text:
Mubarak to be put under house arrest
CAIRO — Egypt's deposed autocrat Hosni Mubarak is expected to be freed from prison and placed under house arrest today after being ordered released the previous day, following more than two years in detention.
The development is a new twist in the saga of the long-time president, toppled in Egypt's popular uprising in 2011, and could potentially stoke tensions in the deeply divided nation.
It could also amplify the anger against the military-backed government and Islamist allegations that last month's military coup against Mubarak's successor, Mohammed Morsi, was a step toward restoring the old regime.
On Wednesday, Prime Minister Hazem el-Beblawi ordered Mubarak be put under house arrest as part of the emergency measures imposed this month after Morsi's removal from office.
The decision appeared designed to ease some of the criticism over Mubarak being freed from prison and ensure that he appears in court next week for a separate trial.
El-Beblawi's announcement came hours after a court ordered Mubarak released for the first time since he was first detained in April 2011.
Prison officials said he may be released as early as today but it was unclear where he will be held under house arrest, whether in one of his residences or in a hospital, considering his frail health.
Since his ouster, Mubarak's supporters have released conflicting details about his health, including that the 85-year-old suffered a stroke, a heart attack and at times went into a coma.
His critics called these an attempt to gain public sympathy and court leniency.
His wife, Suzanne, has been living in Cairo and keeping a low profile, occasionally visiting Mubarak and their two sons in prison.
But security officials said Mubarak was more likely to be moved to a military hospital because of his ailing health.
The order for Mubarak's release followed an appeal by his lawyers in one of his corruption cases.
He is currently also standing retrial on charges of complicity in the killing of protesters in the 2011 uprising, which could put him back behind bars, and faces investigation into at least two other corruption cases as well.
The prospect of Mubarak being freed, even if only temporarily, would feed into the larger crisis bedeviling Egypt: the violent fallout from the July 3 coup that unseated Morsi, an Islamist who became Egypt's first freely elected president following Mubarak's ouster.


text:
Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
That was a bad analogy. However, this is so gentle! Derma e is by far my favorite brand for skincare, and most of their products have few competitors in my lineup. This is another one of their unbeatable products. I have extremely sensitive skin. I also get quite a bit of oil throughout the day when not wearing makeup (feedback oil from drying out my skin), so on those days I can wash with this and not feel like I've just zapped my skin of moisture. I don't feel like all makeup is removed when using this cleanser, so I don't use it as my nightly cleanser--just when I need a nice refresh on my makeup free face!5

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hi Karen!
Thanks for letting us view your adventures!! Have a super fun time!
Let the packing begin!
Loading Map
But if it doesn't work out and we're only able to do some walks and drives to enjoy the scenery I know we'll still come home with some great photos and memories.
Well, wanted to get something (anything!) up here so that my travel journal is officially started and viewable. Done. Now back to packing!
SO glad to hear you guys are taking a well-deserved break! And I'm even more envious of your destinations - VERY cool! Sorry I didn't read your post earlier - I would have recommended doing a slow DHL to a strategically located post office. Would have cost a bit, but Chuck and I have found it really reduces baggage hassles. I cannot wait to see your traveling posts.
Stay safe and happy--
Karen...just because you are currently over the pacific, that is really not an acceptable reason for not updating your blog more often. We are dying to know. Mile high club? 30 hours should be enough time.
maybe u guys can open up a little american shop that sells snow shoes and other wierd american stuff. weird to them of course.
I didn't find out about this blog untill after going back and rechecking my emails again. It's an ADD thing!!!!!!!


text:
Mail OrderAs fruit ripens our selection will be updated. If you sign up for our newsletter at the bottom of this page you will receive periodic notices of when different varieties come into season.
FRIEND'S FRUIT IS SHIPPED WHEN OUR FRUIT IS AT ITS BEST, WHICH MOST YEARS IS FROM JANUARY THRU MAY. (Please note, due to the drought we do not have any Meyer Lemons or Avocados-- there just are none, sorry. We have also had to discontinue the "Plain Jane" as the boxes did not hold up well to many shipping locations.).
Important information:
Friend's seasonal mail order fruit
Important information:


text:
How to Buy
Solutions Overview
This script is Copyright (C) 2006-2013 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
Synopsis :
The remote IMAP server is affected by a directory traversal
Description :
The remote host is running Dovecot, an open source IMAP4 / POP3 server
for Linux / Unix.
The version of Dovecot installed on the remote host fails to filter
directory traversal sequences from user-supplied input to IMAP
commands such as LIST and DELETE. An authenticated attacker may be
able to leverage this issue to list directories and files in the mbox
root's parent directory or possibly to delete index files used by the
See also :
Solution :
Upgrade to Dovecot version 1.0 beta8 or later.
Risk factor :
Medium / CVSS Base Score : 5.0
CVSS Temporal Score : 4.1
Public Exploit Available : true
Family: Misc.
Nessus Plugin ID: 21559 (dovecot_dir_traversal.nasl)
Bugtraq ID: 17961
Get Nessus Professional to scan unlimited IPs, run compliance checks & more
The cookie settings on this website are set to 'allow all cookies' to give you the very best website experience. If you continue without changing these settings, you consent to this - but if you want, you can opt out of all cookies by clicking below.


text:
Don't let the 90 screenings at Savannah Film Festival fool you. Savannah College of Art and Design's week-long celebration of film is about more than art. It's about the transactions and preparation that make it possible for us to experience the art. It's about business: the elephant in most festival venues this week. Or if you're film student Yang Xiao (M.F.A., film and television student), it's the spaceship.
Yang participated in one of the many intimate meetings between students and industry that transpire during Savannah Film Festival. He shared pictures of the spaceship set he built for his thesis movie, TROY, with the co-founder and director of the SXSW Festival Louis Black and Austin media mogul Robert Walker.
Yang's bold gesture wasn't uninvited. It was an opportune illustration of what Robert and Louis, who helped established SXSW as of one of the world's most successful platforms for music and film, were there to discuss: entrepreneurship. Robert, Louis and other heavyweights in the business came to SCAD to tell these emerging filmmakers not how to get a job, but how to make their own. To them, the spaceship represents the kind of hustle, savvy and radical ambition it takes to make it big in the film business today.
SXSW co-founder Louis Black with SCAD film students Tristan Aronovich and Amanda Maya.
A huddle with a founder of SXSW
The striking thing about what Louis did by turning SXSW - a small music festival started by a few friends - into a multi-media juggernaut generating $300 million in revenue for Austin, Texas, is that there were more barriers to success back when it was getting started. There was no crowdfunding, no Facebook, no smart phones. They solved their problems of having zero money and zero patrons with innovative solutions that are instructive for film students. Even though it's easier for this generation to make their own empires, and maybe even inevitable given how technology has revolutionized filmmaking, aspiring directors, writers and producers can still learn from the old fashioned practices that turned Austin into the little film empire that could.
Lesson: Ingenuity first, money second
Chief among the lessons from the case study of Austin's rise in the film industry is that, as Louis and Robert tell it, money makes it easier, but having no money makes you hustle. In their experience, low cash flow ultimately stimulates a more successful outcome because you have to maximize your resources.
When you're starting out and you don't have money and you want to make things happen, you learn lessons that stick with you your whole life.
-Louis Black
When you're starting out and you don't have money and you want to make things happen, you learn lessons that stick with you your whole life.
-Louis Black
Robert agreed, "I'm not knocking cash, it's good. But it's easy to cover up mistakes or to just be lazy and pay someone to do what you should be doing yourself. It kind of zaps your creative abilities sometimes if you're not careful," he said.
Because the pair has had plenty of experience improvising, Robert and Louis still let their ideas, not the financing, direct how they approach a project. For example, when they were in need of a larger workspace recently instead of plunking down a bunch of cash they set their sights on a 50-thousand square foot building that the Texas National Guard was preparing to abandon. By working their relationships, they snagged the gem of the property for a whopping ten dollars in monthly rent.
Louis summed up his stories about building SXSW by telling students, "My one skillset is that I know how to visualize."
Clearly vision doesn't obviate the need for money, but as these lessons from Austin demonstrate, money is not to be pursued at the expense of it.
Vinca and Steven at the panel "How Films Recoup."
Show Me the Money
The title of entertainment lawyer Vinca Jarrett's book and web series, Show Me the F$#!KING Money, would seem to fly in the face of this lesson of vision before money. But actually, according to Vinca, vision and planning are essential to making the money part possible.
Vinca and her business partner, manager-producer Steven Adams, have made it their mission to teach how movies get financed. They produce the web series because the film business has the highest attrition rate of investors, and their goal is to turn that around by creating Warren Buffetts of the film industry: educated investors who understand where they're putting their money and how movies get made.
In addition to investors, they target rising filmmakers who are looking to break into the business, like the SCAD students who shot five episodes of their educational series at the university's studio during Savannah Film Festival.
Vinca and Steven had seen enough of their young clients commit career-ending mistakes while making movies, like bankrupting their parents, which could have been avoided if sound business practices had been in place from the start. Here are two of their best practices.
Lesson: Document your partnership
One of the biggest mistakes when starting out, says Vinca, is to rely solely on spoken agreements. You may share a creative vision with your team, but these individuals are still business partners, and you need to formally define that relationship, roles and responsibilities in writing. An absolutely essential first step is to put a deal memo in place, no matter how simple.
"Go away and write the ten things you want to accomplish with each other," Vinca instructs, and then write the things you're each going to do to accomplish those things." An attorney can put your intentions into a deal memo so the partnership has rules to abide by. Then, of course, you must actually play by these rules.
It may seem obvious, but even before this step, Steven and Vinca are quick to point out that filmmakers – just like any other smart person in business- must know or investigate who they're entering into a business relationship with. The wrong team member can sour a potential movie deal because of a bad reputation or track record. So do your homework.
Lesson: Know your rights
In addition to formalizing your partnership, Vinca and Steven say it's absolutely critical for filmmakers to secure the rights to the movie they're making. A lawyer can help you understand the rights you need to secure. You can navigate some of this process on your own - like obtaining a copyright – and then hire a lawyer to do the rest.
Recently her former intern brought her a TV concept and Vinca gave her this advice: Make sure the rights are in the public domain. If they're not, do a deal with the executive who's interested in your concept so they can't steal the idea. Then document the full extent of your idea so that you can copyright it. Even if you do this part by yourself, it's wise to know when to bring in an attorney to make sure you have a sound foundation of ownership before moving forward with your project.From left to right, producers David Paterson, Susan Cartsonis, Jane Goldenring and, far right, Alison Owen.
Producing: Tricks of the Trade
The next lessons come from some of the very people who consult Vinca and Steven's series: movie producers.
The festival's annual coffee talk series kicked off with an installment that answered a very common question: What do producers do? The answer - provided by a panel of award-winning producers of films like What Women Want, Bridge to Terabithea, The Giver and Hocus Pocus – was that producers are really the ultimate entrepreneurs.
From inception to distribution a producer's single focus is working all the factors behind the screen to get the movie made, which requires a ton of improvisation, ingenuity and grit, as any start-up would.
So what can we learn from them? A couple recurring themes emerged that clearly are factors in their success and trademarks of smart entrepreneurship.
Lesson: Be tough and take authority
The perception that the producer is responsible for everything behind the scenes and the director responsible for everything on the screen is generally accurate, shared The Giver's executive producer Alison Owen. But on a movie, as in business, things don't always remain this tidy. The panelists agreed that in the cases where the lines of authority blur, it behooves the producer to be tough and to preserve those boundaries in order to maintain their responsibility to investors and to the overall quality of the film. This principle for success is in the vein of 'if you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything.' And it's certain these producers would say, so too will your film fail if you don't create the parameters within which the film can be made and stick to them.
It's good for film students in particular to practice toughness and authority while they're still in film school, even if the context in which they make their films doesn't mirror a real world set. Case in point, Headlong Entertainment producer Susan Cartsonis noted that in most film schools the director maintains the purse strings and the producer's authority is often eclipsed by that power imbalance. So practice sticking to your guns while you're still in film school, especially if you're an aspiring producer.
Lesson: Wear many hats
Precisely because filmmakers must have a keen sense of authority over their project in order to guide its success, it serves them to borrow another tenant that good entrepreneurs and good producers follow, which is to do everything. Or, at the very least, know a little bit about all of the areas you'll be managing on your project, even the technical ones.
Bridge to Terabithia producer David Paterson uses the example of how he learned to build sets when he was starting out as an actor, which not only gave him invaluable insights for his movies but, in the case of smaller films, he didn't have to depend on someone else in this area in order to get the film made.
In other words, a lack of knowledge can make or break your project. So don't allow a lack of interest on your part to isolate you from learning certain technical aspects of filmmaking. Bringing it back to finances, especially when it comes to the money, all the producers agreed that the line producer should not be the only one who knows their way around a budget.
Finally, in addition to knowing how to do multiple things on a set, a page out of a successful producer's playbook is to have multiple projects going at one time in order to beat the odds against a project getting made.
The democratization of film, whereby first-time filmmakers are able to leverage social networks and advances in technology to fund and shoot films that can rival those by big studios, means that more films will get made. But it also means there will be more competition. Hopefully these lessons from some of the sharpest business minds at Savannah Film Festival will help your project come out on top.
Tonight, Prasad Narse (M.F.A., animation, 2014) will learn whether he'll take home one of the most coveted prizes for film and television students: a College Television Award for his animated short "I M Possible." Watch the live webcast of the 35th annual awards tonight at 7:30 p.m. PDT.
Since making the film at Savannah College of Art and Design, Prasad has garnered significant acclaim. In addition to the college Emmys, "I M Possible" won a Best of Festival award from the Speechless Film Festival and a Star of Festival award from the Grand Film Festival. In early May, Prasad will learn whether the short will be accepted by the Los Angeles Film Festival. The work Prasad did as a graduate student at SCAD continues to pay off, even as he works full-time as a CG animation intern at Laika in Portland, Ore.
Thread: Congrats on the success of your film. Why is it resonating with audiences?
Prasad Narse: Audiences relate to the trauma of the hero "Christopher" and his sheer grit in overcoming his weakness and making his weakness his strength. There are audiences who 'never say die' and this film confirms that outlook. Most of us struggle with something in life and this film must be encouraging audiences to keep going and not give up. I think the passion with which this movie was made comes across clearly to its audiences, as well.
Early character concept for Christopher, pencil and marker
T: You create such empathy for the main character. What is the secret to conveying such searing emotions through animation?
PN: Just like actors, an animator has to feel the emotions before driving his characters in a shot. Observation is the key. Certain poses or facial expressions tell us everything that is going through a character's mind. In animation we tend to use these as story poses, which are often remembered by audiences even after the screening of the film.
(Hopeless Night) Christopher's Court, digital paint
T: What inspired the film?
PN: My father is my inspiration. He taught me that everything is possible if you believe in yourself. He was a sportsman. Though he played cricket his entire life, he was passionate about all sports. Even after a tragic accident, which left his body paralyzed, his passion and love for sports didn't diminish. Medically his condition was incurable, but he still had the grit to withstand it and wanted to make the impossible, possible. I sensed that it was his sportsman's spirit that gave him the strength to withstand every adversity. This heartrending experience left me with the desire to make my thesis film "I M POSSIBLE" while studying animation at SCAD and learning to convey emotions through fictional characters.
T: What was your father's reaction?
PN: My father passed away twelve years ago. I know that he would have been extremely proud of me. The pride I wished to see in my father's eyes is now reflected in my mother's eyes. She is my strength, my friend, my guide, my mentor and my comforter and it is because of her and the vision she had of me today that 'I am possible.' I dedicate this film to my father, however, my I feel my future is going to be great because of my mother. I miss you, Dad, and hats off to you, Mom.
T: Tell us about your crew.
PN: We started in Summer 2012 as two students and eventually grew to 18. The entire crew is from SCAD except Brandon Clements, who is a student of Purdue University. The most interesting thing is that the crew members had never worked together and didn't even know one another before the project. In the process of making this film, many of them graduated, however each one made a major contribution.
T: How did you prepare for your internship at Laika?
PN: The training, mentorship and dedication to quality at SCAD are par excellence. I learned all the nuances of animation there. The quality of work I did at SCAD was one of the major reasons that Laika decided to take me on as an intern. When I came to Laika, my supervisor told me that he enjoyed the performance of "Christopher" in my animation reel. In the last two and half months I have animated more than 15 shots for Laika's commercials, like the M&M's "Bachelor" spots, and those for Shaw Cable and International Delight. Working on Laika's short film is a big experience and it will be out soon.
T: What trends or technologies in animation are you watching?
PN: I am fascinated by the stop-motion animation technique, which uses a puppet animation. The hardest thing is to animate each and every frame. I think this is the most challenging way of animating, where an animator has to be prepared to redo the shot again and again. One shot of 450 frames may take up to 18 hours a day. I am also eager to jump into visual effects and animating for live action projects.Christopher Expression Sheet, pencil and digital paint
T: What's your advice for aspiring animators?
PN: Working on a personal project is different than working in the industry. I've learned from my internship that an animator must be able to change his shots according to the director's vision. Nothing is fixed until the director approves it. While studying animation, follow your professors' lead. Plan your shots, collect references as much as possible, and don't jump directly into 3D software. Try to take sufficient breaks while animating, animate in poses and then refine timing. Get enough of sleep, be alert and continue to take creative direction well.
Gadflies like Google have tipped us off that our work places needn't be drab utilitarian environments lacking inspiration and intentional design. Mohawk Flooring is one of the latest employers to create a place that's as imaginative as it is functional; that speaks to its history as one of the world's most successful manufacturers of floor coverings. This fall, Mohawk enlisted interior design students from Savannah College of Art and Design to reimagine its Dalton, Ga. headquarters. The result of the 10-week sponsored project of SCAD's Collaborative Learning Center was a plan that Mohawk accepted wholesale, with no changes.
The design board the SCAD team submitted during their final presentation to Mohawk reps.
As Mohawk begins construction on that plan, here's a look back at the project with SCAD senior Bradley Odom, who also works full-time as West Elm's director of design education. Mohawk selected Bradley's "Light Lab" as the guiding design force for the renovation.Project manager Bradley Odom and his fellow students delivered the final concept to Mohawk at SCAD Atlanta.
Thread: The first step was to visit the Mohawk site. What were the takeaways?
Bradley Odom: The field trip enabled us to immerse ourselves in the actual space. We were able to see the beauty of the building and the natural mountainous area it's surrounded by. We also worked one-on-one with the client - users of the space - to understand their needs. This relationship was very important to our overall design.
T: What inspired Light Lab and how does it fit Mohawk's objectives?
B: The client desired a more open work environment. They were looking for a paradigm shift in their culture and to create a place that fostered collaboration.
The site plan for the redesign of Mohawk's headquarters.
B: The existing skylight in the center of the space served as inspiration, as it allowed natural light into an area where people could converge to collaborate. The primary motivating goal was to create a place where design is first and foremost. Mohawk designs beautiful product, yet it was not the primary focus when entering, and I thought it should be. In the final design, the Light Lab is a place where visitors and employees can engage in the design process by seeing the resources, products and the people who are designing the products.A model installation that the team proposed to reference the importance of weaving and threads to Mohawk's legacy.T: Describe some of the unique features that the SCAD team included in the plan?
B: One of the most unique features is the water bottle wall. This was inspired by the client's reputation in the industry as one of the world's largest recyclers of plastic water bottles. Mohawk uses the recycled bottles to create carpet tiles. I believe visitors should learn this upon entering the building. Another great feature is the lighting. In the Light Lab plan we included a lighting element that would project natural and artificial light through cut out metal onto the floor in the form of keywords that described the overall concept and Mohawk as a company--INSPIRE, EXPLORE, DESIGN.A sketch of how a lighting element filters natural light from the skylight and a prototype of a light fixture that also plays on the theme of weaving. B: The dining area was a new feature for this space. We included stadium type seating for a more casual area, counter height dining and typical table and booth seating. The multiple seating heights provides flexibility for the employees and the space. We also included a communal dining table.Stadium seating was proposed for the dining area.
T: The client had no changes to the concept you presented. What was the key to your success?
B: Seeing the space, listening to the client and one of the elements that was key to articulating the concept: imagery. Finding the right inspiration images to articulate what I was trying to convey was very important.Paint chips and swatches for floor coverings.
B: In conveying the concept, I wanted to make a statement that was brief, but powerful. I believe the concept statement and imagery together met all of the clients needs. But the number one reason for the overall success was the collaboration of my peers and the expertise of Professor Liset Robinson. The concept was my idea, but my peers and my professor helped to bring all of my ideas to fruition, and expanded on them. The project couldn't have happened in the given time span without the contribution of everyone on the team.
The recyled materials artist Jason Middlebrook employed to bring his site-specific installation Submerged to SCAD Museum of Art - lumber salvaged by Southern Pine Company - remind him of his childhood home of Northern California, where majestic Redwoods soar. As high as those mega trees stand hangs the centerpiece of Submerged. Contrary to the exhibition's title, though, Jason's spectacular chandelier is the first piece to be hoisted up into the museum's signature 86-foot tall steel and glass tower. Giving the historic lumber such a prominent position in the tower that's been described as a beacon of Savannah was Jason's precise intention.
To construct his chandelier, Jason will fasten the tips of lumber, weighing between 20 and 50 pounds each, to steel rings using heavy-duty flathead screws.
Thread: What's the story behind the reclaimed lumber?
Jason Middlebrook: For 200 years these logs were in the Savannah River and the points of these logs were made and driven down into the river to build all the pier system that basically built Savannah. So I saw the logs, but first I saw these points. I was like these are so cool and they have this incredible history to this city
T: How did SCAD MOA and the tower itself inspire you? What made you think chandelier?
JM: Well the verticality of it, the light, the fact that nothing had ever been hung in there. It's a brand new museum. I love that it's the maximum height of anything that can be built in Savannah. It just cried out for an object that has a functional intention, and then when I saw the points I went home and I started drawing. I actually drew a chandelier here in my hotel in Savannah. I started looking at chandeliers and they're tear drop in shape.
T: Tell me how you preparred the wooden tips for the sculpture and your use of color.
JM: We tape the wood off and then we seal the tape with a matte medium and then we do three coats of color. We have really uneven surface so Frances Russell (B.F.A., fibers, senior) and Anna (Jason's assistant) have been helping to clean up the edges for me because I want them to be crisp because the material is so rough in its manner. When you see the planks the color will make more sense because they're really vibrant and this color is more understated. I only painted 24 and there are 55 of these points in the chandelier.
JM: The colors were designed to reinforce the planks and my palate. So there's a lot of primary color, a lot of engaged color and it's really just accents. I like color. I think color contextualized it in a contemporary art sort of way and it allows the viewer to engage in it more than just found wood. It starts to have a dialogue when you add some color. Even the black and white planks will feel engaged.
T: Someone told me that this is the first time you've painted both sides of the planks. Why just one side, previously?
JM: Well, for years they've just leaned. They occupy a space that's both sculptural and painting. This gives me a chance to treat them like Calder-esque…they'll be like mobiles in the way that they're suspended.Untitled Painted Plank 4 by Jason Middlebrook. Jason will hang five cypress planks in the lobby of SCAD MOA to complement his chandelier.
T: What's your advice for new artists who want to work with natural materials or found objects?
JM: I think the thing is to be super conscientious with everything, like place, site, material, history. Really think about where the materials came from and what that signifies. And be thoughtful about your decisions before you go head first, before you rip up a tree or cut down a tree. Think about, "Oh, this piece of furniture is broken. Maybe it can be fixed and circulated back into the community."
T: Does deFine Art (Feb. 18-21) represent a unique opportunity for you?
JM: The best part is that the museum is trying to create a spectacle this week. That's kind of how art works. That's the art fair model. If you build it they will come. I think it's a really good model because people won't go somewhere unless…it's like a P.T. Barnum thing. You gotta do a "thing" for people to come.
T: Especially in this age of over the top entertainment.
JM: Yeah, and this way they're like, "We're going to put all of our eggs in one basket for one week. And then we'll get some energy and then learn from it, and next year it will be better or different." I love being a part of those things because there's energy.
See Submerged at SCAD MOA from Feb. 18 - Aug. 3, 2014. The fifth edition of SCAD deFine Art runs Feb. 18 - 21 in Savannah, Atlanta and Hong Kong.
With the Winter Olympics in full swing, you'll forgive me if I have more on my mind than figure skating, ski slopes, and curling. After months of studying the impact Olympic Games have on our cities for my graduate thesis, "Olympic Theatrics on the Global Stage: Evaluating the effects of temporary and permanent event structures on historic urban landscapes," it's nearly impossible to acknowledge the Games at face value. As Sochi has already been marred by viral images of unfinished facilities and technical malfunctions at the opening ceremony, here are five things to think about while rooting on the talented athletes in Sochi.
1. The Olympics are no longer about sport
Instead, hosting the Games is an unsurprising justification for urban renewal efforts. Driven by financial and political motives, the Games provide opportunity for infrastructure improvements, economic gains through tourism, redevelopment schemes, and the city's self-promotion to the global audience. This approach is referred to as 'Olympic urbanism,' defined by identity, regeneration, and the intended legacy of the Games. While the participants demonstrate extraordinary feats of athleticism, the sporting events are a mere façade to the administrative agenda.2012 London Olympic Games. Credit: Rex Features, Canadian Press.
2. Planning decisions have significant long-term effects
In designing for the Olympic Games, host cities have several options: reuse existing buildings, construct new permanent facilities, or create temporary structures for the short-term use. Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) created a building stock of megastructures that have mostly been abandoned due to high maintenance costs and limited post-Game function. Olympic construction should include a feasible long-term use plan before a city is selected to play host.Olympic Abandonment: 1984 Sarajevo, 2004 Athens, 2008 Beijing. Credit: Huffington Post/Business Insider.
3. Hosting the Games comes at the expense of local residents
The Olympics are intended to be financed by fundraising efforts of the host city's local planning organization, but it is not uncommon for the tab to be unwillingly picked up by local taxpayers. As the Olympics have reached a mind-blowing height of cost, the expense paid by locals is not only financial but also includes environmental and social consequences. Planning should engage local community members and organizations with focus on the long-term benefit. Sochi's struggle with social equality and environmental conservation have been no secret while generating construction costs greater than any other Olympic Games in history: $51 billion compared to Beijing's $40 billion in 2008 (the most expensive Winter Games prior to Sochi were Vancouver's for $7 billion in 2010).Credit: Mother Jones
4. The Olympics are detrimental to historic urban landscapes
Recent trends over the past 30 years favor mass demolition within the existing built environment to create a blank canvas for the Games. This tendency obliterates all historic integrity and sense of place specific to that region. With the need for large buildable area and little availability of open space, the Olympics are an undeniable catalyst for resident displacement. The dislocation of 6,000 people in London (2012) is seemingly minor compared to Beijing's (2008) 1.5 million people. Sochi has reportedly displaced 2,000 families in preparation for this year's event. The ideal solution would require host cities to implement a layering strategy to integrate new construction with existing heritage.2008 Beijing statistics by David Trayte.Historic hutong demolition by Jose Antonio Soria/CCCB.
5. The Olympics are not stopping anytime soon
The Modern Games have been held for almost 120 years without any signs of slowing. The Games are more often harmful to our cities than not, but it is important to acknowledge the lengthy Olympiad timeline that continues to grow. A sense of permanent Olympic identity should be evident in every host city, allowing the event to succeed while being sensitively integrated in the existing landscape. Only with the incitement of a preservation voice can the Olympic adage of "faster, higher, stronger" rise above displacement, destruction, and disregard.Atlanta's Centennial Olympic Park by Andrew Gunners, Getty Images.
David Trayte (B.F.A., Architecture, 2011; M.F.A. Historic Preservation, 2013) is a preservation specialist for an architecture firm in Cleveland, Ohio, where he also volunteers with cultural landscape initiatives. His preservation interests include modern heritage of the recent past, cultural landscapes, and the integration of contemporary design with historic resources.
One of the hardest things about selling a show idea is trying to figure out what your target, be it a network or production company, is thinking. The perfect formula of what they want and how they want it always seems elusive. aTVfest's Demystifying the Development Process panel, including National Geographic's Tim Pastore, Discovery Channel's Joe Weinstock, UP TV's Barbara Fisher, Creative Differences' Dave Harding and Crew Neck Productions' John Scheinfeld, gave their pitch-weary audience a veritable playbook for how to present their ideas and what to avoid.
In this excerpt, Tim Pastore walks us through what he looks for in a paper treatment.
Here Joe Weinstock emphasizes that paper can only take your pitch so far and the need to be resourceful about getting your characters on camera so a network can get a feel for them. Low budget? No excuse. Hint: Skype.
Editor's note: The SCAD/FOX Sports collaboration ran at 2 p.m. during pregrame broadcast, earlier than originally scheduled by FOX Sports. Watch the final animation here: http://youtu.be/HSXd7O5bjpo.
How did a bunch of art students land one of the biggest jobs on television? As with most things, this dream job happened because of relationships. Many of our motion media design alumni work for FOX Sports. We got together and figured out that designing the 20-second opening title for the Super Bowl would be the perfect assignment for Motion Media 408, a class created to teach students about network branding. Here's how they did it:
To come up with a unique concept for the Super Bowl open, the class first dug in to understanding the FOX Sports brand and researching its aesthetic. Any designer has to retain this kind of information so that their concept matches the brand's style.
The students finally landed on three different options to pursue and presented them to FOX Sports. FOX Sports decided to focus on Concept Two: Cleatus racing through New York City to arrive at an activation chamber, where he'd place his football to trigger the start of Super Bowl XLVIII.
With a clearly defined vision, and a healthy dose of notes from FOX Sports, the class began pre-production on the stylized world and story that will draw fans from the nachos to the TV for kickoff. First came the written treatment and laying out the specifics of the animation sequence. Even more important were the style frames and motion tests, which conveyed the style and pacing of the animation to FOX Sports.
Animating a giant football player robot is complicated for anyone, but Motion Capture technology gave the team the perfect tool to work with. They recruited local high school football player Robert Heyward to model the moves that an animated Cleatus the Robot would make along his journey through New York City.
The motion tests gave FOX Sports an idea of how the students would move Cleatus and the cameras in 3D. The students took the animated data and turned them in to motion clips, blending the movements together, or animating Cleatus, at 60 fps, which means for every second they created 60 frames, or images, each with a different pose. The class then rendered each frame and compiled them to create a complete animation.
The team spent a lot of time fine tuning the concept and creating storyboards. These boards showcased the mood, style, specific shots and camera angles in the opening sequence, which gave FOX Sports a scene-by-scene layout to approve.
But the most time-consuming elements of this project were the final design boards, which required several designers and countless hours to produce.
With each style frame treated like its own piece of art, the complete design boards exhibited a few significant scenes from the storyboard. Expertly composited of 3D, 2D, texture and lighting elements, the design boards were made to simulate the refined look of the final animation that you'll see on Super Bowl Sunday.
Austin Shaw is a motion media design professor at Savannah College of Art and Design. He has worked as a creative director, designer, and animator for companies such as Süperfad, Digital Kitchen, and Curious Pictures, creating original content for the broadcast and advertising industries. His credits include numerous Broadcast Design Award and Emmy-nominated projects.


text:
West Side Story (1961)
Plot Summary
West Side Story is the award-winning adaptation of the classic romantic tragedy, "Romeo and Juliet". The feuding families become two warring New York City gangs- the white Jets led by Riff and the Puerto Rican Sharks, led by Bernardo. Their hatred escalates to a point where neither can coexist with any form of understanding. But when Riff's best friend (and former Jet) Tony and Bernardo's younger sister Maria meet at a dance, no one can do anything to stop their love. Maria and Tony begin meeting in secret, planning to run away. Then the Sharks and Jets plan a rumble under the highway - whoever wins gains control of the streets. Maria sends Tony to stop it, hoping it can end the violence. It goes terribly wrong, and before the lovers know what's happened, tragedy strikes and doesn't stop until the climactic and heartbreaking ending.- Written by Anonymous
On the west side of New York City, the Jets and the Sharks are Italian and Puerto Rican gangs respectively who hate each other and who battle each other for territory in their neighborhood. Their feud makes a small connection when at a gymnasium dance, Tony, one of the founders of the Jets but who is now inactive in the gang, and Maria, the recently arrived sister of the Sharks' leader Bernardo, spot each other across the crowded room and fall in love at first sight. For many of the male gang members, that connection is the last straw in their feud that leads to the decision to have a rumble to determine territory once and for all. Conversely, Anita, Bernardo's girlfriend, supports Maria's decision to romance whomever she wants, even a Jet. However, even Anita may be able to endure so much in her stance to support true love. As Maria and Tony try to meet each other clandestinely at any opportunity, Maria makes a request of him to foster peace between the Jets and Sharks, which inadvertently leads to a series of tragic events not only for the collective but personally for Maria and Tony.- Written by Huggo
A musical in which a modern day Romeo and Juliet are involved in New York street gangs. On the harsh streets of the upper west side, two gangs battle for control of the turf. The situation becomes complicated when a gang members falls in love with a rival's sister.- Written by Jwelch5742
Musical adaptation of Romeo and Juliet set in New York City, where rival street gangs (the Jets and the Sharks) battle for territory and respect. Is the love affair between former Jets leader Tony, and Maria, sister to Sharks' leader Bernardo, doomed to failure?- Written by Stewart M. Clamen <email@example.com>
This movie transplants the classic tale of "Romeo and Juliet" to New York City in the 1950s. The two feuding families are replaced by brawling street gangs. The Montagues become the Anglo Jets, led by Riff, and the Capulets become the Puerto Rican Sharks, led by Bernardo. At a dance, Tony, former leader of the Jets and Riff's best friend, and Maria, Bernardo's little sister, see each other across the room and it's love at first sight. With opposition from both sides, they meet secretly and their love grows deeper. However, the gangs are plotting one last rumble, a fight that will finally end the battle for control of the streets. Will Tony and Maria's love carry through a battle that threatens to destroy the people they love around them?- Written by wickedphantom
Two youngsters from rival New York City gangs fall in love, but tensions between their respective friends build toward tragedy.- Written by Murray Chapman <firstname.lastname@example.com>
A fight set to music between an American gang, the Jets, and a rival gang, the Sharks, who have moved into the Jets' territory from Puerto Rico...See full synopsis » (Warning: contains spoilers!)


text:
How much do breast implants cost in Perth?
For someone living in Perth, what is the price of breast implants?
Doctor Answers 3
How much do breast implants cost in Perth?
Thank you for the question. When it comes to cost of surgery, there may be many "variables" involved. The specific surgeon's credentials/experience level (or lack thereof), the specific geographic area you are looking at, the different operations available, the location of the procedure ( quality of surgery facility), type/quality of anesthesia provider, type of breast implants… are some of the potential variables involved. You will find average costs of surgery listed on this website, and on individual plastic surgeon's websites as well. In regards to outcome of the planned procedure, more important than costs of the procedures will be careful selection of your plastic surgeon. I would suggest starting with your national Society of Plastic Surgery to obtain a list of well experienced board-certified plastic surgeons. Then, I would suggest you visit a few surgeons whose practices concentrate on aesthetic surgery. ***Ask to SEE lots of examples of their work AND preferably speak/see patients who have had similar procedures done. Be very careful with your decision-making.
I would also suggest that you do not base your selection of plastic surgeon primarily on costs of surgery; keep in mind that revisionary surgery may be more costly in many ways. I hope this, and the attached link, helps. Best wishes.
I would also suggest that you do not base your selection of plastic surgeon primarily on costs of surgery; keep in mind that revisionary surgery may be more costly in many ways. I hope this, and the attached link, helps. Best wishes.
Web reference: http://www.poustiplasticsurgery.com/Procedures/Procedure_mommyMakeover.htm
Breast Implants/Breast Augmentation/Anatomic Gummy Bear Implants/ Silicone Implants/Breast Implant Revision Surgery
I appreciate your question. Cost varies by geographic location, surgeon expertise, OR time, anesthesia, length of procedure etc. I would recommend that you go to The American Society of Plastic Surgery website and look for a list of board certified plastic surgeons in your area. You can call their offices in advance and ask for quotes prior to scheduling consultations. The best way to assess and give true advice would be an in-person exam. Please see a board-certified plastic surgeon that specializes in aesthetic and restorative plastic surgery. Best of luck! Dr. Schwartz Board Certified Plastic Surgeon Director-Beverly Hills Breast and Body Institute #RealSelf100Surgeon #RealSelfCORESurgeon
Web reference: http://beverlyhillsbreastandbodyinstitute.com
How much do breast implants cost in Perth?
Thank you for your question. Prices for a breast augmentation are centered around three cost centers: anesthesia, facility, and surgeon's fees. The first two are usually based on the amount of time spent in the operating room with prices that are set by the respective cost center. A surgeon has discretion in his charges to patients and this will encompass the surgical procedure as well as the cost of the implants used. As these three cost center will vary across the country and by each surgeon, best to see a few physicians in consultation to have a better estimate for the Perth region. Hope this helps.
Web reference: http://www.nelson-center.com/breast-augmentation.html
You might also like...
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
Ohio State University Could Lose More Than $27 Million With Sequester Cuts
The sequester is forcing cuts at Ohio State University.
Internal Ohio State estimates show that the university could lose between $27 to $133 million in the next year alone.
Ohio State also is slated to lose $4 million next year in Medicare funds.
Federal investment in research development will slow as grants go away, and officials said 200 of their neediest students will lose grants and work study money.
"These are the students who are from the lowest income families, where their parents can't help them with college and that program is being cut," said Dr. Caroline Whitacre, the vice president for research at OSU.
As sequester begins, Congress and the President must reach a deal on the debt ceiling by March 27 or the whole federal government could shut down.
Watch 10TV News and refresh 10TV.com for more information.


text:
I've been on hiatus from the forum for a while. Been busy fly-fishing and enjoying summer. Shooting a little sporting clays and looking forward to killing things.
Why haven't the regs come out yet? I've been looking forward to planning my hunting and also applying for a swan tag.
I'm going to get a couple of layout blinds this year, and something for the dogs to hide under too. Thinking I'll mostly hunt prarie potholes and some bigger water in my skiff. I lost a few hunting buddies to places with more career opportunities so if anyone's interested in getting together for some serious waterfowling this year, that would be cool.
Elk are bugeling a little, nights are getting longer, my trigger finger's got an itch.


text: Media 22 December 2012 Dennis Skinner trolls the Queen Josie Long nominates an unusual tradition as one of her favourite things. Sign up for our weekly email * Print HTML In the Christmas issue of the New Statesman, comedian Josie Long nominates her favourite things of the year. One of them is this YouTube video, "Dennis Skinner trolls the Queen". It's become an annual tradition for the Bolsover MP to heckle when Black Rod - resplendent in dark tights, and sent by the monarch - requests that MPs join him in the House of Lords for the opening of Parliament. (By tradition, the Queen cannot enter the Commons.) Mostly, Skinner goes for laughs. In 1998 he went for: "Ey up, here comes Puss in Boots". In 2006, he shouted: "Have you got Helen Mirren on standby?" In 2008, he asked: "Any Tory moles at the palace?" - a reference to the arrest of Tory MP Damian Green on suspicion of receiving confidential information from a civil servant. But this year, he went with some more edgy material, shouting: "Jubilee year, double dip recession, what a start." Tory MPs responded with cries of "shame!" You can see an impressively full list of Skinner's heckles on Wikipedia. › NRA wants federal agents in every school - but why stop there? Black Rod at the Opening of Parliament. Photo: Getty Helen Lewis is deputy editor of the New Statesman. She has presented BBC Radio 4's Week in Westminster and is a regular panellist on BBC1's Sunday Politics. Subscribe from just £1 per issue More Related articles Expressions of sympathy for terror's victims may seem banal, but it's better than the alternative Jeremy Corbyn fares well in his toughest interview yet The 5 things the Tories aren't telling you about their manifesto


text:
Prostitution in Germany
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (September 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Prostitution in Germany is legal, as are all aspects of the sex industry, including brothels, advertisement, and job offers through HR companies. Prostitution is widespread and regulated by the German government, which levies taxes on it.[1] In 2002, the government changed the law in an effort to improve the legal situation of prostitutes. However, the social stigmatization of prostitutes persists and many prostitutes continue to lead a double life.[2] Human rights organizations consider the resulting common exploitation of women from Eastern and Southeastern Europe to be the main problem associated with the profession.
- 1 History
- 2 Modern era
- 3 Extent of prostitution and associated issues
- 4 Forms of female prostitution
- 4.1 Street prostitution (Straßenstrich)
- 4.2 Prostitution for the procurement of narcotics
- 4.3 Bars
- 4.4 Eros centers (Bordell, Laufhaus)
- 4.5 Apartment prostitution (Wohnungspuffs)
- 4.6 Massage parlors
- 4.7 Partytreffs and Pauschalclubs
- 4.8 FKK clubs or Sauna clubs
- 4.9 Escort services (Begleitagenturen)
- 4.10 For special groups
- 5 Forms of male prostitution
- 6 Legal situation
- 7 Crime
- 8 Scandals and news coverage
- 9 Politics
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 External links
Middle Ages to Confederation (1815)[edit]
Prostitution in historically German lands has never been outlawed and been described since the middle ages. Since the 13th century, several German cities operated brothels known as Frauenhäuser ("women's houses"); [3] the practice of prostitution was considered a necessary evil, a position already held by Saint Augustine (354-430). Some municipalities actively encouraged it and far from existing on the margins, prostitutes were often honoured guests, who maintained domestic order as an outlet and lesser evil to such things as adultery and rape.[4] Emperor Sigismund (1368–1437) thanked the city of Konstanz in writing for providing some 1,500 prostitutes for the Council of Constance which took place from 1414 to 1418.[5]
Prostitutes were more vigorously persecuted beginning in the 16th century, with the start of the Reformation and the appearance of syphilis.
The Confederations (1815-1871), German Empire (1871-1918) and Republic (1918-1933)[edit]
Beginning in the 19th century, prostitutes in many regions had to register with police or local health authorities and submit to regular health checks to curb venereal diseases.
In Imperial Germany (1871–1918) attitudes to prostitution were ambivalent. While prostitution was tolerated as a necessary function to provide for male sexuality outside of marriage, it was frowned on as a threat to contemporary moral images of women's sexuality. Therefore, state policy concentrated on regulation rather than abolition. This was mainly at the municipal level. The state regulation at the same time created an atmosphere which at the same time defined what was considered proper, and proper feminine sexuality. Controls were particularly tight in the port city of Hamburg. The regulations included defining the dress and conduct both inside and outside of brothels, of prostitutes. Thus their occupation defined their lives as a separate class of women, on the margins of society. [6] [7] It is estimated that in 1900 there were 50,000 women working as prostitutes in Berlin.[8]
Third Reich (1933-1945)[edit]
During the Nazi era, street prostitutes were seen as "asocial" and degenerate and were often sent to concentration camps, especially to the Ravensbrück camp.[9] The Nazis did not entirely disapprove of prostitution though and instead installed a centralized system of city brothels, military brothels (Wehrmachtsbordelle), brothels for foreign forced laborers, and concentration camp brothels.[10] Between 1942 and 1945, camp brothels were installed in ten concentration camps, including Auschwitz. Himmler intended these as an incentive for cooperative and hard-working non-Jewish and non-Russian inmates, in order to increase productivity of the work camps.[11] Initially the brothels were staffed mostly with former prostitute inmates who volunteered, but women were also put under pressure to work there.[10] In the documentary film, Memory of the Camps, a project supervised by the British Ministry of Information and the American Office of War Information during the summer of 1945, camera crews filmed women who stated that they were forced into sexual slavery for the use of guards and favored prisoners. The film makers stated that as the women died they were replaced by women from the concentration camp Ravensbrück.[12]
None of the women who were forced to work in these concentration camp brothels ever received compensation, since the German compensation laws do not cover persons designated as "asocial" by the Nazis.[10]
In a famous case of espionage, the Nazi intelligence service SD took over the luxurious Berlin brothel Salon Kitty and equipped it with listening devices and specially trained prostitutes. From 1939 to 1942 the brothel was used to spy on important visitors.
German Democratic Republic (GDR 1945–1990)[edit]
After World War II, the country was divided into East Germany and West Germany. In East Germany, as in all countries of the communist Eastern Bloc, prostitution was illegal and according to the official position it didn't exist. However, there were high-class prostitutes working in the hotels of East Berlin and the other major cities, mainly targeting Western visitors; the Stasi employed some of these for spying purposes. Street walkers and female taxi drivers[citation needed] were available for the pleasure of visiting Westerners, too.
Federal Republic of Germany (BRD 1945–2001)[edit]
In West Germany, the registration and testing requirements remained in place but were handled quite differently in the various regions of the country. In Bavaria, in addition to scheduled STD check-ups, regular HIV tests were required since 1987, but this was an exception. Many prostitutes did not submit to these tests, avoiding the registration. A study in 1992 found that only 2.5% of the tested prostitutes had a disease, a rate much lower than the one among comparable non-prostitutes.[13]
In 1967, Europe's largest brothel at the time, the six-floor Eros Center, was opened on the Reeperbahn in Hamburg. An even larger one, the twelve-floor building now called Pascha in Cologne was opened in 1972. The AIDS scare of the late 1980s was bad for business, and the Eros Center as well as several other brothels in Hamburg had to close.[14][15] The Pascha continued to flourish however, and now has evolved into a chain with additional brothels in Munich and Salzburg.
Anything done in the "promotion of prostitution" (Förderung der Prostitution) remained a crime until 2001, even after the extensive criminal law reforms of 1973. This put the operators of brothels in constant legal danger. Most brothels were therefore run as a bar with an attached but legally separate room rental. However, many municipalities built, ran and profited from high rise or townhouse-style high-rent Dirnenwohnheime (lit.: "whores' dormitories"), to keep street prostitution and pimping under control. Here prostitutes sell sex in a room that they rent by the day. These establishments, called "Laufhäuser" in Johns' jargon are now mostly privatized and operate as Eros Centers. Even before the 2001 reform, many upmarket prostitutes operated in their own apartments, alone or with other women. Luxurious country houses, called "FKK-Sauna-Clubs" are the top end of the scale. There, women and men pay the same entrance fees that range from about 50 to 100 euro and usually include meals and drinks and the prostitutes negotiate their deals with the clients individually, thus avoiding the appearance of pimping ("Zuhälterei"). Illegal variations on that business model, like "Flaterate-Clubs" and "Pauschalclubs" also exist and advertise openly in daily newspapers and the Internet. These establishments charge an "all-you-can handle" fee of about 75 to 90 euro.
Before the 2002 prostitution law, the highest courts of Germany repeatedly ruled that prostitution offends good moral order (verstößt gegen die guten Sitten), with several legal consequences. Any contract that is considered immoral is null and void, so a prostitute could not sue for payment. Prostitutes working out of their apartments could lose their leases. Finally, bars and inns could be denied a licences if prostitution took place on their premises.
In 1999, Felicitas Weigmann[16] lost the licence for her Berlin cafe Psst!, because the cafe was being used to initiate contacts between customers and prostitutes and had an attached room-rental also owned by Weigmann. She sued the city, arguing that society's position had changed and prostitution no longer qualified as offending the moral order. The judge conducted an extensive investigation and solicited a large number of opinions. In December 2000 the court agreed with Weigmann's claim. This ruling is considered as precedent and important factor in the realization of the Prostitution Law of 1 January 2002. Only after an appeal process though, filed by the Berlin town district, was Weigmann to regain her café license in October 2002.
The compulsory registration and testing of prostitutes was abandoned in 2001. Since then, anonymous, free and voluntary health testing has been made available to everyone, including illegal immigrants. Many brothel operators require these tests.
Modern era[edit]
Legislative reform (2002)[edit]
In 2002 a one-page law sponsored by the Green Party was passed by the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and Greens in the Bundestag. The law removed the general prohibition on furthering prostitution and allowed prostitutes to obtain regular work contracts. The law's rationale stated that prostitution should not be considered as immoral anymore.
The law has been criticized as having not effectively changed the situation of the prostitutes, often because the prostitutes themselves don't want to change their working conditions and contracts.[17] The German government issued a report on the law's impact in January 2007, concluding that few prostitutes had taken advantage of regular work contracts and that work conditions had improved only slightly, if at all.[18]
Between 2000 and 2003, the visa issuing policies of German consulates were liberalized. The opposition claimed that this resulted in an increase in human trafficking and prostitutes entering the country illegally, especially from Ukraine. The episode led to hearings in 2005 and is known as the German Visa Affair 2005.
In 2004 the Turkish gang leader Necati Arabaci was sentenced to 9 years in prison for pimping, human trafficking, assault, extortion, weapons violations and racketeering.[19] His gang of bouncers controlled the night clubs in Cologne's entertainment district, the Ring, where they befriended girls in order to exploit them as prostitutes.[20] After Arabaci's arrest, informants overheard threats against the responsible prosecutor, who received police protection and fled the country in 2007 when Arabaci was deported to Turkey.[21]
In 2004, the large FKK-brothel Colosseum opened in Augsburg, and police suspected a connection to Arabaci's gang, which owned several similar establishments and was supposedly directed from prison by its convicted leader.[22] After several raids, police determined that the managers of the brothel dictated the prices that the women had to charge, prohibited them from sitting in groups or using cell phones during work, set the work hours, searched rooms and handbags, and made them work completely nude (charging a penalty of 10 euros per infraction). In April 2006, five men were charged with pimping. The court quashed the charges, arguing that the prostitution law of 2002 created a regular employer-employee relationship and thus gave the employer certain rights to direct the working conditions. Colosseum remained in business.[23]
Early in 2005, English media reported that a woman refusing to take a job as a prostitute might have her unemployment benefits reduced or removed altogether.[24] A similar story had appeared in mid-2003; a woman received a job offer through a private employment agency. In this case however, the agency apologized for the mistake, stating that a request for a prostitute would normally have been rejected, but the client misled them, describing the position as "a female barkeeper." To date, there have been no reported cases of women actually losing benefits in such a case, and the employment agencies have stated that women would not be made to work in prostitution.[25]
In March 2007 the brothel "Pascha" in Cologne announced that senior citizens above the age of 66 would receive a discount during afternoons; half of the price of 50 euros for a "normal session" would be covered by the house. Earlier, in 2004, a 20% discount for long-term unemployed had been announced by a brothel in Dresden.[26]
Also in 2007, authorities in Berlin began to close several apartment brothels that had existed for years. They cited a 1983 court decision that found that the inevitable disturbances caused by brothels were incompatible with residential areas. Prostitutes' organizations and brothel owners fought these efforts. They commissioned a study that concluded that apartment brothels in general neither promote criminality nor disturb neighbors.[27]
The economic downturn of 2009 has resulted in changes at some brothels. Reduced prices and free promotions are now found. Some changes, the result of modern marketing tools, rebates, gimmicks. Brothels introducing all-inclusive flat-rates, free shuttle buses, discounts for seniors and taxi drivers. "Day passes." Some brothels reportedly including loyalty cards, group sex parties, rebates for golf players. Clients have reported reducing their number of weekly visits.[28]
In 2009, the Bundessozialgericht ruled that the German job agencies are not required to find prostitutes for open positions in brothels. The court rejected the complaint of a brothel owner who had argued that the law of 2002 had turned prostitution into a job like any other; the judges ruled that the law had been passed to protect the employees, not to further the business.[29]
The effects of the reforms continue to be debated. A five-part series in Der Spiegel in 2013 claimed it was a failure.[30] Others have argued that, while the German model still has many weaknesses, it has reduced violence against sex workers.[31]
Football World Cup 2006[edit]
Officials speculated that up to 40,000 illegal prostitutes, mainly from Eastern European countries, would enter Germany for the Football World Cup, held in Germany in the summer of 2006. Women and church groups were planning a "Red card to forced prostitution" campaign with the aim of alerting World Cup visitors to the existence of forced prostitution. They asked for support from the national football team and the national football organization but were initially rebuffed.[32] In March 2006 the president of the German football federation turned around and agreed to support a campaign named "Final Whistle – Stop Forced Prostitution".[33] The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Nordic Council and Amnesty International also expressed concern over an increase in the trafficking of women and forced prostitution up to and during the World Cup.[34][35][36][37]
In March 2006 the campaign "Responsible John. Prostitution without compulsion and violence"[38] was started by the government of Berlin.[39] It provides a list of signs of forced prostitution and urges prostitutes' customers to call a hotline if they spot one of those signs.
In April 2006, an advertisement for the Pascha brothel in Cologne that featured a several story image of a half-naked woman with the flags of 2006 FIFA World Cup countries sparked outrage after Muslims were offended by the inclusion of the Saudi Arabian and Iranian flags. The Pascha brothel's owner, Armin Lobscheid, said a group of Muslims had threatened violence over the advertisement, and he blacked out the two flags. However, the Tunisian flag that features the Muslim crescent remained on the advertisement.
On 30 June 2006, the New York Times reported that the expected increase in prostitution activity around the World Cup had not taken place.[40] This was confirmed by the 2006 BKA report on human trafficking, which reported only 5 cases of human trafficking related to the World Cup.[41]
Extent of prostitution and associated issues[edit]
Studies in the early 1990s estimated that about 50,000–200,000 women and some men worked as prostitutes in Germany.[13] The International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, published in 1997, reported that over 100,000 women work in prostitution in Germany.[42] A 2005 study gave 200,000 as a "halfway realistic estimate".[43] The prostitutes' organization Hydra puts the number at 400,000, and this number is typically quoted in the press today. A 2009 study by TAMPEP also gave the Hydra estimate of 400,000 full or part-time prostitutes, with 93% being female, 3% transgender and 4% male.[2]
The same study found that 63% of the prostitutes in Germany were foreigners, with two thirds of them coming from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1999 the proportion of foreign prostitutes had been 52%. The increase was attributed to the EU enlargement.[2][44]
From other studies, it is estimated that between 10% and 30% of the male adult population have had experiences with prostitutes.[42] Of those 17-year-old males in West Germany with experience of intercourse, 8% have had sex with a prostitute.[42]
A 2009 survey identified the following main vulnerability factors for German sex workers (in the order of importance):
- Financial problems, including debts and poverty.
- Violence and abuse by clients, police and pimps.
- No professional identity; lack of self-confidence.
- Stigma and discrimination.
- Exploitative personal dependencies.[2]
Forms of female prostitution[edit]
Street prostitution (Straßenstrich)[edit]
Regular street prostitution is often quite well organized and controlled by pimps. Most cities however established "Sperrbezirke" (off-limits zones) and charge the streetwalkers an amusement tax, that in the city of Bonn for instance is paid by the streetwalkers at parking meters, six euro for a period of about eight night hours. The same fee is collected from prostitutes in apartments and brothels, sometimes by municipal tax collectors in person. Some prostitutes have a nearby caravan, others use the customer's car, still others use hotel rooms. With recent economic problems, in some large cities "wild" street prostitution has started to appear: areas where women work temporarily out of short-term financial need. A "sex drive-in", or "Verrichtungsbox", is a facility of structures to enclose cars to provide a safer place for prostitution using cars.[45]
Prostitution for the procurement of narcotics[edit]
In every major German city there are prostitutes who offer their services to procure drugs. This often takes place near the main railway stations, while the act usually takes place in the customer's car or in a nearby rented room. These prostitutes are the most desperate, often underage, and their services are generally the cheapest. Pimps and brothel owners try to avoid drug-addicted prostitutes, as they are inclined to spend their earnings solely or primarily on drugs. Other prostitutes tend to look down on them as well, because they are considered as lowering the market prices.
In a unique effort to move drug-addicted streetwalkers out of the city center and reduce violence against these women, the city of Cologne in 2001 created a special area for tolerated street prostitution in Geestemünder Straße. Dealers and pimps are not tolerated, the parking places have alarm buttons and the women are provided with a cafeteria, showers, clean needles and counselling. The project, modelled on the Dutch tippelzones, is supervised by an organisation of Catholic women.[46] A positive scientific evaluation was published in 2004.[47]
In bars, women try to induce men to buy expensive drinks along with the sexual services. Sex usually takes place in a separate but attached building. Prices are mostly set by the bar owner and the money is shared between the owner and the prostitute.
Eros centers (Bordell, Laufhaus)[edit]
An eros center is a house or street (Laufstraße) where women can rent small one-room apartments for 80–150 euro per day. Then they solicit customers from the open door or from behind a window. Prices are normally set by the prostitutes; they start at 25–50 euros for short-time sex. The money is not shared with the brothel owner. Security and meals are provided by the owner. The women may even live in their rooms, but most do not. Minors and women not working in the eros center are not allowed to enter. Eros centers exist in almost all larger German cities. The most famous is the Herbertstraße near the Reeperbahn in Hamburg. The largest brothel in Europe is the eros center Pascha in Cologne, a 12 storey building with some 120 rooms for rent and several bars.
Brothels of all kinds advertise for sex workers in the weekly female-orientated magazine Heim und Welt.[48]
Apartment prostitution (Wohnungspuffs)[edit]
There are many of these advertised in the daily newspapers. Sometimes run by a single woman, sometimes by a group of roommates and sometimes as safehouses for traffickers, with the women being moved around on a weekly basis.
Massage parlors[edit]
Some massage parlors offer sexual services, though this is far less common than in the U.S.[citation needed]
Partytreffs and Pauschalclubs[edit]
These are a variation on partner-swapping swing clubs with (sometimes, but not always) paid prostitutes in attendance, as well as 'amateur' women and couples. Single men pay a flat-rate entrance charge of about 80 to 150 euros, which includes food, drink and unlimited sex sessions, with the added twist that these are performed in the open in full view of all the guests. Women normally pay a low or zero entrance charge.
FKK clubs or Sauna clubs[edit]
Typically, these are houses or large buildings, often with swimming pool and sauna, a large 'meet and greet' room with bar and buffet on the ground floor, TV/video screens, and bedrooms on the upper floor(s). Operating hours are usually from late morning until after midnight. Women are typically nude or topless, men may wear robes or towels. Men and women often pay the same entrance fee, from 35 to 70 euros, including use of all facilities, food and drinks (soft drinks and beer, most FKKs do not allow liquor). Some clubs will admit couples. This form of prostitution, which was mentioned in the rationale of the 2002 prostitution law as providing good working conditions for the women, exists all over Germany and parts of the Netherlands, but mainly in the Rhein-Ruhrgebiet and in the area around Frankfurt am Main. Among the largest clubs of this type are: Artemis in Berlin, opened in the fall of 2005, the new Harem in Bad Lippspringe and the long established FKK World near Giessen and FKK Oase in the countryside near Bad Homburg.
Escort services (Begleitagenturen)[edit]
Escort services, where the customer calls to have a woman meet him at home or at a hotel for sexual services, exist in Germany as well, but are not nearly as prevalent as in the US.
For special groups[edit]
Sexual services for the disabled and elderly. The agency Sensis in Wiesbaden connects prostitutes with disabled customers. Nina de Vries somewhat controversially provides sexual services to severely mentally disabled men and has been repeatedly covered in the media. Professional training is available for 'sex assistants'.[49]
Forms of male prostitution[edit]
A comparatively small number of males offer sexual services to females, usually in the form of escort services, meeting in hotels. The vast majority of male prostitutes serve male clients. In 2007 it was estimated that there were 2,500 male prostitutes in Berlin.[50] The above-mentioned Pascha brothel in Cologne reserves one entire floor for male and transgender prostitutes.
Legal situation[edit]
Prostitution is legal in Germany. Prostitutes may work as regular employees with contract, though the vast majority work independently.[43] Brothels are registered businesses that do not need a special brothel licence; if food and alcoholic drinks are offered, the standard restaurant licence is required.
Prostitutes have to pay income taxes and have to charge VAT for their services, to be paid to the tax office. In practice, prostitution is a cash business and taxes are not always paid, though enforcement has recently been strengthened. The Länder North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden Württemberg and Berlin have initiated a system where prostitutes have to pay their taxes in advance, a set amount per day, to be collected and paid to tax authorities by the brothel owners. North Rhine-Westfalia charges 25 euros per day per prostitute, while Berlin charges 30 euros. In May 2007 authorities were considering plans for a uniform country-wide system charging 25 euros per day.[51]
Until 2002, prostitutes and brothels were technically not allowed to advertise, but that prohibition was not enforced. The Bundesgerichtshof ruled in July 2006 that, as a consequence of the new prostitution law, advertising of sexual services is no longer illegal.[52] Before the law and still now, many newspapers carry daily ads for brothels and for women working out of apartments. Many prostitutes and brothels have websites on the Internet. In addition, sex shops and newsstands sell magazines specialising in advertisements of prostitutes ("Happy Weekend", "St Pauli Nachrichten", "Sexy" and many more).
Foreign women from European Union countries are allowed to work as prostitutes in Germany. Women from other countries can obtain three-month tourist visas for Germany. If they work in prostitution, it is illegal, because the tourist visa does not include a work permit.
Pimping, (Zuhälterei = exploiting and/or controlling a sex worker) admitting prostitutes under the age of eighteen to a brothel, and influencing persons under the age of twenty-one to take up or continue work in prostitution, are illegal. It is also illegal to contract sex services from any person younger than 18, per Article 182 (paragraph 2) of the Criminal Code.[53] (Before 2008 this age limit was 16.) This law also applies to Germans traveling abroad, to combat child prostitution occurring in the context of sex tourism.
Municipal regulation[edit]
The first city in Germany to introduce an explicit prostitution tax was Cologne. The tax was initiated early in 2004 by the city council led by a coalition of the conservative CDU and the leftist Greens. This tax applies to striptease, peep shows, porn cinemas, sex fairs, massage parlors, and prostitution. In the case of prostitution, the tax amounts to 150 euros per month and working prostitute, to be paid by brothel owners or by privately working prostitutes. (The area Geestemünder Straße mentioned above is exempt.) Containment of prostitution was one explicitly stated goal of the tax. In 2006 the city took in 828,000 euros through this tax.[54] The neighboring city of Bonn collects a nightly sex work tax of six euro from street prostitutes in the Immenburgstrasse by vending machines identical to German parking meters. All other areas of the city are Sperrbezirk (off-limits for street prostitution).
Every city has the right to zone off certain areas where prostitution is not allowed (Sperrbezirk). Prostitutes found working in these areas can be fined or, when persistent, jailed. The various cities handle this very differently. In Berlin prostitution is allowed everywhere, and Hamburg allows street prostitution near the Reeperbahn during certain times of the day. Almost the entire center of Munich is Sperrbezirk, and under-cover police have posed as clients to arrest prostitutes.[55] In Leipzig, street prostitution is forbidden almost everywhere, and the city even has a local law allowing police to fine customers who solicit prostitution in public.[43] In most smaller cities, the Sperrbezirk includes the immediate city center as well as residential areas. Several states prohibit brothels in small towns (such as towns with fewer than 35,000 inhabitants).
This concept has been the subject of a number of legal challenges. In North Rhine-Westphalia a Minden court has ruled against 'Sperrbezirk',[56] as have courts in Hesse and Bavaria.[57][58] The court ruled that a general prohibition of prostitution infringed a basic right to choose one's occupation, as laid down in the 2002 Prostitution Act.
Regular health checks for prostitutes are not mandated by law in Germany. In Bavaria (Bayern), law mandates the use of condoms for sexual intercourse with prostitutes, including oral contact.[59][60]
The 1957 murder of the high-class prostitute Rosemarie Nitribitt in Frankfurt drew great media attention in postwar Germany. The circumstances of her death remain obscure. Police investigations turned up no substantial leads other than a prime suspect who was later acquitted due to reasonable doubt. Several high-profile, respectable citizens turned out to have been among her customers, a fact on which the media based insinuations that higher social circles might be covering up and obstructing the search for the real murderer. The scandal inspired two movies.
Werner Pinzner was a contract murderer active in the brothel scene of Hamburg in the 1980s. Captured in 1986, he confessed to eight murders of people involved in prostitution businesses. His long-time female lawyer and his wife conspired to smuggle a gun into the Hamburg police headquarters on 29 July 1986, and Pinzner proceeded to kill the attending prosecutor, his wife and himself. The lawyer was sentenced to six years in prison for aiding in murder.[61]
Six persons were murdered in a brothel in Frankfurt am Main in 1994. The Hungarian couple managing the place as well as four Russian prostitutes were strangled with electric cables. The case was resolved soon after: it was a robbery gone bad, carried out by the husband of a woman who had worked there.[62][63]
In 2012 it was reported that police were investigating the owners of a number of high-class brothels in Düsseldorf. Allegedly, numerous customers had been incapacitated with date rape drugs or other drugs in order to charge exorbitant amounts to their credit cards; those who complained were blackmailed with video footage.[64]
Human trafficking[edit]
Illegal human trafficking is a major focus of police work in Germany, yet it remains prevalent. In 2007, Germany was listed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as a top destination for victims of human trafficking.[65]
In 2009, 710 victims of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation were discovered, an increase of 5% in comparison with 2008.[66]
In 2008, authorities identified 676 sex-trafficking victims.[67]
In 2007, law enforcement authorities recorded 689 victims trafficked for sexual exploitation. Most victims (419) were between the ages of 18 and 24; 184 were nationals of the country. Approximately 12 percent were under the age of 18, including 39 citizens. One percent (seven) were under 14 years of age.[68]
The trafficking in women from Eastern Europe is often organized by perpetrators from that same region. The German Federal Police Office BKA reported in 2006 a total of 357 completed investigations of human trafficking, with 775 victims. Thirty-five percent of the suspects were Germans born in Germany and 8% were German citizens born outside of Germany.[41]
According to the report, in 2006 about 35% of the victims of human trafficking reported that they had agreed from the beginning to work in prostitution; often they did not know about the working conditions and debts incurred. Some others hoped for a job as waitress, maid or au pair; some were simply abducted. Once in Germany, their passports are sometimes taken away and they are informed that they now have to work off the cost of the trip. Sometimes they are brokered to pimps or brothel operators, who then make them work off the purchase price. They work in brothels, bars, apartments; as streetwalkers or as escorts and have to hand over the better part of their earnings. Some women reconcile themselves with this situation as they still make much more money than they could at home; others rebel and are threatened or abused. They are, reportedly, sometimes told that the police have been paid off and will not help them, which is false. They are, reportedly, also threatened with harm to their families at home.
The report states that victims are often unwilling to testify against their oppressors: the only incentive they have to do so is the permission to remain in the country until the end of the trial (with the hope of finding a husband during that time), rather than being deported immediately. Prostitutes from EU countries are not prohibited from traveling to and working in Germany. There is a large influx from Poland, Czech Republic, Bulgaria and Romania, for instance. Actually the income prospects for them are not larger than at home, but they prefer to work in the better and safer German environment, as long as they can avoid pimps exploiting and controlling them. German law enforcement aggressively tries to eradicate pimping. In one raid in 2013 near Bonn, 24 males were arrested for exploiting prostitutes, one of them just 15 years old.
Scandals and news coverage[edit]
In 2003, German CDU politician Michel Friedman, popular TV talk show host and then assistant chairman of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, became embroiled in an investigation of trafficking women. He had been a client of several escort prostitutes from Eastern Europe who testified that he had repeatedly taken and offered cocaine. After receiving a fine for the drug charge, he resigned from all posts. Since 2004 he has been hosting a weekly talk show on the TV channel N24.[69]
Also in 2003, well-known artist and art professor Jörg Immendorff was caught in the luxury suite of a Düsseldorf hotel with seven prostitutes (and four more on their way) and some cocaine. He admitted to having staged several such orgies and received 11 months on probation and a fine for the drug charges. He attempted to explain his actions by his "orientalism" and his terminal illness.
In 2012 the ex-wife of German ex-president Bettina Wulff won several court settlements with some media outlets and the search engine Google not to connect her with an alleged past as a prostitute.
The coalition of Social Democrats and the Green Party that governed the country from 1998 until late 2005 attempted to improve the legal situation of prostitutes in the years 2000–2003. These efforts have been criticized as inadequate by prostitutes' organizations such as Hydra, which lobby for full normality of the occupation and the elimination of all mention of prostitution from the legal code. The conservative parties in the Bundestag, while supporting the goal of improving prostitutes' access to the social security and health care system, have opposed the new law because they want to retain the "offending good morals" status.
The churches run several support groups for prostitutes. These generally favor attempts to remove stigmatization and improve the legal situation of prostitutes, but they retain the long term abolitionist goal of a world without prostitution and encourage all prostitutes to quit.
Alice Schwarzer rejects all prostitution as inherently oppressive and abusive; she favors a law like that in Sweden, where in 1999 after heavy feminist lobbying a coalition of Social Democrats, Greens and leftists outlawed the buying but not the selling of sexual services. German-American journalist and men's rights activist Jerry Hoss likens the push for prostitution prohibition to a demand for a "final solution of the prostitution problem by Feminazis." He asserts that pimping, forced labor, abduction, false imprisonment, illegal immigration, extortion, rape, bodily injury etc. are already strictly forbidden in Germany and no new laws are needed, just better enforcement.[70]
In 2005, the ruling grand coalition of CDU and SPD announced plans to punish customers of forced prostitutes, if the customer could reasonably have been aware of the situation.[71] In April 2009 it was reported that the plans would provide for a penalty of up to 5 years in prison.[72] The law had not been enacted when the center-right CDU-FDP coalition came to power in November 2009. In 2014, the coalition of CDU and SPD renewed their plans to increase regulation and control of prostitution. Several organisations protested against these plans, amongst them prostitutes organisations as Hydra, Doña Carmen, the 'Berufsverband erotische und sexuelle Dienstleistungen', and an anonymous group of customers, the Freieroffensive.
See also[edit]
- ^ "The Act Regulating the Legal Situation of Prostitutes – implementation, impact, current developments" (PDF). Social Research Institute of Applied Sciences Freiburg. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Final Report TAMPEP 8, Germany" (PDF), TAMPEP reports, October 2009
- ^ P. Schuster: Das Frauenhaus. Städtische Bordelle in Deutschland (1350–1600), Paderborn 1992
- ^ Kathryn Norberg. Prostitution. Encyclopedia of European Social History
- ^ Die Prostitution im Mittelalter, in Alltag im Spätmittelalter, Harry Kühnel, Helmut Hundsbichler (eds.), 2nd edn., Kaleidoskop, 1984
- ^ Julia Bruggemann: Prostitution, Sexuality, and Gender Roles in Imperial German Hamburg: A Case Study. First Global Conference on Sexualities 2004
- ^ Julia Bruggemann: Prostitution, Sexuality, and Gender Roles in Imperial Germany: Hamburg, A Case Study; in Genealogies of Identity, Interdisciplinary readings on sex and sexuality. Peters F (ed.) Rodopi, Amsterdam 2005
- ^ [books.google.ca/books?id=iAIs0MI-xgsC&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238 Friedrich Lenger. European Cities in the Modern Era, 1850-1914. BRILL, 2012. ISBN 9004233385. page 238]
- ^ Auf einem vergessenen Lager im Lager, taz, 5 February 2007. (German)
- ^ a b c "Die verfluchten Stunden am Abend", Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 19 June 2009
- ^ New Exhibition Documents Forced Prostitution in Concentration Camps Spiegel Online, 15 January 2007
- ^ Memory of the Camps, Frontline, PBS
- ^ a b B. Leopold, E. Steffan, N. Paul: Dokumentation zur rechtlichen und sozialen Situation von Prostitutierten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Schriftenreihe des Bundesministeriums für Frauen und Jugend, Band 15, 1993. (German)
- ^ A Red-Light District Loses Its Allure, The New York Times, 14 May 1988
- ^ Willi Bartels ist tot, Spiegel Online, 5 November 2007. (German)
- ^ see German Wikipedia, Felicitas Weigmann, version 2 September 2009. (German)
- ^ Horizontales Gewerbe noch lange nicht legal, taz, 21 October 2006
- ^ Bericht der Bundesregierung zu den Auswirkungen des Gesetzes zur Regelung der Rechtsverhältnisse der Prostituierten Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., 24 January 2007. (German)
- ^ "Rotlicht-Pate muss neun Jahre hinter Gitter", Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger (in German), 1 October 2004
- ^ Peter Schran (2004), "Bandenkrieg – Die geheime Welt der Türsteher", WDR (in German)
- ^ "Alle ausradieren", Focus (in German), 30 April 2007
- ^ Klaus Wiendl and Oliver Bendixen: Millionengeschäfte mit Zwangsprostitution – Das europaweite Netzwerk der Bordellmafia, report MÜNCHEN, Bayerischer Rundfunk (German TV), 9 January 2006. transcript (German)
- ^ "Richter kapitulieren vor Bordellbetreibern", Süddeutsche Zeitung, 1 September 2006. (German)
- ^ 'If you don't take a job as a prostitute, we can stop your benefits', The Daily Telegraph, 30 January 2005
- ^ Snopes Debunking the claim that "Women in Germany face the loss of unemployment benefits if they decline to accept work in brothels."
- ^ German Brothel Offers 50-Percent Discount to Senior Citizens, Spiegel Online, 15 March 2007
- ^ Bordelle machen Bezirksamt an, taz, 6 September 2007. (German)
- ^ Global economic crisis hits German sex industry, Reuters (20 April 2009)
- ^ Callgirl vom Amt, sueddeutsche.de, 7 May 2009. (German)
- ^ Unprotected: How Legalizing Prostitution Has Failed. Spiegel Online May 30 2013
- ^ The German Prostitution Model: Reducing Violence Against Sex Workers. Fair Observer September 14 2013
- ^ Invasion of the body pleasers Archived 1 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Luke Harding, Salon.com (18 November 2005)
- ^ Blowing the Whistle on Forced Prostitution, Spiegel Online, 8 March 2006
- ^ "Red card to trafficking during World Cup", Amnesty International, Public Statement (26 April 2006)
- ^ "Stop trafficking in women before the FIFA World Cup" (Doc. 10881), Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly (10 April 2006)
- ^ "World Cup concerns Nordic Council" (in Swedish). Norden.org. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ Independent Catholic News Archived 18 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Ban Ying – Für Prostitution ohne Zwang und Gewalt". Ban-ying.de. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ "(Landespressestelle) Start der Kampagne "Verantwortlicher Freier" gegen Zwangsprostitution: Verantwortung kann man nicht in Zentimetern messen". Berlin.de. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ "World Cup Brings Little Pleasure to German Brothels", New York Times, 30 June 2006.
- ^ a b Reports on human trafficking, by the BKA. (German)
- ^ a b c Germany Archived 28 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine., International Encyclopedia of Sexuality, 1997–2001
- ^ a b c Auswirkungen des Prostitutionsgesetzes, IV Internationale Perspective. Sozialwissenschaftliches Frauenforschungsinstitut, Freiburg. July 2005. (German)
- ^ "Deutschlands Prostitution immer internationaler", Die Welt (in German), 1 February 2010
- ^ (25 February 2005). Mit dem Freier in die "Verrichtungsbox", Stern (magazine) (in German)
- ^ Florierendes Gewerbe im Dixie-Puff. taz, 21 December 2005 (German)
- ^ Die Verlagerung des Straßenstrichs der Stadt Köln Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., August 2004. (German)
- ^ Helmut Höge über Zielgruppentäuschung, taz 25 February 2003.
- ^ Sexköp på tyska äldrehem. SvD May 18, 2011 See also video Assistante sexuelle Arte.tv 2009
- ^ "Kontrovers: Stricher in Berlin". blu.fm (in German). 1 March 2009.
- ^ Staat will Prostituierte stärker zur Kasse bitten, Die Welt, 23 May 2007. (German)
- ^ Kontaktanzeigen Prostituierter in Zeitungen wettbewerbsrechtlich nicht generell unzulässig, press release of the Bundesgerichtshof, 13 July 2006. (German)
- ^ http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stgb/__182.html
- ^ Sex Tax Filling Cologne's Coffers. Spiegel Online, 15 December 2006
- ^ "Polizei überführt über 800 illegale Prostituierte". Abendzeitung (in German). 23 December 2008.
- ^ Minden: Prostitution in neuem Licht. nw-news.de 23.08.2014
- ^ Skandal im Sperrbezirk: Wohnungsprostitution in Frankfurt am Main grundsätzlich zulässig. Frankfurter Sperrgebietsverordnung in Teilen unwirksam. Anwalt24.de 05.02.13
- ^ Kampf um Sex-Clubs: Stadt Dachau unterliegt im Bordell-Prozess. BR.de 01.08.2014 Archived 17 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Prostitutionsbroschuere, Munich
- ^ "Sex ist käuflich, Liebe nicht", sueddeutsche.de, 5 February 2010
- ^ Danuta Harrich-Zandberg: Der St. Pauli-Killer. In: Helfried Spitra (Hrsg.): Die großen Kriminalfälle. Der St. Pauli-Killer, der Ausbrecherkönig und neun weitere berühmte Verbrechen. Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 3-593-37438-2, p. 11-34. (German)
- ^ "Nägel im Fleisch", Der Spiegel, 22 January 1996
- ^ Gisela Friedrichsen (1 April 1996), "Kohlrouladen und Champagner", Der Spiegel (in German)
- ^ "German brothel blackmailed rich and famous clients". The Telegraph. 20 July 2012.
- ^ UN highlights human trafficking, BBC, 26 March 2007
- ^ "Law Enforcement Strategies to Combat Human Trafficking". Bundeskriminalamt. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ "2009 Human Rights Report: Germany". State.gov. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
- ^ U.S. Department of State, 2008 Human Rights Report: Germany
- ^ "Michel Friedman". n24.de (in German). Archived from the original on 8 August 2011.
- ^ Jerry Hoss: "Aus dem Leben eines postmodernen Taugenichts"
- ^ Freiern droht Gefängnisstrafe, Focus, 22 October 2006
- ^ Regierung will Freier bestrafen, Focus Online, 10 April 2009
- Page, Jamie.Prostitution and subjectivity in late mediaeval Germany and Switzerland. University of St Andrews 2013
- Richard J. Evans. Prostitution, State and Society in Imperial Germany. Past & Present No. 70 (Feb., 1976), pp. 106-129
- Ulrike Zitzlsperger, Selling Sex in the Reich: Prostitutes in German Society, 1914-1945, THE 24 June 2010
- Katie Sutton. Weimar through the Lens of Gender: Prostitution Reform, Woman's Emancipation, and German Democracy, 1919-33. H-Net August, 2011.
- Anna Bretzlaff. An Examination of Changing Patterns of Prostitution in Germany Since Unification. Carleton University, April 2008
- Conceptions of Prostitute Women's Agency in West-Germany from the 1950s to the 1980s. 9th European Social Science History Conference Glasgow, Scotland, UK Wednesday 11 - Saturday 14 April 2012
- Barbara Kavemann. The Act Regulating the Legal Situation of Prostitutes – implementation, impact, current developments. Sozialwissenschaftliches FrauenForschungsInstitut an der Evangelischen Fachhochschule Freiburg. Berlin Sept 2007
- Michaela Freund-Widder: Frauen unter Kontrolle: Prostitution und ihre staatliche Bekämpfung in Hamburg vom Ende des Kaiserreiches bis zu den Anfängen der Bundesrepublik, Münster 2007.
- Sabine Gleß: Die Reglementierung von Prostitution in Deutschland, Berlin 1999.
- Sybille Krafft: Zucht und Unzucht. Prostitution und Sittenpolizei im München der Jahrhundertwende, Munich 1996.
- Julia Roos: Weimar through the Lens of Gender. Prostitution Reform, Woman's Emancipation, and German Democracy, 1919-33, Ann Arbor 2010.
- Regina Schulte: Sperrbezirke: Tugendhaftigkeit und Prostitution in der bürgerlichen Welt. 2nd ed. Europ. Verlag-Anst., Frankfurt a.M. 1994.
- Beate Schuster: Die freien Frauen. Dirnen und Frauenhäuser im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt a.M./New York 1995.
- Peter Schuster: Das Frauenhaus. Städtische Bordelle in Deutschland (1350-1600), Paderborn 1992.
- Claudia Thoben: Prostitution in Nürnberg: Wahrnehmung und Maßregeln zwischen 1871 und 1945, Nürnberg 2007.
- Alltag im Spätmittelalter, Harry Kühnel, Helmut Hundsbichler (eds.), 2nd edn., Kaleidoskop, 1984
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prostitution in Germany.
- Hydra e.V., support organization for prostitutes, also has the text of the new prostitution law
- Scathing criticism of the new prostitution law, by Doña Carmen, a support group for foreign prostitutes working in Germany (German)
- Madonna e.V. For the welfare and rights of prostitutes in Germany (German)
- Freiersein, information site for prostitution customers, run by prostitutes' support organizations. Has a section with "10 rules for fair play" outlining proper behavior of customers.
- Matthias Lehmann. Research Project Germany