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Threats to Water Availability in Canada
- Publishing Information
- Overview
- Environment Canada Steering Committee, Production Team, Editors, Authors, External Reviewers
- Threats to Water Availability in Canada - A Perspective
- Short Chapter Summaries
- 1. Water Allocations, Diversion and Export
- 2. Dams, Reservoirs and Flow Regulation
- 3. Droughts
- 4. Floods
- 5. Municipal Water Supply and Urban Development
- 6. Manufacturing and Thermal Energy Demands
- 7. Land Use Practices and Changes - Agriculture
- 8. Land-Use Practices and Changes - Forestry
- 9. Land-Use Practices and Changes - Mining and Petroleum Production
- 10. Climate Variability and Change - Groundwater Resources
- 11. Climate Variability and Change - Rivers and Streams
- 12. Climate Variability and Change - Lakes and Reservoirs
- 13. Climate Variability and Change - Wetlands
- 14. Climate Variability and Change - Crysophere
- 15. Integrated and Cumulative Threats to Water Availability
Threats to Water Availability in Canada - A Perspective
Des O'Neill
DONMEC Consulting Inc., Lower Sackville, NS
Freshwater is a Limited Resource
With 7% of the earth's land surface, Canada possesses just about 7% of the world's renewable freshwater.
Freshwater is a natural resource, vital to the survival of all living things. In modern societies, it is essential to the functioning of a broad range of economic activities and sectors. Freshwater is a limited resource, however. Although Canada is commonly perceived as particularly fortunate in its plentiful freshwater resources, and Canadian people and industries are among the world's highest per capita users of water, our apparent abundance of freshwater is relative rather than absolute. Our nation's modest population in relation to its immense land area and correspondingly large water resource has much to do with the common perception of unlimited freshwater availability.
A Southern Population - A Northern Supply
Second only to Americans in their demands, Canadians use about 1650 cubic metres of freshwater per capita each year.more than double the average European rate.
In fact, many of country's major river systems flow northwards, away from the regions of highest population density, and the increasing concentration of population in urban areas in the south has resulted in a growing mismatch between sources of freshwater and areas of highest demand. The present assessment of threats to freshwater availability in Canada should be seen, therefore, against the backdrop of a limited national resource, not always located in the right place and increasingly under stress from human and other influences.
Water - More Valuable than Gold?
Caledon, Ontario (pop. 40,000) relies on groundwater as its source of drinking water. The replacement cost of Caledon's drinking water service has been calculated at $33 million annually.
There can be no question that Canada's freshwater supply is an immensely valuable national resource. Recent estimates of water's measurable contribution to the Canadian economy range from $7.5 to $23 billion annually, values comparable to the gross figures for agricultural production and other major economic components. At municipal and sectoral levels, economic valuation is a more readily understandable and meaningful indicator, as illustrated in the case of the Town of Caledon, Ontario.
The accessible natural sources of freshwater include rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs, groundwater aquifers, snowpacks, glaciers, ice fields and, at the most fundamental level, the liquid and solid precipitation that feeds and replenishes all other sources. In Canada, as in other countries, all freshwater sources are now under noticeable pressure in the face of growing domestic requirements, and other, sometimes conflicting, demands. The needs of municipalities, agriculture and industry, for example, must increasingly be balanced against the necessity of maintaining adequate streamflows in rivers to support important aquatic ecosystems and fish populations. Climatic variability, extreme climatic events, and the spectre of climate change also threaten Canada's sources of freshwater. At the same time, Canadians implicitly assume that governments will protect and sustain their sources of freshwater supply in the face of both population-related demands and natural and human-induced changes in important components of the supply system.
The present report examines individual and collective threats posed to freshwater availability. Based on contributions of participants at a workshop held in Victoria, British Columbia, in September 2002, it synthesizes the collective knowledge, expertise and input of about 100 academic, private sector and government experts in water science and water management. It presents a science-based assessment of the individual and cumulative implications of these stresses, and offers suggestions regarding the role science and policy might play in mitigating their impacts. It draws attention to the need for a more systematic and continuing implementation of established policies and strategies aimed at protection and conservation of water resources. Equally, it emphasizes the need for reinforced and expanded monitoring programs to observe and assess patterns and trends in water demand and use, and relevant environmental and ecosystem parameters. Finally, it examines the cumulative implications of the various pressures and stresses on Canadian freshwater resources and proposes an approach to addressing these threats in a more systematic and integrated manner.
Our current state of scientific knowledge on the hydrologic cycle receives considerable attention in the document, with particular emphasis paid to impacts of human activities, climate variability, and climate change. The worrisome implications of climate change for future access to freshwater in many regions are highlighted, as are the significant changes in important components of the hydrologic cycle that may result from a changing climate. These include changes in precipitation amount, type, geographic and seasonal distribution; in evaporation and evapotranspiration patterns; and in timing and rate of snowmelt. Assessment of the current and foreseeable capacity of climate science to produce useful predictions of future climatic conditions and of the related components of the hydrologic cycle is an important element of the present analysis. A companion publication1 released earlier addressed threats to sources of drinking water and to the health of aquatic ecosystems in Canada. The threats discussed there are inextricably linked to the threats facing freshwater availability, and, in reviewing this document, it is important to keep in mind that these have direct implications for drinking water supplies and ecosystem health.
Commencing with a brief overview of the history of water management and use in Canada, Chapter 1 of the report discusses a broad range of related topics under the heading "Water Allocation, Diversion and Export." These include international and interprovincial apportionment (i.e., the quantitative division of streamflows among jurisdictions), magnitude, impacts and implications of interbasin diversions, the relatively new emphasis on protection of "instream" values, the controversial debate on water exports, and the potential influence of evolving aboriginal rights.
Chapter 2 proceeds to examine dams, reservoirs and flow regulation from the perspective of the threats they may pose to the overall availability of freshwater. The impacts of dams and other impoundments on water quality, chemistry and thermal structure, river ice regimes, sediment load and deposition, and the integrity of aquatic systems are described. Among emerging issues, concerns are identified surrounding dam safety and decommissioning, as is the need to reassess these aspects in light of climate change and its future impacts on hydrologic regimes. Attention is also drawn to the contrasting perceptions of dams as sources of "clean" hydropower and as possibly significant sources of greenhouse gases.
A Changing Climate May Imply More Water Shortages
Historically most frequent in the southern Prairies, droughts are now a focus of scientific concern that climate change may increase their frequency, duration and severity in all regions of the country. Their causes and impacts, and their present and future implications for freshwater availability are addressed in Chapter 3. The current status of and future requirements for drought monitoring, modelling, and prediction are also discussed, as is the potential of drought adaptation strategies.
A Changing Climate Will Change Flood Patterns
At the other end of the hydrologic spectrum, floods and flooding cause major human disruption and exert both positive and negative influences on natural systems. Floods impose direct and indirect pressures on the availability of freshwater by damaging infrastructure, contaminating water supplies, and changing patterns of groundwater recharge. Spring floods, fed by melting snow, are a notable feature of most Canadian rivers and streams. A warming climate may significantly change their timing and magnitude, particularly in southern regions of the country, directly affecting the seasonal and annual cycles of streamflow and freshwater availability. Chapter 4 of the report examines these and related issues, highlighting needs to reassess estimates of Probable Maximum Flood, to update flood risk zoning maps and other planning approaches, and to apply such tools more consistently in land-use planning.
Urban Supplies Are Already Under Stress
Urban and residential requirements exert a primary demand on freshwater resources, and urbanization is proceeding at an accelerating pace in Canada. Urban expansion directly affects water availability for other sectors through its impacts on storage and runoff patterns and on water quality. Municipal uses now represent 11% of Canada's total freshwater consumption, with residential requirements contributing about half of that figure. During the 1994 to 1999 period, roughly 26% of Canadian municipalities reported water shortages as a result of increased consumption, drought or infrastructure problems. Notably, municipalities reliant on groundwater reported the most frequent supply difficulties.Chapter 5 examines the growing stresses placed on water supplies by urban and rural development. It also draws attention to various strategies used to mitigate these pressures, including demand management and increasing emphasis on reuse and utilization of lower quality water sources.
The thermal power generation and manufacturing sectors are Canada's largest and second largest users of water, and the very large demands these activities place on the nation's available supply are reviewed in Chapter 6. Factors affecting their future requirements for water are also addressed, emerging issues identified, and related policy, program and research needs highlighted. Among the emerging issues identified are the growing requirements of high-technology "new economy" industries for substantial amounts of high-quality water, possibly from already stressed municipal sources.
Agricultural Water Consumption Tops the Scale
Agriculture is Canada's largest net consumer of water, using about 70% of the water it withdraws from rivers, streams, reservoirs, and wells. Consequently, this vital sector exerts major pressures on the available water supply, particularly in the Prairie Provinces where 75% of all agricultural withdrawals occur. Chapter 7 examines trends in agricultural water usage and issues arising from agricultural water demands. It draws attention to the fact that about 85% of agricultural water use is for irrigation2 and that climate change is projected to increase this demand. It also points out that improved techniques such as irrigation scheduling and drip irrigation can yield substantial savings in water usage, and urban wastewater also has potential for irrigation of some crops.
Disappearing Glaciers - Reduced Streamflows?
Rocky Mountain glaciers that supply up to 10% of the base flow used for irrigation in western Canada may shrink dramatically during the next century!
Meltwater from Rocky Mountain glaciers is identified as an important contributor to baseflow in many western rivers and streams; consequently, predictions that these glaciers will disappear during the next century raise serious concern from the perspective of agricultural and other demands for water.
Forests are important...
Canada possesses about 418 million hectares of forestland, about 10% of the world's total, and the forest sector is a major contributor to the national economy. Forests play a vital role in the hydrologic cycle, influencing patterns of evapotranspiration, runoff and soil moisture. Disturbances caused by forestry operations and fires, however, exert significant impacts on streamflow, water quality, sediment discharge, and groundwater recharge. Chapter 8 examines forests and forest practices in relation to the contributions they make and the threats they pose to the nation's water resources. The impacts on the hydrologic cycle of forest fires, insect infestations, and practices such as clear-cutting are reviewed. In addition, the important role played by forests in the global carbon cycle is discussed.
Is Oil More Valuable than Water?
The oil and gas industry in Alberta has the rights to 25% of the province's groundwater supply for use in the recovery of oil from wells.
The Canadian mining and petroleum industries are among the world leaders in resource extraction. While mining places limited and location-specific demands on water supplies, the sector becomes a high-demand user of freshwater when associated refining, smelting and manufacturing operations are considered. Furthermore, the release of substandard water from abandoned mines is a significant threat to freshwater availability in some areas of the country. The petroleum sector, for its part, has large and growing requirements for freshwater. High-demand applications include extraction of oil from tar sands and injection of water into deep formations to enhance hydrocarbon production. The large amounts of wastewater from oilsands production are of poor quality and must be held in containment for long periods, while the injection technique results in permanent loss of water to other uses. Chapter 9 discusses uses of water by the mining and petroleum sectors, impacts of droughts, floods and climate change on their operations, and challenges faced by the industry in responding to increasing demands for resources in the face of more stringent environmental regulations and climatic variations and extremes.
Groundwater is a Hidden and Uncertain Resource
About 30% of Canadians rely on groundwater.municipal water shortages are most frequently reported by communities supplied from groundwater sources.
Groundwater is, as noted earlier, a vital component of Canada's freshwater resource, supplying a substantial fraction of municipal, agricultural and other requirements for water. As outlined in Chapter 10, our knowledge of the groundwater regime is considerably more limited than is the case for surface water3 ; moreover, management of groundwater is often the responsibility of different agencies than those accountable for other water resource components. Consequently, there are both deficiencies in knowledge and institutional issues to be addressed in developing policies and strategies for management of groundwater.
Chapter 11 examines potential impacts of climate variability and climate change on water availability in rivers and streams. It reinforces the fundamental importance of systematic, long-term monitoring of hydrometeorological parameters in representative large and small watersheds in all regions of the country. Concluding sections stress the need for enhanced priority, sharpened focus, clearer leadership, and increased resources in addressing the potentially dramatic impacts of climate change on water availability in streams and rivers.
Canada - a Land of Lakes
Roughly 14% of the world's lakes larger than 500 km2 are located in Canada.
Canada's more than a million lakes cover about 7.6% of its land area and there are, in addition, over 900 major reservoirs. Lakes and reservoirs are vitally important sources of freshwater for municipalities, agriculture, industry, recreation and other activities, as well as being important ecosystems in their own right. Chapter 12 discusses impacts of climate change and increased consumptive use by humans on lakes and reservoirs. The authors identify and comment on the probable responses of these water bodies to climate variability and climate change, pointing out that there are variations in the sensitivity of individual lakes. They stress that climate scenarios derived from the present generation of climate models give grounds for concern that reductions in lake and reservoir levels may occur in the foreseeable future. Such reductions could result from changes in timing and rate of melt of snowpacks and glaciers, changes in precipitation patterns, and increases in evaporation associated with a warmer climate.
Canada's Peatlands May Be a Climate Time Bomb!
Canada's peatlands contain about 150 billion tonnes of carbon, about 25 times the amount of fossil fuel carbon released to the atmosphere worldwide each year.
Poorly understood by the public at large, wetlands are vital components of the hydrologic regime, modulating discharge regimes in rivers, re-charging groundwater aquifers, and acting as reservoirs in the cycle of production, release, and storage of important greenhouse gases. In addition to being important ecosystems in their own right, they absorb, store and assimilate contaminants and provide many recreational opportunities. Canada's wetlands occupy about 1,300,000 km2, an area slightly larger than the province of Ontario. Occurring primarily in the boreal and sub-arctic regions, peatlands are by far the most common type of wetland, representing about 85% of the total. As outlined in Chapter 13, the future stability of wetlands in general, and peatlands in particular, is uncertain in the face of a warming climate4 . This raises the spectre of dramatically increased releases of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.
Quelques (Disappearing?) arpents de neige!
All of Canada is affected by seasonally frozen ground and half of Canada has permanently frozen ground (permafrost).
Described by Voltaire as "quelques arpents de neige," Canada's global image is one of snow and ice through much of the year. In fact, the cryosphere--snow, ice, glaciers, permafrost and frozen ground--is one of the most important components of our physical and biological environment. Chapter 14 points out that phase changes and seasonal storage involving the cryosphere and cryospheric processes dominate the hydrology of most Canadian river basins. Melt from glaciers in the Western Cordillera, as noted earlier, makes a significant contribution to summer streamflow in rivers and streams. Ice cover exerts important influences on river and lake discharges, as well as on ecosystems, and affects timing and intensity of discharge, evaporation patterns, and local climate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has projected that global climate warming will be greatest in arctic and sub-arctic regions. The cryospheric response to a warmer climate may be expected to include a decrease in solid precipitation, a reduction in the duration of snow and ice cover, gradual disappearance of mountain glaciers, increases in permafrost active layer depth, and melting of ground ice. Such changes will clearly have dramatic consequences for Canada and other high-latitude countries. Quantifying this response and its consequences, however, presents a significant challenge since current climate models are limited in their ability to simulate key characteristics of cold region climates.
Integrated and Cumulative Threats to Freshwater Availability are a Present Reality!
Chapter 15 examines the challenging, but real-world issue presented by integrated and cumulative threats5 to freshwater availability, and the need to manage these growing and somewhat intractable pressures. The case of the Columbia basin is used to illustrate how independent decisions made in the past by narrowly mandated government agencies contributed to creation of a so-called "meta-problem" extending well beyond the scope of a single agency or level of government. In the face of the complex interrelationships presented by integrated and cumulative threats, the need for more broadly focussed, integrated and consultative water management strategies is stressed. The authors discuss mechanisms established as part of current attempts to address such meta-problems in the Prairie Provinces and the Great Lakes basin (e.g., the Prairie Provinces Water Board and Alberta's South Saskatchewan River Basin Water Management Plan, the Great Lakes Charter).
The individual chapters in this publication draw attention to many sectoral and crosscutting stresses or threats affecting the nation's freshwater resources, and identify where related gaps exist in our current scientific knowledge and understanding. They constitute substantive science assessments by experts in the subject areas addressed in these chapters. In the present writer's view, these science assessments point to needs for urgent and sustained action on a number of fronts to ensure Canadians have future access to adequate supplies of freshwater. The following sections, therefore, represent one individual's synthesis of major conclusions and recommendations from the report along with some thoughts regarding their implications for future policy development and decision making. In overview, these topics can be discussed under four headings:
- Observational and Data Needs
- Critical Research Priorities
- Requirements for Informed Policies and Effective Management
- The Leadership Challenge
Observational and Data Needs
To know what to do...you must first know what is happening...
The systematic acquisition of observational data on Canada's freshwater resources represents an expensive and long-term commitment. Well-designed and solidly resourced monitoring programs are, however, absolutely essential to document trends in freshwater supply and use, to support research, and to measure and assess impacts of water policies and management and operational practices.
At the most basic level, the report identifies substantial shortcomings in our knowledge of Canada's freshwater resources, water usage patterns, and water-related infrastructure, pointing out, inter alia, that:
- Our surface water, groundwater, precipitation, cryospheric and other relevant monitoring networks are inadequately resourced and poorly coordinated. Near-real-time streamflow observations are insufficient to support hydrological modelling applications; observational coverage6 has key thematic and regional gaps; there are no national groundwater or wetlands monitoring networks; and access to historic data, including paleoclimate and paleoflood records, needs improvement.
- Reliable inventories of lakes and reservoirs, aquifer resources, glaciers, the condition and capacity of water distribution and treatment systems, and other important elements such as the number, size and location of mine workings and waste deposits are needed.
- Water demand and usage patterns should be more systematically monitored in sufficient temporal and spatial detail to document sectoral uses, trends and variations, losses, and effects of weather and season. More comprehensive data are also needed on groundwater withdrawals, effluent quality, and ecosystem behaviour in receiving waters.
In summary, authors highlight significant deficiencies in the design, operation and coordination of Canada's surface water, groundwater and climate monitoring networks; in documentation of water demands, usage patterns, effluent quality, and ecosystem impacts; and in basic water resources inventories. Not surprisingly, therefore, they recommend intelligently targeted expansion of baseline monitoring for key components of the hydrologic cycle, representative water demand and usage parameters, and effluent quality and aquatic impacts. In view of this recommendation, it would seem urgent to undertake a coordinated national review of freshwater monitoring programs to identify specific deficiencies and develop prioritized proposals for corrective actions. While considerable rationalization of climate and hydrometric networks7 has recently been completed, it seems clear that integration and complementarity among various sectoral monitoring programs must be further stressed. Moreover, innovations in monitoring techniques such as satellite remote sensing should be more aggressively and systematically implemented. A valuable supporting initiative might be to develop and regularly disseminate easily understood indicators of the status of freshwater resources8 and their socio-economic importance, in order to enhance and sustain public awareness of water issues.
Critical Research Priorities
Scientific investigation enhances our collective capacity for critical insight, informed assessment and rational judgement.
It is widely understood that research is required to generate new knowledge, advance technologies, predict future resource availability and demand patterns, evaluate uncertainties, and assess risks and benefits of policies and strategies. An improved knowledge base is clearly essential for prediction of future threats to the available freshwater resource, and for development of more effective water management policies and practices. In the present context, the implications of climate variability and climate change for water resources and water demand and usage patterns represent over-arching concerns. Clarifying these implications should be a top-priority research challenge. Responding to this challenge requires improved simulations of future climate and more useful seasonal climate forecasts. In particular, authors recommend that:
- the resolution of Global Climate Models (GCMs) be increased, representation of the cryosphere improved, and other appropriate steps taken to enhance their ability to model fields of hydrological importance. In short, Canada's world-class climate modelling capability should receive continuing support;
- the physical causes of past droughts be clarified, and monitoring and modelling of drought conditions improved. Greater advantage should be taken of environmental prediction capabilities to provide early warning of incipient drought conditions, and improved drought adaptation strategies must be sought; and
- the implications of climate variability and climate change for freshwater ecosystems, forest hydrology, permafrost distribution and melting of ground ice, peatlands/wetlands and glaciers be further clarified. A particularly important challenge will also be to factor climate change into flood frequency analysis and flood risk mapping.
On a more general level, authors recommend that research efforts focus on improved understanding and modelling of hydrological processes and systems, including aspects such as effects of land use changes on floods; relationships among land management, soil water balance and partitioning of precipitation; and flow of mine wastes through frozen soils. Greater emphasis should be given to synthesis and integration of research results using models that integrate hydrological and biogeochemical cycles; hydrological process knowledge must be progressively incorporated into watershed models; and up-to-date models applied to flood prediction, building on improving skill in forecasting excessive rainfall events. As supporting activities, improved remote sensing algorithms and statistical testing and diagnostic approaches should continue to be pursued.
Issues related to water quality also need to be addressed: for example, new chemicals of concern and their human and ecosystem health implications; drainage chemistry from mine wastes; and enhanced processes for water treatment, reclamation and recycling. Correspondingly, understanding must be improved of the social and economic factors underlying demands for water or posing impediments to innovation, conservation and recycling, and socio-economic models developed for various water uses and the forces driving demand patterns and recirculation decisions.
Requirements for Informed Policies and Effective Management
Scientific understanding provides a foundation for the development of farsighted policies and practices.
Implementation of farsighted policies and effective science-based management practices, reinforced by the support of a well-informed public, will be essential to a successful response to the many issues and challenges identified in this report. During the coming decades, the apportionment of water rights on cross-boundary rivers will require much greater attention in view of the growing potential for interjurisdictional conflicts. Optimal institutional frameworks must be sought that facilitate integrated land and water management, while striking a rational balance between competing uses, minimizing long-term threats to freshwater, and ensuring equitable allocation of water within basins and between jurisdictions. Financial approaches should be refined to ensure timely replacement of ageing water infrastructure. Coordination and cooperation among federal, provincial, territorial, municipal and private sector organizations in planning, installing and operating monitoring programs could be enhanced, and linkages between water scientists and water managers further solidified to facilitate application of new knowledge and techniques.
Science assessments provide a useful bridge between science and the needs of policy and decision makers.
Moreover, the concept of sustainable development requires us to consider intergenerational needs for freshwater. In consequence, public understanding and support must be developed through information campaigns that stress the fundamental socio-economic importance of freshwater, the limits to the freshwater resource and the need to conserve and protect it, outlining practical measures individuals and communities can take to that end.
The Leadership Challenge
Scientific leadership and teamwork are needed to address the many threats to Canadians' future access to freshwater.
At the most fundamental level, this report reinforces the need for strong leadership and an enhanced spirit of interjurisdictional and cross-disciplinary teamwork to address the urgent issues relating to Canada's future access to freshwater. Scientific leadership is clearly required to refine and prioritize requirements and obtain funding to implement needed upgrades to monitoring programs so that Canadians know, with confidence, the extent and condition of their freshwater resources, their socio-economic importance, the dimensions of the threats to them, and the effects of policies, management practices and external influences. Scientific leadership and vision are needed, equally, to target research efforts at issues truly critical to ensuring the nation's future freshwater supply. Furthermore, committed leadership and teamwork over the long term are needed at the highest levels of government to achieve improved coherence in policies and practices within and across jurisdictional boundaries.
In conclusion, this report lays out a challenge to develop and implement policies and actions to ensure the sustainability of Canada's freshwater supply in the face of the various threats and pressures outlined in succeeding chapters. Long-term political and institutional commitments will be essential if we are to respond effectively to that challenge. In consequence, the report's fundamental value will be largely measured by the degree to which it captures attention and motivates action by decision makers and institutions. Ultimately, success will have been achieved if the authors' efforts help to ensure Canadians have long-term access, at reasonable cost, to the freshwater needed for human consumption, sustainable social and economic development, and protection and conservation of aesthetic, environmental and other important values.
1 Environment Canada. 2001. Threats to Sources of Drinking Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Health in Canada. National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Ontario. NWRI Scientific Assessment Report Series No. 1. 72 p. RETURN
2 The remaining 15% being used in watering livestock. RETURN
3 Canada does not have a national groundwater monitoring network. RETURN
4 Permafrost degradation is already drastically changing the character of Canadian peatlands as the southern boundary of discontinuous permafrost moves northward.RETURN
5 Integrated threats emerge from combinations of stresses. Cumulative threats and impacts build and are felt over time. RETURN
6 Particularly for the cryosphere, in unregulated basins and in the North. RETURN
7 The establishment of a Reference Hydrometric Basin Network and a Reference Climate Network has resulted from these efforts. RETURN
8 The importance of readily understandable, high impact, snapshots of observed conditions cannot be over stated since requirements for continuing investments in long-term monitoring programs are not well understood by the public at large or by decision makers.RETURN
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General cellulose question for the experts!
I have been reading an awful lot about cellulose insulation, and there seems to be some confusion as to how everything works. Watched videos, read many web pages and so on. I have never personally used cellulose, hence my questions here.
It seems that cellulose when installed using the dense pack method is claimed to be an effective air barrier. This claim seems to come from either the installers or the manufacturers. Others seem to disagree saying that without some other form of barrier the cellulose will not be an effective air barrier on it's own. This obviously applies to wall cavities and not ceilings.
What say you?
Now, as far as blowing cellulose into attic spaces, two things appear to be obvious, at least to me. Firstly, it is difficult to get an even thickness and secondly, because of the loose fill nature of the product, there would seem to be any number of cavities which could conceivably leave open spaces for heat to escape.
Educate me please on how these items are addressed. Thanks. :)
i don't see cellulose as being an air barrier. unless you "pack" it solid in there.
in my experience, yes, an "even" layer is difficult. though i am sure pros have the experience to make it pretty even. but it doesn't have to be even, just get it reasonably close. blow enough and you will be good.
oh. the "nooks and crannies" . blown cellulose has a talent for getting into everything.
OTOH it will apparently "skin over" in some circumstances, making it the superior choice for blown in attic insulation over chopped fiberglass.
Thank you for your comment, I do appreciate it. :thumbsup:
Thank you again.
As effective as spray foam, no.
Don't ever install cellulose in a non-vented roof design. It does not work well and you will have a nightmare on your hands.
It is near impossible to get an exactly level application of any loose blow insulation but I don't think that really matters. It is about getting it up to a minimum established level (i.e. whatever value you want) and it does fill in void spaces quite well.
I agree with you about the poly vapor barrier. Air tight, it works great and will be much tighter than cellulose that is dense packed.
In a non-vented design you would dense pack it dry.
There are just too many examples of sheathing and structure rotting out with a cellulose insulation schedule to trust it.
It is hygroscopic and will draw water to it.
I know that it is not indicated for humid climates or coastal applications but I have yet to personally observe and issue and we live in a very humid and coastal climate.
As you want sources...lol;
convective loops in f.g. at low temps:
the testing- and a follow-up one, remember this is a low density (0.5#) blown-in, bonded/cubed fiberglass; http://docserver.nrca.net/technical/401.pdf
In defense, and not found in f.g. batt; https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q...mAAqxY_9UrVORg
Lawsuit against the "Thermacube" type; http://www.homeenergy.org/show/artic...zine/77/id/910
Another summary and testing of cellulose results: http://www.homeenergy.org/show/artic...zine/77/id/910
Unbonded blown-in f.g. and the big spread of air-permeability ratings for different densities, pp18, table 2; http://www.ornl.gov/info/reports/1994/3445603820925.pdf Use this (conversion calculator) to convert the density; http://www.unitconversion.org/densit...onversion.html
Interesting read; http://jen.sagepub.com/content/26/2/153.abstract
Cellulose thermal properties testing; http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/...ble/390620.pdf (long time to download)
Material B- 9.4 (0.58# f.g.); http://web.byv.kth.se/bphys/reykjavik/pdf/art_085.pdf
The density of an insulation sets its air permeability. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q...M8l_EeA2F-qvvA
Cellulose is blown in attics at 1.5# density while f.g. is around 0.55#; http://ws680.nist.gov/bees/ProductLi...Fiberglass.pdf
not much mass there... http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=...Sl4MDm_aao1YUg
How about adding more blown-in f.g. to stop the convective loops, or 2" of cellulose? https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q...SWhJRhM2V4M5EQ
Moisture; http://www.diychatroom.com/f103/blow...-think-163287/
Gary, as always, you are an absolute gold mine of information. So yet again, thank you most sincerely.
LOL. To all members: the white "search box" at the top of every page will bring a multitude of posts on the subject entered; eg.- "cellulose insulation in attic" gives: http://www.diychatroom.com/search.php?searchid=3612201
Though it usually doesn't answer the more technical questions, at least not with the latest answers... I do get carried away on certain subjects, lol.
what is 4.0 densities ?
when i said "pack it in there". i mean, to the point that it will hold a shape while standing on its own.
This is interesting, I see why you wanted to know about the insulation now.
"I have spent the past several weeks trying to design a small net zero energy house and the v.b. and thermal bridging are two of the most important aspects of such a design."
I hope you post about your small zero energy house that will be really interesting. I use to read the "Mother Earth News" for all of the great information about so many subjects, one being insulation and different ways to build an energy efficient home. One question you asked earlier about the cellulose, it is wet when blown in the walls. My insulation subs would spray a 1/2 of foam on all the exterior walls for a vapor barrier, then the cellulose. If you want a great sound barrier around the bathrooms, cellulose is fantastic as a sound killer.
Gary, now I never will get through reading.:)
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Re: st: gologit2
Maarten buis <email@example.com>
Re: st: gologit2
Tue, 15 Apr 2008 17:30:31 +0100 (BST)
--- Christian Bustamante <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> If the problem is in only a small subset of variables, it could be
> reasonably use gologit? (I suppose, that you can find these variables
> with the -brant, detail- command.
-gologit2- is designed for the situation where the proportional odds
assumption is violated for some but not all variables. Having said
that, it is up to you to determine whether you believe the Brant test
(I am currently running a simulation on that, and will report the
results when they are in) and to determine that -gologit2- is otherwise
appropriate. This latter point can only be answered by the researcher
who has access to the data, knows how the data was collected, what the
research question is, what the theory is, etc. In the end you are
responsible for your analysis, you cannot delegate that responsibility
to some test, the statalist, or some eminent statistician /
> When I did the Brant test, some chi-squares values of variables
> appears as negatives (and p-value equal to 1), how can in be
> possible?
The Brant test performs a series of -logit-s, so it does not respect
the fact that each individual belongs to one and only one category.
This can sometimes lead to weird results.
> Which representative author has written about this estimation
> technique?
Look at the references in:
Hope this helps,
Maarten L. Buis
Department of Social Research Methodology
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Boelelaan 1081
1081 HV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
visiting address:
Buitenveldertselaan 3 (Metropolitan), room Z434
+31 20 5986715
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text:
On my adventure to Seattle back in August, I ate at a great little pizza spot called Serious Pie on Pike Street.
Their special of the day was Pancetta Pear Pizza, it sounded delicious, so I gave it a try! And delicious it was!
Of course, I had to come home and recreate the recipe , so today I'm sharing my version of their serious-ly delicious pie!


text:
(Kristin) had been a member of Catholic Match for about a year already.
I joined after a broken engagement and needed encouragement and
fellowship. Both of which I found in multiple places here. It was
February of 2005 when I happened upon Jonathan's profile. Being that he
was from Atlanta and I from New Jersey, I saw little potential for a
relationship. I noticed that he was not yet Catholic but was seeking to
become so within a year. I wrote an email to encourage him in the
One thing lead to another–smiles, emails, chats, and
finally the phone calls. We spent hours upon hours on the phone
discussing theology, life, relationships and such. It came to the point
where we would both hang up the phone and remark privately to ourselves
how much we loved each other without having ever met.
I flew
(on my first plane trip ever!) to Atlanta in April and we have visited
each month since. I know the Lord is involved in our relationship, as I
applied for a position at a Catholic school in Georgia. I put the
possible employment in the Lord's hands and I was called the next day
with an offer. I leave in three weeks to live in Atlanta near Jonathan.
I look forward to having a "normal" relationship with him and being in
the same state, FINALLY!
I am most thankful for our meeting as
I know he is as well. He tells me everyday. Jonathan will begin RCIA
this coming fall, and I cannot wait to experience this amazing event in
his life with him. Thank you Catholic Match, for being the catalyst for
our encounter in both our lives. I have met a wonderful God-fearing man
and look forward to whatever the future holds for us. May God bless
each of you in your quest for a vocation. My prayers are with you as I
feel you are all family.


text:
ChatterCorner with Louisa J. Curtis
November 10, 2010
This month my conversation is with photographer and video producer, David Bergman. In June of last year, David approached me for a consulting session, mainly to talk about his new Web site, as well as some branding and marketing ideas. One such "branding" idea we talked about was to identify what about his work was unique to him? There are plenty of photographers out there, shooting the same or similar subjects, so how do you separate yourself from the crowd? And the one clear unifying thread throughout his work was, and still is, "action" — so that became a specific way for him to define his unique style, what it is he does, what he clearly loves to do, and therefore what he does best. "I've always enjoyed shooting live sports and have worked for Sports Illustrated magazine for years. My favorite photos are the ones that are filled with action and energy and I try to apply that aesthetic to all of my work – whether it is a concert, portrait, or sporting event. I want my images to bust right off of the page or screen."
Besides "action," I also asked him to give me three more words that sum up his creative style, and they were, "energetic, fun and unique" and when you take a look at David's work, it certainly is all of the above. Now when I asked him if he had to choose one, music or sports, could he, and if so, which one would it be, his answer was, "I like doing both, but right now I'm really enjoying the music world. Even shooting for a publication like Sports Illustrated, I rarely have access beyond the sidelines with all the other photographers. When I'm working with a band, I'm afforded an extra level of access that makes the job more enjoyable."
Recently David had emailed me to tell me that Fstoppers had produced a video on him shooting behind the scenes with Bon Jovi, http://bit.ly/bcpgYH. What is very cool about this is not only is it a really terrific video but it cleverly presents David as the "rock star" shooting the "rock star!" and now he also has a wonderful promotional piece. He said, "The video has proven to be very popular both in the photo community and with Bon Jovi's fans. It's also a great way to introduce myself to a potential new client since it shows my work and my personality. There are a lot of talented photographers out there so this video helps me to separate myself from the pack just a bit." I asked him more about how this video piece had come about and he told me, Patrick and Lee from Fstoppers.com approached me about shooting a behind-the-scenes video before their site had even launched. But I was very busy at the time and it wasn't going to be easy to bring a video crew with me on a shoot. We stayed in touch and I saw the quality of their work after the site went online. We all wanted to do a shoot with Bon Jovi and it literally took me months to get permission from the band's management to do it. But I finally got the guys out to a show at the Meadowlands over the summer. The edit took a couple of months and Jon Bon Jovi personally gave his blessing when he saw the final piece. Working with Bon Jovi has been one of the highlights of my career. Jon has granted me rare access to shoot backstage and on the stage during the show. It's a dream gig and I love every minute of it."
I asked David to tell me more about how one gains access the way he has been able to in order to shoot behind the scenes and he said, "Trust is very important. Of course, the images have to be good, but bands in particular are like a very tight knit family. Everyone wants to get to the "inner circle," but they don't let outsiders in very often. It took me years to get a shot with Bon Jovi. Once I got "in," then I concentrated on making sure that they knew I was a professional, took my craft very seriously, and that they could trust me. That has led to more access, which allows me to make more unique photos."
With everyone talking "video" these days and because David is an accomplished videographer as well as photographer, I asked him if he feels he has an advantage over everyone else or are they chasing his heels, and how have his skills in video helped him advance his career? "I look at video as just another tool in my bag of skills. With the declining economy, clients want to hire photographers who can do more than just be a photographer. When they come to me, I can provide a number of different services (for a price!) including video."
I was also curious to know if he is shooting video and stills on the same shoot, at a live concert, for instance. "Bon Jovi has a full video crew with them so I don't shoot video at all on that tour. In general, shooting stills and video are two completely different things and I rarely shoot both at the same time. But I was hired by the band Taddy Porter, for example, to direct the music video for their song "Shake Me" and also to produce a series of new promo stills for them. We set aside some time to make traditional portraits while I was on the road with them and kept it separate from the video shoot."
Whether he is shooting Presidents, rock stars or athletes, David travels a lot. So I asked him what he likes about life on the road and what he doesn't like. "I love the challenge of going to a foreign place, navigating all the logistics, and getting the job done against all odds. Of course, being away from my family is the toughest part, but I make sure to video chat with my wife and daughter as often as I can."
One of the reasons that Fstoppers originally contacted David was not because of his concert imagery, but for his famous GigaPan of the Inauguration of President Obama, http://www.davidbergman.net/gigapan. I asked him to tell me more about how that came about and if that was a particular highlight in his career? "I've been fortunate to cover some amazing events over the years and the inauguration was one of the biggest. As soon as President Obama won the election, I told my agency Corbis that I'd be happy to cover his inauguration if they happened to get credentials. It didn't come through until the week before, but they received two passes and I was cleared for one of them. I was there to simply shoot traditional still photos, but I decided to make a GigaPan image at the same time. It turned out to be a really good idea since that image has had over 12 million views online. Since then I've been hired by commercial clients to produce GigaPans for them as well."
In closing, here are my ChatterDozen quickfire questions with David's responses:
1) Who is your favorite photographer? "I'm a big fan of Walter Iooss, Joe McNally, and Frank Okenfels. Also, my friend Robert Caplin is currently doing some awesome work on tour with Justin Bieber."
2) What would you do if you weren't a photographer? "I studied music production at the Berklee College of Music in Boston and, if I wasn't in photography, I would probably be a music producer."
3) Where do you get your inspiration and ideas? "I'm inspired by the people I photograph. I learn every day from their professionalism, work ethic, and creativity."
4) If you could be born in another period of history, when would that be and why? "I would want to be born in the future! It would be amazing to see the technological advances that will take place over the next hundred years."
5) If you could get on a plane tomorrow, and go anywhere you wanted to, instead of where someone is sending you, where would you fly to and why? "My favorite city in the world is Sydney, Australia. I spent three weeks there covering the Olympics in 2000 and fell in love with the city and the people. I'm looking for an excuse to get back there on assignment one day soon."
6) What is your favorite TV show? "Favorites of all time include 30 Rock, West Wing, and Battlestar Galactica (the new version, not the cheesy one from the 70's!)."
7) What was the last movie you saw? "I watched Iron Man 2 on my iPad as I flew cross-country last week."
8) What is your favorite food? "I can eat breakfast foods anytime of the day or night – scrambled eggs, French toast, and pancakes." (Me too!)
9) What is your favorite animal? "I have two cats and they'd scratch me if I didn't say that they were my favorite. I do like dogs, but could never have one with my travel schedule. Cats are lower maintenance."
10) What is your favorite color? "Red, I suppose."
11) Who (dead or alive) do you admire? "I admire great entrepreneurs and businessmen like Richard Branson, Donald Trump, and Steve Jobs. They know what they want and push the people around them to excel."
12) If I handed you an Oscar for photography, whom would you be thanking in your acceptance speech? "My first "thank you" would be to my wife, who has put up with my crazy hours and ridiculous travel schedule for more than 12 years. Then I would thank the editors who gave me a shot over the years. Along the way, people like Phil Sandlin (Associated Press), Dennis Copeland (Miami Herald), and Steve Fine (Sports Illustrated) took a chance on a young kid who just kept badgering them until they finally relented."
See more of David Bergman at: www.davidbergman.net and at
Louisa J.Curtis of Chatterbox Enterprises, www.chatterboxenterprises.com
For more information on Louisa's services, or to be added to her monthly ChatterBulletin mailing list, contact her at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Mark HallSenior Technical Director
Sony Pictures Imageworks
Behind the Scenes:
Technical Challenges and
Moviemaking is a very high-tech operation these days.
The talk will explain some of the technologies used in "post
production", which is everything that happens after the actual filming.
It will cover the techniques and hardware that fill empty stadiums
with people, allow mice to talk, and robots to fly, all to allow a
director to tell a story.
You will also hear what it's really like to work in the "glamorous
movie business".
|Tuesday, September 20, 2005
4:30p.m. - Duncan Hall, McMurtry Auditorium
Rice University
* Biography:
Dr. Hall is currently a Senior Technical Director at Sony Pictures Imageworks, where he's worked in visual effects for 9 years. He uses computer graphics to add elements to live action photography. Projects have included Polar Express, Peter Pan, Matrix Revolutions, Matrix Reloaded, Anger Management, Harry Potter, Hollow Man, Stuart Little, and Starship Troopers. Prior to Sony he worked at Walt Disney Feature Animation, on Dinosaur, Fantasia 2000, and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. He previously worked at Sun Microsystems and Texas Instruments.
Dr. Hall spent an awful lot of time at Rice, getting the following degrees: BSEE (81), MEE (82), MSCS (90), PhD (92).
ECE Affiliates Meeting
Computer Science Affiliates Meeting
Last modified: July 28, 2005


text:
I cant seem to find anything on the net about old dodges. I bought one last year and its in good condition for where I live but I don't know what year it is and I cant seem to find how to find out. Can anyone help?
Wish I could answer your question for you, but it would make a helluva neat classic flatbed car hauler, whatever year it is. My guess would be a 40 or 41
Hopefully someone will come along and know how to identify the year on these old dodges. Not much info on them. But actually i was thinking of leaving it with no bed just restore it and keep it the way it is.( no bed, just open frame and tire)possibly add a 5th wheel and toe package to haul my other cars with. I also would like to rebuild the Flathead if at all possible cause that's the only reason i bought it.
The ID plate on the door said it was a Model WH-48.
Not much info on dodges but the chevs and fords of that era had the date stamped on the rear of the speedo maybe pull it out and see if there is a date there,they are just ink so don't wipe it to much or it will be gone.
I looked in a book I have on the history of Dodge. They mostly cover the cars. So the info on trucks is little. The truck is most likely a '46 or '47 as the trucks in '40 model numbers all started with "V" .. The "41 did not have much info and the '42 showed a "W" . The '43 thru '45 were war years . The '46 & '47 models all started with "W". There is a picture of a '46/'47 that looks just like yours..
Hi, not totally clear on this but here goes: according to the records I have the WH year/model first shows up in 1941 as WG-WH-45/49 with four wheel bases with 241 *** engine.capacity rating 2 ton.all info. the same for 1942no truck production 1943no WH 1944WG/WH 45/49 returns 1945 with two wheel bases, 251 engine1946, the only 2 ton or WH is listed as Cab-over-engine1947 it goes back to same as 1945I you give me the wheel base and serial number off that plate I can (maybe) nail it as I have the serial number sequences for production in the various years.
Go to a Dodge specific site , such as www.dodgetalk.com or www.dodgeclassictrucks.com ( two of many such sites ), and post your question and picture for a quick answer , good luck !
---------------------- " Experience is something you get just after you need it " -----------------


text:
Go back ten years or more, and there was a lot of pressure within the Pagan community to present a united front. We weren't many, and we needed a coherent narrative that people could grasp and be persuaded by. These generalisations built us a place to stand and helped us establish a space for Paganism in this world. [Read more…]
Druid Thoughts: Strength in Diversity
January 29, 2014 by Leave a Comment


text:
Q. I understand that around 20,000 savers have the option to withdraw from KiwiSaver very shortly. I had my first deductions from my pay on January 15 2008 and these were received by my default provider, Mercer, on April 15, 2008. Both Mercer and IRD confirm that I can withdraw on January 15, 2013 as I am over 65. However my wife, who is also over 65, nominated ASB as her provider and has been told that her withdrawal date will be the five-year anniversary of monies received by them. She joined KiwiSaver in July, 2007 and ASB received her first money from IRD in September 2007. Could you please let me know who is right and who is wrong?
A. With so many people eligible to withdraw funds from KiwiSaver starting July 1, consistency around the rules is very important. KiwiSaver is governed by the KiwiSaver Act 2006, so I went to the legislation to see what it said about eligibility for withdrawals at 65. I found the relevant information in Section One. It reads, "A member may not make a withdrawal from the KiwiSaver scheme until the KiwiSaver end payment date." The end payment date is defined as "the later of:
(a) the date on which the member reaches the New Zealand superannuation qualification age;
(b) the date on which the member has been a member of a KiwiSaver scheme for five years;
(c) the date on which the member has been a member of a complying superannuation fund (or a complying superannuation fund and a KiwiSaver scheme) for five years."
So according to the legislation, in your wife's case the key date is when she became a member of a KiwiSaver scheme. Let's look a bit closer.
Inland Revenue is the regulatory overseer for KiwiSaver, so their rulings can generally be relied upon as correct. It is clear that you and your wife have been given conflicting information by IRD and Mercer on the one hand and ASB on the other. ASB is the second-largest provider of KiwiSaver with about 300,000 members. Their default conservative fund is the largest KiwiSaver fund in New Zealand with over $1 billion invested. I rang the 0800 number for ASB's KiwiSaver enquiries. The automated responses gave me a good idea of the traffic they must experience from KiwiSaver callers.
Eventually I reached John Smith, head of managed funds at ASB. He responded:
"Currently, people signing up directly with a KiwiSaver provider are treated differently in terms of their payment date calculation to those who enter into a KiwiSaver scheme by default through their employer. The IRD is aiming to have some legislation passed that will retrospectively clarify this for those who are defaulted into a KiwiSaver scheme. In any event, however, the information given to the customer's wife who joined ASB KiwiSaver Scheme directly appears to be incorrect. Her five-year anniversary should, in fact, be aligned to the date she joined the scheme."
So there you go. It looks like your wife should be able to access her KiwiSaver sooner rather than later.
Shelley Hanna is an Authorised Financial Adviser FSP12241. Her disclosure statement is available free on request by calling 8703838. The information contained in this article is of a general nature and is not intended to provide specific or personalised advice. If readers have any KiwiSaver questions they would like answered please go to www.peak.net.nz or email email@example.com.


text:
April 30, 2013
Game 44 Colorado State at Northern Colorado
May 1, 2013 | Greely, Colo. | 5 p.m. MT
Game 45 San Diego State at Colorado State
May 3, 2013 |Fort Collins, Colo. | 4 p.m. MT
Game 46 San Diego State at Colorado State
May 4, 2013 | Fort Collins, Colo. | 1 p.m. MT
Game 47 San Diego State at Colorado State
May 5, 2013 | Fort Collins, Colo. | 1 p.m. MT
Coming Up
The Colorado State softball team (21-22, 7-5 MW) will step out of Mountain West action momentarily to play at in-state rival Northern Colorado (15-28-1, 5-1, Big Sky) for one game Wednesday evening, before returning to Fort Collins where the second-place Rams will host MW-leading San Diego State (30-17, 8-4 MW) for a three-game series at Ram Field.
Recapping Boise State
Colorado State went dropped the first two games of a three-game series at Boise State before claiming victory in Game 3. In Game 1, the Rams and Broncos battled into extra innings, before BSU claimed the 3-2 win. Senior pitcher Kacie McCarthy took a no-hitter into the seventh. The Rams took a 2-0 lead in the eight, but BSU matched them before claiming the win with a single run in the bottom of the ninth. The Rams dropped Game 2 by a final of 5-2. BSU rallied for all five runs in the bottom of the third. The Rams scored twice in the fourth, but were unable to pull closer than the 5-2 final. In the series finale, the Rams were able to hold off Boise State to capture the 5-4 victory. McCarthy pitched five scoreless innings before being relieved by sophomore hurler Molly Randle, who earned her first save of the season. The Rams staked to a 5-0 lead before giving up one run in the bottom of the sixth and three more in the bottom of the seventh before shutting down the Broncos' rally.
Upcoming promotions and Farewell to Seniors
The Colorado State softball team hosts its final regular-season home series this weekend vs. San Diego State, and the festivities will include several special promotions and a "Senior Day" presentation.
Friday's series opener vs. the Aztecs is the Rams' annual "Pink Out" game to raise breast cancer awareness. The players will wear pink jerseys for contest, and all fans are encouraged to wear pink. The best dressed fan will earn a prize pack from CSU Athletics.
Friday's opener will also serve as the team's Salute to faculty and staff. Each member of the team will be accompanied by a CSU faculty/staff member of their choosing during an on-field ceremony before first pitch vs. the Aztecs.
Saturday's second game of the series will be followed by the inaugural Athletics Staff vs. Coaches home run derby. Teams, made up of CSU Athletics staff and Rams coaches, will face off against one another with bragging rights, and the "Golden Helmet" trophy on the line.
Prior to Sunday's series finale, the Rams will celebrate the careers of senior pitchers Kacie McCarthy and Kailey Snyder, who will be in uniform for the last time at Ram Field.
MW Standings Update
Colorado State enters play this week ranked No. 2 in the Mountain West standings. The Rams, at 7-5 in league play, are one game behind first-place San Diego State (8-4) heading into this weekend's three-game series with the Aztecs at Ram Field. Nevada and Fresno State remain tied for third in the league standings with an 8-7 mark, just ahead of 6-6 UNLV. Boise State (5-7) and New Mexico (3-9) are sixth and seventh, respectively in the standings.
MW rankings
The Rams enter this week's action ranked among the conference leaders in a number of categories.
Team: As a team, the Rams are among the top-three in the league in seven categories, leading the MW in triples (16), sacrifice flies (13), and tying for first with San Diego State in saves (3). CSU is also second in runs scored (202), and third in slugging percentage (.418), RBIs (174), and ERA (3.40).
Chelsea Biglow: The junior third baseman ties for first with four sacrifice flies, ties for fourth with three triples, and ties for sixth in assists (81).
Alysa Greckel: The junior first baseman ties for first with four sacrifice flies, ties for seventh in fielding 10 double plays, and places eighth in chances (263) and putouts (250).
Jaelyn Mazanares: The freshman catcher is tied for the league lead with a 1.000 fielding percentage behind the plate.
Kacie McCarthy: The senior pitcher is first in the conference with a .231 opponent batting average and ranks third in ERA (2.25), innings pitched (177.2), and batters struck out (134), while tying for third with 16 victories, one behind league leaders Rebecca Arbino (SDSU) and Amanda Oliveto (UNLV).
Cassy Mosser: The junior second baseman ranks ninth with 78 assists.
Ashlie Ortega: The junior shortstop ranks fourth with a .620 slugging percentage, ties for fourth with three triples, places fifth with 85 assists, sixth for on base percentage (.450) and seventh in batting average (.364).
Emily Pohl: The junior catcher is tied for second at the plate with eight times hit by pitch, while ranking fifth among catchers with eight base-stealers thrown out.
Shae Rodriguez: The sophomore centerfielder is tied for first with seven triples .
Danielle Wikre: The sophomore designated player and first baseman ties for third with three sacrifice flies.
Rams ranking nationally
The Colorado State softball team enters play this week ranked among the top-100 nationally in two categories, coming in sixth in triples per game (0.35) and 85th in double plays per game (0.3), The Rams offense also ranks 101st in the country in runs per game (4.7).
Individually, three Rams rank among the top-25 nationally in a variety of categories, led by sophomore outfielder Shae Rodriguez who leads the country in triples per game (0.17) and total triples (7). Chelsea Biglow and Alysa Greckel both rank tied for tied for 18th in sacrifice flies (4). Senior pitcher Kacie McCarthy ranks just outside the top-25 with six shutouts on the year (31st nationally).
Junior Consistency
The junior class continues to act as a consistent fixture for Colorado State. Although shortstop Ashlie Ortega had her team-leading hit streak snapped at 10 games, she came through for the Rams in their victory during Game 3, going 2-for-3 at the plate, notching a triple and a single while walking once and scoring one run.
Chelsea Biglow leads the team with a .421 batting average in conference action, and recorded a hit in each of the Rams' most recent outings at Boise State. In Game 2, Biglow enters play against the Bears with a three-game hitting streak. She has also notched three home runs, two doubles, and two triples over the last two series against Fresno State and Boise State.
Second baseman Cassy Mosser also recorded one hit in each of the Rams' games at Boise State, and drove in two runs in the Rams' 5-2 victory in the series finale. Mosser has tallied 11 runs scored in league play, tying teammate Ashlie Ortega for second behind SDSU's Patrice Jackson. Her speed on the base path has been on display this season, as she has gone a perfect 6-for-6 in steal attempts.
About Northern Colorado
Northern Colorado enters Wednesday's game in Greeley with a record of 15-28-1 and a 5-10 mark in the Big Sky Conference. The matchup marks the second of the season between the Rams and the Bears, as CSU earned a 10-0 victory over UNC on March 6. The Bears' senior outfielder Lindsey Smith leads the team with a .351 batting average over 134 at bats, notching 17 doubles, four home runs, and 35 RBIs. Sophomore pitcher Kelci Cheney paces the UNC pitching staff with a 4.71 ERA and an 8-8 record with 68 strikeouts over 130.2 innings of work.
Rams vs. the Bears
Under third-year head coach Jen Fisher, Colorado State is 7-2 against Northern Colorado, including her first win at the helm of the Rams' program, an 8-3 decision at the 2011 Hotel Encanto Invitational in Las Cruces, N.M. The Rams swept four games against the Bears in 2012, and earned a 10-0 win in the first meeting this season at Ram Field on March 6.
About San Diego State
San Diego State enters play this week with a 30-17 overall record, while leading the Mountain West with an 8-4 league mark, one game ahead of the second-place Rams. Lorena Bauer, one of six Aztecs to play in all 47 games this season, leads the team with a .413 batting average. She has notched 17 doubles, 11 home runs, 41 RBIs, and holds a .790 slugging percentage. The Aztecs pitching staff is led by the tandem of freshman Danielle O'Toole and senior Rebecca Arbino. O'Toole, the reigning MW Pitcher of the Week, has posted a 1.71 ERA with a 12-6 record while striking out 104 batters. Arbino is 17-11 with a 2.07 ERA and 174 strikeouts.
Rams vs. the Aztecs
Colorado State is 29-51 all-time against the San Diego State Aztecs, and the Rams are looking for their first win against SDSU since an 8-2 victory on May 13, 2010. The Aztecs have won six straight against CSU since then. Last season, the Aztecs finished one ahead of CSU and Boise State in the conference-title race.
Looking ahead
The Rams head to Albuquerque, N.M., where they will close out the 2013 regular season with a three-game series against the New Mexico Lobos, May 9-11. Games 1 and 2, are scheduled for Friday and Saturday, respectively at 6 p.m. MT. Sunday's regular-season finale is slated for a 1 p.m. MT start.
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Settlement reached for Oregon natural gas rates
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As we noted here in August, we've requested around a 20 percent decrease in natural gas rates due to the declining cost of wholesale natural gas. This decrease is still pending, but is likely to be approved. Today, we've announced an all-party settlement in our request to increase rates (the portion that pays for expenses and capital investments made to our system to ensure the safe, reliable delivery of natural gas). That increase settlement, if approved by the Public Utility Commission of Oregon would increase rates 7.1 percent.
The bottom line: a 13% decrease in rates
The bottom line is that our two requests should result in a 13 percent decrease if approved, since we've requested two things: a -20 percent (cost of gas) and a +7.1 percent (cost of service delivery). For an Oregon customer using an average of 52 therms of natural gas per month, the net result should be a $10 cost savings each month. It's expected that both requests, if approved, will take effect on Nov. 1.
Now, hold on a minute.
Why would we tell customers in August that we're requesting to lower rates 20 percent due to the cost of wholesale gas, when we were asking for an increase at the same time for a different part of rates? The requests are independent of each other and happen on
different timelines
, which is certainly a bit confusing. These independent requests, if approved, will both become effective Nov. 1, right when the winter heating season kicks in. The bottom line is that customers are expected to see a 13 percent decrease, or $10 per month savings – the lowest rates since 2004.
Read the news release
for a few more about this settlement.
If you have any comments or questions, drop us a line in a comment or
Posted by System Account on 9/30/2009
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text:
Originally written on The Sports Bank | Last updated 8/31/14
There was some talk that the recently divorced Danica Patrick was also going to to cut ties with Go Daddy, but she decided to renew with them instead. She shot a new Super Bowl ad, and released a preview via Twitter today. The spot seems to have an aviation theme. She tweeted: @DanicaPatrick Shooting new #GoDaddy Super Bowl ad. You like my pilot look? pic.twitter.com/7KNmgd3J click on it for a larger look Here she is Bar Refaeli Paul M. Banks is CEO of The Sports Bank.net, a Google News site generating millions of unique visitors. He's also a regular contributor to Chicago Now, Chicago Tribune.com, Walter Football.com, Yardbarker, and Fox Sports A Fulbright scholar, published author and MBA, Banks has appeared on live radio all over the world; he's also a member of the Football Writers Association of America, U.S. Basketball Writers Association, and Society of Professional Journalists. The President of the United States follows him on Twitter (@Paul_M_BanksTSB) You should too.
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- Forums
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MiceChat / Drawn to Animation
by Paul Barrie on Nov 28, 2013 | No Comments
This week, Jeremiah takes you into Disney's Hollywood Studios for a walk around the park, a talk with Mushu, and a visit with Ariel and her undersea friends at the VOYAGE of the LITTLE MERMAID…
Posted in Disney Hollywood Studios, Disney Parks, Features, Walt Disney World, Window to the Magic
Copyright © 2017 MiceChat. MiceAge and MiceChat, LLC are not associated in any manner whatsoever with the Walt Disney Company, its subsidiaries and/or its affiliates. Our purpose is to present completely independent editorials, reviews, and guides about theme parks and other products from Disney and similar companies. Disney's site is available via this link.


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To piss all over the toilet seat. Women do this in order to make the toilet seat a disgusting mess, and secondly to encourage further hovering by subsequent users of the toilet.
The toilet seat is a disgusting mess because the last five girls that used it all hovered.
by M.C. Sarbanes-Oxalot March 19, 2008
Cleveland Steamer Plush
The vengeful act of crapping on a lover's chest while they sleep.Buy the plush
To wander or circle around a certain area while waiting for a person or event. This can be done on wheels or on foot, but is most popular with cars.
by rstefan456 October 23, 2009
by emit June 11, 2008
Hovering is the act of squatting like a helicopter over a dirty toilet seat in order to prevent from having to put your bum down.
I had to take a crap in the Exxon's bathroom but had to hover because some dumb shit pissed all over the seat.
by Sharter428 July 28, 2008
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug
The act of placing your hand under a girl's panties and then purposely avoiding direct contact with her vagina. Hand may be cupped. Typically used by virgins scared to move forward. Although intended to cause arousal, actual result is the girl wondering just what you think you're doing.
Yeah man, I was rounding third and headed for home when I decided to stop and just hover for a bit. Awwww, yeah, I got skillz.
by Tongue Punch September 06, 2010
When presented with a gross toilet, the act of not putting your bum on the seat in order to prevent pubic lice infestations or diseases from lot lizardsand skanks.
by ILoveThom'sChickenDance December 01, 2003
To pace about restlessly and hang around impatiently while waiting for someone to complete a task for you, often accompanied by repeatedly looking over the person's shoulder. Erroneously thought of by the waiter as helping to speed things up, hovering generally has the exact opposite effect, causing the laborer to feel harried and nervous at being constantly watched, and thus actually making him take even longer to complete the task because his uneasiness obliges him to work more carefully and deliberately, and to re-check more details of his work than he would if he was calm.
Can also loosely refer to any form of fretting at or badgering someone, such as by phoning or e-mailing/IM-ing him repeatedly.
Can also loosely refer to any form of fretting at or badgering someone, such as by phoning or e-mailing/IM-ing him repeatedly.
Husband: Is the shop almost done fixing our car yet?
Wife: Well, possibly, but I am not sure... they were still working on it when I stepped in, but they all appeared to be a bit stressed, so I didn't want to hover.
Wife: Well, possibly, but I am not sure... they were still working on it when I stepped in, but they all appeared to be a bit stressed, so I didn't want to hover.
by QuacksO April 24, 2012


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Envelope Tutorial for Embellished Cards
43 comments:
Ok, Back it UP! I was looking for the PCSC, but just had to put it in reverse because this is such a good idea! I have got to try this one out, and thank you for the print out!ReplyDelete
Oh Kim! I've been trying to find a good way to mail my bulky cards....and there you come with a fantastic tutorial! Thanks for sharing, I am already making one, yay!!ReplyDelete
Brilliant! I always end up using a larger envelope but don't like the way it looks. Thanks for the instructions!!ReplyDelete
This is one FANTASTIC and very useful tutorial for those of us who love to pile on the embellies!! Great work my friend!ReplyDelete
Kim I saw your tutorial on TKJ and LOOOOVED it! So perfect~ I will certainly be giving it a try! Thanks for taking the time to share it, I know how time consuming a good step by step tutorial can be. :)ReplyDelete
Awesome Tutorial! I have it printed out and will keep it with my ScoreBoard!! :)ReplyDelete
Very pretty and great tutorial!ReplyDelete
Fantastic tutorial! Thank you! You have taken great pictures and perfectly clear instructions!ReplyDelete
Kindest regards,
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
This is such a great tutorial Kim! I'm sure I'll be using it in the future. :-)ReplyDelete
Girl, you are a genius!! This is absolutely brilliant, Kim! I usually use bubble wrap padded mailers, but this is so much better! Love, love, love it! And omyword, is that card ever gorgeous, too! :)ReplyDelete
Fabulous tutorial!! I can't wait to try, thank you for sharing!ReplyDelete
awesome tutorial! and thanks for th nice, neat cheat sheet! I love this idea and will be sure to use it. thanks for getting back to me on the postage.ReplyDelete
AWESOME! Thank you, Kim for sharing this!ReplyDelete
this looks perfect!ReplyDelete
LOVE this Kim! Fabulous tut!ReplyDelete
Awesome. Great tutorial and such helpful tips on making this large envie. I'm going to pin this to my card board if you don't mind. Thank you.ReplyDelete
This is great, but it needs to be mailed with added postage since it doesn't fit in the 1/4 inch slot required for regular mail by the post office. :-)ReplyDeleteReplies
Hi Bee! Yes, this does require two stamps for mailing. But worth every penny!Delete
oh my garsh, i have thought about this forever. do you have to mark it "hand stamp" so they dont smash it all to bits?ReplyDelete
lori brownReplies
Hi Lori! I haven't ever marked "hand stamp" on this when sending it through the mail. Because I place two stamps and the thickness exceeds the 1/4 inch size, the post office won't run it through the machine. Arrives safe and sound each time!Delete
oh my garsh, i have thought about this forever. do you have to mark it "hand stamp" so they dont smash it all to bits?ReplyDelete
lori brown
thanks for the directions! a wonderful thing to have!!ReplyDelete
Thank you so much for the tut...what size card will fit in this envelope?ReplyDeleteReplies
Hi Jaggs, this envelope will fit a standard A2 size card that measures 4.25" x 5.5". Enjoy!Delete
Thank you for this. Wonderful idea. Can you do one for a 5.25x 5.25ReplyDelete
Hi Kim, This is my first time visiting your site. Love this idea. I will return. You have been bookmarked. LOL. Thanks ElaineReplyDelete
Thank you, great tutorial!ReplyDelete
Thank you for this amazing tutorial.ReplyDelete
Would love to have instructions for an A6 card.....5x7?ReplyDeleteReplies
Hi Darlene, I will certainly add instructions for an A6 card and other sizes too. Very soon!Delete
Hi Kim, I don't have a scoring plate just the trimmer. Can you supple dimensions for the envelope using the scorer on the trimmer? I can't seem to make it work.ReplyDelete
One of our DT members just shared your link and I am glad she did. Thanks!ReplyDelete
Carson's Creations
Hi Kim!ReplyDelete
Thanks for the great tutorial. I tried the cardstock at 8.25 but it didn't allow for enough overlap to glue the sides. I tried using a true 8.5" square and it worked out beautifully using your measurements. I wonder if you meant to type 8.5 all along. Anyway, thanks for the great instructions!
Thank you for the great and helpful tutorial. I made a envelope by this tutorial and i love this idea very much.ReplyDelete
This worked great and I did print out the tutorial. I made a couple back in Feb. from someone's tutorial and couldn't remember where I saw. Thanks so much for the printable too and having your site name on it so I can find you again.ReplyDelete
I am so excited to find this!! Thank you, thank you, thank you!! I can't wait to try this. I was just saying today that I didn't know how to make an envelope for a card. YAY.. I do now!!ReplyDelete
Thanks for your fabulous tutorial and the easily downloadable instruction sheet.ReplyDelete
This is great. I'm wondering if I could send the purchases of my tags over to this tutorial? I know that often my digital tags are embellished, glittered, and generally "sized" up.ReplyDelete
Thanks for this tutorial and easy to follow instructions.ReplyDelete
Hi I am looking for a chart that gives the size of the paper and scoring lines for multiply sizes envelopes right now I am looking for an envelope size and scoring lines measurements for a 5by5 card. I want it to fit perfectly in the env. I have multiple score boards but they do not list for a 5by 5 card ty shariReplyDelete
Hi I am looking for a chart that gives the size of the paper and scoring lines for multiply sizes envelopes right now I am looking for an envelope size and scoring lines measurements for a 5by5 card. I want it to fit perfectly in the env. I have multiple score boards but they do not list for a 5by 5 card ty shariReplyDelete
Could you tell me what size card fits in this envelope. Great jobReplyDelete


text:
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text:
Whats the best type of Bulbs to buy for your regular headlights so they look xenon
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Jan 1970
Location: SAN DIEGO!!!!
Posts: 202
My Ride: 2002 325CI
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I think these top them all.
PIAA Item No. H94 - 9005/9006 This bulb can be used at High or Low Beam
SUPER PLASMA BULB Features Super Plasma Bulb Technology Featuring a unique design, 2 different colours out of one bulb, Low Beam features the most similar colour to H.I.D. High Intensity Discharge and High Beam features the appropraite colour to reach as far as possible.
SUPER PLASMA BULB Technology
The bulbs emit light which is brighter that the standard bulb ofg the same style to use less amperage.
The Colour Temperature of the Super Plasma Bulb (5000K) is over that of H.I.D. (4300K).
Colour Temperature is a unit of measure for the colour of light, this is notrelated to the heat of the light source. A higher Colour Temperature represents a colour closer to actual sun light
PIAA state that the 55W rated bulb will product 110W
If you are a member of the FTO Owners Club you can purchase PIAA Bulbs at a 10% plus discount
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Hi everybody! I just bought my first WRX!!! Ive had a 1997 Impreza Brighton since 1999. About a month ago I somehow managed to melt/sheer/utterly destroy the keyway on the main output shaft to the timing and idle pulleys. In the end the 97 needs a new crankshaft (among other things), so at 232,000 miles, I decided it was time to get a newer car. So a couple of weeks ago I found a beautiful silver 2004 WRX and I had to have it! I love this car! Its completely stock, and been well taken care of. Its got some miles on it (117K), but I know these cars can go for ever if you take care of them.
I have already been browsing the treads here and have got some answers to question I have had about my new car. Thanks! I do all of my own work, so I will be a regular around here for everything from general maintaince to mods. I have already gone over the car to make sure that all maintaince is up to date (first thing was to check the timing belt). If you know of anything outside the norm that I should check on let me know!
First aftermarket thing Im going to do is get a new stereo for it! I cant believe that MP3 CD players were not standard in 04. After that some suspension work, tires, possibly rims. Im a road course racer so Im handling first, then power!
Thats all from me! See you around the forum!


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A QinetiQ led team has competitively bid and won a £9.48m MOD research contract to deliver the Vehicle Technology Integration Demonstrator (VTID) programme. This three-year programme will investigate and implement a layered protection approach to survivability for armoured vehicles to reduce their vulnerability to attack.
The competition and contract has been let and managed by the UK MOD Research Acquisition Organisation (RAO) working with customer Director Equipment Capability (DEC) Ground Manoeuvre. Other organisations in the QinetiQ led VTID team comprise: Thales UK, Ultra Electronics' - Electrics, SciSys, SVGC, BAE Systems, WilliamsF1 and teams from both York and Sussex Universities.
Current in-theatre operations continue to highlight that traditional armour alone does not necessarily provide sufficient protection to ensure the survivability of vehicles or crews against diverse and ever increasing types of threat. QinetiQ will be adopting a 'plug-&-play' approach to implementing solutions that can operate independently to existing systems and improve overall levels of vehicle survivability. The programme will also identify solutions that could be integrated onto new and legacy vehicles, so delivering operational benefits.
The VTID programme will investigate existing architectures and use underpinning research, along with previous trials, to 'fast-track' systems that will deliver near term benefits. The team will embrace a wide variety of technologies and concepts from visual awareness and sensor suites, disrupters and interceptors and 'soft' solutions like smoke, through to active camouflage and electric armour.
"We are proud to have won this important research work and envisage demonstration trials, using an FV432 as the demo platform, commencing in 2009," explained Fiona Lewinton, managing director of QinetiQ's Land division. "The team brings together a wealth of industry expertise, borne from many years of successfully developing and deploying quality defence technologies. By combining this with novel thinking from the universities, and WilliamsF1's experience of rapidly inserting technology on the world motor racing circuit, we have an excellent all round team that will answer one of MOD's key priorities."