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© 2011-2017. All Rights Reserved.
Programs by:
*Please see the detailed information available below for an important note about program dates.
Looking to develop a higher level of Portuguese language fluency, and a critical appreciation of Brazilian life and society in an important city of Afro-Brazilian culture? Come to Salvador da Bahia!
Coupling a four-week, rigorous language program with exciting cultural immersion activities, studying abroad in Salvador da Bahia offers an amazing opportunity for students looking for a short-term study abroad option.
Study abroad in Brazil and you will:
We want as many students as possible to benefit from studying abroad. That's why CIEE awards more than $5 million every year – more than any other international educational organization – to make study abroad affordable.
Applicants to this program are eligible for the following scholarships and grants:
The GAIN Grant helps cover airfare costs to and from CIEE program locations for students who demonstrate high financial need. GAIN Grants are available for short-term (January and summer), semester and year-long CIEE programs.
Applicants for the Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship can apply for the CIEE Gilman Go Global Grant, which provides both program cost support and support for airfare. Students will have to provide proof of having applied to the Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarship, upon request.
To be considered, submit the CIEE Scholarships & Grants application within your CIEE program application. Learn more at the Scholarships & Grants section of our website.Apply now
In Bahia, the student-centered methodology is tailored to fit your skills and needs. Whether you're a beginner or more advanced speaker, a range of courses emphasize grammar applied through oral production, reading, writing, and listening comprehension activities. A special section of beginner-level Portuguese for Spanish speakers is also offered for students who are fluent, or near-fluent, in Spanish and have had no previous Portuguese instruction.
There is no better way to immerse yourself in Brazilian culture than by living with a local family. In Bahia you'll spend orientation with your fellow students before being housed with a homestay for the remainder of the program.
The study abroad program includes several visits to sites of historic and cultural importance, including one overnight excursion to a site along the north coast of Bahia. Students also have a guided tour in the historical center, visit museums and a Candomble house, participate in dance, percussion, and capoeira classes, attend concerts, see Brazilian films, and more.
We want to make sure you get the most out of your experience when you study abroad with CIEE, which is why we offer the most inclusions in our fees.
The program fee includes:
This breakdown has been prepared from the program budget for the purpose of calculating eligibility for financial aid. During the course of program operations, actual figures may vary. It should not, therefore, be used as a basis for calculation of refunds. CIEE reserves the right to adjust fees at any time.
Students required to study on CIEE programs through a School of Record will be charged a $500 administrative fee in addition to the Program Fees listed.
* non-refundable
** direct cost of education charged uniformly to all students
*** includes all meals
The estimated additional costs indicated are intended to assist students and parents in budgeting for those additional living and discretionary expenses not included in the program fee. Actual expenses will vary according to student interests and spending habits.
* round-trip based on U.S. East Coast departure
Total credit for each intensive language course is 4 semester/6 quarter hours, with 60 contact hours.
All study abroad students take one intensive Portuguese language and culture course at their level.
Salvador da Bahia, located on the Atlantic coast in northeastern Brazil, has three million inhabitants. Due to the strong slave presence during the Colonial period, Salvador has a strong African influence, including religious and spiritual practices, cuisine, and ethnic dynamics. Today, Salvador is a booming city, and its historic and ethnic diversity can be noted in the city's architecture and layout—old parts of the city are located next to modern complexes. The CIEE Study Center is located in the neighborhood of Barra, a few blocks from Brazil's first lighthouse (Farol da Barra).
Flavia Santana holds a B.A in Business Administration from Faculdades Integradas da Bahia and has worked with CIEE since 2003. She has MBA in Project Management from UCSal. She manages program finance administrative matters, student housing, visa and student issues.
Luize Silva was born in a small town in Bahia called Cruz das Almas but moved to Bahia with her family at age 11. She earned her B.A. in Business Administration. After school she went to the U.S. on an au pair exchange program and lived in Virginia and California for 2 years. She loves Bahia and she loves to travel. She also works wonders assisting CIEE students in getting to know the area and helping them with cultural adaptation. She has an M.B.A. in human resource management / personnel management. At CIEE, she focuses on volunteer and community service, financial administration, cultural activities, and student issues.
Established in 1961, Universidade Católica do Salvador (UCSal) is the highest ranked private university in northeast Brazil. The University offers courses in many departments including Communications, Education, Geography, Social Work, Literature, Law, Philosophy, and Music. The UCSal campus is housed in renovated monasteries and modern buildings with several campuses around the city.
Housing and three meals a day are included in the study abroad program fee. During orientation, students are housed together. For the remainder of the program, students are placed in Brazilian homestays.
The homestay is essential to the students' learning process and integration into life in Bahia. The opportunity to live with a Brazilian family not only allows students to deconstruct stereotypes and observe real life in action, but it also creates opportunities for dialogue about issues discussed in class, and for practicing their Portuguese language skills. Students can expect a more traditional environment that may call for some adjustments on their part. The opportunity to live with a family offers students a unique source of cultural learning and personal growth.
A two-day mandatory intensive orientation is conducted at the beginning of the program and will introduce you to the country, culture, and academic program, as well as provide practical information about living in Brazil. You will also be given a language placement exam to determine which language course you should take during the study abroad program. Special orientation activities continue during the four-week program. Brazilian students participate and assist with orientation and program activities. Ongoing support is provided on an individual and group basis throughout the program.
Access to the Internet and computer labs in Brazilian universities is more limited than at U.S. universities. However, you will have access to computer labs at UCSal and Internet cafés throughout the city, and are encouraged to bring a wireless-enabled laptop. You are advised to open a web-based email account to ensure access upon arrival. Most homestays will have an internet connection (though connection speeds vary).
Established in 1995, the Intensive Language and Culture program is designed to help students develop their Portuguese language fluency and learn about Brazilian culture. Students are placed in a Portuguese course suited to their level or ability, or in a special beginner-level Portuguese for fluent Spanish speakers course.
Class size is small and includes both lectures and excursions. Classes are held at the host university campus, providing students the opportunity to be part of a Brazilian university system. All language instruction is by native Brazilians, and efforts are made to integrate program participants with Brazilian cultures.
Participants take classes with CIEE study abroad students.
As students gain proficiency in Portuguese, resident staff encourage them to use their language skills in everyday settings. This fosters a learning community that contributes to both Portuguese language proficiency and understanding of Brazilian society.
In the Portuguese language courses student work is assessed through reading, writing, and oral comprehension quizzes and exams, much as in the U.S. CIEE converts Brazilian grades into U.S. letter grade equivalents.
The Portuguese language courses are taught by faculty from the graduate school at UCSal.
Note: This course listing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a contract between CIEE and any applicant, student, institution, or other party. The courses, as described, may be subject to change as a result of ongoing curricular revisions, assignment of lecturers and teaching staff, and program development. Courses may be canceled due to insufficient enrollment.
To view the most recent syllabi for courses taught by CIEE at our Study Centers, visit our syllabi site.
Upon arrival, students take a language placement exam to determine which language course they will take. A special section of beginner-level Portuguese for Spanish Speakers may be offered for students who have proficiency in Spanish and have had no previous Portuguese instruction. Not all sections are offered each session, with specific offerings dependent upon student enrollments and results of the language placement exam.
Intensive Beginner Portuguese I
Intensive Beginner Portuguese II
Intensive Intermediate Portuguese I
Intensive Intermediate Portuguese II
Portuguese for Spanish Speakers (for near-native speakers)
Intensive Advanced Portuguese I
Intensive Advanced Portuguese II
This course is designed to prepare students linguistically and culturally for all aspects of the semester abroad. It provides students with an intense introduction to or continued study of Portuguese language, as well as an orientation to the culture and contemporary issues of Brazil. The course includes language classes (divided at appropriate levels with an emphasis on grammar applied through oral production); lectures, readings, and discussions on contemporary Brazilian life; community exploration activities; and an introduction to Brazilian academic culture. Students will learn/refine their language skills and construct a basic cultural literacy as background to their coursework. Contact hours: 60. Credits: 4 semester/6 quarter hours.
Please sign up or log in to view detailed information on dates and fees.
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300 Fore StreetPortland, ME 04101P: 1.800.40.STUDYF: 1.207.553.4299E: email@example.com


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Hot Music - Cool Cones
Crosslake Lutheran Church will host an ice cream social from 7-9 p.m. Wednesday, July 10, in the church parking lot, weather permitting, or in the fellowship hall.
The event will include cones and sundaes with toppings, music by The Last Generation and games for kids. Bring lawn chairs.
The church is on County Road 66 in Crosslake, across from the Corps of Engineers Campground.

subset: commoncrawl


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Businesses Prepare for Busy Holiday Weekend
HAGERSTOWN, Md. - Parades, cook outs, concerts and fireworks are all the ingredients residents need to make a memorable 4th of July. Businesses all over are getting ready to make that sure folks are prepared.
If anyone is looking for a show, the Maryland Symphony Orchestra is hosting its 29th annual Salute to Independence event at Antietam National Battlefield on Saturday and includes a concert and fireworks display. Up to 20,000 people are expected at the event. A huge lawn in front of the stage allows anyone to come setup and enjoy the evening.
"We've been doing our mowing, laying out the grass areas where people will be able to bring their blankets and spread out and stay, said Susan Trail, superintendent at the battlefield. "It gives everybody a time to reflect what July fourth is really all about, especially like a place like Antietam Battlefield."
Stores all over are making sure they're stocked up on all the items you need for that perfect cookout.
"Hands down ice, it goes crazy," said Food Lion manager Jason Strunk. "Corn, strawberries, cantaloupe, watermelon, that stuff just flies out of here."Workers say they see the most customers on the fourth, and expect to stay busy all weekend with the holiday falling on a Friday this year.
"It used to be people shop kind of early," Strunk added. "Now it's like day one they're flying in the store."
If you don't feel like going to a fireworks display, you can always set one up in your back yard.
"It's not the Fourth of July unless you light something off," said Brian Shaub, owner of Keystone Fireworks. "Everybody comes here and basically we have everything under one roof."These workers say they need to be stocked up on everything big and small to satisfy all their customers.
"Some people like bottle rockets, firecrackers," Shaub added. "We have to carry so many items because everybody likes something different."


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Ibis Bordeaux Centre Bastide
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Ibis style youth hostel of the 21st century but good location
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Heading west to Bordeaux
Another long bus ride, but the lovely green scenery made the time pass quickly. The bus company i used this time is punctual, and arrives on time.
The first day out starts out as a lovely day, so plenty of walking to be done. Bordeaux is so different to Lyon. The buildings seem to be a lot older. I am impressed at what i see, and the more i explore the more impressed i am. It is a very low rise city due to the weakness of the subsoil. The ...
An amazing day in Bordeaux
... into our one day here. First, we stumbled on a good coffee place. Important. So after that we just popped into a boulangerie and each got a pastry. Then we went on a tour of exploration and saw so much. Many huge and beautiful churches - one, St Michel with a tall bell tower that we climbed and from the top had a panoramic view of the whole area. And we had fun in Galeries Lafayette where finally I found the Chanel perfume refills that I wanted that don't ...
Paris without being in Paris
... walking streets and lane ways, taking precious moments to sit in quirky little cafes listening and watching European culture breathe and walk by. Probably the worst moments were standing in a ques and waiting...... and waiting. ....to see stuff that you can see more clearly on the internet. (call me"boring" that's ok)
It was on one of these meanderings that we stumbled upon a authentic ...
A wine marathon in Bordeaux
... a St Emillion at Chateau Teyssier a chateau owned by an Englishman Jonathan Maltus with a Scottish winemaker Neil Whyte. It was called Le Dome and retails for �77 per bottle in the UK.
We did taste many good much cheaper wines, at the previous vineyard the excellent Chateau Cantegrive we had tasted a good wine that was only €5 per bottle, and at that vineyard the most expensive wine was €19. All wine tasted and drunk with the lunch is included ...
Black Day- Bordeaux
... who spoke no English, he referred me to his "colleague", down several kilometres mof dank corridors, and she ( young, blonde, a little English) tok a astatement from me, in French, and told me tha this happened often in th epark. Could I identify the man in a parade of shady characters? Yes, but our train goes in two hours.
SHe was apologetic, but could do little.
Next I raced back to meet Karen, pausing to buy a new camera ...


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Will Net Neutrality Go Wireless?by
After moving to a new building on the corner of 11th Street and New York Avenue, Google's Washington office got a face lift that made it as hip and colorful as the company's Silicon Valley headquarters. But Google's top telecom lobbyist, Richard Whitt, won't be spending much time amid the bouncy balls, LEGO bricks, and foosball tables this autumn. Come October, Whitt expects three times the usual number of meetings with members of Congress and Obama Administration officials. "Google and the others on our side will step up our advocacy," he says.
Why the flurry of activity? Whitt is gearing up for what's likely to be the biggest telecom regulatory fight in more than a decade: prying open the nation's $200 billion wireless networks to a broader range of handsets and software-based tools, games, and entertainment. On one side are such tech companies as Google (GOOG), Amazon.com (AMZN), and Skype, which want to ensure that their services are as widely available as possible on the gamut of wireless devices.
Lining up against them are communications providers, including AT&T (T) and Verizon Wireless, which oppose regulations that might constrain how they set prices, run expensive networks, and help design devices. "Virtually everyone has a stake in this," says Darrell West, a vice-president at the Brookings Institution, a Washington think tank. "This will be the mother of all political battles."
Breaking the Carrier-Handset Tieup? Existing guidelines govern how telecoms provide high-speed Internet access; for instance, the Federal Communications Commission urges network operators not to impose discriminatory pricing on bandwidth use or favor some forms of traffic over others—say, by making it more expensive to download movies and music from the Internet than to view photos or call up a Web page. On Sept. 21, FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski proposed expanding the informal principles and making them formal regulations. Even more disturbing to the mobile-phone industry: Genachowski said the rules should be extended to wireless networks.
Depending on how they're crafted, the rules could upend a host of established industry practices. Requiring carriers to open networks to all devices, for example, may bar exclusive pairings between phones and networks, such as the deal that makes AT&T the sole U.S. carrier of Apple's iPhone. The FCC has "the willpower to break this market open," says Tim Wu, a professor who specializes in technology at Columbia Law School.
New rules could also give carriers and mobile-phone makers less say in which applications run on their networks and handsets, respectively. The FCC has probed controversy surrounding the Google Voice application, designed to manage phone calls and voice mail messages. After months of delay, Apple (AAPL) has yet to approve the tool for use on the iPhone, saying it too closely resembles features already available on the device. Critics say Apple is unfairly blocking access and constraining competition. Apple says the app is still under review.
Telecoms Are Lobbying and Spending The prospect of added regulation sits badly with the wireless industry. Carriers fret that too many handsets and bandwidth-hogging applications would strain already burdened networks. Industry representatives also say wireless competition is intense as it is and players are capable of policing themselves. "It's very risky to mess with what has been a very successful policy for consumers," says David Young, a vice-president at Verizon Communications (VZ), majority owner of Verizon Wireless.
Near DuPont Circle, not far from Google's digs, the wireless industry association, CTIA, is ramping up its lobbying efforts. In the coming months, CTIA—which counts the big telcos among its members—expects to have as many as 50 meetings with FCC commissioners and staff alone, says Chris Guttman-McCabe, CTIA vice-president of regulatory affairs. "We'll meet with anyone and everyone," he says. In the first half of 2009 CTIA spent $3 million on lobbying, more than what it spent for a full 12 months just four years ago, according to OpenSecrets.org.
For its part, Google spent $1.83 million on lobbying in the first half of this year after spending $2.84 million in all of 2008. Neither Google nor the CTIA would discuss future spending plans.
Google is not alone in pushing for freer access to wireless networks. It's part of a group called the Open Internet Coalition that includes IAC/InterActive (IACI), EchoStar's (SATS) Sling Media, Data Foundry, and dozens of other companies. OIC plans its own campaign to drum up grassroots support for open-access rules, says Markham Erikson, lead counsel for the group.
The contest over wireless access, also referred to as wireless net neutrality, extends beyond the FCC. Earlier this year, Google's Whitt worked with Representatives Ed Markey (D-Mass.) and Anna Eshoo (D-Calif.) as they drafted a bill, introduced in July, that would support making the Internet open on all types of networks. In mid-September, the bill gained a powerful co-sponsor in Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Henry Waxman (D-Calif.). Google has no official position on the bill in its current form. Senators Byron Dorgan (D-N.D.) and Olympia Snowe (R-Me.) are considering drafting a bill that would help the Web companies' cause as well.
Comcast Took the FCC to Court Telecom providers have found sympathy in Congress, too. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-Tex.) is considering introducing an amendment that would deny the FCC funding for net-neutrality-related proceedings for a year. Senate staffers also say Hutchison may send a letter to the FCC arguing that if Web-access providers can't discriminate against certain apps and content, nor should companies such as Google—for instance, by filtering search results.
How much leeway the FCC has in extending net neutrality rules to wireless operations remains up in the air; cable giant Comcast (CMCSA) has a case pending before the District of Columbia Circuit Court arguing that the regulator overstepped its bounds even by applying the rules to wireline networks.
So how harmful might net neutrality be for the telecom industry? That, too, is subject to debate. An analyst at credit ratings company Fitch says that by encouraging more customers to sign up for more services, added regulation might be a good thing for wireless carriers.
But neither side is leaving the prospect of net neutrality regulation to chance.


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Author has written 13 stories for Lion King, Love Hina, Kite Runner, and Anedoki/あねどきっ.
Disclaimer: I do not own work not belonging to me, nor any of its characters nor events. They are the property of their respective owners.
Copyright: All original characters and events are my intellectual property. I will allow anyone to use said characters or events however, as long as I am credited and it is not for profit of any kind or business use.
Eternal hails to Kovukono, my greatest supporter for many, many years.


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This is a real classic. It can be served as a light meal and has a creamy, tangy taste. It all sounds a bit strange when you first read the recipe but it works and is completely delicious.
Serves 4
8 cups chicken stock, preferably homemade
1 cup orzo pasta, or rice
4 eggs, separated
Juice of 3 lemons
Freshly ground black pepper
1 Bring stock to a boil and add orzo or rice. Simmer until tender, about 20 minutes. Season stock to taste with salt, if necessary.
2 Whisk the egg whites in a bowl until they have medium peaks. In another bowl, mix the egg yolks and lemon juice together until combined.
3 When the orzo or rice is finished, transfer 2 cups of the hot stock to the egg and lemon mixture, adding very slowly in a constant stream and beating vigorously to prevent the eggs from solidifying.
4 Pour this mixture back into the pot and gently incorporate. Keep the heat very low. The soup will thicken as the egg cooks.
5 Take the pot off the heat and add the beaten egg whites, whisking to incorporate.
Serve immediately with freshly ground black pepper.


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Article Preview
BOY DIES OF LIQUOR; 3 HELD AS SLAYERS; Five-Year-Old Opens Bottle and Drinks While His Parents Are Out. WHISKY A GIFT TO FATHER Friend Who Gave It and Grocer and His Wife, Said to Have Sold It, Arrested.
The death from acute alcoholism of a five-year-old boy in Fordham Hospital yesterday resulted in the arrest last night of two men and a woman on charges of homicide. They were locked up in the Bronx Park police station for arraignment today.
January 05, 1925
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Tidbits & Hotness is Back!
Welcome back, it's the return of Tidbits & Hotness, our weekly Friday series here on CostofWork.com. Hope you're having a good week and you're ready for the weekend. Let's get it going.
Well they say the recession is over and things are better, maybe so, but the May jobs report doesn't look too good. Check this one out.
Okay, next up is my man Terrell Owens. This dude can't get it right. No NFL team will sign him, he goes on the Dr. Phil show and cries broke, and now this.
Okay, now I'm picking on Best Buy. I'd like to hear your thoughts on these articles. First is about the salary being paid to the INTERIM CEO. The 2nd is about the Former CEO and sexcapades, and the last one is a bubbling Geek Squad employee that wrongfully "outted" a man.
Well that's all folks, I had articles on Project Social and SmartRecruiters this week. Also thank you to those that have reached out for career and resume makeover help. You can contact me for any HR needs (resumes, cover letters, policy, social media strategies and advice) firstname.lastname@example.com .


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In the build-up to the Beckham baby name announcement, one of the wilder suppositions thrown out was that Posh might go for a Spice Girls-related name. Well, we all know that didn't happen, but guest blogger Kitty Holman used that premise as a take-off point for looking at some of the many possibilities lurking on the spice shelf and in the herb garden, from the common to the rare.
More and more, parents are searching for nature-related names for their babies. Many will turn to the florals for baby girls, and there are plenty of gorgeous names to be had there; for boys, there's the option to turn to trees which have a sense of strength and masculinity, with names like Oak, Ash, Aspen, Cypress and Teak.
But trees and flowers certainly aren't the only possibilities for those seeking earthy baby names—there are those representing stones, seasons, the elements, birds (Wren, Dove, Lark) and other animals. Or, you could look to your own spice cupboard or herb garden for inspiration. Here are some examples of both common and unusual spice names:
- Ajowan– a seed and a spice used in Indian cooking; can also be spelled Ajwain. As an alternate, you could drop the opening "A" and go with "Jowan."
- Aleppo– as in Aleppo Chili Pepper, which is found in Northern Syria, near the town of Aleppo– it's used in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern dishes.
- Anise– a spice with a flavor resembling licorice, fennel and tarragon.
- Basil – this aromatic herb name has been a common male appellation for centuries, long associated in this country with Sherlock Holmes-portrayer Basil Rathbone .
- Bay– as in bay leaves– is both an herb name and a water name. Bay is starting to be used as an evocative middle name, as Lucy Lawless did for her son.
- Caraway– you'll more often see this with two R's as an Irish surname, but it can be adapted to a first name or shortened to Cara.
- Cassia— Cassia buds are the unopened flowers of the cassia or cinnamon tree. This Latin name is beginning to be considered as a baby name option.
- Cayenne– a peppery possibility, and not so far removed from Cheyenne.
- Chili– this spice name took center stage a while back via the eighties band Red Hot Chili Peppers—it's more often heard as a nickname, though, as in the Elmore Leonard character Chili Palmer, played by John Travolta in Get Shorty..
- Cinnamon— comes from the fragrant inner bark of laurel trees; Cinnamon Carter was a femme fatale character on the old Mission:Impossible.
- Clove—a fragrant middle name possibility
- Curry—a spicy British surname name
- Dill- this feathery herb plant makes a unisex possibility; there is a boy named Dill in To Kill a Mockingbird
- Fennel—an herb name that would be more usable in its shortened version Fenn, as an alternate to the mega popular Finn
- Ginger—a long-time nickname name, usually reserved for redheads; Ginger Rogers was born Virginia
- Juniper –the juniper berry is a spice also used to flavor gin. Once unisex, Juniper is now being used more and more for girls.
- Lavender—one of the most fragrant of plants; the color name Lavender is beginning to be considered as an alternate to Violet
- Marjoram—a possible namesake for Marjorie?
- Poppy– the seeds of the poppy plant impart a nutty flavor. This is a name making inroads, partially due to the influence of actress Poppy Montgomery.
- Rosemary—a fragrant herb with needle-like leaves that is thought to jar the memory. It was a popular name from the 1920s to the sixties.
- Saffron—a spice used in Spanish and Indian food, also an appealing name; publicized by British-born actress Saffron Burrows
- Sage—an increasingly popular unisex name used by Toni Collette and other celebs
Kitty Holman is a freelance writer and blogger from Texas who regularly writes on the topics of nursing colleges, and on health, parenting, environmental, and education related topics. She became interested in names when she began searching baby name books for meaningful names for characters in the book she's writing. She enjoys connecting with her readers, who can direct any questions or comments to: firstname.lastname@example.com.


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May 25th, 2006
Son Volt will be on tour this year but the nearest stop to the Land of Cheese is their appearance the Taste of Randolph Street in Chicago on 16 June. There is however, more SV news to be had.
The band has completed work on their next album which is, as of yet, untitled. In stores now, however, is the band's latest DVD called 6 String Belief:
On May 23rd, 6 String Belief, a DVD from the Orange Peel show in Asheville, NC, was released. The DVD features 31 songs which span Jay's solo, Son Volt and Uncle Tupelo careers, including: Bandages & Scars, Straightface, Picking Up the Signal, Windfall, Chickamauga and Feel Free as well as interview footage with Jay.
Lastly, Jay Farrar's collaboration with Anders Parker, Gob Iron, is due this fall. It's a collection of traditional tunes, some of which have been re-arranged and given some new lyrics.
Related posts:


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International Edition
May 29, 2017
About Us
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Opposition party still waits on conclusion to cross-strait policy talks
By Lauly Li ,The China Post Friday, January 10, 2014, 12:17 am TWN
TAIPEI, Taiwan -- The Democratic Progressive Party's (DPP) China Affairs Committee (CAC) held its fifth meeting yesterday afternoon, with former Premier Frank Hsieh (謝長廷) telling local press after the meeting that the party has not reached a conclusion on cross-strait policies.
The meeting took two and a half hours, with members reporting the party's current cross-strait policies. DPP Chairman Su Tseng-chang (蘇貞昌), former Chairman Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文), former Premier Yu Shyi-kun (游錫堃) and Hsieh participated in the meeting.
Hsieh told reporters that during the meeting, the CAC members exchanged opinions over the issues of the DPP's cross-strait think tank and the exchanges between mainland China's cities and DPP-dominated cities.
Hsieh said that the DPP still has to discuss the party's China policies, noting that the "conclusion" made today is not final. However, the party has reached consensuses on the issues regarding Chinese students in Taiwan, Chinese national spouses and communication between cross-strait think tanks.
Hsieh said in regards to cross-strait policies, he supports an ideology which he dubbed "Two Sides, Two Constitutions" in 2011, meaning that Taiwan and China are governed by each side's distinctively different constitutions. He explained that the ideology is superior to the "One China" concept, in which both China and Taiwan claim to be the only existing "China."
Before the meeting started, Hsieh told local reporters that he hopes the party will hold a public survey over the DPP's cross-strait policies, noting that the party should know people's views on the issue.
When asked if the CAC had come to a conclusion regarding Hsieh's proposals, Hsieh said "we haven't made one yet, we still look for opinions from people." He added that the most important thing for the party is to make its cross-strait policies explicit, noting that whether a change to current policies is made or not, the chairman of the party should make the stance clear.
Hsieh said he thinks the "conclusion" the CAC made today does not clearly state the party's future direction, adding that some of the sentences are even repetitions.
When asked the possibility of the DPP's think tank going to mainland China, Tsai said it is always good to have interactions.
CAC spokesman Cheng Wen-tsang (鄭文燦) said that CAC members hold different opinions regarding the "constitutional" issues, noting that the CAC will further discuss the issues next time.
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After nearly 70 years, Delta makes final flight from Taiwan
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Stressed? Better lay off that fried chicken, ice cream, chocolate bars...
Not your ordinary KMT delegate
How I survived


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Fragrance Free Moisture Shave® from Kiss My Face® may provide you with one of the best shaving experiences. A clean shave is always appreciated and with ingredients like essential oils and vitamin E' this formula might just leave your skin feeling smooth and soft to the touch.
This product from Kiss My Face® contains vitamin E' an antioxidant vitamin' that could protect the skin from harmful environmental factors. It could also soften the skin. The crème formula is meant to provide a close shave' while the golden seal' lemon grass' and aloe could soothe any irritation caused by shaving. Olive and coconut oils have been added to provide ultimate moisture and leave the skin feeling supple.
The fragrance free formula is designed specially for people who are sensitive to strong perfumes and those with sensitive skin. It is free from parabens' phthalates' artificial flavors' and fragrances. It is vegan and gluten free.
For best results' lather the Fragrance Free Moisture Shave® from Kiss My Face® with wet hands' apply' shave' and rinse for a silky smooth feeling.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose' treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
Ingredients: Aqua' Myristic Acid' Glycerin' Stearic Acid' Potassium Hydroxide' Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil' Olea Europaea (Olive) Fruit Oil' Aloe Barbadensis (Aloe Vera) Leaf Juice' Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E)' Allantoin' Salvia Officinalis (Sage) Leaf Extract' Arnica Montana (Arnica) Flower Extract' Hydrastis Canadensis (Golden Seal) Root Extract' Equisetum Hyemale (Horsetail) Extract' Alchemilla Vulgaris (Lady's Mantle) Leaf Extract' Cymbopogon Schoenanthus (Lemongrass) Leaf Extract' Citrus Aurantifolia (Lime) Fruit Extract' Citrus Aurantium Dulcis (Orange) Flower Extract' Saponaria Officinalis (Soapwort) Root Extract' Nasturtium Officinalis (Watercress) Leaf Extract' Hydroxyethylcellulose.
Formulated with no parabens' no phthalates' no SLS. No animal ingredients' not animal testing. Preservatives free. Biodegradable. Gluten free ingredients. Vegan friendly Ingredients. No artificial fragrances.
Lather with wet hands – apply' shave and rinse.
Consult a healthcare professional before use.
Allergy / Dietary Needs
- Cruelty Free
- Made in the USA
- No Animal Testing
Ratings & ReviewsReview This Item
Overall Rating for Fragrance Free Moisture Shave - 11 fl. oz (325 ml)
Displaying reviews 1-7 of 7
By Nicholas
from Live Oak, TX
Great for those sick days
Whether youre feeling nauseous and cant stand the idea of using a scented shave cream or you just prefer a scentless cream that does not interact with your after shave/cologne this is the right stuff. The fragrance free cream is the same amazing formulation as the rest of the KMF cream just without the scent. Its always nice to have a really good neutral cream like this one waiting for those days when you just dont want to smell anything. Its like an amazing relief pitcher waiting to bring the game home.
Great lather great protection fragrance free
Too liquid when it first comes out.
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
By Kristian
from Lewiston, ME
GREAT shaving cream!
Been using Fragrance Free Moisture Shave for a few years and it truly is amazing! NO heavy metals artificial perfumes etc. Doesnt foam up when lathering and lets me shave close and leaves my skin feeling ultra-cool and smooth and healthy after! Prefer this to even the other varieties by this company. Just a simple shaving cream that does the job is totally safe an amazing deal for the price and lasts a long time. TRY IT!!
Cost size lack of scent effectiveness lack of toxic chemicals and metals how long it lasts me
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
By PreciousJ
from FLORIDA
Fragrance Free Moisture Shave by Kiss My Face leaves my skin really smooth, soft, and moisturized! It also gives me the closest shave I have ever gotten in my life!
Leaves my skin soft and smooth, is fragrance free (I have sensitive skin), gives me a close shave, and the price.
I have no cons at all.
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
By Dikla Nitsan
from Israel
I am very impressed !!!
I tried Fragramce Free Moisture Shave by Kiss My Face on my face and not only did it work very well it also only took one pump for my entire face ! Much less than traditional shaving cream !
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
By Precious J
from fl
My skin is sensitive so non fragrance was a must. Fragrance Free Moisture Shave by Kiss My Face leaves no nicks at all.
Huge bottle, no nicks, and at a good price!
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
By Meredith
from La.
Amazing Shave Cream!
I have super sensitive skin (like a baby). I have tried lots of shave gels, soaps, & even oils and have always had itchy legs and bikini razor bumps after shaving. I apply Kiss My face Fragrance Free Moisture Shave, let it sit for just a few minutes, and then shave. Wow, what a difference! I have zero itchiness and zero razor bumps, in fact, my skin feels smoother & more supple than before I shaved. Wish I would have found these years ago. Also, the price is great because you need such a small amount, it will last a long time. I also love that it has no scent at all.
Soothes skin instead of irritating it. Doesn't give no bumps or itchy skin after shaving. Has a great price, and zero fragrance. Awesome ingredients.
Absolutely no dislikes.
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
By Susanne A Perez
from Okeechobee Florida
4 in 1 shave cream!!!
Fragrance Free Moisture Shave by Kiss My Face is the only shave cream I use it leaves my skin soft and smooth, no more razor bumps and give me a close shave. A little goes a long way.
Perfect for sensitive skin. fragrance free.
√ I would recommend this item to a friend.
Displaying reviews 1-7 of 7
Questions About This ItemAsk a Question
Please ask any questions you may have about this specific product in the field below.
Your question(s) and our corresponding answer(s) will not be confidential and will be posted publically on this specific product page.
Additionally, PureFormulas is unable to directly recommend products in relation to specific health conditions. Please contact your trusted healthcare practitioner for direct product recommendations.
If you have any general questions regarding orders or our policies and programs, please contact our Customer Happiness Team @ 1.800.383.6008
If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Your healthcare professional is the best source for guidance before beginning an exercise or nutritional supplement program.


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" French telecommunication company. "
When I decided to change my internet connection to wireless, I signed up for the Wanadoo Home Broadband package in 2004. With this package came the Wanadoo Livebox, which was basically the router, an adapter, filters, cables, installation cd and of course the instructions. I found the set up to be fairly easy, and to this day I have not had a single hardware issue with any of the equipment.
In June 2006, Wanadoo became Orange, and with this came an even better package for myself. Since I already had an Orange mobile phone contract, I was able to get the broadband package for free. I found the customer service at the time to be excellent, they changed my package and stopped my internet payments immediately.
I can only describe the internet service I have had from Wanadoo / Orange as excellent. In over 4 years, I have barely had any problems, with the connection or the hardware. Up until recently, I found the customer service to be excellent, however this was until they moved their customer support call centre to India. I recently had a connection query, and found it very difficult getting any sort of support from the representative on the other end. This has not put me off the company in any way, because I have found problems to be few and far between.
As for the connection speed, I find this to be very good, although this obviously depends on your location etc. Orange also automatically increase my speed, as faster speeds become available.
As a package, I find the deal to be excellent, the internet service itself is second to none, and up until recently I the customer service was also excellent. Thumbs up from me, even with the recent blip.
Wanadoo/orange are an ideal ISP for the average user who checks email and browses websites. They offer 8mb packages with 2gb,6gb and unlimited monthly usage limits.
However, it has been found that they define unlimited as 40gb. Not ideal for the heavy downloader but more than adequate for an online gamer. The fact that they advertise as unlimited then limit you to 40gb is something that brings to mind what else they are hiding?
The speeds are Fast, but if you have a problem you may have to wait a long time to get support.
The prices are a bit high compared to other competitors but "you get what you pay for". Once you've signed up you should receive the equipment in a couple of daysand the instillation is pretty simple step-by-step.
The recent merging with Orange has been bad news for wanadoo customers. I and several other customers have noticed that speeds have dropped.
I would have recommended them as Wanadoo but not quite sure if Orange Broadband will be any good from what I've seen. I fear that by offering "free broadband" too many customers will sign up and will result in overloading the network. Something which has affected Tiscali.
I would recommend thinking very carefully before makind a decision
My reasons for writing this review are for those British people that live abroad, and I believe that the addition of the information will help them in their decision of which Broadband to chose here in France. On many occasions, I am asked to advise, and even install broadband, or to check if someone's telephone line is eligible for broadband connection, and thought that put in a review, might be easier for those people who want information and do not speak French, to access.
For explanation to those who do not understand, Wanadoo and France Telecom are the same company.
Am I eligible for Broadband from my telephone number ?
Here, France Telecom have set up a rather clever gadget on their site, and only a very limited amount of French is needed to access it. When you enter the area of France Telecom's site that is headed with the words Haut debit (in other words, high speed), there is a box that appears on the right hand side of the screen where you are asked to place your telephone number and the number of the county in which you live. Your line is then checked to see whether it can obtain high speed internet.
Little by little FranceTelecom are working in the more rural areas of France to provide high speed internet, and what this gage does apart from tell you whether or not your line is eligible for high speed, is that it gives you an estimated date when they feel that the service will be available to your area.
So. I am eligible. How do I get high speed Internet ?
Here, there is a choice open to potential customers. If your French is limited, then possibly the best solution is to use the France telecom website to enroll. The reason I say this is because most of the options available to the public are listed clearly with photographs of what you will get. In rural areas, the Wanadoo package has not yet reached the point where television is available with high speed Internet. This is envisaged early next year, although of the packages that Wanadoo offer, I would say that the most interesting for a non speaker of the French language is the 8 Mo connection at 29.90 Euros a month, or the 1 mega connection at 24.90 Euros a month.
There is a standard charge of 3 euros per month for the Livebox, and what this means is that the Livebox remains the property of France Telecom and to a certain degree gives you, the user, the security of knowing that if the Livebox becomes defective, France Telecom will replace it free of charge.
For those users that do speak French, here the package offered becomes very interesting, as you can have internet access at the prices given above, and for an extra 10 euros a month, complete and unlimited telephone use to any telephone number within France that is a land line (as opposed to a mobile). Of course, you will still have to pay the normal line rental to France Telecom, but what it means is that your Telephone bill is limited to just rental and calls made overseas, and to me this was amazingly good as an offer.
Each package includes full 24 hour service help by telephone, a guarantee of the Modem (or Livebox) for two years, Parental control, a filtering of undesirable mail, and the possibility of 5 email addresses, unlimited access and space on the web to create your own website. The main difference between the two packages is speed of connection, and I opted for the slower speed of 1 Mega, and find that it gives me quick enough access, when compared with the 56K connection I was accustomed to.
Signing up.
Signing up is relatively simple, and the information that you will be asked for is common sense, like name, address, telephone number, etc. There is no need to fill out information on credit cards when signing up, because France Telecom already have your bank information from your use of your normal telephone.
How long do I wait for the Livebox ?
Waiting for the livebox takes around 10 days. This also gives France Telecom staff the time to do any necessary adjustments to your line that may be needed in order to give you high speed internet. No work is required within your home in order to make the internet connection work, so there is no need to stay at home in anticipation of the engineer calling, as all their work is on external telephone lines, rather than those used in your house.
What comes with the livebox ?
When the livebox arrives, it is indeed exciting, and here many people make the mistake of plugging everything in and hoping against all odds that the Livebox will magically spring into action. It doesn't. Opening the package that contains your livebox, there are a variety of wires, a strange looking object that France telecom describes as a wifi (bluetooth connection), and instructions for use with or without the bluetooth connection depending upon where your computer is and where you want your livebox to be. There is also a very important document with your livebox at the moment, which states that if you keep copies of the first three bills for your internet connection, they will refund the first three months telephone and connection to you as a bonus. It's quite easy to lose the pamphlet, so keep hold of it, in a safe place, because three months' free use is certainly nothing to be sniffed at.
Provided within the box, there are also ADSL filters or sockets, and these play an important part in your reception of the signal from France Telecom.
Here, the disc provided takes you through the steps that ensure that your livebox works. I would advise new users not to plug anything in until told to do so, because if you do, the installation will not work. Taking the installation instructions one at a time, following the pictures and diagrams that are clear to anyone even if they do not speak the language, works. You have the choice of which kind of connection you want, i.e. Bluetooth (at a distance) or USB and here I tried both, though was irritated with the silly flimsy Wifi connection sticking out of the back of my computer. I chose to go with the USB since I have plenty of them.
Going through each step from the screen, and reading the extensive instruction leaflets as you go is the easiest method, and you will be asked to type out the numbers that appear on the bottom of your Livebox, as well as quoting from the paperwork that has been sent to you from France Telecom your codes which are clearly marked, at the appropriate stages of installation.
So what does the livebox offer ?
When the livebox is installed, what you are offered is quick connection to the internet. The more complex packages offered by France Telecom include things like Virus control, although here, I enjoy the virus protection that I have and decided that it was right for my usage. When you switch on your computer, a small screen comes up onto your desktop, where you have easy access to email, the internet, your documents, adjustments, configuration and security, although the security settings are limited to parental control.
In the months that I have used France Telecom, it compares well both price wise and efficiency wise with other operators in France. AOL whilst having a similar price structure, have invasive software and a bad record of telephonic problems, whilst Free have a notoriously bad reputation for not being able to provide users with free telephone, and are charging people that connect to other networks, even though their phones are landlines.
It took France Telecom two days to get my free phone up and running, although they told me to anticipate 10 days. I know that it works, and have tried to make calls that fall outside the scope of the offer, and am told if this is the case. There is a slight bleep noise before the dialling tone that tells me that phone calls are being made via the livebox and are free of charge and the system has not failed me once.
I have only experienced one evening where connectivity was slow, and considering the scale of the works that France Telecom are doing in rural France at the moment, am surprised at the efficiency of their service. On occasions, I have had to call out technicians at friends houses where Liveboxes were defective, and I found the staff helpful and friendly, and enthusiastic in their work, and explanation of what was wrong.
Would I recommend France Telecom ?
Yes, I would. They offer a service that is the best available. Having tested my line on a website that the France Telecom engineer guided me to at a friends' house, my connection speed exceeds my expectations and is reliable.


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Chelsography Photographer
Rebekah HerzbergModel Female Houston, Texas, US
My Website: Your Friendly Neighborhood Jewish GirlMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/cherryvalentine
Mayhem # 572316
About Me
*Due to my hectic work schedule, it's hard for me to check this often. If you would like to contact me about a shoot, please do it via email as I will be able to reply much faster*
I feel weird about writing my own bio so I had someone do it for me. Seems narcissistic for one to write out their own bio on Model Mayhem.
Rebekah Herzberg is a versatile model, actress, ballerina, columnist, WiHM Ambassador, and film festival director from Southeast Texas. Through the years she has been exploding all over the scene and taking notice as one of the hardest working women in horror. An avid VHS collector, dozens of VHS articles written by Rebekah can be found on Geek Juice Media, Horror Society, and her own personal blog Your Friendly Neighborhood Jewish Girl that's filled with colorful retro trash paired with her vast knowledge in horror with a dose of sarcasm.
Rebekah believes in living life to the fullest which is why you will see her involved with multiple projects at once. She has been active in modeling, dance, and theater since she was a toddler and continues to rock each subject. After working on student horror films, Rebekah eventually made her way into a few independent horror films and now she is writing and directing her first project. In addition to film, she has made appearances on numerous true crime documentaries and VHS documentaries.
Add me on face book:
http://www.facebook.com/YourFriendlyNei … JewishGirl
I am a bartender so it's hard for me to shoot early hours. A girl needs her sleep! My cocktail recipes and photos while bartending have been featured in magazines and horror themed cook books. I am also a member of The National Bartender's Association where you can find my recipes.
Have you worked with Rebekah Herzberg? Add Credits for Rebekah Herzberg! >>
Images of Light
"This lady is an awesome person and I can't say enough about how great of a model she is. Rebekah is the best of the best from my point of view. Craig"
See Sample Worked together 11-20 times; Most recent: May 2014
Credit Notes
Thomas Patrozza 1070721
MT Kelly 471987
Images of Light 494394
Richard Tallent 98472
Mike McNeil 1260639
Christopher Pain
Brandon Garcia
Shelby Mohr
RM Photography
Vargas Rockwell 60459
Jim C. Hill 1107516
Ryan Bernard 1785473
Catherine DeMoude
Dakota Courville
Jason Cruz
Inked Magazine
Skinz Magazine
C-47 Magazine
The Beaumont Enterprise
Idol Features
Cat5 Magazine
Under Dogs
Gothic Films
Have a Heart for Horror Cookbook
Charred Remains
Curvy Models
MMWIHM as Horror Afficionado and a Straight Shooter
Coryfilm.com Shaping Horror- Women Writers and Filmmakers
Nishiserrano Women Who Scare!
Horror Vixens
The Tom Gulley Show
Nation Bartender's Association
Hot Bartender's Blogspot
Horror Society Scream Queen
Slasher Studios
Lonestar Art Explosion
Women of Film
Daily Dead
Gorno Blonde
Devour the Blog
Nerd Remix Hall of Fame Class of 2012
Nerd Remix Babe of the Month April 2014
Snapped on Oxygen
Malevolent Magazine
Horror Happens
VIP Magazine
Diabolique Magazine
Chelsography Photographer
El Mercurio Photographer
Images of Light Photographer
FotoFusion Photographer
You Are Art Photography Photographer
Stanford Moore Photographer
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Amy Brown is part of the Civic Engagement and Government team. Previously, Amy was part of Ford's Economic Opportunity and Assets program, where her work focused on two goals: financial justice (ensuring that the financial services marketplace in the United States is fair and affordable and meets the needs of low-income families and communities of color) and asset building (promoting public policies that build economic security from birth through retirement, including addressing the racial wealth gap).
Before joining Ford in 2010, Amy was a senior consultant to the Aspen Institute's Economic Opportunities Program. Prior to that, she launched New York City's earned-income tax credit campaign and was a professional staff member at the US Senate Agriculture Committee, where she worked on food stamp, child nutrition, and health care legislation. Amy also ran a community-based organization that provided emergency food, benefits advocacy, health care, and other services to residents in Brooklyn, New York.
Amy earned a master's degree in public administration from Columbia University and a bachelor's degree in art history from Columbia College.


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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Hole In The Head
Features of This Trackhardcore rap attitude
west coast rap roots
gangsta rap influence
a knack for catchy hooks
explicit lyrics
a tight kick sound
an electric bass riff
a slow moving bass line
layered electric guitar riffs
radio friendly stylings
production and lyrics by famous rap artists
and many other similarities identified in the Music Genome Project
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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A Guide on Layout Types in Web Design
One of the most variable aspects of web design is the way in which we approach width and height in terms of measurements and flexibility.
For many years, we have rotated between the benefits and pitfalls of using fixed, elastic, and liquid measurements in a quest to give optimal viewing experiences in highly varied situations, while balancing our need to control things in our web pages.
But, as Bob Dylan proclaimed a long time ago, "The times, they are a-changin'," and with these changes come a variety of new ways for laying out your website's pages and an even more variable landscape of methods for viewing websites.
In this article, we will examine web layout types — old, new, and the future. We will explore the subject in the context that websites are being viewed in a diverse amount of ways, such as through mobile phones, netbooks, and touchscreen personal devices like the iPad.
About Your Options
Let's set our objectives for this exploration of layout types:
- We shall examine the variety of options that exist
- For each layout type, I'll try to suggest some situations they are best used in
- The pros and cons of a layout type compared to others
We will discuss 10 types of web layouts.
The main lesson to take away from these choices is to think carefully about why an option is suitable for a particular situation and how your choice will affect your audience.
Let's dig in, starting with absolute layouts.
Absolute Layouts
One of the least commonly used methods of measurement employed in web design is absolute measurement (i.e. inches, cm, mm and picas). Absolute units and positioning is traditionally found in print media, which natively use these units of measurement.
The conversion of print to web format can be seen in word processing software such as Microsoft Word, which still uses these conventions when formatting text and sizing the dimensions of a document in order to make it appear as close as possible to printing on paper.
Absolute layouts have limited use in web designs.
Of course, just because it isn't popular doesn't mean it doesn't have its place on the web designer's bevy of options.
If you are someone who utilizes printer-friendly stylesheets — yes, people do still print web pages — the absolute measurements of cm, mm, inches, and pt can help you prepare a page layout for printers more accurately.
Relative Layout
Relative positioning and layouts adjust in size depending on the size of the user's browser viewport.
Typically, this type of layout relies on everything working at 100% width, whether it's a small screen (like a netbook) or a 24-inch widescreen desktop monitor. This means that the layout will scale according to the viewer's situation.
Fixed Layout
Commonly regarded as one of the least flexible methods of laying out a web design, the use of pixel-based measurements has almost a digital resonance associated with it that transfers across from the print industry, in that the medium relies on fixed/static measurements.
This unit of measurement is accurate and leaves little guessing as to how a web design will appear across different web browsers and has become exceptionally popular among sites that favour control and predictability over optimizing the layout for the audiences' particular viewing situation.
We all know that problems can arise from having to scroll in all sorts of directions, and the fixed measurement of a px-based layout has this general issue in spades.
While many people seek out some sort of ideal width to ensure maximum compatibility, it's worth mentioning that if you use a lot of elements that require fixed layout rules like non-repeating background images or borders with other non-relative elements, fixed measurement layouts can do the job well and act as the best all-around solution.
Elastic Layout
One of the most used methods of laying out a design's content is using the relative em unit of measurement.
Commonly referred to as an elastic layout design (due to the way it flexes by growing and shrinking to meet the content's needs), it has shown a great deal of appreciation within the web design community due to its ability to scale content, text sizes, and such.
Unlike with fixed units of measurements where absolute-unit elements like images are best suited (due to maintaining without distorting), elastic layouts work best when flexible content (such as text blocks) takes the front seat (though there are ways to have images scale elastically as well).
Of all the methods listed, the elastic layout type is the most subservient to your content as it gives the content itself the deciding position as to how the layout should scale.
Making the text smaller in such a design will reduce the width or height, and enlarging the text will have the opposite effect.
This unique attribute allows the layout to resize based on the content rather than the needs of the layout.
Using an elastic solution is perfect if you want the layout to be determined by the content, but it can have issues if the text scales beyond the viewport (causing unwanted horizontal scrolling).
Scaled Layout
One of the latest methods in CSS3 allows the manipulation of the available viewport around certain device orientations (i.e. portrait and landscape).
Depending on the way in which the device is held, the design has the potential to alter its visual layout (altering the amount of space given to the content itself).
Unlike the others, this type of layout does not rely on measurement units, but rather a specific layout type. However, this notion shouldn't be underestimated as a way of dealing with complex columns on small screens.
Scaled layouts truly shine in the smartphone market where the display can be rotated or moved frequently (such as the iPhone, for example).
With such limited space being available on handheld mobile devices, you cannot only maximize the way your pixels are allocated, but you can also allow people the option to choose whichever method they prefer to visualise the information.
Each person will use his or her web-enabled mobile device in a different way, and by allowing your design to relate your content in a transformative way depending on the orientation, you can maximize the usability of your content.
Liquid (or Fluid) Layout
The most relaxed method of providing a dynamically expanding or contracting design makes use of the ever-popular percentage (%) unit measurement.
This layout type has gained mass popularity because it is the ultimate way of allowing the total opposite of a fixed layout where the content will simply take whatever space is available to it.
The limited guarantees you hold on the viewport being used goes beyond screen resolutions (imagine your site on a 6-inch screen versus a 100-inch screen, even just at 80% width).
Though it goes without saying that a liquid layout is useful in almost every web-based situation because it adjusts its width depending on how big or small the user's viewport is — so it's definitely worth looking into.
Equated Layout
The next method of laying out content we shall look at is the equated layout, which makes use of a new CSS function called
calc (see W3C calc spec).
While the previous layouts we've covered rely on specific widths or heights being provided, an equated layout allows you to mix a fixed and relative value by using a calculation like
width: calc(50% - 200px).
Have you ever had a situation where you wished that you could make up the full 100% but also account for things like divs with borders and elements that have fixed widths (such as an image)? If you're anything like me, it's certainly something that has crossed your mind.
calc CSS3 function, which has not been widely adopted yet (but is part of the CSS3 spec) may just be the thing you are looking for. While the function still isn't widely supported by existing web browsers, this can be a future-forward option for building layouts with an added layer of pliancy.
Fluid-Min/Max Layout
A common problem that we have as designers is that whenever the amount of space we have becomes either too wide or too narrow (or too tall or too short), the relatively-measured and flexible content we have gets too diluted or too compressed (which is bad news).
Using minimum and maximum widths (or heights), you can set limits on how much the design can scale so that you can still have flexibility — but only to a certain extent. Rather than spanning the viewport like a liquid layout, this layout type flows only up to where it's told ('atta boy).
If there's one thing that causes problems with layouts, it's us making assumptions as to the amount of space that we will have available for our design elements.
The benefits of the CSS
min-height and
max-height properties are most widely noticed when you want your layout to be confined within certain dimensions (like within a fixed-width design) but don't want to suffer the wrath of horizontal scrolling.
For example, if you wanted to have your width scale to 100% for small screens but only up to, say, 1,500px so that your layout doesn't get too wide for larger screens, then you can use a
As this method of laying out a web page provides a safety net that browsers can rely on (based on the min and max values you supply), you can give your fixed work a bit of added flexibility.
Conditional Layout
With the rise in devices like the iPhone, a need has appeared for a way of altering web designs beyond conventional layouts to ensure that mobile device users can have an optimized experience.
The ability to serve a unique stylesheet based on the device or viewport width and height (through CSS3's media queries) gives rise to an even more flexible and friendly way to represent your site's content. This layout type is something I'd like to call "conditional layout."
Of all the methods of laying out information that have appeared recently, this is by far the one with the most promise (once the browser compatibility issues are ironed out).
Most website designs rely on a single stylesheet. Using CSS3 media queries (especially with mobile and desktop experiences) can bring conditional layouts to best meet the user agent.
The downside of this is that it means you will need to develop and maintain stylesheets for particular devices — much like how you, in the past, maintained IE-specific stylesheets.
Hybrid Layout
Of course, while mentioning all of these layout types, we can't forget to mention the most popular layout method of all — the hybrid layout pretty much stands by its name in that the design ends up using a mixture of various layout types. This includes mixing and matching various units and concepts to ensure that the design adapts to the browser's viewport only when it needs to and still be able to retains a certain level of control over parts of a website that need more fixed structures.
While it requires you to be more thoughtful over your work, it's possibly the smartest way to design and develop.
Most websites make use of a hybrid layout because certain measurement units are useful for certain situations. While many people still cling to the idea that there is one perfect layout method waiting to be found, I think that the hybrid will overcome situational issues by blending together the best of all worlds.
Perhaps you might end up with an absolute layout in your print stylesheet, and maybe you might have fixed widths using a liquid body with elastic content and a fluid control for the outside edges with scaled and flexible support for certain devices — the combinations are bountiful!
The Bigger Picture
Clearly, there are many options to consider when laying out your web pages, and thus it makes sense — both pragmatically and theoretically — to pay close attention to the details and scope of any design project you undertake.
Which layout type you utilize to produce your website is something that deserves as much attention as the fonts you use or the color theme you put together.
It's also worth highlighting that there's no perfect way to deal with every situation and therefore there's no one type that is universally the best for all situations.
Design is one of the most fundamental skills that any web professional must get to grips with. The way the Internet is being consumed is rapidly evolving, with wide disparities in both the devices we employ and the tools we take advantage of.
There's more to contend with than good usability, accessibility, web copy, color contrast, and so forth. A good website must meet an ever increasing number of needs and thus the search for the perfect layout has become a Holy Grail quest of sorts for web designers.
While times are changing (as do situations), picking the right layout right now should be done methodically.
Related Content
- The 960 Grid System Made Easy
- A Brief Look at Grid-Based Layouts in Web Design
- The Brads – Alignment in Design
- Related categories: Web Design and Web Development
About the Author
This was published on Jul 22, 2010
35 Comments
Tom Black Jul 22 2010
A really useful piece and a good reminder of all the various options
paul Jul 22 2010
wow great article alex, thanks :)
Paulo França Lacerda Jul 22 2010
I didn't realize there was so many layout types.
Very informative article. It helps us decide better.
Jordan Walker Jul 22 2010
Great article, differentiating between layouts is important to clear up projects.
Zlatan Halilovic Jul 22 2010
Excellent article Alexander. I have just one question for you. If I wanted to move away from the fixed layout, which I've been using for a while now, which one of these would you suggest to me? And are there any good resources, like online tutorials and books to learn that layout from?
Thanks in advance! :)
P.S. I hope I'm not asking for too much
Young Jul 22 2010
i haven't been able to check SR in the past couple days cuz of a project finishing up, but man, great article! i definitely didn't know about a couple of these, and it's more important a topic than ever with the smartphones…as much as i still abhor surfing on my iphone.
as always, though, alex, it would be much more engaging an article if you had some concrete examples on which each method would fail. it might've made the article too long but it's kinda hard to relate to generalizations. for example, i personally hate to work with em's cuz i hate doing the math in decimals…and i'm a math minor!
Enor Anidi Jul 22 2010
Great article to tweet!
Jacob Gube Jul 22 2010
@Young: Glad you're back Young!
I think a solid follow-up to this would be actual examples of these layout types (or at least the major ones like fluid, elastic, min/max, fixed) so that you can do the comparing and contrasting. What I envision is having a basic HTML document and then using different types such as fluid, elastic, fixed to highlight the differences and downsides/benefits of using each. Thanks for the feedback. I realize that it's sort of hard to grasp if you don't have something to play around with and test (or at least code that you can copy/paste and test yourself). But I think Alexander's intention here was simply to highlight your options and to sort of show that there's more to laying out a page than fixed width.
Trey Brister Jul 22 2010
Hey you don't have to wait for browsers to catch up with the css3 for the calculated layout. Just check out http://lesscss.org
If you don't want to mess with less. Then I combined the WordPress Thematic Framework child theme CSS with WP-Less into the Less Thematic WordPress theme. Download at http://lessthematic.somanyproducts.com
Trey Brister Jul 22 2010
This Hybrid Layout is a new enlightening idea that you just taught me, And I am on popurls everyday. Thanks!
I hope one of these days I can get a good tutorial on the Hybrid Layout.
Michael Tuck Jul 22 2010
Whoosh. Alex, you're really contributing a huge amount of very useful articles for Six Revisions. This is terrific. If it's okay, I'll quote some of this in the section of my tutorial site concerning layouts. :)
Alexander Dawson Jul 22 2010
Thanks for the comments everyone!
@Zlatan Halilovic: It honestly depends upon what you're trying to achieve and the type of content you are offering as to what will work best. The thing is that there's no one layout type which is perfect for every situation, the key is to experiment with the options listed until you find something that suits your needs best!
@Young: As Jacob mentioned, I simply intended to list the various different layout types that are available so people realise that there's more to life than fixed, fluid and elastic. Though as every web situation is different, I wouldn't like to say that any specific implementation is wrong or worth discouraging (or encouraging over another).
@Trey Brister: Excellent resource, I guess that makes it a usable solution of sorts already!
@Michael Tuck: Sure! I don't think Jacob would mind.
Siku Jul 22 2010
Very interesting and informative post. A must read for every web designer out there.
Carp Vlad Jul 23 2010
good article to keep in mind
David Jul 23 2010
This is a nice and comprehensive article. I have used a variety of these layouts depending on a particular project or more importantly the content of a particular project. Thanks for posting…
PixelCrayons Jul 23 2010
Thanks for this informative article. There is no single lay out which is perfect and absolute. It all depends on your requirements that which lay out you opt for!!!
Great info. have bookmarked it.
Manali Jul 23 2010
Thanks for this informative article.It all depends on your requirements that which lay out you opt for!!!
Great info. have bookmarked it.
Gerben van Ouwendorp Jul 23 2010
Great article. Thanks…it's top of mind again!
Jon Brink Jul 23 2010
I love Wilson Audio. I actually own the very first production pair of Wilson Audio Tiny Tots (WATTs).
Moreen Jul 23 2010
Wow! Great article you have there! Doing a fixed layout is kinda boring. Experimenting is good and what your article stated is just great! Thanks for posting!
Patrick Jul 23 2010
I don't see the big deal in designing for mobile devices. In fact, I think it's a lot easier with regards to both style and content to develop mobile sites for clients or make their existing site mobile-friendly.
Great article.
CahabaWeb Jul 24 2010
It seems that with the continued evolution of devices and resolution – everyone has their mind on horizontal, single style navigation. It seems we never build vertical left side navigation anymore. It used to be the choice of a large percentage. It's just gone.
Hunnter Jul 29 2010
@CahabaWeb I think the main reason is simplicity and more efficient use of width and height.
Sidebars usually end up taking up large chunks of a page, and they usually just contain nothing besides that menu. (other cases, people have reviews, vertical banner ads, tweet panels and the like)
Personally, i'm a fan of compact fixed top-left menus.
As for the article, very nice. I never realized they added Calc to CSS3, hopefully that could get around stupid issues CSS has with positioning some things. (perhaps even bring it close to the simplicity of XUL which is fantastic for interfacing, shame nobody wants to adopt it)
Hybrid all the way. Fixed positions (PX or EM) inside child containers for thumbnails & descriptions, parent container flexible, child elements floated left or right, takes advantage width and height equally. Best way to achieve flexible, collapsible columns outside of grid systems.
Peter Aug 12 2010
Before now I thought there only two layout types – fixed & fluid. Thanks for sharing Alex!
Craig Sep 18 2010
Wow, Great comprehensive guide on layout types for web design. I thought the conclusion was really relevant because one size does not fit all, and a hybrid method is definitely great advice because it importantly is decided by the content of a particular project. Thanks!
Madina Sep 20 2010
It's very good to read about layouts. Because our teacher has ordered us to find information on ths theme individually. Yeah!
Infinitive Nov 04 2010
Truely great artcle.It has helped me in the resolution of an issue with a client over the layout of their website. Thanks!
sasa Feb 17 2011
Amit Rudra Mar 24 2011
really good…thanks!!!
Stan68 Mar 30 2011
by 'fixed layout', do you mean fixed width layout?
Saeed Neamati Jun 04 2011
I always thought that I know what the web layout is. Alas, that was a mistake. I never imagines that we have almost 10 methods to layout our web pages. This is one of the best articles I ever read on the web. Thank you.
Let's support CSS3. Read CSS3 Multi-Column Layout Module and CSS3 Animations and have a look at css animations at My heart beats using latest version of Google Chrome.
Chris Villestas Aug 18 2011
very informative.
Nishant Sep 24 2011
Wow its amazing bombastic tutorial.It gives me new dimension and clear my vision for Css layout.Great Tutorial thanks & thanks .
Mehul Thakkar Sep 30 2011
Very informative. I never thought on distinguishing layout to so many types. Thanks a lot :)
Raja Aamir Oct 19 2011
thanks brother……


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This series consists of talks in the areas of Particle Physics, High Energy Physics & Quantum Field Theory.
If dark matter is asymmetric, fermionic, and self-interacting, it may form black holes in pulsars at the galactic center. In this case, a measurable maximum attainable pulsar age would track the density of the dark matter halo, with the oldest pulsars being allowed in the least dense parts of the halo. This could explain a recent observation, that there are not as many pulsars in the galactic center as expected.
The cosmological model based on cold dark matter (CDM) and dark energy has been hugely successful in describing the observed evolution and large scale structure of our Universe. However, at small scales (in the smallest galaxies and at the centers of larger galaxies), a number of observations seem to conflict with the predictions CDM cosmology, leading to recent interest in Warm Dark Matter (WDM) and Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM) models. These small scales, though, are also regions dominated by the influence of baryons.
In the search for dark matter, neutrino experiments can play a key role by doubling as dark matter production and detection experiments. I will describe how the proposed DAEdALUS decay-at-rest neutrino experiment can be used to search for MeV-scale dark matter, with particular emphasis on dark matter produced through a dark photon in rare neutral pion decays. The fact that the dark photon need not be on-shell opens up a wide range of new possibilities for the experimental program of searching for dark matter at neutrino experiments.
Recent comparison between observation and expectation could point to problems with the standard cold, non-interacting dark matter picture, one of which being how small the smallest gravitationally bound dark matter halos are. I will review the cold dark matter picture and the experimental tests. One solution to the problems comes from coupling the dark matter to neutrinos. I will describe the model building requirements of such a coupling and determine how to test this scenario.
Moduli fields with Planck suppressed couplings to light species are ubiquitous in string theory and supersymmetry. These scalar fields are expected to dominate the energy budget in the early universe. Their out-of-equilibrium decays can produce dark matter and baryons. Dark matter generated in this non-thermal manner typically has large annihilation rates that are strongly constrained by indirect detection. The resulting bounds on superpartner masses offer dim prospects for collider discovery of supersymmetry.
A new experiment called PTOLEMY (Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-Universe, Massive-Neutrino Yield) is under development at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory with the goal of challenging one of the most fundamental predictions of the Big Bang – the present-day existence of relic neutrinos produced less than one second after the Big Bang. Using a gigantic graphene surface to hold 100 grams of a single-atomic layer of tritium, low noise antennas that sense the radio waves of individual electrons undergoing cyclotron motion, and a massive array of cry
An overview of the latest Higgs physics results from the ATLAS collaboration will be presented. Next year, the Large Hadron collider will restart at a higher collision energy after a 2-year shutdown. The Higgs physics programme for this next data taking period will be discussed.


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Colombia Freezes as Interbolsa Hits Hottest Market: Andes Credit
The collapse of Colombia's largest brokerage is burning foreign investors who piled into what had been one of this year's hottest emerging markets.
Yields on $5 billion of dollar bonds sold by Colombian banks have jumped since the government was forced to take over Interbolsa SA (INTBOL)'s brokerage this month, pushing up borrowing costs by an average 26 basis points, or 0.26 percentage point, from a record low on Oct. 17. That's about five times the average increase in yields of emerging-market financial institutions' bonds in the same period, according to JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Interbolsa's implosion sparked concern that regulators are failing to contain financial risk after the nation's biggest lending boom in four years led banks to issue $3.6 billion of bonds overseas this year, more than they sold in the previous 12 years combined, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The bond market seized up for six days after the failure and the benchmark stock index is headed for its worst month since June.
"If you start to peel back the onion, what else are you going to see?" said Raymond Zucaro, who helps manage about $240 million of emerging-market debt at SW Asset Management in Newport Beach, California. "It's not like it was some obscure little broker in the middle of nowhere. It was the largest one."
'Bad Business'
Yields on benchmark Colombian peso bonds due in 2024 have soared 18 basis points over the past month, the worst 30-day selloff since May, to 6.2 percent while the cost to insure the country's debt against default climbed to the highest in more than a year relative to neighboring Peru's. The IGBC benchmark stock index slid 4.25 percent while the peso weakened 1.1 percent, its worst slump in three months.
The declines cut into a rally that had driven the peso up 7.9 percent this year as banks repatriated funds from their record overseas debt offerings. Yields on the government's peso bonds due 2024 reached a record low 6.01 percent Oct. 19.
Interbolsa's brokerage, one of 10 government-authorized market makers for Colombia's debt market, will be liquidated. Regulators stepped in after Interbolsa said Nov. 1 that it couldn't make a payment on a 20 billion peso ($11 million) loan because it was facing a "temporary" funding shortage.
Finance Minister Mauricio Cardenas said in a Nov. 5 interview the failure was caused by "bad business decisions" that don't reflect any system-wide risk. The press office of Bogota-based Interbolsa didn't return a telephone call or an e- mail seeking comment.
Liquidity Window
As part of the government-orchestrated effort to avoid disruptions in financial markets, Bancolombia SA (BCOLO), the country's largest bank, took over from Interbolsa transactions in the government bond market worth 1.6 trillion pesos ($880 million).
The measures, which also include letting brokerages use a so-called liquidity window at the central bank and appointing Bancolombia to take over Interbolsa's equity operations, have failed to reverse a selloff in the nation's financial bonds.
"Whenever this type of issue happens with a major player in any market, it generates a little bit of uncertainty, of systemic uncertainty," said Marco Aurelio de Sa, head of trading at Credit Agricole SA (ACA)'s Miami brokerage.
Bancolombia's $1.2 billion of notes due 2022 sank 2.43 cents from an Oct. 17 record high to 102.94 cents on the dollar, pushing yields up 30 basis points to 4.75 percent. Banco de Bogota SA's $600 million of debt due 2017 fell 1.31 cents to 106.32 cents on the dollar over the same period, driving up yields 29 basis points to 3.35 percent.
'Much Higher'
Local government bond trading volume, which is typically low in December, will probably rebound in January, Maria Fernanda Suarez, Colombia's director of public credit, said in an interview at her Bogota office yesterday.
"A situation like we had with Interbolsa created levels of uncertainty much higher than what we had previous to the event," Suarez said. "The reading I have is that a lot of bank treasuries and many institutional investors have said for now, 'I'll stay put.' I'd expect a recovery at the start of 2013."
Bancolombia and Grupo Aval Acciones y Valores (AVAL) SA, the banking group that controls Banco de Bogota, the nation's second-biggest lender, led debt issuance by Colombian financial firms this year with a combined $2.2 billion. Both are rated Baa3 by Moody's Investors Service, the lowest investment-grade level.
In Latin America, only Brazilian banks have sold more international bonds this year.
Investment Grade
The Colombian bond sales have helped fund a 16 percent increase in lending in the 12 months through August, propelling economic growth that has surged in the last decade as the army retook swathes of jungle and plains from rebels and freed up land for investment in mining and energy.
That helped Colombia last year to earn its first investment-grade ratings since 1999. Colombia is rated Baa3 by Moody's and an equivalent BBB- by Standard & Poor's, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
Economists surveyed by Bloomberg forecast the $332 billion economy will expand 4.5 percent this year, compared with 2.9 percent for Latin America as a whole, as the government predicts foreign direct investment will soar to $17 billion from a record $13.2 billion last year.
Colombia's 4.5 percent average growth in the past decade is more than double Mexico's and tops the average expansion in Brazil, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
The peso has also appreciated 47 percent against the dollar in the past 10 years, making it one of the five best-performing currencies in the world, data compiled by Bloomberg show.
'Sound Fundamentals'
Those "sound fundamentals" will help spark a rebound in Colombia's dollar bonds, including the bank securities, according to Isabel Olivos, a fixed-income analyst at Santiago, Chile-based financial firm Munita, Cruza & Claro SA.
Colombia's corporate borrowing costs are 4.11 percent on average in international markets, less than those in Brazil, China, India or Russia, according to JPMorgan indexes.
"People will start focusing on the country's sound fundamentals and the credibility of the central bank," she said. "The impact will only be temporary" because the liquidity crisis was confined to a single brokerage.
The bond market still hasn't recovered after Interbolsa's collapse caused trading to seize up.
There were no trades in the government's benchmark peso bonds due 2024 on the central bank's platform known as SEN on Nov. 13, six days after regulators said they were liquidating Interbolsa because they were unable to find buyers for the brokerage.
Default Swaps
The cost to protect Colombian debt against non-payment for five years fell one basis point to 101 basis points at 4:09 p.m. in New York, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. It costs 101 basis points to insure debt issued by Peru against default. On July 9, it was 22 basis points more expensive to insure Peru than Colombia against default.
Credit-default swaps pay the buyer face value in exchange for the underlying securities or cash equivalent if the issuer fails to comply with debt agreements.
The extra yield that investors demand to own Colombian government dollar bonds instead of U.S. Treasuries narrowed seven basis points to 124 basis points, according to JPMorgan's EMBI Global Index. The peso strengthened 0.1 percent to 1,816.8 per dollar.
Yields on Colombia's dollar bonds due July 2021 rose three basis points to 2.43 percent. Yields have declined two basis points this month even as those for bank bonds rose.
'Sensible Reaction'
While it's unlikely that other financial institutions are facing the kind of cash shortage that caused Interbolsa to fail, the specter of further takeovers is depressing demand for bonds issued by banks and brokerages, according to David Olivares, an analyst at Moody's. He said Moody's isn't considering lowering Colombian banks' ratings.
The bond selloff is "a sensible reaction," Olivos said in a telephone interview from Miami. "It's difficult to know if there'll be more cases. We can't rule it out."
To contact the reporters on this story: Matthew Bristow in Bogota at firstname.lastname@example.com; Veronica Navarro Espinosa in New York at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editors responsible for this story: David Papadopoulos at firstname.lastname@example.com; Michael Tsang at email@example.com


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Ask A Scientist
How and why did you become a scientist?
Asked by: Trevor Spencer
School: Owego-Apalachin Middle School
Grade: 6
Teacher: Scott Snyde
Hobbies/Interests: Football and riding my bike
Career Interest: The President
Answer from James A. Dix
Associate professor of chemistry, Binghamton Unive
Research area:
Biophysical chemistry; computational chemistry; educational technology
NIH Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard Medical School; Research Fellow, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco; Visiting Scientist, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Ph.D. school:
University of California, Los Angeles
Family: Married;
two children in college
Old English sports cars and motorcycles; model trains; computer programming; socializing
Web page address:
Now that's a good question. How I became a scientist is probably the easier question, but it makes more sense to describe first why I became a scientist. I was born in 1949. The world was a much different place back then. The United States had just finished fighting World War II, but tensions were still high with the former Soviet Union. Science in the United States had played an important role in ending the war. For example, in New Mexico, scientists (many of whom had fled Europe when fighting broke out) developed the nuclear weapons that were used against Japan and officials in the U.S. wanted to remain in the forefront of military science. The Soviet Union remained competitive and eventually this turned into a race between two superpowers to see who would come out first. This Thursday, October 4 marks the 50th anniversary of Soviet Union launch of the satellite Sputnik. Sputnik was the first man made object ever launched into orbit around the earth. The Soviet Union followed this up about a month later with the launch of the first living creature, a dog-named Laika. Three years later, when the Soviet Union launched the first human into space, it began to look like the United States was losing the space race. I was an impressionable eight-year-old when Sputnik was launched and it was at that time that I decided that the only way to assure that my country did not lose the space race was to become a scientist. My parents sensed this and gave me holiday gifts like a microscope and chemistry set to encourage my new found interest. Later, when I went to high school, I narrowed my interest and began to follow the path towards being a chemist. Chemistry is the science of atoms and molecules, and I was fascinated by the ability of chemists to rearrange atoms and molecules to make new materials. In a sense, by becoming a chemist, I could control my environment. With some encouragement from my high school chemistry teacher, Sister Mary Jane Frances, I entered college to pursue chemistry, but still had to figure out what kind of chemist I wanted to be. In college, I decided to become a physical chemist (a chemist who uses physics and math), which meant taking a set of courses in chemistry and other sciences. I liked physical chemistry because it was, for me, the best way to really understand what goes on in our physical environment. I also decided that my career goal was to teach and conduct research at a university. Teaching allowed me to convey my enthusiasm for chemistry to others, and research allowed me to explore the unknown. Once those decisions had been made, my career path was set: complete a Ph.D. degree in a chemistry graduate program followed by several years of postgraduate training, then begin my search for a job. In looking for a job I was almost immediately attracted to Binghamton University. I had attended a small undergraduate college (Grinnell College, in Grinnell, Iowa) and a large graduate school (UCLA), and enjoyed both environments. Binghamton University was the perfect combination of the two: small enough to get to know students when teaching, and large enough to support significant research. That was 26 years ago!


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