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Home › Forums › Gear Forums › Gear (General) › Windshirt still needed with eVent jacket?
Feb 6, 2008 at 10:29 pm #1227167
I'd be interested to know if any of you who own an eVent jacket feel it necessary to also carry a windshirt. Having owned and used an ID Thru-Hiker jacket for a year now, I can say that the jacket has worked for any condition that my windshirt was good for (a Rab Quantum WS). And by ditching the windshirt, I save 3 oz, which justifies the extra weight of the eVent jacket (versus a windshirt plus lighter but less breathable jacket).
One of the things I like most is that, once I've got my jacket on for cold or wind, I'm all ready to go in case it rains. I have been known to just keep the jacket on all day whether it rains or not. This is a real convenience during intermittent showers.
I find that the combination of windshirt and eVent jacket is too warm in every condition I've tried it in, so I don't see an advantage with combining them. Plus, I use a Cocoon Pullover which, when added under the jacket, adds the equivalent of 2 windshirts. So if conditions are truly foul I've got the extra protective windbreak layers built into the Cocoon.
Yet, every major publication on UL hiking technique suggests the four layer approach which includes windshirt and jacket (though most of these were written before the lightest eVent jackets hit the market. Anyone care to come up with a list of pros and cons? This of course assumes the decision has been made not to use a poncho tarp.
The only downsides I can think of is that I will wear out and/or clog with oils my eVent jacket sooner than if I used a windshirt, and that a windshirt drapes better, so is a bit more comfortable for casual use. And okay, I suppose I look a little weird wearing a rain jacket for bug protection.Feb 6, 2008 at 10:40 pm #1419487
Doug JohnsonBPL Member
@djohnsonLocale: Washington State
I totally agree. No windshirt needed.
A windshirt is great with a lighter weight, less breathable raingear such as a poncho. But when carrying my eVent jacket, I never carry a windshirt- the jacket breaths better than my windshirts anyway!Feb 6, 2008 at 10:45 pm #1419489
Light SocalBPL Member
Perhaps it makes a difference depending on one's hiking style. Personally, I run or walk fast, and no wtb jacket event or other has been able to keep up with that.
I'm talking about temps in the mid-low 30s with light to heavy rain. Even my windshirt is a little stuffy at times in these conditions. So for me personally, I prefer a windshirt more than a wtb jacket in rain at the temps mentioned above. But also consider that I wear running shorts during these temps also. I don't have much experience hiking in anything colder than 20* (though lots of snowboarding in lower temps).
If it was not raining and over 40* no way could I wear a wtb jacket fast hiking at any time while moving.
Best, JhauraFeb 6, 2008 at 10:58 pm #1419492
Ben 2 WorldBPL Member
@ben2worldLocale: So Cal
I own a MontBell Peak Shell jacket — which shares eVENT's air permeable characteristic (i.e. waterproof without needing a PU layer). On multi-day hikes, I carry this wp/b layer and have it do double duty as wind jacket.
I use my lighter weight wind jacket for three-season day hikes — and let it do partial double duty as rain jacket when total rainproofness is not required.
I haven't felt the need to bring both layers.Feb 7, 2008 at 3:58 am #1419503
René JeningaMember
@renjenLocale: Near the coast in the Netherlands
Benjamin when you only take a windjacket on youre hikes, do you use a windjacket with a hood?Feb 7, 2008 at 10:10 am #1419542
Michael FebboSpectator
Although I think the traditional recommendation to primarily use a windhsirt when not being rained on is due to the lack of real breathability of most rain shells, I also think you hit on a valid point:
"The only downsides I can think of is that I will wear out and/or clog with oils my eVent jacket sooner than if I used a windshirt"
Assuming your rain shell is comfortable in most conditions, you are still subjecting a more expensive (compared to a windshirt) piece of clothing to wear and tear. Pack straps will wear down the DWR, you might snag or rip the fabric, and the very act of wearing the shell may eventually wear down the laminate or coating. Granted this is a very cautious approach, but since I consider my shells to be a last line of defense that must be totally reliable, they stay in the pack until really needed.
A windshirt can take abuse- a few rips will not affect performance and the DWR is not vital.
So, I wear windshells or softshells primarly to protect my hardshells from abuse so that I have total confidence in them when they are needed. If you are not so paranoid, I see no reason to take a windshell other than those you stated.Feb 7, 2008 at 10:19 am #1419544
Ben 2 WorldBPL Member
@ben2worldLocale: So Cal
Yes, I prefer a hooded wind jacket — better wind and rain protection.Feb 7, 2008 at 11:28 am #1419557
Lynn TramperMember
@retropumpLocale: The Antipodes of La Coruna
As breathable as eVent is, it is no where near breathable enough for intense uphill walking (mind you your gonna get sweaty no matter what in these circumstances). For me, the cost of the Thru-Hiker is high enough to make me want to carry the extra 3 ounces just so I don't wear out the jacket uneccesarily. But if money is not a problem and it works for you, then why not?
I also treat my windshirt with permethrin to help keep bugs at bay. I wouldn't dare do this to my Thru-Hiker!Feb 7, 2008 at 1:34 pm #1419580
R KSpectator
@oiboyroiLocale: South West US
The way I see it is that each jacket serves a different purpose.
Wind shirt for wind, bug, sun and breathability
Rain jacket just for rain.
I do have the ID event rain jacket and almost never use it. It's not nearly as breathable as a good wind shirt.Feb 7, 2008 at 2:01 pm #1419583
Kathleen BMember
@rosierabbitLocale: Pacific Northwest
I've only used a wind shirt for about a year (Houdini), after learning about them here on BPL. I've often looked at it and wondered if I really needed to bring both it and my eVENT rain jacket.
After experimenting, I've found, like the previous several posters, the two jackets meet different needs. The eVENT, even though it breathes better than any other rain jackets I've tried, is too warm to be a wind jacket when going uphill.
And the wind jacket just doesn't cut it for anything more than a light sprinkle of rain or snow, but it is wonderful combined with my merino base layer for windy or cool/cold days. I can handle temperatures down to the upper 20's with that light combination while I'm moving.
So I carry both.Feb 7, 2008 at 2:11 pm #1419586
Michael SkwarczekMember
@uberkatzenLocale: Sudamerica
I tested a new layer combination for Winter conditions this last trip to Yosemite (see the Dewey Point trip report). I wore a Smartwool baselayer and my Smartwool Shadow Hoody with a Golite Ether. PERFECTION! This worked wonderfully down to 32degrees, active, with light snow and wind. And I didn't have to struggle into an insulation layer for quite some time when going inactive. I'm very impressed with how far a windshirt and two baselayers could be pushed. And the versatility of Shadow hoody has made it my goto item for 4 seasons. Now the Ether hoody joins it.
Check out the pictures from the trip report:
You can easily pick me out from the crowd. I did bring a GoreTex Arc'Tyrexx hard shell, anticipating a failure of the Ether in the worst conditions, but I only used it in the storm come morning and ripped it off with relief as soon as I could.
I couldn't recommend my layer combo enough. I'm going to file a Gear List for review ASAP.
btw.. knowing that the Shadow Hoody is discontinued (rest in peace) I'm have good expectations for the Icebreaker Nomad Hoody at less than 3oz of extra weight. I'm going to pick one up for testing and comparison.Feb 7, 2008 at 2:37 pm #1419597
Joshua MitchellMember
@jdmitchLocale: Kansas
I'm coming to enjoy the warmth and versatility of my Nomad daily. I suspect you'll really like it.Feb 7, 2008 at 11:27 pm #1419668
Interesting to read the various experiences; definitely looks like a HYOH thing. I suppose it's helpful that, living where Doug Johnson and I live (Northwest), if it's raining it's usually cold and raining, and when it's sunny it's dry and sunny. This probably makes it more doable. I also do tend to slow down when it's raining, but that's usually because around here it gets quite slick and muddy!
I'll admit though that the one time I really felt stuffy and uncomfortable in my eVent jacket was an early June hike in the Columbia River Gorge. I did a 3000' vertical ascent in 65 degree humid weather that turned rainy (and warm). That was pretty miserable. Still, I doubt my windshirt would have felt much better. I guess I could have just gone shirtless by that point.
There is one other benefit to hiking in cool, humid conditions with the eVent jacket on. I've done a few hikes in 35-45 degree, foggy, calm conditions, and with just my baselayer I felt quite clammy. However, with my eVent jacket on, I felt noticeably drier. This was odd to me at first, but I think it has to do with stopping the constant barrage of water moisture from the air soaking me, and allowing the breathability of the jacket to expel the interior moisture. In either case, that's when I started seriously thinking about ditching the windshirt altogether. Ultimately wind shirts are so light and compact that it shouldn't 'really' matter if I bring both. But on paper, it sure looks more appealing to mentally subtract the 3oz from my rain jacket.
I am coming around to the merits of hiking in the rain with shorts. It really helps to keep the stuffy feeling that can accompany rain jacket/pants combo. Problem is there are no long hemmed eVent jackets on the market, so I have to bring separate 'rain shorts' (aka a swimsuit) to keep my regular shorts dry, adding a hassle factor of changing clothes. Perhaps what we need on the market is convertible rain pants; you can wear them in shorts mode when it's warmer, and then zip on the legs when you stop or when it cools down.
Last comment: I've also considered hiking with a Gatewood Cape and umbrella combo. The weight of the Umbrella is offset by the shelter weight savings and lack of rain jacket. In warm, calm rain I can use the umbrella to allow me to remove the hood and zip open the front a bit. I figure if it becomes too windy to use an umbrella, then I shouldn't have to worry about overheating with the hood up and waistbelt attached–the wind will take care of that. I definitely trust the Gatewood as a poncho in cold, windy conditions; it offers very good protection when using a waist belt. I guess I'm still building up my confidence in the Gatewood's high-wind performance as a shelter above treeline–where I like to camp. I know it's been done successfully, and it's wind protection is one of the features of the cape. But still…I just don't know. I just have have more confidence in my eVent jacket combined with a Golite Hex 3 (soon to be replaced by a Shangri-La 1) above treeline.Feb 8, 2008 at 5:15 am #1419687
Inaki Diaz de EturaBPL Member
@inaki-1Locale: Iberia highlands
> I am coming around to the merits of hiking in the rain with shorts … so I have to bring separate 'rain shorts' (aka a swimsuit) to keep my regular shorts dry, adding a hassle factor of changing clothes
I've been using a silnylon mini-skirt for exactly this same scenario for a few years now. It's non-breathable but the ventilation is excellent. It opens up with velcro and it's so light and compact I can carry it in a pocket. Putting it on and taking it off is a matter of seconds, no need to take pack off, I could do it while I keep hiking if I practise a bit :)Feb 8, 2008 at 7:36 am #1419694
Joshua MitchellMember
@jdmitchLocale: Kansas
"I suppose it's helpful that, living where Doug Johnson and I live (Northwest), if it's raining it's usually cold and raining, and when it's sunny it's dry and sunny."
Unfortunately, where I live sometimes when it's sunny, it's sunny AND raining… and good luck guessing whether it will be cold or warm…Feb 8, 2008 at 8:46 am #1419698
Brett PeughBPL Member
@bpeughLocale: Midwest
I, like others on here, just go with a DriDucks rain jacket. It blocks rain and wind and I can say I have never been clammy in it. I like the versatility because where I live it can go up or down 30F in a day and it can still snow, then rain, then snow again. You can order the suit from them for $20 shipped or maybe less now. You can't go bushwacking in it but then again I wouldn't do that in a $260 eVent jacket either.Feb 8, 2008 at 9:48 am #1419709
I really like my DriDucks as well. As I mentioned earlier they can be more breathable than eVent at times due to their baggy, billowy nature. I still don't know why eVent jackets have to come in 'athletically trim' fits. That just reduces the air space inside, and consequently reduces one's ability to billow out the fabric to push out moisture.
But I hesitate using DriDucks as my sole shell material, and so I bring my windshirt on trips that I use DriDucks. This reduces the amount of time I have to wear the DriDucks. Completely blowing out the pant seats when kneeling after the first 5 minutes of use didn't give me much confidence in it's long-term durability under a backpack.
When I use my Gatewood Cape, I bring DriDucks instead of a windshirt. This works really well, because I can trust the Gatewood to provide the durability, but I can still move about in camp with a fully waterproof UL rain jacket. I know someone once posted that he wears his windshirt OVER his DriDucks to keep it protected.Feb 8, 2008 at 5:02 pm #1419761
James LoyBPL Member
@jimbluzLocale: Pacific NW
I have a Rab windshirt in Pertex Quantum and find it way too hot to hike a short distance downhill in 40 degree temps (no wind). I used my Rab Drillium eVent parka while snowshoeing and breaking trail in heavy snow with snow falling and the temperature about 30 and was dry all day long, even with the hood over my head and while traveling 45 minutes in rain. I tend to perspire quite heavily. I've also used my eVent parka while shoveling heavy snow with dry results. In both cases, I wore nothing on my upper body other than a cotton hat and my Icebreaker Oasis skin200 L/S shirt. I do not carry a windshirt in the winter when I have my eVent parka. Like others, I think the choice may depend on one's individual metabolism, ambient air temperatures and humidity, and how much energy you are exerting, etc. Not a simple solution! Trial & error, I guess.
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hi guys, im irza & currently from australia. hope to meet lots of diy friends & knowledge as well from this well known community.. cheers :D
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It was not what you might have expected in a job interview, especially if you were the one doing the recruiting. Andy Murray was thinking of hiring Brad Gilbert as his new coach and was in the middle of their first meeting, at this year's French Open in Paris, when the American asked him to take off his shirt, so that he could get a better idea of his physique.
"For most people I wouldn't have done that, but because it was him I took it off," Murray said. "That was what I liked. He has very strong opinions. And when you get two people together like me and him with very strong opinions, you either get on or it blows up.
"He didn't really listen much, but that was another of the things I quite liked. I felt I needed someone who could tell me what to do. If I was going to go and run for 10 miles, I'd go and run for 10 miles." Gilbert has been doing most of the talking ever since, but Murray - who decided at that first meeting that the American was the coach he wanted - has no complaints. If the first turning point in the 19-year-old Scot's breakthrough year, his maiden tournament victory in San Jose in February, came when Mark Petchey was still his coach, it has been under Gilbert that Murray has established himself as a major player on the international stage.
In the five months since he started working with Andre Agassi's former coach, Murray has climbed from No 35 to No 17 in the world, played in the last 16 of the US Open, reached one tournament final (in Washington) and a Masters series semi-final (in Toronto) and beaten major opponents like Roger Federer, the world No 1, and Ivan Ljubicic, the No 3, in Masters events in Cincinnati and Madrid respectively.
Those who have doubted Murray's credentials in a year which has also brought occasional disappointments should consider that he will not be out of his teens until next May; when Federer was Murray's age he finished the year ranked No 29 in the world and had yet to win a title.
If there was one performance that made the rest of the game take notice of Murray it was his stunning 7-5, 6-4 victory over Federer in August. Rafael Nadal, who got the better of the Wimbledon champion in four finals in the first half of the year, is the only other player to beat him in 2006.
While excuses were made for Federer, who had played seven matches in the previous eight days, it was conveniently forgotten that Murray had played six times over the same period and, moreover, had played five matches in Washington the week before that, when the Swiss was not competing.
"Even when Federer loses to Nadal on clay everyone says he didn't play his best match, or that he could have done this or that better," Murray said. "The opponent sometimes doesn't get the credit. He only lost five times this year, so how many times did he not play at his best and still win? I know he didn't play his best against me, but he still has to be beaten and only Nadal and myself did that this year."
Having been encouraged by his performance in losing two tight sets against Federer in his first senior final in Bangkok last year, Murray went on court in Cincinnati believing he could win, as did his coach. "Brad said very little before I went on," Murray recalled. "He gave me one tip before the match - though I'm not going to tell you what it was. I think he spoke to Agassi beforehand. He speaks to him pretty much every couple of days anyway. Brad told me to believe that I could win, to have fun and go and do it. That was the last thing he said to me before I went on.
"After the match I saw Brad as I came off court and he just said to me: 'Act like you belong.' When I went into the locker room a few of the other guys came up to me and said things like: 'Good job.' Afterwards I just had a shower, went for a burger with Brad and had a massage. That became my routine for the week after each match." It was no surprise that Murray enjoyed his biggest win in the States. His affinity with the country and its people was evident at this year's US Open, where he was hugely popular with the crowds.
"I love America," he said. "All the major milestones in my career so far have been in the States: I won the Orange Bowl there when I was 12, I won the US Open junior title, my first senior tournament in San Jose. I always felt I would work well with an American like Brad. I'd prefer to be with someone who's in your face and always positive rather than someone who's maybe a bit negative and doesn't speak as much."
Parting from Petchey in the spring was one of Murray's hardest decisions. "He's a great coach and helped me a lot with my game," he said. "However, I just felt that things were starting to get progressively worse. We were disagreeing on a lot of things and I wanted to stop on a high note, when I was ranked No 37 in the world, having been No 437 or whatever it was when we started working together last year." Murray denies that he and Petchey saw his game differently, with the coach wanting him to be more aggressive and the player feeling more comfortable as a counter-puncher. "It wasn't a case of him trying to pull me in one direction. I just think that it's easy to say to someone that you need to be more aggressive. You need to know how to be more aggressive.
"With Brad now I know what I'm doing out there. I know what I need to work on and you have to be able to change during matches. It's a case of knowing how to play each opponent. I know my failure to be more aggressive has cost me dearly in some matches where I've done a lot of running. That's something I'll work on in the next few weeks before the Australian Open." Next month's Grand Slam tournament Down Under is a timely reminder of the progress Murray has made in the last year, on and off the court. In particular, he has learnt much about coping with the close attentions of the media.
If Murray was unhappy with what he saw as unrealistic media expectations when he lost to Juan Ignacio Chela in the first round in Melbourne, he was aghast at some of the outraged reaction to his swearing in a Davis Cup tie in Glasgow and found himself at the centre of controversies for innocuous remarks about women's tennis and who he would be supporting at the World Cup.
"I was getting frustrated with that sort of thing but now I think I handle it with much more class than I did at the start of the year," Murray said. "I'm not getting down about questions that I'm being asked or stories that are written about me. It doesn't affect me any more." That growing maturity brings its own rewards, for Murray has become one of the game's most marketable figures. TAG Heuer, for example, invited the Scot to join its select group of sponsored "ambassadors", which includes Tiger Woods, Brad Pitt and Maria Sharapova, the only other tennis player on the Swiss watch company's books.
If falling at the first hurdle in Melbourne dented Murray's confidence it was quickly restored in California, where he beat Andy Roddick and Lleyton Hewitt in successive matches to win his first title. "I played great for the whole week in San Jose, from the moment I was broken in my first service game against Mardy Fish and went 2-0 down," Murray recalled.
"Then I was thinking: 'Oh God, this is going to be another bad week.' But after that I won seven or eight games in a row and started playing great. I only played one bad set in the whole tournament, against Hewitt in the final. That was probably down to nerves and it was good to come back against, and beat, a player of his class." Nevertheless, inconsistency became a recurring theme of Murray's year. Some niggling injuries in the spring did not help during a run of 10 defeats in 13 matches, though he has always insisted there is no long-term problem with his fitness. "I just don't see how you can be in the top 20 in the world when you're only 19 years old and have a problem with your body," he said.
"I played the whole year without withdrawing from a single tournament through injury. All of the other young guys were pulling out. [Gaël] Monfils got injured after Wimbledon, [Richard] Gasquet was injured for two months after the Davis Cup, Nadal was injured for five months at the end of last year, [Novak] Djokovic pulled out of three or four tournaments this year."
Murray put his back problems down to growing pains, which remain a factor. "I'm still growing," he said. "In the two weeks I had off last month I grew five millimetres. I had some problems with my knees when I started practising again and I think that was because I'm still growing and also because I'd taken some time off. Maybe my body was recovering." The springtime blues were rapidly dispelled in the summer. "I literally felt things change from the moment I walked out on to Centre Court at Wimbledon," Murray said. "I was nervous in my first few games against [Nicolas] Massu, but my confidence came back very quickly. I felt a different player. In a very short space of time I didn't feel nervous. I wasn't low on confidence, I was just enjoying being out there.
"I think that showed in the way I played. Before Wimbledon I was getting annoyed on court and having a few injury problems. I probably wasn't at my happiest until that point, but from there onwards my tennis got so much better, right to the end of the year."
The straight-sets Wimbledon win over Roddick, the No 3 seed, brought particular pleasure. "I was getting sliced lobs over his head, I was bringing him into the net, I was hitting passing shots, I was reading his serve. I got broken once in the whole match and even then I broke him straight back.
"It was as if everything was going my way, even though we exchanged some words across the net. I hit a forehand that hit the line and was called out, but the umpire correctly overruled. I started speaking to the umpire and Roddick turned round and said: 'What are you complaining about? You haven't had an over-rule against you the whole match.' I said something back to him and he started trying to get in my face a bit. I felt I dealt with everything well during the match. I didn't get angry once, I didn't throw my racket once, I wasn't shouting. I just played my best tennis."
More was to follow on his favoured hard courts in north America. Murray rates his wins over Federer in Cincinnati and Hewitt in San Jose alongside his mauling of Roddick at Wimbledon as his year's best victories, though he reckons his finest tennis was in a three-set victory over Jarkko Nieminen in Toronto. "I was enjoying the way I was playing that day," he said. "I was coming into the net. I think I won maybe 27 out of 32 net points. I was hitting good volleys and I was dictating all of the points."
Nevertheless, the wins over Roddick at Wimbledon and Fernando Gonzalez, the No 10 seed, at the US Open were followed by disappointing exits at the hands of Marcos Baghdatis and Nikolai Davydenko. Murray was not unhappy with his display against Davydenko, who went on to reach the semi-finals and finish the year as world No 3, but felt he played poorly against Baghdatis.
"I was missing returns which I don't normally do, making basic mistakes. I changed my game around a bit in the third set. I started playing a bit of serve-and-volley. I had a chance when I was 6-5 up and 30-30 second serve, but I mis-hit a backhand return off the second serve, which is generally my best shot. I couldn't quite get any momentum. I just wasn't playing well enough."
The good news for British fans is that Gilbert believes Wimbledon could provide Murray with his best chance of winning a Grand Slam tournament. And Murray himself? "I still think the courts at the US Open suit my game a bit better, but maybe there aren't as many guys who play as well on grass. If a couple of the big guys fall it might open up a bit more. The draw doesn't tend to open up as much at the US Open because there are so many guys who can play well on hard courts."
Andy Murray is a TAG Heuer UK ambassador www.tagheuer.com
Murray's year Magic moments
* Where did you watch the World Cup final? At a tournament at Newport, Rhode Island. I was a bit disappointed that Zidane didn't headbutt Materazzi on the nose. What Materazzi said was out of order. It was going to be Zidane's last match anyway, so why just headbutt him in the chest?
* Which event outside of your own sport did you most enjoy watching? The event I enjoyed most over the last 18 months or so was Floyd Mayweather Jnr beating Arturo Gatti inside six rounds. Mayweather was brilliant. Gatti was constantly getting hit but Mayweather was almost untouched.
* What was the funniest thing that happened to you this year? In Washington Brad [Gilbert] asked me the name of one of the ATP Tour managers, Stephen Duckitt. For a laugh I told him it was Paul. For the rest of the week whenever Brad saw Stephen he'd say: 'Hi, Paul!' On the night before the final I said to Brad: 'I think I'd better tell you his name is actually Stephen.' Brad was distraught and said: 'I must apologise to him.' He rushed over to see Stephen but just missed him as he'd got into a lift. The next day Brad was so confused he saw one of the trainers, whose name is Paul, and said: 'I'm so sorry, Stephen, I've been calling you Paul all week.' Paul looked very confused and replied: 'But I am Paul.' Brad was just totally bewildered.
* What is your main aim for 2007? I have a world ranking in mind but I'm not going to make that public because if I had to take a couple of months off with injury it could be tough getting my ranking up, especially at the level I'm at now. One opponent I'd love to play next year is Rafael Nadal. I've played against a lot of the top 10 guys but not him. I'd rather not play him on clay, but if we met on an American hard court it would be a good chance to see where I'm at.Reuse content


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Perth is the state capital of Western Australia. With a population of 1.8 million people, its many contrasts range from skyscrapers and nightlife to more than 30 miles of white sandy beaches. It is ranked as Australia's most environmentally attractive city, has more hours of sunshine than any other Australian city, and was ranked in a 2010 survey as one of the world's top 10 lifestyle destinations. The local population enjoys a cosmopolitan outdoor lifestyle; first-class cultural, social, and recreational amenities; and excellent proximity to the major cities of Asia.
Paul Hollick has worked with the CIEE program in Perth since 2001 and has a range of experience in the fields of tertiary and sports administration and recreation. His work with CIEE equips him with considerable experience in revealing his native state of Western Australia to students from across the United States. Though he has lived most of his life in Perth, Paul has traveled extensively in Europe, Southeast Asia, and the United States. Paul earned a bachelor's degree in environmental science from Edith Cowan University, demonstrating his lifelong commitment to the environment and all things green. His other interests include football, rugby, camping, water sports, and all outdoor recreation.
The Ningaloo Marine Park stretches approximately 300km along the west coast of the Cape Range Peninsula near Exmouth, Western Australia approximately 1200km north of Perth. Ningaloo Reef, the longest fringing barrier reef in Australia, and the only example in the world of extensive fringing coral reef on the west coast of a continent. It is also easily accessible from the beach, forming a natural lagoon which makes it easy to explore the reef.
The reef is located in a transition zone between tropical and temperate waters and sustains tropical and temperate plants and animals, with many species at the limit of their distribution. If you're lucky you'll be able to see the whale sharks, which visit the reserve each year between March and June.
As a participant on the Tropical Ecology program you will have the rare opportunity to experience and study at the Ningaloo Reef during your time on our Tropical Marine Ecology summer program.
— Paul Hollick, Resident Director
Dr Kate Rodger is a lecturer in the School of Environmental Science at Murdoch University. Kate has extensive experience in collaborating closely with the protected area agencies working to conserve our natural environment. Her research areas include the sustainability of wildlife tourism, and using visitor data more effectively to manage protected areas. Her research has been published in leading international journals such as Society and Natural Resources, Journal of Sustainable Tourism and Annals of Tourism Research. Current research interests include human-wildlife interactions in the marine and terrestrial environment, identifying and minimizing visitor impacts on the environment through visitor management techniques in protected areas, improving links between science and policy, and integrating ecological and social sciences in nature conservation.
The City of Fremantle is located 20 km's down river from the capital Perth. It is a working port city with rich culture and history. Many buildings that feature Federation style architecture from European settlement still exist. It has a population of roughly 25,000 and is also the base for Notre Dame University (Australia). Fremantle offers students the opportunity to be part of a more vibrant community and have the chance to participate in a variety of co-curricular activities.
Students will learn at the CIEE Study Center in Perth.
The majority of the program will be based at Coral Bay and Exmouth, towns based on the Ningaloo Reef in the north west of Western Australia.
Housing is included in the program fee. Housing will consist of student accommodation near Fremantle. During the field study portion of the program, students will stay in cabin-style accommodations near the Ningaloo Reef.
Meals are not included in the program fee and can be either prepared by students in the accommodations provided or eaten at local restaurants and cafes in Fremantle. During the field stay, students will be taken to a supermarket to purchase groceries.
You'll begin your study abroad experience in Perth even before leaving home by participating in a CIEE online pre-departure orientation. Meeting with students online, the resident director shares information about the program and site, highlighting issues that alumni have said are important, and giving you time to ask questions. The online orientation allows you to connect with others in the group, reflect on what you want to get out of the program, and learn what others in the group would like to accomplish. CIEE's aim for the pre-departure orientation is simple—to help you understand more about the program, and identify your objectives so that you arrive well-informed and return home having made significant progress towards your goals.
During the mandatory on-site orientation, you will participate in programs organized by CIEE. The goal is to introduce you to the country, culture, and academic program, as well as provide practical information about living in Australia in general, and in Fremantle, specifically. You will also be told of your academic obligations.
Sessions include lectures on Australian history, politics, geography, and safety. Ongoing support is provided by CIEE staff on an individual and group basis throughout the program.
You are strongly encouraged to bring a wireless-enabled laptop. Internet will be available in your housing and at local cafes. There will be limited internet accessibility at Ningaloo Reef.
The Tropical Marine Ecology program is designed to engage students in tropical marine biology and ecology issues found in Western Australia. Students will integrate formal coursework and hands-on engagement with the environment.
The program is designed for highly motivated students who want to combine classroom-based studies with field-based experiential learning. Students may participate in this program in conjunction (before or after) with the CIEE Perth Arts and Sciences program.
Program is for CIEE Students only.
Students will have a brief orientation to Fremantle and Western Australia. Before we leave for fieldwork at Ningaloo there will be introductory classes in marine ecology and field research methods.
Students will then undertake field research at Ningaloo. The field research will include studying the biology, physiology, and ecology of marine plants and animals as well as human impact on, and conservation issues at, the Ningaloo Reef marine park.
Assessment will comprise of a group presentation, individual field report, and short answer test.
An e-Portfolio will also be required to reflect students continuous assessment throughout the program and allow them to critically reflect on their experiences and learning.
Note: This course listing is for informational purposes only and does not constitute a contract between CIEE and any applicant, student, institution, or other party. The courses, as described, may be subject to change as a result of ongoing curricular revisions, assignment of lecturers and teaching staff, and program development. Courses may be canceled due to insufficient enrollment.
To view the most recent syllabi for courses taught by CIEE at our Study Centers, visit our syllabi site.
Marine Ecology Field Research Methods
Students apply internationally recognized field research methods within an inquiry-driven approach to understanding coral reef ecology. The course focuses on training students in field observation, data collection, record keeping, and data analysis in order to study the ecology of coral reef organisms, populations, and communities. During the course, students conduct observation and begin fieldwork with a trained marine biologist. As possible, students will be introduced to, and involved in, ongoing research projects at the Ningaloo Marine Park. Contact Hours: 45. Credits 3
Marine Biology and Ecology of Western Australia
Based at the CIEE field station at Ningaloo Reef students are able to study tropical marine ecosystems in a pristine coral reef environment. This module provides an introduction to Western Australian biogeography and habitats, covering advanced topics in biology, physiology, and ecology of marine plants and animals. Human impact and conservation of tropical marine environments are addressed. This unit will take place predominantly at the field station. Contact Hours: 45. Credits 3
Co -Curricular Activities
PADI SCUBA open water diving certification will be included in the program fee. Given the location and intensity of the program, most activities will be embedded as elements in the courses themselves.
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The female radio DJ whose impersonation of the Queen led to the suicide of London nurse Jacintha Saldanha has quit her job a year after the tragedy.
Mel Greig — close to a breakdown after the shocking consequences of the Australian radio prank — has battled depression ever since and has never gone back on air. She took legal action against her employers at 2Day FM, Southern Cross Austereo, for "failing to maintain a safe workplace". A joint statement said both parties have "amicably resolved all aspects of their dispute arising from the royal hoax call".
On December 5 last year Greig, 31, and on-air co-host Michael Christian phoned the King Edward VII Hospital, where the then pregnant Duchess of Cambridge was being treated for morning sickness. They convinced staff the DJs were the Queen and Prince Charles — and another nurse divulged information on the Duchess's condition.
Ms Saldanha, 46, who took the call and believed she was talking to Her Majesty, later took her own life, leaving a note blaming the DJs for her action.
The pair were taken off air but Christian began broadcasting again in February, while Ms Greig received counselling and remained on full pay.
It has been revealed that she had wanted the broadcast to be changed but was overruled by her bosses.
- More about:
- DJs And Producers
- Kate Middleton
- The Royal Family


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Tough Questions About Prayer
1. Prayer and Our Worldview
I don't think the questions about prayer begin with the act of praying, itself, but rather with the way we see the world. There are perhaps many worldviews, but I think they boil down essentially to two.
a. Secular (Materialistic)
There are actually very few declared atheists or agnostics in the world, but there are billions who live as though they do not believe in God. They have a secular worldview. God is not, in any way, a practical part of their lives. They live lives from a materialistic perspective. Life is lived by what can be measured with the five senses. When prayer is offered it is a last ditch effort in an emergency.
When I was Lieutenant I was stationed with a Marine squadron at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station. Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron Four (VMAQ 4) flew EA-6B Prowler aircraft. Their mission was what we call SEAD – suppression of enemy air defenses. As a gung-ho chaplain, I wanted to do what my Marines did, which was fly, so I went through Aviation Physiology and Water Survival in order to fly in the backseat. A part of the training concerned the ejection seat. We went through a trainer and we talked about what would precede the use of the ejection seat on an actual flight. As you may have guessed, that would not be a good thing! The EA-6B is a four place aircraft. You can eject yourself by pulling on one of two ejection handles – one above your head and the other between your legs. The more common way to eject was with what was called a command ejection. The pilot would eject everyone. He would, of course, be the last to go and each person went out of the aircraft at millisecond intervals so you wouldn't crash into each other above the aircraft. We were carefully instructed that the official warning the aircrew would receive would be the words, "Eject, eject, eject," and then we would take a more direct approach to the ground. However, we were told that before we heard the words, "Eject, eject, eject," we would be given another more informal warning that would go something like, "Oh shoot!"
Those who live in a secular worldview would reserve prayer for an occasion such as this. It is for emergencies only and surely couldn't hurt. The football fans in the crowd this morning are familiar with the "hail Mary" pass. With five seconds left in the game and down by four points, the quarterback sends anybody who can possibly catch the ball into the end zone and throws the ball up into the air over the end zone. As he let's the ball go he starts a prayer that somehow one of his players will come up with the ball. When all else fails, surely a prayer couldn't hurt.
While hoping for a miracle, the secular worldview doesn't believe they are a practical reality. Back in the 19th century there were liberal elements in the church that began to discredit the idea that even Jesus performed miracles. Their explanation of the feeding of the 5,000 was that when the little boy offered his five loaves and two fish, that the others had actually brought a picnic for themselves and when shamed by the little boy, brought out their lunch as well.
b. Biblical (Supernatural)
A biblical worldview is one in which the natural and the supernatural are integrated in the stuff of everyday life. It doesn't mean miracles are taking place every moment, but it means that there is an awareness of the supernatural in our lives. We daily relate to God. Daily prayer is a reflection of the supernatural worldview. We assume God's presence and live with that in mind. When it comes to prayer and questions about prayer, worldview makes all the difference.
2. Prayer and Our Perspective
Prayer is primarily about developing a relationship with God. Many of our questions about prayer have to do with asking God for things and feeling like he doesn't deliver. It is important for us to understand that while petition and intercession are important parts of prayer, the most fundamental part of prayer is that it is conversation with God. We develop a relationship with him through prayer.
Consider the life of Jesus. He not only died for our sins, but he modeled how we should live. When Jesus prayed things happened, but it is fascinating to see that even as the Son of God, he needed to commune with his Father. Consider these passages in Luke alone.
Luke 5:16 Jesus often withdrew to lonely places and prayed
Luke 6:12 Jesus went out to a mountainside to pray
Luke 9:18 Once, when Jesus was praying in private
Luke 9:28 (Jesus) went up on a mountainside to pray
Luke 11:1 One day Jesus was praying in a certain place
Luke 22:41 He withdrew about a stones throw beyond them, knelt down and prayed
We need to approach prayer primarily from the perspective of relationship.
At one point in my life I studied philosophy at the University of Washington. We would discuss important things, but it was from the perspective of intellectual curiosity. Certainly there was a concern for the application of truth to society, but it was in the context of an academic dialogue. Our questions about prayer are far from academic, however, they are very real. Some of our families are going through challenging times right now. Many of us have been praying for them. Answers to prayer is the stuff of life. There is little that is more important to us. So as we look at some questions about prayer, we do it with great seriousness because it affects that walk with God of each one of us.
3. Why pray?
a. Relationship
We have already talked about the fact that the basic reason we pray is because of the desire to develop a relationship with God. In John 17, there is a record of a prayer of Jesus. He prayed for you and me and he prayed about our relationship with him.
20 "My prayer is not for them alone. I pray also for those who will believe in me through their message, 21 that all of them may be one, Father, just as you are in me and I am in you. May they also be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me. 22 I have given them the glory that you gave me, that they may be one as we are one: 23 I in them and you in me. May they be brought to complete unity to let the world know that you sent me and have loved them even as you have loved me.
b. Obedience
As followers of Jesus Christ we pray because he tells us to. We are obedient to his instruction for our lives. Jesus says:
9 "So I say to you: Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you. 10 For everyone who asks receives; he who seeks finds; and to him who knocks, the door will be opened.
c. Conviction
We pray because we are convinced that it makes a difference. James writes:
The prayer of a person living right with God is something powerful to be reckoned with. Elijah, for instance, human just like us, prayed hard that it wouldn't rain, and it didn't—not a drop for three and a half years. Then he prayed that it would rain, and it did. The showers came and everything started growing again.
One of the questions that is asked is: "Does prayer change us or does it change God?" I think the biblical answer is that it does both.
Our conviction extends to the fact that we may not see an answer to our prayer immediately, yet we will keep in dialogue with God, much the same way we keep having a dialogue with our spouse or the folks at work about issues in our lives. Some of you may remember when we talked about prayer as transaction. Sometimes we want to put in a coin and have the answer come out just like a coke. It doesn't work that way in a relationship. There is dialogue – sometimes even bargaining. Just think about your closest relationships.
This working out of a relationship with God has some powerful Biblical precedents. We see it clearly in many of the Psalms as David wrestled with God over circumstances in his life. Job argued with God as he tried to make sense of his life. Jacob quite literally wrestled with God.
4. Why do some prayers seem unanswered?
We have come to the place in our discussion of prayer where we understand that it is primarily about a relationship with God. We have discovered that we sometimes need to wrestle with God in the circumstances of our lives. We have found that prayer changes us and it changes God. We have also discovered that prayer isn't magic. We don't plug a quarter into a machine and the answer comes out. But it is also appropriate to notice that God has called us to bring very specific needs to him, but it seems we don't always get an answer … or at least not the answer we want. Why don't we see more answers to specific prayers?
a. We don't always know what is best
Garth Brooks sings a song that so well describes the fact that in spite of our prayers, we don't always know what is best.
Just the other night at a hometown football game
My wife and I ran into my old high school flame
And as I introduced them the past came back to me
And I couldn't help but think of the way things used to be
She was the one that I'd wanted for all times
And each night I'd spend prayin' that God would make her mine
And if he'd only grant me this wish I wished back then
I'd never ask for anything again
Sometimes I thank God for unanswered prayers
Remember when your talkin to the man upstairs
That just because he may not answer doesn't mean he don't care
Some of God's greatest gifts are unanswered prayers.
We often think we know what God's will is in a specific situation, but the fact is we don't. We don't know what God is up to. Isaiah puts it this way:
8 "For my thoughts are not your thoughts,
neither are your ways my ways,"
declares the Lord.
9 "As the heavens are higher than the earth,
so are my ways higher than your ways
and my thoughts than your thoughts.
b. Spiritual warfare
Although God prevails, sometimes spiritual warfare, that is, active engagement with the enemy apparently slows down the answer to prayer. There is a remarkable passage in Daniel.
" 'Daniel,' he said, 'man of quality, listen carefully to my message. And get up on your feet. Stand at attention. I've been sent to bring you news.' "When he had said this, I stood up, but I was still shaking. " 'Relax, Daniel,' he continued, 'don't be afraid. From the moment you decided to humble yourself to receive understanding, your prayer was heard, and I set out to come to you. But I was waylaid by the angel-prince of the kingdom of Persia and was delayed for a good three weeks. But then Michael, one of the chief angel-princes, intervened to help me. I left him there with the prince of the kingdom of Persia. And now I'm here to help you understand what will eventually happen to your people. The vision has to do with what's ahead.'
It seems that there can be a delay in receiving answers to prayer because of spiritual warfare.
c. Sin
Sin can affect our prayers. According to Peter, quoting the Psalmist:
12 For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous
and his ears are attentive to their prayer,
but the face of the Lord is against those who do evil."
We can resolve the issue of sin our lives through confession and repentance.
d. We don't always recognize the answer when it comes
Sometimes God answers our prayers and we just miss what we have received as being his answer. Jesus was the answer to Israel's prayers. He was the Anointed One yet not recognized (Matthew 16:13-20). I love the story of the old fellow and the flood.
… a man heard that his neighborhood was flooding due to a heavy rain storm. He got down on his knees and prayed to God: "Dear God, save me from the coming flood!" The waters began to rise and a truck came by and the driver said, "Get in and I'll drive you to higher ground." The man said no, God would save him. The waters continued to rise. A woman in a boat rowed by. She called, "Jump into the boat and I will row you to safety." The man said no, God would save him. The floodwaters continued to rise. The man was perched on the roof of his house. A helicopter flew by and let down a rope for the man to grab onto. "I will fly you to safety," yelled the pilot. "No." the man said, "I am waiting for God to save me." The man drowned. He got to the heaven hopping mad. "What are you doing here?" God asked. The man said, "God! I am mad at you! I asked you to save me from the flood and you did not!" God smiled and said, "I sent you a truck, a boat and helicopter? How much more saving did you need?" (Joy Mounts, Christ Church, Summit, NJ).
e. We don't know everything
If we had time this morning it would be helpful to spend some time with the movie Bruce Almighty. Remember how he became God for awhile. He found making the right choices for people was a difficult thing. Answering everyone's prayers This comes back to our look at the worldview issues. God is God and we are not. Job had these terrible things happen to him. His friends tried unsuccessfully to comfort him. Job had his dialogue with God, but in the final analysis, this is what God said:
"Why do you confuse the issue?
Why do you talk without knowing what you're talking about?
Pull yourself together, Job!
Up on your feet! Stand tall!
I have some questions for you,
and I want some straight answers.
Where were you when I created the earth?
Tell me, since you know so much!
Who decided on its size? Certainly you'll know that!
Who came up with the blueprints and measurements?
How was its foundation poured,
and who set the cornerstone,
While the morning stars sang in chorus
and all the angels shouted praise?
And who took charge of the ocean
when it gushed forth like a baby from the womb?
That was me! I wrapped it in soft clouds,
and tucked it in safely at night.
Then I made a playpen for it,
a strong playpen so it couldn't run loose,
And said, 'Stay here, this is your place.
Your wild tantrums are confined to this place.'
Job came to realize that he didn't know everything, and neither do we. We don't have a God's eye view of the universe. In the final analysis, he had to trust the one who made the universe, yet desired a relationship with him.
One of my favorite authors, Philip Yancy, wrote a book on prayer that was published a few years ago. It is 350 pages, but he didn't exhaust the subject. He tells a moving story of the German preacher Helmut Thielicke. Thielicke's life was a lot like Job's. He lost his university teaching position when he refused to support Hitler. He endured the humiliation of interrogations by the SS and the ever present threat of imprisonment. Near the end of the war, he arrived at his church in Stuttgart, only to find that it had been destroyed by an Allied air raid. When he got back home, he found that his home had been demolished as well. His heart nearly broke when he found his famished children licking the pictures of food in the family's cookbook. He preached a message of hope to his congregation, even amidst the rubble of the building that once was the sanctuary. He encouraged them with the words, "The one fixed pole in all the bewildering confusion is the faithfulness and dependability of God." These were remarkable words considering their situation in life at the moment. Yet he told them God's purposes were a thread throughout the challenges of their current circumstances. And he said this:
One day, perhaps, when we look back from God's throne on the last day we shall say with amazement and surprise, "If I had ever dreamed when I stood at the graves of my loved ones and everything seemed to be ended; if I had ever dreamed when I saw the specter of atomic war creeping upon us; if I had ever dreamed when I faced the meaningless fate of an endless imprisonment or a malignant disease; if I had ever dreamed that God was only carrying out his design and plan through all these woes, that in the midst of my cares and troubles and despair his harvest was ripening, and that everything was pressing on toward his last kingly day – if I had known this I would have been more calm and confident; yes, then I would have been more cheerful and far more tranquil and composed."
Thielicke pointed his people to Jesus who ministered peace in the midst of the storm. Yancy carefully address the opportunities and questions of prayer and then ends his book with these words:
Sometimes I think about my first face-to-face conversation with God. I have so many unresolved questions, so many laments and regrets. Where should I begin? Various openings play out in my mind, until I remember with a start whom in fact I will be talking to, the One who spun out galaxies and created all that exists. Objections fade away, doubts dissolve, and I imagine myself falling back on words akin to Job's: "Oh, now I get it." And then the conversation resumes.


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Project to assess youth drug problem
State Editor
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Drug use by troubled young people in "drug hot spots" around Melbourne will be closely monitored in a new research project to be funded by the Department of Human Services.
Troubled youth, including those who are homeless or at risk of homelessness, or who have been involved in the adult criminal or juvenile justice systems, will be interviewed in the research.
Drug use by "at risk" youth who have been involved in the child protection system or in the mental health system will also be investigated.
The Youth Drug Reporting System will be based on interviews with 150 at-risk youth. Fifty workers who have regular contact with troubled youth will also be interviewed. The research will last at least two years.
The reporting system will be limited to people aged 12 to 24 who are considered by health authorities to be hard to reach, and who are not covered by other drug surveys.
Drug use by certain sub-population groupings will also be scrutinised.
Young people who use heroin, ecstasy, cannabis or methamphetamines at least monthly will be interviewed.
Details of the program are revealed in tender documents recently released by the Victorian Department of Human Services.
The documents say the system will act as a strategic early-warning system.
"It will enhance understandings of illicit drug use - primarily cannabis, heroin, ecstasy and methamphetamine - among populations of at-risk youth, and identify emerging trends of local concern in youth drug use and related harms," the documents state.
"The youth drug reporting system will provide direction for more detailed data collection on specific issues and better inform future policy initiatives," the department's tender says. The chairman of the Premier's Drug Prevention Council, Rob Moodie, said the system would complement existing research projects.
We want to get a much better handle on . . . why they're using drugs.
ROB MOODIE, Drug Prevention Council
"Illicit drug use amongst young people is still a major concern and that's why we really do need to get better systematic research," he said.
"It's been very hard to get to kids who are really at risk, and this is really trying to get to those kids who are at risk.
"They're either homeless or at risk of being homeless and they have had some contact with the treatment services and we want to get a much better handle on what drugs they're using, why they're using drugs and what's going on in their lives," Dr Moodie said.
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Gordon Ramsay "dispute" sparks foodie bun-fight
By Luke Baker
LONDON (Reuters Life!) - It's knives and forks drawn in the well-fed world of restaurant reviewers.
Two top-selling restaurant guides -- New York-based foodie's bible Zagat's, and Harden's, a Zagat-inspired tome that's a force in Britain -- are locked in an unseemly spat over their latest London rankings.
And at the heart of the gastronomic stand-off is Gordon Ramsay, the expletive-spewing, global celebrity-cum-chef who is never far from controversy.
Put simply, Zagat's thinks Ramsay is the top dog on the London fine-dining scene, while Harden's believes the best days of the motor-mouth chef may be over.
In its 2009 guide, Harden's gives top-billing to Petrus, a restaurant whose head chef, Marcus Wareing, is a Gordon Ramsay protege. Ramsay's flagship restaurant, Restaurant Gordon Ramsay, is pushed into second place.
"Wareing is emerging from Ramsay's 'shadow' as the proprietor of what is now clearly the best restaurant in London, and he and his team should be congratulated," declared Peter Harden, the co-editor of Harden's, before adding:
"The Ramsay empire's current performance -- and in particular the poor standard of most of the more recent openings -- raises questions as to its direction, and its ability to maintain its reputation as an operator of the highest quality."
It was a stinging rebuke for Ramsay, who had been at the top of the rankings for eight years. Continued...


text: Posted October 5, 2012 yeah pretty much the only thing that has staying power from that debate is that the cultist wants to kill big bird if you'll look around, the republicans on this board aren't even really touting anything he specifically said (because he said things like "i want to hire more teachers"). they're just pretty pumped that he stuck it to the black guy* *by literally making things up yes this basically. romney went out there and said things like "we have to have regulation of wall street" and "i'm all in favor of green energy" but he sure did talk over some pbs dickhead and a black communist and he made up a bunch of poo so he's totes my guy am i right fellow republicans? I don't know if you have been asked before, but if you are white you have quite literally the biggest case of white guilt I have ever seen. Every post that is critical of the " Anointed One" is seen through race tinged glasses. If someone sucks at their job, then call them out on it; EVEN if they are black *gasp* . And since you want to bring up energy policies, maybe we should talk about Obama's All of The Above (Except for North Americas massive coal and oil deposits) Approach. I am so glad Romney brought up the federal vs. private land drilling point, maybe inform some people on Obama's half truths. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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Factory of death
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It was to be the most closely guarded of secrets. Nazi guards taunted their captives that they would disappear along with their families and communities into the "night and fog"; no one would ever be certain of their fate.
Death camp Auschwitz had elaborate arrangements to prevent escape. Electrically charged barbed-wire fences isolated the different sections of the camp - and the camp itself from the outside world. Guard towers covered the terrain and a network of canals 13 kilometres in length surrounded Auschwitz II. A further chain of guard posts was positioned one kilometre from the border fences, patrolled by the Hundestaffel, a battalion of SS with dogs.
It was a high priority for the Nazi leadership to hide the evidence of their crimes. While privately they took pride in the mass murder being committed, there was to be no public admission.
When the Chief Statistician of the SS, Richard Korherr, noted in a January 1943 report on the progress of the "Final Solution" that 1,449,692 Polish Jews had been subjected to "special treatment" he received a stern warning from Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler. The euphemism was inadequate: he was instructed to use the terminology "transportation of Jews out of the Eastern Provinces to the Russian east".
A special unit of the SS was established in June 1942 with the task of destroying evidence. Operational until October 1944 and known by the code name Aktion 1005, its main task was the disinterring and burning of bodies which had been left in mass graves.
To a large extent secrecy was maintained. There was little trace of four of the six death camps by the time German armies were driven from Polish soil. Few who entered these camps lived to testify. But in Auschwitz the rules of secrecy were compromised, Nazi logic fractured. Although so much effort went into preventing escape, prisoners were sent from the camp almost daily - through the front door.
Beyond the factories of death lay an industrial complex and 45 sub-camps. As the shortage of labour in Germany grew alarmingly in the last stage of the war, tens of thousands of the slave labourers were taken from Auschwitz, many with knowledge of killing operations. In the period January 17-21 an estimated 58,000 were marched in freezing cold in the direction of Gross-Rosen, Mauthausen, Bergen-Belsen and other German concentration camps. Some survived - and about 7000 remained alive within the abandoned camp on the day of liberation.
Witnesses survived in the thousands, not least Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi - and vital documentation was left behind. The SS burned the central camp records but overlooked those of the building department. These included detailed architectural plans, budgets, correspondence, telegrams, worksite reports and minutes of meetings.
Then there was the camp itself; Auschwitz was captured partly intact, although the most sensitive sites had been destroyed. Thus the gas chambers and crematoria were stripped and dynamited, some warehouses with the possessions of the murdered set on fire. Yet there remained 1,185,345 items of clothing, 43,525 pairs of shoes, vast numbers of toothbrushes, glasses - and seven tonnes of human hair.
In addition to the witnesses, documents and physical remains, there was a photographic record depicting construction, completed buildings, crematoria.
In 1944, contrary to the demand for secrecy, one of the camp photographers recorded the selection process after the arrival of a train at the Auschwitz ramp. These photographs, now known as The Auschwitz Album and available for viewing on the internet (www.yadvashem.org), were discovered by a survivor after the abandonment of the camp. Members of the underground took photographs of the open-air burning of bodies.
Survivors searching for words and concepts to describe conditions in the camps have spoken of life in another dimension, on another planet. After the war, detailed photographs were discovered (some only recently made public) that have the appearance of being taken from space. They are 1944 American and British aerial reconnaissance photographs, dated April 4, May 31, June 26, August 23, August 25, September 13, November 29 and December 21.
This evidential record makes it possible to construct a record of daily events over a period of more than five years. Such a work is now available in English translation, The Auschwitz Chronicle by Danuta Czech.
We know that in the course of 1941 there were experiments at several sites to determine effective and economical ways of mass killing. One of the experimental sites was Auschwitz. A deadly substance, hydrogen cyanide (trade name Zyklon B), was used in the camp to fumigate clothing and buildings, primarily to eliminate lice that spread typhus. Lice were of concern because they did not differentiate between "sub-humans" and the "Master Race".
During 1941, Auschwitz was a prison in the early stages of development. At the end of August and during the first days of September experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of Zyklon B on human beings. On September 3, 600 Soviet prisoners-of-war and some non-Jewish Poles were murdered; on September 16 a further 900. This occurred in Block 11, the place of torture and execution, which included cells so small that the occupants (up to four in number) could barely move.
The commandant of Auschwitz, SS Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf Hoess, recalled after the war: "I must even admit that this gassing calmed me, for the mass extermination of the Jews had to start soon, and at that time neither Eichmann nor I had any idea how these killings were to be carried out in the expected mass. Now we had discovered the gas and also the method."
In the second phase of the camp's development two farmhouses known as Bunkers 1 and 2 were converted for the murder of Jews. The first poisoning in Bunker 1, of Polish Jews from Upper Silesia, occurred in the spring of 1942, possibly March 20. At this stage Auschwitz had a minor role in the implementation of the Final Solution - of the 3.8 million Jews killed to the end of 1942 some 200,000 were murdered there.
During the third stage, from mid-1942, four large buildings containing gas chambers and crematoria were constructed in the newly developed and greatly expanded part of the camp known as Auschwitz II or Birkenau. These buildings represented a technological advance, enabling the killing of greater numbers. Crematorium II had underground gas chambers, lifts to transport bodies and five triple-muffle incinerators. Construction took more than six months. Though representing the final point of Nazi ingenuity, by the standards of the time the technology of killing was primitive. The greatest advance was in the realm of the intellect, in the thought processes that proved effective in licensing and justifying the production of death.
There was one further refinement, a fourth stage in 1944. By this time the single-purpose killing centres, Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec, had been closed. Yet there were Jews left to kill in the south, central and western regions of Europe and, even in Poland, Jews survived in the Lodz ghetto. Auschwitz served as the main killing site in the last year of the war, well located for its purpose, particularly through its proximity to Hungary, whose Jews came under German control on March 19.
To meet the needs of the Hungarian deportation a spur railway line was built to allow offloading in close proximity to the Birkenau gas chambers. In addition, large pits were dug for burning of bodies, for it was known that the crematoria, which often broke down, would not cope. Throughout the Holocaust, ability to kill greatly exceeded capacity to destroy physical remains.
AT THE height of the Nazi implementation of assembly line killing, 381,661 Hungarian Jews arrived over the two months to the end of June 1944, with another 18,000 from other countries. The number murdered is beyond comprehension, for in appraisal of human life the greatest number with meaning is one, then one, then one again. While it is possible to construct a chronicle, this is not to say that it is possible to convey more than partial understanding of a world beyond our experience, of "Planet Auschwitz".
Of the Hungarian Jews, from 10 to 30 per cent were spared immediate death. Those selected for work within Auschwitz were thereafter known by the numbers tattooed on their arms. A few children were taken for medical experimentation; all the others were routinely killed.
Prior to incineration of bodies, mouths were checked for teeth with gold fillings, the hair of women was cut. The possessions they brought with them were taken to the part of the camp known as "Canada" (a land of plenty) for sorting and subsequent transportation.
The Nazi regime had invented efficient, cost-effective murder, one that enabled the distancing of the SS who in earlier times had killed with the gun or with bare hands.
The SS now supervised. Victims were brought to the killing site by rail, often over great distances. Zyklon B provided an inexpensive and reliable killing agent. Processing of goods and bodies was performed by Jewish slave labour. On a "good day", in a matter of hours all that remained of a life was a small quantity of ashes - and, as Deborah Dwork and Robert van Pelt have written in Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present, our memories.
For subsequent generations Auschwitz became the byword for the ultimate in human evil. It assumed this status with good reason.
Auschwitz was not the only factory of death, but it operated for the longest time and was the most productive. It is estimated that 1.1 million to 1.3 million were killed in the camp - almost 1 million Jews of various nationalities, nearly 75,000 non-Jewish Poles, more than 20,000 Gypsies, 15,000 Soviet prisoners-of-war and 10,000 others.
Auschwitz was the final destination for people from Poland, the Soviet Union, Belgium, Holland, France, Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Austria and Hungary.
Auschwitz provided the iconic images of the Holocaust: barracks extending to the horizon, blanketed in snow; the gate through which goods trains hauled their human cargo to the place of slaughter; the selection scene on the ramp.
In the postwar world, Auschwitz was the name invoked in discussions of the Death of God, and of Man.
Auschwitz challenged the believers in a God who interacted with the world, rewarding the righteous, punishing the evil. Where was the rescuer, the God of Exodus, when the innocents were murdered?
Auschwitz equally challenged the believers in Man, the proponents of Enlightenment ideals of human progress, rationality and the rule of reason. Auschwitz revealed the blood lust that had defied civilisation, the seeming limitless power to corrupt, the capacity to normalise evil.
Auschwitz revealed the failure of the Christian churches to provide moral leadership and the free world to provide aid. Why did Pope Pius XII not condemn unambiguously the evil of which he was aware, if for no other reason than to save his own soul? The failure to bomb Auschwitz led to seemingly endless post-war debates, with but few grasping the essential issue - it was necessary to bomb if for no other reason than to affirm humanity, for the generations to come.
For a time, particularly in the 1960s and '70s, there was much reflection on Auschwitz. Some saw a rupture in history, time to be recalibrated BA and AA - Before Auschwitz and After Auschwitz.
Today the power of Auschwitz to influence has markedly receded.
Once there was understanding that Jews were not the only victims - for Nazism all Europeans were expendable. Ultimately the Nazi leadership cared as little for Germans as for those they condemned as "life unworthy of life".
As the tide of war turned and the German armies began to suffer massive casualties, Hitler declared to one of his field marshals: "Losses can never be too high! They sow the seeds of future glory." He insisted that, whatever the cost, "where the German soldier has once stood, he will never retreat".
In the first months of 1945 more than 10,000 Germans were summarily executed on charges of "cowardice". Children were sent into battle to defend the Fatherland, the once proud Luftwaffe flew suicide missions and Berlin was reduced to rubble as the Fuhrer refused to sanction surrender.
The Nazi regime placed the Idea above Life, the nation and the cause above the individual - as do a number of regimes today. The enemy was (and is) demonised. Genocidal objectives, the Total or Final Solution, were (and are) pursued. There is, however, one important difference: the capacity today to acquire the "secret weapon", the weapon sought unsuccessfully by Hitler.
There are remarkable individuals among Holocaust survivors. Despite all they endured they continue to devote their time and energy to bearing witness, on behalf of themselves and the silenced millions. They continue to place trust in reason and the education of the young. Their lives are guided by what to the cynically minded appears to be naive belief in the power of truth - in the truth they seek to convey to us so that we may have life.
Andrew Markus is professor of Jewish Civilisation at Monash University.


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SailNet Community (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/)
- Gear & Maintenance (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/gear-maintenance/)
- - Bukh engines (http://www.sailnet.com/forums/gear-maintenance/38045-bukh-engines.html)
Bukh engines
The boat I just bought came with brand new Bukh engine. (Not installed)
Does anybody have experience with these engines? I know that they are used as lifeboat engines and are specifically built for marine use (not marinised automotive)
It is very heavy and appears to be well built.
I have some but only very, and I mean very basic experience with small ones. What do you need to know?
All the best,
Robert Gainer
How hard is it to get parts - and how reliable are they?
This is a DV 24 (24 HP)
They have been very reliable in my limited experience but parts are a problem. It is a current production engine so you can order any parts you need but I dont think you will find any stocking dealers in the US. By the way you will only get 19 to 20 usable horsepower from that engine and for a heavy boat it might be a tad light in the power department. I dont have a need for lots of power and my engine is small by popular standards but you are going even smaller in terms of HP per pound of boat.
All the best,
Robert Gainer
I had the small, single cylinder Buhk (10 hp) in my Laser 28. I really liked the engine, it was reliable and very easy to work on. Most of the parts were reasonably priced, and parts were generally in stock or a few days away and advice was readily available from a local dealer (Davis Craven at Waterway Diesel) and from online Dealers. It did have a few minor oil leak issues, in that it was hard to assemble the waterpump/fuel lift pump assembly without getting leaks. The only other problem that I encountered was that the steel frame that supports the engine and which comes with the saildrive package fatigued and broke dropping the engine into the bilge. I was able to temporarily support the engine, and remove the steel frame. When I got the frame out I felt that it was poorly engineered and so re-engineered it when I had it repaired.
Their saildrive was very nicely engineered as saildrives go, but it could only use a particular model Gori propellor, and I personally would not have another Gori prop on a bet. I found this prop to be pure junk, and Gori to have a antagonistic attitude if you had a problem, providing worse than lousy service for thier products in North American.
Is there a recommendation for HP/LBS of boat?
Ive got a 1977 DV20 that came with my Pearson 36. It wasnt installed and still isnt. From what the last owners said, the motor was great and never gave any problems, but the gearbox gave out. If i would find another gearbox, i would put the motor back in my boat. Its got a ZF gearbox. Ive got all the parts to it somewhere.
You might try here for gear box parts.
Raven came with a DV24, originally installed 1991. The only real problem I have had with the thing is that it leaked oil out of the main sump. This turned out to be a poorly installed line for draining the oil and although it took some time to track down the problem once we did so it was easily fixed.
We also had a problem with oil coming out the exhaust. It appears that this was caused by excess fuel not lubricating oil. I'm not a mechanical whizz OK , but somehow it was do with fuel pumping through the system on shutdown. It was solved by making sure we always kill donk with engine at idle. With our previous boat shutting down while engine was revving at over idling speed was not a problem. The Bukh apparently doesn't like it. (No I don't mean shutting down engine at 2500 revs. I'm talking about only a few hundred revs over idle.)
Previous boat had a Volvo Penta . Compared to the Volvo the Bukh is quieter but uses a lot more juice than the Volvo. At first this concerned me greatly until I realised that because it is comparatively quiet we use the thing a lot more than on PB.
The other thing I do like about the Bukh is that it's about as big (I think) as you can go and still hand start when necessary.
All in all no serious complaints although I'm told that a three cylinder would be quieter still. ??? To date parts have not been a problem but then Bukh have an official distributor in Oz. I'm told that parts are a problem in SE Asia or Pacific region. No problem in Europe.
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It's not a good day for Woodland when our 'local' paper' headlines 3 Associated Press articles as "our" news - but the three articles, "Economic benefits of water project," "Speaker seeks cheaper bond proposal" and "Water district backs tunnel plan" all have a common theme, and so can be addressed in one response.
The total cost of the tunnels and the water bond are never clearly listed in these articles. It needs to be clearly stated: 15 percent of the uncalculated and ever-escalating costs will be shifted to California taxpayers through these general obligation bonds.
And even though we're told we can have a say in this vote through the $11.1B ballot measure that may go before voters next year, that amount does not nearly approach the cost of the peripheral tunnel project, which probably will cost close to $30B - and we will still be on the hook for those costs.
It is a total fallacy that users like the Westlands Water District will pay for the benefit they may gain if the tunnels are constructed. They have yet to pay off the original costs of the water delivery systems built by the Federal and State governments in the 1960s and '70s. So in addition to those of us 'up north' who will not benefit one bit from this project, we will help those growers and water barons out by also picking up 16 percent of the project costs that will be funded by the US taxpayer to cover the mitigation (read: destruction clean-up) needed for the enormous damage caused by building these tunnels.
The costs keep escalating (think Bay Bridge building) and the benefits keep diminishing. Californians will be paying for this project with higher water rates and state and Federal taxes all so Westlands growers can continue to do unsustainable farming on unsuitable land.
JANET LEVERS, Woodland


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Mooie flat in de Historische omgeving
Geschikt voor4
Grootte40 m²
- Familie / Kindvriendelijk
- Internet/WiFi
- Keuken
- Huisdieren toegestaan
- Wasmachine / droger
- Roken toegestaan
- Handdoeken
Overzicht accommodaties
|Rua dos Ferreiros a Santa Catarina, 1200-186 Lisbon, Portugal
|Type accommodatie
|Enkele uren
|Kalender bijgewerkt
|Een week geleden
Het is een zeer typisch Portugese vlak, met houten vloeren, witte en blauwe tegels op de muren van de keuken en enkele traditionele dakvensters.
Het invoeren van deze prachtige en leuke appartement vindt u de hal / woonkamer te vinden, met een TV en twee comfortabele slaapbanken. De slaapkamer heeft een tweepersoons bed waar je naartoe gaat om zeer ontspannend nachten, een kledingkast en een leeshoek met twee rieten stoelen waar u kunt ontspannen en lees de handleiding van Lissabon voor verkennen van de stad.
De keuken is volledig uitgerust met alle dingen die je nodig hebt om uw maaltijden te bereiden, zodat uw verblijf gemakkelijker en perfect en de badkamer heeft een glazen douchecabine.
Gelegen in de meest interessante en rijke deel van de stad, dicht bij de Mirador van Santa Catarina in Chiado.
Vanaf deze plek kun je bijna alles wat de stad te zien te voet, maar als je liever, heb je aan de deur van de flat, tram en bus stopt of metro, om u naar het kasteel van São Jorge of naar de wijk Belem.
Geniet van uw verblijf in deze prachtige stad! Hoop je snel te zien!
ReglementenWees voorzichtig met het lawaai na 22u, respecteren de neighboors
Babybedje op aanvraag
|Check-in na
|Check-in vóór
|Op aanvraag
|Check-out vóór
Beoordelingen van andere accommodaties van deze host
Lovely, cosy flat in the heart of Lisboa. (View to the water inclusive)
Perfect to stay with two people for longer, with 3 (witch we where) fine for a couple of days!
We got he key by a lovely old woman from the neighborhood, it worked out fine!
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
I was staying in this flat with 3 friends for 5 nights and it was great, perfectly situated so everything was really close and there are lot of nice bars around but in the street itself it is really quiet. We only saw Richard the first day but that was because we organized ourselves, if we had needed anything we could have contacted him, he was very nice and helpful.
It was the great pleasure to be in this bright and comfortable apartment.
We have arrived very late but Richard has organised everything perfectly.
It was the great pleasure to be in this bright and comfortable apartment.
We have arrived very late but Richard has organised everything perfectly.
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
House with a very appealing architecture, based on a fusion of traditional and experimental designs. The pool, although small, fits the need for a cool dip in a sunny summer afternoon. The house is somewhat moist what is normal around the region but which makes it not very suitable for someone with allergies. The Host was always nice and thoughtful. Excellent place to have a rest if you enjoy the rustic countryside living.
Oh, this is difficult…the house is both a wonder and a nightmare. Let's start with the wonders.
The house is truly unique; rebuild with an artistic sense for decorating and an almost surrealistic remodelling (rebuilding) of an old house; the floors are mounted into one big open room; basically build with a rock as one part of the construction. The decoration is very original, artistic and with a lot of taste (although maybe not for everybody) - the funitures are elegant - old but chosen with taste. On top of the house there is a terrace and a (very) small pool.
So what's not to like?
Unfortunately quite a lot…
The construction of the house against the rock (being a former wine cellar I believe) creates a _very_ humid and damp environment. True, my son and I are asthmatics (though not very much and usually quite under control), but even the two non-asthmatics in our family complained about breathing difficulties immediately upon arrival; our noses were stuffed and our eyes were irritated as well. The bed linings (and beds) were damp and one room was just plain unusable.
The toilet was broken; the handle fell of every time we used it, and the water ran like Niagara Falls…non stop. The bathroom is situated in the middle of the house, so the most logical passageway is through the bathroom. The door to the toilet doesn't close completely even when locked (leaving a gap of 2-4 cm).
The bath is open in the bathroom and water flows into the next room every time someone is taking a shower.
Within a few hours we realized that we could not possibly stay in the house and took our leave after sleeping there one night (as we had arrived late and had nowhere to go – otherwise we had left immediately). The next morning we sneezing and coughing, returned the keys to the next door bar, and made for Lisbon where we booked a traditional hotel.
We promptly contacted both the owner (who, it should be said, seems like a very nice person) and of course Wimdu and explained our experience.
No refund was made - not even in part.
I guess that is he name of the game when using services like Wimdu, but it most definitely ensured that we are going for traditional hotels and the like in the future.
I cannot imagine any of my colleagues or friends who would accept a house like this for their holidays. And I am truly really sorry to say so, for I have a lot of sympathy for both the hose and the owner.
Kasper Hemmer Pihl
The host cancelled the booking, this review is automated.
The apartment in Lisbon is situated in the old center, yet it is a quiet street without a lot of traffic. It is a practical, cosy and clean home. You can see the history of the building combined with a modern bathroom and careful maintenance.
Although the mattress was quite thin, the next time we stay in Lisbon we will surely try to stay in this house again.
Richard is a nice guy who tries to make you feel at home.
- Kwaliteitsgekeurde accommodatie
- Elke host wordt telefonisch gecontroleerd
- Veilige betaling via SSL-encryptie


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Models Off-Duty in Boyfriend Blazers
Most Popular
Advertisement - Continue Reading Below
After Jason Wu's fresh and pretty resort 2010 show, I caught up with models Karolin Wolter and Tabea Koebach, both wearing boyfriend blazers–a trend that's been popping up on runways from New York to Paris for several seasons now. The jacket manages to look sexy despite its oversize shape, partly because it creates the illusion that you're actually wearing something from your man's closet. As Karolin and Tabea did, show a little skin underneath and keep the silhouette slim on bottom. Switch out the boyish flats with stilettos for a chic look for evening. Click here and here for two great options (from Urban Outfitters and Victoria's Secret) for under $80.
—Violet Moon Gaynor
Left: Karolin Wolter; right: Tabea Koebach
More from ELLE:


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Indian food is typically served with naan, a flatbread that some people refer to as "pizza if it didn't have all those gross toppings." Try a slice with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
- $12 for $24 worth of northern Indian cuisine for two
- $20 for $40 worth of northern Indian cuisine for four
- See the full menu.
Anar Indian Restaurant
In the same family as the popular Anarkali Restaurant, the Anar Indian Restaurant—now opened for two years—builds upon a proud tradition of orchestrating flavorful northern Indian cuisine. In a whirlwind of fresh ingredients, the restaurant's chefs rustle up tender morsels of tandoori-baked chicken and buttery, savory loaves of naan, paratha, and roti. Like a statue of George Clooney drizzled in chocolate sauce, each dish looks as good as it tastes, luring eyes with colorful combinations of tomatoes, parsley, spinach, and curry sauce. Accommodating most diets, the extensive menu includes tofu kurma and veggie stews, meaty plates of lamb vindaloo and chicken biryani, and fish and shrimp curries.
Customer Reviews
1807 N. Cahuenga Blvd
Los Angeles, CA 90028
+13234660422Get Directions


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Kim Orth, Ph.D.
Endowed Title W.W. Caruth, Jr. Scholar in Biomedical Research; Earl A. Forsythe Chair in Biomedical Science
Department Molecular Biology, Biochemistry
Graduate Programs Biological Chemistry, Molecular Microbiology
- Undergraduate
- Texas A&M University (1984), Biochemistry
- Graduate School
- University of California UCLA (1986), Biochemistry
- Graduate School
- UT Southwestern Medical Center (1993), Molecular Biology
Research Interest
- Biochemistry
- Cellular Signaling
- Molecular Microbiology
Featured Publications
- A Vibrio Effector Protein is an Inositol Phosphatase and Disrupts Host Cell Membrane Integrity
- Broberg, C. A., Zhang, L.L., Gonzalez, H., Laskowski-Arce, M.A. & Orth, K Science September 2010 329 1660-1662
- AMPylation of Rho GTPases by Vibrio VopS disrupts effector binding and downstream signaling.
- Yarbrough, M., Li, Y., Kinch, L.N., Grishin, N.V., Hall B.E., & Orth, K. Science January 2009 323 269-272
- Structural requirements for Yersinia YopJ inhibition of MAP kinase pathways
- Yi-Heng Hao,, Yong Wang, Dara Burdette, Sohini Mukherjee, Gladys Keitany, Elizabeth Goldsmith & Kim Orth PLoS ONE January 2008 3(1) e1375
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus orchestrates a multifaceted host cell infection by induction of autophagy, cell rounding and then cell lyses.
- Burdette, D., Yarbrough, M., Orvedahl, A., Gilpin, C. & Orth, K. PNAS USA 2008 105 12497-12502
- Yersinia YopJ Acetylates and Inhibits Kinase Activation by Preventing Phosphorylation
- Mukherjee, S. Kietany, G., Li, Y Wang, Y., Hall B.E., Goldsmith, E & Orth, K Science 2006 312 1211-1214
- Type III effector VopC mediates invasion for Vibrio species.
- Zhang L, Krachler AM, Broberg CA, Li Y, Mirzaei H, Gilpin CJ, Orth K Cell Rep 2012 May 1 5 453-60
- VopS Fic Domain uses direct transfer mechanism for AMPylation.
- Luong, P., Kinch, L.N., Brautigam, C.A., Grishin, N.V., Tomchick, D.R. & Orth, K Journal of Biological Chemistry June 2010 285(26) 20155-20163
- Vibrio VopQ Induces PI3-Kinase Independent Autophagy and Antagonizes Phagocytosis.
- Burdette, D., Seemann, J. & Orth, K Molecular Microbiology August 2009 73 639-649
- Arp2/3 Independent Assembly of Actin by Vibrio Type III Effector VopL
- Amy D.B. Liverman, Hui-Chun Cheng, Jennifer E. Trosky, Daisy W. Leung, Melanie L. Yarbrough, Dara L. Burdette, Michael K. Rosen and Kim Orth PNAS (USA) October 2007 104:43 17117-17122
Honors & Awards
- Earl A. Forsythe Chair in Biomedical Science
- ASBMB Young Investigator Award
- TAMEST; 2011 Edith & Peter O'Donnell Award in Science
- The Welch Foundation Norman Hackerman Award in Chemical Research
- Burroughs Wellcome Investigator in Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Young Investigator Award
- W.W. Caruth, Jr. Scholar in Biomedical Research, UTSWMC


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Former sheriff's office employee arrested
REXBURG, Idaho - A former Madison County Sheriff's Office employee was arrested after thousands of dollars were reported missing.
According to a news release from the sheriff's office Monday, in July, $3,500 was missing from a sheriff's office fund. This triggered both an internal investigation and one by the Tri County Sheriff's Association.
Sandra Marie Biorn was arrested Oct. 22 and booked on a warrant obtained by a special prosecutor from Bonneville County on charges of misuse of public monies by a public employee, grand theft and computer crime.


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Ask an Expert
phone us on 1800 567 2216
9am - 5:30pm Monday - Friday (Eastern time)
We are safely back in the UK after the trip of a lifetime.
The experience for all of us was so powerful, we think it will take quite a while for us to understand what happened and digest it all.
Responsible Litter Disposal
Responsible Litter Disposal in the Himalaya
Thanks to Tim Macartney-Snape, Leave No Trace
There are three categories of litter/garbage produced on a trek. Each type of litter needs to be dealt with differently.
1. Biodegradable: kitchen food waste
ACTION: These should be carried away from any camping areas and buried in an area away from any streams and preferably in deep leaf litter or a village compost heap.
2. Non‐combustible litter: steel, aluminium cans, aluminium foil, glass
ACTION: These should be carried back out to the road head and disposed of in a properly managed landfill site.
3. Combustible litter: paper & plastic
ACTION: These can be burned but only in a well-designed incinerator so that no fire scar is left and also so that the burn is complete and clean.
These incinerators are used at our wilderness and eco-camps in Nepal and Bhutan.
Here's a series of images of a clean burn. When the paper and plastic is fed slowly into the fire a complete and clean burn is the result. Only ashes remain. No scar on the earth.
Are plastics safe to burn?
Most plastics taken on treks will be made purely from hydrocarbons such as polyethylene and polypropylene. These are safe to burn and will only produce water and carbon dioxide if burned cleanly.
You should not burn PVC or Polystyrene as burning them can produce poisonous gases, these should be treated as non‐combustible.
Why burn litter?
Carrying out all litter on a long trek is expensive and impractical. Burning it in a controlled and managed way using a lightweight incinerator is clean and efficient, removing the possibility of that litter blowing or washing into the environment to be a risk to animals and creating an unsightly state to the landscape.
Responsible Litter Disposal in Peru and Mount Rinjani
On our treks in Peru and on Mount Rinjani our crew or muels carry all the litter collected over the course of the trek out from the trail and back to the nearest city to be responsibily disposed.
In Cusco in Peru we worked with Turismo Cuida to ensure that our plastics are collected and delivered to the GIAMAT plant in Cusco, where the litter is sorted, packed and delivered to recycling plants in Lima.
In Indonesia the litter is taken to Lombok where it is delivered to the closest recycling plant.
Please direct any questions to our Responsible Travel Manager - firstname.lastname@example.com