text:
Sweet Sorghum – Great Overview 2010
Sorghum Intro:
My introduction to sorghum syrup came about in a very roundabout way. I was living in Washington, DC. and converted four lots and two houses into an urban farm. As a result, I was always falling afoul of the law…… I had Illegal chickens, contra-band bees, renegade greenhouses, concealed pigeon coops, and worse. At a point, I realized that I either moved to a farm, or risked jail time on some poultry offense. So, I found a small farm 14 miles from town, bought it, and like a reverse Beverly Hills Hillbillies story, packed my truck with plants and animals, and moved to the "country".
My duck breeder friend asked me if I was making my own sugar. I said no, that sugar cane did not grow this far north. She then informed me that sorghum, a big annual sugar cane like grass would grow in my area, and that I could make sugar! This "sugar" was called Sorghum syrup. It had never occurred to me that I could produce my own sugar and I was electric with excitement. Party time. As a person who loves to make his own stuff, this was very big news. I already made my own jams, but, the fact that I could make my own sugar to sweeten them, that was a whole new level of self sufficiency!
Any who, my online friend sent me a little packet of sweet sorghum seeds. The next spring I planted them and up sprang this huge corn like grass, twice my height. It just sort of stood there, looking big, and once it reached what I thought was its maximum hugeness, I decided to sample it. I cut down a stalk, peeled back the green skin of the cane, and chewed on the stick like a dog does a dried pig ear. Sure enough, as I chewed, the taste of pure sweet rolled down my happy throat. I peeled more, chewed more, peeled more, and proceeded to get a very clean sugar high. Having tasted the delicious sweet, I vowed to plant a crop of sorghum the next year and actually make my own sugar.
Being an impatient soul, I did not want to wait a whole year to sample the sorghum syrup I would be making. So, like any obsessive person, I found this really cool online supplier of sorghum syrup and ordered some. In a few days a jar of sorghum syrup arrived. It looked like light colored molasses but tasted like fruity honey with a touch of molasses. I began using sorghum syrup in all kinds of recipes in place of store bought sugar and had amazing results. Having tasted this brand of sweet, I was really excited to make my own the following season. Later we will get to my own personal adventure with sugar making, but first, let's talk more about sorghum syrup in general.
Sweet Sorghum History:
To start the sweet sorghum story, and for it to make any sense at all, we have to turn back the sweet time machine 160 years. In 1850, the average American had access to sugar cane syrup or molasses. Only the super rich could afford white refined sugar. Sugar cane syrup was made by pressing sugar cane for its sweet juice, and cooking that juice down into a thick, heavy, sweet syrup. Molasses, on the other hand, was the byproduct of the sugar refining process. When cane sugar was refined, the pure white sugar got pulled out, what was left in the pot was molasses. Sugar cane syrup did not take much work to make, and molasses was an industrial by product. Both sugar cane syrup and molasses were the cheapest sugars available and what 90% of the population used as sugar.
All that to say, in 1850, most people got their sweet in the form of a thick, heavy sugar syrup.
The Sorghum syrup Story
North America boasts two unique additions to the menu of healthy sugars; maple syrup and sorghum syrup. Most have tasted maple syrup, but, sorghum is something new to many. Like Maple syrup, sorghum syrup is made on this continent and on this continent alone. More specifically, it is produced in America. So in fact, it is a sugar unique to America. It is a bit odd that America's most American sweetener is unknown to many Americans, but, with a little luck that will be changing. Because, sorghum syrup is as interesting in flavor and use as "the other" North American sweetener, Maple syrup.
It is made from the pressed juice of a very large grass, scientifically known as Sorghum bicolor, and in particular, a variety known as sweet sorghum. Sweet sorghum is a very tall, statuesque grass that stands many feet higher than the average man, and its seed head makes it even stand taller. If you were not told otherwise, you might mistake it for corn on steroids. It is a close relative of sugar cane, though it differs from its relation in two main regards. Firstly, it is an annual grass, whereas sugar cane is a perennial; secondly, it grows in places too cold to support sugar cane production.
Its wide, corn like leaves extend into the sunlight, where they practice the ultimate plant miracle, using sun energy and water they create sugar. The sugar produced in leaf is then shipped to its thick, succulent stem. If you break off a piece of sorghum cane, and chew it, the sugar concentration makes its self known. The sugar content in the cane ranges between 10% and 20%, and, when you chew a length of stem, you taste the sweet. It stores as much or more sugar in its cane than its relative sugar cane, as sugar cane stores on average 10% sugar! Its large canes are pressed, the juice collected, and cooked down to remove excess water, concentrate the sugars and vitamins and minerals. The result is a rich, fruity, complex sugar syrup with endless uses and endless appeal.
The sweet sorghum syrup story is a complex as the flavor of the syrup itself, and like the flavor, the history is worth knowing. But, first a short informational detour.
It is really fascinating how different cultures will breed the same plant or animal for different purposes and end up with an almost entirely different plant or animal. Take dogs. The Mexicans bred the wild dog into the tea cup sized Chihuahua and the Danish took the same wild dog and developed the horse sized Great Dane! Here is an example from the plant world. American's bred watermelons to be seedless because we like watermelon's sweet flesh. As a result of years of breeding, our watermelons are now seedless or virtually seedless. On the other hand, the Chinese love eating watermelon seeds and have bred watermelons that have little meat and are mostly seed. The same plant or animal, in the hands of a different culture, with different needs or tastes, over generations, can end up looking very different! This is the case with sweet sorghum.
Sorghum bicolor, as a plant, has four potential uses. Its leaves and stems can be used as a food for grazing animals(silage sorghum); its seeds can be used like wheat or rice(grain sorghum); its dried seed head can be used to make brooms(broom sorghum); and lastly, its sweet canes can be used to make sugar. Some cultures bred it for use as green fodder for animals, other for grain production, others for broom making, and in America, we alone bred it for sugar making. As I said, America is the only country that makes sugar out of sorghum. If you want to sample sorghum sugars deliciousness, you will have to do it in America! And, as you will see, we bred up its sugar making potential as a result of our unique history.
Though an American product, the sweet sorghum story starts in foreign lands. Research reveals that sweet sorghum bicolor is originally from Sudan and Chad and spread from northern East Africa to southern East Africa thousands of years ago. Villages between those two points grew the plant for the grain it produced and for the sweet cane that could be chewed both for pleasure and nutrition. From East Africa, sweet sorghum spread to China, Korea, Burma, and India. Early in history, sweet sorghum made its way to Europe, via Asia. The plant appears in European botanical literature in 1542 and is referred to as Sorghi, the name used for it in India.
Mid 19th century Europeans experimented with squeezing the sweet canes and making sugar with the resulting juice, but, it did not really catch on. Europe had sugar cane sugar rolling in from the Caribbean Islands and they really did not need another source. Let us just say that they were not very motivated to find another source of the sweet. But they did briefly fool around with it, and, that happened in the year 1851.
In 1851, the French consul in Shanghai sent a collection of "the sugar cane of the North of China", sweet sorghum, to the Geographical Society of Paris. The seed was planted in the garden of Toulon where a single seed germinated. However, that single seed produced enough seed for a second generation.
In 1853, William Prince, a Flushing New York nurseryman received some seed from the Toulon garden and produced a crop of sorghum in New York. He sold the seed to farmers around Northern America to trial as a potential new sugar crop.
Independent of that, J.D. Browne, a US patent office agent, travelled to France where he observed sweet sorghum growing and experiments being conducted making those sweet canes into sugar. He noted that this potential sugar producing crop was growing in places and climates where corn flourished, and, suspected it would grow in America's corn belt as well. We are speaking, of course, of the American North and Midwest, places that had to buy sugar. Browne collected seed and sent them back to the US Patent office. The patent office in turn grew the seed and produced a sufficient supply to distribute seed packets, in 1857 and 1858. Farmers were made aware of the seed through the help of several northern congressmen and the magazine "American Agriculturist".
The varieties of Sweet Sorghum introduced by William Prince, and JD Browne, were to be known as Chinese Cane, as they made their way to America by way of France by way of China. Chinese Sugar Cane was also known as Eusorghum.
In a separate universe, A Calcutta, India sugar planter, Leonard Wray, visited eastern South Africa and collected several varieties of Sweet Sorghum growing along the coast. Wray developed sixteen varieties and introduced them to Europe under the name Imphee, or sweet reed. Once again, sweet sorghum did not catch on in Europe. But, in 1857, Wray, working with South Carolina governor Hammond and Mr. Redmond, publisher of the magazine Southern Cultivator, introduced the African sweet Sorghum to farmers in the Southern United States. In 1859, some African sweet sorghum seed was given to the US patent office, or stolen by the US patent office, depending upon who tells the story. The US Patent Office in turn propagated the African variety and distributed its seed to farmers in Northern America.
The African sweet sorghum was called Imphee, and was thought to be a stronger cane, better able to withstand strong hot prairie winds. Chinese sugar cane was thought to be more fragile, but better able to thrive in cooler climates and produced a superior syrup.
One might ask the question, why was the US Patent office so involved with the identification of sugar producing plants, their study, and their distribution to Northern farmers. The answer is simple. The North was dependent on sugar and molasses made on southern plantations run on slave labor. War between the north and the south was looming and it was possible that the southern sugar supply would stop flowing north. The United States government wanted to create a sugar industry in the north to reduce dependence on southern sugar, and, sorghum was one of the candidates.
Moreover, Cane sugar was a cash crop for the South. Sugar was valuable, whether sold to the north or to Europe. The southern sugar industry added money to the southern economy and in turn money to their war budget. By stimulating northern sugar production, southern sugar plantations incomes would e reduced. Today we talk about developing alternate fuels to end our dependence on Arab oil; in those days, people spoke of reducing dependence on southern sugar.
And, in addition to this, the abolitionists were encouraging consumers to boycott slave made sugar. more specifically, consumers were made to feel guilty about buying slave made sugar. Here is a good quote from Sugar expert Elizabeth Abbott, " Abolitionists urged all Christians to shun the sugar and rum that orphaned slave children by murdering their parents through excessive labor and cruel treatment". As Abbott says, cane sugar "was literally polluted with slaves blood and sweat, clearly no reasonable person could eat it." In fact, grocers started looking for sources of sugar not made with slave labor and that had "not produced by slaves" on the product!
With the full support of the federal government, and abolition inspired consumer interest, Sorghum caught on in the north, indeed, by 1858 it was being planted in every state in the Union. By 1860, nearly 6.75 million gallons of syrup were produced in twenty five states. Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri produced over half of that syrup. The product sold for fifty to sixty cents a gallon. Bear in mind that was 150 years ago, the equivalent in today's money would be $14 a gallon.
So, the US government's motivation for distributing and encouraging sorghum syrup production was political; they wanted to stick it to the southern sugar producers. But, the early American farmer was equally interested for their own reasons. Firstly, there was the moral issue of slave made sugar. Secondly, cane sugar was the only sugar readily available to the average American, and, it cost money. Sorghum, on the other hand, grew just about everywhere, and, pressing it and creating sugar was something you could do at home, with a minimum amount of equipment. The money usually spent on buying sugar could be used to buy sorghum sugar making equipment, and the homesteader could then make their own sugar for the rest of their life. Bearing in mind sugar was one of the most expensive items a homesteader bought, the idea that they could make their own sugar, and maybe even produce a little extra to sell made it an exciting crop.
An 1859 book, "Experiments with Sorghum Sugar Cane", was written to encourage the northern farmer to think they could be sugar independent almost immediately. Here are some interesting quotes from that "inspiring" little book,
"The profound interest awakened, not many months since, on the subject of the introduction among us of a new sugar producing plant, the Chinese Sorgho and African Imphee canes, seems destined to ripple yet further the current public sentiment. No event of modern times has produced a sensation more intense amongst agriculturists, and judging from the success which has attended the experiments of the past season, crude and imperfect as they necessarily were, nothing has fallen under public observation which has yet, or is likely to confer such permanent benefit upon the community at large.
Sugar, once a rare and costly luxury, has in these latter times become a sort of general necessity, although the short crops of year or two past, together with inordinate speculations in that which was produced, have made men of moderate and restricted means feel as if it was receding again to its old place amongst the luxuries.
Our object here, however, is not to indulge in general speculation, but to lay before the public, in the plainest manner possible, such facts as have fallen under our observation, or have been brought to our attention, and which bear upon the subject of growing this new sugar cane, expressing the juice there from, and boiling the same into sugar and molasses, We will therefore as a proper preface, consider the general success of the past season, to show the base upon which we build our hopes of still more flattering results in the future."
The results of the year are flattering in the highest degree. Sirup, of a beauty and flavor and consistency equal to the finest sugar house molasses, has been made to a considerable extent in nearly every Northern State, and in quantity sufficient yield a good profit at the lowest price New Orleans has ever sold for in our markets. Samples have been shown us by various parties, which were as transparent and pleasant almost as honey, though there had, doubtless been unusual care exercised in their manufacture. They show, however, that these results were not impossibilities, and go far to prove the cane a success. But, in addition, to all this, and still better, SUGAR, of various grades, from the darkest brown to the finest loaf, has been produced by various parties and at various points, sufficient to prove conclusively that the manufacture of sugar in this latitude is not only possible, but easy of accomplishment."
With a bag of free sweet sorghum seeds from the US patent office, a copy of this book, and a small amount of equipment, the 1850′s northern farmer has sugar stars in his or her eyes. No more trips to the general store to buy expensive slave made cane sugar. This appealed to the cost conscious early American and worked for US government too.
But, there was still another factor. Self reliance was a core value amongst the American pioneer. They liked being able to take care of their own and produce their own necessities. Part of this was practical; many lived in locations far removed from a general store. But, the bigger part was the value of self reliance itself. They liked being able to fend for themselves. Making their own sugar made them more independent.
For all these reasons, sweet sorghum planting, and sorghum syrup manufacture, throughout the North, caught on like wild fire.
Though the US patent office had sowed the seeds of northern sugar independence, and authors such as the one just quoted helped stir the so called sugar pot, the Civil War did its part to stimulate northern sugar production. Let's just say the war, which specifically targeted sugar plantations, resulted in a disruption in the production and distribution of southern cane sugar. As the war raged on, the sugar flow slowed to a trickle. The northern states did not have access to southern sugar they had before. If you wanted to get your sweet on , planting and producing sorghum syrup was the answer.
At that crazy time in US history, an Iowa agriculturist, Wayne Rasmussen, made this statement, "It is fair to conclude that if a king providence should bless us with a favourable season, another year we will not be compelled, as a State, to contribute to the expenses of the war in the shape of high prices for sugar and molasses." In other words, northern sugar production meant less money for the south to fight their side of the civil war.
The Union Commissioner of Agriculture said this in his report of 1862, "The new product of sorghum cane has established itself as one of the permanent crops of the country and it enabled the interior states to supply themselves with a home article of molasses, thereby keeping down the prices of other molasses from any great advance over former rates which otherwise would have been a result of war." The sugar shortage, that would otherwise have been the practical result of war with the south, was averted with northern sorghum syrup production . Northern farmers were now making their own sugar and had their own supply. And, often, they had enough to sell to their neighbors and city dwellers.
Sorghum production increased with each passing year of the war. However, its production stabilized in the 1870′s. Basically, with the end of the war, and with the renewed access to southern sugar, Sorghum had to stand toe to toe with southern cane sugar. Though Sorghum got northern folks through the war years, it was not without its problems. In the very northern states it did not always set seed. Where ever it was planted, it was labor intensive to convert the cane into sugar syrup. However thrifty, making sugar was time consuming, and if you had money to buy sugar, you did.
So, 1870′s saw a reduction of sorghum production in the north, but as production in the north declined, it increased in the northern parts of the south. The parts that were too cold for sugar cane to grow, but, still plenty warm for sorghum. This increase in southern sorghum syrup production might also have had something to do with labor. Though slavery was over, the south had a large number of former slaves accustomed to labor intensive agriculture, cotton, cane, and tobacco included, in need of work. Though freed, former slaves were available for the manual labor associated with making sorghum syrup.
As has been said, there are different sorghum varieties grown for different purposes, silage, grain, broom, and sugar respectively. Apparently the US Department of Agriculture decided this confused the American consumer. In one of the earliest cases of re-branding by the USDA, the USDA announced that hence forth, sweet sorghum would be called Sorgo and sorghum syrup would be called sorgo syrup. Here is a humorous quote from one of their publications announcing "their" name change,
"Sorgo is called sorghum in many parts of the country, and until recently the sirup from sorgo was generally known as sorghum syrup. Sorgo is the name now preferred by the United States Department of Agriculture for the varieties of sorghum that have abundant sweet juice, as distinguished from the grain producing varieties". Sadly for the USDA, no one was interested in changing sorghum syrups name, and, their effort failed. Then and now, sorghum syrup is called sorghum syrup and sometimes just plain old sorghum.
Sorghum syrup production reached one its peak in the 1880′s where states, southern and northern included, produced a total of 30 million gallons of syrup. At this time, there were over two hundred different varieties of sorghum planted in North America. Each location tended to have its own variety that performed best in that locale.
But of all those local varieties, four varieties dominated the scene due to their high sugar contents and those included early amber, Orange, Sumac, and gooseneck. The different varieties produced juice with different sugar contents; as an example, in Biloxi, these varieties had the following sugar contents; sumac 11.44%, Gooseneck 13.09, early amber 14.55% , and Orange 14.20. Through selective breeding, Americans were breeding higher and higher sugar content sweet sorghum varieties, varieties much higher than those that arrived in America from Africa and China. Americans had taken this particular wild dog and turned it into the sorghum version of a Great Dane.
By 1890, nine southern states were responsible for over half the sorghum syrup produced in America. This would be a complete reversal from the statistics of 1860 when half the US crop was produced in northern states.
At this time, there was hope that sorghum syrup could be refined into a white, solid sugar. Because, refined white sugar, the former luxury of the super rich, had caught on with the average man, and, everybody wanted the pure white solid sweet.
However, this was not to be. A USDA bulletin had this to say on the subject, " At one time it was believed that sorgo had value in the production of sugar(solid) and from 1860-1890 much experimental work, both on a small scale and a factory scale, was one in the attempt to develop this industry. As compared with sugarcane and sugar beets, however the yield of sorgo and sugar per acre is low in most localities the sugar making season would be short; and the crop is relatively unreliable and perishable from the standpoint of sugar production. Sorgo juice, moreover, contains gummy materials, starch, and comparatively large quantities of sugars other than the ordinary sugar of commerce(sucrose), which retard and sometimes prevent crystallization. Although improved methods of clarification have been developed , the yields of crystallized sugar have usually been found too small to justify establishing this as a separate and independent sugar industry."
The taste of the nation was heading towards solid purified, white sugar and the difficulty in converting sorghum syrup into a simple, albeit dangerous chemical, was a major factor in its disappearance from the American table.
But, the death nail in the coffin of commercial sorghum syrup production came in the 1890′s. Round about then, the USD experimented with extracting solid white sugar from sugar beets and had excellent results. Sugar beets, like sorghum, grew in the north, but, acre per acre, produced more of the white stuff than sorghum and produced it more easily. Even more significant, there was a commercial production issue. Sorghum had to be cut and processed into sugar immediately. The sugar in its canes, once cut, quickly converts to starch. It is a perishable product. Sugar beets, on the other hand, could be harvested and stored, and processed into sugar whenever it was convenient. Weeks, even months, after they were harvested.
To make matters even worse, technologies developed that could extract glucose syrups from corn. Corn syrup, though another unhealthy substance, was cheaper to produce than sorghum syrup. Sorghum could not compete with cheap beet or the cheap corn syrup, and, its commercial production went into a steady decline. A rich, complex, healthy sugar was sidelined by two very simple, and not so healthy purified sugars.
Here are some US census figures that show the rise and fall of sorghum syrup in America. The figures shown are in gallons.
So, you are probably thinking it was straight down hill for sorghum to the present, when we find sorghum syrup almost obscure. Almost but not exactly. Interestingly, there was a surge of production of sorghum syrup between 1920 and 1933. What explains this bump in production? Prohibition! It seems that during the first part of the "dry years" , sorghum syrup was used to make alcohol. Apparently it was fairly easy to make sorghum booze and as such, it regained popularity amongst the American farmer. The honky- tonks, speakeasies, and moonshine parlors popping up all over the country needed something to serve, and, sorghum derived booze was one such beverage. When the depression hit in 1929, production plummeted to 9,256,000. Nobody had any money for food let alone booze, and, Sorghum syrups revival went down the tubes along with the wealth of the nation.
After this temporary upswing, sorghum syrup resumed its slow descent to the bottom of the sugar list. After the second world war, more and more people moved away from the land, and, from country ways. Sorghum production suffered along with all the other country traditions lost in the movement from country to town. Moreover, it was always a labor intensive crop, and following the end of the second world war, a lot of the American men were dead. Let's just say there was a war caused shortage of farm labor and this took its toll on sorghum syrup production.
Sorghum: Alive and Kicking
Though Sorghum lost the commercial war with corn and beets, its cultivation and manufacture did not stop all together. From the 1930′s to the 1970′s, its production continued on family farms and homesteads on a non-commercial basis. And the reason for this is hard for the modern reader to comprehend. Finances.
Many American farmers during this period barely earned enough money to cloth their families, and for them, store bought sugar was a real luxury. Buying sugar was buying sugar and these farmers did not buy that much of anything. Simply put, subsistence farmers could not afford to buy sugar. But, like when it was first introduced, Sorghum gave the small scale farmer the opportunity to produce a sufficient quantity of sugar the keep them the sweet for the year, at no cost apart from the labor it took to produce the syrup. An acre of sorghum produced between 60 and 400 gallons of sugar rich syrup, and most farmers had an acre to spare and a weekend to cook down the cane juice to rich sugar syrup! The art of sorghum syrup production was kept alive due to the economic necessity of poor American farmers.
In some cases, families had their own sorghum press and pressed and cooked down their own syrup. In some communities, one member of the community would build and maintain a press, and local farmers would drive their sorghum to be pressed at the "community" press. The press operator did his work in exchange for a certain percentage of the resulting juice or syrup.
A 1975 survey revealed that only 2400 acres of sorghum were planted on 165 farms. That is a far cry from the amount of sorghum planted in the height of the sorghum sugar days…..in excess of 500,000 acres in 1880! That was a real low point.
The good news is that things are looking a bit better. At present, an estimated 30,000 acres of sweet sorghum are planted annually, and those acres produce 1 million gallons of syrup. The biggest portion of the syrup being produced in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee. And, the really good news is that there are some producers that produce sorghum commercially! You can buy sorghum syrup over the phone and over the internet! The production may be down, but, the product is still available!
Making Sorghum Syrup:
The reason that sorghum took off in the first place, and the reason that its production has continued on a homestead basis thereafter, is twofold. Firstly, it's delicious. Secondly, its relatively easy to make. Yes, its labor intensive, but, with a press of some sort, and a large kettle, you can make sugar. With a little equipment, and some free time, you can be in the sweet.
So, how is sorghum syrup made? Well, the process is always the same. First, the canes are cut and striped of leaves. Next, the canes are passed through a mill that flattens the cane and squeezes out the sweet green juice. The cutting and the pressing needs to happen as quickly as possible, as otherwise the sugar trapped in the cane begins to convert to starch. The pressed green juice, which is by the way as sweet or sweeter than apple cider, is then placed in large pots or kettles, and boiled. As the juice boils, proteins, starches, and chlorophyll molecules float to the top of the pot and form a foam. Someone leans over the pot and continuously scoops off the foam. For some hours, the boiling and the scooping proceeds. But, more or less, when the pot stops producing foam, the syrup is done. 7 gallons of juice has been reduced to 1 gallon of amber colored sorghum syrup.
My adventure with Sorghum Syrup
As proof positive that anyone with a small plot of land can make sorghum syrup, I will dive into my personal sorghum story.
I mentioned earlier that I first heard about sorghum syrup from an online friend and according to her I could make sugar at home. However, I needed a source of seed to plant my acre of sorghum, and, I went online to find a supply. Looking for seed, I came across a wonderful organization, The National Sweet Sorghum Producers and Processors Association. Spear headed by the Sorghum Saint, Morris Bitzer, I was able to obtain seed and planting instructions for a type of sorghum recommended for my area.
So, I planted an acre of sorghum and, within days the little corn like plants appeared. Within two weeks the little plants were flying towards the sky at kind of an alarming rate. The plant is vigorous and strong and just grows by the minute. In fact, the vitality of the plant is almost breath taking. I did not water it, treat it with fertilizer, or weed it. It just blasted out of the ground like a rocket, all on its own.
Honestly, while it was growing, I did not give a lot of thought to what would come next. Like, how would I actually turn the canes into sorghum syrup. I had been informed that once the plant set seeds, and the seeds were slightly hard but not entirely hard, the sugar content in the cane would be at its maximum, and it was time to harvest the cane. After that point, sugar content would begin to disappear.
Well, I got busy with this and that, and before I knew it, I had semi-hard seeds hanging off my 14 foot sorghum plants. I did the only sensible thing. I panicked. How was I going to get the juice out of the canes? How was I going to press it? I went online and I looked at old designs for simple sorghum presses and they all involved a horse. Problem one. I did not have or want a horse. I did find some designs that could be modified to work without a horse but I did not have time to get one of those built. My sugar content was dropping by the minute.
But, then I remembered something. I remembered that Cuban restaurants in Miami had mini-sugar cane presses right in the restaurants. They used them to press fresh sugar cane juice, or Gurapa, as it is known in Cuba, to be served as a refreshing beverage. As an aside, where ever sugar cane grows, the people press and drink the fresh juice for health and pleasure. My sorghum was about the same size as sugar cane, just a little softer, and, I decided that if I could get my hands on one of these portable sugar cane presses, I could press my sorghum cane. I called restaurant supply companies in Miami in search of one of those portable sugar cane presses, and found one. Shortly thereafter, a portable 2 horse power sugar cane press arrived at my door. Miraculously, I plugged it in, fed a sorghum cane through it, and out flew sweet green juice. What a relief. I could get the juice out of the cane!
About the juice. It is bright green like wheat grass juice served at juice bars. Like wheat grass juice, it provides a blast of b vitamins with the added benefit of super fresh natural sugar. All I can say is that if you drink a cup of fresh sorghum juice, you end up with a buzz you'll not soon forget! It is tasty, in a deeply green kind of way, but wow does it get you moving! Good thing, because it was a lot of work chopping down the canes, pulling off the leaves, and shoving the canes through the juicing machine.
I have ridiculously large pots, like big enough to cook a couple of people in, and so I put the juice in the pots, and started cooking. True to the reports I had read, once the juice started boiling, foam came to the top of the pot, and my job was to keep scooping the foam off the boiling mass. It boiled, I scooped, it boiled, I scooped, and in two hours, 70 gallons of sweet green juice became 10 gallons of ultra tasty syrup.
And, I must say, pouring my sorghum syrup into mason jars, was one of my most satisfying moments. I had taken a plant, pressed out the sugary sap trapped within it, and converted that sap into sugar. An ancient practice, one that people around the world had practiced since the beginning of time, had been pulled off in my own home. I was officially sugar independent.
Ultimately, here was the most compelling part of the experience. I planted sorghum seeds and watched them grow with shocking vigor. I mean, the plant just looks healthy, exploding with strength and vitality. Then I pressed this vital plant and out came its essence, an electric, power packing green juice. A juice that just looks healthy. A Juice so packed with nutrition it makes a person, as in this person, buzz around like an energized insect. Then, I reduced this power packing punch, from 70 gallons, to 10 gallons, thereby concentrating all the goodness into a highly concentrated form. Looking at the jars of brown sorghum syrup, I knew on some primitive level, that I had before jars of concentrated power! And even better, it was beyond tasty.
I don't say this in that, everyone thinks their kid is cute, no matter how butt ugly, kind of way. I have made more than one product on the farm and thrown it in the trash because it was nasty. This stuff is delicious.
Sorghum and Health:
Like all whole, unrefined sugars, sorghum syrup is an incredibly complex substance. Its color alone lets you know that it is filled with different sugars, vitamins, minerals, and assorted phyto-chemicals. Remember, that sorghum syrup is highly concentrated nutrition rich sorghum cane juice.
There is a variation in sorghum syrup content, as with most naturally occurring substances, no two fields produce the same sorghum cane, juice, or syrup. But, generally speaking, sorghum syrup contains 40% sucrose, 30% invert sugar, 3% mineral matter, 24% water, and 3 % organic non-sugars.
Nutritionally speaking, sorghum syrup is a wealth of vitamins and minerals. One cup contains 957 calories, but these are not empty calories. These calories come packing with loads of nutrition and phytochemicals which all work towards improving health. The percentages presented here represent the USDA recommended amounts per day.
Seeing Red
Most people are aware of the health advantages of red wine. What they don't often realize is that the important word here is red. Compounds known as anthocyanins make red wine red, and two primary physiological activities. They strengthen the circulatory system, arteries and heart included, and they act as anti-oxidants. Anti-oxidants neutralize free radicals that the body produces; free radicals cause aging, cancer, heart disease, and a whole long list of things you don't want. Anthocyanins can be found in red raspberries, red grapes, tomatoes, strawberries, and a host of other red produce.
The sorghum produces a lot of anthocyanins, and these substances can be found (and seen) in the leaves, canes, and seeds. When the cane is pressed, and the juice concentrated into syrup, the syrup has a reddish caramel color…because it contains concentrated anthocyanins. Though the anthocyanins found sorghum have not been specifically studied, they should be. They may have more health benefits than those associated with anthocyanins.
Ginseng in sugar syrup?
Ginseng is a well known health stimulator, used for centuries by the Chinese to insure vigorous strength and vitality. The compounds, at least in part responsible to this verve boosting action are called saponins. In this case, they are specifically called ginsenosides. Interestingly, several members of the grass family have been proven to contain saponins very similar to those found in ginseng. Oats, fed to race horses to insure a win at the track, contain avenacosides. Wheat grass juice, the popular brain and body booster served up at health food stores contains saponins. Sugar cane, contains saponins and has been proven to be as effective a vitality stimulant as ginseng! And guess what? Our old American sweetener, Sorghum, is also rich in saponins. These may explain why sorghum syrup was a traditional treatment for people feeling run down. As someone that has grown sorghum, I can tell you it is one of the most vibrant plants on the farm. It grows like a rocket and is the picture of vitality. It kind of makes sense that it would contain vitality compounds!
As a health care researcher, sorghum syrup has two clear cut benefits to the consumer.
Help…. I'm falling Apart Here!
The modern world works a person's nerves. The simplest of chores, like getting the cable switched on or off, becomes a mental and nervous safari that can go on for weeks. Push 1 for this, push 2 for that, push nothing to get a real person on the phone. Nothing goes smoothly and we all have to be alert way too much of the time. The modern world is wearing peoples nerves out, and, to see this, just look around. Peoples' nervous systems are worn out.
To make things worse, B vitamins are essential for proper nervous system functioning. People who don't get enough of these vitamins end up with nervous and nerve problems. And, the processed food most people survive on has been stripped of most everything, including B vitamins. Oops. Our life is a nervous system work out and our food does not have the nutrients our nervous systems need. Let's just say, bad combination. Here is the good news. Sorghum syrup is incredibly rich in B vitamins and a great way to boost your B vitamin levels. A tablespoon a day will give those fried nerves a dose of what they need.
Stop the Destruction
Free radicals are chemical remnants that travel around the body damaging cells, skin, blood vessels, and more. Simply put, free radicals age the body and cause disease. Good news. Sorghum syrup is loaded with anti-oxidants, substances that sweep up these body damaging free radicals. Like red wine which packs anti-oxidant action, sorghum comes packing with a big dose of anti-oxidants. A regular dose of sorghum syrup may help retard aging and age related conditions.
So what does it taste like?
What does sorghum syrup taste like? I would describe it as being a mix of honey, apple juice concentrate, and light corn syrup with a touch of molasses. I would definitely use the term fruity to describe it, and, apart from tasting very sweet, it carries a rich caramel flavor that is unique to sorghum. As devotees of whole sugars will tell you, each sugar is unique and unlike any other. Maple syrup tastes like maple syrup, and molasses tastes like molasses. This one is no different. The only way to know what sorghum syrup tastes like is get you a jar and dip in!
Where to get Sorghum Syrup:
So, what we can derive from this sugar story? First of all, if you have some land to spare, you can make your own sorghum syrup. All you need is some seed, a press, and a pot.
That said, not everyone is willing to go to the bother, however satisfying as it might be! And, the good news is that a few people still make sorghum syrup and you can buy it from them! You can go to the National Sweet Sorghum Producers and Processors Association website to find a supplier (nssppa.org). That said, here are two suppliers I like. www.maasdamsorghum.com and www.muddypondsorghum.com .
Not only should you order some sorghum syrup for your taste buds and your health, but, there is yet another good reason. It is really important for us to support the sorghum syrup industry. Bless the folks who are continuing this truly American sweet tradition. They will only continue doing it if we buy their product. Do your part to keep this American tradition alive, and, this is one good deed that actually tastes good.
Using Sorghum Syrup
Sorghum syrup is light enough in flavor to be useful in just about any recipe that calls for sugar. Unlike, molasses, which has such a strong flavor it blocks out other flavore in the mix, sorghum sweetens food, and contributes to flavor, without overtaking the food item in question. When thinking about using it, think that in the flavor department, its somewhere between light brown sugar and light Corn syrup.
When it comes to using sorghum in recipes, here is what you need to know. In recipes calling for honey, you can substitute one cup of honey for one cup of sorghum syrup. In recipes calling for molasses, you can substitute one cup of molasses for one cup of sorghum. That said, sorghum is sweeter than molasses so you may need to reduce the amount of sugar called for in the recipe by one third. When using it to substitute sugar, increase the amount of sorghum syrup by one third over the amount of sugar specified. Because sorghum syrup is a liquid, you will need to reduce the amount of liquid called for in the recipe by the same amount.
The following usage information comes to us from the National Sweet Sorghum Producers and Processors Association, "When replacing sorghum for sugar in baking recipes, some experience will be required. The exact ratios of substitutions may vary somewhat between different recipes. Also, it is not recommended that all sugar be replaced under most circumstances. Best results are obtained by replacing 50% to 75% of the sugar with the required amount of sorghum."
Consumer Beware
Sorghum syrup is sometimes incorrectly called sorghum molasses. We need to clear this up. Syrups are made by cooking down plant sap to reduce the water content and increase the sugar content. You take 7 gallons of sorghum and boil it down to 1 gallon of syrup. No sugar is taken out, just water. It is a simple reduction process. Molasses, on the other hand, is the residue of refined cane sugar production. Cane sugar juice is cooked down, the sugar is scooped out, and what is left in the pot is "molasses". So, sorghum syrup is concentrated sorghum juice. Molasses is the residue of cane sugar refinement.
Most importantly, Sorghum is a commodity, hard to produce, and valuable. Some less than honest merchants mix cheaper sugar syrups with a little sorghum syrup and call it "sorghum syrup". To make certain you are getting the real deal, the National Sweet Sorghum Producers and Processors Association has come up with a logo which can be found on certified Sorghum syrup. Look for this logo and you will know you are buying the real deal. Beyond that, when you pick up a bottle of sorghum syrup, read the ingredients. If it contains anything other than sorghum syrup, put the product down!
In Closing Sorghum syrup is a uniquely American sugar, and though its production had been in decline, this is beginning to change. This upward trend needs to continue, and, this whole, unrefined sugar really needs every bodies support. And, in this case, supporting a good cause will not involve you going on some stupid walk. All you have to do is order some and enjoy it. Sorghum syrup is a national treasure and we need to make sure its always around.
But that said, it is a sugar we need to support because it is good for us and good for the planet on many, many levels. First of all, the Sorghum plant produces its own natural herbicide to keep competing weeds at bay. Its production does not require herbicide. It grows in all kinds of soil and as such and does not require chemical fertilizer. It grows so quickly and strongly, insects don't effect it very much. It does not require the use of insecticides. And lastly, because of its drought resistance nature, it does not require irrigation. It uses less water! This is a very earth friendly sugar, and, the same cannot be said for the other sugars!


text:
Notice: On March 31, it was announced that Statalist is moving from an email list to a forum. The old list will shut down on April 23, and its replacement, statalist.org is already up and running.
[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
Re: st: How to list and make copies of .do files on a hard drive
Donald Spady <email@example.com>
Re: st: How to list and make copies of .do files on a hard drive
Thu, 27 Sep 2012 11:06:23 -0600
If you are using a pc, there is a program called "everything" (I think it is free: do a Google Search). It works in the background and records the name of every file on the main drive of your PC (I am unsure if it can explore external drives). Once it has initially scanned all your files, (takes a few minutes), all you have to do then is to look for *.do and every file, with its full location is listed. It is very fast. Great for looking for bits of file names. I suggest finding it using a Google search for Everything. (I used to use a PC but now use a MAC which does things differently).
Hope this helps.
On 2012-09-27, at 10:18 AM, Tim Evans <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote:
> Hi all,
> I'm doing some tidying up of a hard drive and I want to search the hard drive for all .do files, list their location (perhaps in a log file) so I know what they relate to and then make a new copy of each .do file into a single new directory. I may replicate this for .dta files so that I can tie them together.
> Any suggestions how I might be able to do this?
> Best wishes
> Tim
> This email and any attachments hereto contains proprietary information, some or all of which may be confidential or legally privileged. It is for the exclusive use of the intended recipient(s) only. If an addressing or transmission error has misdirected this e-mail and you are not the intended recipient(s), please notify the author by replying to this e-mail. If you are not the intended recipient you must not use, disclose, distribute, copy, print, or rely on this e-mail or any attachments, as this may be unlawful.
> *
> * For searches and help try:
> * http://www.stata.com/help.cgi?search
> * http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/resources/statalist-faq/
> * http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/
Donald Spady
* For searches and help try:
* http://www.stata.com/help.cgi?search
* http://www.stata.com/support/faqs/resources/statalist-faq/
* http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/

subset: commoncrawl


text:
$ 24.95
Re-live the early days of the Fury with this retro design.
This design is printed on a 100% preshrunk ringspun cotton shirt. Not sure what size? Click here to see our size chart.
*Depending on your monitor's color settings, actual shirt colors may differ slightly from the photos on this website.


text:
Stalking the Average Man HTML version
-You passed on the opportunity to explore a terrific ending with your screenplay. | She
raised her hand to stifle my protest. -I'm saying it's possible for a smart person to pass on a
grand opportunity, if he's not ready for it. |
-Fair enough, but I don't see how a student could quit if Spirit chose them. How would you
explain that mistake? |
-It's not about Spirit's judgment; it's about the student's free will. |
-Wouldn't ringing the bell screw that up? |
-Not if the student agreed to it. |
-If your people really existed, they must have left some evidence behind? | I said,
-It will be found in our lifetime, | she shrugged a tiny effort, -although it will take time to
convince people. |
No shit. -Uh huh… it is har difficult stuff to grasp, let alone believe, | I said, playing along.
-Any assault on a core assumption becomes an insult to our certainty about everything;
leaders in politics, religion, and science, will attack the authenticity of the finds, and the integrity
of those who analyze them. But the evidence will eventually rule, because it's the nature of truth
to stand squarely in one's face. Closing our eyes won't make it go away. |
-What's the core assault about? Archaeologists find new stuff all of the time? |
Puzzled, then amused, she said, -They will discover writings that claim we're nearing the
end of civilization as we know it, and emissaries from the Universal Source are coming back to
help us transition into a new way to live. These writings will also list what was to them future
events that will have taken place, and some that are still to come. |
-This rescue mission—it's about end-of-the-world stuff? |
-Yes, but there will be people who won't want to change. | She leaned back. -I'm not sure
when to reveal the next step in the training, because... |
-Training rescuers—that's who your special people are? |
-It is. | She leaned back. -I'm afraid if I give too much away, too soon, I could lose
credibility. |
-I wouldn't worry about that, | I said flatly, looking at the clock on the credenza. -Shit, it's
three-thirty. I've got to go. |
I stood up; to her silent amusement, I walked away without making my usual promise of
seeing her tomorrow.
-Bring some of your work the next time, | she belatedly said. -We still haven't dealt with
your cage. |
I didn't reply before the door closed behind me, and then only to myself.
Stunned by her audacity I stopped at a pub before heading across the bridge, but by the time
I ordered my third beer I was feeling a bit foolish: Bonnie had invested all of her money,
friendships, and as far as I could tell every waking moment her kids didn't need her, to writing.
In that context, her critically serious role-playing made some sense; some, because why she
thought she needed to gauge a neophyte's reaction to her claim of talking to spirits was just plain
stupid... unless she was looking for a better way to introduce the idea to her audience?
Ahhh... and a way that would also help convince them that the universe was training
people—that had to be next.
Chapter 17
Losing Reason


text:
Home >> 10.6" High Fish Tank Green Plastic 7 Flower Balls Plant Decor Aquascaping w Round Base
|Product Name
|Aquarium Plastic Plant
|Base Diameter
|6.2cm / 2.4''
|Total Size
|27 x 23cm / 10.6'' x 9.1'' (H*W)
|Plastic, Ceramic
|Main Color
|Package Content
|1 x Aquarium Plastic Plant
- Designed with flower ball and round ceramic base.
- Enhance more beautiful look for your aquarium or fish tank.
- Provide a vivid room for fishes to hide and swim, is easy to clean.
- Vivid, lifelike, your fish will like the aquarium plants very much.
Other Choice (in stock)
- L Women Lady Shapewear Firm Control Tummy Slimmer Full...
- $11.21
- Free Shipping
- Magnetic Weight Loss Burning Fat Slimming Diets Slim Patch...
- $5.99
- Free Shipping
- Size L Women Body Shaper Tummy Trimmer Waist Control Girdle...
- $5.76
- Free Shipping
- Digital LCD Wrist Arm Blood Pressure Pulse Upper Monitor...
- $25.99
- Free Shipping
- 15pcs Pro Makeup Brushes Set Eyeshadow Eyeliner Lip Brush...
- $11.66
- Free Shipping
- L White Mens Slim Body Shaper Tummy Belly Fatty Underwear...
- $10.49
- Free Shipping


text:
In contrast, Manchester United's Republic of Ireland international Roy Keane and Paul Scholes have seemed a little past their prime.
And Arsenal's Ashley Cole, although outstanding, has largely been the sole Briton in a French-driven team.
United and the Gunners are out.
So is a British 'spine' essential to a Premiership team's success in Europe?
Chelsea's superb form this season has been built on a very solid base - chiefly John Terry.
There is surely no team in the competition not covetous of Chelsea's skipper - least of all Arsenal, whose own English talisman, Sol Campbell, has been sorely missed through injury.
United have another of the competition's outstanding English centre-backs in Rio Ferdinand.
Ferdinand may have been shy of his very best this season but United's exit is more a result of profligate finishing - and an unfit Ruud van Nistelrooy - than poor defending.
Liverpool have Jamie Carragher, whom Anfield boss Rafa Benitez has hailed as "the best central defender in England at the moment".
Had Real Madrid's British centre-back Jonathan Woodgate been fit, would there still be no Spanish teams in the last eight of the competition for the first time in 13 years?
However, it has to be noted that Chelsea also owe a debt of gratitude to their outstanding Czech goalkeeper Petr Cech.
According to Arsenal legend Nigel Winterburn, successful teams "defend as a unit".
He told BBC Sport: "You must have great confidence and trust in your keeper, and communication between him and the back four is very, very important."
Chelsea have it - and how Arsenal and United would love to have Cech and Terry.
In front of every good defence there is a great midfield and both Chelsea and Liverpool can boast the best of British.
Chelsea's Frank Lampard has been magnificent - committed in the tackle, with visionary distribution and a potent goal threat.
The pair are the most influential midfield generals from the Premiership's four Champions League teams.
Gerrard and Lampard are tenacious, determined and able to marry top-class technique with the ability - and willingness - to roll up their sleeves.
And with Joe Cole now beginning to fulfil his undoubted potential, Chelsea are improving the reputation of Brits abroad.
A look at the remaining teams shows that using home nation players in important positions pays dividends.
Would Italians AC Milan and Juventus fare as well without nationals Fabio Cannavro, Andrea Pirlo, Paolo Maldini or Alessandro Nesta, to name a few?
Germany's Bayern have their country's international goalkeeper Oliver Kahn and arguably their best midfielders in Michael Ballack and Sebastian Deisler.
England's David Beckham, Denmark's Thomas Gravesen, France's Zinedine Zidane and Portugal's Luis Figo made up their midfield against Juventus.
It seems there may be an advantage to employing home players as the backbone of your team.
And if so, we will all welcome Uefa's proposals on home-grown players if it improves the quality of the game.
The question now is whether the English spines are good enough to conquer Europe.


text:
Hastings should adopt a bylaw banning smoking in all public areas, Deputy Mayor Cynthia Bowers says.
Ms Bowers' comments follow new research calling for smoke-free bus stops and train stations to protect people from second-hand cigarette smoke.
The Otago University research, which observed nearly 5000 adults and adolescents in Britain and New Zealand, found more than one in 10 Kiwis lit up while waiting for public transport. Only 7 per cent of Britons were observed smoking at outdoor transport waiting areas.
The harmful effects of second-hand smoke justified extending outdoor area smoking bans, lead researcher Associate Professor George Thomson said.
Ms Bowers said obeying anti-smoking signs at parks, playgrounds and sports fields was only voluntary.
"I think that we need to be following the lead of quite a few other councils like Hamilton City which have actually banned smoking in public places," Ms Bowers said. Dr Thomson said smoking bans in outdoor waiting areas had several benefits.
"People are realising more and more that if they see people smoking around them, it's harder for smokers to stop smoking, it's harder for ex-smokers to stay quit and for children and young people who might think about starting smoking, it becomes much more normal if they see it around them," he said.
Smokefree policies could also reduce councils' city maintenance costs, Dr Thomson said.
Wellington city research previously revealed thousands of cigarette butts contaminated drains around its harbour.
Otago University's research showed no New Zealanders were observed smoking in playgrounds, compared to 2.8 per cent of Britons. However, researchers did find cigarette butts in playgrounds here.
Dr Thomson said whilst most parks, playgrounds and sports grounds were smokefree in New Zealand, we still had a long way to go.
Local authorities in Australia, Japan and California have policies protecting people from second-hand smoke at outdoor transport waiting areas, he said.
However, Action on Smoking and Health director Ben Youdan said a heavy-handed approach to smoke-free outdoor policies was not needed.
He said increasing the tobacco tax, supporting quit programmes and "substantially reducing the powers of the tobacco industry to promote a deadly product" were essential in moving towards a smoke-free country.


text:
Re: [Article]-EH-Net Presents BackTrack 2 with Metasploit 3 as a Virtual Appliance
Have you tried it with 'VIRTUALBOX' . lt's a virtual machine like VM but it's free and has good recommendations.
l loaded most of my distros with it and they work fine, and every one was able to access the net - which l couldn't do from a hard install [configuration problems].
Here's a link:


text:
Browse By Person: Ward, Warren
|Up a level
Group by: Item Type | Date
Jump to: Journal Article
Number of items: 2.
Journal Article
Lawford, Bruce R., Young, Ross McD., Swagell, Christopher D., Barnes, Mark, Burton, Simon C., Ward, Warren K., et al. (2005) The C/C genotype of the C957T polymorphism of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is associated with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 73(1), pp. 31-37.
Young, Ross McD., Lawford, Bruce R., Barnes, Mark, Burton, Simon C., Ritchie, Terry, Ward, Warren K., et al. (2004) Prolactin levels in antipsychotic treatment of patients with schizophrenia carrying the DRD2*A1 allele. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, pp. 147-151.


text:
Summer 2014 Study Abroad Program in South Africa —Info Session
October 30, 2013
11:00 am
Bartlett Hall
Room: 207
UMass Amherst Campus
Performing Arts in South Africa
The Grahamstown Arts Festival Course
6 credits
Meets UMass IE Gen Ed requirement
Focused around the National Arts Festival that takes
place over ten days in Grahamstown, South Africa,
students will experience the second largest theatre
festival in the world (outside Edinburgh in Scotland)
and the largest in the southern hemisphere. Join Prof.
Megan Lewis, South African theatre and performance
studies scholar, and Prof. Judyie Al-Bilali,
theatremaking artist who ran Brown Paper Studios in
Cape Town for ten years, to see new plays and
cutting edge international performances that we
would not be able to encounter anywhere else. We
will meet playwrights, actors, artists and other
students interested in performance and theatre and
engage with, and reflect upon, the historic,
sociopolitical, and creative contexts of the work we
see. The performing arts will offer us a lens through
which to examine questions of social justice, race,
class and gender politics, history, language, memory,
and the role of the arts in our global world.
Dr. Megan Lewis
Website & Application:
December 15, 2013
Event CategoryMeeting


text:
Please print this page and fill out the Membership Information Form. Then mail it with your check to:
League of Women Voters of Schenectady County
P.O. Box 9135
Schenectady, NY 12309
Name(s) of additional member(s) in household__________________________
City_______________________________ Zip Code __________________
Phone (home)___________________ Phone (work/day)_________________
Cell phone_______________Email address____________________________
Amount enclosed $______________________
$60.00 one member. $85.00 two members same household. Other available membership categories: student membership--$20.00.
Dues are not tax deductible. Please write your check to: League of Women Voters of Schenectady County
Comments (e.g. interests, how you heard about the League)
ACTIVE MEMBERS: As a grassroots organization, the League depends upon the work of its members. Even a few hours will help us. Please check below those activities you could be involved with. We always need more help and more members involved. Please indicate all areas you are interested in.
Committees: Judicial Issues ________ Health Care ________ Working Group on Girls ________ Environment ________ Local Issues (Observing, monitoring local governments, authorities, etc.) ________ Local Education ________ Housing Issues in Schenectady ________ Voter Services ________ Take Me to Vote Program (for elementary schools) ________ League Organization: Assisting with League Events/Meetings ________ Fund drive ________ Special fundraising events ________ Bulletin ads ________ Underwriting ________ Mailing help ________ Graphics ________ Membership ________ Computer skills: Databases ________ Website Work ________ Facebook ________ Other Technical Skill? (Describe) Any special skills or talents you would be willing to share with the League?
We are a 501(c)(4) organization.


text:
Skip to main content
Log in
Commission and its priorities
Policies, information and services
Home - Digital Single Market
Search this website
You are here:
European Commission
Digital Single Market
Digital Single Market
Filter by
- None -
EU digital news
-News Article
-Press releases
-Projects news and results
Funding opportunities
-Call for proposals
-Call for tenders
Reports, studies, etc.
-Call documents
-Consultation results
-Event reports
-In the press
-Policy and legislation
-Promotional Material
-Reports and studies
- None -
Access and connectivity
-Broadband Europe
--Broadband Financing
--Broadband technologies
--Business models
--Cost reduction measures
--Satellite broadband
-Global Internet and Communications
--Action 100: Seek mandate to update ITA
--Action 97: Promote the internationalisation of internet governance
--Action 98: Support the Internet Governance Forum
--Action 99: Improve international trade conditions including IPR
-Next Generation Internet
-Open Internet
--Net neutrality actions
--Net neutrality challenges
-Software and Services
--Article 7
--connected continent
--Judges' Seminar
--Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
--Telecoms rules
---Universal service
--Wireless Europe
---Mobile Satellite Services
---Radio Spectrum Policy
Accession Countries
Associated Countries
Commissioner Kroes
Cordis Research Features
--Connect Advisory Forum
--Digital champions
---DC Belgium
---DC Cyprus
---DC Germany
--Young Advisors
-Digital Agenda Community
--CoP Better Self and CoRegulation
--Digital Action Day
-Europe 2020
--Action 101: Roaming
--Action 102: Key Transformative Action 1: Copyright the way forward
--Action 103: Adopt and implement the key digital single market proposals of the Digital Agenda
--Action 104: Follow up on eCommerce Action Plan - Green Paper on payments
--Action 106: VAT reform - align tax rates for digital content and similar physical goods
--Action 107: Proposals to strengthen the data industry in Europe
--Action 10: Member States to implement laws to support the digital single market
--Action 11: Member States to transpose the VAT Directive
--Action 12: Review the EU data protection rules
--Action 13: Complementing the Consumer Rights Directive
--Action 14: Explore the possibilities for Alternative Dispute Resolution
--Action 15: Consult the stakeholders on collective redress
--Action 16: Code of EU online rights
--Action 17: Stakeholder platform for EU online trustmarks
--Action 18: Harmonisation of numbering regimes
--Action 19: Spectrum Policy plan
--Action 1: Simplifying pan-European licensing for online works
--Action 20: Investigate the cost of non Europe in the telecoms market
--Action 2: Preserving orphan works and out of print works
--Action 3: Open up public data resources for re use
--Action 4: Wide stakeholder debate on further measures to stimulate a European online content market
--Action 5: Simplifying the distribution of creative content
--Action 6: Protecting intellectual property rights online
--Action 7: Fix a date for migration to Single European Payment and eInvoicing
--Action 8: Revision of the eSignature directive
--Action 9: Updating the eCommerce Directive
--Enhancing eSkills
---Action 126: Grand Coalition for Digital Jobs and Skills
---Action 57: Make digital literacy and competences a priority for the ESF
---Action 58: Develop tools to recognise and identify competences of ICT practitioners and users
---Action 59: Make digital literacy and skills a priority of the "New skills for new jobs" Flagship
---Action 60: Promote higher participation of young women and women returners in ICT
---Action 61: Develop an online consumer education tool on new media technologies
---Action 62: Propose EU-wide indicators of digital competences and media literacy
---Action 63: Systematically evaluate accessibility in all revisions of legislation
---Action 64: Make sure that public sector websites are fully accessible by 2015
---Action 65: Memorandum of Understanding on Digital Access for persons with disabilities
---Action 66: Member States to promote long-term e-skills and digital literacy policies
---Action 67: Member states to implement provisions on disability in Telecoms Framework and AVMS
---Action 68: Member States to mainstream eLearning in national policies
--ICT for Social Challenges
---Action 109: Develop and implement public service infrastructures, policy and support in the framework of the Connecting Europe Facility
---Action 110: Deploy and roll out digital services in key areas of public interest
---Action 111: Focus and develop and implement, as appropriate the Smart Cities, Active and Healthy Ageing, Green Cars, Energy Efficient Buildings PPP
---Action 69: Assess whether the ICT sector has complied with common energy and emmission measures
---Action 70: Support partnerships between the ICT sector and major emitting sectors
---Action 71: Assess contribution of smart grids and define minimum functionalities to promote interoperability
---Action 72: Launch Green Paper on Solid State Lighting (SSL)
---Action 73: Member States to agree common additional functionalities for smart meters
---Action 74: Member States to include specifications for total lifetime costs for public lighting in public procurement
---Action 75: Give Europeans secure online access to their medical health data
---Action 76: Propose a recommendation to define a minimum common set of patient data
---Action 77: Foster EU wide standards, interoperability testing and certification of eHealth
---Action 78: Reinforce the Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Joint Programme
---Action 79: Propose a sustainable model for financing the Europeana digital library
---Action 80: Propose measures to support cultural and creative industries
---Action 81: Issue recommendation on promoting digitisation of European cinema
---Action 82: Implement the Audiovisual Media Services Directive on cultural diversity
---Action 83: Propose a Council and Parliament Decision on mutual recognition of e-ID
---Action 84: Support seamless cross-border eGovernment services in the single market
---Action 85: Review the Public access to Environmental Information Directive
---Action 86: Implement cross-border eEnvironment services
---Action 87: Issue White Paper on inter-connecting e-procurement capacity in EU
---Action 88: Create and implement an ambitious eCommission 2011 2015 action plan
---Action 89: Member States to make eGovernment services fully interoperable
---Action 90: Member States to ensure that Points of Single Contact function as fully fledged eGovernment centres
---Action 91: Member States to agree a common list of key cross-border public services
---Action 92: Apply the Intelligent Transport System Directive in support of interoperability and rapid standardisation
---Action 93: Adopt the Air Traffic Management Solutions for (SESAR)
---Action 94: Propose a directive for the deployment of e-Maritime services
---Action 95: Propose a directive setting out technical specifications for telematic applications for rail passenger services
---Action 96: Member States to fulfil obligations under European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS)
--Interoperability and Standards
---Action 21: Propose legislation on ICT interoperability
---Action 22: Promote standard setting rules
---Action 23: Provide guidance on ICT standardisation and public procurement
---Action 24: Adopt a European Interoperability Strategy and Framework
---Action 25: Analyse the consequences of requesting significant market players to licence information
---Action 26: Member States to implement European Interoperability Framework
---Action 27: Member States to implement Malmö and Granada declarations
--Research and Innovation
---Action 120: Key Transformative Action: Establishment of the European Cloud Partnership to harness public buying power to accelerate the development of the market for cloud computing
---Action 121: Follow up of the European Cloud Computing Strategy
---Action 122: Launch pilot action to explore the efficiency gains from moving public services into the Cloud
---Action 127: Set up a more business-friendly environment for startups
---Action 128: Web entrepreneurs action plan
---Action 129: Key Transformative Action/ Pooling of European public and private resources for micro and nano electronic behind a common industrial strategy, with a strengthened Joint Undertaking at EU
---Action 131: Action Plan for electronics industry in Europe, further to the 2012 strategy for Key Enabling Technologies
---Action 132: Invest in High Performance Computing
---Action 50: Generate more private investment for ICT research
---Action 51: Reinforce the coordination and pooling of resources
---Action 52: Propose measures for 'light and fast' access to EU research funds in ICT
---Action 53: Financially support joint ICT research infrastructures and innovation clusters
---Action 54: Develop a new generation of web-based applications and services
---Action 55: Member States to double annual public spending on ICT research and development
---Action 56: Member States to Engage in large-scale pilots financed by the Competitiveness and Innovation Programme
--Trust and Security
---Action 123: Proposal for Directive on network and information security
---Action 124: EU Cyber-security strategy
---Action 28: Reinforced Network and Information Security Policy
---Action 29: Combat cyber attacks against information systems
---Action 30: Establish a European cybercrime platform
---Action 31: Analyse the usefulness of creating a European cybercrime centre
---Action 32: Strengthen the fight against cybercrime at international level
---Action 33: Support EU-wide cyber-security preparedness
---Action 34: Explore the extension of security breach notification provisions
---Action 35: Guidance on implementation of Telecoms rules on privacy
---Action 36: Support reporting of illegal content online and awareness campaigns on online safety for children
---Action 37: Foster self-regulation in the use online services
---Action 38: Member States to establish pan European Computer Emergency Response Teams
---Action 39: Member States to carry out cyber attack simulations
---Action 40: Member States to implement harmful content alert hotlines
---Action 41: Member States to set up national alert platforms
--Very Fast Internet
---Action 115: Recommendation on safeguarding the open Internet for consumers
---Action 116: Update of the 2007 Recommendation on the list of markets relevant for ex ante regulation
---Action 117: Reduction of the cost of deploying high speed electronic communications networks
---Action 118: Update of guidelines on state aid for broadband by end 2012
---Action 42: Adopt an EU broadband communication
---Action 43: Funding for high-speed broadband
---Action 44: European Spectrum Policy Programme
---Action 45: Foster the deployment of NGA networks
---Action 46: Member States to develop national broadband plans
---Action 47: Member States to facilitate broadband investment
---Action 48: Use structural funds to finance the roll-out of high-speed networks
---Action 49: Member States to implement European Spectrum Policy Programme
---Actions 113 and 114: Regulatory measures to promote competition and enhance the broadband investment environment
--Digital Agenda Assembly
--Digital Assembly 2015
--Digital Assembly 2016
--Digital Day Rome 2017
--Hannover Messe
--ICT Proposers Day 2014
--ICT Proposers Day 2016
--ICT Proposers Day 2017
--Connecting Europe Facility
--ICT In Horizon 2020
-Cloud Computing
--Cloud Expert Group
--CSIG Certification Schemes
--CSIG Code of conduct
--CSIG Service Legal Agreements
--ETSI Cloud Standards Coordination
--European Cloud Partnership
--Select Industry Group
--Data value chain
--Language Technologies
--Open data
---open data portal
-Digitising European Industry
-Future Internet
--Experimental platforms
---Internet Experimentation
---Internet Research
--Future Internet Forum
--Internet of Things
---Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation
--Network technologies
----5G International cooperation
-Startup Europe
EU countries
-Czech Republic
-Slovak Republic
-United Kingdom
Futuris videos
-ICT 2013 reports
Innovation and research
-Components and Systems
--Advanced Computing
--Cyber Physical System
---Solid state Lighting
--Smart manufacturing
-Digital infrastructures
-Emerging technologies
---FET Flagships
----Quantum technologies
---FET Open
---FET Proactive
-European Open Science Cloud
--Innovation financing
---Horizon prizes
---Inducement prizes
---Innovation vouchers
---SME instrument
--Innovation projects
--Innovation radar
--Multi Stakeholders Platform
--Public engagement
---Collective awareness
---Onlife initiative
---Open Innovation
----Open Disruptive Innovation
--Public procurement
---Innovation Procurement Projects
---Pre commercial Procurement
---Public Procurement of Innovative Solutions
---Innovation open standards
-Open Science
--Citizen science
--ICT and Art
--Open access
Non EU countries
Press Packs
Research Project videos
-Content and Media
--Digital Culture
---3rd Implementation Report
---Cinema Expert Group
---Digital Libraries
---Film heritage
--Media policies
---Audiovisual and media content distribution
----AVMSD implementation
-----Audiovisual regulators
---Media freedom and pluralism
----Media Freedom and Pluralism Pilot projects
---Media Literacy
--MEDIA programme
--Multimedia actions
-Cybersecurity and digital privacy
---NIS Platform
--Digital Privacy
--Open Government
---Cloud of public services
---Open Government H2020
--Open standards
-ehealth and ageing
---eHealth - Transatlantic Cooperation
---Innovative healthcare
--ICT for Ageing Well
---ICTFAW On focus
---Research in ageing well
-Emergency and support lines
---116 legal
-Online trust
--Better Internet for Kids
---CEO Coalition BIK
--Trust services and eId
-Skills and jobs
--Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition
---Women in ICT
--Web accessibility
-Smart living
---Sustainable Growth
---Intelligent Car
---International cooperation on intelligent transport
--Smart cities
The strategy
-Digital Scoreboard
--Country implementation report
--EC Open Datasets
---SMART Studies
--Scoreboard studies
-Digital Single Market
--Online platforms
-Going local
-Regional and Bilateral Relations
From date
To date
EC content
Implications of the emerging technologies Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualisation on the future Telecommunications Landscape
Implications of the emerging technologies Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualisation on the future Telecommunications Landscape
Reports and studies
The European Commission just published the final report of a study on the implications of the emerging technologies Software-Defined Networking and Network Functions Virtualisation on the future Telecommunications Landscape (SMART 2015/0011) which started in January 2016.
Read more
Digital Single Market: Commission calls for swift adoption of key proposals and maps out challenges ahead
Digital Single Market: Commission calls for swift adoption of key proposals and maps out challenges ahead
Press releases
Having reached the middle of its mandate, the European Commission published today the mid-term review of its Digital Single Market strategy.
Read more
Building an Effective European Cyber Shield
Building an Effective European Cyber Shield
Reports and studies
The European Political Strategy Centre, the European Commission's in-house think tank, has published a strategic note on cybersecurity. Its conclusions: "Anticipating and planning for the worst should drive the next steps at European level. Robust policies on cybersecurity and the development of European capabilities, underpinned by significant EU funding, should form the basis of a European cyber shield to defend EU institutions, Member States, businesses and citizens."
Read more
BIOFOS: simple, fast and low-cost detection solution of food contaminations
BIOFOS: simple, fast and low-cost detection solution of food contaminations
Projects news and results
BIOFOS is an EU-funded FP7 project, which has managed to produce an innovative portable, multi-analytic bio-sensing device, combining 4 different technologies to monitor the quality and detect contaminants in olive-oil, nuts and milk, usually performed in specialised laboratories demanding time, effort and money.
Read more
Articles 16 AND 17 of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive in Practice (2011-2012)
Articles 16 AND 17 of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive in Practice (2011-2012)
Reports and studies
This document gives an overview on the application of Articles 16 and 17 of the Directive 2010/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 March 2010 on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services (hereinafter "the Directive") at EU level and in each Member State for the period 2011-2012.
Read more
€12million available for cybersecurity under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) instrument
€12million available for cybersecurity under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) instrument
Call for proposals
A call for proposals is now open to national and/or governmental Computer Emergency Response Teams' (CERTs)/Computer Security Incident Response Teams'(CSIRTs) in all Member States. Funding will support the national/governmental CERTs/CSIRTs to create, maintain or expand national capacities to run a range of cybersecurity services.
Read more
First Meeting of the European Commission's Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage and Europeana (DCHE)
First Meeting of the European Commission's Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage and Europeana (DCHE)
This expert group will provide a forum for cooperation between Member States' bodies and the European Commission in the area of digitisation, online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation and give guidance on Europeana's annual work programmes under the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF).
Read more
Digital Single Market: Commission calls for swift adoption of key proposals and maps out challenges ahead
Digital Single Market: Commission calls for swift adoption of key proposals and maps out challenges ahead
News Article
Having reached the middle of its mandate, the European Commission has publishedthe mid-term review of its Digital Single Market strategy. It takes stock of the progress made, calls on co-legislators to swiftly act on all proposals already presented, and outlines further actions on online platforms, data economy and cybersecurity.
Read more
European Digital Progress Report: review of Member States' progress towards digital priorities
European Digital Progress Report: review of Member States' progress towards digital priorities
As a key part of the Digital Single Market strategy, the European Commission has published the annual Europe's Digital Progress Report (EDPR), which monitors progress in digital policies in the Member States. The report benchmarks developments in connectivity, digital skills, use of internet by citizens and by business, digital public services, and investment in research, development and innovation in ICT.
Read more
Attitudes towards the impact of digitisation and automation on daily life
Attitudes towards the impact of digitisation and automation on daily life
The European Commission has published a Eurobarometer survey presenting European citizens' opinions on the impact of digitisation and automation on daily life. European citizens see digitisation and automation primarily as an opportunity but call for investment for better and faster internet services as well as effective public policy to accompany changes, in particular in areas such as employment, privacy and personal health. The results also show that the more people are informed or use technologies the more they are likely to have a positive opinion on them and to trust them.
Read more
‹ Previous
Next ›


text:
Why not
You Go me-ducks av fun !
Love us xxxxxxxxxxx
Trip Start Jun 11, 2008
349Trip End May 14, 2009
Map your own trip!
Loading Map
Loading Map
Map Options
Show trip route
Hide lines
A brief description of of our campervan :
Toyota Hi-Space, 5 gear manual, unleaded (sorry Trev!). Reg : REM026
Fridge, 2 ring gas stove & grill, sink & water pump, microwave, loads of storage, 3 beds.
It also has electric hook up so we can charge all our stuff up.
We really like it and are looking forward to our travelling days ahead. Then we were hit with the bombshell.......Lorna is allowed to drive it at no extra cost!! Let's think about this.....Lorna driving a Campervan in a foreign country......Lorna, who struggles with left & right......Lorna, who makes all cars have curved corners after encounters with concrete posts and walks.......I think it's best we try and skip over this point. Maybe she can have a go in the outback where there is nothing but space for hundreds of miles!!
After departing with our new home, we went to the shop to stock up with food and then went to book our Great Barrier Reef Dive. We are going tomorrow morning at 8am. We are doing a scuba dive in the morning then a snorkel in the afternoon, after we have had lunch on board. We have paid a bit more to go with a better company so that we get to go to a decent part of the reef that isn't packed out with tourists.
We then went up to Cairns Holiday Park to grab our site. Here, we hooked up to our lecky and unpacked all our stuff. It felt good being able to unpack everything for 5 weeks - that's right up until Christmas - blummin' hell - already! We also took a dip in the camp pool - no, it wasn't a gay area of water, it was the holiday camp's swimming pool!
We then went for a spin in our new wheels. We ended up going to a drive through off-license and then to pick up a Domino's pizza!! Well it was 'Cheap Tuesday' and all large pizzas were $4.90 (about �2.15) - can't go wrong.
We then spent the night outside our campervan eating pizza and drinking cheap beer & wine - classy!


text:
Product Reference: 33701
Made from a tough polycarbonate
The matte hard shell represents excellent value for money as well as excellent protection for your new Galaxy R, the hard shell is made from a tough polycarbonate which will shield your phone from damage from accidental drops.
Fits your phone like a shell
The shell wraps around your phone for total protection. The hard shells are extremely hard wearing and will protect your phone a treat.
Designed for the Samsung Galaxy R
Each hard shell has been designed specifically for the phone, this one has been designed specifically for the Samsung Galaxy R and features cutouts for the various ports and features such as the rear facing camera and buttons.


text:
Manila (Philippine Daily Inquirer/ANN) - A dose of bossa nova on a hot summer night wouldn't hurt.
Philippine President Benigno Aquino III had a welcome respite from the sweltering weather and dealing with the country's problems when he spent some two hours indulging in one of his passions, music.
He was in the company of his constant date, radio-TV personality Grace Lee, at the Sergio Mendes and Brasil 2012 concert on Tuesday night at Smart Araneta Coliseum.
People learned that Mr. Aquino would be watching the show because of the presence of the Presidential Security Group in and around the Big Dome.
Those seated at court side were eager to take photos of the couple, but were disappointed when the President and Lee were led to an area of the lower box section reserved for the Araneta clan.
The Philippine Daily Inquirer tried to take a snapshot when the President entered the venue, but was stopped by his bodyguards.
Also spotted enjoying the concert were a number of other popular figures, including former President Joseph Estrada with wife Loi, businessman Tonyboy Cojuangco with partner Gretchen Barretto, and club owner Louie Ysmael, who came with Karen Jimeno, one of the defense lawyers in the impeachment trial of Chief Justice Renato Corona.
The show opened with Filipino singer Sitti performing seven numbers, combining covers of Bong Peñera and Ryan Cayabyab tunes and her own compositions-all rendered in bossa nova style.
She seemed overwhelmed by the thought of front-acting for a major foreign artist like Mendes before a large number of people, and was groping for words while doing her spiels.
Waters of March
Mendes' first two songs, "Waters of March" and "Pretty World," were the same tunes he opened with during his last gig at the Big Dome six years ago. But this time he played them with a more syncopated beat, adding freshness to the original studio versions.
When Mendes greeted the crowd, he explained that his native Brazil and the Philippines shared common traits-their people are romantic and love to party. He hinted that his show would take a musical journey through bossa nova-a slower variation of samba, a Brazilian creation-and other sounds associated with his career.
Girl from Ipanema
What followed was his take on "Girl from Ipanema," whose music was originally written by his friend and contemporary, Antonio Carlos Jobim. Mendes' voice was soothing, his playing on the keyboards sprightly.
The audience roared with approval upon hearing a succession of classic selections by Mendes: "The Trouble With Hello Is Goodbye," "Agua de Beber," "One Note Samba," "Going Out of My Head" and "Bridges."
Most of the vocals were handled by a duo of female singers, a trademark of Mendes' act which first gained worldwide notice when he scored a hit, "Mas Que Nada," featuring the young Lani Hall as part of his band, Brasil 66.
Though many of his recorded pieces were cover versions of other foreign artists, Mendes' popularity grew far and wide because he transformed these tunes with his own cool and soothing touch, with a dash of jazz.
He has also updated his sound with contemporary genres like hip hop, which he successfully employed during the show when "Agua de Beber" featured a singer rapping along to the song.
Another track, "Chove Chuva," had a funky groove, Mendes attacking the keyboards with child-like delight.
His band delivered the goods as well, improvising with excellent timing, but knew how to stop during their solo spots.
The hits kept coming-"Like a Lover," "Fool on the Hill," "The Look of Love," "Mas Que Nada" (similarly updated with rap lines)-and goaded the crowd to stand up and dance to the intoxicating music.
New track
Mendes likewise played a new track, "Tristeza" from the animation film "Rio," proving that he's still in the loop and not a has-been trying to milk money via the oldies-tour route.
As a whole, the concert was a celebration of the vitality of two cultures-Brazil offering its music, and the Philippines responding with its propensity to have fun in good or bad times.
If Mr. Aquino and Lee were still at the Big Dome when Mendes played one of his ballads, "Never Gonna Let You Go," near the show's end, they would probably have felt so romantic.


text:
Eurographics Puzzle 35 Pc - The Jungle Book (MO)
Currently unavailable
We're currently waiting for price information on this item. Add your email address below to be kept up-to-date about Eurographics Puzzle 35 Pc - The Jungle Book (MO).
Want to know when this item is available?
Eurographics Puzzle 35 Pc - The Jungle Book (MO) Product Description
This is a high quality 35 piece childrens jigsaw puzzle from Eurographics. It features full gossy artwork and is manufactured from recycled cardboard.
Over 500 designs are available within the Eurographics range and they are suitable for all ages from children through to the elderly (Large XL piece puzzles available). Jigsaws are a great family activity and help to bring your family together and work as a team. They are highly addictive!
When built the dimensions of the puzzle are 25.4 x 33.1 cm This is part of the Children s Puzzle Collection (Classic Fairy Tales), other puzzles available in the range include: EG60350421 - Pinocchio EG60350422 - Snow White EG60350423 - The Three Little Pigs EG60350424 - The Jungle Book Please Note EG60350421 is also available in 100 pieces, see EG81350421 - Pinocchio (Product Dimensions: Puzzle: 25.4 x 33.1 cm)
Reviews of Eurographics Puzzle 35 Pc - The Jungle Book (MO)
Unfortunately, We don't currently have any reviews for this product.
Why not be the first to write about Eurographics Puzzle 35 Pc - The Jungle Book (MO)?
Add Review
You need to be logged in to leave a comment.
Please log-in or if you have not yet got an account with us, you can register here.
Why buy from 365games.co.uk?
Trusted Retailer
We've been trading online for 13 years.
Insured Delivery
All orders are insured and delivered to your address with the best of care.
Direct Payment
We're working with the best and most secure payment gateways.
Get Rewards!
Get rewarded with Player Points! Saving you even more money!


text:
The Socceroos captain, Lucas Neill, has been left out of Australia's friendly against Ecuador, landing a blow to his chances of making Ange Postecoglou's World Cup squad.
Mark Bresciano was also left out of the match, which takes place in London next week, and is Postecoglou's last chance to see his players in action before he names a preliminary squad for the World Cup, which stars in June.
"The squad to face Ecuador represents the first steps in what I believe is the building of the next golden generation for Australian football acknowledging there is a need to balance experimentation and experience to achieve this," Postecoglou said. "The Ecuador match gives this group of players an opportunity to stake a claim for the World Cup. They have been rewarded for playing consistent and strong football and shows that age and limited international experience are not barriers to opportunity.
On Tuesday Neill landed a short-term deal with Watford in a bid to keep alive his hope of playing a third World Cup. But the signing came too late for the Ecuador clash, with Tim Cahill now likely to assume the captaincy for the key World Cup warm up match.
Postecoglou did indicate that there were still opportunities for players not named in the current squad to make it to Brazil.
"Selection in the final squad for the World Cup is still very much an open door," Postecoglou said. "There were quite a few players, particularly those in Asia whose leagues are just beginning, who are still very much on the radar.
"There are also a few players who are very much a part of my thinking and plans for the World Cup who are not playing and I was pretty mindful of not calling anyone who was not going to play some significant game time.
"Their club form going forward will be a big indicator of that and players still have an opportunity to get back into the squad."
Curtis Good (Dundee United), Chris Herd (Aston Villa), Massimo Luongo (Swindon Town) and Ben Halloran (Fortuna Dusseldorf) will all press for a Socceroos debut after being called up in the 23-man squad while Luke Wilkshire, Adam Sarota and Brad Jones feature under Postecoglou for the first time.
A-League players Mark Milligan (Melbourne Victory), Tom Rogic (Melbourne Victory), Matt McKay (Brisbane Roar), Ivan Franjic (Brisbane Roar) and Matthew Spiranovic (Western Sydney Wanderers) are in the squad and will depart Australia following this weekend's matches.
Australia squad to face Ecuador
Oliver Bozanic, Tim Cahill, Jason Davidson, Ivan Franjic, Curtis Good, Ben Halloran, Chris Herd, James Holland, Mile Jedinak, Brad Jones, Mitchell Langerak, Matthew Leckie, Massimo Luongo, Ryan McGowan, Matthew McKay, Mark Milligan, Tommy Oar, Tommy Rogic, Matt Ryan, Adam Sarota, Matthew Spiranovic, Dario Vidosic, Luke Wilkshire.


text:
The federal government plans to up the superannuation guarantee (SG) from nine to 12 per cent to help prepare for a surge in Australia's ageing population.
And in a move designed to keep people in the work force longer, employees aged between 70 to 74 will be for the first time be eligible to have super contributions made on their behalf. The policies are part of the government's response to the long-awaited Henry tax review, published on Sunday. The SG rate will increase incrementally, with initial moves of 0.25 per cent on 1 July 2013 and 1 July 2014, before moving 0.50 per cent higher each year until the 2019/20 fiscal year, when it will be at 12 per cent.
The government said the move was also made in response to its 2010 Intergenerational Report, which projected the number of Australians aged over 65 will increase from three million to 8.1 million by 2050.
"It will significantly increase future retirement incomes of many Australian workers, improving the adequacy of those retirement incomes," the policy statement said.
"It seeks to strike the right balance, allowing people to have enough income to enjoy both their working life and retirement." However, the policy is also aimed at keeping people in the work force until they're 75.
At the same time the SG increase starts, employees aged over 70 will be for the first time eligible to have super contributions made on their behalf. Currently, the compulsory super guarantee only applies to people aged under 70.
"Increasing the SG age limit will provide an incentive for mature workers to remain in the work force," the statement said.
The government said its rationale behind the policy move was that workers aged 70 to 74 are currently less likely to be able to negotiate voluntary superannuation contributions with they're employers.
The government said it expects around 33,000 employees nationwide to benefit from the changes.
Meanwhile, further changes to the super will see the government deposit $500 a year into super accounts of workers who earn less that $37,000 annually, starting July 1 2012.
The new scheme is expected to boost the superannuation savings of 3.5 million low paid workers by $830 million.