text: hello all, had some trouble with my old 5-Speed manual (lost all the gears except 4th) and decided to swap it out. i got myself a TH-350(turbo 350) and was looking at my wide selection of torque/Stall converters and alot of them depended on what gears i had in my rear end. i have been googling for the past hour and 1/2 and i havent found a thing. can anyone suggest a place to look or any other information that comes to mind? i was kinda wanting to find out without having to tear in there and risk losing parts. (or more likely not being able to put it back together :neutral i thought about calling someone from Chevrolet or GM but on their websites they only offer info on their new stock ect.


text:
One red flag that a business opportunity is merely a Ponzi scheme is the promise of a "guaranteed" return, according to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
"Every investment carries some degree of risk, and investments yielding higher returns typically involve more risk," the SEC says on its website, www.sec.gov, under a section called "Ponzi Schemes: Frequently Asked Questions."
The Ponzi breed of investment fraud involves paying "returns" to early investors with the new money handed over by fresh investors.
"In Ponzi scheme fashion," Cay Clubs used investors' money to pay returns to early investors, according to a 23-page SEC complaint lodged against five people who purported to be real estate developers between 2004 and 2008.
But in order to keep the fraudulent money-maker alive, scammers must continuously attract new investors by promising them high returns at little or no risk of financial loss simply by forking over money.
Since there are no real earnings, a Ponzi ruse dies quickly without a constant flow of new money -- used by the hucksters to live off of or to invest into other schemes kept hidden from investors.
But a Ponzi can also flourish into the millions if investors keep coming.
In the Cay Clubs case, according to SEC investigators, the directors were able to artificially inflate the values of condos by selling them back and forth to each other before pawning it off on an "investor."
Using a different company name in 2004, three of the Cay Clubs directors now charged with fraud reportedly bought a Clearwater condo for $490,000 and sold it to another partner a month later for $859,900, the SEC said.
Later the same partner sold the condo for more than $1.2 million to a Cay Clubs investor, picking up a $38,000 commission.
That type of investing creates a false impression that the condos are appreciating in value.
Fraudsters often win over new fish by dazzling them with complex, intricate explanations of the purported business, or they pay off early investors as promised to earn a good reputation from satisfied customers.
"You keep getting new investors and in the meantime, nothing is really happening," said John Dick, who for years suspected a Cays Clubs-related investment by the Monroe County School Board in Marathon was too good to be true. "It almost always folds up."
The $7.4 million Marathon Manor purchase by the board, before Dick was elected, remains in dispute and essentially in the same condition as it was when purchased by the board in 2006.
Still, the five former Cay Clubs directors accused this week of violating the Securities and Exchange Acts between 2004 and 2008 are not facing criminal charges.
But the SEC complaint is in federal court and can lead to a trial in the civil realm.
If so, a civil trial can divulge signs of whether the case is headed to criminal prosecution, said Miami attorney Jay Tome, who handles securities litigation.
One telltale sign of possible criminal behavior, according to Tome is when a client invokes his constitutional right to remain silent while on the witness stand.
"That is when you know there is potential criminal activity afoot," said Tome. "A good lawyer will tell a client, you're going to lose the civil case but if you answer that question you're going to go to jail. So plead the Fifth."
Investors of Cay Clubs came from across the country. The complaint was filed in South Florida because Fred "Dave" Clark managed Cay Clubs' operations primarily out of an office in Key Largo, and three of the five defendants have lived in the Florida Keys.
A Ponzi scheme differs from a "pyramid" scam, which requires investors to make a payment and recruit other "distributors" in order to receive payment, the SEC said.
Ponzi scammers don't require recruitment and it is never disclosed that one investor's money is helping pay back an earlier investor.
The scheme's name comes from Charles Ponzi, who in the 1920s duped thousands of New England residents into investing in a postage stamp speculation deal. At a time when the annual interest rate for bank accounts was 5 percent, Ponzi promised a 50 percent return within 90 days, according to the SEC's account.
Bernard L. Madoff is serving a 150-year sentence in federal prison for orchestrating a multi-billion dollar Ponzi scheme that swindled money from thousands of investors. Unlike the promoters of many Ponzi schemes, Madoff did not promise hefty short-term investment returns. Instead, he provided phony account statements showing his investors moderate but consistently positive returns even when the market plummeted.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Latham braces for French aerial bombardment
Page Tools
Wallaby full-back Chris Latham predicts he will have a strained neck from peering up into the heavens tomorrow night when France targets him with endless bombs in the one-off Test at Stade de France.
Latham, so often the scapegoat after recent Australian Test losses, knows that life will not get any easier for him at the weekend despite an assured effort against Scotland at Murrayfield last Saturday that kept at bay the concerted Mat Rogers push for the full-back spot.
France has already indicated that it will try to probe the Australian back three of Latham, Lote Tuqiri and Clyde Rathbone with high balls, believing it could penetrate an otherwise solid Australian defensive formation.
Not surprisingly, since the team arrived in Paris several days ago, the Queensland full-back has spent an inordinate amount of time at training sessions calling on teammates to put up a variety of bombs for him.
A fastidious trainer, Latham was one of the last to leave a wet, cold and almost dark field on the outskirts of Paris after asking several backs to kick footballs his way, so that he could judge the trajectory under the most trying of conditions. As he explained, who knows what the conditions will be like tomorrow night?
When asked if he was expecting a barrage of French high balls, Latham said: "Yes. France do kick a lot and mix it up a fair bit, with long and high kicks. So it's going to be a busy night for the back three.
And not just the back three, but the whole team to get back, so that we can go from there. For me, it will be a case of mentally switching on and physically being in the right spot."
Since Latham played his first Test, in 1998 at Stade de France, he has grown accustomed to flitting between the starting XV and the bench, with excellence followed by erratic moments.
There have been full-back threats coming from Matt Burke and now Rogers, forcing Latham often to be squeezed into a wing spot. At times, this edgy existence has got Latham down. But now he says he can handle it.
"That's the way my career has gone and I certainly wouldn't change any of it. It's basically made me a better person," Latham said. "You learn to cope with whatever is happening. You cannot ever relax and think you have made it, because there is always someone breathing down your neck."


text:
SOMERSET - Somerset's city hall ventured into the retail gas business Saturday, opening a municipal-run filling station that supporters call a benefit for motorists and critics denounce as a taxpayer-supported swipe at the free market.
The Somerset Fuel Center opened to the public selling regular unleaded gas for $3.36 a gallon, a bit lower than some nearby competitors. In the first three hours, about 75 customers fueled up at the no-frills stations, where there are no snacks, no repairs and only regular unleaded gas.
The mayor says the station was created in response to years of grumbling by townspeople about stubbornly high gas prices in Somerset, a city of about 11,000 near Lake Cumberland, a popular fishing and boating haven.
The venture got a thumbs-up from customers who let their vehicles reach near-empty in anticipation of the city-run station's opening.
"I'm tickled to death that they're trying to do something," Ed Bullock said as he filled up his car. "I'm glad they made the investment."
The venture unnerved local filling station and convenience store operators suddenly competing with the city in this Republican stronghold. Critics said the government has no business imposing itself into the private sector, and one store owner branded it as socialism.
Mayor Eddie Girdler, however, is standing firm behind the idea of the city-run station. The canopied station on the outskirts of this southern Kentucky town was converted from use by government vehicles into one that can also cater to anyone looking to fill their tanks.
"We are one community that decided we've got backbone and we're not going to allow the oil companies to dictate to us what we can and cannot do," Girdler said. "We're going to start out small. Where it goes from here we really don't know."
The amount charged motorists will be based on an average regional price for gas, and will include a small markup to cover costs, the mayor said. The city isn't out to make a profit, he said. Instead, the goal is to lower gas prices and lure more lake visitors into Somerset, he said.
Four nearby stations in Somerset were selling regular unleaded for $3.39 a gallon Saturday.
Duane Adams, a convenience store owner in Somerset, sees the city's station as a slap in the face that could hurt his business.
"They've used the taxpayer money that I have paid them over these years to do this, to be against us," he said. "I do not see how they can't see that as socialism."
Other retail groups, including the Kentucky Petroleum Marketers Association, urged other municipalities not to follow suit. "If milk got too high, are you going to build a dairy?" said Ted Mason, executive director of the Kentucky Grocers Association and Kentucky Association of Convenience Stores.
Check out these recently discussed stories and voice your opinion...


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text:
Dr. Bonham's Case
|Dr. Bonham's Case
|Court of Common Pleas
|Full case name
|Thomas Bonham v College of Physicians
|Winter 1610
|8 Co. Rep. 107
77 Eng. Rep. 638
|Case opinions
|Coke CJ (Daniel and Warburton assenting)
Walmisley J (Foster assenting)
|Court membership
|Judge(s) sitting
|Coke CJ
Warburton J
Daniel J
Foster J
Walmisley J
|Parliamentary sovereignty, judicial review
Thomas Bonham v College of Physicians, commonly known as Dr. Bonham's Case or simply Bonham's Case, was decided in 1610 by the Court of Common Pleas in England under Sir Edward Coke, the court's Chief Justice. Coke said that "in many cases, the common law will control Acts of Parliament", and explained why he thought so.[1] Coke's meaning has been disputed over the years; according to one interpretation, Coke intended the kind of judicial review that would later develop in the United States, whereas other scholars contend that Coke only meant to construe a statute without challenging Parliamentary sovereignty.[2] If Coke intended the former, then he may have eventually changed his view.[1][3] This statement by Coke is sometimes considered obiter dicta, rather than part of the ratio decidendi of the case.[4]
Whatever Coke's meaning, after an initial period when his decision enjoyed some support (but during which no statutes were declared void), Bonham's Case was thrown aside in favour of the growing doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty. In one of the most prominent early treatises supporting that doctrine, William Blackstone wrote that Parliament is the sovereign law-maker, preventing the common law courts from throwing aside or reviewing statutes in the fashion Coke suggested. Parliamentary sovereignty is now the accepted judicial doctrine in the legal system of England and Wales. Bonham's Case was met with mixed reactions at the time, with King James I and the Lord Chancellor, Lord Ellesmere, both deeply unhappy with it; it has been suggested as one of the reasons for Coke's dismissal from the Common Pleas in 1613. Academics in the 19th and 20th centuries have been scarcely more favourable, calling it "a foolish doctrine alleged to have been laid down extra-judicially",[5] and simply an "abortion".[6]
In the United States, Coke's decision met with a better reaction. During the legal and public campaigns against the writs of assistance and Stamp Act of 1765, Bonham's Case was given as a justification for nullifying the legislation, although by 1772 Blackstone's views gained acceptance.[7] Marbury v. Madison, the American case which in 1803 formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution, used the words "void" and "repugnant", although Marbury's usage was somewhat different from Coke's usage. Academics have argued that Coke's work in Bonham's Case forms the basis of judicial review in the United States; other academics disagree, with one scholar calling this "one of the most enduring myths of American constitutional law and theory, to say nothing of history".[8]
The College of Physicians (renamed in 1674 the Royal College of Physicians) was historically an elite organisation. Created by royal charter in 1518, the college was founded by six English academic doctors trained in English universities. It only admitted British men who had trained at a university and passed a three-part Latin exam in medical theory. Only 24 Fellows were allowed, and if an entrant came at a time when all 24 Fellowships were full, he would instead become a Candidate, with the most senior Candidate admitted to the first vacant Fellowship.[9] An Act of Parliament confirming their royal charter also gave the college the ability to act as a court, judging other practitioners and punishing those acting badly or practising without a licence. A second Act, the College of Physicians Act 1553, amended the charter and gave them the right to imprison, indefinitely, those they judged.[10] This "flew in the face of the common law assumption that to practice medicine one needed only the consent of the patient".[11] Despite this, on 8 April 1602, John Popham, the Chief Justice, upheld the college's authority to imprison and fine, saying "That no man, though never so learned a Phisition, or doctor may Practise in London, or within seaven myles, without the Colledge Lycense" and "That a free man of London, may lawfully be imprysoned by the Colledge".[12]
Thomas Bonham had been admitted to St John's College, Cambridge, in 1581. Earning a Bachelor's degree in 1584, he completed a Master's by 1588 and studied for a medical doctorate at Cambridge, later granted by the University of Oxford. By 1602 he had completed his studies and moved to London, where he practised medicine and associated himself with the Barber-Surgeons' Company, campaigning for it to be allowed to authorise medical practitioners in a similar way to the College of Physicians. Apparently giving up after a failed petition to Parliament in 1605, Bonham petitioned to join the college on 6 December 1605, but was rejected and told to return after further study.[13] Returning on 14 April 1606, he was again told he could not join, and fined £5 and threatened with imprisonment for continuing to practise. Bonham ignored this, and kept working as a doctor; on 3 October it was announced he was to be arrested and fined £10. Bonham again appeared before the college, this time with a lawyer, on 7 November.[14] He announced that he would continue to practise without seeking the college's permission, since he claimed they had no power over graduates of Oxford or Cambridge. On this he was imprisoned – some say at Fleet Prison,[15] some at Newgate Prison — for contempt, but his lawyer had a writ of habeas corpus issued by the Court of Common Pleas which freed him on 13 November.[16]
Bonham's successful writ worried the college, whose previous success with Popham and "keen cultivation" of Popham, Lord Ellesmere (the Lord Chancellor) and other Crown officials had left them assured that their jurisdiction would be maintained. As such, the college appealed directly to the Crown officers, and on 1 May met with a committee of judges at Ellesmere's house. This committee was composed of Ellesmere, Popham, Thomas Fleming, two judges from the Court of Common Pleas and two from the Court of King's Bench. These judges all agreed that "for not well doeing useing or practicing the facultie or arte of physike or for disobedience or contempte donne and committed against anye ordynaunce made by the colledge ... they may committ the offenders without bayle or mayneprise".[17] This success spurred the college to move against Bonham yet again, this time by suing him in the King's Bench for £60 for maintaining an illicit practice. In a counterattack, Bonham brought a suit in the Common Pleas requesting £100 damages,[18] alleging that they had trespassed against his person and wrongfully imprisoned him "against the law and custom of this kingdom of England".[19]
The case was heard in the Court of Common Pleas by Warburton J, Daniel J, Foster J, Walmisley J and the Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, with a decision finally reached in the winter of 1610. The college's lawyers had argued that the two Acts of Parliament and the royal charter "intends, that none shall practise here but those who are most learned and expert, more than ordinary". As such, the college was free to punish for both practising without a licence and for malpractice, with the 1553 Act giving them the authority to imprison those they judged. Bonham's lawyers replied by arguing that the Acts and charter were intended to prevent malpractice, not practising without a licence. Moreover, Bonham's study "[in the texts at university] is practise [sic]", and that to become a doctor means to have been considered capable of teaching: "when a man brings with him the ensign of doctrine, there is no reason that he should be examined again, for then if thou will not allow of him, he shall not be allowed, though he is a learned and grave man, and it is not the intent of the King to make a monopoly of this practise". As such, the Act "doth not inhibit a doctor to practice [sic], but [only] punisheth him for ill using, exercising, and making [of physic]"; it covered malpractice, not for illicit practice.[20]
Walmisley and Foster sided with the college, with Walmisley delivering the joint opinion. He said that since the statute clearly said "no person" could practise without the college's licence, only one verdict was acceptable, because the college had a valid licensing authority. The royal charter was to be interpreted as granting the college a duty on behalf of the King:
It is the office of a King to survey his subjects, and he is a physician to cure their maladies, and to remove leprosies amongst them, and also to remove all fumes and smells, which may offend or be prejudicial to their health ... and so if a man be not right in his wits, the King is to have the protection and government of him, lest he being infirm, waste or consume his lands or goods; and it is not sufficient for him that his subjects live, but that they should live happily; and [he] discharges not his office, if his subjects live a life, but [only] if they live and flourish; and he hath cure as well of their bodies as of their lands and goods for health for the body is as necessary as virtue to the mind.[21]
As such, in Walmisley's mind, the King had a duty to protect the health of his subjects, which he had delegated to the college. In addition, Bonham had given "an absurd and contemptuous answer" when he claimed that he would not submit to the college, and "it should be a vain law if it did not provide punishment for them that offend against that". The monarch had delegated part of his prerogative powers to the college, for the purposes of punishment and imprisonment, and as such it had the right to sit as a court.[22]
Coke delivered the majority opinion in favour of Bonham, with Daniel and Warburton assenting. He undertook a closer reading of the college's charter and associated Acts, and divided the relevant passage into two clauses. The first gave it the power to fine practitioners without licences. The second specified that they could imprison a practitioner for "not well doing, using or practicing physic". He argued that these constituted separate powers and issues; the first dealt with authorisation to punish for illicit practise, while the second covered punishment for malpractice. Simply practising without a licence did not constitute malpractice. As such, the college did not have the power to imprison Bonham, who was accused of practising without a licence, not practising dangerously.[23] Coke also went further, arguing against the validity of the charter and its associated Acts. The Acts gave the college the right to act as both judge and a party to a case, which "provided for an absurdity". Therefore:
One cannot be Judge and attorney for any of the parties ... And it appears in our books, that in many cases, the common law will control Acts of Parliament, and sometimes adjudge them to be utterly void; for when an act of Parliament is against common right and reason, or repugnant, or impossible to be performed, the common law will control it, and adjudge such an Act to be void; and, therefore in ... Thomas Tregor's case ... Herle saith, some statutes are made against law and right, which those who made them perceiving would not put them in execution.[24][25]
Because of this and four other reasons given by Coke,[26] the college was to cease trying to supervise medical practice, and to cease arbitrating and acting as a court.[27] In support of his judgment, Coke cited not only Tregor's Case, but also two anonymous cases given the academic names of Cessavit 42 and Annuitie 11 respectively.[28][29]
The decision in Bonham's Case has been described by John Campbell (Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor in the 19th century) as "a foolish doctrine alleged to have been laid down extra-judicially".[5] Philip Allott, in the Cambridge Law Journal, simply called it an "abortion".[6] Coke was later dismissed from his judicial posts, and Ellesmere immediately began making veiled criticisms. Ellesmere maintained it was unconscionable to allow the judges power to throw aside Acts of Parliament if they were repugnant or contrary to reason; however, he spoke "not of impossibilities or direct repugnancies". It was acceptable to overturn an Act if it was clearly and obviously repugnant, but not otherwise.[30]
Coke has come under criticism for the examples he drew on to justify his decision. The first case he gave, Tregor's Case, was seriously misquoted. Coke stated that "Herle said some statutes are made against law and right, which those who made them perceiving, would not put into execution". In fact no reference to "law and right" is found in the original; Herle wrote that "there are some statutes made which he himself who made them does not will to put into execution", and only meant that some statutes are poorly drafted, and if they cannot be interpreted to work, Parliament would accept the courts not applying them. Theodore Plucknett wrote that "Whoever reads the whole of Herle's remarks can see that he did not regard the statute then under discussion as falling within this category; on the contrary, he suggested a perfectly obvious and straightforward interpretation of it.... Coke's first authority is far from convincing".[31] His second authority, Cessavit 42, "goes much further to support his thesis", and concerns a situation where William Bereford refused to apply an Act of Parliament because it would undermine several common law principles. However, Plucknett notes the distinction that in Cessavit 42 "the statute is not held void; it is just ignored. To this fact Coke has really added an explanation and a theory of his own".[32]
His third example, Annuitie 11, was based on the Statute of Carlisle, which required all religious orders to have seals, placed in the custody of the prior and four of the "worthiest brethren" so that the Abbot could not use it without their knowledge. Any decisions made without the seal kept in this fashion were invalid.[33] This clashed with church law, and was incredibly difficult for small religious orders; as such, Sir Anthony Fitzherbert said that the statute was void, as it was "impertinent" or "impossible".[34] However, Plucknett again casts doubt on the validity, stating that it "would have looked strong...[but] is, in fact, of doubtful import".[35]
Bonham's Case was deeply unpopular with the Crown;[36] Coke was removed from the Common Pleas and sent to the King's Bench, theoretically a more senior office (but in practice a less rewarding one) in 1613 due to his work, and in June 1616 suspended from office and ordered to "correct" his case reports. In October 1617 King James I demanded Coke explain the reasoning behind Bonham's Case; Coke claimed that "the words of my report do not import any new opinion, but only a relation of such authorities of law, as had been adjudged and resolved in former times, and were cited in the argument of Bonham's case". He refused to admit to any flaws with his writings, and his only corrections were minor typos and rearrangements of the language.[37] If he meant his opinion in this case as an endorsement of judicial review instead of Parliamentary sovereignty, then withdrawal of that endorsement has been inferred from his later writings.[1][3]
The meaning of Coke's decision is debated; it can be construed as marking the supremacy of the common law over Parliament through judicial review, or simply as being another form of statutory interpretation. Noah Feldman suggested that the dispute over the two meanings has its origins in 1930s America, where frustration over judicial review of elements of the New Deal spilled into the academic world.[38] James Kent, in his Commentaries on American Law, argued that Bonham's Case and cases like it only meant that statutes should be given a "reasonable construction".[39] Charles Gray, in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, argues that Coke as a judge never intended to advocate the judicial review of statutes.[18] Bernard Bailyn writes that "Coke had not meant...'that there were superior principles of right and justice which Acts of Parliament might not contravene'", and also writes that by "saying that courts might 'void' a legislative provision that violated the constitution he meant only that the courts were to construe statutes so as to bring them into conformity with recognized legal principles".[40] William Searle Holdsworth agreed that it would be a mistake to view isolated statements by Coke in Bonham's Case as endorsing limitations upon Parliament, for several reasons including that Coke himself elsewhere acknowledged the power of Parliament as being "so transcendent and absolute that it cannot be confined either for causes or persons within any bounds".[41]
Raoul Berger, in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, disagrees with this; the words of the statute were clear, and the only application it could have was unjust. Statutory interpretation allows for the ignoring of unjust extraneous meanings, but what Coke did was nullify the statute as a whole, along with its main intention.[42] John V. Orth, writing in the Constitutional Commentary, concurs, saying that "If that were so, why did they not say so? Is it likely that the royal judges, confronting a case involving a statute that had necessarily passed both houses of parliament and received the royal assent, would lightly use the word 'void'?"[39]
Research by Samuel Thomas and Sir John Baker has led to a reassessment. During the early 17th century, non-common law courts were claiming an "Imperial, almost legislative discretion over statutory interpretation, free from any supervisory jurisdiction of the common law courts". Coke's decision can therefore be seen as him reminding those courts that such interpretations were themselves subject to the law, and not down to individual discretion.[43]
Further development[edit]
During Coke's lifetime he was judicially dominant, and his ideas were upheld by his successor as Chief Justice, Sir Henry Hobart, in Day v Savadge and Lord Sheffield v Ratcliffe.[44] After Coke's death, however, his jurisprudence "naturally suffered an eclipse", and the next appearance is in Godden v Hales, in 1686, where the doctrine was twisted to argue that the Crown had the prerogative to dismiss laws of government.[45] Plucknett notes that "the Revolution of 1688 marks the abandonment of the doctrine of Bonham's Case",[46] but in 1701 the common law judges cited Coke's decision with approval in City of London v Wood,[47] with John Holt concluding that Coke's statement is "a very reasonable and true saying".[48] His position was of treating statutes in the same way as other documents for the purpose of judicial review; this was followed for decades.[49] Outside of the judiciary, John Lilburne used Bonham's Case in his book The Legall Fundamentall Liberties of the People of England, and later in his 1649 treason trial, to justify his attack on the Rump Parliament.[50]
With the growth of Parliamentary sovereignty as a doctrine, Coke's theory gradually died out; William Blackstone, in the first edition of his Commentaries on the Laws of England, wrote that "if the parliament will positively enact a thing to be done which is unreasonable, I know of no power that can control it: and the examples alleged in support of this sense of the rule do none of them prove, that where the main object of a statute is unreasonable the judges are at liberty to reject it; for that were to set the judicial power above that of the legislature, which would be subversive of all government".[51] Parliamentary sovereignty is now upheld by the English judiciary as a "central principle of British constitutionalism", albeit with some issues due to membership in the European Union.[52] The case's modern irrelevance is such that Philip Hamburger, writing in 2008, notes that "Bonham's Case scarcely deserves mention in a history of judicial duty, except for reasons that are now largely forgotten".[43]
Impact in America[edit]
In the Thirteen Colonies, there were instances when Coke's statement was interpreted to mean that the common law was superior to statute. For example, drawing on Coke's statement, James Otis, Jr. declared during the struggle over writs of assistance that it was the duty of the courts to ignore Acts of Parliament "against the constitution and against natural equity", an argument and struggle that had a significant impact on John Adams.[53] When the Stamp Act of 1765 was declared invalid by the Massachusetts Assembly, the rationale was that it was "against Magna Charta and the natural rights of Englishmen, and therefore, according to the Lord Coke, null and void".[54] By 1772, Otis and others had reversed course, adopting Blackstone's position that judges could not challenge acts of parliament.[7] Even before that point, there were few episodes in which Dr. Bonham's Case was used as a rallying cry in America, and instead judicial review in America grew primarily from other political and intellectual sources.[55][56]
In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the American case that forms the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that "the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all written constitutions, that a law repugnant to the constitution is void, and that courts, as well as other departments, are bound by that instrument". Here, Marshall specifically used the words "void" and "repugnant", which has been characterised as a deliberate reference to Coke, but Marshall's principle involved repugnancy to the written Constitution instead of repugnancy to reason.[57] In the later case of Hurtado v. California (1884), the U. S. Supreme Court discussed Bonham's Case specifically, saying that it had not affected the omnipotence of parliament over the common law.[58]
Edward Samuel Corwin, writing in the Harvard Law Review, praised the idea of a fundamental higher law of reason enforceable by judges, and accordingly endorsed "the ratification which Coke's doctrine received in American constitutional law and theory".[59] Gary McDowell, writing in The Review of Politics, calls this "one of the most enduring myths of American constitutional law and theory, to say nothing of history".[8] As evidence, McDowell points out that Coke and Bonham's Case were never discussed during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. During the ratification conventions, Coke was mentioned, but not in debates over the striking down of unconstitutional statutes. Bonham's Case itself was never brought up, only Coke's other writings.[60] An additional point of view is that the United States Supreme Court has come "full circle to the dictum in Bonham's Case" by using the Due Process Clause to strike down what the Court deems "unreasonable" legislation.[4]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c Pollard (2007) p.51
- ^ Edlin (2008) p.7
- ^ a b Martin (2007) p.42
- ^ a b Schwartz (1968) p. 50
- ^ a b Orth (1999) p.37
- ^ a b Allott (1990) p.379
- ^ a b Hamburger (2008) p.278
- ^ a b McDowell (1993) p.393
- ^ Cook (2004) p.129
- ^ Gray (1972) p.37
- ^ Cook (2004) p.130
- ^ Cook (2004) p.133
- ^ Cook (2004) p.134
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.152
- ^ Hamburger (2008) p.624
- ^ Cook (2004) p.135
- ^ Cook (2004) p.136
- ^ a b Gray (1972) p.36
- ^ Cook (2004) p.137
- ^ Cook (2004) p.138
- ^ Cook (2004) p.140
- ^ Cook (2004) p.141
- ^ Cook (2004) p.142
- ^ Williams (2006) p.111
- ^ Pollard (2007) p. 51
- ^ Conklin (1979) p. 20
- ^ Williams (2006) p.116
- ^ Y. B. Pasch. 8 Edw. III, 26
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.153
- ^ Williams (2006) p.126
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.155
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.156
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.157
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.160
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.163
- ^ Bowen (1957) p.170
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.168
- ^ Feldman (2004) p.30
- ^ a b Orth (1999) p.33
- ^ Berger (1969) p.526
- ^ Holdsworth (1912) pp. 28–29
- ^ Berger (1969) p.527
- ^ a b Hamburger (2008) p.622
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.167
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.169
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.171
- ^ 12 Mod. 669 (1701)
- ^ Berger (1969) p.523
- ^ Williams (2006) p.125
- ^ Parkin-Speer (1979) p.276
- ^ Plucknett (2004) p.176
- ^ Elliott (2004) p.546
- ^ Morris (1940) p.429
- ^ Bowen (1957) p.172
- ^ Kramer (2006) pp. 21–23
- ^ Gough (1985) p.206
- ^ Feldman (2004) p.29
- ^ Taylor (1917) p.16
- ^ Corwin (1929) p.370-371
- ^ McDowell (1993) p.395-7
- Allott, Philip (1990). "Parliamentary Sovereignty. From Austin to Hart". The Cambridge Law Journal. Cambridge University Press. 49 (3). ISSN 0008-1973.
- Berger, Raoul (1969). "Doctor Bonham's Case: Statutory Construction or Constitutional Theory?". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Pennsylvania Law Review. 117 (4). ISSN 0041-9907.
- Bowen, Catherine Drinker (1957). The Lion and the Throne. Hamish Hamilton. OCLC 398917.
- Conklin, William (1979). In defence of Fundamental Rights. Martinus Nijhof Publishers. ISBN 90-286-0389-1.
- Cook, Harold J. (2004). "Against Common Right and Reason: The College of Physicians v Dr Thomas Bonham". In Boyer, Allen D. Law, Liberty, and Parliament: Selected Essays on the Writings of Sir Edward Coke. Indianaoplis: Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-426-8.
- Corwin, Edward S. (1929). "The "Higher Law" Background of American Constitutional Law". Harvard Law Review. Harvard Law Review Association. 42 (3). ISSN 0017-811X.
- Edlin, Douglas (2008). Judges and unjust laws: common law constitutionalism and the foundations of judicial review. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11662-2.
- Elliott, Mark (2004). "United Kingdom: Parliamentary sovereignty under pressure". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 2 (1). ISSN 1474-2659.
- Feldman, Noah (2004). "The Voidness of Repugnant Statutes: Another Look at the Meaning of Marbury". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 148 (1). ISSN 0003-049X.
- Gough, John (1985). Fundamental law in English constitutional history. Wm. S. Hein Publishing. ISBN 0-8377-2205-5.
- Gray, Charles M. (1972). "Bonham's Case Reviewed". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. 116 (1). ISSN 0003-049X.
- Hamburger, Philip (2008). Law and judicial duty. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-03131-8.
- Holdsworth, William. "Central Courts of Law and Representative Assemblies in the Sixteenth Century", Columbia Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 1, 28-29 (January 1912) reprinted in Essays in Law and History, pp. 37, 66-67 (Clarendon Press 1946).
- Kramer, Larry (2006). The people themselves: popular constitutionalism and judicial review. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530645-7.
- Martin, Francisco (2007). The constitution as treaty: the international legal constructionalist approach to the U.S. Constitution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-88193-5.
- McDowell, Gary L. (1993). "Coke, Corwin and the Constitution: The 'Higher Law Background' Reconsidered". The Review of Politics. Cambridge University Press. 55 (3): 393. doi:10.1017/s0034670500017605. ISSN 0034-6705.
- Morris, Richard B. (1940). "Judicial Supremacy and the Inferior Courts in the American Colonies". Political Science Quarterly. Academy of Political Science. 55 (3).
- Orth, John V. (1999). "Did Sir Edward Coke Mean What He Said?". Constitutional Commentary. University of Minnesota Law School. 16 (1). ISSN 0742-7115.
- Parkin-Speer, Diane (1983). "John Lilburne: A Revolutionary Interprets Statutes and Common Law Due Process". Law and History Review. American Society of Legal History. 1 (2). ISSN 0738-2480.
- Plucknett, Theodore F.T. (2004). "Bonham's Case and Judicial Review". In Boyer, Allen D. Law, Liberty, and Parliament: Selected Essays on the Writings of Sir Edward Coke. Indianaoplis: Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-426-8.
- Pollard, David (2007). Constitutional and administrative law: text with materials. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928637-X.
- Schwartz, Bernard (1968). Commentary on the Constitution of the United States. MacMillan. ISBN 0-8377-1108-8.
- Taylor, Hannis (1917). Due Process of Law and the Equal Protection of the Laws. Chicago: Callaghan and Company. ISBN 1-15065-962-9. LCCN 17025307.
- Williams, Ian (2006). "Dr Bonham's Case and 'void' statutes". Journal of Legal History. Routledge. 27 (2). ISSN 0144-0365.
External links[edit]
|Wikiversity has learning resources about Dr. Bonham's Case
- Full text of the case, via "The Online Library of Liberty."


text:
From D&D Wiki
|This material is published under the OGL
- Medium size.
- Half-elven base speed is 30 feet.
- Immunity to sleep spells and similar magical effects.
- +2 racial saving throw bonus against Enchantment spells or effects.
- Low-light Vision: Half-elves can see twice as far as a human in starlight, moonlight, torchlight, and similar conditions of poor illumination. They retain the ability to distinguish color and detail under these conditions.
- +1 racial bonus on Listen, Search, and Spot checks.
- Elven Blood: For all special abilities and effects, a half-elf is considered an elf.
- Automatic Languages: Common and Elven.
- Bonus Languages: Any.
- Favored Class: Any.
Back to Main Page → 3e System Reference Document → Races


text:
Wrestling is like a magical word inspiring huge youngsters to have it as their career. Wrestling, as like other plays, or sports necessitates physical as well as mental workouts. One has to follow a well-defined path of training and exercise so as to prepare him for the big job. Hard times in gym and ground make the script for the successful wrestling career.
Professional training is a keyword. The player should fix up his practice schedule after good discussion with his respective coach and guide. The focus should be on long-term goal rather then a quick effect. Aspirants generally have an idea about their good and weak areas so one should concentrate on making good their best and developing the weak to be strong enough as not to impediment their winning spree.
To reach one's full potential one needs enough motivation, so that he can be able to continue his strict training regime as usually the practice sessions are hard enough to force an aspirant having re look on his decision.
High intense training is required for wrestling and also a player has to learn to maintain his high output at least for the first 5minutes of match to have a lead over opponent. Wrestling needs sustaining high level of energy in short time and recovering even in shorter time.
Besides good training and skills, one should be more alert and cautious in arena, as a smallest wrong move can make the biggest difference in result.
Good conditioning is another area that one should focus on.
In session and off session training is another aspect. One needs to practice and exercise regularly so as not to loss the muscular strength when not active in arena. Body needs regular conditioning to maintain its stiffness and stamina as otherwise idleness can lead to loss of muscular mass.
Long exercise sessions, one should indulge in only after developing required stamina. Proper warm ups should be done as to prevent any temporary or permanent lose to muscles. Endurance power should be increased gradually starting with single or double sets and after on going for the required figure.
Conditioned cardiovascular system of the body helps it, to be able to receive more oxygen and high volume of blood with every pump of heart. At the start, the heart is somewhat slow in delivering required amount of blood to the working muscles but once it becomes stronger, it helps in preventing early fatigue.
The other thing to consider, for turning a young child into best player is to
Have broader perspective. The young athlete should not be overexposed to the respective play as say, wrestling in this case that it could result in the complete burned out or loss of interest before the onset of golden playing age. Over indulgence whereas on one side can make the job boring while on other side it could also result in the prefixed behavior making it difficult for the player to learn new things.
Focus should be more on development of movement, balance, coordination, flexibility, activeness, and sharpness in the initial years of age as this would help in having stronger base.
Training no doubt is the basic requirement for a bright wrestling career but self-motivation and will also play as good factor. One should not in any case give in before the ways like doping to have won a tournament as that can ruin the career as well as life of the player.
Training under good supervision with complete knowledge of requirements as well as expectations can always help a wrestler to reach his best


text:
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Neighbors On Watch (NOW) citizen volunteer program
Positive relationships between the police, the community and individual citizens are extremely important and are vital to the success of Community Oriented Policing. Consequently, citizen volunteer programs are an integral part of the community policing efforts of the Vancouver Police Department. An especially important aspect of such efforts is the positive impact individual citizens can have on our community's crime problems and quality of life issues.
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The Vancouver Police Department continues to build our citizen volunteer program called Neighbors On Watch, or NOW. If you have an interest in getting involved please contact Volunteer Coordinator Kelly Cheney at (360) 487-7467 or at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Got guests? Quick, cheap dinners to keep your crowd happy
Does this ever happen to you? I've planned like crazy for a big 4th of July dinner for out-of-town guests who are coming this weekend, but I've neglected to consider that they may want food the other nights they're staying over. Oops.
Going out to eat is a solution, but that's often expensive. And when I've poured my heart and soul (as well as the contents of my wallet) into the meal I've made the night before, all I want now is to make a cheap, easy, quick dinner (like Mexican Polenta Scramble) to keep my guests and myself, the gracious hostess, happy. I'm smiling through my teeth, can you tell?
So along with planning my fabulous meal for this weekend, here's what I'm thinking about to feed my overnight guests:
Recipes that don't take a lot of time: Cornmeal-Crusted Chicken Nuggets with Blackberry Mustard
Cost: under $2.00 per serving
This 20-minute dinner is about as quick as they come, it's incredibly tasty and has the added bonus of a very short ingredient list, which leads me to my next hot tip . . .
Recipes that have 5 ingredients or less: Five-Spice Tilapia
Cost: under $1.50 per serving
Chinese five-spice powder, soy sauce and brown sugar make a quick glaze for tilapia. This recipe is easily doubled: cook the fish in two separate batches, using more oil as necessary.
Dinners that I already have ingredients for: Turkey and Balsamic Onion Quesadillas
Cost: under $2.00 per serving
Grab some deli turkey, Cheddar cheese, some tortillas and onion with a splash of vinegar and wham! You have a quick, mouthwatering (and cheap!) meal in minutes.


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Oh dear God. I mean, I've got to give them credit for a very practical solution to a very irritating problem, but I just don't think I can be that person.
The Trip Clip is a very simple device which will protect your jeans from deteriorating to the point where the hems become little more than aprons for you shoes, as happens to me frequently. They seem quite discreet – the one pictured is transparent – but I think its just much cooler not to care. I think I'll just have to continue fraying my jeans with my heel and avoiding escalators. Still, if you're more of a man (or granny) than me, you can get hold of yours for a fiver, here.
By admin | December 18th, 2007


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Did they know?
I will try to summarize my situation briefly, as I desperately need info/opinions. My wife and I moved into a new (to us) house 2.5 weeks ago. After living here for less than 3 weeks, our sewer backed up in our basement...twice. we had the line inspected with a camera today and were told our lateral sewer line is separated at the joint and has major root infestation. there is only one problem spot in the whole line and it's right by our porch. His recommended repair is an injected lining, which will supposedly seal the line back up and fix the problem (obviously after clearing out the roots). Total cost: $5000. he also said he could dig up and repair for 3800, but he didn't recommend. said that the earth settling afterwards will cause porch problems, foundation problems, and so on. Mind you, he also kept saying things like, "no hurry, but if you commit to us by thursday we'll knock $100 off the price of the liner", and..."no hurry, but cabling the drain won't help you, so you need to repair asap" We contacted another company for a second opinion, and were told that they don't do the lining, and don't know anyone in the industry who does. they said 3800 for a spot repair is excessive. they said it'd be 2500 tops to dig to and fix the line. at this point we feel we've been screwed by the previous homeowners and don't want to be screwed in the repair as well. The previous homeowners did NOT disclose the problem and claim they knew nothing about it. Yet there are many signs that say otherwise. first, the floor drain that backed up is in an unfinished storage room. yet they put green drywall up on the three walls that surround the drain. but there is no green drywall anywhere else in the storage room, and really no drywall at all besides that area. second, there is rust on the floor under the furnace and water heater, all running down to the drain. We were told by the plumber and also by a carpet cleaner that that is suspicious and didn't just happen from our two backups. Third, the previous owners weren't living in the house for the last several months they owned it. They moved their family of 5(3 young kids) in with their inlaws, according to their agent. The claimed it was to help take care of a sick parent but we believe it's because they knew they couldn't live there any longer without spending thousands to repair. And finally, as the plumber stated, the root infestation was one of the worst he'd seen, and obviously didn't happen overnight. the chances that they never experienced the problem when they had 5 people living here are slim. Especially when just my wife and i and our 1 yr old son put it over the edge in less than 3 weeks. So I need some opinions desparately:
1. Based on the info, do you believe they knew? and do you believe we have a strong enough case to pursue them legally for the costs?
2. do you believe the liner is the way to go? or would digging and repairing suffice? we feel like the guy offering the liner is a little sketchy, just gut instinct. but we also think the "earth settling is bad argument" makes sense. so we don't know what to believe.
Not an expert here, but know enough to keep out of trouble. Is the drain terracota?? If yes, dig it up and replace with PVC. There is a joint every 3-4', so you will continue to have problems as long as it is down there. Not familiar with the "liner', but the guy sounds like a snake oil salesman.
Did they know? Kind of hard not to, if it has backed up on you twice in two weeks. Roots don't happen overnight. But litigation will cost more than you will get.
I agree with Bill. Did they leave you a film of the pipe ? Should have you paid for it, it will have the date and time on it that you might need for litigation or to show another company.
Are there any stickers advertising a plumbing or sewer company attached to anything at the property? - if the problem is that bad, it's quite possible - perhaps even likely - that the previous owners were aware of the problem. If you live in a smaller community, it might be worth calling around to see if you can locate someone who recently rodded the sewer.
That said, in my experience it's usually so expensive to recover cost of repair of know defects from a seller that it's seldom worth it for losses under 10K.
BTW, Did you get a home inspection? Did the inspector recommend that you get a video inspection of the line? (I recommend this every time a property is 15 years old or older, and the seller cannot demonstrate that this was done I the last year).
Home inspectors are generally are not responsible for defects which are not "readily visible" (as for example a underground sewer line, unless there is evidence of previous backup in a basement or crawl space), but IMO it's a useful recommendation to make.
199 Attachment(s)
1. I think they knew.
2. Not enough info to tell if the prices are excessive though they appear to be little high:
How deep is the line? What are your soil conditions? How excessable is the excavation area? Room for spoil pile? Are there utilities in the ground? Is the liner a spot repair or the whole line? 5 grand is a lot of liner. Hard to answer with out seeing your project. However, lining is a nice way to go if you have a properly laid line (because it conforms to the existing pipeline).
If settling is an issue, make them compact the soil better using a mechanical method. Its done under streets and foundations all the time.
As mentioned, what kind of pipe do you have now? You may want to replace all of it.
The plumbing line is PVC. And we've been told PVC is pretty resistent to root infestation. but not ours obviously. Also, for a job like this, would the repairing company have to apply for permits to complete this work? And obviously they should be licensed and insured I assume?
I gained my knowledge after several years in the service plumbing industry. Unfortunately I have seen this happen all too often. Most service technicians are paid by the job (commission). Thus, if they can turn a $300 job into a $5000 lining or excavation job... it makes for a pretty nice pay check. I've seen the best of the best and the worst of the worst in the service plumbing industry. I've witnessed unscrupulous technicians tell all kinds of stories, lies, and overly exaggerate problems to sell.
The difference however with my company however, is that I am unbiased in giving forthright information to my clients. I don't benefit from the service, repair, or replacement of a sewer or septic line. I strictly do the inspections. The camera pretty much speaks for itself, and what the client doesn't understand I can explain. I don't know where you're located, but hopefully you can find a similar company that will give you honest advice. The line may be maintainable, or you might be able to buy some more time with regular maintenance; high pressure jetting or water laser root cutting. Or.. it may actually need repair. I would check with your neighbors, the local BBB, etc. Ask for recommendations on who to call.
As far as "pursuing" the previous owner; a sewer back-up isn't pleasant for anyone. Thus, if the previous owner had money to fix it properly.. they probably would have. So trying to get blood from a turnip is probably a waste of your time.
Lining can be an effective alternative to conventional excavation under the right circumstances. Actually in some circumstances, is almost the only option if there are obstacles in the way. (porches, streets, etc.). I wouldn't commit to anything by Thursday for $100. Do your homework.
As someone else mentioned, did you get a copy of the video or were you watching over their shoulder when they ran the camera?
A joint wasn't glued properly or a poor connection was made.
The pipe wasn't properly bedded prior to backfill and ended up breaking
It was carelessly backfilled, and a rock or other debris was dropped on it
At some point in time; someone penetrated, broke, or cracked the pipe with a ground rod, ditch witch, etc.
To answer your question, yes they would need to pull a permit. They would also need to be licensed and insured.
So where are you located?
When was the house built?
To LateralConcepts:
yes that's what the first plumber told us...he said the pvc pipe separated at the joint and it was likely due to one of the reasons you mentioned. We are located in the st. louis, mo area. the break in the line is directly in front of our porch. It so happens that the yard/ground right there is sinking/settling. It was even noted in our inspection but our inspector chalked it up to the house being 20 years old and probably just normal settling. Of course now knowing what we know, we're pretty sure the problem has been ongoing for a while and it's impacting that area. Which is another thing that makes us question the lining. If we don't dig it up and repair it from below, then there is still what seems to be a sinkhole or problem with the soil where sewage has just basically been dumping in. We were told the line is 10 feet underground. The second plumber asked us why the first plumber did a camera on the line before cabling it out. He said they would never camera a line without cabling first, because it's too hard to see what's really going on with the pipe itself. So we just don't know who or what to believe. But again, our gut instinct is that the first plumber is a bit sketchy. anyone who tries to commit us to a repair by thursday by offering a measly $100 off a $5000 bill is suspect in my mind. Something else that is suspect about him is that he told us our neighbors down the street have the same problem and he's doing their yard this week. So we went and talked to them last night and found out that they in fact havent commited to him at all yet, and they are seeking multiple bids. We also found out that they have an HSA home warranty as we do, and HSA is who referred this same plumber to them. and he told them they have the exact same problem in the exact same spot. So...it's all too much for us to handle right now. I wish you were located in our area so that we could have you look at it for us!
Also I find it hard to believe the sewer is 10' deep right outside the foundation. If you have a full basement with plumbing, it's most likely not more than 8' deep.
Wow, that's great that you know someone in the st louis area! We will definitely give him a call. Thank you so much for your help and the referral!
Sewer Replacemant VS Liner
This is the real question you need to decide.
Advantage of the Liner is that it is less invasive. You will not have problems with your yard as far as a big mound. Question i would ask is if he is doing a entire line or just a patch in that spot. Either way I think he is trying to capitalize on the fact he is the only guy around there doing the liner.
Now digging.... I Never ever recommend just doing a repair if I am digging up a yard. I can rent the dig machine for an entire day and do the job correctly for just a little bit more. What Do I Mean by Correctly? Well I give a Lifetime warranty on my replacement because I know it was been don CORRECTLY! I only warranty the repair for 1 year and it is not that I do not do the repair correctly it is because say I see the hole at the 10 foot mark... I cut out from the 6-14 foot mark... fill my hole and you have another break at the 20 foot mark. I would need to tell you you are not covered and I do not like to do that. So go for the Full Line or the Liner
Camera- I always snake before putting my camera in a line... Why? well 1- I want to see what is going on... 2- I hat Dirty Equipment.
My suggestion have another Plumber come out and actually do a real Quote. Actually Do 2 if Possible.
Good Luck
I'm not very familiar with the "liner" option as no one does that in my area. That being said, I would still always prefer to do a complete replacement as opposed to a repair. With the replacement option (if you have a good plumber who takes pride in his work), you'll know that everything was done properly and work will be inspected by the local inspections dept. The replacement option, (I always call the 'shot in the dark') because no matter how good, water-tight, and perfect a repair you make, you'll never be able to change some other screw-up the last guy did 5' down the line.
For the record, I've replaced sewer lines before that were 15' deep at the house and have yet to have anyones house or porch or anything else fall down and collapse. Reason being, if it's properly backfilled and tamped, ground will be just as solid as it was before it was disturbed.
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what are some similes?
2 Answers | Add Yours
Similes are comparisons between two things that are usually nouns. Often, the words 'like' or 'as' are used to compare them.
If you're looking for actual examples of similies, here are some common ones that can help you get an idea of what you need:
horse as fast as a car
flowers petals like silk
sky as gray as ash
smile like the sun
I hope this helped!
I agree with comment #1
The words 'like' or 'as' are used to compare two nouns.(usually nouns)
Trees as tall as the sky.
Run like the wind.
Slow as a slug.
Long like a snake.
Strong like a lion.
Hoped these helped.
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This is the full research report for 188.8.131.52, which is an IP address.
Vodafone Ghana ADSL DYNAMIC ADDRESS POOL
Michael Komla Nfodzo
South Liberation Link, Plot No. 25
Manet Towers, Airport City, Accra
Telephone: 233 302 200200
Michael Komla Nfodzo
South Liberation Link, Plot No. 25
Manet Towers, Airport City, Accra
Telephone: 233 302 200200
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Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Title And Registration
And everybody knows it.
So I'm proposing a swift orderly change.
Cause behind its door there's nothing to keep my fingers warm
And everybody knows it.
So I'm proposing a swift orderly change.
Cause behind its door there's nothing to keep my fingers warm
Features of This Trackmellow rock instrumentation
repetitive melodic phrasing
intricate melodic phrasing
a vocal-centric aesthetic
a good dose of acoustic guitar pickin'
acoustic rhythm guitars
prominent synth drums
emphasis on instrumental arranging
and many other similarities identified in the Music Genome Project
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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Yes!! I love modest mouse!
Dashboard Storage. That's good.
However, I guess the whole thing about the (glove compartment) is how they tie this into finding pictures sending him into memories past, & fading love. Actually remarkable deep thought!
He's lamenting a time he tried to forget, memories which came back as he stumbled across souvenirs from his past relationship . And who wouldn't want to feel warm at a time like this - and he complains about the lack of any such thing in the Glove box (too literal of an explanation but that's what it is).
Seems like he had a fallout and his love took to driving eastwards leaving him behind and he's tried coming to terms by trying not to think of it.
2) Say a color
3) Post this on 5 other songs.
4) Look under your pillow
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text:
More I researched, less I understood what makes their value.
The Jap writing on these things, one small line changes everything with that Jap scribble they use. For I.D. purposes.
I have seen prices from $200 too $3,250.
Guess the small Paratrooper Ariska and the ones school kids used for training, are in high demand.
Over 3 Million of these were produced.
Ones with the Mum, are almost all U.S. Military bring back.
Even the bayonets vary and carry different values.
Factor in that a lot of G.I.s converted them too hunt with.
Hell I dont know. Price may rise, may go down. Who knows.
I traded a Romy AK for it. I was happy my Bro was happy.


text:
The elementary school my son attended held all-school assemblies on Fridays. Pre-kindergarteners through sixth graders, teachers, random staff members, and the director all crowded into the community room.
Parents were welcome as well. After announcements and special presentations, time permitting, students were given the opportunity to perform. Then, kids locked arms and swayed back and forth while everyone sang the school song.
I remember one assembly when three little fourth-grade girls got up on stage and sang "Firework," by Katy Perry. They were really into it. They sang with their whole hearts. It was touching and adorable.
When I looked around the room, I noticed that some of the adults looked uncomfortable, which seemed odd to me, considering that this particular school is all about celebrating and encouraging children to share themselves.
Why was it that, even at a school which supports kids in the best possible ways, fully expressed kids triggered discomfort in some of the adults?
Most of us were fully self-expressed humans when we were little kids. Childhood was experienced as freedom. We sang at the tops of our lungs. We danced around with our arms flung wide. We mostly didn't care what others thought about us.
We dreamed up possibilities about everything, and we had no doubt that anything we imagined could come true.
Then we grew up a little more. Endless directions from adults about staying safe, acting right, behaving, being quiet, and on and on shut us down. We stopped volunteering to sing our hearts out at assemblies. We stood back. We began to hide and to dream smaller dreams.
Bit by bit, we were molded, then we molded ourselves into fine, upstanding citizens. There's nothing wrong with being a fine, upstanding citizen, unless it means that your true self has been squashed in the process of growing up.
I did that, squashed myself. I was just that kind of little girl, the one twirling round and round with my arms flung wide…until I was told that my dress flew up too high when I twirled and my panties showed and that wasn't ladylike so stop it.
I was a curious kid. I asked lots and lots of questions, about everything, until people got annoyed and stopped answering. All the way up into middle school, I loved learning new things and asking questions. Then things got scary and I stopped because I'd gotten the message that what I was doing was too much for the grownups in my life, and my classmates didn't think it was cool to ask so many questions.
I started looking around and seeing what being cool meant and trying it out for myself. I used to play in the street with the boys, but then I learned that girls were supposed to play with other girls, so I stopped. On and on it went.
All the verbal and non-verbal messages I got and kids get from adults about how to be right and better and fit in finally made it through and I squashed myself flat. It took me a long time to realize that's what had happened.
Growing up is like walking a tightrope. There are so many rules all around that can obscure our inner compass. It doesn't help when rules contradict other rules. How could we, as kids, navigate those mixed messages, all the while staying tuned to our own special knowing about our true selves?
Be kind to others, but set boundaries. Don't talk to strangers, but don't leave anyone out. Share, but stand up for yourself. And don't break the rules or there will be consequences, but which rules? Rules can pile up so high it's hard to choose a direction, much less take a deep breath.
Somewhere in there, amid the jumble of rules, amid the necessity of having rules, we manage to grow up. Kids need adults to guide them and yet because we are each individual, the adults who guide won't have all the answers kids need. We are all fallible. We grow up fallible, raised by fallible people. We do our best, in growing up and in raising others.
We do our best, and we arrive here grown up, yet not finished. We search for meaning. We reach for awareness. We explore thoughts and excavate beliefs. The courage to do this searching and sorting leads us to identify the truth of who we are and to remember our original, wholeheartedly expressive selves.
Who are you when you take off the rules? What comes alive when you dare to feel past the habits those rules instilled? Who are you when you open wide and really get into sharing with your whole heart?
On a practical level, a tool called "thought modeling" can help with peeling off layers of thoughts, rules and beliefs to expose a more true you. Here's an example of how it works.
When you feel some sadness or some other sort of painful feeling, ask yourself: What happened to make me feel this way? Write just the facts of what happened, without any emotion or drama added.
Next, ask what you made that thing that happened mean? Write just one thought, rule or belief down.
Next, ask yourself how that thought, rule or belief feels? Write down the feeling. Then ask, when you think about this thought and you feel that feeling, what kinds of things do you do?
Write down the actions you take. And finally, when you're thinking about this rule or thought that makes you feel this way and take these certain actions, what result do you get? Write the result down.
This is how it would look in a Thought Model:
Fact of what happened: A person stared at me.
I made it mean this Thought: He thinks I'm strange.
This makes me Feel: Alone.
How I Act with this feeling: Hide. Act small. Do not be myself.
The Result I get with all of these combined: I'm strange because I'm not being myself.
We can use this same Thought Model to remove painful thoughts and then replace with new, better feeling thoughts.
Revealing painful thoughts, beliefs and rules and changing them can free your life, day by day. It happened once, as you were growing up and your thoughts changed based on rules.
It can happen again as you rediscover and grow your true self into the life you want.
Image credit: barnowlprimitives on Etsy


text:
Warhol digital art discovered on floppy disks
May 7, 2014 Leave a comment
A collection of digital artwork by legendary artist Andy Warhol has been rediscovered after nearly thirty years.
In 1985, Warhol used an Amiga computer to demonstrate its graphic design software, saving his experiments on floppy disks which were kept in the Andy Warhol Museum's archives.
The art was long-forgotten, until artist Cory Arcangel found a YouTube video of the Amiga product launch and started an investigation into the lost disks.
Twenty eight digital images, including a recreation of Warhol's iconic 'Campbell's Soup Cans', have been successfully restored.
Find out more about the art here and tell us what you think of Warhol's digital designs.


text:
Hi guys, i'm currently working on a uni project. I have to write a c program that graphs 6 different chaos maps. I've used koolplot without problems before, but now it's proving to be quite problematic. I have created a koolplot project included koolplot.h and written most of my program. However wenever i run the executable it returns the error:
'Drawing operation was attempted when there was no current window'
This occurs simply by including the koolplot library let alone using it. Can anyone shed som light on this? Any help is much appreciated.


text: Comic Den is the mom-and-pop store of the collectibles scene. Located in Queens, this small but successful shop is just as devoted to your comic book quest as you are. If Comic Den doesn't have what you're looking for, it'll do its best to track it down for you. While you're waiting, peruse the rest of Comic Den's back issues, books and toys—it even carries comic Christmas ornaments.


text:
Answers Home
» Adoption & Rescue
Pet help?
So my guinea pig recently died and I would like to get another pet. I know this doesn't have much to do with dogs but I was just wondering if anyone out there could help me. Please no rude comments. I thought about getting another guinea pig but it seems like I might have minor allergies. I've thought about another dog but based on answers to my previous questions, that is not a good idea because I will be going to college in the next few years. A lot of people in my family are allergic to cats so that won't work. I think my grandma is allergic to birds and my mom does not want one. I have a dog at the moment that would take priority over any other pet if they were to have problems getting along. I'm not sure what kind of pet to get. Could anyone help me? Thank You so much!!! All answers are greatly appreciated!! :)
Asked by
Member 1037035
on Jun 27th 2011
in Adoption & Rescue
- Cast your vote for which answer you think is best!
Since there is alot of problems with allergies, and you seem to like small animals have you looked into a naked rat. What I have heard from alot of people they are more loving animals then guinea pigs and they can be trained to do things. As far as the mess they are about the same as the guinea pig. I hope you get some more ideas here also.
Tiara answered on 6/27/11. Helpful? / 0
If you had a guinea pig, then I would get another one. My daughter had the same circumstances. Her's died shorty before she started college. She knew she would be busy and since Guinea Pigs are social animals, she got 2. That way they have company when she is really busy. About your allergies, you can give them baths. That should keep the allergens under control. Good Luck!
Jax (earned her wings 5/30/12) answered on 6/27/11. Helpful? / 0
Well since you are going to collage you defiantly should not get a dog, there are hairless cats, the cutest out of all of them are "Bambinos" Go to Cats 101 on animal planet and there's a video about this tiny hairless breed, they're cute!
Also, although they're not very cute, a hairless rat or mouse is also an option, A guinea pig is a good idea, too.
Or, a fish tank! You can get beautiful fish and decorate the tank with loghts, its beutiful, we have a 65 gallon and everyone loves it, it really brightens the house!
Also, a frog, or a hermit crab are good options, I have a hermit crab, all you ahve to do is provide a few extra shells becuase they grow alot, you just have to wet their sponge and give them a pinch of food every now and then and your good to go!
Whatever breed you do choose, do your homework! :) Try the animal planet 'pet pciker" quiz- it alos helped me!
Gia answered on 6/27/11. Helpful? / 0
You might want to try hermit crabs I just got one a few weeks ago very easy to take care fun to watch my loves bannans I'm fixing to get him a friend :)
Lexie answered on 6/27/11. Helpful? / 0
Rats are awesome if they don't trigger your allergies - smart, social, learn to recognize you by scent, you can handle them and carry them around on your shoulder, and can even be taught simple tricks. But test it out first, they have similar hair to guinea pigs. I had pet rats in high school, they were a lot of fun. They were like a cross between a dog and a monkey, but required less attention than either of those. I had two females together, they liked being social. Do not put males and females together (it is very easy to differentiate male from female) - they will breed. Life span = 2-4 years.
Hermit crabs are fun but can be high maintenance. Alternatives include Madagascar hissing cockroaches or a tarantula (assuming the adults in your family will approve). Merlin the hissing cockroach (RIP) and Charlotte the tarantula are fascinating to kids and adults in my neighborhood.
Good Luck!
Zack answered on 6/28/11. Helpful? / 0