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You know better than most that the basic health and wellness of your students is vital to their learning successfully in school. The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) bill, H.R. 976, was vetoed by President Bush last week. On Thursday, Oct. 18, the U.S. House will try to override his veto, requiring a 2/3s majority of the present members voting in favor of the override. Contact your legislators today and ask that they vote in favor of the veto override! Go to the Federal Legislative Action center at http://capwiz.com/naesp/issues/alert/?alertid=10418706&PROCESS=Take+Action and scroll down to e-mail your representative.
re: Veto Override Vote
Many principals contacted their U.S. Representatives about this important vote--thank you!
To see how your Representative voted on the veto override effort, please click here: http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2007/roll982.xml
Abbie Evans
Assistant Director, Government Relations


text:
comScore, Inc. Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Results
Record Quarterly and Annual Revenue Reflect Continued Momentum
Across Audience, Advertising and Digital Enterprise Businesses
RESTON, VA - February 11, 2014 - comScore, Inc. (NASDAQ: SCOR), a leader in measuring the digital world, today announced financial results for the fourth quarter and full year of 2013. Separately, the Company also today announced that its Board of Directors has appointed Serge Matta as Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Magid Abraham as Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors and Gian Fulgoni as Chairman Emeritus of comScore, all effective March 1, 2014.
Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013
comScore achieved record quarterly revenue of $76.5 million; GAAP income before income taxes of $0.3 million; and GAAP net income of $0.2 million, or $0.00 per basic and diluted share.
Fourth quarter and full year 2013 metrics compared to pro forma* results for the fourth quarter and full year 2012 were as follows:
- Fourth quarter revenue of $76.5 million, up 15% from a year ago.
- Fourth quarter Adjusted EBITDA of $17.1 million, up 47% from a year ago.
- Fourth quarter Adjusted EBITDA margin was 22% of revenue, up from 18% from a year ago.
- Annual revenue of $285.5 million, up 16% from a year ago.
- Annual Adjusted EBITDA of $60.1 million, up 40% from a year ago.
* All amounts, including implied prior year Pro Forma amounts, reflect adjustments to exclude the Non-Health Copy Testing and Configuration Manager products and are based on management's estimates of the revenue and results of operations of such products. Prior period amounts have been adjusted to reflect the same assumptions with respect to the Non-Health Copy Testing and Configuration Manager products for the purposes of consistent presentation. See Reconciliation of Revenue and Income before Income Taxes to Non-GAAP Revenue, non-GAAP Income and Adjusted EBITDA set forth in the attachment to this press release.
Dr. Magid Abraham, comScore's chief executive officer, said, "Our strong fourth quarter and full-year performance reflected the significant momentum comScore generated throughout 2013 with our leading digital measurement products and multi-platform capabilities. We delivered meaningful market share gains, record revenue, strong margin expansion and EBITDA growth well above expectations. In 2014, we plan to build upon this great momentum while continuing our focus on sharp execution.
"Looking ahead, we have a unique opportunity to shape a fast-developing, cross-media and total video measurement market that we believe to be approximately $3 billion in size. Our FTC-mandated license agreement with Nielsen for TV viewing data from 70,000 Arbitron panelists will enable significant expansion of our cross-media measurement capabilities with a very attractive cost structure. With our breadth of data assets and capabilities, we believe that comScore is the only company positioned to deliver Total Video measurement at scale. We believe in this potential so much that we will be investing an additional $8 million to $10 million to support this opportunity in 2014."
"As we move aggressively to realize our vision for Total Video measurement, we're also working to significantly expand the reach of our advertising solutions," said Serge Matta, comScore's President, "Our partnership with Google will embed vCE in Google's DoubleClick ad management platform making vCE seamlessly accessible to DoubleClick's massive display, mobile, and video advertising footprint. With a great team, exciting partnerships, and the wind at our backs, we are well-positioned to deliver superior value to our shareholders and customers and drive our next stage of growth."
To access the full press release, please click here:
Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2013 Earnings Report.pdf
About comScore
comScore, Inc. (NASDAQ: SCOR) is a global leader in digital measurement and analytics, delivering insights on web, mobile and TV consumer behavior that enable clients to maximize the value of their digital investments. For more information, please visit www.comscore.com/companyinfo
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
comScore reports all financial information required in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). comScore believes, however, that evaluating its ongoing operating results will be enhanced if it also discloses certain non-GAAP information because it is useful to understand comScore's performance, as it excludes non-cash and other charges that many investors believe may obscure comScore's on-going operating results.
For example, comScore uses non-GAAP net income, which excludes stock-based compensation, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment of intangible assets, impairment of marketable securities, costs from acquisitions, restructurings and other non-recurring items, the non-cash deferred tax provision and litigation and related settlement costs. comScore reports non-GAAP EPS (diluted), which uses non-GAAP net income in lieu of GAAP net income in calculating earnings per share. Non-GAAP pro forma revenue excludes the estimated effects of revenue generated from non-health copy testing and configuration manager products. Adjusted pro forma EBITDA also excludes the estimated effects of operations related to Non-Health Copy Testing and Configuration Manager products.
The company believes that excluding certain costs from non-GAAP net income, non-GAAP EPS, and adjusted EBITDA provides a meaningful indication to investors of the expected on-going operating performance of the company. Specifically as it relates to acquisitions and restructurings, the exclusion of these costs reflects the expected benefits realized or to be realized upon the integration of acquired entities into comScore, and the realized benefits of the restructurings.
Whenever comScore uses such historical non-GAAP financial measures, it provides a reconciliation of historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most closely applicable GAAP financial measure. Investors are encouraged to review the related GAAP financial measures and the reconciliation of these historical non-GAAP financial measures to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measure included in the financial tables accompanying this release. Although the company provides a reconciliation of historical non-GAAP financial measures, due to the high variability and difficulty in predicting certain items that affect net income, such as tax rates and stock price, comScore is unable to provide a complete reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA to net income on a forward-looking basis without unreasonable efforts. However, a reconciliation of forward-looking adjusted EBITDA to GAAP income (loss) before income taxes is set forth in the attachment to this press release.
These non-GAAP financial measures do not reflect a comprehensive system of accounting, differ from GAAP measures with the same captions and may differ from non-GAAP financial measures with the same or similar captions that are used by other companies. The use of certain non-GAAP financial measures requires management to make estimates and assumptions regarding amounts of assets and liabilities and the amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. comScore bases its estimates on historical experience and assumptions that it believes are reasonable. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Cautionary Statement
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including, without limitation, comScore's expectations as to adoption of new products and services by customers; expectations regarding continued growth of its customer base; expectations as to the company's strategy, market position, growth in revenue and margin expansion, impact and financial benefits of certain products, including Total Video measurement; the expected market size available to Total Video measurement and comScore's expected investment in such market; expectations as to the benefits of comScore's partnership with Google; expectations and forecasts of future financial performance, including related growth rates and components thereof; and assumptions related to growth for the first quarter and full year of 2014 and beyond. These statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially, including, but not limited to: comScore's ability to generate strong revenue and margin growth in future periods; comScore's ability to sell new or additional products and attract new customers; comScore's ability to sell additional subscription-based products to customers; comScore's dependence on key partnership arrangements, comScore's ability to sell additional products and services to existing customers; and the volatility of quarterly results and expectations.
For a detailed discussion of these and other risk factors, please refer to comScore's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012, our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2013 and other filings we make from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), which are available on the SEC's Web site ( http://www.sec.gov ).
Stockholders of comScore are cautioned not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date such statements are made. comScore does not undertake any obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances or new information after the date of this press release, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Kenneth Tarpey
Chief Financial Officer
comScore, Inc.
(703) 438-2305

subset: commoncrawl


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I have noticed that there seems to be a slight uptick in interest in LENR recently — probably due to some of the reports that have been coming out lately from various conferences and publications where the topic is being taken quite seriously by certain people in business and academic circles. When you have serious players such as National Instruments getting deeply involved in the emerging field of LENR it is enough to make people who are acqainted sit up and take notice.
If you study the early days of many important technologies you will find that their beginnings started with a few pioneers who were typically unusual in their interests and work; they wanted to explore areas that were yet untouched. Inventors by their nature are going to be operating in the fringes of their disciplines since they try to build things and do things that have never been done before. To me it makes sense that they and their work will not be readily accepted by their professional peers, or the public at large. They may even be looked on as unusual or even crazy because they attempt to do things that are impossible — and as we know, the impossible can't be done!
There comes a time, however, in the development of a new technology when people who are paying attention, and are not immediately dismissive, start to realize that just maybe, there may be something to this invention after all. At some moment a tipping point is reached, and this is the time when smart, ambitious and creative people start to see the potential of a new technology, and floodgates begin to open. Many of us have lived through technological revolutions.
I remember well the time in 1991 that I first became aware of the Internet. I was at a conference at a university and various professionals were talking about Internet applications. I admit that at the time I was not particularly impressed. Really, what use to me was the ability to be able to send code from one computer to another? But within only a few years the world of information dissemination and communications had become radically changed. Why did that revolution happen? Because people began to see the vast potential for useful Internet-based applications and began to create hardware and software products. Along with the inventors and developers came the entrepreneurs and financiers who saw potential for commercial success. Internet service providers sprung up all over the world and people were able to use personal computers (another revolutionary technology) to get on the Internet. Now we have billions of people operating even more billions of devices to do a huge variety of tasks and activities online.
I believe the same thing that has happened with technologies such as electricity, automotive transportation, telephony, computing, and other major inventions will happen in the field of LENR. Yes, I am sure there will be some resistance from entrenched interests, but even these interests will begin to realize that are opportunities awaiting them if they adjust to the new realities of a technology that will allow for the production of far cheaper and cleaner energy than is now available.
I believe we are at the very early stages of something very significant. A technology that has been the focus of a very few dedicated pioneers is beginning to come out of the wilderness. It's impossible to say exactly how it will emerge, and where it will all lead, but I think LENR will be embraced in basically the same way as many earlier technologies that have come make up the infrastructure of modern civilization.


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The Video Game Orchestra opened their Saturday night concert with this medley of classic Super Mario tunes, and followed that up with some equally familiar Super Mario Galaxy. The rest of their set included songs from Chrono Cross, Chrono Trigger, a metal version of Castlevania's music, some Silent Hill, and more.
As I write this, I am waiting for the Video Game Orchestra to begin their set at Saturday night's concert – yes, this blog is as live as it gets, since I'm sitting on the theatre floor with my laptop out. The in-between set playlist included DJ Party Ben's "Galvanize the Empire," a mash-up that any Star Wars fan would almost certainly enjoy, so props to the sound guys for seeing to it that the wait is no chore.
The Penny Arcade Expo, aka PAX East, finally has arrived. 60,000 gamers hit up Boston to celebrate their hobby/obsession, check out sweet new releases, and meet the convention's hosts, Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik, the webcomic author/artist duo of popular gaming webcomic Penny Arcade.As soon as I reached the con's vicinity, I began to scout out for fellow geeks.
There's only one month left before PAX East comes to Boston (March 26-28). That's right: one month until Penny Arcade's author and artist duo Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik cordially invite 60,000 gamers and all the major gaming industry players to the Hynes Convention Center?xml:namespace>
According to Gus Mastrapa at Wired's Game | Life blog, passes for Penny Arcade Expo (or PAX), the gaming con for the rest of us, are available as of right now on PAX's site. PAX East will take place from March 26th - 28th, and $45 will get you a three-day pass. This will PAX's east-coast debut. No location is confirmed, but Hynes Convention Center seems like a reasonable guess.
Follow us on Twitter for updates and links to general coolness


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Brewer at the Legislature: No on TIF expansion
Groene at the Legislature: Addressing TIF expansion
More opinion
Fischers bill addresses on-farm fuel storage
Farm Bureau: Top 10 EPA regulations to modify or repeal
More Ag News
This session is coming to a close. The Speaker has announced the legislature will "Adjourn Sine Die" on Tuesday, May 23. ...More
It is frustrating to note how the tide pushing the will of the people can turn with the influence of special interest money.We started this legislative session with an audit on Tax Increment Financing completed by State Auditor Charlie Janssen in hand. ...More
This session the Legislature passed a $2.47 billion budget that funded four different programs over the next two years. ...More
We are proud to announce our first golf fundraiser for the North Platte Salvation Army. ...More
The Second (Indianhead) Division Association is searching for anyone who served in the Army's 2nd Infantry Division at any time. ...More
I love music, all kinds of music, and I love people who love music. People can be diversely opposite yet come together uniquely over music. ...More
Flatrock Publishing, Inc.
1300 E 4th St., Suite F
North Platte, NE 69101


text:
Create a free account to check out faster, store multiple shipping addresses, view and track your orders in your account, and much more.
Please enter your password to continue.
This has got to be one of the best eye liners I have ever used. The pencil is soft and goes on smooth.5


text:
You know the drill. I'll be updating throughout the evening, so check back often…
Carlos Arroyo, BOS, UFA: If the Knicks are unable to sign Jose Juan Barea or another solid backup PG, they might be stuck with Carlos Arroyo. He's interested in them, but I doubt they're interested in him just yet.
Caron Butler, LAC, UFA: Butler has four deals to consider: San Antonio and Chicago would like him for the midlevel, and the Clippers and Nets would be willing to pay about $2 million more than that. Butler seems to be showing the most interest in LA. He's already visited with them multiple times, and he is said to like their young talent.
Jamal Crawford, ATL, UFA: Many teams are after Jamal Crawford, but Chicago and Orlando have reportedly gotten more aggressive in their pursuit by trying to put together sign and trades. Both teams are in dire need of a guy who can create his own shot. That happens to be Crawford's specialty.
Grant Hill, PHX, UFA: It's been thought throughout this pre-free agency period that Grant Hill's preference is to remain a Sun. However, The New York Post reports that Hill is leaning towards joining the Knicks. Hill is probably torn due to his desire to play beyond the regular season. If Phoenix was looking at any sort of playoff run I think he'd be staying put for sure.
Richard Jefferson, SAS: The San Antonio Spurs are expected to make the aging wing the first victim of the new amnesty clause. This would make room for Caron Butler if they're able to pull him away from the Clippers.
Tracy McGrady, DET, UFA: ESPN has reported that T-Mac will be signing a one-year deal with Atlanta at the veteran's minimum. That's a bargain, obviously. Mac will be nothing like his old self, but he's still a guy who has plenty to contribute to a team like ATL. He can shoot the ball and make plays, and he's still got his height working to his advantage. Good low-risk high-reward signing by the Hawks.
Mike Miller, MIA: Despite disappointing play last season and a series of injuries that still have him sidelined right now, the Miami Heat are not expected to amnesty Miller.
Chris Paul, NOH: CP3 talks have advanced with a couple teams; the Warriors and Clippers, to be specific. They're being held up now though due to Golden State's reluctance to give up Steph Curry and LA's desire to keep Eric Gordon. It does look like Paul will be dealt somewhere before the start of the season. The Celtics are still believed to be trying to make something work.
Last updated at 4:23 PM ET, 12/7.
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Dogit Voyageur Model 100 (Small); Available in 2 colours
Online Price $46.98Regular Price $51.97
This variant is currently sold out
The Dogit Voyageur line of travel carriers is the ideal solution for your pet transportation needs. Durable, sturdy and safe, the Dogit Voyageur pet carrier is ideal for transporting your pet by car, bus, train or even by air. The Dogit Voyageur is available in 2 different colours; white top with green base, white top with pink base. The Voyageur Model 100 is 48.3 cm L x 32.6 cm W x 28 cm H (19in x 12.8in x 11in),for dogs with maximum height of 24 cm (9.5in). Features include:
_ Optimal ventilation and air flow
_ Top Petting Door
_ Top Access Spring Locking Mechanism
_ Easy Assembly Side Latch System
_ Molded Waste Collection Gutter
_ Treat compartment with food / water Bowl
_ Meets airline regulations (with permanent screws / tie wraps)


text:
Bass Pro Shops Crappie Maxx Mighty Lite Low-Profile Baitcast Reel
Sale price: Clearance price: Starting at: Sale starting at: Clearance starting at: Reg. price:
The Bass Pro Shops® Crappie Maxx® Mighty Lite Low-Profile Baitcast Reel features a blazing 6.3:1 gear ratio that is ideal for resetting in deep water or pulling slabs quickly out of cover. Other features include a lightweight graphite frame with aluminum spool, zirconia line guide, and external magnetic braking system. 3-bearing system for smooth, hitch-free retrieves. Weight.: 7.7 oz. Line capacity: 10 lbs./100 yds. Line recovery: 24" per handle turn.
- Blazing 6.3:1 gear ratio
- Lightweight graphite frame
- Aluminum spool
- Zirconia line guide
- External magnetic braking system
- 3-bearing system for smooth, hitch-free retrieves
Outdoor Answers
Get help about this item from fellow customers.
Ask your questions. Share your answers.
Is It Easy To Use?
What is the lightest lure/jig these will cast well?
is their left hand retrieves?
Need Help? 7 days a week: 7am to 10pm CT or call 1.800.227.7776 anytime


text:
Yasmin Ahmad's Have You Flown AirAsia Lately?
See, once I get started on posting YouTube videos here, I can't stop.
My friend Su Ann (or PinkPau, to bloggers) posted this on Plurk and Twitter and I just had to share it! It's sooooo cute.
Well, the little kid is anyway. But the concept behind it is really nice too 😀
1.15pm Malaysian time (+8 GMT)


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 4, 1982
|Filing date
|Oct 27, 1980
|Priority date
|Oct 27, 1980
|Publication number
|Lloyd I. Osipow, J. George Spitzer
|Original Assignee
|Restech Research Limited Partnership
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (64), Classifications (43), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
A propellant is defined by the Chemical Specialties Manufacturers' Association as a liquefied gas with a vapor pressure greater than atmospheric pressure at a temperature of 105� F. A large class of organic compounds falls in this category, of which some are hydrocarbons, but most are halogenated hydrocarbons having one or two carbon atoms, and one or more chlorine, fluorine or bromine atoms. Frequently different halogens are substituted in the same molecule to impart the desired vapor pressure.
Because of their high volatility propellants have been used as pore-forming agents in the production of plastic forms for many years. Propellants are soluble in many synthetic resins, and accordingly can be absorbed in the solid resin, which is desirably in particulate form, after which the resin containing the absorbed propellant is subjected to heat and pressure. The propellant vaporizes, and a closed cell foam structure is formed. U.S. Pat. No. 3,335,101 shows application of this process to the production of foams of chlorinated polyethylene. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,387,730, 2,948,665, and 3,351,569 foam polyethylene and polypropylene in this way; U.S. Pat. No. 3,160,688 foams polystyrene; U.S. Pat. No. 3,352,802 foams polyvinyl chloride; U.S. Pat. No. 3,253,967 foams polyoxymethylene, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,305,497 foams polyurethanes. U.S. Pat. No. 3,310,617 foams a variety of thermoplastic resins by a similar but modified process intended to ensure that the propellant is uniformly dissolved or dispersed in the molten resin, so as to overcome the poor mixing problems of prior procedures.
In these procedures the amounts of propellants used are rather small, because only small amounts of the propellant can be absorbed in the solid resin, and the resin is molten, to facilitate foaming of the structure when the propellant is volatilized in situ to form the cells. The resin is then allowed to solidify before the structure can collapse, so as to preserve the foamed nature.
Randa, U.S. Pat. No. 3,072,583, patented Jan. 8, 1963, prepares foamed articles by extruding a perfluorocarbon resin in molten form, and containing from 0.1% to 5% by weight of a fluoromethane. The fluoromethane dissolves in the resin at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, and is volatilized under the extrusion conditions so as to produce a foamed structure. This procedure is useful for coating wire with a foamed coating.
Raley and Skochdopole, U.S. Pat. No. 3,379,802, patented Apr. 23, 1968, describe a similar procedure for aliphatic olefin polymer blends, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,067,147 makes cellular polyethylene using 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.
It has also been proposed that ultramicrocellular fibers be prepared with the aid of propellants. Blades and White, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,227,664 and 3,227,784, patented Jan. 4, 1966, describe a flash extrusion process for this purpose. Supple, ultra microcellular shaped structures are obtained from synthetic organic crystalline polymers by heating a confined mixture of the polymer plus at least one activating liquid at a temperature and pressure at which a homogeneous solution is formed, the temperature being greater than the normal boiling point of the liquid. This solution is then extruded abruptly to a region of substantially lower pressure and temperature under such conditions that a very large number of bubble nuclei exist at the extrusion orifice. Vaporization of the activating liquid rapidly cools the solution to the temperature at which the polymer precipitates and freezes in the polymer orientation produced in the rapid extrusion and expansion process.
The activating liquids must meet a number of requirements, of which one of the most noteworthy is that the liquid should dissolve less than 1% of the polymeric material at or below its boiling point. In other words, it is a nonsolvent for the polymer at or below its boiling point, but a solvent for the polymer under the extrusion conditions. To provide bubble nuclei at the instant of extrusion, a particulate solid nucleating agent can be incorporated in the polymer solution. Silica aerogel is a suitable nucleating agent. The result is a structure having extremely small closed cells. Modifications of this process are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,081,519 to Blades et al, dated Mar. 19, 1963, 3,375,211 and 3,384,531 to Parrish, dated Mar. 26, 1968 and May 21, 1968, 3,375,212 to Bonner, issued Mar. 26, 1968, 3,461,193 to Gilardi, dated Aug. 12, 1969, and 3,467,744 to Woodell, dated Sept. 16, 1969.
Certain synthetic resins are soluble in propellants at room temperature. Bunting, U.S. Pat. No. 2,716,637, patented Aug. 30, 1955, pointed out that when such solutions are volatilized quickly, fine bubbles of plastic resin are obtained, which initially retain sufficient solvent so as to possess a surface tackiness, but as the solvent continues to escape from the globules, they blister and acquire an unsatisfactory appearance. Bunting avoids this by combining a fatty acid with the resin propellant solution, and keeps the resin content of the solution rather low, within the range from 5 to about 12%. Similar compositions are described by Hochberg and Pellerano, U.S. Pat. No. 2,773,855, patented Dec. 11, 1956, and these workers point out that the particles obtained are in the form of small, hollow or solid semispheres ranging from 1/16 or 1/4 inch in largest dimension. Coherent foamed masses are not obtained.
Gander, U.S. Pat. No. 3,419,506, patented Dec. 31, 1968, prepares a protective film covering or dressing for wounds by dispensing from a pressurized container a composition comprising a film-forming vinyl acetate polymer or alkyl acrylate polymer, from 10 to 50% by weight based on the solids of a finely-divided filler, and a propellant, the solution having a viscosity of at least 1000 cp at normal room temperature. The inert filler must be present in order to obtain satisfactory foamed application of the film-forming resin, according to Gander, the filler perhaps serving as a nucleating agent, as described by Blades et al in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,227,784 and 3,227,664, and rather thin, tacky films are obtained, several mils in thickness.
Spitzer et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,667, patented Oct. 14, 1975, provides synthetic polymer-propellant compositions which comprise a film-forming synthetic polymer in an amount within the range from about 10 to about 60% by weight of the composition in solution in a liquid propellant boiling below 45� F. at atmospheric pressure and retained in the composition in the liquid phase at a superatmospheric pressure, the propellant being in a sufficient amount within the range from about 20 to about 70% by weight of the composition to form upon rapid volatilization of the propellant at atmospheric temperature and pressure a coherent, voluminous foamed structure containing open and/or closed cells; and dispersed or dissolved in the composition an additive in an amount within the range from about 5 to about 700% by weight of the polymer, in excess of the amount soluble in the polymer in the absence of the propellant, and which is deposited in the cells of the structure when the propellant volatilizes, and which can be removed from the cells of the structure, any organic liquid present which is a solvent for the polymer and boils at or above 45� F. at atmospheric pressure being in an amount from about zero up to about three times and preferably up to about twice the amount of polymer present in the composition.
The additive that may subsequently be disposed in the cells and/or walls of the foamed structure can be in solution in the propellant, or dispersed in the propellant, or in solution or in dispersion as a separate liquid phase that is itself dispersed in the propellant phase of the composition. The additive may also be the sole component of a separate liquid phase that is itself dispersed in the propellant phase of the composition. Thus, the propellant compositions of the invention can be solutions or emulsions in which the propellant is the solvent in the continuous phase and another liquid or liquid composition or solid which is the additive is dispersed therein in a discontinuous phase. Since the propellant boils at a temperature below 45� F., it is of course a vapor at room temperature and pressure. Consequently, the propellant compositions of the invention are stored in closed containers capable of withstanding the pressure of the propellant, so as to maintain the propellant in the liquid phase. When the composition is ejected from the container to atmospheric pressure at atmospheric (room) temperature, the propellant is rapidly volatilized, and a coherent foamed structure is formed, with the additive in the cells and/or walls.
Spitzer et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,666, patented Oct. 14, 1975, provides emulsified synthetic polymer propellant compositions of the oil-in-water type in which water is the continuous phase, and the solution of synthetic polymer in a propellant is the discontinuous phase. The essential components of these oil-in-water emulsions are an aqueous solution comprising a foam-stabilizing agent, which is the aqueous phase, and an oil phase consisting essentially of a polymer dissolved in liquefied propellant which is also a foaming agent. Thus, when the pressurized composition packaged in a container is expelled through a valve into the atmosphere, the liquefied propellant immediately volatilizes, and foams both the oil phase and the aqueous phase, causing them to expand and the polymer to precipitate, resulting in a foamed structure.
Spitzer et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,912,665, patented Oct. 14, 1975, provides synthetic polymer-propellant compositions in which an organic liquid that also may comprise a foaming agent or foam-stabilizing agent serves as the continuous or dispersing phase for a solution consisting essentially of a polymer dissolved in liquefied propellant, which is a foaming agent. The organic liquid is present in an amount greater than its solubility in the polymer propellant phase. In the case of water-soluble organic liquids, a minor amount of water may be added to reduce its solubility in the polymer propellant phase, and thus ensure the presence of an organic liquid phase. The organic liquid is a liquid at atmospheric temperature and pressure, whereas the propellant is a gas under these conditions. Thus, when the pressurized composition packaged in a container is expelled through a valve into the atmosphere, the liquefied propellant immediately volatilizes, and foams the propellant phase, causing it to expand and the polymer to precipitate, resulting in the foamed structure, with the organic liquid phase in the foam cells thereof.
As indicated in the disclosures of these patents, such synthetic polymer-propellant compositions can be prepared by blending the ingredients in individual aerosol cans, which are capped and pressurized in conventional fashion with the normally gaseous liquefied propellants. The individual packages are shaken or otherwise agitated until the polymer dissolves, and the composition is uniform. Heat can be used to increase the rate at which the polymer dissolves.
Nonetheless, the time required for complete dissolution of the polymer can be rather long. In many cases, the propellant solvates the polymer particles, forming a skin of relatively impenetrable gelled material on the surface of the particles, which slows down the rate of dissolution of the polymer material within the skin, in the interior of the particles. Even though abrasion by agitation may eventually strip off the skin, the time required may be too long to permit application of this approach in a commercial process.
In accordance with the present invention, it has been determined that the polymer particles can be dissolved very quickly, normally less than one minute, if the particles are coated with an inert solid material that is insoluble in the propellant phase at atmospheric temperature, and then dissolved in the propellant. It appears that the coating material inhibits the formation of the skin that otherwise resists penetration of the particles by propellant, and, if the coating material is also a surfactant, assists in the dissolution by aiding in dispersion of the coated polymer particles in the propellant.
The process is of particular application for preparing synthetic polymer-propellant compositions in situ in closed containers capable of withstanding an internal pressure sufficient to keep the propellant in the liquid phase at atmospheric temperature. When the composition is withdrawn from such a container and reduced to atmospheric pressure, the propellant volatilizes rapidly, and a foamed structure is formed within a few seconds.
The coating material can be any inert material that is a solid at atmospheric temperature and is insoluble in the propellant phase.
The preferred materials are not wetted by water, but materials that are wetted by water can also be used and still more preferred are the inert solid materials that have surfactant properties as well.
Among the classes of materials which can be used are the water-soluble or water-dispersible gums, such as gum arabic, gum tragacanth, gum acacia, guar gum, and the galactomannans; water-soluble or water dispersible cellulose ethers and esters, including methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; hydrocarbon waxes including paraffin and microcrystalline wax; polyoxyalkylene glycols and glycol ethers that are waxes such as polyoxyethylene glycol, polyoxypropylene glycol, polyoxybutylene glycol, mixed polyoxypropylene-oxyethylene glycols and ethers, and mixed polyoxyethylen-oxybutylene glycols and ethers (the Pluronics), and the finely-divided solid materials normally used as fillers for synthetic polymers, including chalk, talc, graphite, silica, diatomaceous earth, clay, asbestos, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, and magnesium stearate, aluminum stearate, kaopolite, powdered polyethylene and powdered polystyrene; magnesium carbonate, and magnesium trisilicate, as well as starch and starch derivatives.
An especially preferred class of coating materials, because they also have surfactant properties, are the metallic soaps, which are metal salts, such as alkali metal (sodium, potassium), alkaline earth metal (calcium, strontium and barium), and other polyvalent metal salts (magnesium, zinc, aluminum, tin, nickel, iron, cobalt, and lithium), of the saturated and unsaturated higher aliphatic carboxylic acids, sulfuric acids, sulfonic acids and phosphoric acids having from about nine to about twenty-six carbon atoms in the aliphatic group, such as capric, caprylic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidic, behenic, margaric, tridechoic, and cerotic carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, sulfuric acids and phosphoric acids, and the mixtures of such carboxylic acids naturally occurring in fats, oils, waxes and rosins, such as the soaps of coconut oil fatty acids, tallow fatty acids, lard fatty acids, fish oil fatty acids, beeswax, palm oil, fatty acids, sesame oil fatty acids, peanut oil fatty acids, olive oil fatty acids, palm kernel oil fatty acids, corn oil fatty acids, babassu oil fatty acids, rosin acids, abietic acid, and greases.
It is important that the coating material not be soluble in the propellant phase, or any component of the propellant phase or synthetic polymer-propellant composition. If, for example, the propellant phase includes water, then a water-soluble coating material should not be used; a water-insoluble material is however satisfactory, in such a case.
The coating material may be applied to the particles of polymer simply by blending the two particulate materials together. Preferably, the coating material is in a more finely-divided particulate form than the polymer, but the particle size is not critical, and can be within the range from about 0.01 to about 200 microns. If the composition is packaged in a conventional 4 to 12 oz aerosol container, however, the coating material preferably has a particle size below about 50 microns, to avoid clogging of valves in such aerosol containers.
It is also possible to apply all or part of the coating material to the polymer particles as a liquid, for example, a solution or dispersion of the coating material in a liquid solvent or suspending agent in which the coating material is insoluble, but the liquid solvent or suspending agent should not be a solvent for the polymer. After coating the polymer particles, the liquid should be removed, insofar as possible, so as to deposit the coating material on the surface of the polymer particles. If the liquid is immiscible with or insoluble in the propellant phase, it is not necessary that all of the liquid be removed. Alternatively, instead of removing the liquid, the polymer particles may be dusted with additional solid coating material.
Liquid dispersing agents that can be used include mineral oils, vegetable oils, silicone oils, propylene glycol, glycerine, water, and aqueous solutions of surfactants.
If desired, the polymer particles can first be coated with a liquid which is inert to and insoluble in the polymer, and then the coating material applied. The presence of the liquid will assist in bonding the coating material to the particles of polymer. In such cases, an amount of liquid within the range from about 0.01 to about 100 parts per 100 parts by weight of polymer can be used. Preferably, the amount is within the range from about 2 to about 50 parts of liquid per 100 parts of polymer.
After application of any liquid and the coating material, the polymer particles should be free-flowing. If the polymer particles are not free-flowing, then additional coating material should be added, until they are.
In applying the process to synthetic polymer-propellant compositions, it is necessary to keep the propellant in the liquid phase, which means of course that the composition must be held under superatmospheric pressure. Thus, the process is carried out under pressure.
If a pressurized container is to be used to dispense the synthetic polymer-propellant composition, the coated polymer can be introduced into the container in the form of the free-flowing powder. The other ingredients of the composition are introduced into the container, and the propellant is added last. If the pressurized container is then promptly agitated, the polymer will dissolve in less than about one minute, normally.
If the container is not agitated promptly after the addition of propellant, dissolution is slower, but the polymer can still be dissolved in one day or at most, several days, and with minimum effort. The propellant slowly converts the particles into a soft, flowable mass, which becomes progressively more fluid. After about a day, the mass will have become sufficiently fluid that slight shaking is sufficient to obtain a uniform dissolution of polymer in the liquid propellant.
After the polymer particles have dissolved in the propellant phase, the coating material, because it is a solid insoluble in the propellant phase, will tend to settle out in particulate form. if the composition is packaged in a conventional 4 to 12 oz aerosol container, and the container is shaken before expelling the synthetic polymer-propellant composition, such particles will of course be redispersed, and can then be expelled with the synthetic polymer-propellant phase. Accordingly, when such containers are used, the particle size of the coating and surfactant materials should be small enough to avoid interfering with expulsion of the synthetic polymer-propellant composition. This will of course depend upon the type of composition and the valve system used in the container, but generally in this case the particle size should be less than about 50 microns.
Because the coating material remains behind after dissolution of the polymer particles, it is also important that they remain free-flowing, and not pack or agglomerate to form larger particles, which can cause clogging difficulties in the fluid delivery system. Coating materials that are not wetted by water show little or no tendency to pack or agglomerate after polymer particle dissolution.
In general, the amount of coating material required is rather small, but it does depend upon the surface area of the polymer particles. Usually, an amount within the range from about 2% to about 40% by weight of polymer particles having a particle size within the range from about 50 to about 2000 microns will give good results. Preferably, the amount is within the range from about 5% to about 20% by weight of the polymer particles.
If the coating material does not have surfactant properties, a surfactant can be added, to improve dissolution rate. The surfactant should not be soluble in the propellant phase, although this is not a prerequisite.
Typical satisfactory anionic surfactants are the alkyl sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate; the alkyl aryl sulfonates, such as sodium polypropylene benzene or toluene sulfonates and the sodium keryl benzene or toluene sulfonates; the sulfated ethoxynated phenols, such as the ammonium salt of sulfated ethoxynated nonyl phenol, prepared by condensation of nonyl phenol with five moles of ethylene oxide; the sodium fatty acid esters of taurine, such as sodium palmitic or oleic methyl tauride or mixtures thereof; the esters of higher fatty acids and hydroxy ethane sulfonates, such as oleic acid ester of hydroxy ethane sodium sulfonate; sodium lauroyl sarcosinate; sodium stearoyl lactate; sodium lauroyl lactate; sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate; sodium lauroyl isethionate, and sodium lauryl sulfoacetate. Also useful are nonionic surfactants, such as the polyethylene glycol esters of the higher fatty acids, for example, polyethanoxy esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids, polyethanoxy ethers of lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and lanolin alcohol, the polyethanoxy ethers of alkyl phenols, such as the condensation product of octyl and nonyl phenol with five to fifty moles of ethylene oxide; the higher fatty acid esters of sorbitan-ethylene oxide condensates, such as the polyethanoxy esters of sorbitan monostearate; polyethanoxy-polypropanoxy polyols. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a typical cationic surfactant.
The amount of surfactant can be very small, since very small amounts serve a good dispersing function. An amount within the range from about 0.001% to about 10% by weight of the polymer particles is satisfactory. Preferably, the amount is within the range from about 0.01 to about 1% by weight of the polymer particles.
The process of the invention is applicable to any of the propellant compositions of any U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,912,667, 3,912,666 and 3,912,665, the disclosures of which are accordingly hereby incorporated by reference. Thus, the propellant compositions of the invention can be homogeneous solutions, in which all of the components present are soluble in and/or miscible with each other. In this case, any additive that is present is dissolved in the propellant with the polymer, and is deposited in the cells of the structure when the propellant is volatilized as the structure is being formed. Any nonpropellant liquid will also be deposited in the cells, if it is insoluble in the polymer. Any additive dissolved in this liquid will be applied with the liquid from the cells of the structure when the foamed structure is used.
The propellant compositions of the invention can also be composed of two phases, in which event the phases are emulsified one in the other, with the polymer-propellant solution serving as the continuous phase. The discontinuous phase then can include, for example, a liquid solution which is the additive. When the propellant is volatilized, and the foamed polymer structure is formed, the initially emulsified droplets that comprise the additive solution are then deposited in the cells, as in the case of a propellant composition that is a homogeneous solution. Such emulsions can be composed of an aqueous phase dispersed in the polymer-propellant solution or an organic liquid phase dispersed in the polymer-propellant solution. It is referred in such emulsions that the continuous phase be the polymer-propellant solution.
A solid additive can also be dispersed in the polymer-propellant solution. It will be deposited in the cells and walls of the structure when the structure is formed. Preferably, the solid additive is water-soluble and can be extracted by soaking the structure with water.
Emulsifying agents can be added in order to obtain a reasonably stable emulsion, to ensure uniformity while a portion of the material is being withdrawn from the container and converted to a foamed structure. The emulsifying agents used favor the formation of an emulsion in which the polymer-propellant solution is the continuous phase. However, long-term stability of these emulsions is generally not required. It is sufficient for the formation of a satisfactory structure that the emulsion be capable of being made uniform and sufficiently stable by hand shaking, so as to retain such uniformity when a portion of the material is expelled.
The types of emulsifiers that can be used are usually organic. They may be cationic, anionic, or nonionic. Emuslfiers are also classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic, hydrophobic emulsifiers tending to form emulsions in which the hydrophobic organic solvent phase, such as the polymer-propellant solution, is a continuous phase, and any aqueous system present is the discontinuous phase, while a hydrophilic emulsifier tends to form a continuous phase of the aqueous portion, with the organic portion being discontinuous. In general, mixtures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic emulsifiers are employed since it is possible to obtain more stable emulsions with such mixtures than with a single emulsifier. The preferred ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic emulsifier will depend upon the nature of the liquid that is to be emulsified. Thus, if the liquid is predominantly water, a more hydrophobic ratio is preferred than would be the case if the liquid were a polar organic liquid such as ethanol, glycerine or propylene glycol. Organic liquids that are not sufficiently polar to be soluble in water and that separate from the polymer-propellant solution ordinarily form reasonably stable emulsions without need for the incorporation of emulsifying agents.
Accordingly, the invention is applicable to emulsified propellant compositions that include a synthetic polymer in solution in a low boiling propellant, dispersed or emulsified in an organic liquid as the continuous phase, and/or dispersed in an oil in water emulsion.
The process can be applied to any thermoplastic polymer, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,912,667, 3,912,666 and 3,912,665, that can be rendered in powdered or granular form, and that can be dissolved in a liquefied propellant, alone or with the aid of one or more solvents or materials that show solvent properties in the combination, or a surfactant, as indicated above, and that is also film-forming, so that it tends to form a cohesive mass upon evaporation of a propellant solution thereof.
Thermoplastic polymers as a class, thermosetting polymers in a propellant-soluble stage of polymerization, and propellant-soluble polymers capable of being cross-linked, can be used. The polymerization or cross-linking of the latter two types of polymers can be effected during or after the structure has been formed, to set the structure. Alkyl acrylate and alkyl methacrylate polymers and copolymers, such as ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 50/50 n-butyl/isobutyl methacrylate copolymer, 25/75 lauryl/isobutyl methacrylate copolymer, 30/70 stearyl/t-butyl methacrylate copolymer, 50/50 ethyl/n-butyl methacrylate copolymer, copolymers of acrylic and vinyl compounds, such as 50/50 vinyl toluene/isobutyl methacrylate copolymer, 50/35/15 vinyl toluene/t-butyl methacrylate/stearyl methacrylate terpolymer, 50/50 ethyl acrylate/vinyl acetate copolymer, certain other vinyl polymers, such as polyvinyl acetate, vinyl toluene-butadiene copolymers, carboxylated vinyl acetate, certain cellulose derivatives, such as ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose acetate propionate, and certain silicone polymers such as Silicone XC-20997, are soluble in propellants of the class set forth.
Polymers which can be set to a solvent-insoluble stage of polymerization chemically or by radiation include urethane prepolymers, unsaturated polyesters such as unsaturated alkyd polymers, and polyolefins such as polybutylene and poly-2-methylbutene-1.
The polymer should have a molecular weight within the range from about 10,000 to about 1,000,000. Polymers of molecular weight below about 10,000 may not have sufficient cohesive strength to form a cohesive foamed structure, while those with molecular weights in excess of about 1,000,000 may be insoluble in propellant solvents. Polymers having molecular weights within the range from about 25,000 to about 600,000 are preferred.
As the propellant, there can be used in the compositions of the invention any volatile organic compound that has a boiling temperature below 45� F. at atmospheric pressure, and that is chemically inert to the synthetic resin and the additive that may be present in the compositions. Thus, hydrocarbons such as propane, n-butane and isobutane can be employed, as well as halogenated hydrocarbons such as vinyl chloride, methyl chloride, methyl bromide, dichlorodifluoromethane (Propellant 114), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Propellant 142B), 1,1-difluoroethane (Propellant 152A), chlorodifluoromethane (Propellant 22), 1 chloro-1,1-difluoro-2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 115), octafluorocylobutane (Freon C 318), a mixture of dichlorodifluoromethane and 1,1-difluoroethane (Freon 500), a mixture of chlorodifluoromethane and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (Freon 502).
The relative proportions of propellant and polymer in the propellant compositions of the invention determine to a considerable extent the nature of the foamed structure that is formed, when the pressure upon the composition is reduced to atmospheric and the propellant allowed to volatilize rapidly. If the proportion of polymer is too low (and usually the lower proportion is not less than approximately 10% polymer by weight of the composition) a cohesive foamed structure is not formed, but instead a bubbly, sticky, flowable mass is obtained. If the material is expelled as a spray, through a fine orifice, a plurality of foamed particles are obtained, similar in some respects to the decorative particles obtained according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,716,637 and 2,773,855 referred to above. If the proportion of propellant is too low, various difficulties will be encountered, due to the high viscosity of the polymer-propellant solution, as well as to the toughness of the resultant foamed structure. For example, it will not only be difficult to expel the composition through a valve, but after use the valve is likely to clog or to seat itself improperly, so as to leak. Further, if an additive is present in a separate liquid phase, it will not only be difficult to obtain a reasonably stable emulsion of this phase in the propellant phase; if separation occurs, it will not be possible to effect reemulsification by hand shaking.
Usually, however, the composition may contain up to 50% by weight of polymer, before performance is seriously impeded by the high proportion of polymer, and sometimes as much as 60% polymer can be present, depending to some extent upon the molecular weight of the polymer and its solubility in the propellant that is used.
The amount of propellant is within the range from about 20% and to about 70% by weight of the composition, sufficient to form a coherent voluminous foamed structure containing open and/or closed cells upon rapid volatilization. The boiling point of the propellant is below 45� F. to ensure such rapid volatilization at atmospheric temperature and pressure. If volatilization is too slow, a coherent structure may not be formed rapidly, if at all, and for this reason propellants boiling at or above 45� F. are not suitable except in small amounts, as indicated below, in admixture with propellants boiling below 45� F.
In addition to the propellant and the synthetic polymer, the compositions can include additional less volatile or relatively nonvolatile solvents, which may be solvents or cosolvents for the polymer, or alternatively solvents for any additive that may be present, or which may be solvents for both the polymer and the additive. There may also be plasticizers for the polymer, coloring agents, fillers for the polymer which modify the polymer component of the foamed structure and a curing agent for the polymer, if the polymer is in a partially polymerized condition, so that polymerization can be completed after the foamed structure has been formed, to set the structure in a desired configuration.
It is usually preferred that liquid components of the propellant composition boiling at or above 45� F. that are not propellants and that act as solvents for the polymer not exceed about three times and preferably not exceed about twice the weight of the polymer present, and in most cases they should not exceed the weight of polymer present. In general, the amount of such solvent should also not be greater than the amount by weight of propellant present. However, the exact amount that can be tolerated will depend upon the concentration of polymer in the propellant composition, as well as whether the liquid is a good or poor solvent for the polymer.
Liquids which are higher boiling than the propellant will modify the foamed structure. If they are also solvents for the polymer they may also plasticize the polymer during the period after the propellant has been volatilized, and before the remaining less volatile solvent is fully volatilized. Such a transitional plasticized stage can be useful in forming the foamed structure into a desired configuration, and it may also aid in the formation of a higher proportion of closed or nonruptured cells.
Examples of solvents that boil above 45� F. include dichlorofluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,2-dibromo-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane, methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, benzene, toluene, xylene, chloroform, methylchloroform, methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and perchloroethylene.
Plasticizers can also be incorporated. These are selected according to the nature of the polymer, and since they are nonvolatile permanently soften the foamed structure.
Plasticizers which may be useful include butyl phthalyl butyl glycolate, tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, tricresyl phosphate, dibutyl tartrate, dibutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl azelate, chlorinated biphenyl and methyl abietate.
Fillers for the polymer can be used as extenders for the polymer, and may also modify the physical properties of the foamed structure. The filler usually has a small particle size, although fibrous material also can be used. Satisfactory fillers include chalk, talc, silica, diatomaceous earth, clay, asbestos, magnesium silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium stearate, kaopolite, powdered polyethylene and powdered polystyrene. The filler can be from 0 to 300% by weight of the resin. Coloring agents including dyes and pigments are used in small proportions, ranging from 0 to 10% by weight of the resin.
Any additive that is not attacked by the propellant or polymer can be incorporated in the propellant compositions of the invention, and is present in an amount in excess of that which is dissolved in the polymer (if any) after the propellant has been volatilized, and the additive will remain in the foamed polymer structure after the propellant has been volatilized. The additive will always be found in the cells after the structure is formed. If a liquid is present in the cells too, and the additive is soluble in the liquid, an additive solution is present in the cells. If, in addition, the additive is compatible with or soluble in the polymer, it will be found in the polymer matrix as well, and this is particularly so when the additive is a solid and no liquid is present. The liquid if present will also permeate the polymer if it is soluble therein, and any additive solution therein will do the same, if this be so. Incompatability of the additive with the polymer can be ensured by providing a liquid solvent for the additive that is itself incompatible with the polymer, thus ensuring that the additive is dissolved in the solvent, and the resulting solution is found in the cells of the structure.
Apart from these requirements, which are purely physical, any type of additive can be employed, depending upon the intended use for the structure.
The foamed structures of the invention, for example, are particularly useful as applicator pads for external or topical application of cosmetics of all types, such as those intended for cleansing, conditioning, lubricating, and protecting the skin, hormone preparations, suntan preparations, skin lighteners and bleach creams, foundation makeups, eye makeups, pre-shave and after-shave preparation, depilatories, hair grooming preparations, permanent wave preparations, hair straightening preparations, anti-dandruff preparations, bath preparations, nail lacquers and removers, antiperspirants and deodorants, fragrance-imparting preparations, perfumes, baby toiletries, and hypoallergenic cosmetics. They are also useful applicators for soap and synthetic detergent preparations of all types for personal washing, laundering, dishwashing, cleansing of silver, shampoos, shaving soaps and creams, hair colorings and dye removers, wave sets, lacquers, rinses and conditioners, and dry shampoos. They are also useful applicators for medicaments of all types, antimicrobial agents, such as bactericides and antifungal agents of all types, and antibiotics, for external application, such as topical or rectal, for instance, as suppositories.
The structures are also useful for furniture polish, shoe polish and furniture and shoe cleaners, floor cleaners, automobile cleaners and polishes, and porcelain, tile and plastic cleaners. When abrasives are included as the additive, they can serve as abrasive pads and scouring pads.
Exemplary medicaments that can be combined in the propellant compositions of the invention include the antihistamines; sulfa drugs, for example, sulfadiazine, sulfabenzamide, sulfacetamide, sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyrazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfaphthalidine, sulfasuxidine, sulfaoxazole, sulfamylon, phthalylsulfacetamide, N'-3,4-dimethylbenzoylsulfanilamide, benzylsulfanilamide and N'-2-(2-quinoxalyl) sulfanilamide; lipotropic agents, such as methionine, choline, inositol and betasitosterol and mixtures thereof; local anesthetics, such as benzocaine and pramoxine hydrochloride; essential oils, such as menthol, eucalyptus oil and eugenol; salts of penicillin, such as potassium penicillin G, procaine, penicillin G, 1-ephenamine penicillin G, dibenzylamine penicillin G, and other penicillin salts disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,627,491; phenoxymethyl penicillin and salts thereof; additional antibiotic agents, such as streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, bacitracin, polymixin, tyrothricin, erythromycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, oleandomycin, chloramphenicol, magnamycin, novobiocin, cyclosterine and neomycin; vitamins, for instance, Vitamins A, A1, B1, B2, B6, B12, and members of that family, folic acid and members of that family, and vitamins C, D2, D3 and E; hormones, such as cortisone, hydrocortisone, 9-α-fluorocortisone, 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone, prednisone and prednisolone; anabolic agents, such as 11, 17-dihydroxy-9-α-fluoro-17-o-methyl-4-androsten-3-one and 17-α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone; and additional antimicrobial agents, such as mycostatin, mercurichrome, iodine, methiolate, hexachlorophene, tribromosalicylanilide, trichlorocarbanilide, and undecylenic acid.
These medicaments can be compounded in the forms of solutions and elixirs with suitable solvents and dispersants, such as are conventionally used in such formulations. Aqueous and alcoholic solutions usually are used. The amount of medicament is not critical and is chosen to meet the need; usually, from 0.02 to about 15% is adequate.
Cleansing compositions can be formulated containing single or multiple detergents, such as soaps and anionic synthetic detergents or soaps and nonionic synthetic detergents, or they can be composed wholly of synthetic detergents, including the anionic, cationic and nonionic types. As used herein the term "detergent" includes soaps and synthetic detergents, including the anionic, cationic and nonionic types.
Typical satisfactory anionic nonsoaps are the alkyl sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate; the alkyl aryl sulfonates, such as sodium polypropylene benzene or toluene sulfonates and the sodium keryl benzene or toluene sulfonates; the sulfated ethoxynated phenols, such as the ammonium salt of sulfated ethoxynated nonyl phenol, prepared by condensation of nonyl phenol with five moles of ethylene oxide; the sodium fatty acid esters of taurine, such as sodium palmitic or oleic methyl tauride or mixtures thereof; the esters of higher fatty acids and hydroxy ethane sulfonates, such as oleic acid ester of hydroxy ethane sodium sulfonate; sodium lauroyl sarcosinate; sodium stearoyl lactate; sodium lauroyl lactate; sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate; sodium lauroyl isethionate, and sodium lauryl sulfoacetate. Also useful are nonionic nonsoaps, such as the polyethylene glycol esters of the higher fatty acids, for example, polyethanoxy esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids, polyethanoxy ethers of lauryl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and lanolin alcohol, the polyethanoxy ethers of alkyl phenols, such as the condensation product of octyl and nonyl phenol with five to fifty moles of ethylene oxide; the higher fatty acid esters of sorbitanethylene condensates, such as the polyethanoxy esters of sorbitan monostearate; polyethanoxypolypropanoxy polyols. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a typical cationic nonsoap.
The term "soap" as used herein refers to alkali metal, ammonium, and amine soaps of the saturated and unsaturated higher fatty acids having from about eight to about twenty-six carbon atoms, such as capric, caprylic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic, margaric, tridechoic, and cerotic acids and the mixtures of such acids naturally occurring in fats, oils, waxes and rosins, such as the soaps of coconut oil fatty acids, tallow fatty acids, lard fatty acids, fish oil fatty acids, beeswax, palm oil fatty acids, sesame oil fatty acids, peanut oil fatty acids, olive oil fatty acids, palm kernel oil fatty acids, corn oil fatty acids, babassu oil fatty acids, rosin acids, abietic acid, and greases.
Cleaning and abrasive compositions can also contain as additives water-soluble alkaline salts, including sodium silicate, borax, sodium carbonate and trisodium phosphate. Sequestering agents that are soluble in water, such as sodium hexametaphosphate, pentasodium tripolyphosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, and the sodium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or nitrilotriacetic acid, can also be used as additives, alone or with cleaning and scouring compositions.
When soaps or synthetic detergents are included in the polymer-propellant composition for the purpose of cleaning, other ingredients may also be present, such as sequestering agents, abrasives, foam boosters, and conditioning agents. These components may be present in the propellant composition in the form of a dispersed powder or dispersed liquid. The cleaning components may also be dissolved in a liquid that is emulsified in the polymer-propellant solution. However, the type and quantity of liquid used must be selected with care. For example, soaps and synthetic detergents that are effective water-soluble cleansing agents are also hydrophilic emulsifying agents and exhibit a pronounced tendency to form emulsions in which water is the continuous phase. To avoid this situation, which can result in the failure to form an applicator pad, the proportion of water present in the liquid phase containing the soap or synthetic detergent should be quite low, or the phase volume should be small as compared with the volume of the polymer-propellant solution. Often, it is advantageous to employ the cleaning components in the form of a powder dispersed in the polymer-propellant solution. After forming the foam structure, the cleaning agents are made available by soaking the applicator pad in water.
Germicidal detergent compositions can also be formulated, including, for instance, the 2,2'-dihydroxy-halogenated diphenyl methanes, such as G-11.
In one form of this invention, a co-dispensing valve may be used. Such valves are capable of simultaneously mixing and dispensing materials from two separate compartments. Thus, one compartment would contain the pad-forming composition and the other would contain the cosmetic or other additive. In this instance, somewhat more leeway is possible regarding the formulation of the additive preparation. However, if the latter contains too hydrophilic an emulsifier system, an applicator pad is not likely to form. Similarly, components of the additive that are likely to dissolve the polymer foam structure rapidly should be avoided.
The polymer-propellant compositions of the invention are converted into foamed polymer structures when the propellant is permitted to volatilize. This is easily accomplished, with almost immediate volatilization of most of the propellant, by storing the propellant composition in a closed container when the autogenous pressure is sufficient to maintain the propellant in the liquid phase, and then rapidly reducing the pressure to atmospheric pressure at room temperature, whereupon the propellant rapidly volatilizes and the foamed structure is formed. The propellant composition may also be stored in a closed container, under applied pressure greater than the autogenous pressure arising from the propellant itself to facilitate expelling the composition from the container, as through a valve or orifice, into the atmosphere. Because of the high volatility of the propellants employed, the polymer structure is nonsticky, unless a plasticizer or other nonpropellant solvent for the polymer is also present in sufficient amount to impart a sticky characteristic to the polymer. If the structure is to be adhered to a surface, stickiness can be desirable. In the case of a solvent that also volatilizes, although more slowly than the propellant, this sticky condition is transitory, however, and exists only until the solvent has been removed. Excessive stickiness is undesirable in an applicator pad. In general, the organic liquids used to form the continuous phase of the emulsion act as lubricants and thus prevent stickiness.
If a composition formulated to produce a pad with a high proportion of closed cells is ejected into a confined space, such as a mold, preferably closed, the foamed structure will acquire the configuration of the mold, and a molded object is obtained. The molding can be carried out at room temperature, without application of external pressure, since a pressure sufficient to ensure that the structure conforms to the configuration of the mold is obtained upon volatilization of the propellant at atmospheric pressure and temperature.
If the emulsified composition is ejected into the atmosphere, the foamed structure will have an irregular shape. It is quite convenient, in practicing this embodiment of the invention, simply to eject the composition from the container into the hand, forming a pad of any desired size, which is controlled by controlling the duration of the ejection period. For this purpose, the polymer-propellant compositions of the invention are suitably packaged in aerosol containers of the standard type, the valve being controlled by one hand, and the foamed structure being received in the other. The foamed structure is formed almost instantaneously, and the applicator pad is ready for use within seconds after the procedure has begun. The structure is shape-retaining because of the nature of the polymer used, and it is also flexible initially because of the retention of some propellant, even if no plasticizer is present, i.e., if the polymer is a rigid polymer.
Alternatively, the valve actuator may be shaped as a dish or a hemisphere so that it acts as a receptacle or mold for the foamed structure as it is being formed, and the interior shape of the receptacle or mold determines the shape of the foamed structure.
The compositions can be stretched to some extent and compacted as the foamed structure is being formed, and in this way can be made to conform to the shape of the object upon which it is being applied, so as to form a covering or a coating. When applied to the body, for example, a coating including a medicament for release to the skin can be formed, which can be allowed to remain in contact with the skin for long periods, for slow release of the medicament over a long period of time. However, because the compositions are so rapidly converted into a foamed structure, they are not actually flowable, and will not spread voluntarily. In this respect, they differ from conventional aerosol paints or lacquers, from which the solvent is removed only slowly, and which are consequently flowable, and can be spread out to a film that may be only a few mils thick, and they also differ from the spreadable compositions described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,419,506 to Gander.
Prior to expulsion from the container, however, the compositions are flowable. The viscosity of the fluid composition is in no way critical, provided the composition is sufficiently flowable to be ejected from the container under pressure. The viscosity, accordingly, can range from a thin, quickly flowable liquid, to a rather thick, barely flowable, thixotropic or gel-like composition.
When the composition is homogeneous, or the dispersed phase remains uniformly distributed throughout the composition, the viscosity may be as high as 1,000,000 cp at atmospheric temperature. However, when the composition is likely to undergo settling or layering and it is necessary to shake before expelling a portion of the contents, it is necessary that the viscosity not exceed about 50,000 cp, and preferably it should be less than 10,000 cp, at atmospheric temperature.
In the event that the propellant employed in the compositions of the invention has a sufficient vapor pressure at ambient temperature, it will also serve as a propellant to expel the material from the pressurized container in which it is confined. In the event that its vapor pressure is insufficient, additional pressure may be provided in the container by a suitable pressurizing gas, such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide or carbon dioxide. Because commercial regulations limit the total pressure of common aerosol containers to not more than about 150 psig, the propellant employed is preferably one whose vapor pressure in the propellant does not exceed this limit.
The following Examples represent preferred embodiments of the invention in the opinion of the inventors:
This Example illustrates a polymer-propellant composition that forms an applicator pad suitable for use with water as a mild lathering facial cleanser.
Two compositions were prepared; a Control in which the polymer particles were not coated as in the invention, and an Example in which the particles were coated, using glyceryl trioleate to aid in adhering the coating material to the polymer particles. The coating materials used were the coconut fatty acid ester of sodium isethionate and pyrogenic silica of which enough silica was added to obtain a free-flowing powder. The formulations were as follows:
______________________________________ Parts by Weight Control A Example 1______________________________________Ethyl methacrylate polymer1 10.6 10.4Coconut fatty acid ester of 8.5 8.3sodium isethionateGlyceryl trioleate 10.6 10.4Tributyl citrate 4.3 4.2Pyrogenic silica -- 2.11,1,1-Chlorodifluoroethane 66.0 64.0______________________________________ 1 About 400,000 molecular weight; particles less than 100 microns in diameter
In preparing the Control composition, the detergent and polymer powders were separately poured into a glass pressure bottle, after which a mixture of glyceryl trioleate and tributyl citrate was added. The valve was attached, and the propellant added through the valve. The container was shaken by hand for one minute. It was observed that about one-half of the polymer agglomerated. Next, the container was vigorously shaken, using a paint shaker, for ten minutes, but all of the agglomerates still had not dissolved at the end of this time.
In preparing Example 1, the polymer particles were blended with 1.5 parts of glyceryltrioleate, a liquid to aid in adhesion of the coating materials. Then the detergent powder, coconut fatty acid ester of sodium isethionate, was mixed in, followed by the silica. A free-flowing powder was obtained, in which the polymer particles were coated with glyceryl trioleate, silica, and the coconut fatty acid ester of sodium isethionate.
This powder was transferred to the same kind of glass pressure bottle as before, followed by addition of a mixture of the remainder of the glyceryl trioleate and the tributyl citrate. The valve was attached, and the propellant was added through the valve. The container was then shaken by hand for ten seconds. The polymer had dispersed at the end of this time and the increasing viscosity of the composition showed that the polymer was dissolving. After a few minutes, dissolution was complete, and an applicator pad could be obtained by expelling the composition through the open valve of the pressure bottle.
This Example illustrates a composition that forms an applicator pad suitable for use as an anhydrous hand cleaner. When the pad is rubbed on the hands, it gathers up dirt and greasy soils in a cleansing action.
Two compositions were prepared; a Control in which the polymer particles were not coated and Example 2, in which the polymer particles were coated with kerosene and zinc stearate. The formulations were as follows:
______________________________________ Parts by Weight Control B Example 2______________________________________Polyvinyl acetate1 15.6 15.2Kerosene, deodorized 6.3 6.1Zinc stearate -- 3.0Tributyl citrate 6.2 6.0Isocetyl alcohol 6.2 6.01,1,1-Chlorodifluoroethane 65.7 63.7______________________________________ 1 About 1 million molecular weight; particles 150 to 1000 microns in diameter
In the Control the polymer particles were transferred to a glass pressure bottle, and a mixture of kerosene, tributyl citrate and isooctyl alcohol was added. The valve was attached, and the propellant was added through the valve. The container was then shaken for one minute by hand. It was observed that about 75% of the polymer remained on the bottom of the bottle as an agglomerate. The next day the agglomerate remained. No change was noted by hand-shaking, but after the bottle had been shaken on a paint shaker for ten minutes, the polymer was mostly dissolved.
In Example 2, the polymer particles were mixed with the kerosene, a liquid to aid in adhering the zinc stearate to the polymer particles, and zinc stearate then added, resulting in a free-flowing polymer powder with the zinc stearate and kerosene coated on the polymer particles. The powder was transferred to the same kind of glass pressure bottle as before. The remainder of the kerosene, tributyl citrate and isocetyl alcohol were combined and added. The valve was attached, and the propellant was added through the valve. The container was then shaken by hand for twenty seconds. The polymer dispersed without clumping, and the increase in viscosity of the composition showed that the polymer was dissolving. After a few minutes, the polymer had dissolved, and an applicator pad could be formed by expelling the composition through the open valve of the bottle.
This Example illustrates a composition that forms an applicator pad suitable for use as an eye make-up remover.
Two compositions were made up; a Control in which the polymer particles were not coated in accordance with the invention, and an Example in which the polymer particles were coated with glyceryl trioleate and magnesium stearate. The formulations were as follows:
______________________________________ Parts by Weight Control C Example 3______________________________________Polyisobutyl methacrylate1 30.5 28.610% Miranol C2M SF Conc. in water2 2.5 2.4Glyceryl trioleate 5.1 4.8Mineral oil 14.0 13.2Ethanol 7.6 7.2Magnesium stearate -- 6.2Isobutane 40.3 37.6______________________________________ 1 About 150,000 molecular weight; particles under 200 microns in diameter 2 Amphoteric disodium dicarboxylic coconut oil fatty acids imidazoline derivative
In the Control, the polymer particles were transferred to a glass pressure bottle. An aqueous 3% solution of amphoteric disodium dicarboxylic coconut oil fatty acids imidazoline derivative solution in water was then combined with the ethanol and added to the polymer. This was followed by a mixture of the mineral oil and glyceryl trioleate. The valve was attached, and the propellant was added through the valve. The container was shaken by hand for one minute. Practically all of the polymer had agglomerated. Even after ten days, the polymer agglomerates could not be dissolved in the remainder of the propellant solution by hand shaking. Mechanical shaking with a paint mixer was required.
In Example 3, the aqueous solution of amphoteric disodium dicarboxylic coconut oil fatty acids imidazoline derivative was mixed with the polymer particles and then the magnesium stearate was added, resulting in a free-flowing powder in which the polymer particles were coated with the surfactant solution and magnesium stearate. The powder was transferred to the same kind of pressure bottle as before. The mixture of glyceryl trioleate and mineral oil was then added, followed by the ethanol. The valve was attached, and the propellant added through the valve. The container was shaken by hand for ten seconds. Almost all of the polymer dispersed and dissolved. A small agglomerate settled out, but this dissolved overnight, and hand-shaking for a few seconds then resulted in a uniform composition. Expulsion of the composition through the open valve resulted in the formation of an applicator pad.
This Example illustrates a composition that can be applied to the fingers or toes or other parts of the body to form a soft, protective covering useful as a protective bandage.
Two compositions were prepared; one Control in which the polymer particles were not coated in accordance with the invention, and one in which the polymer particles were coated with mineral oil and aluminum tristearate. The formulations were as follows:
______________________________________ Parts by Weight Control D Example 4______________________________________Ethyl cellulose, type T-101 28.5 26.1Aluminum tristearate -- 8.7Mineral oil 4.8 4.3Tributyl citrate 4.8 4.3Ethanol 4.8 4.3Isobutane 47.6 43.5Dimethyl ether 9.5 8.8______________________________________ 1 Hercules, Inc. particles less than 300 microns in diameter
In the Control, the particles of ethyl cellulose were poured into a glass pressure bottle, after which the mineral oil and a mixture of the tributyl citrate and ethanol were added. The valve was attached, and a mixture of the two propellants, isobutane and dimethyl ether, was added through the valve. The container was shaken for one minute by hand. The polymer particles agglomerated, and settled to the bottom. The upper propellant layer was fluid. After three hours, the layers could not be dispersed into one layer by hand-shaking. A homogeneous solution resulted after shaking for ten minutes in a paint mixer.
In Example 4, the polymer particles were mixed with the mineral oil, a liquid to aid in adhering aluminum stearate to the polymer particles, and then the aluminum tristearate was mixed in, resulting in a free-flowing powder with the mineral oil and aluminum tristearate coated on the polymer particles. The powder was transferred to the same kind of glass pressure bottle as used before, and a mixture of tributyl citrate and ethanol was added. The valve was attached, and the mixture of the propellants was added through the valve. The container was shaken by hand for thirty seconds, giving an agglomerate-free viscous polymer solution containing dispersed aluminum tristearate. Expulsion of the composition onto the fingers resulted in a soft, protective coating closely adhering to the configuration of the fingers.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 29, 1982
Owner name: RESTECH RESEARCH LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, 200 PARK AVE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:OSIPOW, LLOYD I.;SPITZER, J. GEORGE;REEL/FRAME:003946/0406
Effective date: 19820126


text:
Full Press Conference Video via RamasScreen
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Clevver TV – Part 1: Introductions, Walking Out & First Few Minutes
Part 2
Part 3
Thanks @mfoc
Reuters- photo posing, PC snippets (via)
MTV (Via)
Vampire sex scene question only
Get More: Movie Trailers, Movies Blog
Eonline (same question) (via)
Eonline (via)
Rob's Mr&Mrs Smith suggestion only
ENews segment (via)
Below are experts from various outlet's Press Conference transcripts or articles. Click the links to go to their full transcript. For Panel videos, see our other post.
Collider has the full transcript. And also, for full AUDIO, listen here)
KRISTEN STEWART: It is funny. If you told me tomorrow that we had to have reshoots of some scenes that they weren't happy with, I'd be so happy that I'd start vibrating because I do really enjoy playing this role. We got to do it for four years. When you do that, even though it is a bummer to walk away, I look back on it so fondly that I hold it and it's something I'll always have. I'm really thankful for that.
Taryn Ryder at Celebuzz:
On what kind of Vamp-on-Vamp Sex Scenes will be in BD2-
"Ratings man, it's a tricky thing," Kristen said before turning to Mackenzie Foy– who plays her daughter in the upcoming film– "Mackenzie, go away!" Stewart elaborated on what is in store, sex-wise, in the final installment, telling Celebuzz, "How do you have– we're supposed to have mind boggling, other worldly sex in the first one, in Breaking Dawn 1," Stewart said. "We really tried to make the first one sweet. It's about discovery. Nothing about this series is raunchy."
Pattinson jumped in, telling Stewart, "Get to the point Kristen."
"Shut the f–k up," Stewart said turning to him, which sent a room full of reporters hysterically laughing.
"You're talking about sex, you're swearing," Rob said laughing looking at Stewart. Unfazed, Kristen continued, "For the second one, we just wanted to be animals. We're not humans anymore," she said. "Yeah, how do you do that? We tried. They told us it was rated R, and so, yeah. I'm gonna stop now."
On a potential future 'Twilight' reboot- "I think it would be amazing. I would love to say that," Pattinson. "I pity the person who takes over my part," Pattinson cracks. Stewart says that the ending is satisfying and sweet and ideal and it doesn't sound like she's in favor of a reboot. "I would be open to the idea. I'd be curious to see what it is," Stewart adds. Meyer says maybe in 20 years and, but she adds, "It would be interesting, but it would be so hard." Pattinson asks what Meyer would write. "Bella's story is definitely told. It's final," Meyer adds. Pattinson envisions a 'Mr. & Mrs. Smith' showdown between Bella and Edward. "I could totally rip your head off," Stewart laughs.
Kate Spencer at VH1:
Kristen was ON FIRE. I think this is the most confident, gregarious and powerful I've ever seen her at a press event (and after 5 years, I have a few under my belt). Her energy was electric. Yet she was also still her adorable, giddy self – gushing over Mackenzie and blushing while trying to talk about sex. But my overall impression today was that Kristen was the leader, and the cast was happy to follow her lead.
Some of Kate's Favorite Moments
2. Kristen on what she first noticed about her co-star (and future boyfriend) upon meeting him back in the day: "I liked his pants."
3. Kristen digs in to the deep questions about how she's changed since the first film. "Let's do it!" she joked. "I am so deep."
4. Kristen on her connection with Taylor and Rob: "Sometimes you meet people and you're like, 'We should make stuff together. We"ll do good. Let's utilize whatever this energy is that's passing between us, let's do it.' And I have that with both of you."
Vampire Mentality: Kristen talked extensively about how much she loved being able to slip into vamp mode (saying that her first undead hunting scene remains one of her all time favorites). There was one issue she had though: Her tone of voice! "Hey, uh, Steph…how am I going to sound like wind chimes, you jerk! That's impossible," Kristen joked about the author's words.


text:
Wounded Warrior Wrecords
Wounded Warrior Wrecords is more than just a record company; it also an active charitable organization and hosts literature for an up and coming bestselling author, Alley Cat Slick.
Our love for all genres of music is the catalysis for this movement. We believe in the power of music. Like the saying goes, music is an international language. We pride ourselves in giving you uplifting compositions without compromising the quality of our product.
Wounded Warrior Wrecords also believe in giving back to the community. We are only as strong as the weakest link, therefore, we know that empowering those around us ultimately strengthens everyone as a unit. You can note some of our contributions on our S.O.T.E Page.
On top of being the realest record label in the world, we understand the importance of literacy. An illiterate person has a serious disadvantage in our modern world. Alley Cat Slick helps to alleviate illiteracy in our community by providing books we can relate to on the Literature Page.
Wounded Warrior Wrecords is more than a business it is a movement.
Our mission the unification of the nations ...
the realest record label in the wooorld...