text:
History of tattooing
Tattooing has been practiced across the globe since at least Neolithic times, as evidenced by mummified preserved skin, ancient art, and the archaeological record.[1] Both ancient art and archaeological finds of possible tattoo tools suggest tattooing was practiced by the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe. However, direct evidence for tattooing on mummified human skin extends only to the 4th millennium BC. The oldest discovery of tattooed human skin to date is found on the body of Ötzi the Iceman, dating to between 3370 and 3100 BC.[2] Other tattooed mummies have been recovered from at least 49 archaeological sites including locations in Greenland, Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, western China, Egypt, Sudan, the Philippines, and the Andes.[3] These include Amunet, Priestess of the Goddess Hathor from ancient Egypt (c. 2134–1991 BC), multiple mummies from Siberia including the Pazyryk culture of Russia, and from several cultures throughout pre-Columbian South America.[2]
- 1 Tattooing in the ancient world
- 2 Reintroduction in the Western world
- 3 Modern Western tattooing
- 4 Militaries From Around the world
- 5 References
Tattooing in the ancient world[edit]
In Southern India, permanent tattoos are called pachakutharathu. It was very common in south India, especially Tamil Nadu, before 1980. In northern India, permanent tattoos are called godna. Tattoos have been used as cultural symbols among many tribal populations, as well as the general Hindu population of India.
In India, tattoos have many names, including tarazwa, gondan, and ungkala.
Henna was used as a bodyart dye, called Mehndi, in ancient India. It still remains popular today in the Indian subcontinent, and its use now encompasses the entire Middle East and North Africa. Evidence only supports the use of Henna as a hair dye (and a medicinal plant) in ancient Egypt.[4]
In Egypt the majority of tattoos were found on women, indicating status. They also used tattoos for healing, religion, and as a form of punishment.
Tattoos were probably also used in ancient medicine as part of the treatment of the patient. In 1898, Daniel Fouquet, a medical doctor of Cairo, wrote an article on "medical tattooing" practices in Ancient Egypt,[5] in which he describes the tattooed markings on the female mummies found at the Deir el-Bahari site. He speculated that the tattoos and other scarifications observed on the bodies may have served a medicinal or therapeutic purpose: "The examination of these scars, some white, others blue, leaves in no doubt that they are not, in essence, ornament, but an established treatment for a condition of the pelvis, very probably chronic pelvic peritonitis."[6]
Cemeteries throughout the Tarim Basin (Xinjiang of western China) including the sites of Qäwrighul, Yanghai, Shengjindian, Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa have revealed several tattooed mummies with Western Asian/Indo-European physical traits and cultural materials. These date from between 2100 and 550 BC.[2]
In ancient China, tattoos were considered a barbaric practice, and were often referred to in literature depicting bandits and folk heroes. As late as the Qing,[when?] it was common practice to tattoo characters such as 囚 ("Prisoner") on convicted criminals' faces. Although relatively rare during most periods of Chinese history, slaves were also sometimes marked to display ownership.
However, tattoos seem to have remained a part of southern culture. Marco Polo wrote of Quanzhou, "Many come hither from Upper India to have their bodies painted with the needle in the way we have elsewhere described, there being many adepts at this craft in the city". At least three of the main characters – Lu Zhishen, Shi Jin (史進), and Yan Ching (燕青) – in the classic novel Water Margin are described as having tattoos covering nearly all of their bodies. Wu Song was sentenced to a facial tattoo describing his crime after killing Xi Menqing (西门庆) to avenge his brother. In addition, Chinese legend claimed the mother of Yue Fei (a famous Song general) tattooed the words "Repay the Country with Pure Loyalty" (精忠報國, jing zhong bao guo) down her son's back before he left to join the army.
Tattooing for spiritual and decorative purposes in Japan is thought to extend back to at least the Jōmon or Paleolithic period and was widespread during various periods for both the Japanese and the native Ainu.[citation needed] Chinese texts from before 300 AD described social differences among Japanese people as being indicated through tattooing and other bodily marking.[7] Chinese texts from the time also described Japanese men of all ages as decorating their faces and bodies with tattoos.[8]
Between 1603 and 1868, Japanese tattooing was only practiced by the "ukiyo-e" (The floating world culture). Generally firemen, manual workers and prostitutes wore tattoos to communicate their status.[citation needed] By the early 17th century, criminals were widely being tattooed as a visible mark of punishment. Criminals were marked with symbols typically including crosses, lines, double lines and circles on certain parts of the body, mostly the face and arms. These symbols sometimes designated the places where the crimes were committed. In one area, the character for "dog" was tattooed on the criminal's forehead.[8]
Tattooing was not always seen as negative either. The Samurai picked up the art of tattoo after being forced to disband. Previous to Japan's unification as a country it was split into many smaller city-states. These smaller independent states were protected by the Samurai. Under a new emperor and new country the Samurai were forced to burn their armor, composed mainly of wood, in large gatherings shifting local tributes to the new emperor. The Samurai had served its people for many centuries spanning generations and were highly admired, almost being treated as royalty. Being stripped of their armor the Samurai adopted tattoo as a means of replacing the armor. In effect the samurai were forced into hiding, thusly forming the fraternal order of the Yakuza. The Yakuza was originally seen as an organization of high honor, not the image it has in modern times. Often these previous city-states still paid their tributes to the local Samurai ignoring the emperor. This practice was eventually abolished by the Meji government who banned the art of tattooing altogether, viewing it as barbaric and lacking respectability. This subsequently created a subculture of criminals and outcasts. These people had no place in "decent society" and were frowned upon. They could not simply integrate into mainstream society because of their obvious visible tattoos, forcing many of them into criminal activities which ultimately formed the roots for the modern Japanese mafia, the Yakuza, with which tattoos have become almost synonymous in Japan.[citation needed].
Tattooing has been a part of Filipino life since pre-Hispanic colonization of the Philippine Islands, tattooing in the Philippines to some were a form of rank and accomplishments, some believed that tattoos had magical qualities. The more famous tattooed indigenous peoples of the Philippines where among the area up North Luzon, especially among the Bontoc Igorot, Kalinga, and Ifugao peoples.
Filipino tattooing was first documented by the European Spanish explorers as they landed among the Islands in the late 16th century. Before European exploration it was a widespread tradition among the islands. Tattooing was set among the native groups of the Philippines, which sometimes tattooing was a sign of Rank and power in certain communities.
Several Indonesian tribes have beginnings [clarification needed] in their tattoo culture. One notable example is the Dayak people of Kalimantan in Borneo (Bornean traditional tattooing).
Solomon Islands[edit]
Some artifacts dating back 3,000 years from the Solomon Islands may have been used for tattooing human skin. Obsidian pieces have been duplicated, then used to conduct tattoos on pig skin, then compared to the original artifacts. "They conducted these experiments to observe the wear, such as chipping and scratches, and residues on the stones caused by tattooing, and then compared that use-wear with 3,000 year old artifacts. They found that the obsidian pieces, old and new, show similar patterns, suggesting that they hadn't been used for working hides, but were for adorning human skin."[9]
The traditional male tattoo in Samoa is called the pe'a. The traditional female tattoo is called the malu. The word tattoo is believed to have originated from the Samoan word tatau.[citation needed]
When the Samoan Islands were first seen by Europeans in 1722 three Dutch ships commanded by Jacob Roggeveen visited the eastern island known as Manua. A crew member of one of the ships described the natives in these words, "They are friendly in their speech and courteous in their behavior, with no apparent trace of wildness or savagery. They do not paint themselves, as do the natives of some other islands, but on the lower part of the body they wear artfully woven silk tights or knee breeches. They are altogether the most charming and polite natives we have seen in all of the South Seas..."[citation needed]
The ships lay at anchor off the islands for several days, but the crews did not venture ashore and did not even get close enough to the natives to realize that they were not wearing silk leggings, but their legs were completely covered in tattoos.[citation needed]
In Samoa, the tradition of applying tattoo, or tatau, by hand has been unbroken for over two thousand years. Tools and techniques have changed little. The skill is often passed from father to son, each tattoo artist, or tufuga, learning the craft over many years of serving as his father's apprentice. A young artist-in-training often spent hours, and sometimes days, tapping designs into sand or tree bark using a special tattooing comb, or au. Honoring their tradition, Samoan tattoo artists made this tool from sharpened boar's teeth fastened together with a portion of the turtle shell and to a wooden handle.[citation needed]
Traditional Samoan tattooing of the "pe'a", body tattoo, is an ordeal that is not lightly undergone. It takes many weeks to complete. The process is very painful and used to be a necessary prerequisite to receiving a matai title; this however is no longer the case. Tattooing was also a very costly procedure.[citation needed]
It was not uncommon for half a dozen boys to be tattooed at the same time, requiring the services of four or more artists. It was not just the men who received tattoos, but the women too; their designs are of a much lighter nature rather than having the large areas of solid dye which are frequently seen in men's tattoos. The tattooing of women was not nearly as ritualized like men's were.[citation needed]
Samoan society has long been defined by rank and title, with chiefs (ali'i) and their assistants, known as talking chiefs (tulafale). The tattooing ceremonies for young chiefs, typically conducted at the time of puberty, were part of their ascendance to a leadership role. The permanent marks left by the tattoo artists would forever celebrate their endurance and dedication to cultural traditions. The pain was extreme and the risk of death by infection was a concern; to back down from tattooing was to risk being labeled a "pala'ai" or coward. Those who could not endure the pain and abandoned their tattooing were left incomplete, would be forced to wear their mark of shame throughout their life. This would forever bring shame upon their family so it was avoided at all cost.[citation needed]
The Samoan tattooing process used a number of tools which remained almost unchanged since their first use. "Autapulu" is a wide tattooing comb used to fill in the large dark areas of the tattoo. "Ausogi'aso tele" is a comb used for making thick lines. "Ausogi'aso laititi" is a comb used for making thin lines. "Aumogo" small comb is used for making small marks. "Sausau" is the mallet is used for striking the combs. It is almost two feet in length and made from the central rib of a coconut palm leaf. "Tuluma" is the pot used for holding the tattooing combs. Ipulama is the cup used for holding the dye. The dye is made from the soot collected from burnt lama nuts. "Tu'I" used to grind up the dye. These tools were primarily made out of animal bones to ensure sharpness.[citation needed]
The tattooing process itself would be 5 sessions, in theory. These 5 sessions would be spread out over 10 days in order for the inflammation to subside. The steps are as follows.[citation needed]
- O le Taga Tapulu (back and small of the back): In the first session the height to which the tattoo will rise is decided (Ano le Tua), this is always such that the top of the design will show above the lavalava. Then the va'a, pula tama and pula tele are outlined and the design filled in.[citation needed]
- O le Taga Fai'aso (the posterior): The aso fa'aifo are completed around to the abdomen and the 'asolaititi are finished. Next to be added are the saemutu, which vary in number depending upon social status. A matai will have four an orator three and anyone else would have two. Where it meets the 'ivimutu at the anus it is called tafaufile, where it covers the perineum it is called tasele, where it covers the scrotum it is called tafumiti and the area over the penis is called tafito. Needless to say this is very painful.[citation needed]
- Taga Tapau: The lausae, an area of solid tattooing, is added to the thighs beneath the aso e lua.[citation needed]
- Taga o Fusi ma Ulumanu: The fourth session is the tattooing of the ulumanu, from the center of the thigh up to the inner groin.[citation needed]
- 'Umaga (the end): The final sessions involves the tattooing of the abdomen, the area that covers the navel being called the pute, and is apparently the most painful part of the whole process.[citation needed]
Christian missionaries from the west attempted to purge tattooing among the Samoans, thinking it barbaric and inhumane. Many young Samoans resisted mission schools since they forbade them to wear tattoos. But over time attitudes relaxed toward this cultural tradition and tattooing began to reemerge in Samoan culture.[citation needed]
New Zealand[edit]
The Māori people of New Zealand practised a form of tattooing known as Tā moko, traditionally created with chisels. In the colonial period Tā moko fell out of use, partly because of the European practice of collecting Mokomokai, or tattooed heads.
However, from the late 20th century onward, there has been a resurgence of tā moko amongst Maori. There is also a related tattoo art, kirituhi, which has a similar aesthetic to tā moko but is worn by non-Maori.
Tattooed mummies dating to c. 500 BC were extracted from burial mounds on the Ukok plateau during the 1990s. Their tattooing involved animal designs carried out in a curvilinear style. The Man of Pazyryk, a Scythian chieftain, is tattooed with an extensive and detailed range of fish, monsters and a series of dots that lined up along the spinal column (lumbar region) and around the right ankle.
In Taiwan, facial tattoos of the Atayal tribe are called ptasan; they are used to demonstrate that an adult man can protect his homeland, and that an adult woman is qualified to weave cloth and perform housekeeping.[10] Taiwan is believed to be the homeland of all the Austronesian peoples[11] [12] which includes Filipinos, Indonesians, Polynesians and Malagasy peoples, all with strong tattoo traditions. This along with the striking correlation between Austronesian languages and the use of the so-called hand-tapping method suggests that Austronesian peoples inherited their tattooing traditions from their ancestors established in Taiwan or along the southern coast of the Chinese mainland.[13]
Thai tattoos also known as Yantra tattooing was common since ancient times. Just as other native southeast Asian cultures, animistic tattooing was common in Tai tribes that were is southern China. Over time this animistic practice of tattooing for luck and protection assiminated Hindu-buddhist ideas. The Sak Yant traditional tattoo is practiced today by many and are usually given either by a buddhist monk or a Brahmin priest. The tattoos usually depict Hindu gods and use the Mon script or ancient Khmer script, which were the scripts of the classical civilizations of mainland southeast Asia.
The earliest possible evidence for tattooing in Europe appears on ancient art from the Upper Paleolithic period as incised designs on the bodies of humanoid figurines.[14] The Löwenmensch figurine from the Aurignacian culture dates to approximately 40,000 years ago[15] and features a series of parallel lines on its left shoulder. The ivory Venus of Hohle Fels, which dates to between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago[16] also exhibits incised lines down both arms, as well as across the torso and chest.
The oldest and most famous direct proof of ancient European tattooing appears on the body of Ötzi the Iceman, who was found in the Ötz valley in the Alps and dates from the late 4th millennium BC.[2] Studies have revealed that Ötzi had 61 carbon-ink tattoos consisting of 19 groups of lines simple dots and lines on his lower spine, left wrist, behind his right knee, and on his ankles. It has been argued that these tattoos were a form of healing because of their placement, though other explanations are plausible.[17]
Pre-Christian Germanic, Celtic and other central and northern European tribes were often heavily tattooed, according to surviving accounts, but it may also have been normal paint. The Picts may have been tattooed (or scarified) with elaborate, war-inspired black or dark blue woad (or possibly copper for the blue tone) designs. Julius Caesar described these tattoos in Book V of his Gallic Wars (54 BC). Nevertheless, these may have been painted markings rather than tattoos.[18]
Ahmad ibn Fadlan wrote of his encounter with the Scandinavian Rus' tribe in the early 10th century, describing them as tattooed from "fingernails to neck" with dark blue "tree patterns" and other "figures."[19] However, this may also have been paint, since the word used can mean both tattoo and painting. During the gradual process of Christianization in Europe, tattoos were often considered remaining elements of paganism and generally legally prohibited.
The significance of tattooing was long open to Eurocentric interpretations. In the mid-19th century, Baron Haussmann, while arguing against painting the interior of Parisian churches, said the practice "reminds me of the tattoos used in place of clothes by barbarous peoples to conceal their nakedness".[20]
Greece and Rome[edit]
According to Robert Graves in his book The Greek Myths tattooing was common amongst certain religious groups in the ancient Mediterranean world, which may have contributed to the prohibition of tattooing in Leviticus. However, during the classic Greek period, tattooing was only common among slaves.
The most famous depiction of tattooing in Persian literature goes back 800 years to a tale by Rumi about a man who is proud to want a lion tattoo but changes his mind once he experiences the pain of the needle.[21]
In the hamam (the baths), there were dallaks whose job was to help people wash themselves. This was a notable occupation because apart from helping the customers with washing, they were massage-therapists, dentists, barbers, and tattoo artists.[22]
Great Britain[edit]
It was thought that many of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England were tattooed, but much of this was conjecture. Reliable reports of tattooing date from the period of increased contact with non-European cultures[citation needed]
Sir Martin Frobisher (1535–1595) on May 31, 1577 set out on his second voyage from Harwich, England with 3 ships and about 120 men to find a north west passage to China and the promise of gold ore. Frobisher took prisoner a native Inuit man and a woman with a child; upon his return to England the woman having tattoos on her chin and forehead was a great attraction at the court of Elizabeth I. All three died within a month.[citation needed]
British and other pilgrims to the Holy Lands throughout the 17th century were tattooed to commemorate their voyages, including William Lithgow in 1612.[citation needed]
In 1691 William Dampier brought to London a native of the western part of New Guinea (now part of Indonesia) who had a tattooed body and became known as the "Painted Prince".
Between 1766 and 1779, Captain James Cook made three voyages to the South Pacific, the last trip ending with Cook's death in Hawaii in February 1779. When Cook and his men returned home to Europe from their voyages to Polynesia, they told tales of the 'tattooed savages' they had seen. The word "tattoo" itself comes from the Tahitian tatau, and was introduced into the English language by Cook's expedition (though the word 'tattoo' or 'tap-too', referring to a drumbeat, had existed in English since at least 1644)[23]
It was in Tahiti aboard the Endeavour, in July 1769, that Cook first noted his observations about the indigenous body modification and is the first recorded use of the word tattoo to refer to the permanent marking of the skin. In the Ship's log book recorded this entry: "Both sexes paint their Bodys, Tattow, as it is called in their Language. This is done by inlaying the Colour of Black under their skins, in such a manner as to be indelible." Cook went on to write, "This method of Tattowing I shall now describe...As this is a painful operation, especially the Tattowing of their Buttocks, it is performed but once in their Lifetimes."
Cook's Science Officer and Expedition Botanist, Sir Joseph Banks, returned to England with a tattoo. Banks was a highly regarded member of the English aristocracy and had acquired his position with Cook by putting up what was at the time the princely sum of some ten thousand pounds in the expedition. In turn, Cook brought back with him a tattooed Raiatean man, Omai, whom he presented to King George and the English Court. Many of Cook's men, ordinary seamen and sailors, came back with tattoos, a tradition that would soon become associated with men of the sea in the public's mind and the press of the day.[24] In the process sailors and seamen re-introduced the practice of tattooing in Europe and it spread rapidly to seaports around the globe.
By the 19th century tattooing had spread to British society but was still largely associated with sailors[25] and the lower or even criminal class.[26] Tattooing had however been practised in an amateur way by public schoolboys from at least the 1840s[27][28] and by the 1870s had become fashionable among some members of the upper classes, including royalty.[29] In its upmarket form it could be a lengthy, expensive[30] and sometimes painful[31] process.
Tattooing spread among the upper classes all over Europe in the 19th century, but particularly in Britain where it was estimated in Harmsworth Magazine in 1898 that as many as one in five members of the gentry were tattooed. Taking their lead from the British Court, where George V followed Edward VII's lead in getting tattooed; King Frederick IX of Denmark, the King of Romania, Kaiser Wilhelm II, King Alexander of Yugoslavia and even Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, all sported tattoos, many of them elaborate and ornate renditions of the Royal Coat of Arms or the Royal Family Crest. King Alfonso XIII of modern Spain also had a tattoo.
The perception that there is a marked class division on the acceptability of the practice has been a popular media theme in Britain, as successive generations of journalists described the practice as newly fashionable and no longer for a marginalised class. Examples of this cliché can be found in every decade since the 1870s.[32] Despite this evidence, a myth persists that the upper and lower classes find tattooing attractive and the broader middle classes rejecting it. In 1969 the House of Lords debated a bill to ban the tattooing of minors, on grounds it had become "trendy" with the young in recent years but was associated with crime. It was noted that 40 per cent of young criminals had tattoos and that marking the skin in this way tended to encourage self-identification with criminal groups. Two peers, Lord Teynham and the Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair however rose to object that they had been tattooed as youngsters, with no ill effects.[33] Since the 1970s tattoos have become more socially acceptable, and fashionable among celebrities.[34] Tattoos are less prominent on figures of authority, and the practice of tattooing by the elderly is still considered remarkable.[35]
Northeastern North America in the 17th Century[edit]
The Jesuit Relations of 1652 describes tattooing among the Petun and the Neutrals:
But those who paint themselves permanently do so with extreme pain, using, for this purpose, needles, sharp awls, or piercing thorns, with which they perforate, or have others perforate, the skin. Thus they form on the face, the neck, the breast, or some other part of the body, some animal or monster, for instance, an Eagle, a Serpent, a Dragon, or any other figure which they prefer; and then, tracing over the fresh and bloody design some powdered charcoal, or other black coloring matter, which becomes mixed with the blood and penetrates within these perforations, they imprint indelibly upon the living skin the designed figures. And this in some nations is so common that in the one which we called the Tobacco, and in that which -- on account of enjoying peace with the Hurons and with the Iroquois -- was called Neutral, I know not whether a single individual was found, who was not painted in this manner, on some part of the body.
North America[edit]
In the period shortly after the American Revolution, to avoid impressment by British Navy ships, sailors used government issued protection papers to establish their American citizenship. However, many of the descriptions of the individual described in the seamen's protection certificates were so general, and it was so easy to abuse the system, that many impressment officers of the Royal Navy simply paid no attention to them. "In applying for a duplicate Seaman's Protection Certificate in 1817, James Francis stated that he 'had a protection granted him by the Collector of this Port on or about 12 March 1806 which was torn up and destroyed by a British Captain when at sea.'"[37]
One way of making them more specific and more effective was to describe a tattoo, which is highly personal as to subject and location, and thus use that description to precisely identify the seaman. As a result, many of the official certificates also carried information about tattoos and scars, as well as any other specific identifying information. This also perhaps led to an increase and proliferation of tattoos among American seamen who wanted to avoid impressment. During this period, tattoos were not popular with the rest of the country. "Frequently the "protection papers" made reference to tattoos, clear evidence that individual was a seafaring man; rarely did members of the general public adorn themselves with tattoos."[38]
"In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, tattoos were as much about self-expression as they were about having a unique way to identify a sailor's body should he be lost at sea or impressed by the British navy. The best source for early American tattoos is the protection papers issued following a 1796 congressional act to safeguard American seamen from impressment. These proto-passports catalogued tattoos alongside birthmarks, scars, race, and height. Using simple techniques and tools, tattoo artists in the early republic typically worked on board ships using anything available as pigments, even gunpowder and urine. Men marked their arms and hands with initials of themselves and loved ones, significant dates, symbols of the seafaring life, liberty poles, crucifixes, and other symbols."[39]
Sometimes, to protect themselves, the sailors requested not only that the tattoos be described, but that they would also be sketched out on the protection certificate as well. As one researched said, "Clerks writing the documents often sketched the tattoos as well as describing them."[40]
Reintroduction in the Western world[edit]
That tattooing was somehow "reintroduced" to the Western world following European voyages to Polynesia is a myth.[41] Tattooing has been consistently present in Western society from the modern period stretching back to Ancient Greece.[42][43][dubious ] Although Captain James Cook's voyages to the South Pacific imported the Polynesian word "tatau" (as "tattow", later changed to "tattoo"), tattooing was not novel at the time. A long history of European tattoo predated these voyages, including among sailors and tradesmen, pilgrims visiting the Holy Land, and on Europeans living among Native Americans.[44][45]
Modern Western tattooing[edit]
The first documented professional tattoo artist in the USA was Martin Hildebrandt, a German immigrant who arrived in Boston, Massachusetts in 1846[citation needed]. Between 1861 and 1865, he tattooed soldiers on both sides in the American Civil War. The first documented professional tattooist (with a permanent studio, working on members of the paying public) in Britain was Sutherland Macdonald in the early 1880s. Tattooing was an expensive and painful process, and by the late 1880s had become a mark of wealth for the crowned heads of Europe.[citation needed]
Since the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of global and Western fashion, common among both sexes, to all economic classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, the tattoo has taken on a decidedly different meaning than for previous generations. The tattoo has "undergone dramatic redefinition" and has shifted from a form of deviance to an acceptable form of expression.[46] In 2010, 25% of Australians under age 30 had tattoos.[47] Mattel released a tattooed Barbie doll in 2011, which was widely accepted, although it did attract some controversy.[48]
Tattoos have experienced a resurgence in popularity in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Japan, and North and South America. The growth in tattoo culture has seen an influx of new artists into the industry, many of whom have technical and fine arts training. Coupled with advancements in tattoo pigments and the ongoing refinement of the equipment used for tattooing, this has led to an improvement in the quality of tattoos being produced.[49]
During the 2000s (decade), the presence of tattoos became evident within pop culture, inspiring television shows such as A&E's Inked and TLC's Miami Ink and LA Ink. The decoration of blues singer Janis Joplin with a wrist let and a small heart on her left breast, by the San Francisco tattoo artist Lyle Tuttle, has been called a seminal moment in the popular acceptance of tattoos as art. Formal interest in the art of the tattoo became prominent in the 1970s through the beginning of the 21st century.[50] In addition, many celebrities have made tattoos more acceptable in recent years.
Contemporary art exhibitions and visual art institutions have featured tattoos as art through such means as displaying tattoo flash, examining the works of tattoo artists, or otherwise incorporating examples of body art into mainstream exhibits. One such 2009 Chicago exhibition, Freaks & Flash, featured both examples of historic body art as well as the tattoo artists who produced it.[51]
Over the past three decades Western tattooing has become a practice that has crossed social boundaries from "low" to "high" class along with reshaping the power dynamics regarding gender. It has its roots in "exotic" tribal practices of the Native Americans and Japanese, which are still seen in present times. Although tattooing has steadily increased in popularity since the invention of the electric tattoo machine in the late 1880s, it was not until the 1960s that the place of tattooing in popular culture radically shifted.[52][53] The Tattoo Renaissance began in the late 1950s, and was greatly influenced by several artists in particular Lyle Tuttle, Cliff Raven, Don Nolan, Zeke Owens, Spider Webb, and Don Ed Hardy. A second generation of artists, trained by the first, continued these traditions into the 1970s, and included artists such as Bob Roberts, Jamie Summers, and Jack Rudy.[54] In the 1980s, Scholar Arnold Rubin created a collection of works regarding the history of tattoo cultures, publishing them as the ' 'Marks of Civilization' ' (1988). In this, the term "Tattoo Renaissance" was coined, referring to a period marked by technological, artistic, and social change.[53] Wearers of tattoos, as members of the counterculture began to display their body art as signs of resistance to the values of the white, heterosexual, middle-class.[55] The clientele changed from sailors, bikers, and gang members to the middle and upper class. There was also a shift in iconography from the badge-like images based on repetitive pre-made designs known as flash to customized full-body tattoo influenced by Polynesian and Japanese tattoo art, known as sleeves, which are categorized under the relatively new and popular Avant-garde genre.[53] Tattooers transformed into "Tattoo Artists": men and women with fine art backgrounds began to enter the profession alongside the older, traditional tattooists.
As various kinds of social movements progressed bodily inscription crossed class boundaries, and became common among the general public. Specifically, the tattoo is one access point for revolutionary aesthetics of women. Feminist theory has much to say on the subject. "Bodies of Subversion: A Secret History of Women and Tattoo", by Margot Mifflin, became the first history of women's tattoo art when it was released in 1997. In it, she documents women's involvement in tattooing coinciding to feminist successes, with surges in the 1880s, 1920s, and the 1970s.[56] The earliest appearance of tattoos on women were in the circus in the late 19th century. These "Tattooed Ladies" were covered - with the exception of their faces, hands, necks, and other readily visible areas - with various images inked into their skin. In order to lure the crowd, the earliest ladies, like Betty Broadbent and Nora Hildebrandt told tales of captivity; they usually claimed to have been taken hostage by Native Americans that tattooed them as a form of torture. However, by the late 1920s the sideshow industry was slowing and by the late 1990s the last tattooed lady was out of business.[57] Today, women sometimes use tattoos as forms of bodily reclamations after traumatic experiences like abuse or breast cancer.[56] In 2012, tattooed women outnumbered men for the first time in American history - according to a Harris poll, 23% of women in America had tattoos in that year, compared to 19% of men.[58] In 2013, Miss Kansas, Theresa Vail, became the first Miss America contestant to show off tattoos during the swimsuit competition — the insignia of the U.S. Army Dental Corps on her left shoulder and one of the "Serenity Prayer" along the right side of her torso.[59]
In August 2013, William Mullane of London was tattooed with a portrait of his late father which used ink mixed with a small portion of his father's ashes.[60]
The legal status of tattoos is still developing. In recent years, various lawsuits have arisen in the United States regarding the status of tattoos as a copyrightable art form. However, these cases have either been settled out of court or are currently being disputed, and therefore no legal precedent exists directly on point.[61] The process of tattooing was held to be a purely expressive activity protected by the First Amendment by the Ninth Circuit in 2010.[62]
Militaries From Around the world[edit]
Throughout the world's different military branches, tattoos are either regulated under policies or strictly prohibited to fit dress code rules.
United States of America[edit]
United States Air Force[edit]
The United States Air Force regulates all kinds of body modification. Any tattoos which are deemed to be "prejudicial to good order and discipline", or "of a nature that may bring discredit upon the Air Force" are prohibited. Specifically, any tattoo which may be construed as "obscene or advocate sexual, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination" is disallowed. Tattoo removal may not be enough to qualify; resultant "excessive scarring" may be disqualifying. Further, Air Force members may not have tattoos on their neck, face, head, tongue, lips or scalp.[63]
United States Army[edit]
Tattoos in the Army are strictly regulated under the new Sgt.Maj of the Army Raymond F, Chandler III. Under its new rules tattoos are strictly prohibited on the arms and legs and anywhere above the collar bone line, tattoos that are visible on other parts of the body cannot be any longer than two inches wide, and only one band tattoo is permitted in the body. Soldiers who are currently in the army, and are affected under the new policy are grandfathered to keep the current tattoos under the validation of their commanders.[64]
United States Coast Guard[edit]
The United States Coast Guard policy has changes over the years.Tattoos should not be visible over the collarbone or when wearing a V-neck shirt. Tattoos or military brands on the arms should not surpass the wrist. But only one hand tattoos of a form of ring are permitted when not exceeding ¼ inch width. Face tattoos are also permitted as permanent eyeliners for females as long as they are appropriately worn and not brightly colored to fit uniform dressing code. Disrespectful derogatory tattoos and sexually explicit are prohibited on the body.[65]
United States Marines[edit]
The United States Marine Corps has disclosed a new policy meeting their new standards of professionalism in the military appearance, on the Marine Corps Bulletin 1020 released on 6-2-2016, substituting any previous policy from the past.[66]
The new policy in the Marine Corps unauthorized tattoo's in different parts of the body such as the wrist, knee, elbow and above the collar bone. Wrist tattoos have to be two inches above the wrist, elbow tattoos two inches above and one inch below, and the knee two inches above and two below.[66]
The United States Navy has changed its policies and become more lenient when it comes to tattoos, the Navy does not want to miss the opportunity of bringing in the brightest minds when it comes down to tattoos. For the first time the navy is allowing sailors to have neck tattoos as long as one inch. Sailors will also be allowed to have as many tattoos of any size on the arms, and legs as long as they're not offensive tattoos.[67]
The Indian Army tattoo policy has been in place since May 11, 2015 the government declared all tribal communities who enlist and have tattoos, are allowed to have them all over the body only if they belong to a tribal community. Indians who are not part of a tribal community are only allowed to have tattoos in designated parts of the body such as the forearm, elbow, wrist, the side of the palm, and back and front of hands. Offensive sexist and racist tattoos are not allowed.[68]
Great Britain[edit]
The British army has changed its policy from restricting visible body art around the neck and other parts of the body, in an attempt to stop turning people away, and bring in new recruiters, with its new policy starting August 1, 2015.[69]
- ^ Deter-Wolf, Aaron (2013). "The Material Culture and Middle Stone Age Origins of Ancient Tattooing". Tattoos and Body Modifications in Antiquity: Proceedings of the sessions at the EAA annual meetings in The Hague and Oslo, 2010/11. Zurich Studies in Archaeology. 9. Chronos Verlag. pp. 15–26.
- ^ a b c d Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoît; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016). "The World's Oldest Tattoos". Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports. 5: 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007.
- ^ Deter-Wolf, Aaron (November 11, 2015), It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world, RedOrbit.com, retrieved November 15, 2015
- ^ Phoenix & Arabeth, 1998, "Secret History of Henna"
- ^ "Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle (tome 13 ; 1898) — Page 270". criminocorpus.org.
- ^ Tattooing in Ancient Egypt Part 2: The Mummy of Amunet by Gemma Angel, on 10 December 2012.
- ^ Lock, Margaret (1998). "Japanese". The Encyclopedia of World Cultures CD-ROM. Macmillan. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
- ^ a b Gilbert, Steve (2000). The tattoo history source book. New York: Juno Books. ISBN 9781890451066. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
- ^ "World Roundup." 2016. Archaeology Magazine. November/December 2016. Page 25.
- ^ "紋面". 臺灣原住民族歷史語言文化大辭典.
- ^ Blust, Robert (1995). "The prehistory of the Austronesian speaking peoples: a view from language.". Journal of World Prehistory: 453–510.
- ^ Bellwood, Peter (1997). Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago (revised edition ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 384 p.
- ^ Robitaille, Benoit. "A Preliminary Typology of Perpendicularly Hafted Bone Tipped Tattooing Instruments Toward a Technological History of Oceanic Tattooing". researchgate.net. BAR.
- ^ Friedman, Anna Felicity (2015). The World Atlas of Tattoo. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300210484.
- ^ "Der Löwenmensch". The Ulm Museum (Ulmer Museum). Retrieved 22 December 2015.
- ^ Conard, Nicholas J. (May 2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany" (PDF). Nature. 459 (7244): 248–252. doi:10.1038/nature07995. PMID 19444215. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
- ^ "Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman". RedOrbit.com. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ Carr, Gillian (2005). "Woad, Tattooing and Identity in Later Iron Age and Early Roman Britain". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 24 (3): 273–292. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0092.2005.00236.x.
- ^ "Viking Answers". Retrieved 2009-03-23.
- ^ Carmona, Michel (2002). Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. pp. 235–6.
- ^ http://www.persian-tattoo.com/rumi-tattoo-story.html
- ^ http://www.persian-tattoo.com/history-of-persian-tattoo.html
- ^ Hine, Thomas Chambers (1876). Nottingham: its castle: a military fortress, a royal palace, a ducal mansion, a blackened ruin, a museum and gallery of art. London: Hamilton, Adams. p. Appendix.
- ^ A description of three of the men who took part in the Mutiny on the Bounty in 1789 refers to their being tattooed on the left breast, arms and 'backside' with designs such as stars, hearts, 'darts' and, in the case of a Manxman, the triskelion [1]
- ^ "The reason why sailors tattoo themselves has often been asked." The Times (London), 30 January 1873, p. 10: The article describes recovery of bodies after a shipwreck:those of the crew were identifiable by their tattoos.
- ^ The Times (London), 3 April 1879, p. 9: "Crime has a ragged regiment in its pay so far as the outward ... qualities are concerned ... they tattoo themselves indelibly ... asserting the man's identity with the aid of needles and gunpowder. This may be the explanation of the Mermaids, the Cupid's arrows, the name of MARY, the tragic inscription to the memory of parents, the unintended pathos of the appeal to liberty."
- ^ During the Tichborne case, a witness, Lord Bellew, testified he and the missing Roger Tichborne tattooed each other while they were both schoolboys at Stonyhurst College. Tichborne left school in 1848. The Times (London), 2 February 1872, p. 10
- ^ A schoolboy at Rugby is described as self-tattooed - 'His long skinny arms all covered with anchors and arrows and letters, tattooed in with gunpowder like a sailor-boy's' - and is mildly rebuked for this by his headmaster.Hughes, Thomas (1857). "3". Tom Brown's Schooldays. 2.
- ^ Broadwell, Albert H. (27 January 1900). "Sporting pictures on the human skin". Country Life. Article describing work of society tattooist Sutherland Macdonald refers to his clientele including "members of our Royal Family, among them H.R.H. the Duke of York, H.I.M. the Czarevitch, and Imperial and Royal members of Russian, German and Spanish courts...."
- ^ The Times (London), 18 April 1889, p. 12: "A Japanese Professional Tattooer". Article describes the activities of an unnamed Japanese tattooist based in Hong Kong. He charged £4 for a dragon, which would take 5 hours to do. The article ends "The Hong-Kong operator tattooed the arm of an English Prince, and, in Kioto, was engaged for a whole month reproducing on the trunk and limbs of an English peer a series of scenes from Japanese history. For this he was paid about £100. He has also tattooed ladies.... His income from tattooing in Hong Kong is about £1,200 per annum."
- ^ Broadwell, Albert H. (27 January 1900). "Sporting pictures on the human skin". Country Life. "In especially sensitive cases a mild solution of cocaine is injected under the skin, ... and no sensation whatever is felt, while the soothing solution is so mild that it has no effect ... except locally."
- ^ Cawley, Lawrence (3 February 2014). "People always say the same thing about tattoos". BBC News Magazine. BBC.
- ^ The Times (London), April 29, 1969, p. 4: "Saving young from embarrassing tattoos".
- ^ Celebrity ex-footballer and fashion icon David Beckham has 34 tattoos. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24296713
- ^ Highly-regarded BBC presenter David Dimbleby's decision, at the age of 75, to have a scorpion tattooed on his shoulder made headlines in 2013: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24906132
- ^ http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_38.html
- ^ "Genealogical Fallout from the War of 1812." By Ruth Priest Dixon. Prologue Magazine. Spring 1992. Volume 24 (1).
- ^ Smith, Gene Allan. 2013. The Slave's Gamble. MacMillan. Page 55.
- ^ "Common-place › The journal of early American lifeCommon-place: The Journal of early American Life". common-place.org.
- ^ Dye, Ira. "The Tattoos of Early American Seafarers, 1796-1818." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 133.4 (1989): 520-554.
- ^ "The Cook Myth: Common Tattoo History Debunked". tattoohistorian.com.
- ^ Friedman, Anna Felicity (2015). The World Atlas of Tattoo. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- ^ Capla, Jane, ed. (2000). Written on the Body: The Tattoo in European and American History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Krutak, Lars (2016). "The Razzouks: Tattooing for 700 Years". http://www.larskrutak.com/the-razzouks-tattooing-for-700-years/. External link in
- ^ Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Diaz-Granados, Carol, eds. (2013). Drawing with Great Needles: Ancient Tattoo Traditions of North America. Austin: University of Texas Press.
- ^ Roberts, DJ. (2012). "Secret Ink: Tattoo's Place in Contemporary American Culture". Journal of American Culture (Print). 35 (2): 153–65. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734x.2012.00804.x.
- ^ Brittany, By (2010-10-31). "I'm inked therefore I am: Why tatts have left a mark on Gen Y". News.com.au. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ "Barbie Tattoos Lead to Predictable Media Hysteria, World to End Soon". Inquisitr.com. 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ Mifflin, Margot (1997). Bodies of Subversion A secret History of Women and Tattoo. New York City: Juno Books.
- ^ Deb Tattooing has also become a fad among celebrities. David Beckham, an international soccer star, caught tattoo 'fever' beginning with the birth of his first son back in 1999 when he had Malloy ink his son's name, "Brooklyn" at the bottom of his back. Acord. (November 19, 2006). "Who knew: Mommy has a tattoo". Maine Sunday Telegram.
- ^ The Chicago art exhibition, Freaks & Flash, for example, juxtaposed circus sideshow banners depicting tattooed performers like "The Tattooed Lady" alongside art inspired by the tattoo Renaissance of the 1960s and 1970s.
- ^ Nyssen, Carmen. "Early Tinkerers of Electric Tattooing" [2] www.buzzworthytattoo.com. Evidence indicates that electric tattoo machines were in use by the late 1880s, at least several years prior to the first tattoo machine patent obtained by Samuel F. O'Reilly on December 8, 1891.
- ^ a b c Schildkrout, Enid. "Inscribing The Body." Annual Review of Anthropology 33.1 (2004): 319-44. JSTOR. Web. 28 January 2013.
- ^ Anne M. Velliquette, Jeff B. Murray, and Elizabeth H. Creyer (1998) ,"The Tattoo Renaissance: an Ethnographic Account of Symbolic Consumer Behavior", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 25, eds. Joseph W. Alba & J. Wesley Hutchinson, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 461-467.
- ^ DeMello, Margo. Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2000. Print.
- ^ a b Mifflin, Margot. Bodies of Subversion: A Secret History of Women and Tattoo. New York: Juno, 2001. Print.
- ^ Osterud, Amelia Klem. The Tattooed Lady: A History. Golden Speck, 2009. Print
- ^ Braverman, Samantha. "One in Five U.S. Adults Now Has a Tattoo." Harris Interactive: Harris Polls. N.p, 23 February 2012. Web. 07 February 2013.
- ^ "The Reliable Source". The Washington Post.
- ^ Angela Cole (16 August 2013). "Grieving son William Mullane asks Maidstone tattoo artist Brendan Mudd to create artwork from dad's ashes". kentonline.co.uk. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
- ^ http://illinoislawreview.org/wp-content/ilr-content/articles/2013/1/Cummings.pdf
- ^ Anderson v. City of Hermosa Beach, 621 F. 3d 1051 (2010)
- ^ http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/1045846/af-evolves-policies-to-access-more-talent-maintain-high-standards.aspx. Missing or empty
- ^ Vergun, David. "Army tightens personal appearance, tattoo policy". www.army.mil.
- ^ "COMMANDANT INSTRUCTION 1000.1B" (PDF). TATTOO, BODY MARKING, BODY PIERCING, AND MUTILATION POLICY. United States Coast Guard. August 31, 2009.
- ^ a b "Marine Corps Tattoos". www.marines.mil. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
- ^ Directorate, Navy Production. "New Tattoo Policy". Retrieved 2016-08-01.
- ^ "Tattoo Policy In The Indian Army". 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
- ^ "Body art of war: Army lifts ban on hand and neck tattoos after struggling to attract new recruits". Retrieved 2016-08-01.


text:
Just wondering?
LMAO @ the thread title... i dont know maybe cuz hes in more/better movies that cattan ?
i'd rather have the hot wife and no career
i didnt know that will ferrell is married to thea von seijan
hahahhahhahahha thea
bring back begongo!!
one word: Mango
﴿﴾ lıʌǝp ǝɥʇ ƃuıǝǝs uǝɥʇ ǝsɹoʍ sı lıʌǝp ǝɥʇ ʇnoqɐ ƃuıʞuıɥʇ ﴿﴾
MONKEY BoY
i don't know if this was a troll or not, given check twos penchant for obscure tv actors.
but will ferrell is funnier. if comedy was measured in height ferrell would be a towering giant and kattan would be a turd left floating in ferrells toilet.
Only thing ive seen is him in a few wack films like undercover brother and the roxbury thing which they shouldnt have made cos a 3 minute sketch doesnt work as a movie.
Yeah but those were good characters already.
it's too bad that chris farley died, because then him and adam sandler could have made the most grolic SNL movie ever...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Date of Stay: August, 2010
This park is about a half-hour to an hour drive from groceries and other necessities. Its a condo park which rents out $80,000 lot spaces. Non-owners are not welcomed by the elite, high dollar MH owners. The golf course is okay but too expensive for the area. Sites are level and large but get sprayed by irrigation every day. So you are forever moving your belongs and wiping down. Wireless phone service is rarely available in this park. Its hit and miss at best. WiFi is in the Clubhouse only. Plus, its $100 fine if you loose that key. Rules, rules and even rule sheets to sign along with the unfriendly exclusive owners association is a big turn off to visitors or guests. Its okay for overnight but more than a week would be horrid considering the bickering by owners about your pets and the stuff you put out on your site. The scenery is good here. But then its great all over this area. If you are into the Palm Springs Desert glitz and that sort of snobbery, this is the place for you. Otherwise there's plenty of other, less expensive and more friendly parks to base camp and enjoy the area. We came in a group. None of us would ever consider returning.
Date of Stay: August, 2008
Past reviews seem mostly correct. Our site was on the south side so trees blocked satellite reception, but cable TV was fine. We stayed for 5 nights and found the campers friendly. The dead grass review remark needs clarification. This is typical for the area from early summer to late fall because of summer drought. Our site did not have the rubbish debris mentioned before. Anyway, despite not being "perfect" we were there for the R&R, the seafood, the cooling summer fog and the coastal ambiance of a small fishing village. Staff seemed accommodating and the sites were average sized, just fine for most big rigs. There's an arcade onsite for kids but its mostly an adult-like park, with part of it set up for fisherman with fish cleaning facilities. Its the best in the immediate area and if you don't care about being right on the water at Doran or Porto and have a toad, there's lots of other beaches nearby and surfing is pretty good up the coast. There's a nice coffee shop and restaurant on the site. Caution: don't try HWY 1 with a big rig going too far north of Bodega Bay. The turns can be tricky and steep if you are towing. The best route into Bodega Bay is the Washingon exit west off the 101, through Petaluma, then follow the signs. The seafood is great: try Lucas on the wharf. The Bodega Bay Inn & Marina and the 3-year-running top-award winning chowder restaurant by the Marina on West Side/Shore Road. This is truly a fishing village with a couple of nice golf courses and a great salt water taffy shop! Bodega Bay Inn Marina Restaurant has a great fish market right on the waterfront or at times, you can buy fresh-catch off the docks when the fishing season is on. Crab is the main seafood feature, but the season ends in June. Fresh, local wild salmon is not available due to a 2008-2009 DFG moritorium. Enjoy the coast here and take a sweater for when the fog rolls in!
Date of Stay: April, 2008
We liked site No. 54 which is great for shade and privacy. We planned for two nights and extended to four to visit Sonora, Angels Camp and Murphys. Outlaws BBQ and Steakhouse in Sonora is excellent and the owner is very friendly. Eat at Cruscos Italian restaurant in Angels Camp and visit the Laraine Winery on Hwy 49 (owner is a Hollywood Movie Producer) on the way to Murphys. Lavender Hills Winery in Murphys has an outstanding Calaveras Blanc which typifies all of the Calaveras Winerys in the region (20+ in the County!). The campground is a bit tight for big rigs: back in only. The camp managers were excellent hosts and made our stay with cell phone directions along the way. We'd return again. The Columbia Historic Park is a hoot with lots of fun saloons, stores and live theater! Highly recommend 3-4 days to roam the winding roads, but forget about driving a big rig down Hwy 49 from Grass Valley or Hwy 50 out of Placerville. We didn't know any better and tried part of it. Ugh! Enjoy and give our best regards to the hosts!
Date of Stay: March, 2008
This is an asphalt (or gravel in one area) parking lot. The sites are close and big rig maneuvering is fine. They put the 42s and larger on the gravel lot which is okay with some. This is a convenient CG to the Expo. We went to see the RV Expo which was fairly small for what we'd expected. But, we were not disappointed in the location for access to the "Mall," the Expo and restaurants. Its a good stop over but extended stay for the Expo, malling, going to the Horse Track or visiting the city sites. We would return probably for these reasons. The managers were helpful, but you have to call frequently to make sure they have your reservation. Ours was lost. Despite that, they put us in an end site, in the paved area near the front entrance and restrooms. Each of the restrooms are private and separately accessed. They were cleaned daily. We liked being able to walk our dogs down the path near the river. This path is frequently used for horseback riding by locals and by horse trainers from the track.
Date of Stay: March, 2008
This was a two night shakedown with the new rig and the staff was quite accommodating knowing we were on a break in mission. They positioned us in an end site, second row pull through which made the docking easy. With relatives nearby we hitched rides around but a few restaurants are in walking distance plus the Piute Casino is nearby (another place to camp). We needed to test all the equipment so boon docking was not an option but is possible at the Casino and the K-Mart lot for an overnight. This is a highly popular stop for fisherman and the CG has a fully setup fish cleaning station! We'd go back again. Watch the low hanging tree limbs though. Also, forget using your TV antenna; satellite reception is sketchy due to the trees but the cable hook up is good. A very clean CG with lots to do nearby.


text:
F-1 Visas: Click here!
- Applying for an F-1 visa
- Already have an F-1 visa
- Transferring from a US college, US university, or US English language school with an F-1 visa
- This does NOT include concurrent students. Concurrent students please select the non-F1 visa option below
Non-F1 Visas and Concurrent Students: Click here!
- J visas, TD visas, R visas, and other non-immigrant visas
- Concurrent students:
- Concurrent students have an I-20 from a different college or university
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- Concurrent students want to take part-time classes at Bellevue College
Last Updated September 20, 2016


text:
A local gun shop just picked up a Steyr Model 1908 in about 95% condition. It is chambered for the 32 ACP (7.65 mm), and has the black plastic grips with Steyr's name on them, and a logo above the name. The are asking $425. I'm trying to determine if this is a reasonable price.
The magazine is not numbered at all. The serial number is in the 14,000 range. On the left side of the barrel is the number 10 immediately to the right of the number is shield of some kind. The right side of the barrel has what I think may be a proof mark with what looks like an L with other letters inside it. There are no police or military unit markings that I could see.


text: Hidden away in the peaceful Zengcuo'an Village, Qininn Xiamen Gucuo is a lovely retreat offering lovely guestrooms. The sandy beach is only a walkable distance away. Also, both free WiFi access and free parking space are available here. Xiamen University is 1.9 miles from Qininn Xiamen Gucuo, while Naputuo Temple is 2 miles away. It takes 15 minutes by car to Xiamen Railway Station and 35 minutes by car to Gaoqi International Airport. The refreshing pastel tones, parquet flooring and wood furniture all add relaxing atmosphere to the rooms. Air conditioning and a flat-screen cable TV are provided. The bathroom offers slippers and free toiletries. There is a 24-hour front desk at the property. You may while away an afternoon on the beach. For dining, there are countless street food and restaurants along the food street of the village.


text:
The current article
in New York Magazine about the court case between artist Julie Mehretu's
dealer and a wannabe-buyer is a fascinating read! I've heard about artists who
had waiting lists to purchase their work, but I didn't know it was as common as
it is.
It's amazing to me how, with so many talented artists out there, there are a
small number of artists with waiting lists of would-be collectors. There are
people clamoring, but who will never be able, to purchase their work.
Because the work is saved for certain collectors.
Dealers are (or should be) savvy about the market. They know where they want to
place their artists in order to get the most "bang" for their
efforts. The rest be damned. No matter how much money they have.
I can't decide how comforting it is to know that no amount of money mattered in
this instance.
By the way, the collector who wanted the Mehretu's work won his case
for $1.7 million.


text:
Cookie Dough Truffles from The Dainty Chef
The Ultimate Cookie Bar from Kirbie's Cravings
Blueberry Pie Ice Cream from She Wears Many Hats
Zucchini Muffins with Nutella Swirl from A Spicy Perspective
Notice a theme? They're all desserts! Want to know why? Well, my birthday is on Saturday! I've got sweet stuff on the brain you could say. Honestly I haven't given it much thought with the excitement of Friday approaching at a turtle's pace. Maybe I just need to get in the birthday spirit!
So this week you can look forward to:
A Birthday Wishlist
A NEW Video Blog
The Homecoming post
A New Music Selection Friday (I really need to name this feature)
Stay Tuned
Also! I'm thinking about starting a weekly feature on Bento Lifestyle beginning in August!
It would be part how-to & concepts, part picturorials/tutorials, part gallery.
Is this something you'd like to see?


text:
Earth Day 2010 - 40 Years of Environmental Learning
1970-2010: 40 Years
The UB Libraries presents a CyberExhibit (originally curated in 2000 on the 30th anniversary of Earth Day) commemorating the anniversary of Earth Day, which includes: a brief history of Earth Day, a listing of selected international, national, state, local, and campus Internet resources, and other materials. A special feature on education is added for the 40th Anniversary with expanded resources for kids, and teachers/educators in formal K-12 and non-formal (nature centers, museums, parks, camps, zoos, etc.) settings.
Some good starting points:
- Earth Day Information Center
- Earth Day Network
- Earth Day - US Government Portal
- Earth Day Online network
- Earth Day 2009 (Wilderness Society)
Special Features for Earth Day 2010:
- History of Earth Day
- Internet Resources for Earth Day
- Biodiversity
- Ecology and Environment
- Energy Information
- Environment
- Global Climate Change
- The Great Lakes
- Love Canal
- UB Green
History of Earth Day
"Earth Day is a commitment to make life better, not just bigger and faster; to provide real rather than rhetorical solutions. It is a day to re-examine the ethic of individual progress at mankind's expense. It is a day to challenge the corporate and government leaders who promise change, but who shortchange the necessary programs. It is a day for looking beyond tomorrow. April 22 seeks a future worth living."
- Environmental Teach-In Advertisement
New York Times, January 18, 1970
"Earth Day" was created in 1969 and 1970. However, Earth Day found its initial inspirations in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s -- decades marked by tremendous social and cultural awareness, times of activism and change, times of spiritual enlightenment and consciousness. One cultural concept around which millions of people began to rally was the environment.
The "birth" of the contemporary environmental movement began with the 1949 publication of Aldo Leopold's Sand County Almanac (UGL/HSL QH 81.L 56), considered by many to be one of the most important books on conservation written this century. Leopold's classic was preceded by the evolution of a contemporary wilderness ethic that began in the 1870s with the creation of Yellowstone National Park (the first such preserve in the world). This land and resource preservation movement extended to 1935 with the publication of The Living Wilderness by the Wilderness Society. The Society's first director, Howard Zahniser, drafted the first version of a wilderness bill in 1955. The bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate by Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) in 1956 and signed into law as the Wilderness Act by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring (SEL SB 959 C3), was published in 1962 and had a deep and lasting impact by drawing people to heightened levels of concern about the environment.
Several events stimulated a greater concern for the quality of the environment in the 1960s. Among these events were the proclamation that:
- the Great Lakes were dead -- choked by what seemed to be an endless infusion of pollutants
- the grounding of the "Torrey Canyon" off the coast of England, the first catastrophic oil spill from a supertanker
- Ohio's Cuyahoga River catching on fire -- three times (1936, 1952, 1969) -- from the debris and fuels spilt on its surface.
Late in the fall of 1969 the seed for Earth Day was planted when a group of persons in San Francisco lead by John McConnell, approached Peter Tamaris, head of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, with a resolution to devote one day a year (originally proposed on March 21, 1970, the date of the vernal equinox, and is still celebrated on the equinox as day to celebrate the Earth and the intricacies and fragile nature of its interactions.
See Earth Day: Past, Present, and Future for a history of the original Earth Day and its founder, John McConnell. Included in this site is McConnell's original Earth Day Proclamation. Earth Site is McConnell's continuing efforts to promote awareness for celebrating the Earth and from which McConnell promotes these ongoing efforts. It is noted that this Earth Day takes on a much spiritual mantle in celebrating the gifts of Earth and its resources. Also note that McConnell chose March 21 (Equinox) as Earth Day. Read his own words on this.
Coinciding with McConnell's grassroots initiative, Gaylord Nelson (D-Wisconsin) had become quite frustrated with a lack of environmental interest among his Senate colleagues. Hoping to stimulate popular interest for the environment, Nelson looked to America's non-violent campus activism for inspiration and proposed a series of environmental learning experiences, "teach-ins" for campuses across the nation. In a speech in Seattle in September 1969, Nelson announced a national environmental teach-in for the Spring of 1970.
Harvard graduate student, Denis Hayes, went to Washington, D.C. to interview Senator Nelson, who made one of his most persuasive environmental arguments. Nelson persuaded the young, idealistic student to coordinate the nationwide activities that would become another Earth Day celebration.
There are several "conspiracy theories" surrounding the date of April 22nd for Earth Day. First is that was the 100th birthday of Vladimir Lenin (Earth Day was/is a Communist-inspired activity), and "stealing the thunder" of McConnell's equinoctial Earth Day of the March21st vernal solstice. April 22 may have been chosen as the best and most practical date to reach the primary audience, college students; a Wednesday was chosen because it would be the least inconvenient for students who were called upon to participate in the event. There would be no competition with weekend activities, the weather in the northern states would be warming, it was after the annual southern migration of "spring-break" and well before final exams.
The result was a spectacular non-violent demonstration. Folk singer Pete Seeger performed at the Washington Monument, and cars were banned from New York City's Fifth Avenue to accommodate the events. Public speeches, parades, marches, rallies on college campuses, and "teach-ins" launched the contemporary environmental movement. Seeds planted in earlier years were beginning to provide trees that would bear fruit.
The first Earth Day was the largest focused demonstration in history. Congress closed its doors as politicians went home to attend or participate in local events. Legislatures from 42 states passed Earth Day resolutions to commemorate the date. An estimated 20 million Americans -- students, teachers, and officials -- took part in the activities. The wire services carried the story nationwide. The response was dramatic and the call for making April 22nd an annual Earth Day took root. Until recently, this second, "popular" Earth Day has over-shadowed McConnell's original idea for an Earth Day.
The impact on the nation was tremendous. Environmental organizations blossomed and the membership ranks of established conservation groups swelled. The United States Congress, spurred on by the earlier passage of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, passed the Clean Air Act amendments and the Clean Water Act revisions. By the end of 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency was created.
Love Canal, Bhopal, Times Beach, Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl disaster, and Three Mile Island are grim reminders that since the first Earth Day our environmental problems have not been solved.
Acid rain, global warming, and ozone depletion -- topics that have no respect for political boundaries -- show the global dimensions, scientific complexities, and policy dilemmas of contemporary environmental issues.
Today, scores of bibliographic database provide online access to tens of thousands of journal articles, books, proceedings, technical reports, and other forms of literature related to the environment. Searching for environmental data and information these days seems like standing at the base of a towering cliff and being unprepared to begin the laborious assault. From your position in front of the rock wall you are seeing only a part of the whole, and can experience great difficulty and frustration in seeking a direct route to the top. Take several steps back and view the mountain in its entirety. Gather your gear and plot an exact and systematic ascent to the summit. Better yet, take a reference librarian as your guide. They have covered the routes before and are always glad to help others appreciate the views along the way.
For an example of how you can make your office more Earth Friendly, read Earth Day 2000: Catalyst for Community Outreach Paper presented at the 1999 New York Library Association Annual Meeting, session, "How Green Is My Library?" Includes descriptions of events and activities libraries can do to promote Earth Day. Extensive lists of resources provided as handouts are included in the site. Still a timely document.
Earth Day Internet Resources
The following Internet resources are suggested as a means to learn more about the quality of our environment and how to access the growing volume of information about our environment. These sites reflect the environmental theme of the first Earth Day, "Think Globally, Act Locally!" The sites listed here provide access to international, national, state, local, and campus resources, and will assist the reader in sustaining an interest in environmental protection. There is also a selection of websites Especially for Kids.
- Western New York Earth Day. The primer site for activities, resources, and other information for Earth Day in Western New York.
- Earth Day. EPA Web site for Earth Day. Has education and partnership resources, History, event listings, and other materials.
- Earth Day Network. (Founded by Earth Day founders Denis Hayes and the late Gaylord Nelson to coordinate Earth Day activities world-wide). Events, activities, teacher's section, worldwide listings of activities.
- Ben's Guide to U.S. Government for Kids Comprehensive inventory of K-12 resources for students arranged by category (e.g. Environment, Health & Safety) or agency (e.g. NASA, USDA, DOI, NOAA).
- Center for Environmental Citizenship (CEC). The Center for Environmental Citizenship/EnviroCitizen was founded in 1992 by college students working to increase the citizen participation of their peers in behalf of environmental issues. Provides ideas, actions, and directions for environmental advocacy. Recently merged with the League of Conservation Voters.
- International Earth Day Website. Worldwide coverage.
- Electronic Green Journal has nearly 40 articles, editorials, and other writings about Earth Day. Search for "Earth Day".
- Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship (ISTL) Issue #26, Spring 2000, is a special issue on Earth Day. ISTL is published by the Science and Technology Section of the American Library Association's Association of College and Research Libraries. Special Edition for the 30th Anniversary of Earth Day.
- World Watch Magazine Special Earth Day 2000 issue.
- Earth Day Canada. Events, activities, for Earth Day and throughout the year.
- Earth Day T-shirts & Gifts
- EDAY 40 A variety of links for educators, students, group leaders, organizations, etc. by the Earth Day New York
- Earth Flag History and ordering information.
- Earth Day - Nice resources for school teachers, including: Teacher's Lounge.
- Eco-Activities from the ECOMALL: Teaching Green
Especially for Kids
- Backyard Jungle Kids friendly site to share their information.
- Earth Day. Earth Day ideas for kids from Planet Pals.
- Earth Day 2010: Crafts, Environmental Games, and Recycling Activities A family friendly site for launching kids' activities.
- Earth Day Activities -crafts for kids, word searches and Earth Day celebration Facts, figures, and more for students.
- Earth Day Activities for Kids Crafts and projects for children.
- Earth Day Crafts and Projects -- Ideas from Enchanted Learning.
- Earth Day for Kids. From EarthDay.gov.
- Earth Day for Kids Background and reading list from the U.S. E.P.A.
- Earth Day Take Home Kit Family-friendly resources for celebrating Earth Day.
- EcoKids Home A variety of ecology-related resources from Canada.
- Energy Kid's Page. Education resources from the Department of Energy.
- Environmental Kids Club
- High School Environmental Center
- History of Earth Day Quiz How much do you know about Earth Day?
- Holiday e-Cards for Earthday - choose from four designs.
- How to Go Green on Earth Day Things you can do to help the Earth.
- Kid's Corner. Useful information about wildlife.
- Middle School: EPA Student Center
- Time for Kids-Specials-EARTH DAY Resources for kids from Time Magazine.
Especially for Teachers (and their students)
- Amphibian Resources for Teachers Useful resources for vernal pool and pond studies.
- Center for Environmental Education Multidisciplinary resources for environmental educatin and links to "Blueprint for a Green School."
- Earth Day. The Sierra Club's special site for Earth Day activities.
- Earth Day in a Box Resources for teaching about Earth Day.
- Earth Days: the Seeds of a Revolution A PBS American Experience story from Boston Public TV, WGBH.
- Earth Education Resources from the Institute for Earth Education.
- EdGateway A robust education and communication portal for sharing ideas, resources, and discussions - tailor made for small to large groups.
- EE-Link (EE-News and EE-Jobs) 5800 links organized in 300 categories, for professional development, climate change, global warming, lesson plans, endangered species, national and international events, jobs, activities for the classroom, and more.
- Electronic Green Journal EGJ is a peer-reviewed digital journal providing open access to scholarly, international environmental information. It is published semiannually by the UCLA Library. This is an open invitation for teachers and educators to submit their original articles, reviews, commentaries, etc.
- Energy Education Resources: Kindergarten through 12th Grade. Published by the National Energy Information Center (NEIC) to provide students, educators, and other information users a list of generally available free or low-cost energy-related educational materials.
- Energy Kids - For Teachers Energy related stories, hands-on activities, and research articles for your classroom! These curriculum-based lessons are separated by age-grade. See also the U.S. Department of Energy's Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists with opportunities for students and teachers (pre-service, in-service, continuing education).
- Environmental Education (USEPA)
- Environmental Education and Outreach (Comprehensive Inventory of Resources)
- Environmental Education and Training Partnership (EETAP) EETAP delivers environmental education training, services and resources to education professionals.
- Environmental Literacy Council Offers over 1000 pages of background information and resources on environmental topics, along with curricular materials, and textbook reviews.
- Environmental Protection Agency: EPA Teaching Center Variety of resources for teachers and educators.
- Environmental Protection Agency Region 2
- Envirothon Serious competition for high school students to show their skills.
- Exploring the Environment Teachers' resources for exploring biodiversity.
- Gaylord Nelson and Earth Day Meet Earth Day founder, Gaylord Nelson and discover the Earth Day story.
- Globe A U.S. Federal government program to stimulate investigation about the Earth and its environment at international levels.
- Greentimes Greentimes strives to inspire and empower urban youth to become curious, successful and environmentally conscious citizens. We work with high school students after school, create "By Kids, For Kids" science and environmental education materials that are distributed for free to public elementary and middle schools in Massachusetts.
- John Muir Exhibit A comprehensive multi-level curriculum resource for teaching about nature, the environment through the life and writings of John Muir.
- NAAEE (North American Association for Environmental Education)
- NASA Education NASA provides a comprehensive, science-based inventory of education resources for teachers and students. Be sure to look at NASA's EOS (Earth Observing System) Resources for Educators.
- National Environmental Education Advancement Project Supports the development and expansion of quality environmental education (EE) programs through a variety of state and local capacity building efforts.
- National Environmental Education Foundation Resources for sharing and learning about environmental issues across disciplines and lines of work.
- National Environmental Education Week National Environmental Education Week (EE Week) the nation's largest environmental education event is held each year the week before Earth Day, for K-12 students. EE Week connects educators with environmental resources to promote K-12 students' understanding of the environment.
- NOAA Education - Specially for Teachers These items are designed for the teacher to use in the classroom or as background reference material.
- National Park Service: Explore Nature Serving all teachers and learners, this web site provides a wealth of educatin resources. This site is the primary educational zone that meets a variety of needs. From curriculum-based materials to resources assisting with student homework or research assignments, this site has a little something for everyone.
- National Science Digital Library The Nation's online library for education and research in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
- NYS Department of Environmental Conservation: Education DEC has environmental education programs and resources that will help everyone become a better steward of the environment. Check their list of nature centers (by region).
- NYSERDA (New York State Energy and Research Development Authority) Links to classroom activities, age-specific curriculum and lesson plans, fun facts and potential funding sources are just a click away. Be sure to check their Quick Facts for details on special issues.
- NYSOEA (New York State Outdoor Education Association)
- OBIS (Outdoor Biology Instructional Strategies) OBIS was the first major environmental education project undertaken after Earth Day. Their activities spawned two generations of environmental instruction and remain viable resources.
- Project Feeder Watch Count feeder birds for science!
- Project Learning Tree is an award-winning environmental education program designed for teachers and other educators, parents, and community leaders working with youth from preschool through grade 12.
- Project Wild is one of the most widely used conservation and environmental education programs among educators of students in kindergarten through high school. It is based on the premise that young people and educators have a vital interest in learning about our natural world.
- Project WET - Worldwide Water Education The mission of Project WET is to reach children, parents, educators, and communities of the world with water education. We invite you to join us in educating children about the most precious resource on the planet - water.
- Sierra Club Environmental Education Resources from America's most noted environmental group.
- Sustainable Agricultural Resources for Teachers, K-12
- Teaching Center
- The USGS and Science Education The U.S. Geological Survey provides scientific information intended to help educate the public about natural resources, natural hazards, geospatial data, and issues that affect our quality of life. Discover selected online resources, including lessons, data, maps, and more, to support teaching, learning, education (K-12), and university-level inquiry and research.
Education Resources for Climate Change
Global climate change, including global warming, has been a major, and sometimes controversial and always complex lesson to teach. These resources may help teachers and educators.
- ARM - Education: Teachers' Lounge From the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Resources Monitoring Program.
- Climate change for kids
- Climate Classroom
- Global Warming Basics (Natural Resources Defense Council) What it is, how it's caused, and what needs to be done to stop it.
- Global Warming/Climate Change Theme
- Global Warming Education: School Lesson Plans, Climate Change
- Global Warming Materials for Educators (Union of Concerned Scientists) Below is a list of Global Warming materials for educators. All of these materials are based on published, peer-reviewed science, and have themselves been peer-reviewed by scientific experts in the relevant fields.
- Global Warming - Teacher's Guide Global Warming is an interactive online lesson that will educate students about this highly debated environmental issue. Students will be given the chance to research global warming with global warming web sites linked to our lesson. Then students can put their knowledge to the test with either a classroom debate on global warming, or a written essay about the effects.
- Global Warming: Understanding Greenhouse Gases for Education and Learning
- Lesson Plan - Global Warming (NOW/PBS) Use the NOW Classroom standards-linked lesson on global warming to help students research and form credible opinions. This lesson is designed for social studies, debate, language arts, government/citizenship, and current events classes, grades 9-12.
Recently published (2008-2010) non-fiction children's books about ecology, the environment, and nature. This is not complete list, just a short list of popular books. Check your local public library, school library, book store or online book seller to find these popular books about Earth Day for children:
- Jim Arnosky. 2008. The Brook Book: Exploring the Smallest Streams. New York, NY:Dutton Children's Books.
- Paulette Bourgeois, Kathy Vanderlinden, and Martha Newbigging. 2008. The Dirt on Dirt. Toronto : Kids Can Press.
- Elizabeth Snoke Harris; Orrin Lundgren. 2008. Save the Earth Science Experiments: Science Fair Projects for Eco-kids. New York: Lark Books.
- Brenda Z Guiberson and Gennadii Spirin. 2009. Life in the Boreal Forest. New York : Henry Holt and Co.
- Nancy Smiler Levinson and Diane Dawson Hearn. 2008. Rain Forests. New York: Holiday House.
- Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2008. Earth Matters. New York: DK Publishing.
- Wendy Pfeffer; Steve Jenkins. 2009. Life in a Coral Reef. New York: Collins.
- Kathleen M Reilly. 2008. Planet Earth: 25 Environmental Projects You can Build Yourself. White River Junction, Vt: Nomad Press.
- Deborah Ruddell; Joan Rankin. 2009. A Whiff of Pine, a Hint of Skunk: A Forest of Poems. New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books.
- Anne F Rockwell; Frané Lessac. 2008. Clouds. New York: Collins.
- April Pulley Sayre and Kate Endle. 2008. Trout are Made of Trees. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge.
- Mitchell Young. 2009. Free Trade. Detroit : Greenhaven Press.
- Popular Earth Day Books for Kids. This is not complete list, just a short list of popular books. Check your local public library, school library, book store or online book seller to find these popular books about Earth Day for children:
- Alyssa Satin Capucilli. 2010. Biscuit's Earth Day Celebration. New York, NY: Harper Festival.
- Robert Gardner; Sharon Lane Holm. 1992. Celebrating Earth Day: A Sourcebook of Activities and Experiments. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press.
- Willma Willis Gore. 1992. Earth Day. Hillside, N.J: Enslow Publishing.
- Carol Gnojewski. 2005. Earth Day Crafts. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Elementary.
- Elaine Landau. 2002. Earth Day: Keeping Our Planet Clean. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers.
- Linda Lowery and Mary Bergherr. 1991. Earth Day. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.
- Amy Margaret. 2002. Earth Day. New York: PowerKids Press.
- Mercer Mayer. 2008. It's Earth Day! New York: Harperfestival.
- David F Marx. 2001. Earth Day. New York: Children's Press.
- Janet McDonnell.1994. Celebrating Earth Day. Chicago: Childrens Press.
- Stuart J Murphy and Renée Andriani. 2004. Earth Day-hooray! New York, NY: Harper Collins Publishing.
- Jane O'Connor, A. Ivanov, and O. Ivanov. 2010. Every Day is Earth Day. Harper Collins Publishing.
- Connie Roop; Peter Roop; Gwen Connelly. 2001. Let's Celebrate Earth Day. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press.
- Kathy Ross; and Sharon Lane Holm. 2006. All New Crafts for Earth Day. Minneapolis, Minn.: Millbrook Press.
- Kathy Ross and Sharon Lane Holm. 1995. Every Day is Earth Day: A Craft Book. Brookfield, Conn.: Millbrook Press.
- Pattie L Schnetzler and Chad Wallace. 2003. Earth Day Birthday. Nevada City, Calif.: Dawn Publications.
- Jeffrey Shulman, Teresa Rogers, and Larry Raymond. 1992. Gaylord Nelson: A Day for the Earth. Frederick, MD: Twenty-First Century Books.
- Emily Sollinger and Dave Aikins. 2009. Dora Celebrates Earth Day! New York: Simon Spotlight/Nickelodeon.
This exhibit was created by Frederick W. Stoss and Carole Ann Fabian. Revised editions and annual updates by Frederick W. Stoss and David J. Bertuca.


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'Hesher' Trailer: Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Natalie Portman
We're beginning to feel like a new Natalie Portman movie will come out every month for the next 10 years. "Black Swan," "No Strings Attached," and "The Other Woman" have recently been released. "Thor" is in the distance. Now comes "Hesher," which stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt as a long-haired stoner-type, along with Natalie Portman and Rainn Wilson, in a drama whose plot seems a little vague and all over the place judging from the trailer.


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2012 Subway Series II
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Blind Gardien
nexus of the crisis
Join Date: Apr 2004
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Originally Posted by
Can someone give me a quick summary as to how Scheifele has looked thus far?
Would I be correct in assuming he and Strome were Canada's best forwards?
Scheifele looks like a man amongst boys, he is head and shoulders above the rest of the OHL forwards IMHO. So strong at both ends, he really looked like an NHL player out there to me. It'd be cool to see what he can do with other world class players on his line.
Strome... well, he does get his sneaky points, but I'm still not sold on his ability to really impose himself at this level. He has the skillset, but if he's really bearing down it doesn't register with me. Maybe being stealthy is a true asset, I don't know, but I'd usually expect a guy with his draft pedigree to be more of a constant threat, like in fact Huberdeau and Scheifele are, whereas I still find Strome to kind of skulk on the perimeter at times and not really carry the play. I've seen him be more dynamic at times in the OHL, but I'm starting to think this "stealth mode" perimeter play is more his real persona.
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text: In the never ending child custody/support trial between Bristol Palin and Levi Johnston new court documents have been filed which show that Levi out earned Bristol in 2013 and so far in 2014. Bristol claims she has had no income the past two years after earning well into six figures the four years prior to that. Apparently the job Bristol had for four years in a doctor's office was unpaid, which seems about right considering many of those years she was filming reality shows. She also spent some time going to beauty school in Arizona so had no income during that period of time. Levi has been trying to get his child support payments reduced because he doesn't make enough to support his own family because of how much money he is supposed to pay Bristol. She has an order for $1750 per month which is about $20K a year. In 2013, Levi says he made $39,000 and that was before taxes. This year has been better and he has already earned almost $70K, but the child support department has been garnishing his wages to the tune of 40% per paycheck. Bristol is asking the court for a lump sum payment of almost $40K from Levi to get him caught up.


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Vietnamese-style shiitake tofu roll
Pair your bottle of Husch Chenin Blanc with a fresh flavorful Vietnamese-inspired sandwich.
Make it: Spread Asian red chili paste on both sides of a sandwich roll.
Layer with slices of extra-firm tofu browned on both sides in olive oil; sliced stemmed shiitake mushrooms sautéed in olive oil; and a slaw made of shredded cabbage and carrots, sliced green onions, cilantro leaves, and minced ginger, dressed with rice vinegar, lime juice, and a little vegetable oil, sugar, and salt.
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Is there a way to make my eyes appear bigger/wider vertically?
I'm 23 years old and was wondering if there's a way to make them appear bigger. Also my eyelids tend to get very uneven as the day goes by even if I'm not tired.
Doctor Answers 3
Ptosis in both lids
Looks like you may have some ptosis in your lids, right worse than left. I would recommend you see an oculoplastic surgeon to better examine you and provide options. Good luck.
Ptosis surgery
You have upper eyelid ptosis, which gets worse as one is tired. You may benefit from upper eyelid ptosis surgery. See an oculoplastic surgeon.
Web reference: http://www.tabanmd.com/ptosis-droopy-upper-eyelid
You have upper eyelid ptosis.
Upper eyelid ptosis surgery will open the eyes and correct the sleepy appearance of your eyes. You need an oculoplastic surgeon for this work. It looks like the right side may be a bit worse than the right because there is more compensatory brow lift on that side. A consultation is needed to determine precisely which of the ptosis procedures will be right for you.
Web reference: http://www.lidlift.com/procedures/eyelid
You might also like...
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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Great quilts. Thank you for sharing.
Welcome to the Quilting Board!
Great quilts. Thank you for sharing.
Very nice!
Like your fabrics, especially the batik one. All 3 are very lovely quilts.
Great quilts , I love the batik one. If it needs a good home I would take especially good care of it :lol: :mrgreen:
love them all.
Bet grandson and grandaughter loved those quilts!!
Great quilts, but I am particularily taken with the batiks (I love the colours)


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Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Meets the Donor Who Saved Her Life
The Kidd Kraddick in the Morning show flew out Thomas, a German man who donated bone marrow and saved 'I Have a Dream' listener Katie Waggoner, so the pair could meet for the first time.
To say the meeting between Thomas and Katie was touching would be an understatement.
Thomas explained the process of donating bone marrow, from taking injections, undergoing blood tests and the pain. But J-Si said it best: "If you're going to save someone's life, a little bit of hurt is worth it."
Katie's son Ryan and daughter were also there, and what they said made us tear up.
"Thank you for saving my mommy's life," said Ryan. "If it wasn't for you, she wouldn't be living to this day."
"Thank you for saving my mommy's life, I don't know what I'd do without my mom if you didn't save her life," said Katie's daughter.
Listen to it all, including Katie's heartfelt statement, below. (Tip: Keep those tissues close!)


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The Crown Jewels
The Crown Jewels - exhibition highlights
The Coronation Spoon
The silver-gilt Coronation Spoon is over 800 years old – though it has been refurbished and re-gilded down the years. In 1649, the spoon was sold rather than being destroyed with the rest of the medieval crown jewels. This extraordinary survival is used at the Coronation for holy oil.
The Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross
The enormous 530.2 carat Cullinan I diamond, or Great Star of Africa, was added to the top of the Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross (1661) in 1910. It remains the largest colourless cut diamond in the world.
St Edward's Crown
St Edward's Crown (1661) is worn at the moment that the monarch is crowned in Westminster Abbey. Named after the medieval saint-king Edward the Confessor (d. 1066), this solid gold crown was used most recently at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.
The Imperial State Crown
The Imperial State Crown (1937) is worn by the Queen at each State Opening of Parliament. One of the youngest crowns in the collection, it holds a number of much older gems. The crown was remade in 1937 after the previous frame weakened under the weight of the gemstones.
The Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother
The Crown of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (1937) is set with 2,800 diamonds including the most famous diamond in the Jewel House, the Koh-i-Nûr (or Mountain of Light). Since arriving in Britain in 1850, this Indian diamond has been set in various ways including in two previous queen consorts' crowns.
Powerful symbols of the Monarchy
The Crown Jewels, part of the Royal Collection, are the most powerful symbols of the British Monarchy and hold deep religious and cultural significance in our nation's history. The mystique and beauty of the diamonds and precious jewels in the royal regalia have always held an unparalleled allure to visitors from across the globe.
The Coronation ceremony
Since 1066, coronation ceremonies have taken place in Westminster Abbey, the great church built by Edward the Confessor. The displays examine how the royal regalia are used during the ceremony and explore the symbolism of each object. Destroyed at the Tower after the Civil War and remade for Charles II's coronation in 1661, the Crown Jewels signify royal authority to lead, and protect, the nation.
Under guard and still in use
The Crown Jewels at the Tower of London are a unique working collection of royal regalia and are still regularly used by The Queen in important national ceremonies, such as the State Opening of Parliament (watch for the 'in use' signs).
You'll find the Crown Jewels under armed guard in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.


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Best of Friends HTML version
Sue's passion for donkeys started at a very early age, when she was taken to Blackpool for the
day by her grandparents to have a ride on a beach donkey. She fell in love with the look, smell and
feel of these lovely animals, with their furry coats, enormous ears and silky soft muzzles. Sue
enjoyed a country upbringing with horses, dogs and cats, but always wanted donkeys of her own.
Her first opportunity to own a donkey came when she lived in Snowdonia, North Wales and the
donkey family has since continued to grow.
A combined love of rural France and the need for more land, resulted in a move to the Charente
in South West France, where the donkey heritage is still particularly strong.
Two donkeys, Precious and Mari accompanied the family's move and one of these has since had
a foal.
Two more rescue donkeys have also joined the herd. They are all involved in activities and are
groomed and handled on a daily basis. One of them in particular likes to pull a cart a nd all of them
enjoy being taken for walks. Each of the donkeys has its own story to tell, so there is never a dull
moment for Sue, her husband and all their animal family.
I dedicate this book to my darling grandson Sam, and look forward to happy days spent together
on our "Little French Donkey Farm".
Best of Friends
The Second Story in The Precious Series
Written and illustrated by
Sue Tregidgo