text:
- The Household Economy of a Prehistoric Horticultural Homestead from the Glenwood Culture of the Great Plains
- The 2014 University of Iowa Mobile Museum "Time and Tradition: Earthlodge Peoples in Western Iowa" Exhibit
by Michael J. Perry
© Copyright 1996 The University of Iowa. All rights reserved.
The archaeological remains of late prehistoric populations living along the Missouri River and the lower reaches of its tributaries in eastern Nebraska and southwestern Iowa represent the Nebraska culture. Using the Willey and Phillips (1958) method of culture-historical integration, archaeologists commonly classify the Nebraska culture as a "phase" of the Central Plains "tradition". The Central Plains tradition comprises a number of broadly similar archaeological manifestations of earthlodge dwelling-farming populations living in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa during roughly the 10th through 14th centuries A. D. The Nebraska phase represents one of the most intensively studied prehistoric cultures, both in the state of Iowa, and among the various Central Plains manifestations. Nebraska phase sites are scattered over a much more extensive area in eastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, and occupations both predating and postdating the occupation of the Glenwood locality have been recognized (Blakeslee and Caldwell 1979). In Iowa, Charles R. Keyes (1951) referred to the earthlodge sites as the Glenwood Culture, after the county seat of Mills County, near which most of the Nebraska phase components in Iowa have been found (Figure 1). Glenwood is still a commonly used name for the Nebraska phase in Iowa, although archaeologists prefer to consider Glenwood one of a number of localities containing Nebraska phase sites (Blakeslee and Caldwell 1979).
Brief History of Major Investigations
Published descriptions of Iowa's earthlodge culture date to the 1880s (Dean 1883; Proudfit 1881a, 1881b, 1886a, 1886b). Amateur archaeologist Paul Rowe hunted the hills and ravines around Glenwood from at least the early 1920s through the early 1960s, leading to the location of over 200 sites (Green 1992:3). Rowe's efforts led to the accumulation of a major collection of Nebraska phase materials and several published descriptions of excavations he conducted (Rowe 1922, 1951, 1952a, 1952b; Davis and Rowe 1960; Billeck and Rowe 1992). The Rowe Collection is now housed in the Mills County Historical Museum and in Iowa City at the Office of the State Archaeologist. Through both personal visits and correspondence dating from the 1920s through the 1940s, Rowe brought to the attention of Charles Keyes the archaeological richness of the Glenwood area (e.g., Keyes 1924, Rowe 1933, 1942). As a result, Keyes arranged for his associate, Ellison Orr, to conduct an intensive survey of the Glenwood locality in 1938, which would include both site location, mapping, and excavation. The materials recovered by Orr are in the Keyes Collection, presently housed at the Iowa City office of the State Historical Society of Iowa, forming a second major collection of Nebraska phase materials. Orr completed a manuscript report of his survey (Orr 1942), which was later included in a microform publication (Orr 1963) of his activities for the Iowa Archaeological Survey. A number of sites identified by Rowe, Keyes, and Orr have recently been verified and correlated, providing an important link between modern site records and the archival information provided by these early researchers (Tiffany et al.1990; Billeck 1992a).
Anderson conducted excavations in the Glenwood locality in the mid 1950s as part of his graduate studies at the University of Iowa (Anderson 1954; Anderson and Anderson 1960), and again in 1969 with the onset of highway construction work on U.S. 34 west of Glenwood (Anderson 1973). Both Anderson's (1961) and Zimmerman's (1977a) graduate studies included analyses of ceramics recovered by Orr. Anderson and Zimmerman collaborated (1976) in an analysis of Glenwood locality settlement pattern that also employed Orr's site location data. Zimmerman (1977b) later expanded the Anderson-Zimmerman settlement model into a computer simulation model attempting to explain the factors that led to the known distribution of Nebraska phase components in Iowa at the time.
Recent archaeological investigations at Glenwood have been conducted under cultural resource management programs by government agencies. The proposed development of a number of erosion control structures in the Pony Creek watershed led to surveys and excavations by Brown (1967) and Fulmer (1974). Construction of U.S. 34 west of Glenwood led to further excavations at additional Nebraska phase earthlodges (Hotopp 1978a, 1978b, 1982). Billeck recently analyzed artifacts recovered by Hotopp's U. S. 34 excavations and conducted test excavations at 13ML360 and 13ML361 as part of his doctoral research (Billeck 1993). Most of the recent investigations in the Glenwood locality were prompted by proposed local road improvements, including grading along Mills County route L31 (Perry 1983, 1984, 1987; Morrow 1995) and bridge replacements along Pony Creek (Perry 1990).
Spatial and Temporal Range of the Nebraska Phase in Iowa
Keyes (1951) reported that Glenwood culture artifacts could be found along the bluffs bordering the Missouri valley from Monona to Fremont Counties. A recent survey Marcucci (1990) resulted in the location of possible Nebraska phase sites in Pottawattamie County just north of Council Bluffs, but to date, Keyes' distribution has not been confirmed. Most of the known Nebraska phase components in Iowa lie in a roughly 9 x 3 mile (14.5 x 4.8 km) area in the loess hills of western Mills County (Figure 1). Pony Creek roughly bisects this region of rugged hills and narrow valleys. The actual number of Nebraska Phase sites is uncertain, since the area has not been thoroughly surveyed. With modern archaeological survey methods, buried Nebraska phase sites are now being located in areas that previously had been overlooked (e.g., Perry 1990).
Most acceptable radiocarbon dates of Nebraska Phase sites fall within the period A. D. 1000 to 1300 (Hotopp 1978b:119), but both earlier and later dates have been reported (Brown 1967). Billeck (1993) completed the most recent analysis of the available radiocarbon evidence and suggested a temporal span of approximately 150 calendar years, with a calibrated age range of 800?650 B. P. (A. D. 1150-1300). The Iowa Site File contains records of 609 sites Mills County, of which 273 are identified as earthlodge, Nebraska phase, or Glenwood Culture sites. However, Billeck (1993:10) estimates that the region may contain the remains of between 500 and 1000 earthlodges created by a population of roughly 350?500 people over a 150 year period.
Chipped and ground stone tools recovered at Nebraska phase sites in Iowa are typical of the Late Prehistoric period. Small triangular unnotched, side notched, and multi-notched projectile points were produced for hafting to arrow shafts used for bow and arrow hunting (Figure 2). In the Glenwood locality unnotched projectile points are generally larger than notched points and may be technologically unfinished (Billeck 1993:185-186). Billeck (1993) seriated the projectile points from ten reliably dated Glenwood locality Nebraska phase components, and found that multi-notched points were more common on early sites. As occupation of the locality progressed the use of notching on projectile points diminished. Billeck also noted similar trends in projectile point notching in contemporary Mississippian and Late Woodland occupations, lending support to his use of projectile points for seriation studies of Nebraska phase components.
Other chipped stone tools (Figure 3) found in the Glenwood locality include drills, celts, double bevel knives, and corner-tang knives (Anderson and Tatum 1978). Less formal bifaces may also have functioned as cutting tools or represent unfinished preforms. Scrapers were produced on thick flake blanks and given a narrow ovoid or tear-drop outline and presumably used for hide processing. Informal, expedient flake tools for generalized cutting and scraping purposes, including long, narrow blades, have also been identified in Nebraska phase lithic assemblages.
Pecked and ground stone tools found at Nebraska phase sites include paired arrow shaft smoothers, sandstone abraders (Figure 4), celts, hammerstones, manos, metates, and pitted anvilstones. Hammerstones were produced from either chert or igneous cobbles. Ground and striated hematite fragments and ground stone beads have also been reported from Glenwood locality sites.
Nebraska phase utilitarian ceramics include globular jars, broad shallow bowls, and narrow-mouthed seed jars. The earthenware vessels were presumably produced by coiling or mass modeling a paste of clay tempered with grit, sand, or crushed mussel shell, followed by malleating with a cord-wrapped paddle. The cord-roughened pots were often partly or completely smoothed over. Decoration was applied to the rim exterior, consisting of incising, tool or fingertip impressing, or occasionally pinching or noding. Bodies were usually left undecorated. Billeck (1993) has suggested that pots with shell tempered paste appear both early in the occupation of the locality due to the influence of contemporary Mississippian/Steed-Kisker phase populations, and late in the occupation through contact with or influence by Oneota groups. The influence of Mississippian related, or later Oneota groups, is also reflected in body sherds with trailed/incised line motifs or chevrons that were placed on the shoulders of a few vessels at early or late sites (Billeck 1993:247-249). Sherds with cord impressed decoration similar to Late Woodland Missouri Bluffs Cord Impressed ware occur in low frequencies throughout the occupation of the region.
The early Glenwood locality ceramic analyses (Ives 1955; Anderson and Anderson 1960; Anderson 1961) employed variations of Gunnerson's (1952) original classification scheme in which sherds and vessels are classified by vessel type, with subtypes based on decorative treatments. Four wares/vessel types are recognized: McVey (direct jar rims), Beckman (collared jar rims), Swoboda, (collared and channeled or S-shaped jar rims) and Debilka (bowls, seed jars) (Figure 5). Zimmerman (1977a) used a similar approach, but concluded the typology was not sufficiently sensitive to permit successful seriation efforts, and called for a re-evaluation of the typology. Later researchers (Blakeslee and Caldwell 1979; Billeck 1993) relied upon attribute analyses for seriation purposes.
Despite its apparent short-comings for temporal seriation studies, the Gunnerson typology is still a useful means of describing Nebraska phase ceramics. McVey ware includes vessels with rims that are either vertical or flaring. McVey ware vessels occasionally display tabs or loop handles. Decorated McVey ware vessels display tool or fingertip impressions around the upper rim or lip (Figure 6), or incising or trailing on vessel shoulders executed in styles reminiscent of Mississippian or Oneota designs (Figure 7). Beckman ware vessels display a vertical rim profiles with a wedge-shaped exterior collar encircling the lower rim. If decorated, the decoration was usually applied to the collar panel area and consisted of tool or fingertip impressions (Figure 7), nodes, incised crosshatching, or incised parallel horizontal lines. Swoboda ware vessels display rims with S-shaped profiles due to the addition of an exterior collar and an interior channel along the upper rim. The distinction between Beckman and Swoboda ware rim sherds is often difficult, as large collections of collared rim sherds tend to exhibit a continuum from sherds that are strongly S-shaped to sherds that are vertical with only a slight collar or channel. Decoration on Swoboda ware pots is similar to that of Beckman ware. Debilka is something of a catch-all type consisting of the rather divergent vessel types of vertical or incurving rim bowls, and seed jars with their insloping profiles and narrow orifices. Decoration on Debilka bowls and seed jars usually consists of exterior trailing or incising.
Nonutilitarian ceramics found on Nebraska phase components include miniature pots, spoons or ladles, pipes, and figurines. Pipes were tubular or elbowed and occasionally decorated with incising or anthropomorphic or zoomorphic effigies. The pipes suggest the use of tobacco among Glenwood locality populations. Ceramic figurines have been found in human, waterfowl, and turtle forms. McNerney (1987) postulated complex relationships between Nebraska phase populations and Mississippian, Caddoan, and southwestern populations as the impetus for the production of the figurines.
Bone, Antler, and Shell Tools
The calcareous or non-acidic nature of the soils in western Mills County tends to promote good preservation of faunal remains on Nebraska phase sites. Excavations therefore commonly encounter bone artifacts such as pendants, fish hooks, scapula hoes, deer mandible sickles, awls, harpoon points, and antler tine flakers (Figure 4). Nebraska phase populations also worked freshwater mussel shells into tools such as spoons, digging tools and scrapers. Shell effigy pendants and beads have also been reported.
Despite the generally good preservation conditions that have been noted for the loess hills area of western Mills County, Nickel's (n. d.) analysis of botanical remains from several of the U. S. 34 sites excavated by Hotopp (1978a) was the only Glenwood locality archaeobotanical study until the 1990s. Along with 13ML176 (this volume), the recently excavated sites 13ML175 (Asch and Green 1995) and 13ML361 (Billeck 1992b) are the most recently investigated sites that have yielded analyzed floral remains. Asch and Green (1995:68) suggest that the paucity of archaeobotanical studies was due in part to use of only dry screening excavated soils and feature fills over relatively course mesh, precluding the possibility of recovering most floral remains that could be used as indicators of subsistence resources.
Flotation processing of feature fills and other cultural deposits using fine mesh recovery screens is now common practice in archaeological research. These methods provide data useful for the reconstruction of both prehistoric diets and paleoenvironments. As a result, new discoveries of exploited plant remains are occurring with greater frequency. The analyzed U. S. 34 collection plus assemblages recently excavated sites 13ML175 and 13ML361 provide a glimpse into the kinds of plant resources used in the Glenwood locality (Table 1). Nebraska phase populations exploited a broad spectrum of floral resources that may be tentatively grouped into domesticates, cultivated wild species, and collected wild species.
|Cultivated Wild Species
|Collected Wild Species
|little barley
|common bean
|barnyard grass (possibly)
|goosefoot (possibly)
|panic grass
|porcupine grass
† Nickel n.d., cited in Adair 1988
* Asch and Green 1995:69
** Billeck 1992b
Some of the species that were important to prehistoric Glenwood locality residents, such as little barley, are now extinct; others are considered weeds by modern people. Its likely that Glenwood sites are characterized by floral assemblages that include some species common to many of the other sites, while other species may occur uniquely or are found at only a few other sites (Asch and Green 1995:69). The commonly known prehistoric domesticates corn, beans, and squash, were undoubtedly important in the diets of Nebraska phase populations throughout the locality, but the seeds of cultivated and collected wild species also contributed significantly.
Faunal remains, including mammal, fish, bird, and reptile bone and mussel shell, were usually recovered in past excavations, but analyses of the materials have been limited to identification of tools or ornaments (e.g., Anderson 1961). Few past investigators analyzed the faunal assemblages, but a growing number of researchers are focusing on Glenwood locality faunal data for both paleoenvironmental information and prehistoric subsistence practices (e.g., Bardwell 1981; Cordell et al. 1995; Hirst 1995). The 13ML175 faunal assemblage provides a preliminary impression Nebraska phase faunal exploitation (Table 2). As with floral remains, considerable intersite variability in species presence and frequency may be expected among faunal assemblages from Nebraska phase sites of the Glenwood locality. Clear evidence of bison exploitation has not been encountered in the Glenwood locality, but selected bison elements, such as scapulae, have been noted. Such elements were usually made into tools, and may have been acquired through trade.
|pink paper shell
|buteo hawk
|duck family
|lady slipper
|cottontail rabbit
|short tail shrew
|eastern mole
|pains pocket gopher
|hispid pocket mouse
|southern bog lemming
|prairie vole
|Franklin's ground squirrel
*Cordell, et al. 1995; Hirst 1995
Sites and Settlements
Nebraska phase sites in Iowa are usually associated with remains of houses termed earthlodges. Nebraska phase earthlodges were constructed using the typical Central Plains tradition pattern of four central support posts surrounded by shorter, closely spaced, outer wall posts. The central support posts were usually substantial oak, walnut, or elm timbers that were charred at the base and set into postholes. Charring the post bases may have helped prevent rot, and may also reflect the method of felling the trees used or sizing the posts (Hotopp 1978a). These vertical members supported large cross beams, and smaller rafters that were interwoven with twigs to form walls and a roof that were plastered with wattle and daub, a mixture of grass and mud. Access to the lodge interior was gained through a similarly constructed extended entryway, often south-facing. Lodges were built on both level and sloping topography. Excavation of the upper few inches of soil presumably provided the material for the wattle and daub wall chinking. Where the site of a lodge was sloping, such excavation involved the removal of considerable amounts of soil at the upslope end of the house area to create a more level living surface. Due to such site preparation, earthlodges are sometimes referred to as semi-subterranean structures.
The floor plan of a Nebraska phase earthlodge was square to rectangular in outline, with rounded corners. A central roof opening permitted the escape of smoke from a fire hearth located roughly in the center of the enclosed floor space. Several storage pits with vertical or bell-shaped profiles were usually contained within a lodge. Sleeping spaces were located along the perimeter walls. The nature of Nebraska phase people's use of space outside their earthlodges is poorly understood due in part to lodge-focused research (cf. Gradwohl 1969). Hotopp (1978b:115) tested lodge exterior areas during the U. S. 34 excavations, but only one exterior pit feature was encountered at 14 lodge sites. Abundant remains were recently encountered in lodge-exterior areas at 13ML175, including three features (Morrow 1995). Perry (1998) suggested that lodge exterior areas may contain important data on activities such as flintknapping, food processing, and refuse disposal. Considering the limited amount of useful space within a lodge for activities other than cooking or sleeping, it seems likely that many social and domestic functions took place outdoors.
Archaeologists have developed various formulas using measurements of lodge floor areas or perimeter lengths to estimate the number of occupants (Blakeslee 1989; Naroll 1962; Wedel 1979). Thirty-six excavated Glenwood locality earthlodges yielded floor areas ranging 306-1849 ft2 (28.4-171.8 m2) (Hotopp 1978b:113; Crismon and Green 1992). A majority of these lodges ranged 300-800 ft2 (27.9-74.3 m2), but a frequency histogram of lodge floor area ranges in 100 ft (9.29 m) increments yields a bimodal distribution pattern of both large (over 900 ft [83.6 m2]) and small (less than 700 ft2 [65.0 m2]) lodges (Figure 8). This bimodal distribution pattern has been noted throughout the Nebraska phase region (Blakeslee and Caldwell 1979; Hotopp 1982). At 5 m2 (Wedel 1979) per person, large Glenwood locality earthlodges may have housed at least 16 people, and small lodges could have held no more than 11 people. Such household populations suggest that the lodges were occupied by extended families.
The Nebraska phase settlement pattern may be generally described as earthlodges located on upland ridge summits and spurs or on footslopes or terraces above valley floodplains. The lodges occur both isolated and in clusters that are often arranged in linear patterns (Blakeslee and Caldwell 1979; Brown 1967; Sterns 1915; Wedel 1956, 1959, 1961; Wood 1969). Earthlodges located on uplands have historically received the most attention, since their locations were often marked by shallow depressions and were therefore easily located by researchers and local residents (e.g. Orr 1963). Sedimentation, both modern and prehistoric, has obscured lodge sites on lower-lying landforms. Hotopp (1978b:115) reported that none of the lodges located along new U. S. 34 contained obvious surface indicators.
Archaeologists have debated the nature of Nebraska phase settlement pattern throughout the history of archaeological inquiry in the area (Perry 1998). At issue is whether the clusters of lodge represent villages, hamlets, or simply the result of replacement of single lodges during a lengthy occupation of a localized area (Anderson and Zimmerman 1976:153; Blakeslee 1990). Researchers such as Proudfit (1881b) simply assumed that clusters of lodge depressions represented villages without any objective means of verifying contemporaneity among the lodges. With reference to the large lodge cluster at Kullbom hollow, later investigators (e.g., Anderson 1961:67) were just as lax. Orr (1963) had difficulty locating lodges anywhere but on uplands, where surface artifact scatters or depressions were easily discerned. Those that Orr investigated were never closer together than about ¼ mile (400 m), and he therefore argued that the settlement pattern could not have included villages. Anderson and Zimmerman (1976), and Zimmerman (1977b), used Orr's site distribution map to argue that the settlement pattern was dispersed, and that clusters of earthlodges were much more likely to represent serial occupation of favored locations.
Perry (1998) showed that the past settlement pattern analyses were hampered by several factors. Perhaps the biggest problem, one that still plagues settlement pattern research in the region, is that of establishing contemporaneity of the lodges in a cluster. Additionally, the sample of known lodge sites used by the past researchers was very incomplete and biased in favor of dispersed upland locations. The data generated by Paul Rowe, including maps of the numerous site locations, were overlooked or not readily available. The density of Nebraska phase sites in areas subject to sedimentation was not adequately evaluated (c.f. Bettis 1990).
A thoroughly satisfactory means of establishing contemporaneity may never emerge, but cross-matching artifacts between lodges may be the best evidence one could hope for, as the excavations along U. S. 34 accomplished at two sites near the mouth of Pony Creek (Hotopp 1978a). The cross-matched sherdsprovided the first solid indications of a contemporaneously occupied lodge cluster in the locality. Perry (1990) used archival data from the Keyes Collection, including maps by Paul Rowe, and extensive test excavations, to locate additional buried sites near the mouth of Pony Creek. The lower Pony Creek valley was thus shown to be one of the most extensive occupational areas in the Glenwood locality. The lower Pony Creek valley data were later used in the context of Billeck's three subphase temporal model to suggest the presence of an early subphase village, and to suggest a developmental model of the settlement of the Glenwood locality (Perry 1998).
Temporal and Spatial Distributions
Anderson (1961) produced the first seriation of Glenwood locality ceramics by comparing vessel type (ware group) frequencies at sites located throughout the locality that were excavated by Orr, and later by himself. The result was the postulated three sequential phases called Keg Creek, Pony Creek, and Kullbom. Working without any direct radiocarbon evidence, a long temporal span for the Nebraska culture in Iowa was suggested, ranging roughly A. D. 800-1500. From earliest to latest, Keg Creek phase sites contained high percentages of Beckman and Swoboda wares; McVey ware predominated among the Kullbom phase sites and also contained shell tempered Oneota or Oneota-like ceramics. Sites in Pony Creek valley were intermediate between Keg Creek and Kullbom in terms of collared versus direct rim vessel frequency ratios. The analysis suggested spatial as well as temporal arrangement of Nebraska phase sites in the Glenwood locality, with the sites of the Keg Creek phase located near the mouth of Keg Creek, the Pony Creek phase sites lying in the middle reaches of Pony Creek valley, and the Kullbom phase site clustered in the Kullbom hollow and extending southward along the Missouri bluffs to the mouth of Pony Creek.
Using somewhat different seriation approaches, Brown (1967) and Zimmerman (1977a) questioned Anderson's temporal span and phase ordering. Brown's analysis of sites in the Pony Creek valley led him to suggest two subphases for the recently defined Nebraska phase, early and late. Brown disagreed with Anderson's interpretations, placing sites like Kullbom into the early subphase and those from Keg Creek into the late subphase. As dates for the Glenwood locality began to accumulate (Brown 1967; Hotopp 1978a, 1978b), the temporal span of the occupation of the region compressed, and Anderson?s phases, which were based on ceramic seriation, could not be considered valid.
The excavation of 15 sites along the new Highway 34 corridor provided a suite of radiocarbon dates for the locality which prompted Hotopp (1978a, 1978b) to reject both Anderson's and Brown's temporal phases. Billeck's (1993) analysis of the radiocarbon evidence and review of previous ceramic seriation studies led him to conclude that ceramic seriations based on vessel form typology would never yield an ordering of the sites that coincides with an ordering based on radiocarbon ages. Billeck proposed three new temporal subphases for the Glenwood locality, designated early, middle and late (Table 3).
|Corrected Radiocarbon Age
|Calendar Date
*After Billeck 1993:182
Relying instead on detailed attribute analyses of ceramics, backed with a seriation of projectile point notching styles, Billeck found a variety of vessel form and decorative attributes that changed during the radiocarbon dated span of occupation in the locality. Those attributes included collared jar (Beckman and Swoboda wares) panel height, direct jar (McVey ware) rim height and protrusion ratio, position of tool or fingertip impressions, frequency and type of decoration on collared vessels, percentage of shell tempered vessels, and the percentage of bowl forms and sherds representing trade wares (Table 4). The attributes changed continuously over the course of the occupation of the locality, so the division between subphases based on ceramic attribute frequencies is rather arbitrary.
Ceramics of the early subphase were dominated by direct jar vessels with short, flaring rims and by collared jars with low panel and rim heights. Tool or fingertip impressed decoration was usually placed at the lip-rim juncture on direct rim jars, and collared rim jars were more frequently decorated with incising or trailing on the collar panel. During the middle and late subphases, rim heights increased and protrusion ratios on direct rim jars diminished; the rim and panel heights of collared rim vessels also increased. The use of tool and fingertip impressed decoration increased, and was placed at the lip, at the lip-rim juncture, or on the side of the rim of direct rim jars. Collared rim jars became more frequently decorated with tool impressions rather than incising. These trends are paralleled by changes in projectile point notching styles, with multi-notched points occurring more frequently during the early subphase. Middle and late subphase projectile points display fewer notches.
|Vessel Type
|Early Subphase
|Middle Subphase
|Late Subphase
|Direct Jars (McVey ware)
|% Plain Rim +
|% Plain Rim +
|% TI Rim +
|% Protruding Rim Vessels +
|% Protruding Rim Vessels -
|% Protruding Rim Vessels Ø
|Rim Height 1.0-1.2 cm
|Rim Height 1.3-1.5 cm
|Rim Height 1.6-2.3 cm
|% Shell Tempering +
|% Shell Tempering -
|% Shell Tempering -
|Collared Jar (Beckman and Swoboda wares)
|% Plain Panel -
|% Plain Panel +
|% Plain Panel +
|% Cordmarked Panel +
|% Cordmarked Panel Ø
|% Cordmarked Panel -
|% Incised Panel +
|% Incised Panel -
|% Incised Panel Ø
|% Plain Panel Base +
|% TI Panel Base +
|% Handled Vessels -
|% Handled Vessels +
|Bowls (Debilka ware)
|% +
|% -
|% -
|Trade Wares
|% +
|% +
|% -
* After Billeck 1993:232?260
TI = Tool/Fingertip Impressed + = High - = Low Ø = No Specimens Observed
Billeck also noted that the early subphase sites were located in the southern part of the region near the mouth of Pony Creek. Late subphase sites were located in the northern portion of the region near the Kullbom hollow, and middle subphase sites were located along Keg Creek. This pattern suggests that occupation of the Glenwood locality moved progressively northward through time. Reasons for the south to north migration of the occupation of the locality are yet uncertain, but the temporal pattern, with its supporting artifact attribute trends, is the first workable model of the history of the numerous Nebraska phase sites in the Glenwood locality.
Perry (1998) extended the temporal model to the Glenwood locality settlement pattern, postulating the presence of a village at the mouth of Pony Creek. Pioneering Nebraska phase populations moving into the Glenwood locality from the west, where the culture was already well established (Blakeslee and Caldwell 1979:108), would have encountered the lower reaches of valleys like Pony Creek and Keg Creek first, and may well have found conditions suitable to settlement. The problem of establishing the contemporaneity of lodge occupations was minimized by noting that all of the dated bottomland sites at the mouth of Pony Creek fell into the early subphase (Billeck 1993:180), along with several others with ceramic assemblages that are within the range of the early subphase. The high concentration of sites at the mouth of Pony Creek may have been the result of replacement of several contemporaneously occupied lodges over the course of the early subphase. If so, the random arrangement of houses, typical of the Nebraska phase, may have comprised a village similar to Chang's (1958) unplanned village type.
Perry (1998) further postulated that settlement expanded into both upland and upvalley locations, with a northward progression, through the middle and late subphases. The topography of the uplands and the narrow valley floor along the upper reaches of Pony Creek precluded the establishment of closely spaced contemporaneous lodges, and the settlement pattern changed to one consisting of more dispersed homesteads.
Knowledge about the culture of a prehistoric population inhabiting earthlodges in the hills of western Mills County has grown steadily over the past century. What was once thought to be an ancient society that remained in the territory for centuries is now recognized to be a relatively recent culture that lasted a rather brief 150 years. They took advantage of the richness and diversity of some of the most scenic landscapes in the Midwest. We don't know yet why they left the Glenwood locality. But during their stay they left behind a record of their activities indicating the considerable complexity of their lives. That record has captured the attention of both archaeologists and non-archaeologists, resulting in scholarly debate, museum construction, earthlodge replication, grade school study programs, and dozens of reports, articles, and books in both the popular and scientific realms.
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Cordell, John L., Carmen Langel, and Toby Morrow
1995 Analysis of Vertebrate Faunal Remains. In Phase III Excavations at 13ML118 and 13ML175, Mills County, Iowa. Contract Completion Report 469, pp. 52?54. Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Crismon, Sandra, and William Green
1992 Rediscovering Glenwood Earthlodges: The "McDowell Digs," 1938?1947. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 39:15-65.
Davis, Donald D. and Paul R. Rowe
1960 Further Notes on the Glenwood Culture: The Stille Site. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 9(3):13-17.
Dean, Seth
1883 Antiquities of Mills County, Iowa. Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, pp. 528-532.
Fulmer, Darrell W.
1974 A Central Plains Earthlodge: 13ML124. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Gradwohl, David M.
1969 Prehistoric Villages in Eastern Nebraska. Publications in Anthropology 4. Nebraska State Historical Society, Lincoln.
Green, William, Cherie E. Haury, and John L. Cordell
1992 Documenting Southwestern Iowa Prehistory through the Paul Rowe Collection. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 39:1-14.
Gunnerson, James
1952 Some Nebraska Culture Pottery Types. Plains Archaeological Conference News Letter 5:34-49.
Hirst, K. Kris
1995 Mussel Shell Analysis. In Phase III Excavations at 13ML118 and 13ML175, Mills County, Iowa. Contract Completion Report 469, pp. 55-58. Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Hotopp, John A.
1978a Settlement Patterns, Structures, and Temporal Placement of the Central Plains Tradition in Iowa. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1978b Glenwood: A Contemporary View. In The Central Plains Tradition: Internal Development and External Relationships, edited by Donald J. Blakeslee, pp. 109-133. Report 11. Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1982 Some Observations on the Central Plains Tradition in Iowa. In Plains Indian Studies: A Collection of Essays in Honor of John C. Ewers and Waldo R. Wedel, edited by Douglas H. Ubelaker and Herman J. Viola, pp. 173-192. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 30. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C.
Ives, John C.
1955 Glenwood Ceramics. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 4(3-4):2-32.
Keyes, Charles R.
1924 Field notes dated June 30, 1924. Mills County File, Keyes Document Collection, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City.
1951 Prehistoric Indians of Iowa. The Palimpsest 32:281-344.
Marcucci, Derrick J.
1990 Technical Report on the Historical Documentary Research and Archaeological Investigations of the Proposed I-29 Sanitary Landfill Site, Crescent Township, Pottawattamie County, Iowa. The Cultural Resources Group, Louis Berger and Associates, Marion, Iowa.
McNerney, Michael J.
1987 The Effigy Complex of the Nebraska Phase and the Problem of Nebraska Phase-Mississippian Relationships. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 34:23-50.
Morrow, Toby
1995 Phase III Excavations at 13ML118 and 13ML175, Mills County, Iowa. Contract Completion Report 469. Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Naroll, Raoul
1962 Floor Area and Settlement Population. American Antiquity 27:587-589.
Nickel, Robert K.
n.d. Botanical Remains from Sites in Mills County, Iowa. Manuscript on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, the University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Orr, Ellison
1942 Report of an Archaeological Survey of Mills County, Iowa. Copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1963 Iowa Archaeological Reports 1934-1939 with an Evaluation and Index by Marshall McKusick, edited by David Baerreis. Archives of Archaeology, Society for American Archaeology, Microcard Series 20. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Perry, Michael J.
1983 RS-6026(4), Mills County Local Roads. Project Completion Report 7(113). Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1984 Letter of March 16, 1984 to David L. Cook, Historic Preservation Specialist, Office of Project Planning, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames. Copy on file, Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1987 Phase II Test Excavation at Sites 13ML118, 13ML122,and 13ML175, Local Roads Project RS-6026(6), Mills County, Iowa. Project Completion Report 10(122). Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1990 A Phase I Archaeological Survey of Local Systems Project LC-9091-4 and LC-9293-3, Mills County, Iowa. Project Completion Report 13(113). Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1998 An Archaeological Survey of the Lower Pony Creek Valley: Implications for Glenwood Locality Settlement Pattern. Accepted for publication, Central Plains Archaeology.
Proudfit, S. V.
1881a Earthworks on the Missouri River. American Antiquarian 3:139.
1881b Antiquities of the Missouri Bluffs. American Antiquarian 3:271-280.
1886a The Lodge Dweller. American Antiquarian 8:222-228.
1886b Pottery Vessels at Glenwood, Iowa. American Antiquarian 8:229.
Rowe, Paul R.
1922 Decorative Markings on some Fragments of Pottery from Mills County, Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 29:53-59.
1933 Letter of June 27, 1933, to Charles R. Keyes, Director, Iowa Archaeological Survey, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City. Microfilm copy on file Office of State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1942 Letter of July 19, 1942, to Charles R. Keyes, Director, Iowa Archaeological Survey, State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City. Microfilm copy on file Office of State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.
1951 Notes on Early Man and Archaic Sites in the Glenwood Area. Iowa Archaeological Society Newsletter 3-4:4-6.
1952a Early Horizons of Mills County, Iowa, Part I, Evidences of Early Man. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 1(3):6-13.
1952b Early Horizons of Mills County, Iowa, Part II, Pre-Pottery Sites. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 2(1):3-10.
Sterns, Frederick H.
1915 The Archaeology of Eastern Nebraska, with Special Reference to the Culture of the Rectangular Earth Lodges. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, Cambridge.
Strong, William D.
1935 An Introduction to Nebraska Archaeology. Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collections 93(10):1-323. Washington, D.C.
Tiffany, Joseph A., Shirley J. Schermer, and Debby Z. Baker
1990 Documenting Archaeological Sites in the Charles R. Keyes Collection. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 37:88-92.
Wedel, Waldo R.
1956 Changing Settlement Patterns in the Great Plains. In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World, edited by Gordon R. Willey, pp. 81-92. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 23. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York.
1959 An Introduction to Kansas Archaeology. Bulletin 114. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
1961 Prehistoric Man on the Great Plains. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.
1979 House Floors and Native Settlement Populations in the Central Plains. Plains Anthropologist 24:85-98.
Willey, Gordon R. and Phillip Phillips
Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Wood, W. Raymond
1969 Ethnographic Reconstructions. In Two House Sites on the Central Plains: An Experiment in Archaeology, edited by W. Raymond Wood, pp. 102-108. Plains Anthropologist Memoir 6. Plains Anthropological Society, Lincoln.
Zimmerman, Larry J.
1977a The Glenwood Local Sequence: A Re-examination. Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society 24:62-83.
1977b Prehistoric Locational Behavior: A Computer Simulation. Report 10. Office of the State Archaeologist, The University of Iowa, Iowa City.


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Lima to Ica
Trip Start Mar 18, 2007
80Trip End Mar 16, 2008
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Huacachina is in the middle of the desert and surrounded by hugh sand dunes in all angles. According the the myth a princess stripped offf her clothes to bathe, but when she looked into the mirror she saw that a male hunter was watching her. She dropped the mirror, which turned into the lagoon/oasis. Oh well, thought I�d give you the legend! There are some hotels and houses surrounding the oasis and that�s about it, however, it�s the best place for sand buggying adrenaline junkies.. like yours truely! We went on a 2 hour dune buggy ride for two hours which included sand boarding lessons. Great fun, and wish I�d gone back for more attempts at boarding. Falling over and over is just part of the fun! Fantastic time and thoroughly recommend this.
Off to Nasca next...

subset: commoncrawl


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Hunchback of Notre Dame
Written by Victor Hugo
Illustrated by
Part of the Graphic Fiction: Graphic Revolve Series
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Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor HugoSome of the world's best stories, retold in dynamic graphic format. Well-known villians and heroes take on a new shape while staying true to their original authors.
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72 pages
Interest Age: From 10 To 14
Victor Hugo
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Raintree an imprint of Capstone Global Library Ltd
Publication date
2nd July 2009
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Good tucker
Page Tools
Schools are becoming more health aware.
Photo: Quentin Jones
Leanne Tolra discovers that more school canteens are offering healthy choices.
School canteen menus are gradually changing. Pies, sausage rolls and Vegemite sandwiches are still on offer but there are rarely lollies or sugary drinks, and snack choices now include raw vegetables, yoghurt and frozen oranges.
The changes in the past couple of years, particularly at primary schools, have been made at grassroots level - by parents, teachers and even students, often despite losing money at the canteens.
The State Government introduced the School Canteen Guidelines two years ago, largely in response to studies that showed one in five Victorian children aged five to six was overweight, with 10 per cent classified as obese.
The guidelines are general, encouraging schools to consider nutritious alternatives at reasonable prices.
They do not ban many of the foods schools have chosen to exclude and decisions about what is on the menu are left to school communities.
Launching the guidelines, Education Minister Lynne Kosky pointed out that from 1985 to 1995 the number of overweight children aged seven to 15 almost doubled, while obesity almost tripled.
Several schools contacted by Epicure no longer operate their own canteens. Children can place lunch orders at the school but they are filled by local businesses. The reasons for this include lack of volunteers, problems with GST, financial losses and low student numbers.
Derinya Primary School in Frankston offers children a special meal day once a term and lunch orders are filled through a milk bar three days a week.
A cafe takes lunch orders daily for Balwyn Primary School, and at Whittlesea Primary School, a health-food shop fills lunch orders twice a week.
Ivanhoe East Primary School operates a traditional tuckshop five days a week. There are 510 students at the school and canteen manager Pat Webb goes through 20 kilograms of carrots a week.
Carrots and celery are provided free by the school for children to nibble at recess and lunch time.
Ms Webb, who has operated the canteen for 11 years, says decisions about what will be sold are made by herself and the canteen committee.
While they have made many healthy changes in recent years, Webb says canteen orders are still seen as special-occasion food by many parents and children.
"If you want your child to have a tuck order, it is a special-treat day, and it doesn't always have to be the healthiest choice. But I find the children do choose healthy items - we have hot chicken rolls, toasted sandwiches with ham, cheese and tomato and hard-boiled eggs."
Webb says it's all about choice, and when offered a range of items, including popcorn, sultanas, Anzac biscuits, fresh and frozen fruit, salads and fruit juices, many children make healthy decisions.
At Melton South Primary School, the canteen has been tendered out. School principal Lee Francis says lack of parent volunteers prompted the change.
The school is paid a small percentage of the profits, and decisions about what is sold are made largely by the school council.
Parents Cathy Russell and Jenny Fava run Melton South's canteen with a careful eye on both profits and children's health. Again, a wide choice is available, in the hope that children will eat a variety of foods.
Fish fingers, pizzas, quiche, noodles, hot dogs, noodle cups and hash browns are on the menu but so are sandwiches, salads and fruit salad.
While chips have been replaced by popcorn and baked rice crackers, lollies are available, but only at lunch times, and Sunny Boys and icy poles are still on offer.
"If we took everything off the list that was not 100 per cent healthy, I think that we would struggle to make a profit," Russell says.
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I was out window shopping on my lunch break today when i saw these babies... check 'em out! (almost) the Perfect Boba Fett boot!!
And compared to the AoSW it's pretty darn close!!
So.. the pros and cons..
They were "cheap". 62 USD marked down from 112 USD
They are made of black sued.
They have the "correct" shape and form
They have the first bit of stitching in the right place (halftway done already!! Whohoo!!!)
they are female winter boots.. lined with fur... eugh!
Very snug fit... and because of the fur lining i'll be forced to have very thin socks on..
Anyone else want one? they had two more when i left the store. could still be there. EUR size 41. ONLY. i take paypal... *hint* *hint*
Or.. if anyone has a (reasonably) accurate vest i'm good for a trade..


text:
ACC has reintroduced experience rating to the calculation of levies for employers and the self-employed.
ACC Minister Nick Smith says it will make ACC levies fairer and provide better incentives for business to improve workplace safety.
The Council of Trade Unions, Labour and the Greens argue that it will encourage employers to pressure workers to lie about whether an accident occurred in the workplace or somewhere else.
"The international evidence is that it leads to under-reporting of accidents. Reducing the number of claims is not the same as reducing the number of accidents," CTU economist Bill Rosenberg said.
With the prospect of the work account being opened up to competition, experience rating was a defensive move on ACC's part, as private insurers would price on that basis, he said.
ACC's response is that experience rating relates to moderate-to-serious injuries - those which require less than a week off work do not count - which are harder to attribute to a different cause or location.
Any sudden and dramatic change in a business's safety record would invite investigation and GPs would be reminded of the importance of correctly attributing claims.
For smaller firms - with an annual ACC bill below $10,000 - there will be a no-claims discount of 10 per cent if they generate no compensation claims. If they generate more than 70 days' compensation claims they will incur a 10 per cent loading on their levies. For those in between there is no change.
For firms with an ACC bill larger than $10,000 the system is more complex and could mean adjustments of up to 50 per cent, up or down, in their levies. There are two layers to the adjustment.
The more important, the experience rating modification, compares the firm's performance with the other firms in its levy risk group, with a 75 per cent weighting for rehabilitation costs, including income compensation, and 25 per cent for medical costs.
That could result in adjustments of up to 35 per cent either way in a firm's levies, depending on their relative performance.
The other adjustment is designed to reflect the fact that large employers as a rule have much lower injury rates than small employers, ACC general manager Keith McLea said. For that part of the calculation they will be compared with their peers (by size) within the same levy risk group.
The very largest firms will still have the option of being accredited employers, self-insuring for all or part of their ACC liabilities, and are expected to take it. At the moment, 136 firms are in this category, but they account for about a fifth of the workforce.
McLea said experience rating was designed to be revenue-neutral for ACC, with the discounts and the loadings evening out. "We have done a survey and 70 per cent of employers expect to get a discount. So some of them might be surprised."
Alongside experience rating, which will be mandatory, ACC will continue to run voluntary programmes that provide a levy discount in the 10 to 20 per cent range to firms which can demonstrate they have sound health and safety practices and standards.
"If you have good health and safety practices in place you should have fewer injuries," McLea said.
But the CTU says experience rating will undermine industry-wide approaches to health and safety, as employers focus on their own enterprises and have an incentive not to share what they learn.


text:
The USDA has recalled Smucker's Uncrustables peanut butter and jelly sandwiches 72-count bulk packs because of potential salmonella contamination in the peanut butter.
Uncrustables are provided to schools across the nation under the National School Lunch Program, and often occupy vending machines. The circular snacks, a company spokesperson said "should not be served to students"
The peanut butter used in Smucker's Uncrustables was produced by Sunland, Inc. and supplied by the USDA. While the peanut butter passed safety tests conducted by an Orrville, Ohio-based company that inspects USDA products, it was recalled out of an "abundance of caution."
Salmonella causes a variety of flu-like symptoms in those who become sickened by it. It is significant that this contaminated product is sold in schools because salmonella is most dangerous for children and those with compromised immune systems.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service, 48,000 people fall ill due to foodborne illnesses annually, of which 3,000 result in death.
Thankfully, Uncrustables are the only Smucker's product that contains peanut butter produced by Sunland, Inc.
According to the AP, "When USDA learned of the FDA recall of certain products manufactured by Sunland, Inc., we coordinated with state agencies to immediately notify individual school districts and ensure that recalled products were identified and destroyed," USDA spokeswoman Alyn Kiel said in an e-mail.
The recalled Uncrustables will not be served to students and are set to expire soon. It is unknown if the National School Lunch Program will supply another processed peanut butter and jelly sandwich to replace the crustless wonder.
Though no illnesses have been linked to Uncrustables, this is not the first time Sunland peanut butter has been recalled because of salmonella contamination. Sunland products have been linked to 35 illnesses in 19 states. Over 200 products including Trader Joe's Creamy Salted Valencia Peanut Butter have been recalled.
Last month, Sunland decided to shut down its factory in Portales, New Mexico.
Related stories on TakePart
• Trader Joe's Peanut Butter Recalled After Salmonella Outbreak
• Have We Reached Recall Fatigue?
• Fear Thy Fork: 10 of the Scariest Recent Food Recalls and Outbreaks
Andrew Freeman is a California native with a degree in history from UCLA. He's covered a wide range of topics for TakePart, but is particularly interested in politics and policy. Email Andrew |@natureofdabeast | TakePart.com


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Slowing metabolism to Sloth pace!
Trip Start Oct 18, 2013
13Trip End Nov 04, 2013
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I slept 12 hours!!! can't remember when that happened!! I think I've been tired for a year! Heavenly yoga on our patio listening to the waves pound, air warm and humid - like a warm blanket.
Wonderful egg white omelette with hearts of palm and spinach filling with incredible fresh fruit - fab start to the day! oh and with banana and passion fruit juice. Superb start to the day - not even missing the oatmeal - heh
So went to the other beach Arena's manages and began a long long beach walk..surf too much for this gal - red flags indicate too much riptide, yellow caution and green for go.
And then, after walking the beach for ages - it goes for miles! - it was time for lunch - time just hustles along! Found a funky beach side restaurant in the little town of Manual Antonio - it could have been a wee beach town in Mexico, India, anywhere...fun to be able to walk there along the beach. Strong margarita!! Time to walk back to walk it off!
Gorgeous swim in our pool to cool off and siesta time. And then were visited by white faced monkey's looking in on our patio - so cute - babies playing on rooftop next door. Iguana's everywhere - they are cool!
Dinner with a starter cool soup of cucumber and pineapple with basil and lime, then a light chicken meal. R had the tuna tonight - much coarser than ours but still good and healthy too!
Can we find any English speaking TV? time to turn it on and see.


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Wizard of Oz: Local youths to put on children's musical
The Barn Players, Inc. of Miles City will present its spring children's musical, "The Wizard of Oz," on Friday and Saturday, April 25-26.
Performances will be April 25 at 7 p.m. and April 26 at 2 and 7 p.m. in the Custer County District High School auditorium. This show is appropriate for all ages.
"Wizard" is directed by Barn veterans Dan Hance and Hannah Nash, assisted by Katie Keith and Jenifer Mahan. The show is under two hours in length, including intermission.
Nash said she is always amazed when she is involved in a production like this at the level of talent shown by the youth of Miles City.
""We are extremely fortunate to live in a community with such a supply of young talent," she said. "Each one of our young actors brings his or her unique flavor to these iconic roles; it is a fascinating process to cultivate and witness.
"I'm pretty sure that each year I say, 'This might be the best one I've ever directed.' But in all honesty, it really is," Nash said. "I believe setting such a high bar for the Barn Players' productions ensures that we dazzle and amaze Miles City every time."
This production of "The Wizard of Oz" contains the great show-stopping music of the original MGM 1939 film, starring Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale of Kansas.
Dorothy, like so many girls her age, dreams of what lies over the rainbow.
One day a twister hits her farm and carries her away over the rainbow to another world. The audience can join Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tinman, the Cowardly Lion and Toto as they travel the universe of Dorothy's imagination.
"What a pleasure it has been working with the youth in Miles City on the production of the Wizard of Oz," Hance said. "It is such a classic story that I remember as a child, and it is so much fun to see the next generation of kids getting to know it for themselves.
"Theatre was very enjoyable for me as a child," Hance said, "and it is really enjoyable seeing kids from all different walks of life and all kinds of different interests come together to bring you their own original presentation of this classic tale."
Assistant Director Katie Keith said she believes the show will resonate with audiences both young and old; after all, who doesn't remember the first time they watched the iconic film?
"I'm incredibly excited to bring The Wizard of Oz to the stage here in Miles City," Keith said. "It is very important that we get our portrayal as accurate as we can and we have done everything we can to achieve that accuracy. Wizard of Oz has great importance to me personally, and being able to do the show here and be an active member of the director team is just fantastic. I think everyone is going to enjoy the show immensely."
Forty-eight local youth actors and actresses will be performing in this musical with singing, dancing and challenging lines.
"There are no small parts, only small actors… literally," Nash said. "Our team of 48 youths range in age from 3 to 18 years, and each voice is integral to creating Oz on the stage."
Assistant Director Jeni Mahan agreed.
"I love theatre because it allows even the quietest, shyest child to be seen and heard in a positive way where not only they benefit, but also the audience they are entertaining," Mahan said.
For some of the performers participating in this musical, it will be their last, as they prepare for graduation and ready themselves for college. Nash said she hopes they take their experiences with Barn Players over the years and utilize the skills they've learned.
"We have at least one of our long-term, numerous show actresses leaving for college," Nash said. "This will be her last play with us. It's hard to watch them all grow up and pursue higher education and other interests. But we hope the lessons they've learned about teamwork, poise, public speaking, studying and camaraderie are something that they can take with them for any future pursuits they may have."
For more information about "The Wizard of Oz" or the performances, contact the directors at (406) 951-0560 or (406) 951-1030, or email the Barn email@example.com. For show information, visit the blog online at: barnplayers.blogspot.com, or Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com/BarnPlayersInc.
Tickets are $8 for adults (13 years of age and up) and $7 for children (12 years of age and under). Tickets may be purchased at the door before each performance, online at barnplayers.blogspot.com. click on: Online Ticket Sales or by phone or text at (406) 951-0560. There is no need to print tickets, just have the reservation name and ticket count available at the box office and the tickets will be waiting.
Anyone requiring special seating arrangements or needs should contact Hannah Nash at (406) 951-0560. Seating options are available and the auditorium is handicapped accessible. Refreshments will be available during the intermission.
DOROTHY GALE-McKinsey Jerrel
SCARECROW-Jade Stratton
TIN MAN-Josiah Mahan
COWARDLY LION-Alex Bradford
TOTO-Keon Laney
WICKED WITCH OF THE WEST-Sarin Hoppe
WIZARD OF OZ-Amanda Price
GLINDA THE GOOD WITCH-Elizabeth Gilbert
AUNTIE EM-Rylee Treu
UNCLE HENRY-Titus Mahan
MAYOR OF MUNCHKIN CITY-Joel Leischner
BARRISTER-Georgia Perkins
CORONER-Hannah Brence
CITY FATHERS-Kaylee Yeager, Briar Jerrel
SOLO MUNCHKINS-Allie Wagner, Mika Janshen
LULLABY LEAGUE-Haley Hould, Eliana Mahan, Bailey Muscha
LOLLIPOP GUILD-Allie Dodd, Ruby Koester, Chloe Sutter
EXTRA MUNCHKINS-Jason Arave, Trinity Gray, Robin Leidholt, Kaci Marmon, Jay Pluhar, Trent Pluhar, Jazmine Sualata, Sunny Sampson
Yellow Brick Road Adventures
CROWS-Trinity Gray, Isabella Hanvold, Jasmine Harris, Teyonna Hotchkiss, Kaylee Yeager
APPLE TREES-Titus Mahan, Randall Sikveland, Raven Windsor
JITTERBUG DANCERS-Sissi Jungels, Anjeliq Plowman, Dominique Sutter, Izzy Wagner
JITTERBUG BUSHES-Hannah Brence, Allie Dodd, Mika Janshen, Briar Jerrel, Joel Leischner, Ruby Koester, Georgia Perkins, Chloe Sutter, Rylee Treu
Kaylee Yeager, Isabella Hanvold
Hannah Brence, Allie Dodd, Jasmine Harris, Teyonna Hotchkiss, Haley Hould, Mika Janshen, Briar Jerrel, Sissi Jungels, Ruby Koester, Joel Leischner, Eliana Mahan, Titus Mahan, Bailey Muscha, Georgia Perkins, Anjeliq Plowman, Sunny Sampson, Jazmine Sualata, Chloe Sutter, Dominique Sutter, Rylee Treu, Allie Wagner, Izzy Wagner, Raven Windsor
CAT-Eliana Mahan
The Castle
MONKEY LEADER NIKKO-Randall Sikveland
WINGED MONKEYS-Taevon Curley, Tavian Curley, Gavin Marmon, Evan Miles, Leon Nix, Julious Real Bird
WINKIE GUARD LEADER-Trinity Gray
WINKIE GUARDS-Jason Arave, Jaymen Henderson, Jay Pluhar, Trent Pluhar, Jayli Stratton
DIRECTORS - Dan Hance, Hannah Nash
Assistant Directors-Katie Keith, Jenifer Mahan
Costuming-The Director Team, Lori Berry, Becky Lane, Sue Miles
Set Design & Construction-Zachery Miles, Tim Miles, The Director Team
Sound & Music-Tim Miles
Backstage Assistant-Kalei Richwine
Special Hair & Makeup-Jessica Culver
Lights-Terry Fuhrman, Ethan Price
Photography-Steve Allison, Kara Phillips


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Would you like to win a $500 American Express gift card just in time for some last minute Christmas shopping?
If so then read on to learn how you could get some extra funds simply by telling us what you you LOVE about a particular credit card (or debit card) or credit card issuer/bank and what you HATE about a particular credit card (or debit card) or credit card issuer/bank. Get your creative juices percolating because if you can craft a well written piece telling your story then you could end up $500 better off because of it!
Here are the rules for entering the 2009 Credit Card Chaser Love/Hate Credit Cards Contest:
- Tell us why you LOVE a particular credit card or credit card company/bank (i.e. "I love my Discover More Card because I used my cash back rewards from my credit card to buy my son a Nerf gun, a new bike, and the Lord of the Rings DVD box set") – NOTE: If you do not use a credit card then feel free to make your story about a debit card instead (i.e. "I love my PerkStreet Financial Debit Card because I get 1% cash back on all of my purchases and so I used the card to do all of my Christmas shopping").
- Tell us why you HATE a particular credit card or credit card company/bank (i.e. "I hate Chase because they jacked up my interest rate and decreased my credit limit even though I have never made a late payment").
- There are two ways to submit your entry and two different prize levels: A) Submit your entry by writing a blog post about this contest and telling your LOVE/HATE story (be sure to link to this page so I can show your track back comment – bonus points if you can also link to one of your favorite credit cards listed on our "Compare Cards" page) to have a chance at winning a $500 American Express gift card OR B) Leave a comment below telling your LOVE/HATE story to have a chance at winning a $100 American Express gift card.
Here is what my personal entry would be (of course I am not eligible to enter myself into the contest but I just wanted to give you an example of what we will be looking for):
"I absolutely LOVE my new American Express True Earnings credit card that I received less than 2 months ago because I can get a minimum of 1% cash back and up to 3% cash back depending on the category of the purchase. I also love that they allow me to schedule an automatic payment to draft from my checking account to just pay off my card balance in full. The reason I applied for this card so recently was of course because of the excellent cash back benefits but also because I HATE Chase for decreasing my credit limit from $10,000 to $1,000 on one of my other credit cards even though I have close to perfect credit, no balance on the card, and have never had any late payments."
Your entry can be as short and simple as mine but keep in mind that in order to pick the two winners we will be looking for someone that really shows some creativity and goes the extra mile to make their stories entertaining and contain that "something extra".
The contest will run from Monday, 11/30/09 until Wednesday, 12/16/09 at 12 noon. On Thursday, 12/17/09 I will announce the two winners (the blog post winner will receive the $500 card and the comment winner will receive the $100 card) and highlight their stories.
What are you waiting for? Submit your entry today!
PS Yes, you can submit an entry as both a blog post for a chance to win the $500 gift card AND as a comment below to win a $100 gift card but keep in mind that you will not want to use the same thing for both necessarily because we will be holding a blog post writer to a much higher standard of creativity than a commenter so you might want to enter an abbreviated or alternate version of your blog post as a comment below to have a chance for both the $500 card and the $100 card.
Similar Articles:
- Announcing the Winners of the 2009 Love/Hate Credit Cards Contest!
- I Love New York Rewards Credit Card
- American Express Business Gift Card
- American Express Centurion Bank American Express Clear
- American Express Optima
- Plum Card from American Express
- Think You Could Go Into Massive Debt While Making $10 Million/Yr?
Disclaimer: This content is not provided or commissioned by American Express, Visa, MasterCard, Discover, or any other credit card company or issuer. The opinions expressed here are the author's alone, not those of any credit card company or issuer, and have not been reviewed, approved or otherwise endorsed by any credit card company or issuer. Credit Card Chaser may be compensated through various affiliate programs with advertisers. As always, Credit Card Chaser is an independent website commmitted to helping people research credit card offers and find the best credit card!


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Hi, I've been an international student in three different countries including Japan, and I always get excited when I read someone experiences arriving in a foreign country as a student! nice blog! :)
Chiba International Dorm & other random adventures
Trip Start Sep 23, 2005
14Trip End Sep 16, 2006
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Where I stayed
Walking into the dormitory, a Japanese woman approached us, seeming to know who we were. She showed us a room where we could put my 2 suitcases, and then told us that there were "no procedures" for that day. Not understanding, and not wanting to leave my suitcases unattended in a room for 2 weeks, we pleaded for someone who spoke English to come and help us. A younger girl, probably one of the students, came down and explained to me that because they had expected us the day before, there was nobody available to go through introductory procedures. My suitcases would be put into the main office storage area while I was away, and she let me put my name on them for added security. We thanked her, and because she had to take a phone call from another student, all she could do was hand us a simple map to use to navigate over to the university as we walked out the door.
The university residence is a 3-5 minute walk to the train/subway station. The university is one station further away. Dad & I decided to use the train, but somehow, we missed a turn and ended up walking the 20 minutes to the University. We didn't mind, since we got to experience what the walk would be like, but the lack of English on campus was a bit alarming. We finally found the International Center on campus and they helped lead us to the nearby train station, where we ventured on our first ever Japanese 'outing'. At the train station, we decided to stop for a beverage at Doutour, a 'gourmet' coffee shop where I had to rapidly access sections of my old Nakama memories in order to order Dad's coffee and my orange juice. I thought it was a bit strange when they had me specify hot or cold coffee, but we soon learned this would be a VERY common question.
After our coffee outing, we ventured into the train station. Finding our way around wasn't as difficult as I'd been expecting, everything was written out in Kanji (the Chinese characters) and in Romaji (English phonetics). The tickets are priced according to the travel distance, and you pre-pay at automatic ticket machines that have English available to help. Above the ticket machines is a very detailed map, listing each stop and the ticket price to get there. We felt like pros as we purchased our tickets and followed the thrones of people headed down the stairs to the train platforms. We only went as far as the 2nd station, but at least our first JR experience was a pleasant one. The outing continued as we got off the train and headed towards the exit. To our surprise, the tickets that we had used to enter the train needed to be put through the machines to exit as well. Fortunately, we both still had them in our pockets, and after we inserted them, the gates let us pass. We followed the signs to the exit, and found ourselves in a pseudo-metropolis. The sidewalk level of the train station opened out into a mini-shopping mall. There were street vendors, and food counters, a flower shop and a convenience store. Not sure where to start, we walked through the food market, too unsure of ourselves to taste any of the free samples. We finally decided on Ramen and walked through the curtain into the noodle shop. Ordering Ramen in Japan is not as simple as sitting at a table with a menu - there is a machine, somewhat like the train ticket machines, where you pick your meal and purchase a meal ticket. Unfortunately, none of the options are written in English, and with my limited Kanji knowledge, our choices were reduced to the few Katakana items on the menu. Dad had the Yakisoba, and I tried Miso Ramen. It was delicious. I'd even go so far as to say that it has been one of the best meals I've had here in Japan, and thank goodness the station is in Chiba - I'll be able to go back whenever I want.
As we finished lunch, we decided to find the nearest bank and open a bank account. Mizuho Financial, kiddie corner to Chiba station, was a zoo. From the moment we walked in, to the moment we walked out, there were 4 bank employees calling out Irashaimase (welcome) and running around like lost children. They were giving out numbers to everyone based on their banking needs. When banking windows became available, these women would usher the customers over and move on to the next one. They had very limited English, but the woman trying to help us was able to run into the back and find a man who could serve us. Unfortunately, there wasn't much he could do, and worst of all, his English wasn't strong enough to explain why he couldn't help us. Frustrated, Dad & I left Mizuho and went down the street to Chiba Bank. We encountered the same problem at this bank, but instead, the man who helped us spoke flawless English and was incredibly helpful. All registered visitors to Japan are responsible for going to one of the political offices and obtaining an Alien Registration Card. Because I am getting one after I move into the University Dormitory, I didn't have my ID card. Without it, the bank could not help me open an account. Without an account, there was no way they could deposit or cash my bank draft, and I was therefore S.O.L. I wasn't happy, but at least I understood. I've since decided that I will do my banking at Chiba bank, but until October, my funds for Japan are very limited.
After our disappointing banking experience, Dad & I caught the express train from Chiba to Narita. It wasn't a very exciting trip, but way cheaper than the cab ride. At Narita station we were able to catch a bus which took us back to our hotel. We did so after exploring downtown Narita for a while and strolling through a street which we dubbed 'Souvenir Alley'.
All in all, our Narita visit was more functional than entertaining, but it was a necessary stop on our transition from Canada to Japan.


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Lupuzor a new lupus drug currently in clinical trials has been put on fast track status by the FDA. It's been labeled by some as a blockbuster drug for lupus. Two great things about this treatment are that it is not an immune system suppressor and it is trying to have as few side affects as possible. It has the potential to stop the progression of lupus in substantial portion of patients.
You can read more about the drug here.
As always, for more stories and events related to lupus, be sure to follow us on Twitter @CtLupus and @LupusOrg, and by Liking the Lupus Foundation of America Connecticut Chapter on Facebook.
Wanna learn more about Lupus or get info about our next big event? Check out the Connecticut Chapter's Website or the national Lupus Foundation of America's Website.


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We're here to get the best for schools: the best advice and guidance, the best opportunities, the best service at the best price.
Every school has its own unique requirements. With SWGfL you can shape your Schools Internet Service to suit the needs of your school and Multi Academy Trust.
Whether it's customising your filtering, configuring your firewall, or increasing your bandwidth, you get to tailor your service to meet your needs.
Our network is equipped to cater for the levels of predicted growth of internet usage in schools. We always keep at least 20% capacity available in our core network ensuring your service is always uncongested.
We don't apply limits to bandwidth, which means your school can take full advantage of the Internet.
Our dual mirrored data-centres in TeleHouse and TeleCity in London ensure that in the event of a major issue, your service will still be available.
We also provide a backup connectivity solution free of charge*
*Subject to connection type
We use our aggregated purchasing power to buy connections from the major telecoms providers and pass the savings on to you, working on your behalf to get the best possible solutions for schools.
And because we are a not-for-profit charitable trust, we can provide you the best possible price.
We ensure no access to illegal content including IWF CAIC and Online Terror Content. Attempts to access illegal content are proactively monitored with unique links to Police and expert support in an emergency.
Our centralised industry standard firewalls protect all network services, our state of the art intrusion detection and prevention systems provide an unprecedented level of protection against malicious attacks, and you can choose to customise your firewall rules without the overhead and risk of managing the equipment in school.
We are passionate about supporting schools to advance educational outcomes through the use of safe, secure and appropriate online technologies. We bring a unique mix of education, procurement, online safety and technical expertise, and have been providing connectivity solutions exclusively to the education sector for over 16 years.
ICT is now truly embedded in the curriculum and your Internet connection is an essential part of teaching and learning. Online technologies have introduced BYOD, cloud services and streaming media, with the Internet at the centre of this digital world it is now more important than ever that you have a service that you can rely on.
Choose Your Solution
"Our new broadband connection has made a real difference to our school. It's given the staff the confidence to move forward with cloud based teaching and learning. We now have an Internet connection we can trust and are used to it 'just working'." - Manor Park Primary, Dorset
SSL Connect is a web based tool, which allows your users with Managed Devices to remotely access your school network.
RM Safetynet with user based filtering (UBF) is live! UBF is now well established and hundreds of our customers are using it. Find out more about this upgrade and how to sign-up for it.
We're always very concerned when we hear that schools are being misinformed particularly when it leads to additional spending or a compromise in quality, safety or security
Prevent Duty Guidance now states that schools must "ensure children are safe from terrorist and extremist material when accessing the internet in school, including by establishing appropriate levels of filtering". So what does this actually mean?
© 2005-2017 South West Grid for Learning Trust Ltd.
The South West Grid for Learning Trust is a charitable trust company registered in England.
Company Number: 5589479. Charity Number: 1120354. VAT Registration Number GB 880 8618 88


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Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000234
Return to inventory listing: GRAS Notice Inventory
See also Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and about the GRAS Notice Inventory
CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety
February 21, 2008
John B. Dubeck
Keller and Heckman LLP
1001 G Street, N.W.
Suite 500 West
Washington D.C. 20001
Re: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000234
Dear Mr. Dubeck:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responding to the notice, dated September 6, 2007, that you submitted on behalf of Proliant Health Ingredients Inc. in accordance with the agency's proposed regulation, proposed 21 CFR 170.36 (62 FR 18938; April 17, 1997; Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS); the GRAS proposal). FDA received the notice on September 7, 2007, filed it on September 17, 2007, and designated it as GRAS Notice No. GRN 000234.
The subject of the notice is bovine globulin. The notice informs FDA of the view of Proliant Health Ingredients Inc. that bovine globulin is GRAS, through scientific procedures, for use as an ingredient in dairy foods, juices, snack foods, beverages and meal replacements at maximum levels of 5 per cent of the finished product.
In an email message dated February 14, 2008, you withdrew your notice. Given your email, we ceased to evaluate GRN 000234, effective February 14, 2008, the date that we received your email.
In accordance with proposed 21 CFR 170.36(f), a copy of the text of this letter responding to GRN 000234, as well as a copy of the information in this notice that conforms to the information in the proposed GRAS exemption claim (21 CFR 170.36(c)(1)), is available for public review and copying on the homepage of the Office of Food Additive Safety (on the Internet at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/foodadd.html).
Antonia Mattia, Ph.D.
Division of Biotechnology and GRAS Notice Review
Office of Food Additive Safety
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition


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India says "too early" to look for foul play in Rafale deal
By Manoj Kumar and Andrew Osborn
NEW DELHI (Reuters) - Indian Defense Minister A.K. Antony said on Tuesday it was "too early" to consider the possibility of foul play in a planned $10 billion deal with France's Dassault Aviation for Rafale war planes.
India has threatened to scrap a $750 million deal for a dozen AgustaWestland helicopters after Italian police arrested the former head of parent company Finmeccanica, Giuseppe Orsi, last week for allegedly paying bribes to Indian politicians to win the contract.
The Rafale purchase, one of the world's largest defense deals, has come under increased scrutiny in the Indian media because of the Finmeccanica case.
The allegations surrounding the AgustaWestland deal also hung over the visit by British Prime Minister David Cameron to India this week. After meeting his Indian counterpart, Manmohan Singh, Cameron promised to assist India's investigation into the sale of the helicopters, which are manufactured in Britain.
Antony was responding to a question from Reuters at a news conference on whether the government was looking into any possibility of corruption in the deal with Rafale to buy 126 fighter jets, which is in the final stages of negotiation between Dassault and India.
"It is too early," he said, adding that there were many levels of scrutiny in the deal.
"I can assure you one thing, as far as our government is concerned, regarding integrity, transparency, we will not compromise," he said.
"We will go to any extent to take action," he said, if there was any evidence of corruption. Continued...


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Greater Boston
Convention & visitors Bureau
Large Private Dining Room
- Total Sq. Ft.: 1000
- Banquet Capacity: 60
- Reception Capacity: 60
Small Private Dining Room
- Total Sq. Ft.: 700
- Banquet Capacity: 22
- Reception Capacity: 22
Erbaluce is a highly regarded restaurant serving contemporary Italian cuisine featuring local produce with an all Italian wine list. Service is warm and attentive, decor is simple with a contemporary warmth.


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CoFaLife Photographer
Autumn DaniellaModel Female Boston, Massachusetts, US
My Website: facebook pageMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/almond2411
Mayhem # 1769969
About MeHi, and thanks for viewing my page!
My name is Autumn. My nationality is Nigerian & Jamaican, and I was born and raised in New England.
Becoming a model has always been a dream of mine and two years ago after finishing nursing school I decided to go for it. 2011 was Pretty Big for me, not only did I dip my foot in the modeling pool but I dove right in! Over the past year, I've shoot with several amazing photographers, learning a little something different from each and every one of them! I'm loving this whole experience and plan to take 2012 by storm. Looking forward to submitting to few men's magazines, a few other magazines, shoots/calendars and a couple of really cool projects I've signed on too. I'm PUMPED!
I am reliable, outgoing, easy to work with and professional. I am always respectful of your time. And if for ANY reason I am unable to make a shoot, adequate notice will be given. Please treat me with the same courtesy. I offer a drama free shooting experience with any photographer I work with.
*Who I'd like to work with*
I would love to work with any photographers/fashion designers/MUA's/Fellow models or anyone else who's just as enthusiast to create amazing images as I am!
Wanna do a TF Shoot? Send me a message with your concept and details.
But Lingerie Shoots are $100/hr
Once again thanks for stopping by I appreciate all the support and hopefully we'll get to work together in the future xoxo
Have you worked with Autumn Daniella? Add Credits for Autumn Daniella! >>
Credit Notes*Magazine Publication*
PourTopps Magazine: Best of 2011 Cover
Fame & Fashion Magazine: Spring 2012
2013 New England Elite "May"
2013 Twisted Image Studios Bikini Girls "January"
*Photographers I've With*
Twisted Image Studios *******
AMB Photography **
Hoxsie Photography **
RJT Images *
Trisha Kelley **
Matt Francis *
Matt Wood Photography*
Vision Photography**
Bander Wax****
EAS Photography *
Tillett Studio **
Casting Calls
CoFaLife Photographer
KaziPhotog... Photographer
Morgan Ashley L Model
Taichi Hatano Retoucher
PhotoVizions Photographer
TaziWazi Model
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Wild Winter Waterfowl (and other birds) Survey
February 22
This is my last opportunity to get out on the Refuge for a bird count in February. They had already had a count last week so Linda and I stayed home. Howard Browers, biologist at the refuge, wanted to go along but wanted to include his survey for waterbirds as well. This was a good opportunity for me to see what his ideas were for the counts and also see how one counts literally 1000.s of bird in a fairly short time span. We met at the Education Center at 0730 and headed out. It was a nice morning with temps in the mid 20's, little wind and overcast skies. We had a good visit as we headed for the Perry gate and it didn't take long before we were countin' birds. Redwing blackbirds, ravens and ring billed gulls got us started. By the time we hit the turn in the D-line road we hit our first large group of waterbirds. Howard broke out the spotting scope and started calling out species and numbers. Swans, geese and a good variety of ducks kept me busy with the tally sheets and then my song birds would bring me back to the reality that I had to keep track of them as well. I was caught off guard when Howard started calling out bald eagle sightings and they didn't come one at a time. There was one large group of mature balds on the ice totaling 14 birds, what a grand sight that was, bet they are eating a lot of ducks.
We continued working our way around the different Units and when we strayed the normal route for the songbird count I would get a break. Sometimes Howard would have me tally by bird counts and sometimes there were so many birds he would estimate the total and then give me species by percentages. It didn't take long in our route before we had a bit of a weather change and a cold wind kept me in the truck while he braved the elements to get out with the scope. We had a wonderful day in the marsh and the birds were fairly cooperative except for the little brown jobs that flit from one patch of Phrag to another and never seem to hold still long enough to be identified before they pass clean out of sight. When we hit lunch time and still had not hit the half way point in our count, I knew we were in for a long day (sure wish I had brought a lunch, guess the diet coke would have to hold me for a while).
Around 2:00 we started seeing snow squalls working their way across the Promontory and Wasatch mountains and down into the basin floor. It wouldn't be long before the snow would work its way across the refuge and change our count strategy. I learned quickly that any kind of bird is hard to identify in a white out, but Howard persevered and we made it through to the end. We hit about 14 species on the songbird/raptor count and Howard estimated somewhere in the neighborhood of 30-40,000 water birds. It was a real eye opener to watch Howard ID birds at 500 yards with the scope.
Our top sightings for the day were the tundra swans, 49 bald eagles, two smelly little skunks working the road banks for a bite, and a barn owl hunting the marsh for a mouse or two as we passed the electric gate and headed back to the Education Center. Nine volunteer hours, not a bad day for an old retired guy!
- Brian Ferguson
(Please note, this Survey was done by US FWS Biologist, Howard Browers, and Refuge Volunteer Brian Ferguson. Not all areas surveyed are open to the public - but many of these birds and species can be seen from our public Auto Tour Loop as well!)
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KLAMATH FALLS, Ore. – Oregon Tech used a 15-2 run late in the first period to pull away from Pacific Union College to earn a 68-54 victory tonight in non-conference basketball action at Danny Miles Court.
Oregon Tech moves to 2-0 on the season and will travel next to Reno to take on University of Nevada-Reno in an exhibition game on Tuesday, November 6th beginning at 7:30 p.m.
The team went back-and-forth throughout the first 17 minutes of play, before a long range triple from Mihajlo Matic gave the Owls a 19-18 lead with 3:22 to play in the first period. It was a lead Oregon Tech would not relinquish. The Owls' Josh Johnson capped a 12-2 scoring run over the final three minutes with a short jumper and free throw to close out the half as Tech went into intermission with a 31-20 lead.
A Matic trey gave Tech a 38-20 lead just under two minutes into the second half before PUC would answer their next trip up the floor. The Owls would gain their first 20 point advantage at the 16:31 mark when Alex Zerbach connected from long range.
Pacific Union would use the next 10 minutes to claw their way back in the game to trail by just 12 points after a steal and finish by Ben Vincent. Derrick Brown would get the visitors back to single digits, 59-50, on a triple the next time down with 5:05 to play.
The Pioneers would not get any closes as Tech would score the next six points, including a 3-pointer from Josh Wiseman with 3:06 to play that sealed the win. The Owls would move on to a 68-54 win to move to 2-0 on the season.
Mihajlo Matic recorded a game-high 25 points with Alex Zerbach adding 13 points and Josh Wiseman 10. Josh Johnson grabbed 13 rebounds to go with 7 points with Zerbach gathering 8 boards. Austen Flint came away with 7 assists followed by Brandon Bautista and Zerbach with 4 each.
Ben Vincent finished with a double-double to lead the Pioneers notching 14 points and 10 rebounds. Derrick Brown followed with 13 points with Danny Sepulveda nine points and 7 rebounds.


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Top China Stories from WSJ: Going for Growth, Cold War, Spyware
Your daily round-up of the best of The Wall Street Journal's China coverage:
China Shifts Growth to Top of Agenda: China moved decisively to stimulate its economy by cutting its bank reserve requirements for the first time in nearly three years, signaling a shift in its focus to growth from inflation. (Free)
Staying Reserved on China's Pro-Growth Shift: China is firing up the growth engine again, but it hasn't got the horsepower it once had. (Subscriber Content)
China Sees 'Cold War' in U.S.'s Australia Plan: China's Ministry of National Defense criticized U.S. plans to establish a permanent military presence in Australia, accusing Washington of acting antagonistically in the region and perpetuating a Cold War mentality. (Free)
China Official PMI Worst Since Feb 2009: China's official Purchasing Managers Index fell into contractionary territory in November, the latest evidence that growth is slowing in the world's second-largest economy. (Subscriber Content)
Bill Would Curb Exports of Spyware: A bill that would restrict U.S. exports of technology that can be used by repressive regimes to censor the Internet or conduct surveillance on users will be introduced in the House soon. (Free)


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Date of Stay: April, 2012
This is the only rv park inside the town of Page. Next nearest is Waweep RV park, a concessionaire park in Lake Powell National Recreation Area a few miles North of Page. This is a nice, clean park. They seem to be making improvements. I can recommend it. There is good Verizon reception there. Many sites are not very level. The South end of the park seems to have long-term residents. The street next too it seems to be a little busy, but it is not the highway. A lot of the sites don't have sewer, so you have to use the dump station. It is kept locked so you have to go to the office for the key.
Date of Stay: March, 2012
This is an Escapees membership park. I think you have to be a member to camp there. The sites are all owned by individuals, which are rented out when they are gone. Great park. Very friendly. Very well organized and on top of maintenance, etc. Sites are huge and most have shaded porch area. Large clubhouse with tv, books, pool tables, activities, etc. Good Verizon reception and lots of tv broadcast channels from Las Vegas.