proving Ground
|Pine Bluff Arsenal
|U.S. Department of Agriculture
|U.S. Public Health Service
|National Animal Disease Laboratory
|Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory
|University of Utah
|Communicable Disease Center
|National Institutes of Health
|Naval Biological Laboratory
|Naval Weapons Laboratory
|Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
|U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
|U.S. Army Desert Test Center
|U.S. Army Materiel Command
|U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command
|University of Wisconsin
|National Cancer Institute
|Selected Publications By Participants
at the First 10 Biological Safety Conferences
|Andersen, A. 1958. New sampler for the collection, sizing and enumeration of viable airborne particles. J. Bacteriol. 76:471-484.
|Barbeito, M. S., Alg, R. L., & Wedum, A. G. 1961. Infectious bacterial aerosol from dropped petri dish cultures. Am. J. Med. Technol. 27:318-322.
|Beard, C. W., & Easterday, B. C. 1965. An aerosol apparatus for the exposure of large and small animals: Description and operating characteristics. Am. J. Vet. Res. 26:174-182.
|Hanel, E., Jr., & Alg, R. L. 1955. Biological hazards of common laboratory procedures. II. The hypodermic syringe and needle. Am. J. Med. Technol. 21:343-346.
|Kruse, R. H. 1962. Potential aerogenic laboratory hazards of Coccidioides immitis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 37:150-158.
|Kruse, R. H., Green, T. D., Chambers, R. C., & Jones, M. W. 1963. Disinfection of aerosolized pathogenic fungi on laboratory surfaces. I. Tissue phase. Appl. Microbiol. 11:436-445.
|Phillips, G. B., & Reitman, M. 1956. Biological hazards of common laboratory procedures. IV. The inoculating loop. Am. J. Med. Technol. 22:16-17.
|Reitman, M., & Phillips, G. B. 1955. Biological hazards of common laboratory procedures. I. The pipette. Am. J. Med. Technol. 21:338-342.
|Reitman, M., & Phillips, G. B. 1956. Biological hazards of common laboratory procedures. III. The centrifuge. Am. J. Med. Technol. 22:14-16.
|Reitman, M., & Wedum, A. G. 1956. Microbiological safety. Public Health Rep. 71:659-665.
|Wedum, A. G. 1961. Control of laboratory airborne infection. Bacteriol. Rev. 25:210-216.
|Wedum, A. G. 1964. Laboratory safety in research with infectious aerosols. Public Health Rep. 79:619-633.
|Wedum, A. G. 1964. Airborne infection in the laboratory. Am. J. Public Health. 54:1669-1673.
|ABSA Presidents Who Participated
in One or More of the First 10 Biological Safety Conferences
|ABSA President
|Year President
|Year First
|Everett Hanel
|1983 – 1985
|Jerry Tulis
|1985 – 1986
|Joseph Songer
|1988 – 1989
|Jerome Schmidt
|1992 – 1993
|Manuel Barbeito
|1994 – 1995


text:
Author and Speaker Bob Burg is a frequent guest on Your Partner In Success and in this interview we are going to delve deeper into Bob Burg's book The Go-Giver, co-written with John David Mann.
The Go-Giver tells the story of an ambitious young man named Joe who yearns for success. Joe is a true go-getter, though sometimes he feels as if the harder and faster he works, the further away his goals seem to be. And so one day, desperate to land a key sale at the end of a bad quarter, he seeks advice from the enigmatic Pindar, a legendary consultant referred to by his many devotees simply as the Chairman.
Over the next week, Pindar introduces Joe to a series of successful "go-givers": a restaurateur, a CEO, a financial advisor, a real estate broker and "The Connector," who brought them all together. Pindar's friends share with Joe the Five Laws of Stratospheric Success and teach him how to open himself up to the power of giving.
Joe learns that changing his focus from getting to giving—putting others' interests first and continually adding value to their lives—ultimately leads to unexpected returns.
Imparted with wit and grace, The Go-Giver is a heartwarming and inspiring tale that brings new relevance to the old proverb "give and you shall receive."
Through these interactions he learns of the Five Laws of Stratospheric Success:
- The Law of Value: Your true worth is determined by how much more you give in value than you take in payment.
- The Law of Compensation: Your income is determined by how many people you serve and how well you serve them.
- The Law of Influence: Your influence is determined by how abundantly you place other people's interests first.
- The Law of Authenticity: The most valuable gift you have to offer is yourself.
- The Law of Receptivity: The key to effective giving is to stay open to receiving.
In this interview, Bob is going to take us deeper into the 5 laws and share examples of people who have applied the ideas and principles of The Go-Giver to their own lives, whether in their families, friendships or workplace.
Be sure to look for my other interviews with Bob by typing his name in the search box at the top right of the page.
Your Partner In Success™ Radio Show
When: Friday, October 5, 2012
Time: 11am Central (Check time zone here)
Where: Your home office telephone or computer.
Website: Your Partner In Success™ Radio
Call-in Number: 347-843-4988
We look forward to "seeing" you!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
William Cannon
Backgammon. Checkers. Scrabble. And, most famously, chess. One by one, computers are gobbling up the human advantage in games we thought we'd mastered. Now one of the last strongholds of human superiority is falling: our faithful breakfast companion, the crossword puzzle.
Not long ago, after IBM's Deep Blue smoked the world's best chess player in a celebrated rematch, Will Shortz, editor of the venerable New York Times crossword puzzle, said that crosswords were a much more difficult programming challenge than chess. He thought computers were a long way from matching even an average human puzzle-solver. After all, how could a machine—no matter how many lexicons and encyclopedias were fed into it—be taught to decipher the subtleties of wordplay and language synthesis that are so important in solving crossword puzzles? The rules are vague, and language is socially defined, right?
It turns out that a group of computer scientists at Duke University had asked themselves those same questions. Their answer was Proverb, for probabilistic cruciverbalist (a cruciverbalist is a crossword-puzzle player). The brainchild of computer science assistant professor Michael Littman and graduate students Greg Keim and Noam Shazeer, Proverb has grown from a fall 1998 class project, starting from an archive of words Keim had stored to help him solve puzzles, to the subject of a talk at the recent American Association for Artificial Intelligence meeting in Orlando, Florida. It has competed admirably against humans at crossword-puzzle tournaments and even showed its stuff at AAAI.
Courtesy of Littman and Keim, American Scientist got a similar, private demonstration recently at Duke—Proverb versus a puzzle that had run in a recent midweek New York Times.
Keim, interested in how computers can make better use of language, sits in the middle of a large bank of terminals. He has fed the crossword's clues and grid into Proverb. Proverb starts by running the clues by a set of programs that behave like experts on, say, a College Bowl–style trivia panel. There are 30 such "expert modules"—each a huge collection of facts from atlases, music databases, dictionaries you probably haven't heard of such as WordList-Big and on and on, the data donated by its compilers and downloaded from the Internet. Proverb also contains a database called Puzzle Expert, consisting of more than 5,133 previously published crossword puzzles—in excess of 350,000 clues from about 14 years' worth of daily puzzles. Littman notes that, because common vowels help to connect grids, some words show up more than others. A case in point: "Erie," present in 5 percent of puzzles.
Proverb goes to work. A "solver" module mines data in each expert module for as many correct-length suggestions as possible. It relies on both exact match of clues it has seen before and fuzzy-matching methods common in information retrieval. Proverb marks each candidate answer with a confidence score. This part of the puzzle, requiring the muscle of 14 linked computers, lasts less than five minutes.
Now another program takes over, the grid-filler. It's showtime. Using as many high-confidence words as it can, the grid-filler attempts to squeeze the solver's suggestions into the spaces available. The bane of any crossword-player's existence is making the letters match up, and this is no different for Proverb. You can see on the computer screen that, like many an uncertain human cruciverbalist, Proverb will mark squares lightly until its confidence grows that the squares match up with those of its neighboring squares. Only then will it darken them in. Pink shading indicates a wrong guess. This grid-filling process lasts about 10 minutes.
In under 15 minutes total, Proverb has nailed all but two letters and 73 of 76 words, in line with results from a recent test over 370 puzzles, from The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, USA Today, TV Guide and several other sources. Proverb averaged 95.3 percent words correct and 98.1 percent letters correct. It was perfect on nearly half the puzzles. On this day, Proverb shows that it is, after all, only nonhuman. It has trouble with 6 Across ("grocery list abbr.") and 8 Down ("goose egg"), which throws off 16 Across ("1/60-minute drink?"). For 6 Across, Proverb, perhaps exposing a computer bias, opts for "dos" over the correct "doz," rendering 8 Down ("zip") "sit" (which makes a certain sense) and the end of 16 Down ("secondcup") "cut."
Although Proverb would need to perform flawlessly in faster than five minutes to be tournament competitive, its speed and accuracy would blow away most mortals. Of course, human players still retain one important advantage: If while filling in the grids you should spill coffee on yourself, you can still go to work.—William J. Cannon
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As has become typical of Sony players, the A-series offers drag-and-drop file transfers, but it's not quite a simple matter of plugging the device into a computer - you'll need to use Sony's proprietary USB cable. Also specific to the A-series player with which they're bundled are the headphones Sony supplies. Not that they won't work with another player, or that other earphones won't work with the A-series. But the combination of the two adds noise-cancelling to the A-series' capabilities.
This works well enough, with a number of settings available to fine tune how aggressively the cancellation works. However, the extra bulk that this adds to the earpieces is an annoyance, and although the bundled earphones sound okay, they're no match for a decent third party set.
The headphones do, in fact, serve one other purpose, which is to act as an antenna for the built-in radio. There's little to say about this other than it works - unless you're the type to be impressed by a whole 30 slots available for saving pre-set stations. That proved 28 more than we needed (BBC Radios 2 and 4), but your mileage may vary.
What's perhaps most interesting about the latest generation of Sony media player, is the audio quality. Previous Walkman players offered a significant advantage over their equivalent Apple players, but with this latest generation the gap isn't quite as profound - where the iPod improved noticeably over its predecessor this generation, the A-series is about on a par with other Walkmans such as the E443.
Not that we're suggesting this is a problem. The A-series offers audio quality as good you can realistically expect at its price. The overall sound comes across full and warm, with a forceful but balanced output. There's plenty of volume available, no distortion even with the player turned up painfully loud, and although the A-series output is powerful, it's not too much so - the player will do delicate, too. For the money there's really nothing to dislike.
The A-series Walkman is a fine successor to the previous models Sony has released in its class. The built-in noise cancelling ability isn't as much of a show-stopper as Sony might hope, but the A-series is nonetheless a solidly built, well-featured and competitively priced rival to Apple's iPod nano.
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I purchased the 32GB version while in Hong Kong last year to replace my old Sony NWZ-A818 and although it is a good player it sadly does not offer an improvement in audio quality over previous Sony models. In fact, I feel it is a small step backwards in comparison to my old player. Also, when using the Shuffle mode to play music the player automatically defaults to the first track held on its memory when charged via the USB cable. This is very annoying, previous models would simply resume from the last track played when removed from charge, this does not. On the plus side, the screen display is excellent and the internal radio a plus. Overall, it is not a bad player - though it's nothing special either.
First of all, I think the point made about touch screens and physical buttons is extremely important. When I'm on the bus or walking around, I want to be able to change tracks, pause/play and adjust the volume on the go.
Sadly, I'm one of those poor sods who can't text and walk etc, so with a touch screen, I'd have to stop walking, stand still every time I want to change track etc. Which is a complete pain in the proverbials and completely illogical.
Inline remotes don't solve the issue either, as you either have the cable dangling outside of your clothing, or the inline remote is stuck inside your coat somewhere around the chest area. Which is useless too, because all I really want to do is be able to feel the buttons through my pocket.
Secondly, I still have an Sony NWZ A818 and have done for about 3 or so years. I've never felt the need to upgrade or change because it's a stunning bit of kit. The solid metal construction and excellent finish has meant it looks exactly the same as it did on day one. It plays music, has physical controls, is very svelte and well proportioned and sounds much better than any Apple player.
So if I was to upgrade, it would be to another Walkman, and I would always recommend Sony players.
Yes, but does it do gapless playback like the iPods do?
Does my iphone do this gapless playback thing? (I don't know because I use a walkman NWZ W252 for my music. I tried using the iphone for music initially, but the sound quality was noticably inferior to even my tiny, cable-free W252.) And why would I want the gapless playback? Waiting 2 seconds for the next track seems perfectly acceptable, and most artists intend for their music to have some sort of demarcation.
@MacSimon - I assume so, yes. My NW-HD3 Walkman from several years ago managed gapless playback, so surely the latest models offer this too.
Lack of gapless playback used to be a weakness of iPods. My first generation Nano can't do gapless, though I think this was fixed by the time the second generation came along.
@Ouroboros: Gapless playback is supposed to be intelligent. Some albums will require a gap between tracks, but some artists intend one track to lead onto the next, so there should be no gap in playback. A good media player should be capable of using information in the media's metadata tags to determine whether a gap is required or not.
In Apple's case, iTunes downloads this information and applies it to your library automatically. Ideally you shouldn't even notice this happening, but the result is that gapless albums are played back accordingly.
@Chris: That's not strictly true. Gapless playback isn't intelligent - it always eliminates the extra gaps - it's simply that, as you say, in some songs/albums there are intentional gaps.
@Ed. True, it's not technically 'intelligent', that's the wrong word, but the rest still applies.
Michael G: Indeed. I have the A818 too, and while I've bought other players for various purposes, this Walkman is the one I always go back to when the priority is simply to enjoy music. If I remember correctly this was one of the first models that didn't rely on the horrific SonicStage software; they finally "got it" and got pretty much everything else right too - the design, build quality, interface and above all sound quality were basically perfect. Even the bundled earphones were miles better than those seen on any PMP before or since. Since then IMO nobody has made a better player in this class - including Sony. Just goes to show that newer is not always better.
I just bought Sony Walkman A845 B 16 GB model for Rs 10k and got bundled earphones with that which fit comfortably into my ears.
These earphones are excellent and would say the best ones available in India with super bass and when you listen to it on full volume it appears as if you are listening to a really high quality DJ.
The earphones have also got a unique feature called Noise Cancellation Technology which works only with this model of Sony Walkman.
Its just awesome for sound freaks like me!!!
Don't listen the sound, feel it with Sony!!!
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(Cooking Accessories - Griddle & Grill)
This extra-large searing grill has plenty of room for searing steaks, vegetables, chops or fish. Made of cast aluminum, it features a superior finish that is durable, scratch resistant and easy to clean.Ask an Expert
|Made of cast aluminum, it features a superior finish that is durable, scratch resistant and easy to clean.
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Northwest Olympic Athletes
The Great Pacific Northwest is being represented in Sochi this year by eight athletes and one very...
2014 Olympic Winter Games
The Opening Ceremonies for the 2014 Olympic Winter Games will begin on February 7th in Sochi,...
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The Warm Fuzzy Jar
I'll admit it. I'm the first to find fault with my children. I'm always expecting them to be perfect. I get frustrated with the the small messes that come with raising children. I constantly have to remind myself that they're children, and not small adults.
When I read this article this afternoon, it really reminded me of how God loves me. How he overlooks all my mistakes and just sees me. He doesn't focus on the messes I make, but loves me unconditionally. The more I grow in Him, the more like Him I want to be. The less likely I am to keep making those same mistakes and messes.
I have a chance to show my kids every day how God loves me by loving and accepting them without focusing on the small mistakes and messes.
I'm starting a warm fuzzy jar today.
I loved this article so much I wanted to share it with you too. Enjoy!


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Remote Controlled Fiber Optic Ceiling Brings the Outdoors In
This DIY build is so ambitious it wasn't enough just to create a fiber optic starscape, it includes a remote control that cycles through distinct color schemes.
Mauro Alfieri, over at Open-Electronics.org, shares a guide to creating your own customizable starscape. The build is essentially a sheet of wood, drilled to accept the fiber optic strands, which are in turn hooked up to two LED illuminators controlled by an Arduino chip with a radio module attached. The entire thing is controlled by a remote which allows Mauro to cycle through a rainbow of colors and sequences or simply go with traditional white stars.
Hit up the link below for schematics and the Arduino source code.
Remote-Controlled Fiber-Optic Ceiling Light with Arduino [Open Electronics via Hack A Day]
- Published 08/26/11


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UCLA knows its next matchup with Oregon is going to be a bit tougher than its last one. And the last one was pretty tough.
The Bruins overcame a halftime deficit to defeat the Ducks in the teams' first matchup in the new Matthew Knight Arena 67-59 on Jan. 15.
The Ducks will have leading scorer Joevan Catron tonight at Pauley Pavilion after he missed the teams' first game with a calf injury and comes to town scorching.
Catron is averaging more than 16 points for the Ducks, who have won five of seven, with wins over Washington, Washington State and USC in that time.
The 6-foot-6, 250-pound Catron has been a primary reason in averaging almost 19 points in the past four games.
"He's their best player, their inside threat and a matchup nightmare," UCLA head coach Ben Howland said. "He has all sorts of game around the basket - up and under moves, spin - and he's shooting the ball well."
A foul mood
Howland took umbrage with a recent New York Post article that followed the Bruins' win over St. John's on Saturday.
After UCLA went to the free-throw line 41 times to the Red Storm's seven in the 66-59 Bruins win, Lenn Robbins of the Post took officials to task and Howland wasn't happy.
"I really didn't feel that was fair," Howland said. "I saw it, actually. I was getting my car washed Sunday after church, go into this New York pizzeria and they had the New York Post laying out there.
"If you go back and watch the game, which I did Sunday, it was very aggressive. They fouled. They were fouls. It was not any kind of homer situation."
Climbing the rankings
The Bruins have been climbing up the RPI list in recent weeks, but Howland said he's not paying too much attention.
Not with his point guard's wrist banged up, his sophomore power forward's ankle still swollen and his other sophomore power forward unavailable tonight.
The Bruins are No. 41 in the latest RealTimeRPI.com rankings, one slot ahead of Washington, but just as Howland might be starting to relax he has other things to worry about.
"I haven't been following that much," Howland said. "I just know that if we take care of what we need to do, it'll fall into line. We've got eight games left in regular season, and we have to continue to improve and do well. I'm worried about (point guard Lazeric Jones') wrist, I'm worried about Brendan (Lane) not being there Thursday."
Injury update
Jones had an MRI early in the week that revealed torn tendons in his left wrist, but he said he will not miss any time with the injury. He has been fitted with a special splint for non-basketball activities, and will be taped heavily during games.
Lane will miss tonight's game because of the funeral of a family member.


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Game show
From Conservapedia
A game show is a television program where ordinary contestants compete to win cash or prizes.
Traditional game shows are inherently meritocratic, as the players who are best at playing the games are most likely to win. However, in recent years, the focus has been on game shows that rely on little more than random chance, such as Deal or No Deal and Set for Life, a trend that could be attributed to the liberal bias that major television networks have developed.


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Must-see GIF: Miguel Cabrera can homer on any pitch
Here's a GIF showing Tigers slugger Miguel Cabrera hitting a home run on six pitches from outside the strike zone, some far outside it.
More MLB: Scoreboard | Standings | Probable Pitchers | Sortable Stats | Odds
Remember when Drew Sheppard of Fangraphs.com made a GIF of Yu Darvish's five different pitches? Well, Mr. Sheppard is back at it, and this one below is just as fantastic.
Tigers slugger Miguel Cabrera is the best hitter in the universe as things stand right now. There's very little doubt about that. After winning the American League triple crown and MVP last season, Cabrera leads the majors in runs, hits, RBI, batting average, slugging percentage, OPS, OPS-plus and total bases. He leads the AL in on-base percentage. In the past four games, he has homered six times with 13 RBI.
And, as you can see below, Cabrera can hit a ball out of the ballpark from just about any location.
Here is Sheppard's description of what we can see above:
This composite clip shows six pitches of varied location that Cabrera not only hit with power, but for home runs. The footage has been synchronized to the time of contact and stabilized at home plate to represent the end location of each pitch as accurately as possible. The pitches are taken from the last year, with the furthest off the plate over nine inches inside.
So, basically, even if you say "don't throw him a strike," Cabrera can still burn you. Even with mighty Prince Fielder hitting behind him, it's a safe bet that Cabrera's number of intentional walks (currently five) will start growing rather quickly.


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QUESTION -- I own a 2000 Olds Alero with the 2.4-litre engine. I have an ongoing idle problem.
I got the computer and IAC valve replaced and the car still idles erratically. When in drive, it'll idle at about 1,000 r.p.m. and waver up and down when holding the brake. Then I'll put it into park and it will idle even higher and waver at higher r.p.m.! One morning I started the car and it went up to 2,250 r.p.m. before coming back down to 1,100 to idle at in park mode. The odd time it will idle normally. I checked for vacuum leaks at the shop twice and nothing was noted. The car idles normally still about three per cent of the time when stopped in drive. Could it be a sensor like MAP or throttle position sensor, or what else could it be?
ANSWER -- Idle speed on a fuel-injected engine is controlled by regulating the amount of air getting past the throttle plates and idle air-control valve. I know you have checked for vacuum leaks, but the symptoms you describe are typical of a vacuum leak rather than a fault with a MAP or throttle position sensor. Even if the idle air-control valve was sticking, the engine r.p.m. shouldn't go over 2,000 r.p.m. That means the air is getting in some other way.
The surge you describe is caused by the computer trying to compensate for the air leak. The computer closes the idle air-control valve to slow the engine but it overcompensates because the valve moves relatively slowly compared to computer commands. The r.p.m. then goes too low, so the computer then opens the idle air-control valve again. This happens repeatedly.
There are a few places you probably haven't checked for vacuum leaks. The crankcase ventilation system could cause the problem. There is an oil/vapour separator that is part of the ventilation system. A leak from the hose connections or a crack in the plastic separator could be one cause. The ventilation system depends on the rest of the engine being sealed properly. A leak at the oil filler gasket, on the dipstick seal, a valve cover gasket or even the crankshaft seals can allow too much air into the engine crankcase, which passes through the ventilation system causing the idle-speed problems.
It can be difficult to locate some vacuum leaks. One of the methods we use is to spray a little carb cleaner around the gaskets, hose fittings and connections. If there are any changes in engine speed at all, then that area is a suspected leak. Some technicians use propane from a propane torch to perform the same test. The engine speed will change and smooth out when a leak is detected. I prefer the carb cleaner or plain water to test the system.
QUESTION -- My 1999 Intrepid, which has 119,000 kilometres, was running fine until a couple of days ago. The only issue was that I got the transmission sensor replaced a couple of weeks ago after hearing strange noises from the engine and having the engine light come on. Last Tuesday, without warning, the car made a grinding noise upon start-up and to my dismay after getting towed to the Chrysler dealership, I was informed that the timing chain broke and the engine is now toast! It will cost me $5,000 to replace this engine with a used motor having 125,000 km on it, which I will not be doing. Upon research, it seems that this is a fairly common occurrence with the 2.7-litre engine. Can you shed some light on this matter? I will now be in the market for another vehicle.
ANSWER -- I have looked at a failed 2.7-litre engine when one has been apart and the oil passages that lubricate the cylinder head and camshafts are fairly small. If there are any restrictions in the oil passages, the camshafts start to bind in their bearing bores and can create enough stress on the timing chain to break it. Then the pistons come in contact with the valves and the engine needs major repair work. In my opinion, this is one engine that needs more frequent oil and filter changes to ensure the oil passages stay clean and unrestricted.
Jim Kerr is an experienced mechanic, instructor of automotive technology, freelance journalist and member of the Automobile Journalists' Association of Canada.


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Love Calculator Deluxe
by: tjapps • 6
All Android applications categories
by: tjapps • 6
The love calculator calculated, based on your name, how well matched you and your loved one. Directly after entering the names, they will be encrypted. Using a secret process this app then calculated from the keys a percentage that indicates how good it is with your relationship.
To outrun the best possible hit rate of the algorithm, it was tested under very complicated conditions and improved.
Please note, this is a joke app. Even If it calc a not so good a value, it does not mean that your heart does not like you!
Tags: love calculator deluxe , love delux calculator , calculadora de luxo e seu preço , calculadora do amor seu nome nome do seu amado
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|Lee Sieswerda <email@example.com>
|"'firstname.lastname@example.com'" <email@example.com>
|RE: st: stubwidth in svytab
|Fri, 21 Jun 2002 17:41:13 -0400
To close off this thread that I started on June 6, here was the result: - Nick Winter came up with a solution to adding four new options, including a stubwidth() option, to -svytab-, which solved the problem I initially wrote to Statalist about; - Nick W.'s solution was passed on to Jeff Pitblado at StataCorp; - as of the latest update (June 21, 2002), -svytab- is now officially upgraded to include three new options: cellwidth(), csepwidth(), and stubwidth(). This makes a good case study for those who wonder why Stata users love Stata: Time from first posting on Statalist to working user-written solution: 1 day Time from working solution to (free) official upgrade of software: 2 weeks It doesn't get much better than that. Thanks to Nick W. for his work, and to StataCorp for, once again, being the most responsive statistical software company on the planet. Best, Lee Sieswerda, Epidemiologist Thunder Bay District Health Unit 999 Balmoral Street Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada P7B 6E7 Tel: +1 (807) 625-5957 Fax: +1 (807) 623-2369 firstname.lastname@example.com www.tbdhu.com > -----Original Message----- > From: email@example.com [SMTP:firstname.lastname@example.com] > Sent: Thursday, June 06, 2002 1:43 PM > To: email@example.com > Subject: Re: st: stubwidth in svytab > > Lee Sieswerda <email@example.com> asks about adjusting output from > -svytab-: > > > I guess this question is directed mostly at Statacorp, but I'd be > interested > > in others' responses and workarounds. Is there someway to change the > > stubwidth in -svytab- so that variable labels longer than 8 characters > can > > be displayed? This capability is available in -table-. > > To which "Nick Winter" <email@example.com> mentioned: > > > At the end of an extremely long set of calculations, -svytab- uses > -tabdisp- > > to display the basic table, so it should not be too hard for StataCorp > to > > add the stubwidth (and other width options) to the basic -svytab- > command. > > Doing it yourself (on a suitably renamed file, of course) takes a bit of > > doing, however, because the basic options have to be passed along > through > > several subroutines (from -svytab- to -Display- to -DispTab-). Not > hard, > > but a bunch of edits. > > I make no promises now, but I'll look into adding this to -svytab-. > > --Jeff > email@example.com > * > * For searches and help try: > * http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/res/findit.html > * http://www.stata.com/support/statalist/faq > * http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/ * * For searches and help try: * http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/res/findit.html * http://www.stata.com/support/statalist/faq * http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/
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In this tutorial I will show you how to create a tire. Its a very simple tutorial which can be followed by any beginner in 3ds max.So, below you have the blueprint. You can find more blueprints (37000) on www.the-blueprints.com .
We will use these images as blueprint
Let's start :
1. I've cut the blueprints and put them into my document in 3ds max
2. Now, using "Line" make a "Line" just like me, its the contour of the tyre
3. Go to the "modifier list" and extrude the line just like me. An extrude like 60.0
4. We need to make those patterns because its not a formula 1 tyre, so do just like me. When you make the pattern of a tyre, NEVER move just 1 vertex, but take 2, just like in my picture
5. If you want to make the vertices more closer, select ALL vertices then scale down.
6. Having those 2 vertices still selected, move them in the same spot as me.If you really appreciate our work and want to help us to maintain the website alive you can help us with a small donation.


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New State Data: ACA Marketplace Enrollees Receiving Estimated $32.8 Billion in Tax Credits, Which Would be Eliminated Under Repeal of the ACA
State data from the Kaiser Family Foundation estimate that 9.4 million Americans who bought health plans through Affordable Care Act marketplaces will receive a total of about $32.8 billion in premium tax credits for 2016. A repeal of the health law would eliminate these subsidies.News Release Read More
Explaining Health Care Reform: Questions About Health Insurance Subsidies
This brief describes health insurance subsidies available through the Affordable Care Act's marketplaces, including premium subsidies that would be provided in the form of tax credits, as well as other subsidies that would lower cost sharing to eligible Americans. It provides details on who is eligible for the assistance, the maximum repayment limits for the credits, and out-of-pocket spending limits.Issue Brief Read More
Health Insurance Marketplace Calculator
The Health Insurance Marketplace Calculator, updated with 2017 premium data, provides estimates of health insurance premiums and subsidies for people purchasing insurance on their own in health insurance exchanges (or "Marketplaces") created by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). With this calculator, you can enter your income, age, and family size to estimate your eligibility for subsidies and how much you could spend on health insurance.Interactive Read More
2017 Premium Changes and Insurer Participation in the Affordable Care Act's Health Insurance Marketplaces
This brief analyzes 2017 Affordable Care Act (ACA) marketplace data on premium and insurer participation, including data made available through Healthcare.gov on October 24, 2017, as well as data collected from states that run their own exchange websites.Issue Brief Read More
Analysis: Nearly 12 Million People Who Remain Uninsured Are Eligible for Financial Help Under the Affordable Care Act, About Half Through Medicaid and Half Through the Marketplaces
As the Nov. 1 start of the Affordable Care Act's fourth open enrollment period approaches, a new Kaiser Family Foundation analysis estimates that 11.7 million people who remain without health insurance are eligible for Medicaid in their state or for tax credits to purchase health insurance through their state's Affordable…News Release Read More
Estimates of Eligibility for ACA Coverage among the Uninsured in 2016
Under the ACA, as of 2014, Medicaid coverage is extended to poor and near poor adults in states that have opted to expand eligibility, and tax credits are available for low and middle-income people who purchase coverage through a health insurance Marketplace. Millions of people have enrolled in these new coverage options, but millions of others are still uninsured. This analysis updates national and state-by-state estimates of eligibility for ACA coverage options among those who remained uninsured. It is based on Kaiser Family Foundation estimates based on the 2016 Current Population Survey, combined with other data sources. We estimate coverage and eligibility as of 2016.Issue Brief Read More
Marketplace Health Plan Options for People with HIV Under the ACA: An approach to more comprehensive cost assessment
Based on an analysis of 300 possible scenarios, this brief estimates costs HIV positive individuals might expect to face when enrolled in marketplace health plans and describes the characteristics of plans that might offer the greatest value.Issue Brief Read More
New Analysis Finds Marketplace Plans with Lowest Premiums Are Often Not the Most Cost-Effective Option for People with HIV
Among 300 Enrollment Options Examined, an HIV Positive Enrollee Could Save $4,000 on Average by Assessing a Fuller Range of Costs A new Kaiser Family Foundation analysis finds that people living with HIV could benefit from looking beyond premium costs when shopping for a health plan in the marketplace –…News Release Read More
Average Individual Mandate Penalty to Rise 47 Percent to $969 in 2016 for Uninsured People Eligible for ACA Plans
3.5 Million Could Have a Zero-Dollar Premium Contribution or Pay Less for Health Insurance than Penalty Due to Premium Subsidies; 7.1 Million Would Pay More to Get Coverage A new analysis from the Kaiser Family Foundation finds that among uninsured people who are eligible for an Affordable Care Act marketplace plan,…News Release Read More
The Cost of the Individual Mandate Penalty for the Remaining Uninsured
This analysis provides estimates of the share of uninsured people eligible to enroll in the Affordable Care Act marketplaces who will be subject to the individual mandate penalty, and how those penalties are increasing for 2016. It also provides estimates of the number of people who could have a zero-dollar contribution or pay less for health insurance than the penalty, due to premium subsidies, and the number of people who would pay more for a health plan than for their penalty.Issue Brief Read More


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LGB Rights Bill: Hold The "T"?
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"October was supposed to be a triumph for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, thanks to the recent passage of a comprehensive hate crimes bill in both houses of Congress and what was expected to be a historic vote on HR 2015, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, or ENDA, in the House.
"But instead, a debate over whether rights for transgenders should be included in ENDA is opening the possibility for a profound shift in the gay movement.
"The bill is much more than semantics. In thirty-one states employers can fire an employee simply for being gay, while even more states allow bosses to sack anyone who might be transgender. ENDA is currently on hold over Congressman Barney Frank's move to split the bill in two, with one bill focused mainly on barring employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and a second nondiscrimination bill dealing solely with gender identity ? a bill many gay rights activists feel would never pass a vote.
"...Consider Lambda Legal, the LGBT legal rights organization, which got into a war of letters with Frank over the split bills. Lambda argued that removing gender identity language from ENDA would have unexpected consequences for both gay and straight people who have successfully used similar state nondiscrimination laws to protect themselves in gender expression cases ? for example, an effeminate heterosexual who is harassed by co-workers for not being 'manly enough.' Lambda began a letter to Frank with 'It is not pleasant to have to disagree with a Congressman who has done so much that we admire and who has been a stalwart leader for our community.'"


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The first custom ROM for the Galaxy Gear brings a lot of interesting features to the smartwatch.
One of the best features of Android is the availability of custom ROMs, which bring added functionality and much more utilities than what a manufacturer usually includes. This is the case with the custom ROM that has been released for the Galaxy Gear, called Null.
The custom ROM roots the smartwatch and gives users access to the bootloader. The ROM is based on stock Android and includes Nova Launcher. Null allows users to search the web using the Galaxy Gear, and also install third party applications.
Added functionality includes Bluetooth tethering as well as Bluetooth pairing with all devices, meaning that users will be able to connect the Galaxy Gear to non-Galaxy mobile devices. A native e-mail client is added in, along with calendar and contacts sync. The ROM features a browser and gallery that have been taken from CyanogenMod 10.2, and increases the video recording limit to 60 seconds. There is also a new weather widget, along with the ability to add live backgrounds.
Null also comes with a full-fledged Settings utility, and gives users full access to Google's Play Store. For instructions on how to download and install this custom ROM, click here.
Source: XDA


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Jack A Maurer Convention Center Mural
Duncan, OK 73533
Located at the Simmons Center in Duncan, the Jack A Maurer Convention Center Mural was completed in celebration of the...Learn More
Located at the Simmons Center in Duncan, the Jack A Maurer Convention Center Mural was completed in celebration of the...Learn More
The Simmons Center in Duncan is a multi-purpose complex featuring the 750-seat Jack A. Maurer Convention Center &...Learn More
Make a reservation with the Duncan Convention & Visitors Bureau for this tour to learn more about the famous...Learn More
Located in Duncan, the Stephens County Genealogical Society Library provides a wealth of genealogical...Learn More
Enclosed, floating fishing dock, 54 RV hookups, two boat ramps, sanitary dump station. Shoreline length is 18 miles....Learn More
Kiddieland Park in Duncan is a local recreational park offering loads of family fun for pennies on the dollar. ...Learn More
Located in historic downtown Duncan, The Palace Theatre has low prices, a friendly staff and the most comfortable seats...Learn More
Distinctive Decor in Duncan offers unique home furnishings and accessories. Browse the large 17,000 square foot...Learn More
This 1918 prairie-style, two-story brick home is one of the best remaining brick examples of prairie-style in...Learn More
Duncan Bounce Co is Duncan's one and only indoor inflatable playground and party center. This fun children's...Learn More


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In early spring of 2009 I began to have extreme lower back pain that was unbearable. My family physician referred me to Dr. Winston Capel after an MRI revealed a degenerative disk. Dr. Capel exhausted all means before doing surgery on my back in August 2009.
-Jimmy Dees
Dr. Capel said that I could have surgery as the other doctors encouraged or I could take a more conservative approach, which is what he recommended. He felt I needed a regimen he could design that included back exercises, aquatic and physical therapies.
-Windell Greene
Ready to Learn More?
Call Us Today!
Schedule an appointment to find out how Dr. Capel can help you!


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Update (Oct. 2016): Stop the Hacker is no longer available or offered in the DreamHost panel. Only users who previously purchased this product are able to view and use this product. We now offer Malware Remover, a paid service that will ensure your website is free of malicious code. For information on how to enable Malware Remover, please visit our Knowledge Base here.
DreamHost has NOW added StopTheHacker to its Trusted Partner program as an additional way for customers to get the best possible protection for their Websites hosted with us. StopTheHacker is billed as "everything you need to protect your website and online reputation," and we tend to agree.
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This all sounds great, but what is StopTheHacker, and why will I want it?
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The software catches malware using Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques. The technology is supported by the National Science Foundation (über nerds!) and has won multiple awards since 2009. StopTheHacker protects website owners, ranging from large multi-nationals to web hosting companies and small business owners. No matter how big – or small – you are, you'll benefit from StopTheHacker's smart services.
Why does your site get blacklisted?
More than 6,600 new websites are added to the Google malware blacklist every day. Blacklisting occurs as a result of getting hacked, and web-malware code getting injected into the website, without the permission from the website owner. Most of these hacked –and subsequently blacklisted– websites are legitimate businesses, online portals, academic sites, entertainment outlets and more. In order to protect web surfers, security companies, search engines, browser manufacturers prevent users from visiting these compromised sites.
How do websites get hacked?
Websites get hacked and compromised in a number of ways, including:
- Poor choice of passwords (Brute Force attacks) – Lots of website owners use simple passwords. Consider the fact that in a large-scale password analysis study in 2011, 123456 was found to be one of the most common passwords used. Users should also try to set up non-trivial user names, such as av21bx instead of Alex.
- Insecure FTP connections, password sniffing – A plethora of infections are injected into websites after the password and username used to connect to a site using FTP are sniffed by a silent trojan/rootkit that's been embedded on a website administrator's computer. Once passwords and username are obtained, they're passed on automatically to an IRC chat room where a master controller accesses the website and starts to infect it with web-malware.
- Web-Application vulnerabilities – A lot of websites use web 2.0 functionality, primarily to iterate with users. The functionality can be in the form of letting users blog, post comments, sign up for newsletters, fill out a support form, start a live chat session and more. These are all avenues for a malicious hacker to inject malicious code into a website.
- Server level vulnerabilities – A large number of webservers run vulnerable software such as easily hack-able FTP servers etc. Many times, even though website and server administrators know about vulnerabilities in the server software, they forget to patch these security holes and then get hacked. These issues are primarily related to server set up and configuration. Improper permission settings also allows malicious hackers to gain access to files they shouldn't access.
- Third party add-ons – A growing trend is the use of third party add-ons into websites to provide more interesting functionality on a site, such as dynamic IP geo-location, image resizing and others. These third party pieces of code may harbor vulnerabilities that the original website owner may not be aware of.
How can DreamHost help?
Well, we've got over 15 years of experience battling web security assaults, so who better to know a good product?, And that's why we make StopTheHacker easy to get! You can browse options HERE , or go right to your DreamHost control panel HERE and sign up. It's that simple to take advantage of great offers on this smart software!


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leg area
What Are the Natural Remedies for Scars?
Doctor Answers 2
Lasers for natural treatment of scars
Ironically, laser is the best natural remedy for scars as it only uses light energy. No chemicals or medicines. Scarstick is a natural scar medicine made with turmeric.
Web reference: http://www.surgery90210.com/cosmetic-dermatology/38/scar-revision.aspx
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Fall is in the air, there are pumpkin patches popping up everywhere and Wal*Mart already has a Christmas section up! Really? Really!
In Florida we're actually dipping into the cool 70s! How about you? What holiday are you currently getting excited about? Usually that is the time of year we like to plan for in advance! Do you have a new freebie are you working on right now? How about a favorite seasonal one from last year? Each week on TBA we love to offer you the opportunity to link up