text:
The quick commentary on this swath of Scripture is this:
Concerning the non-virgin bride, there is an element of fraud here. A woman who admitted she was not a virgin was immune from prosecution; only one who pretended to be a virgin bride was subject to execution, and even then, only if her husband accused her. Furthermore, if any man seduced her prior to her betrothal, she needed only publicly confess this fact, and she could require him to marry her and never divorce her. If she was raped in the city, her cries for help would vindicate her. If she was raped in the field, she was presumed innocent and would be vindicated by her own words. Under those circumstances, it is quite reasonable that a woman who married under false claim of virginity was presumed to be guilty of adultery, that is, having sexual relations with someone other than her betrothed during her betrothal.
While this is a response to a particular "meme," I will be bringing in previous discussions, posts, and ideas to build to a response that should be instructive in approaching other verses or challenges often given to the Christian as evidence that the Bible shows an "evil" God, and thus undermines the Christians reliance on the Bible.
If you want to just go to a refutation of the meme and skip the build-up, you can do so by CLICKING HERE. Otherwise, enjoy the tour through other challenges that end up being the opposite of the claims of the skeptics.
If a man encounters a young woman, a virgin who is not engaged, takes hold of her and rapes her, and they are discovered, the man who raped her must give the young woman's father 50 silver shekels, and she must become his wife because he violated her. He cannot divorce her as long as he lives. (Deuteronomy 22:28-29)
- Intro To Topic
- Rules of Engagement
- Example One
- Example Two
- Comments On Examples
- Afterthought ~ Naturalism Cannot Define Something As "Moral"
- Question and Answer
- Backtracking A Bit
- Continuing
- A Real Question
- Context is King!
- Actually, A Compassionate Law
- Conclusion To Question One
- A 2nd Good Challenge
- Recommended Resources
- AFTER Discussion
The meme [upper/right] was posted by my son to engender deeper conversation on his Facebook. I began to post a series of responses giving hints to ways to approach ancient documents. One must REMEMBER this as you read… I am not showing the divine nature of the Bible… I am merely pointing out the generally accepted rules of engagement when approaching ancient literature most legal systems in the West and literary critics accept as a guideline[s] to sift through documents [ancient or new]. These rules are not meant to prove the divine nature of anything. They are however meant to engender a level playing field (if-you-will) to help anyone approach weighty subjects, texts, and the like.
By using these "rules of engagement" we will find that the typical atheist/skeptic who refuses to mature in their approach to these issues use shallow thinking by promoting such "challenges," so-called. The real purpose of such memes are merely to produce an emotional — visceral — reaction, emotive in nature, having nothing to do with good thinking in any way.
This approach, then, not only makes it easy for the believer to show the folly in such positions, BUT SHOULD make the skeptic pause and contemplate how they are making themselves look in a public place. They [the skeptic] should want to make their case full of gravitas, facts, context, and the like so they can garner a level of respect in their own positions. These memes do just the opposite. They make the skeptic look childish.
(As an aside, almost all of the graphics/pics inserted in my posts will be linked to similarly contextual article or posts.)
This is key:
Raising one's self-consciousness [awareness] about worldviews is an essential part of intellectual maturity…. The right eyeglasses can put the world into clearer focus, and the correct worldview can function in much the same way. When someone looks at the world from the perspective of the wrong worldview, the world won't make much sense to him. Or what he thinks makes sense will, in fact, be wrong in important respects. Putting on the right conceptual scheme, that is, viewing the world through the correct worldview, can have important repercussions for the rest of the person's understanding of events and ideas…. Instead of thinking of Christianity as a collection of theological bits and pieces to be believed or debated, we should approach our faith as a conceptual system, as a total world-and-life view.
Ronald H. Nash, Worldviews in Conflict: Choosing Christianity in a World of Ideas (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1992), 9, 17-18, 19.
Okay then, I will cut'n'paste much of the posts/discussion from my son's Facebook below (with some editing/addition).
This is one reason why people who say they are skeptics really are not all that skeptical… because they do not do the yeoman's work to know how to accept or reject their own beliefs well nor those beliefs of whom they are challenging. It does a great disservice to themselves AS WELL as others… and really shows a disregard for a world religion that I have not seen shown to the other great religions of the world. Some even will defend these other Religions without knowing the religions own stated positions.
This is the first of a few points I will make.
This is an issue that has many depths to it. And when atheists or skeptics reject the Bible for such verses, they do a disservice to good thinking. And mind you, one of the most important aspects of this debate is how do we approach ancient texts in a fair way. FIRST and FOREMOST, the idea that the writers of the Bible were robotic in their transmission, called in occultism, "automatic writing," is not what we see here – where the writer gives over control of himself to write [word-for-word] what is being relayed to him or her. Geisler so aptly words the issue this way:
The [biblical authors] who wrote Scripture were not automatons. They were more than recording secretaries. They wrote with full intent and consciousness in the normal exercise of their own literary styles and vocabularies. The personalities of the [biblical authors] were not violated by a supernatural intrusion. The Bible which they wrote is the Word of God, but it is also the words of men. God used their personalities to convey His propositions. The [biblical authors] were the immediate cause of what was written, but God was the ultimate cause.
(See references for this and Aristotle quote to follow, here)
So the idea that the Bible is a word-for-word dictum is NOT the case. The idea that the Bible is not something akin to "automatic writing" has no bearing on if this is the Divine Word of God however. Rather, the Christians concern should be to show the viable nature of the Bible in its internal context. There are techniques to help the truth seeker to do just that. In fact, our courts today incorporate some help in how they approach documents submitted as evidence, and literary-textual critics employ these Grecian helps that Aristotle and others formulated well.
The internal test utilizes one Aristotle's dictums from his Poetics. He said,
They [the critics] start with some improbable presumption; and having so decreed it themselves, proceed to draw inferences, and censure the poet as though he had actually said whatever they happen to believe, if his statement conflicts with their notion of things…. Whenever a word seems to imply some contradiction, it is necessary to reflect how many ways there may be of understanding it in the passage in question…. So it is probably the mistake of the critics that has given rise to the Problem…. See whether he [the author] means the same thing, in the same relation, and in the same sense, before admitting that he has contradicted something he has said himself or what a man of sound sense assumes as true.
So are there rules that apply to approaching subjects in a fashion that maximizes the best conclusion on the text/topic that is the subject? Yes there is, this list is also from the Greeks and is summed up in these 8-points are summed up well in a short handout to a class I taught at church dealing with how believers should approach Scripture:
1) Rule of Definition: Define the term or words being considered and then adhere to the defined meanings.
2) Rule of Usage: Don't add meaning to established words and terms. Ask what was the common usage in the culture at that time period.
3) Rule of Context: Avoid using words out of context. Context must define terms and how words are used.
4) Rule of Historical background: Don't separate interpretation from historical investigation.
5) Rule of Logic: Be certain that words as interpreted agree with the overall premise.
6) Rule of Precedent: Use the known and commonly accepted meanings of words, not obscure meanings for which there is no precedent.
7) Rule of Unity: Even though many documents may be used there must be a general unity among them.
8) Rule of Inference: Base conclusions on what is already known and proven or can be reasonably implied from all known facts.
(These are more fully explained in the outline I wrote for that teaching here)
This is always helpful to the believer to fall back on when skeptics take a single Scripture out of context and uses it as an example of why they reject the Bible. (The same would be said if something was done in similar fashion to such works as Homer's Iliad, Caesar's Gallic Wars, a play from Shakespeare, or the like.) These people not only try to show the Bible in a certain light, but take a leap to say Scripture is not divine in how the Christian or Jew think it is. This is a leap that the text does not warrant. Again, the conclusion they make is not warranted by properly approaching the text… in other words they destroy any warrant they feel they have or have shown by sloppy thinking. By creating this "straw-man" they come to a conclusion that is really a non-sequitur, effectively making their position incoherent.
I will talk about two such texts in the next post.
Over the years I have been challenged with many verses. While I have responded to this in the past, Dennis Prager's critiques is hard to beat. This challenge has to do with Deuteronomy 21:18-21. The Scripture and argument go something like this:
"If any man has a stubborn and rebellious son who will not obey his father or his mother, and when they chastise him, he will not even listen to them, 19 then his father and mother shall seize him, and bring him out to the elders of his city at the gateway of his home town. 20 "And they shall say to the elders of his city, 'This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey us, he is a glutton and a drunkard.' 21 "Then all the men of his city shall stone him to death; so you shall remove the evil from your midst, and all Israel shall hear of it and fear," (Deut. 21:18-21).
BEFORE getting to Prager's rebuttal… let us deal with some qualifications one need to know and apply to a text in order to maximize a skeptical look at said text.
This seemingly harsh punishment for rebellion has been used by the critics of Christianity to infer the moral backwardness of Old Testament ethics. It is easy to throw stones from the comfort of our 21st-century perspective. If you apply our own understanding to this situation… then yes, I would agree with the skeptic. But this is not how thoughtful people approach ancient texts. For instance… there are many gaps from our 21st-Century post Judeo-Christian, Western culture that one should account for.
✦ …Consider how confused a foreigner must be when he reads in a daily newspaper: "The prospectors made a strike yesterday up in the mountains." "The union went on strike this morning." "The batter made his third strike and was called out by the umpire." "Strike up with the Star Spangled Banner." "The fisherman got a good strike in the middle of the lake." Presumably each of these completely different uses of the same word go back to the parent and have the same etymology. But complete confusion may result from misunderstanding how the speaker meant the word to be used…. We must engage in careful exegesis in order to find out what he meant in light of contemporary conditions and usage.
We speak English, but the Bible was written in Hebrew and Greek (and a few parts in Aramaic, which is similar to Hebrew). Therefore, we have a language gap; if we don't bridge it, we won't fully be able to understand the Bible.
If we don't understand the various cultures of the time in which the Bible was written, we'll never comprehend its meaning. For example, if we did not know anything about the Jewish culture at the time of Christ, the Gospel of Matthew would be very difficult to grasp. Concepts such as the Sabbath, Jewish rituals, the temple ceremonies, and other customs of the Jews must be under¬stood within cultural context in order to gain the true meaning of the author's ideas.
A failure to be familiar with geography will hinder learning. For instance, in I Thessalonians 1:8 we read, "For from you sounded out the word of the Lord not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith [toward] God is spread abroad." What is so remarkable about this text is that the message traveled so quickly. In order to understand how, it is necessary to know the geography.
Paul had just been there, and when he wrote the letter, very little time had passed. Paul had been with them for a couple of weeks, but their testimony had already spread far. How could that happen so fast? If you study the geography of the area you'll find that the Ignatian Highway runs right through the middle of Thessalonica. It was the main concourse between the East and the West, and whatever happened there was passed all the way down the line.
Knowing the history behind a passage will enhance our comprehension of what was written. In the Gospel of John, the whole key to understanding the interplay between Pilate and Jesus is based on the knowledge of history.
When Pilate came into the land with his emperor worship, it literally infuriated the Jews and their priests. So he was off to a bad start from the very beginning. Then he tried to pull something on the Jews, and when they caught him, they reported him to Rome, and he almost lost his job. Pilate was afraid of the Jews, and that's why he let Christ be crucified. Why was he afraid? Because he already had a rotten track record, and his job was on the line.
Consider something known as the psychology of testimony. This refers to the way witnesses of the same event recall it with a certain level of discrepancy, based on how they individually observe, process, store, and retrieve the memories of an event.
One person may recall an event in strict chronological order; another may testify according to the principle of the association of ideas. One person may remember events minutely and consecutively, while someone else omits, condenses, or expands. These factors must be considered in comparing eyewitness accounts, and this is why history expects a certain amount of variability in human testimony. For example, let's say that twelve eyewitnesses observed the same event–a car accident. If those witnesses were called to testify in a court of law, what would the judge think if all twelve witnesses gave the same exact testimony of the event, with every detail being identical? Any good judge would immediately conclude they were in collusion and reject their accounts. The variations of the observations of the eyewitness testimonies actually add to the integrity of their recall.
These are just a few of the many examples one needs to seriously consider when approaching ANY ancient text – especially ancient religious texts.
- Law is "God's law," they are the expressions of His sovereign will and character. The writings of Moses contain a lot of Law. God provided the Jews with many laws (619 or so). These laws defined the proper relationship with God to each others and the world (the alien)….
- History. Almost every OT book contains history. Some books of the Bible are grouped together and commonly referred to as the "History" (Joshua, Kings & Chronicles). These books tell us the history of the Jewish people from the time of the Judges through the Persian Empire…. In the NT, Acts contains some of the history of the early church, and the Gospels also have History as Jesus' life is told as History….
- Wisdom Literature is focus on questions about the meaning of life (Job, Ecclesiastes), practical living, and common sense (Proverbs and some Psalms )….
- Poetry is found mostly in the Old Testament and is similar to modern poetry. Since it is a different language, "Hebrew," the Bible's poetry can be very different, because it does not translate into English very well….
- Prophecy is the type of literature that is often associated with predicting the future; however, it is also God's words of "get with it" or else. Thus Prophecy also exposes sin and calls for repentance and obedience. It shows how God's law can be applied to specific problems and situations, such as the repeated warnings to the Jews before their captivity….
- Apocalyptic Writing is a more specific form of prophecy. Apocalyptic writing is a type of literature that warns us of future events which, full meaning, is hidden to us for the time being….
Approaching portions of Scripture (or ANY ancient text) knowing even the genre is helpful to dissect it well.
DENNIS PRAGER exemplifies how to approach Deuteronomy 21:18-21 by explaining much of what we have talked about already plus more:
Moving on…
In an ongoing discussion at an atheist's website, I was challenged with how evil God is to kill children with a Bear (2 Kings 2:23-25). I mean children? Here we have proof that God killed innocent children. Or so a light reading would express as much.
This is a post I can truly pat-myself-on-the-back for… because I offered a twist on this that other apologists have not. Let me explain after this verse is read:
He went up from there to Bethel, and while he was going up on the way, some small boys came out of the city and jeered at him, saying, "Go up, you baldhead! Go up, you baldhead!" And he turned around, and when he saw them, he cursed them in the name of the LORD. And two she-bears came out of the woods and tore forty-two of the boys. From there he went on to Mount Carmel, and from there he returned to Samaria. (2 Kings 2:23-25)
It looks like we are seeing God killing kids for essentially – and just as cutely – as a young child gets frustrated and calls a friend "poopy head."
However, if you come at this ancient text taking the Grecian examples of the credibility afforded a text, and step out of our 21st-Century post Judeo-Christian "Western" culture and ask if there are gaps in our knowledge (historical time periods, who was this written to, who wrote it, does understanding geography help us in understanding this tough verse, does understanding the culture of the writer help [how are the two cultures different], are there hint in the Hebrew that will help us as well, etc) Using this we can ask like any CSI detective:
- Who;
- What;
- When;
- Where;
- Why;
- And How It Happened.
…as well as does the text…
- Emphasize something;
- Does it repeat a theme in the larger text;
- Is it related or unrelated;
- Is it alike or similar to other portions of the text or cultures in the area;
- Is it true to our modern life in some way.
By doing so we can find out that:
✔ The crowd was in their late teens to early twenties (NOT CHILDREN, but military age, and this is known from other parts of the Bible where the Hebrew is used AS WELL AS from other ancient documents and cultures in the area of the Middle-East);
✔ they were antisemitic (this is known from most of the previous passages and books as well – also historical anthropology and other ancient texts);
✔ they were from a violently cultic city (ditto);
✔ the crowd was large (large enough to do the following….
(Here is my "pat-on-the-back" coming up)
✔ this large crowd had already turned violent and riotess.
I can say this because as the pictures of cultural customs from this time-period [key!] show on my in-depth response to this by using drawings of historical figures from Israels history: priests, prophets, spiritual leaders, and even Flavius Josephus.
What did you notice above in the cover to an A&E documentary to the right? Yup, a turban as well as a cloak which covers the heads of the priests and prophets. Take note of the below as well.
I will post continue with a snippet from the aforementioned post:
I posted multiple images to drive a point home in our mind. The prophet Elisha would have had a couple cultural accoutrements that changes this story from simple name calling to an assault. He wouldn't have been alone either, in other words, he would have had some people attached to him that would lay down their lives to protect him. And secondly, he would have had a head covering on, especially since he was returning from a "priestly" intervention. So we know from cultural history the following:
- He would have had a head dressing on — some sort of turbin; and he would have had an entourage of men to dissuade any attack or mistreatment of a priest of Israel on a journey.
One last point before we bullet point the complete idea behind the Holy and Rightful judgement from the Judge of all mankind. There were 42 persons killed by two bears. Obviously this would require many more than 42 people. Why? What happens when you have a group of ten people and a bear comes crashing out of the bushes in preparation to attack? Every one will immediately scatter! In the debate I pointed out that freezing 42 people and allowing the bears time to go down the line to kill each one would be even more of a miracle than this skeptic would want to allow. So the common sense position would require a large crowd and some sort of terrain to cut off escape. So the crowd would probably have been at least a few hundred.
Also, this holy man of God was coming back from a "mission," he would have had an entourage with him ~ as already mentioned, as well as having some sort of head-covering on as pictured above ~ as already mentioned.
So, what do these cultural and historical points cause us to rightly assume?
That the crowd could not see that the prophet was bald.
Which means they would have had to of gotten physical — forcefully removing the head covering. Which means also that the men with the prophet Elisha would have also been overpowered. So lets bullet point the points that undermine the skeptics viewpoint.
✔ The crowd was in their late teens to early twenties;
✔ they were antisemitic (this is known from most of the previous passages and books);
✔ they were from a violently cultic city;
✔ the crowd was large;
✔ the crowd had already turned violent.
These points caused God in his foreknowledge to protect the prophet and send in nature to disperse the crowd. Nature is not kind, and the death of these men were done by a just Judge. This explains the actions of a just God better than many of the references I read.
Your welcome.
So when I see something like this meme… it is just that. A very badly "exegeted" point. VERY RARELY do I meet a skeptic that does the yeoman's work of heavy lifting and making a case well enough that they explain their disbelief in a manner that would demand a decision by other's by engendering an informed dialogue. But this is why Trump — pivoting here to make a point — does so well among conservative because rather than pausing to see if their emotional response is rooted in more that a rejection based on "no-knowledge" and driven by reactive feeling to the opposing political party.
This is how Obama was elected as well.
Skpetics and liberal leaning persons deride the religious or conservative folks for being shallow and not thinking well, but in fact these rejections of BIG IDEAS and ancient text are done by doing just that — low information positions. which is why I ask people to pause and to think more deeply on their own positions. To learn their position better as well as to know better without making straw-men type arguments the position they are rejecting. In-other-words, Know what you reject, and why you reject it.
AGAIN, bringing this to current examples in our political lives, and repeating myself in a way:
Very rarely do you find someone who is an honest enough skeptic that after watching the above 3 short videos asks questions like: "Okay, since my suggestion was obviously false, what would be the driving presuppositions/biases behind such a production?" "What are my driving biases/presuppositions that caused me to grab onto such false positions?" You see, few people take the time and do the hard work to compare and contrast ideas and facts. A good example of this is taken from years of discussing various topics with persons of opposing views, I often ask if they have taken the time to "compare and contrast." Here is my example:
I own and have watched (some of the below are shown in high-school classes):
- Bowling for Columbine
- Roger and Me
- Fahrenheit 9/11
- Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price
- Sicko
- An Inconvenient Truth
- Loose Change
- Zeitgeist
- Religulouse
- The God Who Wasn't There
- Super-Size Me
But rarely [really never] do I meet someone of the opposite persuasion from me that have watched any of the following (I own and have watched):
- Celsius41.11: The Temperature at Which the Brain Dies
- FahrenHYPE 9/11
- Michael & Me
- Michael Moore Hates America
- Bullshit! Fifth Season… Read More (where they tear apart the Wal-Mart documentary)
- Indoctrinate U
- Mine Your Own Business
- Screw Loose Change
- 3-part response to Zeitgeist
- Fat-Head
- Privileged Planet
- Unlocking the Mystery of Life
Just as an afterthought. A skeptic who rejects God and accepts naturalism cannot say rape is wrong like the theist can say this:
- theism: evil, wrong at all times and places in the universe — absolutely;
- atheism: taboo, it was used in our species in the past for the survival of the fittest, and is thus a vestige of evolutionary progress… and so may once again become a tool for survival — it is in every corner of nature;
- pantheism: illusion, all morals and ethical actions and positions are actually an illusion (Hinduism – maya; Buddhism – sunyata). In order to reach some state of Nirvana one must retract from this world in their thinking on moral matters, such as love and hate, good and bad. Not only that, but often times the person being raped has built up bad karma and thus is the main driver for his or her state of affairs (thus, in one sense it is "right" that rape happens).
An example from an "evangelical" atheist:
★ Richard Dawkins: My value judgement itself could come from my evolutionary past.
★ Justin Brierley: So therefore it's just as random in a sense as any product of evolution.
★ Richard Dawkins: You could say that, it doesn't in any case, nothing about it makes it more probable that there is anything supernatural.
★ Justin Brierley: Ultimately, your belief that rape is wrong is as arbitrary as the fact that we've evolved five fingers rather than six.
★ Richard Dawkins: You could say that, yeah.
In other words they have to BORROW FROM ethics the worldview that they are trying to disprove.
For more on this, see my post noting many more atheist/evolutionary (philosophical naturalism) positions followed to their logical conclusions here:
Here are some questions from a person trying to figure out what I have been getting at. At first they seem like "snarky" comments, but end up in a good honest question.
S.C. said:
So when you say rape was "okay then and not now", you mean that it was ok according to the people, or according to God? (Or both?)
I say this is snarky because the questioner either was not aware (or on purpose) formulated the question which would only allow for a response that "damned" the responder.
In a very neat book meant to dumb down big ideas in logic, we read the following example that will surely persuade the reader who dislike "Dubya's" rhetoric:
A false dilemma is an argument that presents a limited set of two possible categories and assumes that everything in the scope of the discussion must be an element of that set. Thus, by rejecting one category, you are forced to accept the other. For example, "In the war on fanaticism, there are no sidelines; you are either with us or with the fanatics." In reality, there is a third option, one could very well be neutral; and a fourth option, one may be against both; and even a fifth option, one may empathize with elements of both.
Ali Almossawi, An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments: Learn the Lost Art of Making Sense (New York, NY: The Experiment, 2013), 16.
To backtrack just a bit, I am sure S.C. missed the previous two point response to the meme specifically in the original post on Facebook. So I will post these here for clarity and then pick back up with the convo
Back Tracking
I linked to a post on Dr. William Lane Craig's Reasonable Faith site explaining some of the issues. Here is an excerpt of the challenge… followed by an excerpt of the response:
…you believe that the Bible is the revealed word of God, as you seem to regarding the existence of Jesus of Nazareth, then how do you find child rape so abhorrent when there is nothing in the Bible condemning it? Indeed, Deuteronomy 22:28-29 NLT says that if a woman (regardless of age) is raped, the rapist must pay her father 50 silvers and marry the woman, which hardly seems a punishment to the rapist. This, of course, excludes engaged women, for whom the punishment for being raped is death if they don't cry for help (Deuteronomy 22:23-24 NAB). The only instance in which it is only the rapist who is punished is if the victim is engaged (possible but not likely if they are a child), and they cry for help (again, a child would very likely be intimidated into not calling for help, and therefore, by Biblical law, be killed)….
Dr. Craig responds in full, but here is the point I wish to zero in on:
Moral Argument – The Old Testament as a sufficient framework for morality
But do your examples even do that? The immorality of rape is immediately given in the seventh of the Ten Commandments "You shall not commit adultery." Any sexual intercourse outside the bounds of marriage is proscribed by the Bible. So rape is always regarded as immoral in the Bible. That puts a quite different perspective on things. What your complaint really is is that the penalties for rape in the passages you cite seem unduly lenient. You think that the criminal laws against rape needed to be even stronger than they were in ancient Israel. Well, maybe you're right. What does that prove? There's no claim that Israel's laws were perfect or adequately expressed God's moral will. Jesus himself regarded the Mosaic law on divorce as inadequate and failing to capture God's ideal will for marriage ( Matthew 5.31-2 ). Maybe the same was true for rape laws. Israel's criminal statutes were not timeless truths for all societies but were intended for Israel at a certain specific time in its history. Moreover, these statutes are examples of case law: if such-and-such happens, then do so-and-so. These were idealizations which served as guides and might admit all sorts of exceptions and mitigating circumstances (like a child's being afraid to cry for help).
In any case, Spencer, how much effort have you really made to understand these laws in the cultural context of the ancient Near East? None at all, I suspect; you probably got these passages from some free-thought publication or website and repeat them here with little attempt to understand them. By contrast, Paul Copan in his Is God a Moral Monster? (Baker: 2010) deals with these passages in their historical context, thereby shedding light on their meaning (pp. 118-119). Copan observes that there are three cases considered here:
1. Consensual sex between a man and a woman who is engaged to another man, which was a violation of marriage ( Deuteronomy 22.23 ). Both parties were to be executed.
2. Rape of a woman who is engaged to another man ( Deuteronomy 22.25 ). Only the rapist is executed; the woman is an innocent victim.
3. Seduction of a young woman who is not engaged to another man Deuteronomy 22.28 ; cf . Exodus 22.16-17 ). The seducer is obliged to marry the young woman and provide for her, if she will have him; otherwise her father may refuse him and demand payment of the usual bridal gift (rather like a dowry) anyway.
In short, rape was a capital crime in ancient Israel. As for Leviticus 20.13 , this verse prescribes the death penalty for consensual sexual intercourse between two men; that you interpret this passage to condemn a child who is assaulted by a pedophile only shows how tendentious your exegesis is.
If anything, then, the Bible is far stricter in its laws concerning sexual behavior than we are today. So even though appeal to the Bible is no part of my argument for (2), what the Bible teaches about the immorality of rape is right in line with my claim that objective moral values and duties exist.
Another good — short — response is this "cool as Colt 45" response to the same topic incorporating the language and context used in these verses:
So the main challenge is dealt with quite handily herein. However, continued discussion will always ad to the understanding of such a tough topic.
Remember I am still responding to S.C.'s challenge that was a false dilemma, but try to steer the convo to what I know he means. Keep in mind, things do not fall into place easily, so repeating the same thing multiple times ~ just differently or with additional information ~ will often times make a subject click with an individual. I am hoping this will be the case here.
I respond:
Again, "rape" is not part of that verse. The Bible was the first book to legally codify for an entire culture the punishment of the rapist.
…Let's compare this with ANE law. Copan writes,
Middle Assyrian laws punished not a rapist but a rapist's wife and even allowed her to be gang-raped. In other ancient Near Eastern laws, men could freely whip their wives, pull out their hair, mutilate their ears, or strike them –a dramatic contrast to Israel's laws, which gave no such permission.
The previously posted link to a video uploaded to my YouTube of parents being able to kill their children for disobedience is another oft misquoted verse to make a point without any depth of real understanding 12-minutes long):
You see, these verses do the exact opposite of what the meme says they do. The meme says they support rape… in their full context they are protecting the woman from rape by making death the punishment for the rapist.
AGAIN, for CLARITY purposes:
In Deuteronomy 22:28-29 is appears as if a rape victim is to marry the rapist, the verse is as follows:
- "If a man meets a virgin who is not betrothed, and seizes her and lies with her, and they are found, then the man who lay with her shall give to the father of the young woman fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife, because he has violated her. He may not divorce her all his days."
This issue is, however, addressed in another verse from Exodus in the laws of social justice:
- "If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed and lies with her, he shall give the bride-price for her and make her his wife. If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay money equal to the bride-price for virgins." (Exodus 22:16–17)
Copan explains that "In each case, the man is guilty. However, the critics' argument focuses on verses 28–29: the rape victim is being treated like she is her father's property. She's been violated, and the rapist gets off by paying a bridal fee. No concern is shown for the girl at all".
He goes on to say that "The girl's father (the legal point person) has the right to refuse any such permanent arrangement as well as the right to demand the payment that would be given for a bride, even though the seducer doesn't marry his daughter (since she has been sexually compromised, marriage to another man would be difficult if not impossible). The girl has to agree with this arrangement, and she isn't required to marry the seducer. In this arrangement, she is still treated as a virgin".
So, rather than undermining women this law instead emphasizes their protection…
…So, I don't think that these verses are condoning rape. Instead these laws were in place to protect the vulnerable, such as women, should undesirable circumstances arise. No, the Bible nor God condones rape.
S.C. is now understanding a bit more about the context, culture, language, the intended audience, the author, etc. I say this because even if he does not admit it, when you start to ask good questions it means you are becoming invested and interested in an outcome. The real challenge is to get beyond one's presuppositions and reach a conclusion that may be as minimal as this, "wow, maybe I was wrong in coming at this topic in the past… what can I do to better treat the subject as well as respecting others beliefs."
Respecting others can often times be respecting friends or family.
So here is the question from S.C.
Some of the answer is already dealt with in detail above. We are incorporating many of the points from the "8-Rules," Aristotles dictum, Israels cultural mores in a lawless time period as well as the surrounding nations cultural mores. In fact we have used in this post many of the points discussed.
One we will focus on here is Context:
3) Rule of Context: Avoid using words out of context. Context must define terms and how words are used.
- Many a passage of Scripture will not be understood at all without the help afforded by the context; for many a sentence derives all its point and force from the connection in which it stands. (Biblical Hermeneutics, Terry. M. S.. p. 117. 1896.)
- [Bible words] must be understood according to the requirements of the context. (Thayer's Greek?English Lexicon of the New Testament, p. 97.)
- Every word you read must be understood in the light of the words that come before and after it. (How to Make Sense, Flesch, Rudolph, p. 51, Harper & Brothers. 1959.)
- [Bible words] when used out of context… can prove almost anything. [Some interpreters] twist them… from a natural to a non?natural sense. (Irenaeus, second?century church father, quoted in Inspiration and Interpretation, p. 50, Eerdmans Pub. Co., 1957.)
- The meaning must be gathered from the context. (Encyclopedia Britannica, Interpretation of Documents. V. 8, p. 912. 1959.)
A good rule of thumb in life is to remember that Context is King.
So using the language and context of the text in question, remembering these key points (pic to the right), we begin to have the tools to answer the issue ourselves by investigating the language, context of the book itself, history, and the like. Here, Apologetics Press has done precisely that (also noted in what I called the "smooth as Colt 45" video):
…The truth is, however, the Hebrew word in this case translated "seizes" (tapas [see more below on this]) can mean many things. Here are some examples of the way it is translated in Deuteronomy 22:28 in several different English translations:
- "lay hold on her" (ASV)
- "taking her" (DRA)
- "and takes her" (NLV/NAB)
- "and hath caught her" (YLT).
By looking at other passages that use the word, we can see that the word tapas sometimes has nothing to do with force, and therefore nothing to do with rape. As Greg Bahnsen has written:
The Hebrew word tapas ("lay hold of her," emphasized above) simply means to take hold of something, grasp it in hand, and (by application) to capture or seize something. It is the verb used for "handling" the harp and flute (Gen. 4:21), the sword (Ezek. 21:11; 30:21), the sickle (Jer. 50:16), the shield (Jer. 46:9), the oars (Ezek. 27:29), and the bow (Amos 2:15). It is likewise used for "taking" God's name (Prov. 30:9) or "dealing" with the law of God (Jer. 2:8). Joseph's garment was "grasped" (Gen. 39:12; cf. 1 Kings 11:30), even as Moses "took" the two tablets of the law (Deut. 9:17)… [T]he Hebrew verb "to handle, grasp, capture" does not in itself indicate anything about the use of force (italics in orig.).
In truth, we use English words in this way on a regular basis. For instance, a brief look at the English word "take" illustrates the point. You can take someone's cookie, or take a person's wife, or take a bride to be your wife. The idea of force is not inherent in the word at all. If you take a person in your arms, what have you done? Or if a young man takes a young woman to be his wife, is there force involved? No. Also, think about the English word "hold." You can take hold of something in a number of ways. We often say that a woman will holdthe child in her arms, or a bridegroom takes a bride to "have and to hold." The Hebrew wordtapas is acting in exactly the same way as the English words "hold" and "take" are.
In addition, it is clearly evident from the immediate context of Deuteronomy 22 that rape is not being discussed in verses 28-29. We know that for two primary reasons. First, verses 25-27 give a clear instance in which rape is being discussed. In that case, a man raped a woman, she "cried out" (v. 27), but she was in the country and no one was there to help her. The text says that the man who committed the crime "shall die" (v. 25), but the Israelites were supposed to "do nothing to the young woman" since "there is in the young woman no sin worthy of death" (v. 26). It is of great interest that in this clear case of rape, the text uses a completely different word. The word translated "forces her" in verse 25 is the Hebrew word chazaq and yet in verse 28, the verb has been intentionally changed to tapas (see Shamoun, 2015). Second, the natural reading of verses 28-29 makes it evident that both parties are guilty of at least some of the blame. Notice that at the end of verse 28 the text says, "and they are found out." When the passage discusses the obvious case of rape, the text specifically only mentions the man in verse 25 when it says "then only the man who lay with her," and conspicuously leaves out any indication of "they" being involved in the sin. Dr. Bahsen compares Deuteronomy 22:28-29 to Exodus 22:16, which reads, "If a man entices a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her, he shall surely pay the bride-price for her to be his wife" (1992). Notice that in this verse in Exodus, there is no force and both parties shoulder some of the guilt.
The practical value of God's instruction in Deuteronomy 22:28-29 is easy to see. A man has sexual intercourse with a young woman who is not betrothed to anyone. There is no force involved, and it is not rape. But their action has been discovered. Now, who in the land of Israel wanted to marry a young girl who has not kept herself pure? The man cannot walk away from his sin. He has put the young woman in a very difficult life situation, in which there would be few (or no) other men who would want to marry her. Since it was often the case that women had an extremely difficult time financially without the help of a husband, this would be even more devastating to the young woman. God holds both the parties accountable, instructing them to get married and stay together, both suffer the shame, and work through the difficulties that they have brought on themselves. Nothing could be more moral, loving, and wise than these instructions. Once again, the skeptical charge against God's love is without foundation.
Just to repeat an important note:
Again, "Nothing could be more moral, loving, and wise than these instructions in that area and culture." Why? Because it, for the first time in the ancient world, stripped the power of choice away from men and allowed for choice in the woman's decision. Sexual abuse, including rape, are prohibited in Scripture. In a Blaze article addressing modern myths regarding the Bible and various sexual behaviors, Rabbi Aryeh Spero and Rabbi Moshe Averick (and others) bring clarity to the argument that the Bible requires a woman to marry her rapist:
Averick addressed Deuteronomy — the book that is most targeted by biblical critics.
"The 'rape' that is talked about in Dvarim (Deuteronomy), is obviously not criminal rape; it is talking about a case where a relationship between a young man and woman got out of hand," he said. "Sexual relationships in a Torah society are strictly forbidden before marriage — dating is only for purposes of marriage in the Orthodox community."
Averick also pointed out that in Jewish law, women cannot be forced to marry against her will. If a man does not fulfill his duties as a husband, the woman is "entitled to initiate divorce proceedings." The "rapist," or fornicator, is not allowed to initiate such proceedings but is obligated to fulfill spousal duties.
This requirement that a "rapist" marry the violated woman, Bock noted, was enacted in order to protect the woman whom he defiled with his sexual advances.
"His act has rendered her unacceptable as a wife for others," he explained. "So this law was designed to indicate responsibility in the sex act for the person in a patriarchal context where women had little power and where the women if left to the event would be on her own."
Nettelhorst acknowledged that in a modern context, the situation mentioned in Deuteronomy "sounds awful," and it was not ideal at the time it occurred either, but the idea was to, again, protect the woman and discourage sexual immorality. By marrying her, the "rapist" was accepting the consequences of his actions, paying her father a restitution and taking on the responsibilities of a husband to provide protection and security.
Spero added that a rape victim could "opt out" of marrying her rapist if she so desired, for, "if not, men could forcibly bring to altar any single woman he desired simply by raping her."
BTW, the penalty was 10-years wages, AND marriage to provide for and feed, house, and raise children with this wife… IF SHE SO DESIRED! Which often times she did, considering that the "rape" spoken of here isn't violent but a more consensual fling. And considering the importance placed on virginity in that time period. One author notes:
…it could be viewed as merciful to the woman, who, because of the rape, would be considered unmarriageable. In that culture, a woman without a husband would have a very difficult time providing for herself. Unmarried women often had no choice but to sell themselves into slavery or prostitution just to survive.
That punishment consisted of two parts: he must pay the woman's father fifty shekels of silver and he must marry and support the woman for the rest of her life. Fifty shekels of silver was a very substantial fine as at that time a shekel was a measurement of weight and not an actual coin. Some scholars believe it could have represented as much as 10 years of wages for the average person. The fact that a man was in any way punished for rape was revolutionary for that period of time in history. No other ancient legal system punished rape to anywhere near the degree outlined in Deuteronomy 22:22-29. While it is unrealistic to say that because of this command rape never occurred, hopefully the severity of the punishment was a strong deterrent to the exceedingly evil act of rape. …
That should explain WELL the verse [verses] used out of context to engender emotive responses based in just that, feelings.
NOT TO MENTION that no where in Israels ancient writings, rabbinical tradition and writings [etc.], did the position taken in the meme ever get recorded historically. Showing that how the people of the time understood exactly what was meant by this codified law. This is another clue to show the skeptics grasping at straws to build a straw-man position and attack it.
I understand that the earlier verses in the chapter are referring to consensual sex, but to me passage 28 specifically cannot be about consensual relations when it uses the term "seize" (or "lay hold", depending on which translation you are using). A Strongs concordance search of this shows that this term was used to show the taking of something, or someone, without consent, in multiple passages throughout the Bible.
I respond as well as a person in an apologetics group I am a part of (thanks to Z.E. Kendall for his insight… I was on the same track with …USE SKILLFULLY)
No, you have it backwards… the earlier verses talk about rape, the later talks about a more consensual relation.
✦ A primitive root; TWOT 2538; GK 9530; 65 occurrences; AV translates as "take" 27 times, "taken" 12 times, "handle" eight times, "hold" eight times, "catch" four times, "surprised" twice, and translated miscellaneously four times. 1 to catch, handle, lay hold, take hold of, seize, wield. 1a (Qal). 1a1 to lay hold of, seize, arrest, catch. 1a2 to grasp (in order to) wield, wield, use skillfully. 1b (Niphal) to be seized, be arrested, be caught, be taken, captured. 1c (Piel) to catch, grasp (with the hands). ~ James Strong, Enhanced Strong's Lexicon (Woodside Bible Fellowship, 1995).
"Taphas" is the Hebrew word for "Lay hold on her", and it can mean "to catch, handle, lay hold, take hold of, seize, wield, USE SKILLFULLY…". It doesn't necessitate a wrongful handling, or laying hold of. This verse concerns seduction, not rape. In no way is rape condoned in any part of the Bible, a simple reading of the larger context of Deuteronomy 22:25-29 easily confirms this. Notice that verse 25 gives the Law regarding rape, but uses an entirely different word than that in verses 28-29. The word used in vs 25 is chazaq- "to force". In the other stories of the Bible that recount rape, none of them use the expression "taphas Shekahb" as in the Deuteronomy 22:28-29 passage.
(via Scripture Under Fire)
Here is Kendall's addition:
…As for Deut. 22:28-29, interesting other uses closer to the meaning of Hebrew 8610 in the passage are likely such that the man in the passage "plays her like a harp," as it were, or "uses her like the bow." (Genesis 4:21 and Amos 2:15). So yeah, I'd say that enticement or the like is in view there.
The passage is connected with the immediately preceding passage, of course not through the concept of rape but rather, through the concept of outcomes that the parents/father wouldn't desire.
Good stuff Maynard. And remember the context of the verses leading up to 28-29 dictate this is a woman deceived by a man's promises, played like a harp. The primitive root meaning of the word means "to manipulate."
Answering Islam has a good two paragraph section out of their larger post on the topic of rape:
The Hebrew word tapas ("lay hold of her," emphasized above) simply means to take hold of something, grasp it in hand, and (by application) to capture or seize something. It is the verb used for "handling" the harp and flute (Gen. 4:21), the sword (Ezek. 21:11; 30:21), the sickle (Jer. 50:16), the shield (Jer. 46:9), the oars (Ezek. 27:29), and the bow (Amos 2:15). It is likewise used for "taking" God's name (Prov. 30:9) or "dealing" with the law of God (Jer. 2:8). Joseph's garment was "grasped" (Gen. 39:12; cf. I Kings 11:30), even as Moses "took" the two tablets of the law (Deut. 9:17). People are "caught" (I Kings 20:18), even as cities are "captured" (Deut. 20:19; Isa. 36:1). An adulterous wife may not have been "caught" in the act (Num. 5:13). In all of these instances it is clear that, while force may come into the picture from further description, the Hebrew verb "to handle, grasp, capture" does not in itself indicate anything about the use of force.
This verb used in Deuteronomy 22:28 is different from the verb used in verse 25 (chazak, from the root meaning "to be strong, firm") which can mean "to seize" a bear and kill it (I Sam. 17:35; cf. 2 Sam. 2:16; Zech. 14:13), "to prevail" (2 Sam. 24:4; Dan. 11:7), "to be strong" (Deut. 31:6; 2 Sam. 2:7), etc. Deuteronomy 22:25 thus speaks of a man finding a woman and "forcing her." Just three verses later (Deut. 25:28), the verb is changed to simply "take hold of" her – indicating an action less intense and violent than the action dealt with in verse 25 (viz., rape).
- A must read book is, Is God a Moral Monster?: Making Sense of the Old Testament God
- An excellent book that helped even myself a great deal is this book, Misreading Scripture with Western Eyes: Removing Cultural Blinders to Better Understand the Bible.
- A good multi-paged article is here, What about Rape?
- And another great article is by M and M, Does the Bible Teach that a Rape Victim has to Marry her Rapist?
- Another article by them is a good one as well, Is God a Moral Monster? A Review of Paul Copan's Book
AFTER Discussion
My son asked Sari (the woman I am talking to in this post) to continue on with the conversation to its conclusion, to which I pointed the following out to my son for clarity:
It's simple Dominic, when I bump into someone in Starbucks and they ask me about this verse, I open up my Bible and find these notes (my Bible is to the right || right click on image and choose "open link in new tab" to fully enlarge). When Sari is at Starbucks and pulls out her Bible [insert laugh track] when someone asks about this verse, she has these notes (hers is to the left || right click on image and choose "open link in new tab" to fully enlarge):
Romans 8:7 simply states: "For the mind-set of the flesh is hostile to God because it does not submit itself to God's law, for it is unable to do so." (see some commentary below). I can only give so many "helps" to apply to a proper hermeneutic:
- original language,
- Aristotle's Dictum,
- Greek rules of interpretation (which the courts in Western culture use),
- other verses (the Bible interpret's the Bible ~ Aristotle's Dictum),
- cultural and historical keys to the Hebraic culture,
- as well as the others surrounding Israel… etc.
J.C. Ryle said in "Fire! Fire!," this,
"Beware of manufacturing a god of your own: a god who is all mercy but not just, a god who is all love but not holy, a god who has a heaven for everybody but a hell for none, a god who can allow good and bad to be side by side in time, but will make no distinction between good and bad in eternity. Such a god is an idol of your own, as truly an idol as any snake or crocodile in an Egyptian temple. The hands of your own fancy and sentimentality have made him. He is not the God of the Bible, and beside the God of the Bible, there is no God at all. Beware of making selections from your Bible to suit your taste. Dare not to say, 'I believe this verse, for I like it. I refuse that, for I cannot reconcile it with my views.' Nay! But O man, who art thou that repliest against God? By what right do you talk in this way? Surely it were better to say over EVERY chapter in the word, 'Speak Lord, for thy servant heareth.' Ah! If men would do this, they would never deny the unquenchable fire."
To use the laws of logic and reason, to rightfully divide the Word (2 Tim 2:15), to apply laws in the universe discovered by the Greeks — like Newton discovered the law of gravity, it had always been there, it was merely codified.
- Men do not make laws. They do but discover them. Laws must be justified by something more than the will of the majority. They must rest on the eternal foundation of righteousness. ~ Calvin Coolidge
All this [and more] in application to the faith in the construct of the Christian-theistic worldview is something non-regenerate men and women have deep lasting trouble with. For they cannot even see [again, even see] the Kingdom of Heaven (John 3:3)… because regeneration brings a new sight, a new awakening to the soul (1 John 2:29; John 3:6; James 1:18). In other words, Sari HAS fleshed (pun intended) it out to its logical conclusion (Psalm 146:8; Luke 24:31), that is, blindness, rebellion, in the sight of something so evident (2 Corinthians 3:16; 2 Kings 6:17).
It is like saying "look at that 'fast' car," contrasted with "look at that 'slow' car." The car stays the same… the word preceding it defines it's context… and in our culture it could denote a Pinto [a junker piece of shite!] or a Marzoratti [an expensive sports car].
You see, sexual assault [rape] stayed the same — because the culture looked on sexual purity as important. But the word preceding it defines it's context — AS WELL AS the actions taken after the context is spoken. So the assault stays the same… the modifier denotes a willingness of a non-willingness in the action (AS WELL as the punishment following such an action ~ death penalty or a "shotgun wedding").
A shotgun wedding is a wedding that is arranged to avoid embarrassment due to an unplanned pregnancy, rather than out of the desire of the participants. The phrase is an American colloquialism, though it is also used in other parts of the world, based on a supposed scenario (usually hyperbole) that the father of the pregnant daughter, almost by accepted custom, must resort to using coercion (such as threatening with a shotgun) to ensure that the man who impregnated her follows through with the wedding.
The use of duress or violent coercion to marry is no longer common in the U.S., although many anecdotal stories and folk songs record instances of such coercion in 18th- and 19th-century America. Often a couple will arrange a shotgun wedding without explicit outside encouragement, and some religious teachings consider it a moral imperative to marry in that situation.
One purpose of such a wedding can be to get recourse from the man for the act of impregnation; another reason is to ensure that the child is raised by both parents. In some cases, as in early America and in the Middle East, a major objective was the restoring of social honor to the mother.…
(WIKI ~ emphasis added)
This is why leftists can say 1-out-of-4 women are sexually assaulted on college campuses… who would want to send their daughter to such a place like higher education. It isn't until we see that they define an "unwanted kiss" and "rape" as sexual assault (and everything in-between).
The same idea is applied to these verses ~ Ergo, CONTEXT IS KING!
- This verse reveals how hopelessly incorrigible and utterly destitute the flesh really is. It is a spiritual anarchist. This demolishes any theory that there is a divine spark in man and that somehow he has a secret bent toward God. The truth is that man is the enemy of God. He is not only dead in trespasses and sins but active in rebellion against God. Man will even become religious in order to stay away from the living and true God and the person of Jesus Christ. Man in his natural condition, if taken to heaven, would start a revolution, and he would have a protest meeting going on before the sun went down! Jacob, in his natural condition, engaged in a wrestling match. He did not seek it, but he fought back when God wrestled with him. It wasn't until he yielded that he won, my friend. Anything that the flesh produces is not acceptable to God. The so–called good work, the civilization, the culture, and man's vaunted progress are all a stench in the nostrils of God. The religious works of church people done in the lukewarmness of the flesh make Christ sick to His stomach (see Rev. 3:15–16)….
~ J. Vernon McGee, Thru the Bible Commentary: The Epistles (Romans 1-8), electronic ed., vol. 42 (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1991), 145.
- The mind-set of the flesh is death because it is enmity against God. The sinner is a rebel against God and in active hostility to Him. If any proof were needed, it is seen most clearly in the crucifixion of the Lord Jesus Christ. The mind of the flesh is not subject to the law of God. It wants its own will, not God's will. It wants to be its own master, not to bow to His rule. Its nature is such that it cannot be subject to God's law. It is not only the inclination that is missing but the power as well. The flesh is dead toward God.
~ William MacDonald, Believer's Bible Commentary: Old and New Testaments, ed. Arthur Farstad (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1995), 1709.


text:
Family of beloved La Quinta HS coach Tom Jenkins receives generous donation
LA QUINTA, Calif. - "Caring." "Inspiring." "Funny."
These are just some of the words those who were close to Coach Tom Jenkins use to describe him.
Tom was a wrestling coach, student body advisor, and a mentor to countless students for 12 years at La Quinta High School.
"He could look at a person and know what it was they needed and give that to them," said Daniel Gray, a senior at LQHS and one of Tom's students in the Associated Student Body.
"Everybody has story they can tell about how he helped them in some way," said Marcy Herrera, senior class advisor at LQHS, and colleague of the late coach.
Tonight the school wanted to give something back, by hosting a memorial dinner to raise money for Tom's family. Students even sold T-shirts that read "Jenkins Trained," "Our coach, Our friend, Our family." All the proceeds go to those Tom leaves behind: his wife, two daughters and a stepson.
"This event is all about him and his family. We're trying to support them as much as we can because his two daughters go here and we want to make sure they're taken care of," said Luis Castellanos, a senior at LQHS who calls Tom his mentor.
And at tonight's football game Tom's daughters received a special surprise, made possible by someone their dad made a lasting impression on.
"Mr. Jenkins took my nephew aside at one point and had a little talk with him, growing up as a freshman, and it was kind of an influence on him. I wanted to do something kind of to help the family out," said Jack Schwartz, the Parts and Services Director at Coachella Valley Volkswagon. His son is also a senior at LQHS.
Thanks to Jack and a generous donation from the dealership, Tom's family drives home tonight in a brand new Volkswagon Jetta.
"It's three years, they don't have to make a payment. Everything is paid for. It comes out to a $10,000 donation," Schwartz said.
Tom's wife, Kim, was overwhelmed with emotion. She says the family is doing their best to cope, taking it day by day. But they're grateful the community has come together to show how much they cared for her husband.
"My husband was such a huge part of this community and he obviously touched so many lives that that allows me to accept everyone's graciousness, and gifts," Kim said.

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Current Activities Associated with Electric Vehicles and Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (a.k.a. EVSE)
Given the popularity of low emission vehicles by county residents over the past years we fully expect a similar response during the rollout of the next generation of alternatively fueled vehicles soon to be available to the public in large numbers. There are an estimated 30,000 plug-in EVs in the Bay Area as of October 2014; with the Bay Area accounting for about half of the state's EV purchase rebates. The Transportation Authority of Marin is committed to partner with our member agencies, Marin's Sustainable Community Organizations, the Electric Vehicle Communities Alliance, the Golden Gate Electric Vehicle Association (GGEVA), and other parties interested in promoting the successful implementation and use of zero emission electric vehicles and the future build out of electric vehicle charging stations in Marin County. During 2014 we participated in three fun-filled and successful community EV outreach events. The EV fairs included the National Drive Electric Week, Experience Electric and Charge Across Town. The fairs included exhibitors who answered attendees' questions and EV manufacturers who gave hundreds of test drives for the curious.
In a significant past effort, we led with the financial support of the Marin Community Foundation a planning effort to work with each Marin jurisdiction to plan locations for publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations. Although a large percentage of the early adopters of EV's will have the opportunity to refuel their cars using a home base charging unit many users will want or need to access EVSEs at publicly available locations. The planning report identified potential sites in Marin, and focused on establishing a set of principles and priorities that could be used to evaluate a potential site. They are divided into three general categories 1) Primary Global Principles, 2) Secondary Global Principles and then 3) Site Specific Principles. The recommendations also focused on a few additional areas: • Developing local ordinances and regulations • Developing incentives, and • Preparation and distribution of educational awareness and outreach materials. The Board accepted the report in 2011 for further consideration and use by public agencies and residents to aid in the successful implementation of electric vehicles in Marin County. View Report: "Report on Preliminary Plans for the Siting and Placement of Publicly-Accessible Electric Vehicle Charging Stations throughout Marin County" (7.5MB)
Current Funding Opportunities
This agency has been proactive in identifying private, state and federal grant opportunities to enable our cities, towns and county-wide agencies to install publicly accessible charging stations. We are also working with other agencies in the county in pursuit of growing the electric vehicle infrastructure, such as the Sonoma Marin Area Rail Transit and Marin Clean Energy.With the recent passage of Measure B, the Vehicle Registration Fee, a portion of these measure funds will be directed to a category designated for Alternative Fuel Promotion. At this time, we are happy to offer the EV Fleet Rebate Program and the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (Charging Station) Grant Program for fiscal year 2016-17.
TAM's EV Fleet Rebate Program assists public agencies that replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles with electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. To participate, public agencies must meet the requirements and apply for a rebate through the California Clean Vehicle Rebate Program (CVRP). TAM's incentive provides "match" funding of up to $3,500 per vehicle, thereby reducing the cost of a new electric vehicle by up to $8,500. For more information and to apply, please click HERE.
Additional Resources
- Golden Gate Electric Vehicle Association, a local non- profit organization that provides information, presentations, demonstrations, and test drives of electric cars.
- Bay Area Air Quality Management District's (BAAQMD) new Bay Area Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Ready website, a clearinghouse to assist PEV drivers, local governments, infrastructure providers, and PEV enthusiasts.
- www.plugshare.com: Charging Station Maps.
- Ready, Set, Charge, California! A Guide to EV-Ready Communities that provides public agencies throughout California with guidance on how to advance community electric vehicle (EV) readiness.
- Electric Vehicles: Implementing a Comprehensive EV Strategy for Healthy Communities & Economic Vitality through Zero- Emission Transportation in Marin Written by Jan Alff Wiegel, Dale Miller, and William Carney.
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View Sample Pages : Ada Evening News, May 19, 1946
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Ada Evening News (Newspaper) - May 19, 1946, Ada, Oklahoma Sport* ond politics hay* o way of adapting currant phrases or words to thoir slanguage, and now wa wonder when we'll r«n<i n(. a • • a--—- a «s«, ana now wa wonder when wa ll read of a radar-visioned passer and an atom bomb political aspirant. WEATHER Partly cloudy Sunday with scattered thundershowers and showers in east and extreme south. THE ADA EVENING NEWS I Average Net April Pals tlrcuiaUoa 8131 Member. I • A adit Bureau af Circulation Sermon Programs Open Graduation Week in Schools Ada High Senior Sermon This Afternoon, East Control College Baccalaureate Tonight Lead to Commencement East Central State college and Ada High School today ??-n . radda^on Week with senior sermons, to which the public is invited. The week's activities continue on through the college commencement on Thursday morning and the high school graduation Thursday night. Opening the week's program is the senior sermon program of School Calendar Sunday Ada high school senior sermon, 3:15 p.m., Ada Junior high school auditorium, Rev. F. R. McConnell speaker. East Central State college, Horace Mann high school, 8 p.m., college auditorium, baccalaureate sermon, Dr. Ray E. Snodgrass, Enid, speaker. Wednesday Horace Mann high school graduation, IO a.m., college auditorium. Horace Mann Junior high education, 2 p.m, college auditorium. Thursday . East Central college graduation, IO a.m.. college auditorium, Dr. M. L. Wardell speaker. Ada Junior high school Awards Assembly, IO a.m., Junior high auditorium. Ada high school graduation, 8:15 p.m., Junior high auditorium, Supt. Rex O. Morrison speaker. Friday Grade cards (1:15 p.m. at Ada high. 1:30 p.m. at Ada Junior high). - Three of Governor Candidates Set Up Offices in Ada Three local offices for candidates for governor will be going full blast here the first of the week. Dixie Gilmer headquarters have been open several days at 1031* West Main, over Hen-sler's Drug store. Warren Beck Kice. local attorney, is heading the Gilmer campaign here. Activities at the headquarters are expected to take on greater force as a result of Gilmer's speech here Saturday. Headquarters for Roy Turner have been established at 104Vfe East Main. Several of the supporters of the Hereford breeder and oil men are interested in the campaign, but reports late Saturday was they had not chosen a county manager. One of the main supporters, who preferred that his name not be mentioned at this time, said the headquarters would be a beehive of activity the first of the week. The H. C. Jones crowd started activity Saturday when they selected Guy Thrash, former mayor, to head the drive in this county. Headquarters will be established over the Corner Drug store early in the week, Mr. Thrash said, and the Jones campaign will be under way. Many of those active in the Kerr campaign here lour years ago are in the Jones organization, but Mr. Thrash said there is no connection between the Kerr administration and the Jones campaign. Whether any of the other candidates for the chief executive post will be set up in Ada could not be learned. Reports from Tulsa are that Johnson D. Hill is starting a more active drive, and it is assumed he will have an organization here. ' " - T * vgi aul vJJL Ada high school, to begin this afternoon at 3:15 o'clock at Ada Junior high school. (List of graduates will be found on Page 2.) Rev. Frank McConnell, Naz-arene church, will be the speaker. A junior mixed choir will sing for the processional and recessional. College Sermon Tonight Tonight, at 8 o'clock, in the college auditorium, Dr. Ray E. Snodgrass, Central Christian church, Enid, will deliver the baccalaureate sermon to the college seniors and the Horace Mann high school seniors. . An alumnus of Drake university, Des Moines, Iowa, Dr. Snodgrass has held pastorates in several states, is widely known as a leader rn young people's work and as an effective speaker. He is also a leader in evangelistic work. Assisting on the program will i?eY: Vir£il Alexander, First Methodist church, invocation, and benediction, and Rev. J. O. Michael, First Christian church, scripture reading and prayer. The college choir, directed by Mrs. Marguerite Hawkinson, will fP* two numbers. Mrs. Dorothy McGee Stubbs will play organ processional and recessional music. Exams, Then Commencement For many school children the three days spell E-X-A-M-S," with glad release to follow near the end of the week. Horace Mann high graduates a class of seniors Wednesday morning at IO in the college audito-and Horace Mann Junior |,h fmal Pro*ram is at 2 p.m. r-ast Central commencement comes Thursday at IO a.m. with Dr M. L. Wardell, history department of Oklahoma university, as speaker. Ada high school will graduate its senior class Thursday night at the Ada Junior high school auditorium, with Rex O. Morrison, superintendent of Ada Schools, as speaker. Seriously injured In Unusual Mishap Strike Postponed For Five Days Rail Schedules Being1 Resumed Sec. Byrnes Sees Truman ✓ Hurries to Confer on Boris Conference, Will Toll Notion by Radio Monday Wheel pf Truck Hurls Rock Through Car's Windshield, Hitting Driver Stormy Season Loams A stormy mass of warm moist air moving up across Texas and a cold front shoving in from the northwest are due to collide over Kansas and Missouri today ( Sunday), with rip-snorting thunderstorms and possibly hail in some Places as a result, the weather bureau reported last night. The weather charts indicated clearing skies and lower temperatures by tonight. THROUGH trains delated AT ST. LOUIS STATION ST. LOUIS, May 18, ^—Engineers and trainmen, who refused to receive notification of the railroad strike postponment from anyone but officers of their local brotherhoods, held up the departure of four important through t:ams xrom Union Station late today for as much as four hours. Trains thus delayed were the vs abash s Pacific Coast limited lor Denver and San Francisco, tne Burlington's Zephyr Rocket for St. Paul and Minneapolis, the Pennsylvanani's St. Louisan for and Washington and the New \ork Central's Missourian for Cleveland, Detroit and New York. Oklahoma: Partly cloudy Sun-c ay with scattered thundershowers and showers in east and extreme south Sunday forenoon* cooler Sunday, much cooler west and north. . VALLIANT, Okla., May 18.— (J*)—Howard Bradley, 37, Wright City, Okla., sawmill worker, was seriously injured near here today when the rear wheel of a truck shot a one half pound rock through the windshield of Bradley's car, striking him on the forehead. , T,he accident, reported by Highway Trooper Cecil Snapp, happened 3 3/4 miles north of Valliant, in McCurtain comity. Snapp described the 'accident thusly: The two vehicles met on a recently-graded gravil hill. Just as the truck came even with the car, the left rear dual wheel pinched a rock weighing about one-half pound. The rock went through the windshield of the car Bradley was driving. Brad-ley fell unconscious against Titus McDaniels, 18, a passenger, and McDaniels grabbed the wheel, running the car into a ditch where it * stopped. . Bradley was taken to a doctor m Valliant who said he had suffered a compound fracture of the skull and had small chance of recovering. He was then taken to a DeQueen, Ark., hospital for treatment. Tornado Hilt Near Henrietta, Tens HENRYETTA, Tex., May 18, un—A tornado cut a three-mile swatch about three miles east of here about 6 p. m. CST today leaving the highway strewn with debris and at least! three houses demolished. Reuben Baxter, oil field worker of Nocona, Tex. said he was driving home from Wichita Falls, Tex., when the storm hit just ahead of him. In order to get through to Henrietta, he said he had to clear the highway in several places of telephone and power lines blown down. Baxter said en route to Henrietta he saw at least three houses demolished. In one place he saw an automobile which had been blown from the highway into a field. Baxter said it appeared no one was injuved. I By JOHN M. HIGHTOWER I WASHINGTON, May 18.—(JP) ■ —Secretary of State Byrnes re-jj ported to President Truman for (two hours today on the Paris conference of foreign ministers — I which failed to settle the peace ■of Europe but, in Byrnes view ■ as reported by associates, did not I fail completely to advance the ■ prospects for a settlement. I Tile secretary, returning by air I today, hurried to the White ■ House to tell his chief about the I Paris session which had recessed I Thursday until June 15. He will I report to the nation on it by ■ radio Monday night. f Returning with him were his I two advisers from Capitol Hill, I Senators C onnally (D.-Tex.), ■chairman of the foreign relations ■committee, and Vandenberg (R-gMich.), leading GOP spokesman [on international matters. | Vandenberg Disappointed ■Connally told a news conference that he would report to thei I senate Wednesday on the con-1 ■ference. Vandenberg is expected! Ito speak to the senate Tuesday! ■after Byrnes' Monday night talk.| J Connally said in a formal state-! Iment that ''substantial progress"! Shad been made at Paris which, it) I was believed, would "help the! I next meeting on June 15 to agree! I upon treaties.** I I Some of Vandenberg's friends! I report that he considered the! [Paris meeting pretty largely al [failure, but he declined public! I comment at the airport. I Byrnes Not So Pessimistic . I I Byrnes was represented as be-1 ling not quite so pessimistic about "hen he left for Paris! I April 23. He evidently feels that! jthe United States* bargaining! I position with Russia has been im-1 proved by the Paris agreement! I for revision of Italian armistice! terms. He expects this to easel the pressure Tor quick peace! I agreements, which previously! had been a primary American! concern. ^ I Urges Voters lo Be I Adhrc is Elections WASHINGTON, May 18.—(ZP)! —Among the greatest dangers to I popular government are indiffer-1 ence and neglect on the part of I voters, Rep. Wickerham (D-i Okla) said in the congressional I record. I "^ou should contribute your J share by going to the polls and! voting and urging your neighbors! the statement! said. *We have no right to criti-l cize unless we do take part in! elections. I "If we are to maintain a gov-1 eminent of the people, by the! people and for the people, we must vote. Democracy depends! upon it. There should be no in-1 difference on Letter Carriers Of State Convene Here Forty-Third Convention Bogan Saturday Evening, Con-Tinue* Today; Delegates Assembling from All Ports Of Oklahoma The forty-third annual convention of the Oklahoma State Association of the National Association of Letter Carriers and eighteenth convention of the Ladies Auxiliary got underway early Saturday afternoon here. * • Registration was from 4 to 5 p. rn. at the Aldridge hotel. A United States had four automobiles registered in 1895—too bad they couldn't be serviced then at Sinnett-Meaders. 5-19-lt Amy Offers Some Min Duly Now WASHINGTON. May 18.-UP) .Tbe arnjy today offered active military duty to 6,400 National uuard and reserve officers who volunteer to serve at home or iS. at least until mid-1947 The quotas include 4,400 air forces cmd service force officers rn addition to 2,000 who will be accepted for the ground forces. .air force quota, however, consists only of 150 non-pilot technical specialists. ♦k war department explained tnat the officers accepted would replace those who were eligible for separation and added that it was planned to follow this policy of service until the army attained a permanent post-war status. No Rail Confusion Al Oklahoma City OKLAHOMA CITY. May 16— UPj—There apparently was little confusion here today as a result °i lu last:minute postponement . « National Railroad strike and Stationmaster at the Santa Fe and Union depots reported all trains left on schedule. The only train reported delayed was the Santa Fe from Fort Worth, due in Oklahoma City at 9.40 p.m. A two-hour delay was posted on the train but there was no positive indication the delay was caused by the strike. At El Reno, terminal point for much of the Rock Island traffic I*1 and out of Oklahoma City, little confusion was evident and trains were reported running there after the strike deadline. (•ratty Goes (her 6eal ta Cancer Find Donation Pontotoc county, after a slow start, finished well and now has reached and surpassed the goal of the cancer funds drive begun some time ago. The local drive leaders have sent a check to the American Cancer Society for $3,030.72 representing the net amount raised in the county. Rex O. Morrison, Ada schools superintendent, was chairman if the drive and Louis M. Long treasurer for the Pontotoc county unit. I. G. Killough headed the work in downtown Ada which resulted in finally achieving the goal of $3,000. ' *- Conference Opens Monday en World Food Program WASHINGTON, May 18.—UPI -Minus Russian help?aninter? national conference starts work here Monday on long-range plans for a well-fed world. Called by the United Nations food and agriculture organiza-9n* it will skip most problems of the current famine to concentrate on those of the four or five years beyond. American experts plan to propose improvement of internation-aI j • od allocation machinery by adding Australia and France to the combined food board. The United States, Britain and Canada are the only members now. Russia Stays Away Representatives of nearly a score of countries and of international agencies concerned with food will attend the eight-day conference. The Soviet embassy said Russia would send no delegates, and that it would not even have observers present so far as is known now. The meeting's objective is to bring major fbod producing nations into agreement on the growing and distribution of food on a permanent basis, starting from the time this year's crops begin to alleviate the hunger in many lands. J Delegates will listen Monday to messages from President Truman and former President Herbert Hoover. Committees will spend the bulk I of the week in secret sessions, * working on plans for a permanent solution of the world's food problems. Group Says Hoover Wrong Food for Freedom, an organist? ^ich claims it speaks for 50,000,000 members of religious, labor, farm, women's civic and other groups, said in a statement today that another food conference will be held here next week. Spokesmen for national organizations, it said, will urge action to stop the march of famine and send a delegate to appeal to president Truman. , The Food for Freedom group, headed by Mrs. Dwight Morrow. said that Herbert Hoover's "optimism" about good weather helping world wheat prospects has thrown confusion into a truly alarming picture of world famine. "Mr. Hoover," the organization declared, has given to the public the impression that the world food needs are only a third of previous estimates." * joint meeting started at 7 p. rn. with 150 persons from 19 Oklahoma cities present. More will be arriving this morning from all parts of the state. Delaney Voices Welcome ™ A. (Gus) Delaney, Jr., pres ldent of the Ada CI.amber of Commerce, gave an address of welcome. M. A. Montgomery, state president of the association, gave the response. Mrs. Mary West, Ada postmaster, gave a welcome address in behalf of the Ada Post Office. A chalk reading was given by Miss Flora McReynolds, accompanied by Miss Ruth Hager. After the general meeting, the men and women went to their respective places for a business session to end the first session of the conference. Banquet Today .The meeting opens again at 12:30 p. rn. today with a banquet. Principal speakers for the afternoon session include Max O ?un,clei-Urbana» in- member of the MBA, and an address by William F. McHale, national vie** president of NALC. The meeting is scheduled to close this afternoon following the election of officers for the state organization. Cities represented early Saturday night _ included Oklahoma City, Seminole, Enid. Tulsa Chickasha.Bartlesville, Shawnee; Waurika, Stillwater, Duncan, Mc! Alester, Muskogee, Pawhuska, Ponca City, El Reno, Lawton Sulphur, Vinita and Cushing. District Criminal Trial Docket Gels Under Way Monday A,jury will be impanelled at IO o clock Monday morning as a session of district court gets underway and 28 criminal cases are scheduled to be heard during the week. Seven cases are on the docket for Monday and an equal number are scheduled for Tuesday; only three cases are scheduled for Wednesday. One of the cases on the docket for Wednesday includ-a«ainst Aubrey Grant (Orb) Murray, who is charged with murder. Fivf cases will be heard Thursday and six £re on the docket for Friday. The court has the d<*ket drawn up for five days The first case scheduled to be heard by the court involves an embezzlement charge against Harvey Hawkins. Another case on the docket for Monday is that of Howard Kirkpatrick, who is f w*tb assault with intent to kill. Johns!on' Grand Chief Engineer of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and A. F. Whitney right president fL fr.RR• Train™en' arrive at the %fh\te House for a conference with President Truman. After being advised bv th! 25S" le"dfrs 'hat 'hey could not settle th^ dispute with unlu* Truman ordered government seizure of the 2 Whitney earlier announced he would not cancel the worker MPto wh»thl"UK* bul jould leave it to each individual inroads SatnrdlvIT ,w;ork ,or the federal controlled NEA Telephoto) was Postponed five days.— Truman May Accept Labor Law Changes Unwilling to Approve Any Drastic Restrictions on Unions, Not Weakening Administration's Political Tits with Thom By JACK BELL WASHINGTON, May 18.—(AP)—President Truman was represented on Capitol Hill today as being willing for congress to make some changes in labor disputes laws but op-posing any drastic restrictions on unions. »/r legislators who have discussed the matter recently with Mr. Truman said he expressed the hope that any action congress takes will not be such as to force him to veto the resultant legislation. +; Despite the difficulties the president has had in attempting Belter 6onmnent (tab Will Meet George Carleton to Bo Speaker at Banquet-Program Tuesday Night EARL BROWDER HASN'T BEEN SEEN IN MOSCOW MOSCOW, Sunday. May 19.— OP)—Earl Browder, former head of the communist party in the United States, has done a good job of keeping out of sight if he is now in the Soviet Union. Flmush state police reported that Browder crossed the Finnish border into Russia on May 4, but he has not appeared in Moscow at any place frequented by foreigners and no member of the foreign colony has claimed to have seen him. The Soviet press has made no mention of Browder nor any visit by him, and efforts to trace him through hotel registration and other means have failed to produce a clue as to his whereabouts. The Better Government club of Pontotoc county will meet for a banquet at the Aldridge hotel Tuesday at 7:30 p.m., according to officials of the organization. George Carleson, graduate of the University of Colorado, graduate of Oxford University in England and a man who' went into the army as a private and came out with the rank of captain after being awarded the Silver Star, Bronze Star and Purple Heart, will be the principal speaker. W. A. (Gus) Delaney, Jr., will be toastmaster. PRESBnERIAN^DECISION ON UNION IS DEFERRED MONTREAT, N. C., May 18.— (sp)—'The general assembly of the Presbyterian church in the United States, at its 86th session starting here Thursday, probably will postpone for another year action on a proposal for union with the Presbyterian church in the United States of America (Northern Presbyterian church). The church's news service said today the committee on cooperation and union would recommend to the accembly that its report be delayed until 1947 to permit further study before the completed and revised plan is presented. Local Stores Will Close on Memorial Day of This Year Memorial Day comes on May 30. which is Thursday of next week, and all retail merchants in Ada except drug stores will be closed all day in observance of the day. This decision has been made is members of the Retail Merchants Association. There is also a move being started to arrange a suitable citywide observance of Memorial Day this year and announcement of such program will #>e made as soon as details are worked out. The auto dealers division of the association has considered the matter of holidays and has agreed to observe six during eacn year—New Years, Memorial Day, Independence Day. Labor Day. Thanksgiving and Christmas. Other groups of merchants are expected to consider taking similar steps soon, looking to a better planning - ahead for employers ai)d employes and to making possible better community observance of the outstanding holidays of the year. AFL Council Now Worried Over War WASHINGTON. May 18, The executive council of the AFL said today that it viewed "with the gravest concern the mounting Xfa^ °* an°ther world war." The council, asserting that "we must reach a clear understrnding with Russia," said that country had "employed the methods of aggression (rather than self-defense)." Further delay and "appeasement offer little hope of success and "may only widen the breach with the Soviet union the governing body of the Amel*' lean Federation of Labor added and went on: 'If the policy of Soviet Russia is to be 'tough', we must show ber that we can be tougher in our defense of basic principles. # uP°n the government of the L nited States to insist that Russia observe her wartime commitments based on the Atlanta charter." These views were expressed in a statement approved by the council on Friday and released today. Greater returns for amount invested—Ada News Classified Ads to bring about settlements in controversies between management and unions in major industries, none of his Capitol Hill friends thinks he has altered the friendly attitude he maintained toward organized labor while in the senate. Hasn't Indicated Dislikes For that reason, they say they have no doubt that the president would veto any restrictions he felt would lay too heavy a hand on the activities of unions. But they add that thus far Mr. Truman has not said which of pending senate proposals he likes or which he dislikes. The matter reportedly was discussed at some length at this weeks meeting of legislative leaders at the White House. Remarks bv Secretary of Labor Sc h we lien bach. at an Atlantic City meeting of the CIO steelworkers Friday was taken generally on Capitol Hill as a clear-cut indication that the administration is not weakening the political ties it has maintained w ith labor unions. CIO Activity Urged Schwellenbach urged tne CIO group to expand its already considerable political activities, declaring that it has "a duty and responsibly" to improve living standards for the whole working class, as well as the unions themselves. If the administration attitude is represented in the senate by Barkley, it apparently is one of letting developments take their course for a while without stepping into the middle of the fray. Last Chance Plea Made for Bingham OKLAHOMA CITY, May 18.— bp)—A last chance appeal to save the life of Alfred Clarence Bingham, scheduled to die in the elec-tric chair May 31 for the slaying of his divorced wife, was made today in a petition filed with the state pardon and parole board by Harold McArthur, Tulsa attorney. McArthur, asking the board to set hearing on the petition May -7, indicated expert witnesses would btl called to prove Bingham insane. The criminal court of appeals last Wednesday refused to take jurisdiction and conduct a sanity hearing. Bingham s only chance to escape the chair is for the parole board to recommend Gov. Robert S. Kerr grand clemency. The board previously had refused to make such a recommendation. Bingham, Tulsa house painter, was convicted of murdering his divorced wife in 1943. I Truman Wins Strike Delay Just Before Strike Into Effect, Union Chiefs Accept New Bid to Negotiate SOME TRAINS STOPPED Transportation Snarled In Big Roil Cantors Bafora Order Received WASHINGTON, May 18.—/^ —President Truman won a five-day postponement of the railroad strike today. It came only minutes before the strike was to start in the eastern part of the nation at 4 p m. Eastern Standard Time—as dramatic ally as any fireman on a cow catcher ever snatched a child from the tracks. Some trains already had stop ped. Officials, fully expecting the strike, had arranged for troop protection where necessary and had rushed other measures for an emergency. The president picked up his telephone and called Cleveland-called A. F. Whitney, head of the trainmen's brotherhood, and Al-vanley Johnston, chief of the engineers. Would they delay the strike five days and come back to Washington tomorrow for further negotiations with the management? Mr. Truman was sure they could make further progress if they did so. Whitney and Johnston said they would call him back. At 3:34 p.m. the White House switchboard got through immediately to the waiting president The union chiefs accepted. Code Words Hulled Quickly, then, Whitney and Johnston flashed one word to their subordinates throughout the country—a code word arranged in advance which signified that wu- **r*ke was °ff. temporarily. Whitneys word was "convention." Johnston's was his own name, "Johnston." Mr. Truman elatedly sent his assistant Press Secretary, Eben Ayers, to summon reporters from the press room. T|ey found him flanked by Secretary of Labor Schwellenbach and Dr. John R. Stedman, special assistant on labor matters, with both of whom he had been conferring. The president glanced at a typewritten piece of paper atop his desk, pencilled with many re- V15i22*\ l.he2 he broke the news. Officials Preparing for Wont . nf,w* was ® surprise* to Charles H. Buford, federal manager of the 337 railroads which the government took over yesterday. and to Col. J. Monroe Johnson, director of the office of defense transportation. Buford had been busy up to the late minute completing preparations to cope with the strike. Unable to guage its effects in advance because of%incertainty as to the workers' response, he* had directed the roads to report at 6 p.m. how many employes were on strike and what service they could maintain. ?^so bad directed railroad officials to recruit new men to replace strikers wherever possible to maintain essential services. and to call upon regional military authorities for troops where necessary to protect workers refusing to strike and to prevent disturbances and destruction of property. Terminals Jammed NEW YORK. May 1ft, (*»— The nation's great railroads slowly worked their way tonight out of the worst transportation VSP here since the stri^e in 1922 as thousands of noisy, tired people clamored for places in th* cars. Grand Central terminal was jammed with would-be travelers. (Continued on Page 8 Column I) PESSIMIST When most fellers gv the'r wife a fur coat it air t' keep 'er warm, its t' ke< 'er quiet. A year is composed o' ti months an' a coal strike. ;
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